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diff --git a/31125-8.txt b/31125-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e9dba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/31125-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33925 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony +(Volume 2 of 2), by Ida Husted Harper + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony (Volume 2 of 2) + Including Public Addresses, Her Own Letters and Many From + Her Contemporaries During Fifty Years + +Author: Ida Husted Harper + +Release Date: January 30, 2010 [EBook #31125] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUSAN B. ANTHONY *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Richard J. Shiffer and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: Every effort has been made to replicate this text +as faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and +other inconsistencies. Text that has been changed to correct an obvious +error is noted at the end of this ebook. + +Also, many occurrences of mismatched quotes remain as they were in the +original.] + + + + + THE LIFE AND WORK + + OF + + SUSAN B. ANTHONY + + INCLUDING PUBLIC ADDRESSES, HER OWN LETTERS + AND MANY FROM HER CONTEMPORARIES + DURING FIFTY YEARS + + + BY + + + IDA HUSTED HARPER + + _A Story of the Evolution of the Status of Woman_ + + IN TWO VOLUMES + + VOLUME II + + ILLUSTRATED WITH PORTRAITS, PICTURES OF HOMES, ETC. + + + INDIANAPOLIS AND KANSAS CITY + THE BOWEN-MERRILL COMPANY + + 1898 + + + COPYRIGHT 1898 + + BY + + THE BOWEN-MERRILL COMPANY + TO WOMAN, FOR WHOSE FREEDOM + SUSAN B. ANTHONY + HAS GIVEN FIFTY YEARS OF NOBLE ENDEAVOR + THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED + + +[Illustration: SUSAN B. ANTHONY. IN THE CALIFORNIA CAMPAIGN. 1896.] + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS. + +VOL. II. + + +CHAPTER XXX. + +POLITICAL CANDIDATES--WRITING THE HISTORY. (1880-1881.) 515-532 + + Miss Anthony's rallying cry; letter on death of sister; Convention + at Indianapolis; Mass Meeting in Farwell Hall, Chicago; suffrage + advocates neither unmarried nor childless; Republican National + Convention refuses even "recognition" plank of former years; + Greenback-Labor Convention passes Woman Suffrage resolution in + spite of Dennis Kearney; Democratic Convention at Cincinnati + receives ladies with great courtesy but ignores their claims; + tribute of Commercial; Prohibition Convention adopts Suffrage + plank; interviews with Garfield and Hancock; correspondence of + General Garfield and Miss Anthony on Woman Suffrage; martyrdom to + writing the History; Thirteenth Washington Convention and memorial + service to Lucretia Mott; ridiculous press items on Skye terrier; + letter on sparing parents for children's sake; first volume of + History issued. + + +CHAPTER XXXI. + +THE LEGACY--NEBRASKA CAMPAIGN--OFF FOR EUROPE. (1881-1882-1883.) 533-550 + + National Association in Boston; badge presented Miss Anthony by + Philadelphia Citizens' Suffrage Association; comments of Traveller + and Globe; sweep of New England; tribute of Zerelda G. Wallace; no + welcome for Miss Anthony in Albany; letter on death of Garfield; + attends National W. C. T. U. Convention in Washington; Phillips' + seventieth birthday; Mrs. Eddy's handsome legacy; Fourteenth + Washington Convention; amusing suffrage debate in Senate; meeting + in Philadelphia; tributes from Elmira Free Press and Washington + Republic; favorable Senate and House Committee reports; campaign in + Nebraska; addresses Lincoln Club, Rochester; decides to go abroad; + Philadelphia Times account of Birthday reception; Mrs. Sewall's + description in Indianapolis Times of farewell honors; fine tributes + from Chicago Tribune and Kansas City Journal; N. Y. Times describes + departure for Europe. + + +CHAPTER XXXII. + +MISS ANTHONY'S EUROPEAN LETTERS. (1883.) 551-579 + + On shipboard; in Liverpool and London; in Milan and Rome; in + Naples; in Zurich, Berlin, Cologne, Heidelberg; in Paris; back to + London; Mrs. Jacob Bright, Moncure D. Conway, Wm. Henry Channing, + Mrs. Rose, Stopford Brooke; speech at Prince's Hall; Helen Taylor, + Jane Cobden and others; speech at St. James Hall; Mrs. Mellen's + Fourth of July reception; Canon Wilberforce, Sarah Bernhardt; + Edinburgh; Elizabeth Pease Nichol, Priscilla Bright McLaren, + Professor Blackie, Dr. Jex-Blake; home of Harriet Martineau; + Dublin; Isabella M. S. Tod and others; trip through Ireland; + characteristic descriptions; John Bright, Hannah Ford, home of the + Brontës; Henrietta Müller, Margaret Bright Lucas, Frances Power + Cobbe, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Mrs. Peter Taylor; home again. + + +CHAPTER XXXIII. + +CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS--VISIT TO NEW ORLEANS. (1884-1885.) 581-603 + + Welcome Home from Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, N. Y. Evening + Telegram, Cleveland Leader; unkind comment Cincinnati Times-Star; + dislike of interviewing Congressmen shown by letter to Wm. D. + Kelley; Warren Keifer in favor of Woman Suffrage; opposition of + Reagan, of Texas; members for and against Special Committee; + Douglass marriage; letters to young workers; death of Wendell + Phillips; Bishop Simpson on Woman Suffrage; fine speech before + Congressional Committee; Thomas B. Reed's report; letter from + Senator Palmer; Miss Anthony on Suffrage Bill in Parliament; + attitude of Presidential candidates; opposes resolution denouncing + dogmas and creeds; attack of Rev. W. W. Patton; Senator Palmer's + speech; trip to New Orleans; tribute of Picayune; Eddy legacy + received; working on History; Miss Anthony's dislike of literary + labor; Mrs. Stanton's seventieth birthday; letter from Harriet + Stanton Blatch. + + +CHAPTER XXXIV. + +MANY TRIPS--FIRST VOTE ON SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT. (1886-1887.) 605-626 + + Miss Anthony's persistence with members of Congress; Eighteenth + Washington Convention; committee reports; canvass of the State of + Kansas; Municipal Suffrage Bill passed by Legislature; speaking + throughout Wisconsin; advice as to Church for holding convention; + History of Woman Suffrage and valuable work accomplished by it; + opinions of Mary L. Booth, Sarah B. Cooper and others; Nineteenth + Annual Convention; Senator Blair's bill for Woman Suffrage; + Senators Brown and Vest in opposition; Senators Dolph and Blair in + favor; remonstrance from Boston; the Vote; women incensed at + Ingalls; letter to Frances Willard on Prohibition Party; letter to + Olympia Brown against bringing suit under school suffrage law; + scores Senator Ingalls in Kansas; canvass of Indiana. + + +CHAPTER XXXV. + +UNION OF ASSOCIATIONS--INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL. (1888.) 627-645 + + American Association proposes Union; negotiations to that end; plea + for Mrs. Stanton's election as president; Union completed; + International Council of Women; magnitude of preparations; Miss + Anthony's idea of a sermon; letter of Douglass on First Woman's + Rights Convention; letter of Maria Mitchell; efforts to secure Mrs. + Stanton's presence; comment of Baltimore Sun and N. Y. World; + Frances Willard's speech and letter to Union Signal; National and + International Councils formed; at Central Music Hall, Chicago; + letter urging women to go to National Political conventions; open + letter to General Harrison; Republican "free ballot" plank does not + include Women; dislike of "red tape;" speech at Columbus W. C. T. + U. celebration not well received. + + +CHAPTER XXXVI. + +CONVENTIONS FROM WASHINGTON TO SOUTH DAKOTA. (1889.) 647-661 + + Twenty-first Washington Convention; address before Unity Club, + Cincinnati; death of niece Susie B.; letters on Death; newspaper + comment on Dress; at Seidl Club on Coney Island and "Broadbrim's" + account; a round of lectures and conventions; letter of Harriet + Hosmer; canvass of South Dakota; Miss Anthony outlines plan of + campaign; nephew D. R. describes speech at Ann Arbor; "Andrew + Jackson-like responsibility"; work for South Dakota; description in + Washington Star. + + +CHAPTER XXXVII. + +AT THE END OF SEVENTY YEARS. (1890.) 663-678 + + Consternation at idea of selling tickets for Birthday banquet; + description of banquet by Washington Star and N. Y. Sun; speeches + of Rev. F. W. Hinckley, Hon. J. A. Pickler, Mrs. Stanton and Miss + Anthony; congratulatory letters from distinguished people; eloquent + tributes from Boston Traveller and Rochester Democrat and + Chronicle; first Convention of United Associations; money for South + Dakota; in Washington society; letter on pre-natal influence. + + +CHAPTER XXXVIII. + +THE SOUTH DAKOTA CAMPAIGN. (1890.) 679-696 + + Appeals from South Dakota; Miss Anthony lays down the law regarding + National funds; pledges of Farmers' Alliance leaders; contributions + to campaign; goes to South Dakota; Farmers' Alliance and Knights of + Labor form new party and repudiate pledges for Woman Suffrage; + insults at Democratic Convention; Republican Convention has room + for Indian men but none for white women; Miss Anthony's cheerful + letters; hardships of campaign; Mrs. Howell's description of + meetings at Madison; Rev. Anna Shaw's account of crying babies and + drunken man; Mrs. Chapman Catt's summing-up of situation; + statistics of Defeat; Miss Anthony endorsed by State W. C. T. U. + and Suffrage Associations. + + +CHAPTER XXXIX. + +WYOMING--MISS ANTHONY GOES TO HOUSEKEEPING. (1890-1891.) 697-716 + + Debate in Congress on admission of Wyoming; first majority report + from House Committee in favor of Sixteenth Amendment; Wimodaughsis; + in Boston; letter of sympathy from Lucy Stone; first triennial + meeting of National Woman's Council; Miss Anthony's joy; + Twenty-third Washington Convention; breakfast at Sorosis; letter + from ex-Secretary Hugh McCulloch; leaving Riggs House; letter + describing visits in New England; goes to housekeeping; kindness of + press and people; letter from Adirondacks and John Brown's home; + stirs up Rochester W. C. T. U.; at Chautauqua; describes meeting at + Lily Dale; happiness in keeping house; speaks at N. Y. State Fair; + invites Mrs. Stanton to share her home; calls meeting to admit + girls to Rochester University; speaks at Thanksgiving services in + Unitarian church; appeals from Kansas. + + +CHAPTER XL. + +IGNORED BY THE PARTIES--APPOINTED TO OFFICE. (1892.) 717-735 + + Mrs. Stanton's last appearance at National Convention; Miss Anthony + made president; home life; attends biennial meeting Federation of + Woman's Clubs; bust made by Lorado Taft; letter approving Southern + Woman's Council; ignored by Republican National Convention at + Minneapolis; "every citizen" does not include Women; bowed out of + Democratic National Convention at Chicago; Frances Willard's + beautiful tribute; at People's National Convention in Omaha; Woman + Suffrage at Chautauqua; campaign of Kansas on Republican platform; + illustrates difference in treatment of same women now and forty + years ago; appointed on Board of Managers State Industrial School; + press comment; addresses mass meeting on including Women in + provisions of New Charter for Rochester; face sculptured on theater + in Dowagiac, Mich.; John Boyd Thacher asks his father's record; + Philip Schuyler objects to his stepmother's statue in company with + Miss Anthony's; Justice Rufus W. Peckham's tribute. + + +CHAPTER XLI. + +WORLD'S FAIR--CONGRESS OF REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN. (1893.) 737-754 + + Miss Anthony opposes holding National Conventions outside + Washington; extended range of letters and invitations; urges those + who can not work to contribute money; opening of World's Fair; + Bertha Honoré Palmer's words for women; Miss Anthony behind + movement to have women on Board of Managers; President and Board of + Lady Managers; Woman's Congress; Miss Anthony center of attraction; + compliments from Frances Willard and Lady Somerset; letter of + Florence Fenwick Miller; Suffrage leads at Congress; letters from + Mrs. Palmer, Mrs. James P. Eagle; speech on Religious Press; + pleasant visits in Chicago; tribute from Inter-Ocean; Woman + Suffrage granted in Colorado; preparing for New York and Kansas + amendment campaigns. + + +CHAPTER XLII. + +THE SECOND NEW YORK CAMPAIGN. (1894.) 755-776 + + Speeches in Ann Arbor, Toledo, Baltimore and Washington; no creeds, + no politics in National-American Association; congratulations of + Chicago Journal; great New York campaign inaugurated to secure + Amendment from Constitutional Convention; headquarters in Anthony + home; Corresponding Secretary Mary S. Anthony reports amount of + work done; opening rally in Rochester; women of wealth and fashion + in New York and Brooklyn take part; N. Y. World describes the + movement; "Remonstrants" organize; Miss Anthony's opinion of them; + 600,000 signatures secured; Joseph H. Choate, President of + Constitutional Convention, uses his influence against Woman + Suffrage Amendment; Miss Anthony and many other women address + delegates; representatives of the "Antis" speak in opposition; + Edward Lauterbach and other members support Amendment; Elihu Root, + Wm. P. Goodelle and others oppose; Amendment Defeated; tribute by + State president, Mrs. Greenleaf; appreciative letters; incorrect + report of speech at Spiritualist camp meeting; Miss Anthony, + Frances Willard, Lady Somerset and others at Republican State + Convention in Saratoga; starting for Kansas. + + +CHAPTER XLIII. + +THE SECOND KANSAS CAMPAIGN. (1894.) 777-798 + + Miss Anthony insists that political State conventions must put + Woman Suffrage planks in their platforms; politicians try to + persuade Kansas women not to ask for them; dilemma of State + president, Mrs. Johns; letters of Mrs. Chapman Catt, Henry B. + Blackwell, Rev. Anna Shaw, showing uselessness of campaign without + Political endorsement; Miss Anthony's rousing letters to Woman's + State Committee, Republican leaders and Mrs. Johns; great speech at + Kansas City; action taken by Republican Woman's Convention; + Suffrage plank refused by Republican State Convention; fight for it + in Populist Convention; wild scene when secured; "not a test of + party fealty;" Prohibitionists adopt plank; Miss Anthony and Miss + Shaw censured by Republicans; Miss Anthony states their reasons and + takes a cheerful view; friendly words from Wm. Lloyd Garrison; her + brave declaration; scores Kansas Republicans in letter to Mr. + Blackwell; cordial support of Annie L. Diggs; Mrs. Johns and Mr. + Breidenthal hopeful; Amendment Defeated; possession of Limited + Suffrage a hindrance to securing Full Suffrage. + + +CHAPTER XLIV. + +THE SOUTHERN TRIP--THE ATLANTA CONVENTION. (1895.) 799-817 + + Not cast down by Kansas defeat, Miss Anthony speaks at Nebraska + Convention; goes to New York State Convention at Ithaca; visits + Cornell University and speaks to girls of Sage College; addresses + National W. C. T. U. on Sunday at Cleveland, showing weakness of + all attempts at Reform unsupported by the Ballot; pleasant month in + New York City; letter on Y. M. C. A. for "woman's edition;" + invitation from Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones and Rev. H. W. Thomas to + take part in Liberal Religious Congress; addresses at Lexington, + Louisville, Memphis and New Orleans; complimentary reports of + Picayune, Shreveport Times, Birmingham News, Huntsville Tribune; + National-American Convention in Atlanta; courtesy of press, pulpit + and people; Seventy-fifth Birthday celebration and presentation of + Annuity of $800; second triennial of Woman's Council; speaks at + Douglass' funeral; stirs up the audience in Rochester at Ida B. + Wells' lecture on Lynching; resigns position on State Industrial + School Board. + + +CHAPTER XLV. + +THE SECOND VISIT TO CALIFORNIA. (1895.) 819-838 + + Invitation from California Woman's Congress; Miss Anthony and Miss + Shaw have royal welcome at St. Louis, Denver, Cheyenne, Salt Lake + City, Reno; cordial reception at Oakland; beautiful scene at + Woman's Congress; eulogies of press; visit Stanford University; + entertained by many clubs and societies; go to Yosemite Valley; + joyfully received at San Jose, Los Angeles, Riverside, Pasadena, + Pomona, San Diego, Santa Monica; address Ministers' Meeting in San + Francisco; Mrs. Cooper's victory over Fourth of July Committee; + speak at the celebration; miss audience at Oakland; affectionate + farewell. + + +CHAPTER XLVI. + +MRS. STANTON'S BIRTHDAY--THE BIBLE RESOLUTION. (1895-1896.) 839-862 + + Miss Anthony stirs up papers with resolution on Kansas men; + description by Chicago Herald; seized with nervous prostration at + Lakeside, O.; sympathy of people and press; secret of vitality; + letter on maternity hospitals; on "hard times;" on woman's dress; + Mrs. Stanton's birthday celebration; Miss Anthony magnanimously + refuses to take the lead; tribute from Tilton; appreciative letters + from Mary Lowe Dickinson, Mrs. Leland Stanford; Twenty-eighth + Annual Convention; Utah admitted with Woman Suffrage; women of + South Australia enfranchised; resolution against Woman's Bible; + speech on Religious Liberty; grief over action of convention; view + of the Bible; Suffrage will emancipate from Superstition; Nelly + Bly's racy interview; loud call from California; can not refuse but + goes to the Golden State. + + +CHAPTER XLVII. + +THE CALIFORNIA CAMPAIGN. (1896.) 863-893 + + Effort to secure Woman Suffrage Bill from California Legislature; + State committees formed; county conventions; Mrs. Sargent's + hospitality; work of women throughout the State; attitude of press; + the Call declares for Woman Suffrage; Republican Convention; Miss + Anthony and Miss Shaw before platform committee; tributes to Mrs. + Duniway and Mrs. McCann; Populist Convention; Prohibition + Convention; Democratic Convention; women's ratification; + headquarters opened; principal speakers; great work of Miss + Anthony; social courtesies extended; goes to Portland and Seattle; + can not go to Idaho; Suffrage plank in National Republican + convention repudiated; tour of Southern California; letters to Miss + Willard and Mrs. Peet on holding National W. C. T. U. Convention in + California; action of Chairman Republican State Committee; + attempts of Women to speak at Political conventions; the Call + coerced; the orators "flunk;" Liquor Dealers fight Woman Suffrage; + efforts to register new voters; amount of money raised; Women + outwitted by State officials; Defeat; summing-up of vote; a + touching sight; pleasant campaign; State Suffrage Convention; Mrs. + Sargent's tribute; homeward bound. + + +CHAPTER XLVIII. + +HER LETTERS--BIRTHDAY PARTY--BIOGRAPHY. (1896-1897.) 895-911 + + Reception in Rochester; never denies charges; urges women not to + "scramble" for office; Book of Proverbs; constancy of purpose; + women have nothing to do with Reform parties; objects to calling + God the author of Civil Government; men trying to lift themselves + by their bootstraps; no time for Speculation; opposes Educated and + Property Suffrage; eloquent tribute of Dr. H. W. Thomas; pleasant + letters from Mrs. Henrotin, John Hutchinson, Mrs. Dickinson; + National-American Convention in Des Moines; letter urging that all + National conventions be held at Washington; reception at + Indianapolis; addresses Indiana Legislature; kindness to reporters; + birthday of Frederick Douglass; Miss Anthony's great Birthday + reception in Rochester; compliments of Post-Express and Herald; the + day at Anthony home; Mrs. Chapman Catt's tribute; speech at Cuban + League; remarks at funeral of Mrs. Humphrey; beginning the + Biography; immense amount of material; description of attic + workroom. + + +CHAPTER XLIX. + +CHARACTERISTIC VIEWS ON MANY QUESTIONS. (1897.) 913-930 + + Monday evenings at home; Miss Anthony dislikes rôle of Literary or + Society woman; declares she never again will speak before + Legislative Committee at Albany; Miss Mary Anthony's birthday; + Herald's interview; description by Democrat and Chronicle; remarks + of Rev. W. C. Gannett and others; assists at golden wedding; visits + Eliza Wright Osborne with Mrs. Stanton; her greatest compliment; + opinion on Women rising in Rebellion; on Mrs. Besant and Theosophy; + letter to Supreme Court of Idaho; on commemorating deeds of + Revolutionary Mothers; Sentiment no guarantee for Justice; + Subjection of Woman the cause of public Immorality; opposed to + asking Partial Suffrage for women; opinion on Poetry; God not + responsible for human ills; Sunday observance; objects to asking + for Educated and Property Suffrage; voters not influenced by + Religious arguments; refuses to join Miss Willard in attack on + "yellow journalism" and prize fighting; wide scope of invitations, + etc.; amusing letter of inquiry; never received salary from + National Association; visit to Thousand Islands; centennial of + Rev. Samuel J. May; at Nashville Exposition; criticises Women for + going into Partisan Politics and defends "rings;" Woman Suffrage + movement of the Present contrasted with that of the Past. + + +CHAPTER L. + +HOME LIFE--THE REUNION--THE WOMAN. (1897.) 931-953 + + Daily habits of life; dress; harmonious relations of the two + sisters; description of Anthony home; outline of Miss Anthony's + vast private correspondence; her patience and conscientiousness; + objects to which close of life is being given; invited to + Berkshire; Suffrage Committee meeting in the "Old Hive" at Adams; + guest of Berkshire Historical Society; addresses of Mrs. Chapman + Catt, Mrs. Foster Avery, Mrs. Sewall, Mrs. Colby, Rev. Anna Shaw + and others; Anthony Reunion; picturesque old homestead; visit to + birthplace and loved spots of childhood; contrast in position of + Woman now and fifty years ago; Miss Anthony's part in securing + reforms; face carved in Capitol at Albany; tributes of Mrs. Sewall, + Miss Willard and Mrs. Stanton; Miss Anthony's characteristics; + compared to Napoleon, Gladstone, Lincoln, Garrison; finis. + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. + +Vol. II. + + + SUSAN B. ANTHONY in California Campaign, 1896 _Frontispiece_ + HARRIET PURVIS _faces page_ 526 + MENTIA TAYLOR 554 + PRISCILLA BRIGHT MCLAREN 564 + ELIZABETH PEASE NICHOL 568 + MARGARET BRIGHT LUCAS 578 + MISS ANTHONY AND MRS. STANTON writing the History of + Woman Suffrage 600 + CAROLINE E. MERRICK 608 + ZERELDA G. WALLACE 632 + REV. ANNA HOWARD SHAW 688 + HARRIET TAYLOR UPTON 700 + MAY WRIGHT SEWALL 746 + MARY S. ANTHONY 760 + CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT 780 + RACHEL FOSTER AVERY 814 + SARAH B. COOPER 828 + ELLEN CLARK SARGENT 864 + SARAH L. KNOX GOODRICH 888 + ANTHONY RESIDENCE IN ROCHESTER 904 + ATTIC WORK-ROOMS 910 + MARY S. AND SUSAN B. ANTHONY 916 + ANTHONY FAMILY AT REUNION 938 + AT THE OLD HOMESTEAD 942 + QUAKER MEETING-HOUSE, ADAMS, MASS 946 + + + + +CHAPTER XXX. + +POLITICAL CANDIDATES--WRITING THE HISTORY. + +1880-1881. + + +During her May lecture trip Miss Anthony was formulating a scheme for a +series of conventions, opening and closing with a great mass meeting, +which should influence the national political conventions to recognize +in their platforms the rights of woman. As usual most of the women +opposed this plan and as usual Miss Anthony carried the day. The +following letters to Mrs. Spencer, national secretary, will serve as +specimens of hundreds which she wrote with her own hand, before every +similar occasion: + + I want the rousingest rallying cry ever put on paper--first, to + call women by the thousand to Chicago; and second, to get every one + who can not go there to send a postal card to the mass convention, + saying she wants the Republicans to put a Sixteenth Amendment + pledge in their platform. Don't you see that if we could have a + mass meeting of 2,000 or 3,000 earnest women, June 2, and then + receive 10,000 postals from women all over the country, what a + tremendous influence we could bring to bear on the Republican + convention, June 3? We can get Farwell Hall for $40 a day, and I + think would do well to engage it for the 2d and 3d, then we could + make it our headquarters--sleep in it even, if we couldn't get any + other places. + + Besides this, I want to make the best possible use of all our + speakers between June 3 and 21, when we shall have a mass meeting + in Cincinnati, the day before the Democratic convention. My + proposition is that I, as vice-president-at-large, call conventions + of two days each at a number of cities. We could divide our + speakers and thus fill in the entire two weeks between Chicago and + Cincinnati with capital good work. How does the plan strike you? + Can we summon the women from the vasty deeps--or distances? Can we + get 5,000 or 10,000 to send on their postals? Do the petitions + still come in? How many thousands of appeals and documents have you + had printed and how many have you sent out? + +After the ball was set rolling she wrote: + + A letter from Mrs. Stanton tells of her being on the verge of + pneumonia, and rushing home to rest and recruit. She is better and, + since she has been to the dinner-table, I infer she is well enough + to begin to work up the thunder and lightning for Indianapolis and + Chicago. Now won't you at once scratch down the points with which + you want to fire her soul and brain, and get her at work on the + resolutions, platform and address? She won't go out to lecture any + more this spring, and if you will only put her en rapport with your + thought she will do splendid work in the herculean task awaiting + us. + + It is simply impossible for me to go to her at present, and we must + all give her our ideas in the rough, from time to time, and let her + weld them together as best she can; and then, as she says, when we + meet in Indianapolis we all will put in our happiest ideas, + metaphysical, political, logical and all other "cals," and make + these the strongest and grandest documents ever issued from any + organization of women. It does seem to me that if we can succeed in + grinding out just the right appeal, demand, or whatever it may be + called, the Republican convention must heed us. At any rate, we + will do our level best at a strong pull, a long pull and a pull all + together to compel them to surrender. + + I enclose my list of May lecture engagements. I shall be able to + help in money from them soon, and better than I could in any other + way. I watch both Congress and our State legislatures, but the + "scamps" are vastly better at promising than fulfilling. The + politicians, of course, expect all this flutter and buncombe about + doing something for women in New York--in California--in Iowa--is + going to spike our guns and make us help the Republican party to + carry all before it; but we must not be thus fooled by them. + +After a lecture at Waynesburg, Penn., when she had gone to her train at +4 A. M. to find it an hour late, she wrote on the ticket-office shelf, +by the light of a smoky lamp, this letter to her sister: + + Just three years ago this day was our dear Hannah's last on earth, + and I can see her now sitting by the window and can hear her say, + "Talk, Susan." I knew she wanted me to talk of the future meetings + in the great beyond, all of them, as she often said, so certain and + so beautiful to her; but they were not to me, and I could not dash + her faith with my doubts, nor could I pretend a faith I had not; so + I was silent in the dread presence of death. Three years--and yet + what a living presence has she been in my thoughts all the days! + There has been scarcely one waking hour that I have not felt the + loss of her. We can not help trying to peer through the veil to + find the certainty of things over there, but nothing comes to our + eyes unless we accept the Spiritualistic testimony, which we can + not wholly do. + + Well, only you and I are left of mother's four girls, and when and + how we also shall pass on is among the unknown problems of the + future. Of course I feel and know that your loss is far beyond + mine; for never was there a child who so faithfully devoted herself + to a mother, and made all other interests subserve that mother's + happiness as did you, and I feel, too, that but for you I never + could have done my public work. + +The great series of conventions began with the May Anniversary, which +was held at Indianapolis, the 25th and 26th, in the Park Theater, Miss +Anthony presiding. All arrangements had been made and all expenses +assumed by the local suffrage society under the leadership of Mrs. +Sewall. The Sentinel, edited at that time by Colonel J. B. Maynard, +welcomed the convention in a strong editorial declaring for woman +suffrage in unmistakable terms. The very successful meetings closed with +a handsome reception tendered by Mrs. John C. New. + +The mass meeting opened in Farwell Hall, Chicago, June 1, the day before +the Republican convention, with delegates from twenty-six States, and +continued in session three days. The welcoming address was made by +Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, the speakers comprised the most prominent +women of the nation, the audience numbered 3,000 and the enthusiasm was +unprecedented in all the records of this movement.[1] The History of +Woman Suffrage says: + + The mass convention had been called for June 2, but the crowds in + the city gave promise of such extended interest that Farwell Hall + was engaged for June 1, and before the second day's proceedings + closed, funds were voluntarily raised by the audience to continue + the meeting the third day. So vast was the number of letters and + postals from women who desired to vote, that the whole time of each + session could have been spent in reading them--one day's mail alone + bringing them from twenty-three States and three Territories. Some + contained hundreds of names, others represented town, county and + State societies. Many were addressed to the different nominating + conventions, Republican, Greenback, Democratic, while the reasons + given for desiring to vote ranged from the simple demand, through + all the scale of those connected with good government and + morality. So highly important a contribution to history did the + Chicago Historical Society deem these expressions that it made a + formal request to be put in possession of all letters and postals, + with a promise that they should be carefully guarded in a + fire-proof safe. + +A large parlor in the Palmer House was tendered to the ladies by the +proprietor for business meetings and for a reception room. They were +visited by a number of Republican delegates, many of whom were +thoroughly in favor of a suffrage plank in the platform and of giving +the ladies seats in the convention. A letter was sent to the chairman of +the Republican national committee, Don Cameron, signed by one hundred +and eighteen United States senators and representatives, asking that +seventy-six seats on the floor of the convention be given to as many +accredited delegates from the National Suffrage Association. Although +the veteran soldiers and sailors were liberally provided for, Mr. +Cameron granted only ten seats to the women, and those not to the +association in its official capacity but as "guest" tickets for seats on +the platform. Miss Anthony was allowed _ten_ minutes before a +_sub_-committee to present the argument for a suffrage plank. It was +favorably regarded by scattered members of various delegations, but the +platform was silent on the subject. + +The Republican convention of 1880 did not even adopt the "recognition" +planks of 1872 and 1876, and all the demonstrations of this great mass +meeting of women had not the slightest influence, because made by a +disfranchised class. Before closing they adopted a resolution that they +would support no party which did not endorse the political equality of +woman; but all the "support" which they could give or withhold was not +likely to be considered of much value by political leaders. + +Miss Anthony and four others attended the Greenback-Labor Convention, a +few days later, in the same city. They were well received. Mrs. Gage +read the suffrage memorial in open session and Miss Anthony was +permitted to address the convention. This privilege was violently +opposed by Dennis Kearney, who said that "his wife instructed him before +he left California not to mix up with woman suffragists, and if he did +she would meet him at the door with a flat-iron when he came home." +Failing to frighten the convention with Mrs. Kearney's flat-iron, he +declined to hear Miss Anthony's speech and left the hall in disgust. The +committee refused to incorporate a suffrage plank in its platform, but +the next day in convention, after the nominations were concluded, a +delegate introduced an equal suffrage resolution which passed by a large +majority. + +The delegates and speakers of the National Association then held +meetings at Milwaukee, Wis., Bloomington, Ill., Grand Rapids, Mich., +Lafayette and Terre Haute, Ind., and reached Cincinnati in time for the +Democratic National Convention, June 22. They were received here with +unexpected courtesy. Mayor Prince, of Boston, and Mr. Eaton, of Kansas, +presented their request for seats, and sixteen were granted them on the +floor of the house, just behind the delegates. A committee room was +placed at their disposal and their notices and placards were printed by +the convention. A hearing was given before the platform committee, with +no limit as to time, and after several had spoken the others were +invited to do so. The chairman, Henry Watterson, declared himself in +favor of the plank desired. The delegations from Maine, New York and +Kansas also were favorable. Miss Anthony was escorted to the platform +upon the arm of Carter Harrison, amid wild applause, given a seat beside +the presiding officer, Wade Hampton, and the clerk was ordered to read +the address which she presented.[2] After all this parade, however, the +platform contained not the slightest reference to the claims of women +or, in fact, to their existence. The results of the appeal to the +Republican and Democratic conventions were precisely the same, except +that the latter administered the dose with chivalry. + +The National Prohibition Convention at Bloomington, Ill., officially +invited the suffrage advocates to meet with them and participate in +their proceedings. Phoebe Couzins was sent as a delegate, and the +convention adopted the following plank: "We also demand that women +having privileges as citizens in other respects, shall be clothed with +the ballot for their own protection, and as a rightful means for the +proper settlement of the liquor question." This body, it will be +noticed, not only demanded the ballot for woman but told her what she +would be expected to do with it. + +While not at all surprised, Miss Anthony was greatly disgusted with the +action of the Republican and Democratic conventions, but, determined to +leave nothing undone, she soon afterwards called upon General Garfield +at Mentor. He was cordial and expressed himself in favor of equality for +woman in matters of education, work, wages and civil rights, but was not +ready to declare himself in favor of the suffrage and, as was always the +case, urged that the issue be not pressed during _that_ campaign. Mrs. +Blake and others visited General Hancock, the Democratic candidate, and +the New York Sun reports the interview in part: + + Mrs. Blake said the delegation had come to ask the general what + hope the woman suffrage party might entertain in case any measure + came before him, as President, which bore upon granting women the + ballot. The general replied that the movement was a growing one, + and that everything which tended toward the amelioration of woman's + condition had his sympathy. In the course of conversation he said + that women should be paid equally with men for the same work + equally well performed. + + Mrs. Slocum said that the delegation desired a decided expression + from him as to whether he would or would not veto any measure + favorable to woman suffrage that might come before him as + President. The general replied that if such a measure were voted + upon by Congress as a constitutional amendment, it would not come + before the President. If, however, Congress accorded women the + right to vote in the District of Columbia, he certainly would offer + no obstruction. + + Mrs. Blake asked if he considered women as "people." + + "Undoubtedly," replied the general. "He would be a bold man who + would undertake to say they were not." + + "Then, general," said Mrs. Blake, "we ask nothing more than what + you say in your letter of acceptance: 'It is only by a full vote, + a free ballot and a fair count that the people can rule in fact, as + required by the theory of our government.'" + + "I am perfectly willing," said General Hancock, "that you should + say I take my stand on that paragraph in my letter of acceptance." + +In order to exhaust every resource, Miss Anthony, on August 17, +addressed this letter to each of the presidential candidates: + + As vice-president-at-large of the National Woman Suffrage + Association, I am instructed to ask you if, in the event of your + election, you, as President of the United States, would recommend + to Congress the submission to the several legislatures of a + Sixteenth Amendment to the National Constitution, prohibiting the + disfranchisement of United States citizens on account of sex. What + we wish to ascertain is whether you, as President, would use your + _official influence_ to secure to the women of the several States a + _national guarantee_ of their right to a voice in the government on + the same terms with men. Neither platform makes any pledge to + secure political equality to women--hence we are waiting and hoping + that one candidate or the other, or both, will declare favorably, + and thereby make it possible for women, with self-respect, to work + for the success of one or the other or both nominees. Hoping for a + prompt and explicit statement, I am, sir, very respectfully yours. + +General Hancock did not so much as acknowledge the receipt of this, but +General Garfield answered promptly, writing with his own hand: + + Your letter of the 17th inst. was duly received. I take the liberty + of asking your personal advice before I answer your official + letter. I assume that all the traditions and impulses of your life + lead you to believe that the Republican party has been and is more + nearly in the line of liberty than its antagonist, the Democratic + party; and I know you desire to advance the cause of woman. Now, in + view of the fact that the Republican convention has not discussed + your question, do you not think it would be a violation of the + trust they have reposed in me, to speak "as their nominee"--and add + to the present contest an issue which they have not authorized? + + Again, if I answer your question on the ground of my own private + opinion, I shall be compelled to say that, while I am open to the + freest discussion and fairest consideration of your question, I + have not yet reached the conclusion that it would be best for woman + and for the country that she should have the suffrage. I may reach + it; but whatever time may do to me, that fruit is not yet ripe on + my tree. I ask you, therefore, for the sake of your own question, + do you think it wise to pick my apples now? Please answer me in the + frankness of personal friendship. + + With kind regards, I am, very truly yours. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Please answer me in the frankness of personal +friendship. With kind regards, I am very truly yours. Garfield"] + +Under date of September 9 Miss Anthony sent a spirited reply: + + Yours of the 25th ult. has waited all these days that I might + carefully consider it. + + First.--The Republican party did run well for a season in the "line + of liberty," but since 1870, its congressional enactments, majority + reports, Supreme Court decisions, and now its presidential + platform, show a retrograde movement--not only for women but for + colored men--limiting the power of the national government in the + protection of United States citizens against the injustice of the + States, until what we gained by the sword is lost by political + surrenders. We need nothing but a Democratic administration to + demonstrate to all Israel and the sun the fact, the sad fact, that + all is lost by the Republican party. I mean, of course, the one + vital point of national supremacy in the protection of United + States citizens in the enjoyment of their right to vote, and the + punishment of States or individuals thereof, for depriving citizens + of the exercise of that right. The first and fatal mistake was in + ceding to Rhode Island the right to "abridge" the suffrage to + foreign born men; and to all the States to "deny" it to women, in + direct violation of the principle of _national supremacy_. From + that time, inch by inch, point by point has been surrendered, until + it is only in name that the Republican party is the party of + national supremacy. Grant did not protect the negro's ballot in the + presidential election of 1876--Hayes can not in 1880--nor will + Garfield be able to do so in 1884--for the "scepter has departed + from Judah." + + Second.--For the candidate of a party to add to the discussions of + the contest an issue unauthorized or unnoted in its platform, when + that issue is one vital to its very life, it seems to me would be + the grandest act imaginable. For doing that very thing, with regard + to the protection of the negroes of the South, you are today + receiving more praise from the best men of the party than for any + and all of your utterances inside the line of the platform. I know, + if you had in your letter of acceptance, or in your New York + speech, declared yourself in favor of "perfect equality of rights + for women, civil and political," you would have touched an electric + spark which would have fired the hearts of the women of the entire + nation, and made the triumph of the Republican party more grand and + glorious than any it ever has seen. + + Third.--As to picking fruit before it is ripe! Allow me to remind + you that very much fruit is never picked; some is nipped in the + bud; some is worm-eaten and falls to the ground; some rots on the + trees before it ripens; some, too slow in ripening, is bitten by + the early frosts of autumn; while some rare, ripe apples hang until + frozen and worthless on the leafless boughs! Really, Mr. Garfield, + if after passing through the war of the rebellion and sixteen years + in Congress; if after seeing and hearing and repeating that _no + class_ ever got justice and equality of chances from any government + except it had the power--the ballot--to clutch them for itself; if + after all your opportunities for growth and development, you can + not yet see the truth of the great principle of individual + self-government; if you have reached only the idea of + class-government, and that, too, of the most hateful and cruel + form--bounded by sex--there must be some radical defect in the + ethics of the party of which you are the chosen leader. + + No matter which party administers the government, women will + continue to get only subordinate positions and half pay, not + because of the party's or the President's lack of chivalric regard, + but because, in the nature of things, it is impossible for any + government to protect a disfranchised class in equality of chances. + Women, to get justice, must have political freedom. But pardon this + long trespass upon your time and patience, and please bear in mind + that it is not for the many good things the Republican party and + its nominee have done in extending the area of liberty that I + criticise them, but because they have failed to place the women of + the nation on the plane of political equality with men. I do not + ask you to go beyond your convictions, but I do most earnestly beg + you to look at this question from the standpoint of the + woman--alone, without father, brother, husband, son--battling for + bread. It is to help the millions of these unfortunate ones that I + plead for the ballot in the hands of all women. + + With great respect for your frank and candid talk with one of the + disfranchised, I am, very sincerely yours. + +On the strength of Hancock's perfectly non-committal interview and +Garfield's frank letter, several of the prominent Democratic women +rushed into a campaign for that party, whereupon Miss Anthony called +them down in vigorous language. After expressing her indignation at the +many false newspaper reports of her correspondence and interview with +General Garfield, she said: + + He has always stood ready to aid us in getting our demand before + Congress, and was one of the three who reported in favor of a + special woman suffrage committee in the House the last session. He + has actually done a thousand things a thousand times more friendly + to woman suffrage than Hancock now _talks_ of doing. Then, again, + Hancock has given us no public statement that, if elected, he will + recommend a Sixteenth Amendment in his inaugural; and in his + letter of acceptance he said nothing more that can be twisted into + suffrage for women than Garfield did in his, and there is no more + in the Democratic platform that can be thus construed than there is + in the Republican. + + I never intended that the National Association should accept any + sort of "under the ink or between the lines" as favorable pledges; + and before _I_ shall consent to put my name to any document + favoring either candidate, I must see in black and white, in the + candidate's own pen tracks, something to warrant such favoring. + Mere gallantry will not do. + +During the campaign which followed, neither she nor the other leading +women of the country did any public work, and both parties lost the +splendid services which would have been gladly rendered had they +recognized the simple principle of justice. When the success of Garfield +was practically assured, Miss Anthony wrote to a friend on the evening +of election day: "I am fairly holding my breath tonight, waiting for the +morning reports, as I feel it will be an overwhelming triumph for the +Republican party. If their majority should be immense, perhaps it will +give them courage and strength to speak for woman--and so let us hope +and hope on." + +As Mrs. Stanton's health forbade her going on the lecture platform in +the autumn of 1880, and as Miss Anthony had now enough money ahead to +dare claim a little leisure from public work, they decided to settle +down to the serious business of writing the History of Woman Suffrage. +For this purpose Miss Anthony went to Tenafly in October and ensconced +herself in Mrs. Stanton's cosy home among the "blue hills of Jersey." +The work already was advanced far enough to show that it could not +possibly be restricted to the one volume into which it had enlarged from +the 500-page pamphlet at first intended, and the task loomed up in an +appalling manner. Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson, the generous patron of so +many progressive movements, gave Miss Anthony $1,000 for immediate +expenses and so they went on with the work, delving among old papers and +letters, compiling, cutting, pasting, writing and re-writing, sending +over and over to the women of different States for local history, going +into New York again and again to see the publishers, and performing all +the drudgery demanded by such an undertaking, which can be appreciated +only by the few who have experienced it. + +Miss Anthony hated this kind of work and it was torture for her to give +up her active life and sit poring over the musty records of the past. +Her diary contains the usual impatient expressions of this feeling, and +in her letters to friends she says: "O, how tired and sick I am of +boning down to facts and figures perpetually, and how I long to be set +free from what to me has been a perfect prison for the last six months!" +She stuck to it with Spartan heroism, however, knowing that otherwise it +never would be done, but she was not unwilling occasionally to sally +forth and fill a lecture engagement or attend a convention. At the Rhode +Island annual meeting she made the principal address, and the next day +went, with Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, to Danbury, Mass., to call on John G. +Whittier. Almost his first words were, "And so our dear Lucretia Mott is +gone!" She had died the evening before, November 11, aged nearly +eighty-eight. + +Miss Anthony had expected her death, but was inexpressibly grieved to +lose from out her life that sweet presence which had been an inspiration +for thirty years, whose staunch support had never failed, even when +friends were fewest and fortune at its lowest ebb. In times of greatest +perplexity she could slip down to the Philadelphia home for sympathy and +encouragement, and there was always a corner in the pocketbook from +which a contribution came when it was most needed. If ever any human +character was without a flaw it was that of Lucretia Mott. Her motto was +"Truth for authority, not authority for truth." She faded away like a +spirit and her dying words, whispered many times during the last day or +two, were, "O, let me go, let this little standard bearer go!" For +freedom, for peace, for temperance, for equality, she was indeed the +standard bearer through all her long and beautiful life. + +On election day, prompted no doubt by the unconquered and unconquerable +Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton made an effort to vote. This act created much +excitement and called forth columns of comment in the newspapers, to the +great amusement of the two conspirators in their quiet retreat. + +Toward the end of 1880, Miss Anthony wrote to the treasurer, Mrs. +Spofford, asking if she did not think it would be best to omit the +National Convention of 1881, giving as reasons that there had been such +a surfeit of conventions during the past year and that she was very busy +with the History. Mrs. Spofford was much surprised, for Miss Anthony +never had been known to yield in the matter of holding this annual +meeting, even when all others were opposed, but she advised against +postponement and by the next mail received this reply: + + I feel exactly as you do about having the convention. I have never + for a moment felt ready _not_ to hold it. I wrote you under Mrs. + Stanton's orders not to tell you how I felt, as that would be sure + to influence you. Now I have read her your letter and told her my + determination was to go ahead. She won't promise to attend, she + never does, but I never fail to take her with me when I am on the + spot, as I shall be when the time comes next January. So you may + save us each a bedroom away up, no matter how lofty--you know I + love the fresh air of the high heavens. Don't give yourself one + moment's uneasiness in regard to the convention. I am going to set + about it and am bound to make it one of the best, if not the best + ever held in Washington, and you shall have Mrs. Stanton too, + unless I miss my guess. + +At the same time came the following from Mrs. Stanton: "Your kind +invitation I fully appreciate, and feel that the pleasure of seeing you +is one of the compensations of these conventions, which I dread more +than I can tell. But Susan says truly that when she is at hand, she +always dragoons me into what she considers my duty, so I never venture +to say what I will or will not do. Although I have solemnly vowed I will +go nowhere this winter, I should not be surprised if I found myself in +Lincoln Hall the middle of January." + +[Illustration: Harriet Purvis (Signed: "Harriet Purvis")] + +The Thirteenth Annual Convention of the National Association opened +January 18, 1881, Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the chair. The first session +was devoted to a memorial service for Lucretia Mott. The stage was +decorated with draperies and flowers and a large portrait of Mrs. Mott +stood on an easel. An exquisite floral harp was presented by the colored +citizens of the District. In the audience were many distinguished +people, including Mrs. Hayes and her guests from the White House, +members of the Supreme Court and of Congress, and other noted +personages. The music was rendered by the colored choir of St. +Augustine's Church. Miss Anthony said in part: "The highest tribute she +could pay was that during the past thirty years she had always felt sure +she was right when she had the sanction of Lucretia Mott. Next to that +of her own conscience she most valued the approval of her sainted +friend; and it was now a great satisfaction that in all the differences +of opinion as to principles and methods in their movement, Mrs. Mott had +stood firmly with the National Association, of which she was, to the day +of her death, the honored and revered vice-president." Short and +touching addresses were made by Mrs. Sewall, Miss Couzins, Frederick +Douglass and Robert Purvis, and the eulogy was delivered by Mrs. +Stanton. + +There was an effort during this convention to secure in Congress a +"standing committee on the rights of women." It was ably advocated by +Senator McDonald and defeated largely through the smooth manipulation of +Roscoe Conkling. The convention closed with a reception and supper for +the delegates, given by Mrs. Spofford at the Riggs House. + +Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton went from Washington to the home of Mrs. +Mott, where they were welcomed by her daughters, who sent for Sarah +Pugh, and the old friends had a lovely day, made sacred by reminiscences +of the dear one gone forever. For more than a quarter of a century this +had been Miss Anthony's stopping-place when in Philadelphia,[3] but she +was welcomed at once into another beautiful home, that of the wife and +daughters of J. Heron Foster, founder of the Pittsburg Dispatch. All +were deeply interested in the great question, and Julia and Rachel +henceforth were ranked among the most earnest and valued workers. + +It was soon afterwards that a reporter of the Chicago News started the +following paragraph: + + Susan B. Anthony has never condescended to love a man but she + lavishes a heap of affection on a little gray Skye terrier which + she takes around with her wherever she goes. This dog was given her + by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and having recently lost a favorite + Newfoundland pet, she accepted the frolicsome Skye with hearty + gratitude. She has taught the apt brute every variety of trick and + its intelligence seems to be unlimited. The little creature sleeps + on her bed, eats from her hand, has blankets, gold and silver + collars and every kind of ornament and comfort. Miss Anthony is + accompanied by this accomplished canine everywhere, and during the + recent convention in Washington "Birdie," as the dog is called, + occupied a prominent place on the platform, either cuddled up in + her voluminous lap or coiled in a frowsy heap at her feet. + +This was copied into many newspapers throughout the country, often +accompanied by editorial comment, facetious, disapproving, and sometimes +deducing from this text the solemn fact that every woman's nature must +have something to love, or that while women were so frivolous they had +no right to ask for the ballot. This extract from a half-column +editorial in the New York Graphic will serve as an example: + + There is something wrong here. If Miss Anthony were to carry around + with her a Newfoundland or a good bloodhound the spectacle would + have nothing incongruous in it. If she would make a pet of a + six-barrelled revolver and another of a large club that would be + appropriate. But a Skye terrier, a miserable, little, whining pup, + a coached, coddled and coaxed dog making repeated journeys in a + basket and fed on crackers and milk--what sort of a thing is this + for a person of reformative powers to be associated with? It is an + argument in favor of woman's rights that women are capable of all + the masculinity necessary to voting and the making of laws; but who + ever heard of a President, a senator, a member of the House of + Representatives, a legislator of any kind, going about with a sick + dog in his arms, soothing the little wretch into its proper sleep, + providing it with its regular nourishment and superintending its + morning awakenings and the accompanying ablutions? + + Women can never come to the head of the government, can never + assist to a large extent in its management, until they reform these + weaknesses. It isn't necessary that they should chew tobacco and + swear, and perhaps they needn't smoke cigars and drive fast horses; + but their leaders must abandon the pet dog, the favorite kitten, + the especial hen and the abominable bird. They may still sew and + still wear the petticoat; but if they enter politics they must + submit to the hard raps that men expect, without putting their + hands to their eyes and sobbing that their feelings have been hurt. + There must be reform, and Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton must set + about it in earnest and at once. + + A Skye terrier for Miss Anthony! Merciful heavens! after all these + years has it come to this? Catnip for Julius Cćsar! Boneset tea and + black stockings with garters for Alexander the Great! A locket with + hair in it on the bosom of the first Napoleon! A Skye terrier! We + have fallen upon evil days. + +Under this in her scrap-book Miss Anthony wrote, "Doesn't this cap the +climax?" Of course, there was not the slightest foundation for the +paragraph. Miss Anthony never owned a dog or any pet animal, not from +dislike but because she felt that humanity needed all her time and +affection. + +Work on the History was at once resumed, as its editors were now +convinced that it never could be finished except by the hardest kind of +labor without cessation. Of the able assistance rendered by many women +throughout the country, perhaps that of Clarina Howard Nichols was the +most valuable. She possessed not only great literary ability but also +the true editorial instinct and was one of the few left of the "old +guard." Out of her fine memory she wove a number of delightful chapters, +all written while lying on her back an almost helpless invalid and over +seventy years old. She had long ago gone to California to be with her +children, and Miss Anthony's weekly letters to her were of the most +loving character and answered in the same affectionate strain. Mrs. +Nichols hesitated to use the names of those who had been most violent in +their opposition to the rights of women, because she disliked to make +their children blush for them, but Miss Anthony wrote: + + History ought to be true, and the men and women who at the time + enjoyed the glory of opposing us ought to be known to posterity + even if it is to their children's sorrow; just as those who + suffered the torments of ridicule and hatred then, now enjoy the + rewards, and their children and grandchildren glory in their + ancestors. Robert Dale Owen's daughter, in writing up the Indiana + Constitutional Convention and her father's opponents, withheld + their names from sympathy for their children. I have told her, that + as she now rejoices in what was then considered her father's + reproach, so she should let the children of those men hang their + heads now for what then was their father's pride. Isn't that fair? + Garrison used to say, "Where there is a sin, there must be a + sinner." When people understand that their descendants and all + Israel will know of their deeds, a hundred years hence, maybe they + will learn to be and do better. + + I am a genuine believer in the doctrine of letting the seed bear + its fruit on the sower's own ground. For us not to give the names + of our opponents, but only of those who were wise and good, not + only would not be true history, but would rob the book of one-half + its interest. If all persons felt that their children must suffer + for their wrong-doings, they would be more cautious, but the belief + that all their ill record is to be hidden out of sight helps them + to go on reckless of truth and justice. It is not in malice or + with a desire to make any one suffer, but to be true to history + that every name should stand and be judged as the facts merit. + +Miss Anthony in reality seldom carried out this theory, but usually +desired that personal failings should not be recorded and handed down to +posterity. She scarcely could be persuaded to allow the bare facts in +many instances to be stated lest surviving relatives should be hurt +thereby. + +Without knowing where the money was to be obtained for publishing the +History but determined that it should be done, Miss Anthony pushed on +the work. The steel engravings cost $126 apiece and where women were +unable or unwilling to pay for their own, she herself assumed the +responsibility. To Mrs. Nichols she wrote: "I shall have your picture +and that of Ernestine L. Rose if it takes the last drop in the +bucket."[4] Because of the unpopularity of the subject the large firms +would not consider the publication of this work, which it was now found +would fill two huge volumes, but arrangements were concluded finally +with Fowler & Wells. In their great anxiety to get their work before the +public while they yet lived to see it properly done, each chapter was +hurried to the publishers the moment it was completed and immediately +stereotyped and printed, which made revising, condensing and +re-arranging impossible. + +The first volume was issued in May, 1881, a royal octavo of 900 pages, +bringing the record down to the beginning of the Civil War. It is not an +exaggeration to say that no history during the century had been more +favorably received by the press. The New York dailies contained from one +to two or more columns of most complimentary reviews. The National +Citizen and Ballot-Box gave up almost an entire edition to notices of +the History taken from New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago and other +papers, with not a disparaging criticism. Most of them echoed the +sentiment of the New York Sun: "We have long needed an authentic and +exhaustive account of the movement for the enfranchisement of women;" +and of the Chicago News: "The appearance of this book, long expected by +the friends, is not only an important literary occurrence, but it is a +remarkable event in the history of civilization." The personal +commendations from such men as President Andrew D. White, of Cornell +University, Hon. C. B. Waite, of Chicago, Rev. William Henry Channing, +and from scores of eminent women, would in themselves require several +chapters. + +Nobody realized so well as the authors the imperfections of the work, +but when one considered that it had to be gathered piecemeal from old +letters, personal recollections, imperfect newspaper reports, mere +scraps of material which never had been put into shape as to time and +place, the result was remarkable. They were indeed correct in their +assertion that no one but the actual participants ever could have +described the early history of this movement to secure equal rights for +women. "We have furnished the bricks and mortar," they said, "for some +future architect to rear a beautiful edifice." These "bricks and mortar" +were supplied almost wholly by Miss Anthony, who, from the beginning, +had carefully preserved every letter, newspaper clipping and report, and +whose persistent and endless labor in collecting facts, dates, etc., +never can be estimated or sufficiently appreciated; and it is not +probable that any more forcible or graceful pens than those of Mrs. +Stanton and Mrs. Gage ever will be found to enhance their splendid work. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Truly yours as ever, Matilda Joslyn Gage"] + +So unanimous and hearty was the reception of this book, to which they +had devoted every moment of spare time for five years, that they felt +encouraged to spend the next five, if necessary, upon the other volume, +which the mass of material now demanded; but if all the criticism had +been unfavorable and everybody had declared the work not needed, they +still would have gone straight on to the finish, because they realized +so strongly the value of putting into permanent form the story of the +struggle for the emancipation of woman. Many letters were received +urging that it was too soon to write this history, to which Mrs. Stanton +invariably responded in her humorous way: "Well, we old workers might +perhaps have 'reminisced' after death, but I doubt if the writing +mediums could do as well as we have done with our pens. You say the +history of woman suffrage can not be written until it is accomplished. +Why not describe its initiative steps? The United States has not +completed its grand experiment of equality, universal suffrage, etc., +and yet Bancroft has been writing our history for forty years. If no one +writes up his own times, where are the materials for the history of the +future?" + +Before the task should be resumed, however, there must be a little rest +and a great deal of work of another kind. The diary says: "Had a man +today and toted all my documents out to the barn, storing them in big +boxes, then packed my winter clothes away in the attic, so that my room +might be renovated for Theodore Stanton and his bride from Paris." Miss +Anthony then returned home, filled several lecture engagements and in +May started for Massachusetts, stopping at Tenafly to take Mrs. Stanton +with her in order that she might not escape. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] The Chicago press gave very satisfactory reports of this meeting, +but the Springfield Republic was vulgar and abusive, called the ladies +"withered beldames," "cats on the back roof," and advised them to "go +home and attend to their children, if they had any, and if not, to +engage in that same occupation as soon as they could regularly do so." + +The charge being so often made that the leaders of the suffrage movement +were a lot of old maids and childless wives, Miss Anthony prepared a +list showing that sixteen of the most prominent were the mothers of +sixty-six children. Of the pioneers she herself was the only one who +never married. Of the younger speakers Phoebe Couzins was the only one +who remained single. + +[2] The Cincinnati Commercial said at this time: "Miss Anthony is the +same clear, calm reasoner--a woman of the same firm convictions and with +the same forcible, dignified and essentially womanly manner of +expressing them--that she has always been. While in Cincinnati she is +the guest of her cousin, Mrs. A. B. Merriam, of Walnut Hills, where many +call upon her and find a talk with a woman so earnest and fine in +intellectual power to be a genuine satisfaction. On the 'woman +question,' she is hopeful but not a hopeless enthusiast. She is too +clear-headed for that, and has overcome too many obstacles not to +appreciate the requisite momentum and the force necessary to produce it. +Her life is great in that it has made a larger life and higher work +possible to other women, who share her aspirations without her +invincible strength to carve their way." + +[3] This and the hospitable homes of Robert and Harriet Purvis, Sarah +Pugh, and Adeline and Annie Thomson, sisters of J. Edgar Thomson. + +[4] The women of Kansas contributed $75 toward Mrs. Nichols' picture as +a testimonial to her suffrage work in that State. + + + + +CHAPTER XXXI. + +THE LEGACY--NEBRASKA CAMPAIGN--OFF FOR EUROPE. + +1881-1882-1883. + + +It had been decided this year of 1881 to take the anniversary meeting +into the very heart of New England, and for the first time the National +Association went to Boston, opening in Tremont Temple, May 26. The +address of welcome was made by Harriet H. Robinson, wife of +"Warrington," the well-known newspaper correspondent, and there were +several new speakers in the convention, including A. Bronson Alcott, +Mary F. Eastman, Anna Garlin Spencer, Frank Sanborn, ex-Governor Lee, of +Wyoming, the noted politician, Francis W. Bird, Harriette Robinson +Shattuck and Rev. Ada C. Bowles. The ladies had no cause to complain of +the hospitality of this conservative New England center. The Boston +Traveller expressed the general sentiment in saying: + + The National Suffrage Association has reason to congratulate itself + on one of the most notable and successful conventions ever held. + Boston's attitude to her distinguished guests has been uniformly + hospitable, the audiences have been large and enthusiastic, the + press co-operative in every sense. The eminent women who are its + leaders are ladies whose acquaintance is an unmixed pleasure, and + not least in importance have been the friendships formed and + renewed at this meeting. The business management of the convention + has been superb; the sympathy between audience and speakers + reciprocal. + +The guests received an invitation from Governor John D. Long to visit +the State House and were received by him in person. In his remarks he +said he believed women should vote, not because they are women but +because they are a part of the people and government should be of the +people regardless of sex; he thought the extension of suffrage to women +could not fail to give stability to the government. Mrs. Hooker thanked +him for coming to their support and in her letter describing the +occurrence she says: "Miss Anthony standing close to the governor said +in low; pathetic tones, 'Yes, we are tired, we are weary with our work. +For thirty years some of us have carried this burden, and now if we +might put it in the hands of honorable men, such as you, how happy we +would be.'" The ladies also accepted an invitation from Mayor Prince to +visit the city hall and were cordially received by him. They were +invited to inspect the great dry goods store of Jordan, Marsh & Co. and +see the arrangements for the comfort and pleasure of the employes many +of whom were women. Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Robinson were +entertained at the Parker House by the famous Bird Club. + +Miss Anthony received several beautiful floral offerings during the +convention, and also a handsome pin in the shape of a Greek cross. The +golden bar from which it was suspended bore the letters S. B. A., on the +points were the initials N. W. S. A., and on the reverse was engraved, +"Presented by the Citizens' Suffrage Association of Philadelphia as a +token of gratitude for her life-long devotion to the interests of +woman." The little presentation speech was made in a most tender and +graceful manner by May Wright Sewall. The Boston Globe in describing the +scene pays this compliment: + + Miss Anthony was as deeply touched as she was surprised. Recovering + herself, she responded eloquently and in her usual interesting and + magnetic manner. Of all the eminent women who are here, no one is + such a favorite with a Boston audience as Susan B. Anthony. Her + courage and strength and the patient devotion of a life consecrated + to the advancement and the elevation of womanhood, her invincible + honor, her logic and her power to touch and sway all hearts, are + felt and reverently recognized. The young women of the day may well + feel that it is she who _has made life possible_ to them; who has + trodden the thorny paths and, by her unwearied devotion, has opened + to them the professions and higher applied industries; nor is this + detracting from those who now share with her the labor and the + glory. Each and all recognize the individual devotion, the purity + and singleness of purpose that so eminently distinguish Miss + Anthony. + +The convention closed with a reception at the elegant home of Mrs. Fenno +Tudor, on Beacon Hill. + +After leaving Boston, this distinguished body of women, made the sweep +of New England, holding conventions in Providence, R. I.; Portland, Me.; +Dover, Concord and Keene, N. H.; Hartford and New Haven, Conn. The +national board of officers received an infusion of new blood this year +through the election of May Wright Sewall, chairman executive committee, +and Rachel Foster, corresponding secretary. Miss Anthony writes, "It is +such a relief to roll off part of the burden on stronger, younger +shoulders." This entire round of conventions was arranged by Miss +Foster, a remarkable work for an inexperienced girl. + +At Concord Miss Anthony was entertained in the family of her old friend +and co-laborer, Parker Pillsbury, and after her departure Mrs. Pillsbury +wrote: "I am so very happy to know you personally, and I thank you for +the compliment you bestow in asking me to enroll my name among the most +grand and noble women of our land. I shall enjoy being counted worthy to +place it in company with dear Miss Anthony. Mr. Cogswell says many men +(some members of the Legislature among them) in talking with him have +expressed unexpected satisfaction in the speeches of the convention just +holden--especially in yours, and he says, 'She is a host in herself, I +like her practical common sense.'" + +There was comfort in a letter received at this time from Elizabeth +Boynton Harbert, president of the Illinois Suffrage Association and one +of the Inter-Ocean staff: + + Before entering upon our usual business talk, I want to wish you + all beautiful and peaceful things this summer morning, and tell you + of a rare and genuine tribute to yourself which brought tears of + gladness to my own eyes when I heard it. In talking to some of the + old workers, I referred to your life-long sacrifice and wondered + how we could develop a similar spirit in our younger women, when + Mrs. Zerelda Wallace said with great impressiveness: "My dear + sisters, I want to say this, and to say it with a profound + realization of all that it means, that to me, the person who, next + to Jesus Christ himself, has shown to the world a life of perfect + unselfishness, is Susan B. Anthony." I tell you this, my dear + friend, because I believe such a tribute from such a woman will + lighten some of the burdens. + +Many similar letters were now received every year, and were as sweet and +fragrant flowers in a pathway which had contained more thorns than +roses. + +In the hot summer of 1881 Miss Anthony went again to Albany to spend the +last weeks with another friend, Phebe Hoag Jones, who passed away July +27. She was the intimate associate of Lydia Mott and the last of that +little band of Abolitionists so conspicuous in the Democratic stronghold +of Albany for many years preceding the war. At her death Miss Anthony +felt that she had no longer an abiding place in the State capital, and +expressed this feeling in a letter to Mrs. Spofford, who replied: "You +speak of no longer having a home in Albany. Why, the best homes in that +city should be gladly opened to you, and some day those people will wake +up and wonder why they did not take you in their arms and hearts and +help you in your work."[5] + +All the letters during this summer are filled with sorrow over the +assassination, long suffering and death of President Garfield. After all +was ended Miss Anthony wrote to a friend: + + In the reported death-bed utterances of our President, the only one + which has grated on my ears was that in answer to the query whether + he had made a will: "No, and he did not wish one, as he could trust + the courts to do justice to his wife and children." How little even + the best of men see and feel the dire humiliation and suffering to + the wife, the widow, who is left to the justice of the courts! My + heart aches because of man's insensibility to the cruelty of thus + leaving woman. How can we teach them the lesson that the wife + suffers all the torment under the law's assuming her rights to her + property and her children, which the husband would, should it + assume similar ownership and control over him, his property and + children after his wife's death. + + What a twelve weeks these have been, and what a funeral pall has + rested upon us the past week. Every nook and corner, every + mountaintop and valley is shrouded in sorrow for this crime against + the nation. Today the ministers are preaching their sermons on the + life and character of Garfield. Our Unitarian, Mr. Mann, made his + special point on the fact that all the people of every sect had + united in endorsement of Garfield's religion, which was most + emphatically one of life and action, natural, without cant or + observance of the outward rites and ceremonies. There is no report + of even a minister's being asked to pray with him. When the bells + told of the people's day of special prayer for his life, he + exclaimed, "God bless the people," but covered his face, as much as + to say, "Nothing but science can determine this case." + +In the late summer and fall Mrs. Stanton had a tedious and alarming +attack of malarial fever, and Miss Anthony was greatly distressed +because some of her family insisted that it was produced by the long, +hard strain of the work on the History. She writes: "It is so easy to +charge every ill to her labors for suffrage, while she knows and I know +that it is her work for woman which has kept her young and fresh and +happy all these years. Mrs. Stanton has written me that during her +illness 'she suffered more from her fear that she never should finish +the History than from the thought of parting with all her friends.'" + +The National Prohibition Alliance, which met in New York, October 18, +invited her to take an official part in its proceedings. She declined to +do so but attended the meeting and, after a visit to Mrs. Stanton, went +to Washington to the national convention of the W. C. T. U. She had +three reasons for this: 1st, she understood there was to be an attempt +to supersede Miss Willard, to whom she had become very much attached; +2d, an effort was to be made to commit the association to woman +suffrage; and 3d, she had made up her mind to see President Arthur on +business connected with her own organization. She sat in the convention +through all the three days' sessions and, on motion of Mrs. J. Ellen +Foster, was invited to address it and was introduced by Miss Willard in +words of strong approval. A prominent woman who was opposed to Miss +Willard's re-election went among the delegates, assuring them in the +most solemn manner that Miss Willard had insulted every one of them by +introducing Miss Anthony on the platform, as she did not recognize God. +"Well," replied one of them, an Indianapolis woman, "I don't know about +that, but I do know that God has recognized her and her work for the +last thirty years." + +She had the pleasure of seeing Miss Willard triumphantly re-elected, an +equal suffrage resolution adopted and a department of franchise +established. "So the Christian craft of that great organization has set +sail on the wide sea of woman's enfranchisement," she comments. At the +close of the convention this amusing card was sent to the press: "All +presidents of State delegations represented in the National W. C. T. U. +desire to explain, in refutation of a statement in the Post of October +31, that, so far from 'capturing the convention,' Miss Susan B. Anthony +made no effort to influence their delegations in public or in private, +and is not, nor ever has been, a member of the W. C. T. U., either +local, State or national, hence has had no part in its deliberations." + +The President, who was an old schoolmate of her brother Daniel R., +granted her a pleasant interview, arranged by Senator Jones, of Nevada, +in which she urged him to recommend in his message to Congress a +standing committee on the rights of women and also a Sixteenth Amendment +which should enfranchise them. The reporters learned of this interview +and, as a result, newspapers throughout the country used a portion of +their valuable space in describing "how President Arthur squeezed Susan +B. Anthony's hand!" + +On the way home she stopped in Philadelphia and, with Rachel Foster and +Adeline Thomson, called on George W. Childs, who gave to her $50 for +"the cause," and to each of them one of his rare china cups and saucers. +On November 7 work on the History was again resumed. The 29th was +Wendell Phillips' seventieth birthday and Miss Anthony wrote him a +letter of congratulation, telling him that she always had found comfort +in the thought that, when there were differences between them, she had +had his respect if not his approval. He replied with the following +affectionate note: "Hearty thanks for your congratulations. The band +grows smaller month by month. We ought to stand closer together. You and +I have differed as all earnest souls must. I trust each always believed +the other to be true in spirit. I know I always did, touching yourself. +You are good to assure me you have had the same faith in me, and I hope +when you reach threescore and ten, some kind friend will cheer you with +equally generous and welcome words." + +The last entry in the diary for 1881 says: "The year closes down on a +wilderness of work, a swamp of letters and papers almost hopeless." She +attacked it, however, with that sublime courage which was ever her +strongest characteristic, and at the end of the first week of the new +year the heaviest part of the burden was lifted from her shoulders by +the receipt of this letter from Mr. Phillips: + + DEAR SUSAN: Our friend Mrs. Eliza Eddy, Francis Jackson's daughter, + died a week ago Thursday. At her request, I made her will some + weeks before. Her man of business, devoted to her for twenty-five + years, Mr. C. R. Ransom (ex-president of one of our banks) is the + executor. He and I were present and consulted, and we know all her + intentions and wishes from long talks with her in years gone by. + After making various bequests, she ordered the remainder divided + equally between you and Lucy Stone. There is no question whatever + that your portion will be $25,000 or $28,000. I advised her, in + order to avoid all lawyers, to give this sum to you outright, with + no responsibility to any one or any court, only "requesting you to + use it for the advancement of the woman's cause." + +After all the years of toil without financial recompense, of struggling +to accomplish her work with wholly insufficient means, of depending from +month to month on the few dollars which could be gathered in, Miss +Anthony's joy and gratitude scarcely could find expression in words. She +answered at once: + + Your most surprising letter reached me last evening. How worthy the + daughter of Francis Jackson! How it carries me back to his generous + gift of $5,000; to that noble, fatherly man and that quiet, lovely + daughter in his home. Never going to Boston during the past fifteen + years, I had lost sight of her, though I had not forgotten her by + any means. How little thought have I had all these years that she + cherished this marvellous trust in me, and now I recognize in her + munificent legacy your own faith in me, for such was her confidence + in you that I feel sure she would not have thus willed, if you had + not fully endorsed her wish. So to you, my dear friend, as to her, + my unspeakable gratitude goes out. May I prove worthy the care and + disposal of whatever shall come into my hands. Will you, as my + friend and Mrs. Eddy's, ever feel free to suggest and advise me as + to a wise use thereof? I am very glad it was your privilege to be + with her through these years of her loneliness. I am pleased that + you and Mr. Ransom propose to appropriate something to her faithful + brother James, and most cheerfully do I put my name to the paper + you enclose, with the fullest confidence that you would ask of me + nothing but right and justice to all parties. + +A few days afterwards she received another letter from Mr. Phillips: + + You remember Mrs. Bacon (Mrs. Eddy's daughter) died about a week + after she did. Her husband (who Mrs. Eddy knew would disturb her + will if he could) is trying ostensibly to break it, really to force + you and Lucy Stone to buy him off. The grounds on which he objects + to the will are "that she was of unsound mind; that I and her + executor exercised over her an undue influence in urging her to + leave her money as she did; and that she did not know how much she + was willing away." The truth is, we never said one word to her. It + was her own plan entirely to leave it to woman's rights. Mr. Bacon + knows there is not a ghost of a chance of his succeeding. The + executor and I have retained Benjamin F. Butler and mean to fight + to have Mrs. Eddy's will executed as she wished. The Misses Eddy + sustain the will and wish it carried out to the letter, and say if + it is broken they shall give their portion to the woman's rights + cause, to you and Lucy. I'll tell you when any news is to be had. + We are doing our best to protect your interests. + +This was the beginning of litigation which continued for three years, +and was a source of annoyance to Miss Anthony in other respects besides +being deprived of the money. The fact of the bequest naturally being +heralded far and wide by the newspapers, appeals and demands for a share +of it poured in from all quarters, and she had much difficulty in +persuading people that she had not the money already in her hands to be +divided. + +In company with Mrs. Stanton, Miss Anthony arrived in Washington January +16, 1882, to attend the Fourteenth Annual Convention. The effort to +secure a special committee on woman suffrage which had failed in the +Forty-sixth Congress was successful in the Forty-seventh, through the +championship of Senators Hoar and John A. Logan, Representatives John D. +White, of Kentucky, Thomas B. Reed and others. There was bitter +opposition by Senator Vest, of Missouri, who declared it to be "a step +toward the recognition of woman suffrage, which has nothing in it but +mischief to the institutions and to the society of the whole country." +In his zeal he dropped into poetry, saying, + + "A woman's noblest station is retreat, + Her fairest virtues fly from public sight," + +and so, of course, she had no need of a special committee. It was +vigorously opposed also by Senator Beck, of Kentucky, who said "the +colored women's votes could be bought for fifty cents apiece;" and by +Senator Morgan, of Alabama, who made a stump speech on "dissevered +homes, disbanded families, pot-house politicians seated at the fireside +with another man's wife, women fighting their way to the polls through +crowds of negroes and ruffians," etc.[6] It was carried in the Senate by +a vote of 35 to 23; in the House, a month later, by a vote of 115 to 84. +Miss Anthony says of this in her diary: "If the best of worldly good had +come to me personally, I could not feel more joyous and blest." + +In addition to the usual distinguished array of speakers were Rev. +Frederick Hinckley, Representative G. S. Orth, of Indiana, Senator +Saunders, of Nebraska, Clara B. Colby, Harriette R. Shattuck and Helen +M. Gougar, all new on the National platform. The Senate committee on +woman suffrage just appointed, granted a hearing January 20, and at its +close expressed a desire to hear other speakers among the ladies on the +following day. Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton presented each of the +members of the committee with the first volume of the History of Woman +Suffrage. + +The convention closed with the usual handsome reception at the Riggs +House and immediately afterwards most of the speakers went to +Philadelphia, where Rachel Foster had arranged for another +convention.[7] This was held at St. George's Hall, January 23, 24, 25, +welcomed by Rev. Charles G. Ames, and was highly successful. A pleasant +feature of this occasion was a luncheon given by that revered Quaker and +temperance worker, Mrs. Hannah Whitall Smith, of Germantown, to twelve +of the prominent speakers. + +The two historians hastened back to their work, which was interrupted +only by Miss Anthony's going to the New York State Suffrage Convention +held in Chickering Hall, February 1. Calls for her presence and help +came from many parts of the country. "O, how I long to be in the midst +of the fray," she writes, "and here I am bound hand and foot. I shall +feel like an uncaged lion when this book is off my hands." On February +15, her birthday was celebrated by suffrage clubs in many places,[8] but +she refused to be drawn out of her retreat, where she was remembered +with telegrams, newspaper notices and gifts. In quoting a complimentary +reference from the Rochester Herald, the Elmira Free Press commented: + + The Herald says too little. Miss Anthony has labored for the most + part without money, and from pure love of the principle to which + she has devoted her life. She is as good a knight as has enlisted + in any crusade, and has sacrificed as much and been as faithful and + true. She has been thrice true, indeed, because of the ridicule + showered on her as a woman trying to do a man's work. No man ever + had the courage of his convictions as much as she. It takes a bold + spirit to stand up against the dangers of gunpowder in the + old-time, legitimate way; but it is a braver one that withstands + ridicule and that mean cunning which makes wit of every act looking + toward the advancement of women. The Free Press has perhaps had as + many of the frowns of this "good gray poet" of the woman's cause as + anybody. It has seen enough of them to know, however, that behind + that somewhat frigid exterior is a sensitiveness which would well + become a girl of sixteen rather than a lady of sixty-two and which + shows that the woman is always the woman; and it wants to present + its compliments to the bravest and grandest old lady within the + circle of its acquaintance. + +The Washington Republic furnished another example of the pleasant things +said: + + Miss Anthony, whom we know well and of whom we can speak from + personal experience, is so broad in her charity, so cosmopolitan in + her sympathies, that she will stand, without fearing speck or soil, + beside any publican or sinner whose eyes have been opened to see + the good in woman's rights, and who is willing to help on the work + in his own way. For herself she never deviates from the principles + she espoused when, stepping upon the rostrum to plead for + disfranchised women, she determined that her life work should be + endeavoring to procure for her sex all the rights and privileges of + which exclusively male legislation had for ages defrauded them. + With eyes steadily fixed upon the goal she has in view, neither the + jeers nor ridicule of the crowds without, nor the jealous asides of + those claiming to be workers in the same cause, have had power to + distract her attention or make her turn from her labor to answer or + rebuke. + +The last of April the second volume of the History was completed and its +editors found to their dismay that they still had enough material on +hand for a third huge volume. Mrs. Stanton sailed for Europe with her +daughter Harriot, and after Miss Anthony had read the last bit of proof +and seen all safe at the publishers, she obeyed an urgent call from the +women at Washington and hastened thither to look after the congressional +committees on woman suffrage. + +She was fortunate in her friends at court at this time, having two +cousins, Elbridge G. Lapham and Henry B. Anthony, in the United States +Senate, and her lawyer, John Van Voorhis, of Rochester, in the House of +Representatives, all in favor of woman suffrage, and the two cousins on +the "select committee" of the Senate. On June 5, 1882, this committee +made a report in favor of a Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution of +the United States, signed by the Republican senators, E. G. Lapham, T. +W. Ferry, H. W. Blair and H. B. Anthony. The minority report took the +ground that suffrage was a matter which should be regulated solely by +the States, not by Congress, and was signed by J. Z. George and Howell +E. Jackson (Dems.), and James G. Fair (Rep.). + +The following year, March 1, 1883, the House committee, John D. White, +chairman, presented a favorable report. This was the first time woman +suffrage had received a majority report from a Senate or House +committee.[9] + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Very sincerely, John D. White"] + +When Miss Anthony returned home she found this bright note from Harriot +Stanton, dated Paris: "... Dear Susan, you often seem to me like a +superb warhorse. You are completely swallowed up in an idea, and it's a +glorious thing to be. Carlyle says, 'The end of man is an Action, not a +Thought,' and what a realization of that truth has your life been. You +have never stopped for idle culture or happy recreations. You are +possessed by a moral force, and you act. You are a Deed, not a +Thinking.... I should love to be your biographer. You are to other women +of your time just what Greek architecture is to Gothic. I long to carve +your literary image, and know I could." + +If Miss Anthony had any hope of rest it was soon dispelled. The +legislature of Nebraska had submitted a woman suffrage amendment, and +the women of that State called upon the National Association for +assistance. After a vast amount of preliminary correspondence she left +Rochester September 2, and travelled westward, leaving a trail of +newspaper interviews in her wake, as she was intercepted by reporters at +every city. En route she wrote to her friend Mrs. Nichols: "Only think, +I shall not have a white-haired woman on the platform with me, and shall +be alone there of all the pioneer workers. Always with the 'old guard' I +had perfect confidence that the wise and right thing would be said. What +a platform ours then was of self-reliant, strong women! I felt sure of +you all, and since you earliest ones have not been with us, Mrs. +Stanton's presence has ever made me feel that we should get the true and +brave word spoken. Now that she is not to be there, I can not quite feel +certain that our younger sisters will be equal to the emergency, yet +they are each and all valiant, earnest and talented, and will soon be +left to manage the ship without even me." + +The opening convention was held in Boyd's Opera House, Omaha, September +26, 27, 28. The Bee was ironical and contemptuous in its treatment, +heading its report "Mad Anthony's Raid." The Herald, under control of a +young son of U. S. Senator Hitchcock, was vulgar and abusive, referring +to the question as a "dead issue." The Republican, edited by D. C. +Brooks, replied: + + PRETTY LIVELY "DEAD ISSUE."--During the three days' sessions of the + woman suffrage convention, we estimate that 7,000 people were in + attendance. The Republican, in its three daily issues, and its + coming weekly issue, will have laid the proceedings in full before + about 75,000 readers, and the Bee and Herald will have given them + nearly as many more. For a "dead issue" we submit this is a pretty + respectable showing. Considered as a series of political meetings, + the suffrage convention had more hearers than all the Democratic + meetings and conventions held in Omaha during the last five years. + The audiences were truly representative, embracing the business, + professional and working interests of our city, and composed very + largely of voters and citizens influential in politics. + +The next convention was held in Lincoln with the same crowded houses. +The newspapers were fair in their reports. The National Association +raised $5,000 by contributions, mostly from outside the State. Miss +Anthony gave her time and services and over $1,000 in money besides all +she collected. Mrs. Foster and daughters contributed $500. Eleven +speakers were kept in the field,[10] and all the complicated series of +meetings was arranged and managed by Rachel Foster, assisted by Mrs. +Colby. Miss Anthony herself spoke in forty counties, free transportation +being given her by all the railroads in the State. On October 13, she +held the famous debate at Omaha with Edward Rosewater, editor of the +Bee, in the presence of an immense audience. Everywhere her meetings +were perfect ovations, people coming in from a radius of twenty-five +miles; and outside of Lincoln and Omaha, there was no audience-room +large enough to hold the crowds. + +A splendid force of Nebraska women conducted the campaign in behalf of +the State. Every effort possible was made in the brief space of six +weeks, but the masses of voters were not prepared for the question, most +of the leading newspapers opposed it, and the women had no help from +either of the political parties. In spite of these fatal drawbacks, the +suffrage amendment received about one-third of the total vote.[11] + +Miss Anthony returned home by way of St. Louis, where Mrs. Minor gave a +large reception in her honor. When she reached Rochester she was invited +by the Lincoln Club, one of the leading political organizations of the +city, to give her address, "Woman Wants Bread, not the Ballot." The +Democrat and Chronicle said in its report: "The large audience-room of +the city hall was completely filled, and many extra seats were brought +in. A number of prominent ladies and gentlemen occupied seats upon the +platform. W. E. Werner, president of the club, in introducing the +speaker, said it was fitting the hall should be full to overflowing with +an audience anxious to hear the greatest advocate of one of the greatest +questions of the day." + +Miss Anthony had made a short trip to Washington immediately upon her +return from Nebraska, to confer with the select committees on woman +suffrage and also to make final arrangements for the approaching +National Convention. It met in Lincoln Hall, January 23, 24 and 25, +1883, and she presided over its deliberations. + +In response to many urgent letters written by Mrs. Stanton from England, +and encouraged by friends at home who felt that she needed a long rest +after more than thirty years of uninterrupted public work, Miss Anthony +decided to make a trip abroad. As Rachel Foster contemplated a few +years' study in Europe, the pleasant arrangement was made that she +should undertake the financial management of the journey, act as +interpreter and give Miss Anthony the care and attention her loving +heart would suggest.[12] Miss Anthony's sixty-third birthday being near +at hand, the friends in Philadelphia, led by the Citizens' Suffrage +Association, Edward M. Davis, president, tendered her a reception, which +circumstances rendered it necessary to hold on the 19th instead of the +15th of February. The Philadelphia Times gave this account: + + The parlor of the Unitarian church was filled to overflowing on the + occasion of the farewell reception to Miss Susan B. Anthony. After + prayer by Rev. Charles G. Ames, Robert Purvis, who presided, said + in a brief and earnest address: "I have the honor, on behalf of the + National Suffrage Association, to present to you these resolutions + testifying to their high regard, confidence, and affection." After + the applause which the resolutions evoked, Mr. Purvis continued: "I + present these with feelings which I can not express in words, for + my thoughts take me back in vivid recollection to those stormy + periods of persecution and outrage when you, Miss Anthony, with the + foremost in the ranks of the Abolitionists, battled for the freedom + and rights of the enslaved race. You have lived, with many + compeers, to see the glorious result of your labors in redeeming + from the infamy and degradation of chattelism 4,000,000 slaves. + That done, your attention was turned to the greater question--in + view of numbers--of woman's emancipation from civil and political + debasement." + + Upon rising to reply Miss Anthony received an ovation. She said: "I + feel that I must speak, because if I should hear all these words of + praise and remain silent, I should seem to assent to tributes which + I do not wholly deserve. My kind friends have spoken almost as if I + had done the work, or the greater part of it, alone, whereas I have + been only one of many men and women who have labored side by side + in this cause. Philadelphia has had the honor of giving to the + world a woman who led the way in this noble effort. Lucretia Mott + and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were active in the good work ere my + attention had been called to it. It was through their influence + that I was led to consider and accept the then new doctrine. Alone + I should have been as a mere straw in the wind.... I have known + nothing the last thirty years save the struggle for human rights on + this continent. If it had been a class of men who were + disfranchised and denied their legal rights, I believe I should + have devoted my life precisely as I have done in behalf of my own + sex. I hope while abroad that I shall do something to recommend our + work here, so as to make them respect American women and their + demand for political equality...." + +Letters, telegrams, flowers and gifts were received in great +numbers.[13] + +May Wright Sewall had this graphic description in the Indianapolis +Times, owned and edited by Col. Wm. R. Holloway, an earnest advocate of +woman suffrage: + + The few days spent in Philadelphia by Miss Anthony prior to sailing + were a series of fętes. She spoke to over one thousand girls of the + Normal School on the public duties of women; was officially invited + to visit the Woman's Medical College; was given a reception by the + New Century Club; was tendered a complimentary dinner by Mrs. Emma + J. Bartol, in her own elegant home, where ten courses were served + and toasts were drunk to the guest of honor.... Letters of + introduction, quite unsolicited, poured in from friends and + countrymen personally unknown to her, who thus showed their desire + to facilitate her meeting with the stars of various desirable + circles abroad. At the public reception, Robert Purvis presented + the following testimonial, beautifully engrossed on vellum, and + encased in garnet velvet with gold borders: + + "_Resolved_, That the National Woman Suffrage Association of the + United States does hereby testify its appreciation of the life-long + devotion of Susan B. Anthony to the cause of woman; that it + acknowledges her as the chief inspirer of women in their struggle + for personal liberty, for civil equity, and for political equality; + that as one of the foremost of American women it commends her to + the women of foreign lands. + + "_Resolved_, That the members of the association rejoice in the + approaching holiday of their beloved leader; that they will follow + her wanderings with affection and sympathy; that during her absence + they will steadfastly uphold the principles to which her life has + been devoted; that on her return they will welcome her to a + resumption of her labors and hold themselves ready to work under + her able and devoted leadership." + + Among the numerous letters and telegrams were messages from Wendell + Phillips, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Frederick Douglass, Mary Clemmer, + Helen Potter, Emma C. Bascom and Dr. Alida C. Avery.... Probably no + testimony was more enjoyed than the following: + + "ROCHESTER, N. Y., THE HOME OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY: In this open + letter old friends and neighbors unite with all who honor the + birthday of its true citizen, and express the sincere wish that + Miss Anthony in her sojourn in strange lands may find what she has + in full measure here at home--a genuine appreciation of her true + womanliness, her sturdy adherence to honest conviction and her + heroic stand, against all opposition, for the higher education and + enfranchisement of women. Wishing her Godspeed and a safe return, + we, the undersigned, do not need to assure her that neither the + triumphs nor the defeats of her future public life will change our + estimation of her, for to us she will ever remain what her life + among us has proved her to be--a good, true woman, self-consecrated + to the cause of woman in every land." + + The signatures include the names of eighty of the leading men and + women of Rochester; among them editors of the papers of both + parties, pastors of the prominent churches, university professors, + bankers, politicians, etc. Honor, if tardy, surely comes at last to + the prophet in her own country. A song written for the occasion and + inscribed to Miss Anthony, by Annie E. McDowell, one of the first + editors of a woman's paper, was splendidly sung by Mr. Ford, the + composer, who had set it to music. + +Among the telegrams was this from her brother, D. R. Anthony: +"Sixty-three years have crowned you with the honor and respect of the +people of America, and with the love of your brothers and sisters." +From the friends in Washington, D. C., came a plush case, on whose satin +lining rested an exquisite point lace fichu and sleeve ruffles. A New +York gentleman sent $100 to be used toward the purchase of an India +shawl, writing: "I don't believe in woman suffrage, but I do believe in +Susan B. Anthony." The Cheney Brothers sent a handsome black silk dress +pattern; Helen Potter, a steamer rug; the Fosters, a travelling bag; +Adeline and Annie Thomson, a silver cup; Robert Purvis, a gold-handled +umbrella, and there were various other tokens of remembrance. Many of +the leading papers contained an editorial farewell, with a hearty +compliment and Godspeed. The Chicago Tribune, edited by Joseph Medill, +offered this tribute: + + The best known and most popular woman in the United States, engaged + in public work, is Susan B. Anthony, the co-worker of Wm. Lloyd + Garrison, Lydia Maria Child, Wendell Phillips, Lucretia Mott and + others in the anti-slavery movement, and the fellow-laborer of + Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the woman's rights movement. She ranks + first among the warriors in this latter contest, because she has + lived her life in its service and there has been no side issue to + it. Neither father nor mother, husband nor children, have diverted + her mind from her hobby, or led her to cease for a day from the + prosecution of the task she set out to accomplish.... Miss Anthony + is an American woman whom the better class of English people + particularly, and of foreigners generally, will delight to honor, + and one that her country-women are pleased to have represent them. + She is, in point of character and ability, one of the few of her + sex who have made themselves a name and a place in the history of + her time.... + + She has had occasion to speak sharply, to lecture women severely, + when in her heart she would have preferred to praise; but women + love her dearly all the same, and trust her implicitly. In + integrity, stainless honor and generosity of sentiment and of deed + she has no peer. She has stood the storm of raillery and abuse she + aroused, as the leader of the "shrieking sisterhood," with perfect + equanimity, and while others were cowed by the ridicule which was + hardest of all to bear, Miss Anthony busied herself using this + opportunity to show to women the real opinion of them entertained + by the stronger sex. + + Only those who are aware of the great and beneficent changes made + in the laws relating to the rights of property, for instance, can + at all estimate the good accomplished by these brave women. Almost + all the leaders in the movement are gone. Mrs. Stanton and Miss + Anthony, both elderly women, now remain in the work, and Miss + Anthony alone still labors with the old-time zeal and freedom. She + is at her best mentally and physically, and is likely to live many + years to follow up the work she is now doing. The best lesson that + women can learn from her life is that success in any one thing is + secured only by the sacrifice of many others, and that for a woman + to reach the highest place in her chosen pursuit is for her to work + with an eye single to it, counting it a privilege to forego + pleasures and affections which tend to distract and divide + attention. Miss Anthony knew this secret of success, as she has + proven. + + When the history of the reform work done in this country in this + century is written, no individual laborer will have higher praise + than that which belongs to Miss Anthony. Honest, sincere, tolerant + and kind, she has won the homage of her adversaries; for while + there is but a small minority of men and women who believe in woman + suffrage, there are none who fail to pay tribute to the sterling + qualities of this representative woman. + +The Kansas City Journal said good-by in these graceful words: "Susan B. +Anthony will celebrate her sixty-third birthday tomorrow, and in a few +days will sail for England.... She goes abroad a republican +queen--uncrowned to be sure, but none the less of the blood royal, and +we have faith that the noblest men and women of Europe will at once +recognize and welcome her as their equal. Fair winds waft her over the +sea and home again!" + +The two ladies sailed from Philadelphia on the morning of February 23, +and a special dispatch to the New York Times thus announced their +departure: + + Miss Susan B. Anthony, accompanied by Miss Rachel Foster, embarked + on the British Prince, of the American Steamship Line, at 9 o'clock + this morning, for Liverpool. Notwithstanding the cold and cheerless + weather, quite a number of persons stood patiently on the wharf, + facing the raw and snow-laden air which blew from the river, + waiting to see the steamer get under way and to catch a glimpse of + the celebrated champion of woman's rights. A little before 10 + o'clock Miss Anthony came out of her stateroom with several friends + and, bidding them a final farewell, watched with sober countenance + as they passed down the gang-plank. Among those present were Miss + Mary Anthony, of Rochester, Miss Julia Foster, Miss Thomson, a + sister of the first president of the Pennsylvania R. R.; Rev. Dr. + Soule, formerly of Scotland; Mrs. M. Louise Thomas and Edward M. + Davis.... + + Miss Anthony was attired in a black silk dress and wore a black + velvet bonnet. A beaver-lined satin circular was drawn tightly + about her form. She retired immediately to her stateroom, where a + pleasant surprise awaited her in the shape of a handsome silk flag, + the gift of a friend, which was suspended in a corner of the room. + Her eyes rested upon the tasty and comfortable apartment, bearing + numerous evidences of the kindly feeling and good wishes of her + friends, with visible enjoyment and emotion. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[5] This comment applies with equal force to Albany today. It is the +only city in the United States where Miss Anthony has not a standing +invitation to a number of hospitable homes. + +[6] For full report of debate see History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. III, +p. 198. + +[7] Miss Anthony, Mrs. Sewall and Mrs. Jane Graham Jones remained over +one day to appear before the House committee, presenting arguments in +favor of abolishing the word "male" from the Constitution of Dakota +before admitting it as a State. + +[8] This national celebration of Miss Anthony's birthday by suffrage +clubs was first suggested by Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, in her +department, "Woman's Kingdom," in the Chicago Inter-Ocean. + +[9] For full text of reports see History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. III., +p. 263. + +[10] Mrs. Sewall, Mrs. Gougar, Miss Couzins, Mrs. Minor, Mrs. Saxon, +Miss Hindman, Mrs. Shattuck, Mrs. Mason, Madame Neymann, Mrs. Blake and +Miss Anthony. + +[11] After the election some of the students of the State University +placed an effigy of Miss Anthony in a coffin and with torches and +pallbearers started in a funeral procession. They were met by another +crowd of students who, to preserve the honor of the university, +overpowered them and took the effigy away. + +[12] It was on this trip that, as "Miss Anthony" seemed too formal and +"Susan" too familiar, Miss Foster adopted the endearing title "Aunt +Susan." After they returned and a few of the younger workers most +closely associated with her began to use this name, Miss Anthony did not +object; but when it came into general use and not only older women and +comparative strangers, but men also, and the newspapers, fell into the +habit of calling her "Aunt Susan," she was very much annoyed and never +heard or saw the name without an inward protest. + +[13] Among the letters was the following from Senator John J. Ingalls: +"I see by the papers that you are about to depart for Europe. Though I +do not sympathize with the opinions whose advocacy has made you famous, +yet I am not insensible to the great value of the example of your +courageous and self-denying labors to the cause of American womanhood. I +hope that none but prosperous gales may follow your ship, that your +visit may be happy, and that your life may be spared till your +aspirations are realized." + + + + +CHAPTER XXXII. + +MISS ANTHONY'S EUROPEAN LETTERS. + +1883. + + +No pen so well as Miss Anthony's own, can describe her delightful tour +abroad, and although her letters were dashed off while travelling from +point to point, or at the close of a hard day's sight-seeing, and the +entries in the diary are a mere word, they tell in a unique way her +personal impressions. Because of limited space descriptions of scenery +will be omitted in order to leave room for opinions of people and +events. + + ON BOARD THE BRITISH PRINCE, February 24. + + MY DEAR MRS. SPOFFORD: Here we are at noon, Friday, steaming down + Delaware Bay. We got along nicely until 3 P. M. yesterday, when we + came to a standstill. "Stuck in the mud," was the report. There we + lay until eight, when with the incoming tide we made a fruitless + attempt to get over the bar; then had to steam back up the river to + anchor, and lie there until nine this morning--twenty-four hours + almost in sight of the loved ones! It is a break from all + fastenings to friends to be thus cut loose from the wharf and + wafted out into the waters. These long hours of delay have given me + time to think of those left behind, and how very far short I have + come of doing and saying all I should have done and said.... + +From the diary: + + Feb. 24.--The weather lovely; saloon cozy and pleasant with piano, + flowers and canaries. There are only seven passengers, among them a + Catholic priest, a dear little three-year-old child and a baby. We + sent twenty letters on shore, written during the day we have been + detained. + + Feb. 25.--Today dawns with no possibility of communicating with a + soul outside the ship, a lonely feeling indeed; but I am determined + to get all the good I can to mind and body out of this trip, and as + little harm as possible. + + Feb. 26.--I sit at the captain's right hand at table. The sea is + perfectly smooth; I wonder if this broad expanse can be rolled up + into mountains. + + 4 P.M.--The wind and waves are beginning to roar. The priest shows + signs of surrender. + + Mar. 2.--Sea calm and dishes no longer have to be fastened to + table. It seems like freedom again. I can think of nothing beyond + shipboard, can see no moves to be made when we reach Liverpool. + + Mar. 4.--Winds fair, sea smooth, whole company at breakfast. + Captain Burton read the church service. Rachel played the piano and + led the singing. + + ON BOARD THE BRITISH PRINCE, March 5. + + MY DEAR SISTER MARY: At lunch the captain said, "I'll soon show you + land! It will be Mizzenhead, the farthest southwest point of + Ireland." This is the first pen put to paper since I wrote you at + the Delaware breakwater, eleven days ago. Think of it, oh, ye + scribbling fairies, almost two weeks and not a letter written by S. + B. A.! + + Well, we are thus far and have had no more than what the sailors + call a "stiff breeze" and only two whiffs of that sort. Since + Thursday the weather has been lovely--bright sun and crisp air. + Rachel succumbed one night when the "stiff breeze" first opened + upon us, and I felt a little squalmy. The next morning a sudden + lurch of the ship took both feet from under me and I was flat on my + back. The following day while I was lying on a seat, reading and + half-dozing, the first I knew I was in a heap on the floor. Then I + learned it wasn't safe to lie down without a board fence in front. + Again, in the evening I had taken the one loose chair in the + saloon, drawn it under a lamp and seated myself very complacently + to read, when lo, I was pitched over as if propelled from a + ten-pounder! Three times and out--all in rapid succession--taught + me to trust not to myself at all, but always to something fast to + the ship. I haven't lost a meal during the whole trip. Another time + I should take a larger stock of oranges, lemons and other fruit. + + 3 P. M.--We have just been up on the bridge for a first sight of + the Emerald Isle. So long as there was no immediate prospect of + setting foot on land, I could get up no spirit to write or think. I + have worn the old velvet-trimmed black silk dress right through, + and it is pretty well salted. I should love to have Lucy and Louise + and Maud along on this trip, with sister Mary, too. What a jolly + lot of tramps we would make! Well, their one ray of hope is to + "pull through" the free academy and get on their own feet. There is + plenty of good in store for all who can bring themselves in line to + get it. Holding a dish right side up to catch the shower is the + work for each one of us. How much I do think and hope for the three + nieces now entering womanhood. For Susie B. Jr., and little Anna O. + and Gula, I shall think and hope by and by. As for the nephews, I + do not forget them, but they'll fight their way through somehow, as + have all boys before them.... + + Dinner is over and an hour's talk at table after it. The Englishman + Mr. Mullinor, summed up: "Your country will come to ruin from such + doctrines as you woman's rights folks advocate;" and I have put the + case to him to the best of my sea-brain's ability. This is the very + first time I have let my tongue loose. We expect to be in Liverpool + tomorrow early, and then I will write you. Just take it for granted + all is well with me, and I will try to do the same with you. + +Miss Anthony found at Liverpool a cordial letter from Mrs. A. A. +Sargent, whose husband was now United States Minister to Germany. She +welcomed her to Europe, saying: "You always have the entree to our home +and hearts. Come and stay as long as you will." A note from Mrs. Stanton +to her "beloved Susan" said: "I came up to London the moment I heard of +the arrival of the British Prince. To think of your choosing a 'Prince' +when a 'Queen' was coming! I am on the tiptoe of expectation to meet +you.... I write in the suffrage rooms surrounded with ladies." + +A week later the diary records: "Left London at 10 A. M. for Rome, +Rachel and self, also Hattie Daniels, Alice Blatch and Mrs. Fanny +Keartland, five in all, three of the Eagle and two of the Lion, each +glorying in her own nationality!" + + ROME, NO. 75 VIA NAZIONALE, March 22. + + MY DEAR SISTER: Here it is a whole month tomorrow since we took a + last glimpse of each other and scarce a decent letter have I + written you; but it is fearfully hard work to find the minutes. + There is so much to tell, and the spelling and pronunciation of the + names are so perfectly awful.... At Liverpool we drove two hours in + the Princess and Sefton parks and then went to the city museum, + where the most interesting things to us were the portraits of all + the Bonapartes--men and women, old and young--Josephine's very + lovely; and to the city library, which is free. There is also an + immense free lecture hall, which was built for an aquarium but + found impracticable, so it is an enormous circle, seated from the + circumference down to the center, with a large platform at one side + and every step and seat cut out of solid stone. Here the most + learned men of the English colleges give free lectures, the city + fund being ample to meet all expenses. The librarian, on hearing we + were Americans, took great pains to show us everything. Of course + when he said, "We have over 80,000 volumes," I asked, "Have you + among them the History of Woman Suffrage, by Mesdames Stanton, + etc., of America?" And lo, he had never heard of it! + + Thursday morning we took train--second-class carriage--for London. + Mrs. Stanton was at the station, her face beaming and her white + curls as lovely as ever, and we were soon landed at our + boarding-house. Lydia Becker came to dinner by Mrs. Stanton's + invitation, so she was the first of England's suffrage women for us + to meet. Friday afternoon we glanced into the House of Commons and + happened to see Gladstone presenting some motion. Spent the evening + chatting with Mrs. Stanton--a world of things to talk over.... + + Saturday we went again to Bayswater to see Mrs. Rose--found her + very lonely because of the death of her devoted husband a year ago. + She threw her arms around my neck and her first words were: "O, + that my heart would break now and you might close my eyes, dear + Susan!" She is vastly more isolated in England because of her + non-Christian views than she ever was in America. Sectarianism + sways everything here more now than fifty years ago with us. + + That afternoon I left for Basingstoke, the new home of darling + Harriot Stanton, now with Blatch suffixed. Her husband is a fine + specimen of a young Englishman of thirty. Sunday morning he took me + in a dog-cart through two gentlemen's parks, a pleasant drive + through pasture and woodland, thousands of acres enclosed by a + stone wall. When I said, "What a shame that all these acres should + thus lie waste, while myriads of poor people are without an inch of + ground whereon to set foot," he replied: "They would be no better + off if all should be cut up into forty-acre farms and divided among + the poor, for no man could possibly support a family upon one. The + owners of these parks are actually reduced to poverty trying to + keep them up." So you see it is of no use to talk of giving every + Englishman a farm, when the land is so poor no one can make a + living off of it. Of course this is not true of all England, but + evidently its inhabitants must be fed from other countries. On our + return I was conducted through the garden and green-house of Mr. + Blatch's father, where I saw peach trees in blossom and grape vines + budding. The tree-trunks were not larger than my arm and I + exclaimed, "How many peaches can you get off these little trees?" + "Why, last year, we had 250," said he. How is that by the side of + our old farm harvest of 1,000 trees? And yet these English people + talk as if they raised fruit!... + + The next day I returned to London and Mrs. Stanton and I called on + Rev. William Henry Channing at the West End, and had a two hours' + chat with him.... He was very cordial and on our leaving said, "I + can't tell you how grateful I am for this interview. You have my + blessing and benediction;" so we were glad at heart. Mr. Channing + loves America above all other countries and feels it was a mistake + for him to have left it. His elder daughter is the wife of Edwin + Arnold. March 12 we dined with the son-in-law of William Ashurst, + the friend of Wm. Lloyd Garrison--Mr. Biggs, and his four + daughters. Caroline Ashurst Biggs, the second, is the editor of the + Englishwoman's Review and one of the leading suffrage women of + England. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Very sincerely yours, Caroline A. Biggs."] + + After dinner some twenty ladies and gentlemen came in and we had a + delightful evening, but such a continual serving of refreshments! + +[Illustration: Mentia Taylor (Signed: "Yours very sincerely Mentia +Taylor")] + + Tuesday morning I went again to Mrs. Rose's and finding her + bonneted and cloaked for a chair ride, I walked beside her, holding + her hand, through Kensington Park. I hope and almost believe she + will go back to America with me. I feel sure that we, who have not + forgotten her early and wonderful work for woman and for freedom + of thought, will do all in our power to smooth her last days.... + That evening Rachel and I went to see Irving and Ellen Terry in + Much Ado About Nothing. The painting and the lights and shadows of + the scenery were lovely, and I suppose the acting was good, but I + can not enjoy love and flirtation exhibited on the stage any more + than off. All passional demonstrations seem to belong to the two + concerned, not to other persons. The lovemaking, however, was + cooler, more distant and more piquant than usual. + + Wednesday afternoon Mrs. Rebecca Moore, our old Revolution + correspondent, took me to a meeting at Mrs. Müller's, about the + Contagious Diseases Acts--fifty or sixty ladies present--was + introduced, and several invited me to speak for them when I + returned to London. Miss Rye, who has made between thirty and forty + trips across the Atlantic with little girls, taking over more than + 10,000 and placing them in good homes in Canada, was there and + spoke. She said all her efforts could accomplish nothing in + thinning out the more than 1,000,000 surplus women of the island. + Not one seemed to dare speak out the whole of the facts and + philosophy. Each promised, "I will not shock you by calling the + names," etc. Mrs. Peter Taylor's reception that evening was an + unusually brilliant affair. She is looked upon as the mother of the + English movement, as Mrs. Stanton is of the American. She is a + magnificent woman and acted the part of hostess most gracefully. + Her husband is a member of Parliament. At eleven we went home and + packed our trunks to be off for Rome on the morrow, half-regretting + that we had planned to leave London.... + + + ROME, March 23. + + MY DEAR SISTER: It is noon--Good Friday--and just set in for a + steady rain, so I will give you the goings, seeings and sayings of + our company since leaving London.... We started from Victoria + Station--second-class carriage, no sleeper--for a three days' and + two nights' journey to Rome. It looked appalling, even to so old a + traveller as myself, but I inwardly said, "I can stand it if the + younger ones can." The crossing of the straits of Dover was rough, + the sea dashing over the sides of the boat, but Rachel and I went + through the two hours without a quaver. At Calais we had the same + good luck as at London--a compartment of the car all to ourselves. + Here we were to be settled without change for that night and the + next day, so with bags and shawl-straps, bundles, lunch-baskets and + a peck of oranges, we adjusted ourselves. We breakfasted at Basle, + after having pillowed on each other for the night as best we could. + Now we were in the midst of the Jura mountains, and all day long we + wound up and down their snowy sides and around the beautiful lakes + nestling at their feet--through innumerable tunnels, one of them, + the St. Gothard, taking twenty-three minutes--over splendid bridges + and along lovely brooks and rivers. + + We arrived at Milan at 7:50 P. M., when even the bravest of our + party voted to stop over twenty-four hours and try the virtues of a + Christian bed. Rachel and I shared a large old-fashioned room with + a soap-stone stove, where we had a wood-fire built at once. + (Remember that all the houses have marble floors and stairs, and + are plastered on the stone walls, so they seem like perfect + cellars.) We had two single bedsteads (I haven't seen any other + sort on the continent) with the same bedclothes covering both. Our + big room was lighted with just two candles! We "slept solid" till 8 + A. M., when Rachel got out her Italian phrase-book, rang the bell + and ordered a fire and hot water. + + After fairly good steak and coffee, we five began a day of steady + sight-seeing.... In the evening we went to the station, and here + found a wood-fire in a fireplace and monstrous paintings of Christ + and the saints on the walls. All who had trunks had now to pay for + every pound's weight. I had brought only my big satchel and + shawl-strap. We were not so fortunate as to find a compartment to + ourselves but had two ladies added to our number, while four or + five men in the next one smoked perpetually and the fumes came over + into ours. We growled but that availed nothing, as men here have + the right of way. At Genoa the ladies left us--midnight--and two + men took their places. These proved to be seafarers and could talk + English, so we learned quite a bit from them. At ten we were halted + and rushed in to breakfast. Sunday afternoon we reached the Eternal + City and came direct to the Pension Chapman, tired and hungry, but + later went to St. John's Cathedral to vespers.... After dinner we + were glad to lay ourselves away. We have a pleasant room, with + windows opening upon a broad court and lovely garden and fountain. + Monday we drove around the city for bird's-eye views from famous + points. Such wonders of ruins upon ruins! + + Sunday Evening.--It is of no avail that I try and try to write-when + the sight-seeing is done for the day I am too tired.... Last + evening the Coliseum was illuminated--a weird, wonderful sight. + Today, Easter Sunday, I have seen crowds of people reverently + kissing St. Peter's big toe. Tomorrow we go to Naples for a week + and then return and finish Rome. + + + NAPLES, March 27. + + Here we are, Rachel and I, at the Pension Brittanique, far up a + high hill, in a room overlooking the beautiful bay of Naples. It is + lovely, lovely! The little island of Capri, the city, the bold + shores and mountain setting--a perfect gem.... We have a little bit + of wood-fire with the smallest sticks--twigs we should call + them--two sperm candles to light our bedroom and no matches except + what we furnish. But 8 o'clock is here and we are all to meet for + breakfast.... + + Yesterday was a lovely _May_ day, and our party drove to the + village of Resina, which is built forty feet above the ruins of + Herculaneum. There, with a guide, we descended a hundred steps and + walked through the old theater, over the same stone stairs and + seats which two thousand years ago were occupied by the gayest of + mortals. Then we went to the ruins of Pompeii and ate our lunch + under large old trees growing upon the debris left by the great + eruption. We passed through the narrow streets, over stone + pavements worn by the tread of long-buried feet, through palaces, + public gardens and baths, temples, the merchants' exchange, + customhouse and magnificent theater.... + + I have just received John Bright's splendid address before the + 2,000 students of Glasgow University on being made Lord Rector. It + fired my soul beyond all the ruins and all the arts in Rome or + Naples. It is grand indeed, and reminds one of our own Wendell + Phillips' address to the Harvard students two years ago.[14] + + + ROME, March 29. + + _To Madam Susan B. Anthony, of New York, U. S. A._ + + MADAM: We had the honor to announce your coming to Rome some three + weeks ago in the Italian Times. While we ourselves have an + impressive appreciation of your distinguished mental acquirements, + yet we would wish to carry to our numerous English-speaking + subscribers on this continent some testimony of your presence in + our midst. Therefore we place our columns at your disposal, and + will esteem the privilege of presenting to the public any topic + your facile pen may write. To this end we will wait upon you or be + pleased to see you at our sanctum. With much respect, we are, + Madam, your obedient servants, + + THE PROPRIETORS OF THE ITALIAN TIMES. + + [Only English newspaper published in Italy.] + + + ROME, April 1. + + DEAR BROTHER D. R.: We have climbed Vesuvius. One feels richly paid + when the puffing and exploding and ascending of the red-hot lava + meet the ears and eyes. The mountains, the Bay of Naples, the sail + to Capri and the Blue Grotto are fully equal to my expectations.... + The squalid-looking people, however, and their hopeless fate make + one's stay at any of these Italian resorts most depressing. Troops + of beggars beset one all along the streets and roads, and with + tradesmen there is no honesty. For instance, a man charged some + twenty francs for a shell comb, then came down to seven, six, five, + and finally asked, "What will you give?" I, never dreaming he would + take it, said, "two francs," and he threw the comb into the + carriage.... Saturday we took the cars from Naples to Palermo. + Every mountainside having a few seven-by-nine patches of soil in a + place, is terraced and covered with grape vines and lemon trees, + the latter now yellow with fruit. On many I counted twenty and + thirty terraces, each with a solid stone wall to hold the earth in + place. It is wonderful what an amount of labor it costs to earn + even the little the natives seem to care for. Our hotel here is an + old monastery, and on one side of the court is the cathedral with + its grotesque paintings. One becomes fairly sickened with the + ghastly spectacle of the dead Christ. It is amazing how little they + make of the living Christ. + + On Monday morning we drove back over that magnificent road, and + took the train to Naples. In the afternoon we went to Lake Avernus + and into the grotto of the sibyls, the entrance to Dante's Inferno. + It was a dark, cavernous passage and with the flaring candles + making the darkness only more visible, we could not but feel there + was reason for the old superstition. The narrowness of the streets + of Naples--and they are without the pretense of a sidewalk--leave + the men, women and children, horses and carriages, funny little + donkeys with their big loads, the cows and goats (which are each + night and morning driven along and halted at the doors while the + pint cupful, more or less, is milked to supply the people within) + all marching along together in the filthy road, jostling each other + at every step. + + But we are back in Rome now and this forenoon we spent in the + galleries of the Vatican. One is simply dazed with the wealth of + marble--not only statuary, but stairs, pillars and massive + buildings. We stop here till the 9th, then go to Florence.[15] + + It is good for our young civilization to see and study that of the + old world, and observe the hopelessness of lifting the masses into + freedom and freedom's industry, honesty and integrity. How any + American, any lover of our free institutions based on equality of + rights for all, can settle down and live here is more than I can + comprehend. It will be only by overturning the powers that + education and equal chances ever can come to the rank and file. The + hope of the world is indeed in our republic; so let us work to make + it a _genuine_ democracy, where every citizen--woman as well as + man--shall be crowned with the one symbol of equality--the + ballot.... + + + ROME, April 5. + + MY DEAR SISTER: How these anniversary days of our dear mother's + illness and death bring back to me everything, even at this + distance and amid these strange surroundings. How she would have + enjoyed these sights because of her knowledge and love of history. + She could have told the Bible story of every one of these great + frescoes. What a woman she would have been, could she have had the + opportunities of education and culture which her granddaughters are + having.... + + Tell Mrs. Lewia Smith her lovely piece of lace has been honored + with the wearing in London and Rome several times and has been + pronounced beautiful; but I prize it most of all for the giver's + sake. No one but she would have trudged through the slush and rain + to get those splendid names to that testimonial. Nothing which came + to me gave so much pleasure as those signatures of my own townsmen + and women, from President Anderson all the way to the end of the + list.... This evening Rachel has gone to a friend's to study German + so as to make our way with that nationality. What a jumble, that by + just crossing an imaginary line one finds people who can't + understand a word one says! + + Last evening we heard the grand Ristori render a part of Dante's + Inferno and a selection from Joan of Arc. Of course I couldn't + understand a word she said, but her voice, her gestures, her + expression told the whole story. Then the music, vocal and + instrumental, was the softest and sweetest.... + + + ZURICH, April 23. + + MY DEAR SISTER: We spent Friday night at Milan--there took our last + look at Italian cathedrals, as we did our first, and its own still + holds highest place as to beauty. We left early next morning and + very soon were among the Alps.... The eleven hours' stretch was + tiresome and disgusting inside our compartment, with from three to + five stalwart men puffing away at their pipes all day long, and at + every station rushing out for a drink of wine or beer. Our only + chance of a free breath was to open the window, and then all the + natives were in consternation! + + We reached Zurich at six and, after a splendid dinner of roast + chicken, green peas and lettuce, took a cab and called on Elizabeth + Sargent, who is studying medicine at the university, and found her + very happy and glad to see us. In the afternoon we took a + delightful drive, as it was too cold and misty for the lake + excursion we had intended. The highest Alps are still lost to us by + fog and clouds. After supper we called at the American consulate. + Think of our government supporting a consul in most of the + twenty-two cantons of Switzerland! + + Tuesday.--At Munich. We saw princes and princesses galore out + driving this afternoon, but not the king. We leave tomorrow morning + for Nuremberg, and reach Berlin Saturday, and there I hope to rest + at least a week--but then the Emperor William must be seen, and + lots of other curiosities.... If I could command the money, as soon + as each of our girls graduated, I would take her first on a tour of + her own continent and then through the old world, before she + settled down to the hard work of life either in a profession or in + marriage. Thus she would have much to think of and live over, no + matter how heavy might be the burdens and sorrows of her after + life.... + + + COLOGNE, May 8. + + MY DEAR SISTER: We left Berlin yesterday morning after a delightful + week with the Sargents. I do not believe our nation ever has been + represented at any foreign court by such genuine republican women, + in the truest and broadest sense, as are Mrs. Sargent and her + daughters. Mr. Sargent, too, touches the very height of democratic + principle. Their association with monarchial governments and + subjects but makes them love our free institutions the more.[16] + + Our last evening was spent with the Frau Dr. Liburtius--formerly + Henriette Hirschfeldt--a practicing dentist in Berlin since 1869, + who studied at the Philadelphia Dental College. No college in + Germany will admit women. Frau Libertius is dentist for various + members of the royal family as well as for the Sisters of Charity. + She says there are no dental colleges in the world equal to those + of America.... + + May 10.--At Worms--where Martin Luther made his glorious + declaration for the right of private judgment. There is a + magnificent monument in a beautiful square; Luther's is the central + statue--a standing one; below, at the corners, are sitting Huss, + Savonarola, Wycliffe and Peter Waldo, and on a still lower pedestal + are four more worthies--one of them Melancthon.... We spent Tuesday + at Cologne--visited the splendid cathedral and the church of St. + Ursula. The latter contains the bones of 11,000 virgins martyred at + Cologne in the fifth century. Whole broadsides of chapels are lined + with shelves of skulls, which the noble ladies of the twelfth + century partly covered with embroidery. Wednesday we took steamer + up the Rhine at six in the morning and landed at Mayence at eight. + It was a beautiful panorama, but not surpassing all others I have + seen. The vine-clad hillsides, the ruins of the old castles + (nothing like as many of them as I had thought) and the winding of + the river were all very lovely. We visited the cathedral, the + monuments of Gutenberg and Schiller, and then the fortress and the + remains of a Roman monument erected nine years before Christ.... + + + HEIDELBERG, May 11. + + DEAR BROTHER D. R.: As I clambered among the ruins of Heidelberg + Castle today, I wished for each of my loved ones to come across old + ocean and look upon the remains of ancient civilization--of art and + architecture, bigotry and barbarism. I am enjoying my "flying," + though I would not again make such a rush, but I am getting a good + relish for a more deliberate tour at some later day. All of life + should not be given to one's work at home, whether that be woman + suffrage, journalism or government affairs. + + After being perpetually among people whose language I could not + understand, it was doubly grateful to be in the midst of not only + my countrymen but my dearest friends, and I enjoyed their society + so much that I almost forgot there were any wonders to be seen in + Berlin. But we did make an excursion to Potsdam--a jolly company of + us, Mr. and Mrs. Sargent and their gifted daughter Ella, also the + professor of Greek in your Kansas State University, Miss Kate + Stephens. She interpreted the utterances of the ever-present + guides, whose jabber was worse than Greek. + + At Potsdam we were shown the very rooms in which Frederick the + Great lived and moved and had his being, plotted and planned to + conquer his neighbors. In the little church are myriads of tattered + flags, taken in their many wars, and two great stone caskets in + which repose the bodies of Frederick the Great and his father, + Frederick William, peaceful in death, however warlike in life. We + also visited the new palace where the present Emperor spends the + summer. We saw parlors, dining-rooms, bedrooms, the plain, narrow + bedstead the Emperor sleeps upon, the great workshop, in which are + maps and all sorts of material for studying and planning how to + hold and gain empires. I even peered into the kitchen and saw the + pitchers, plates, coffee-pots and stew-pans. It was my first chance + of a real mortal living look of things, so I enjoyed it hugely. + There are rooms enough in these palaces for an army of people. All + of these magnificent displays of wealth in churches, palaces and + castles, citadels, fortifications and glittering military shows of + monarchial governments, only make more conspicuous the poverty, + ignorance and degradation of the masses; and all pleasure in seeing + them is tinged with sadness. + +From the diary for May: + + 12.--Showering, but I walked up the mountain to pay a last visit to + Heidelberg Castle, the most magnificent ruin in Germany. Its + ivy-covered towers always will be pictured in my memory. + + 13.--At Strasburg. We have driven over the city, looked at the + wonderful fortifications and explored the great cathedral with its + famous clock. We heard the grand organ and saw 250 priests conduct + the services before an audience of 2,000 people, nine-tenths women. + Then to St. Thomas' church and the monument to Marshal Saxe. + + 14.--Left for Paris and had a beautiful ride through Alsace and + Lorraine, the lost kingdoms of France. It made me sad all day; I + wanted them returned to their own mother country. Theodore Stanton + and his wife Marguerite met us at the station. + + 15.--Madam de Barron has invited me to be her guest while here. + Such a delightful home and intelligent hostess! I have a charming + room, and this morning the sun is shining bright and warm and the + robins are singing in the trees. My continental breakfast--rolls, + butter and coffee--was sent to my room and, for the first time in + my life, I ate it in bed. What would my mother have said? + + 16.--Went to grand opera last night; magnificent house, scenery, + toilets, equipages; but with my three "lacks," a musical ear, a + knowledge of French and good eyesight, I could not properly + appreciate the performance. + + 17.--Theodore took me to the Chamber of Deputies to see how + Frenchmen look in legislative assembly--very like Americans. Then + we called on friends at the American Exchange and the Hotel + Normandie, and I was too tired to go to U. S. Minister Morton's + reception at night. + + 22.--Called and had a good chat with Charlotte B. Wilbour, of New + York; called also on Grace Greenwood; visited the Hotel des + Invalides and walked in the gardens. + + 23.--Theodore and Marguerite took me to St. Cloud by boat and back + on top of tram-car. Delightful! + + 27.--Today, Sunday, we went to Pčre la Chaise and saw great crowds + of Communists hanging wreaths on the wall where hundreds of their + friends were shot down in 1871--a sorrowful sight. + + 28.--At noon we went to the College of France to witness the last + honors to Laboulaye, the scholar and Liberal. Saw his little study + and sadly watched the priests perform the services over his coffin. + + 29.--Left Paris at 9 A. M., Theodore and his little Elizabeth Cady + going with me to the station. The parks and forests are green and + lovely, the homes cozy and pretty, France is a beautiful country. I + have enjoyed the last three months exceedingly, but I am very, very + tired; and yet it is a new set of faculties which are weary, and + the old ones, so long harped upon, are really resting. + + + _To Miss Susan B. Anthony_, PARIS. + + MADAM: Having been informed of your arrival in Paris, I take the + liberty of writing to ask from your courtesy the favor of a short + interview. I have since several years heard of all the work you + have done in behalf of womankind, and I need not say how happy I + would be to meet a person who has so often been praised in my + presence. Hoping you will forgive my intrusion, and have the great + kindness to let me know when I may have the honor to call, I am, + madam, very respectfully, your obedient servant, + + [Of Le Soir.] A. SALVADOR. + + + PARIS, May 20. + + MY DEAR MRS. SPOFFORD: I have just come from a call on Mademoiselle + Hubertine Auclert, editor of La Citoyenne. I can not tell you how I + constantly long to be able to speak and understand French. I lose + nearly all the pleasure of meeting distinguished people, because + they are as powerless with my language as I with theirs. We called + also on Leon Richer, editor of La Femme. He thinks it inopportune + to demand suffrage for women in France now, when they are yet + without their civil rights. I wanted so much to tell him that + political power was the greater right which included the less.... + + Miss Foster has gone to London for presentation at Court. She had + the "regulation" dress made in Berlin--cream-white satin, low neck, + _no sleeves at all_, and a four-yard train!... I have not decided + when I shall go home, but before many months, for I long to be + about the work that remains undone. The fact is, I am weary of mere + sight-seeing. Amidst it all my head and heart turn to our battle + for women at home. Here in the old world, with its despotic + governments, its utter blotting out of woman as an equal, there is + no hope, no possibility of changing her condition, so I look to our + own land of equality for men, and partial equality for women, as + the only one for hope or work. + + + PARIS, May 24. + + MY DEAR RACHEL: I am glad to hear that you were not cheated out of + teetering through the palace halls in front of the princess, and + that you are not utterly prostrated by it.... I attended the + suffrage meeting last evening, and heard and saw several men + speak--_well_, I inferred from the cheering and shouting of + "bravo!" + + This afternoon I visited the tomb of Napoleon. It surpasses every + mausoleum I have ever seen, not excepting that of Frederick the + Third and Queen Louise in Berlin. It is well that his memory should + be thus honored, for had he been born a hundred years later, when + the march of civilization had pointed to some other goal to gratify + his great nature than that of bloody conquest of empire, I believe + he would have stood at the head of those who strive to make free + and independent sovereigns of all men and all women. Everywhere + here are reminders of the ravages of war, the madness of ignorance + and unreason. I want to get away from them and their saddening + associations. You will think I am blue. So I am, from having lived + a purposeless life these three months. I don't know but the women + of America, myself in particular, will be the greater and grander + for it, but I can not yet see how this is to be.... + + + LONDON, June 7. + + MY DEAR SISTER: For the hundredth time I am going to beg you to + shut up the house and come over here. It does seem as if now we two + sisters, left so alone, ought to be able to travel and enjoy + together. You can not know how I long to have you with me; it hurts + every minute to think of you treading round and round, with never a + moment of leisure or enjoyment. Surely you have given a mother's + love and care to our nieces for eight years, and now you can let + them go out from under your eye.... + + Rachel and I came up from Basingstoke on Sunday to attend a small + reception at Mrs. Jacob Bright's. Her husband has championed woman + suffrage in Parliament for years, and she has led the few who have + dared say, "And married women, too, should have the franchise." + When the powers that be forbade her to include married women in the + Parliamentary Suffrage Bill now pending, Mrs. Bright withdrew and + started a bill for their property rights, which was passed last + session and is now in force. + + [Illustration: Autograph: "With kindest regards from Mr. Bright and + myself, yours very truly, Ursula M. Bright"] + + Monday morning we went to Bedford Park and spent two hours at + Moncure D. Conway's. His charming wife read us what a delegate here + from the American Unitarians says of Emerson, Alcott, Frothingham + and George Ripley--that all are wearying of their early theories + and theologies and returning to the old faith. Today I had an hour + with William Henry Channing, and he virtually told me this was true + of himself! I exclaimed: "Do you mean to say that you have returned + to the belief in the immaculate conception of Jesus and in the + miracles--that you no longer explain all these things as you used + to do in your Bible readings at Rochester?" He replied: "I never + disbelieved in miracles. Man's levelling and tunnelling the + mountains is a miracle." Well, I was stunned and left. Even if all + these grand men, in old age, or when broken in body, decide that + the conclusions of their early and vigorous manhood were false, + which shall we accept as most likely to be true--the strong or the + weakened thought? It is very disheartening if we are so constituted + that with our deepest, sincerest study we grope and dwell in error + through our threescore and ten, and after those allotted years find + all we believed fact to be mere hallucination. It is--it must + be--simply the waning intellect returning to childish teachings. + + That evening we visited the House of Commons and heard several + members speak as we peeped through the wire latticework of the + ladies' cage. The next afternoon we attended a large reception at + Mrs. J. P. Thomasson's, daughter of Margaret Bright Lucas and wife + of a member of Parliament. There we met the leading suffrage women. + Wednesday morning I went to Tunbridge Wells--thirty miles--to see + Mrs. Rose, who is trying the waters there in hope of relief.... I + should have told you that I dined on Sunday with Margaret + Lucas--John Bright's sister--and lunched today with Mrs. Mellen, + mother-in-law of General Palmer, of Colorado, president of the Rio + Grande R. R.--an elegant and wealthy woman. + + + LONDON, June 22. + + MY DEAR SISTER: ... Sunday morning we went to hear Stopford Brooke, + a seceder from the established church. I could see no diminution in + the poppings up and down, nor in the intonings and singsongs, but + when, after a full hour of the incantations, he came to his sermon + on the Christian duty of total abstinence, he gave us a splendid + one. Before commencing he said that, from his request the previous + Sunday, twenty members out of his congregation of 600 came to the + meeting to form a Church Total Abstinence Society, and ten of those + made special and earnest protest against the formation of such a + society! Can you imagine the chilliness of the spiritual air in + that church as he laid down the Christian's duty of denying himself + that he might save his fellow who had not the power to drink + moderately? + + Afterwards, we called on Hon. William D. Kelley, wife and daughter + Florence, of Philadelphia. We also attended a reception at Emily + Faithfull's and met a number of nice people; then took underground + railway for Bedford Park and had tea with Eliza Orme, England's + first and only woman lawyer--or as nearly one as she can be and not + have passed the Queen's Bench. Her mother was lovely and so proud + of her daughter and glad to see me. Miss Orme has a partner, Miss + Richardson, who is a member of the London school board and has + visited our schools in America. She says London has none, public or + private, to compare with those of the United States. + + The next morning we went to hear Laura Curtis Bullard read her + sketch of Mrs. Stanton, which is to go into Famous Women, the same + book for which Mrs. Stanton is writing me up. In the afternoon we + called on Miss Müller, who purchased a house and lives in it that + she may be a householder, as is necessary to hold office. She too + is a member of the school board. Miss Müller insisted that I should + talk to the ladies there, about thirty of them, and so I did, + sitting under the trees in her garden, where we had our tea. Thence + we went to the women's suffrage parlors and met some fifty or + sixty, and then to the Albemarle Club of both ladies and gentlemen, + the only one of the kind in London. Then came a meeting at the + Somerville Club--all ladies. A paper was read on the topic, + "Sentiment is not founded on reason and is a hindrance to + progress," and followed by a bright discussion, in which both + Rachel and I were invited to take part. A pretty full afternoon and + evening! + + Wednesday morning I studied on my speech for the 25th under the + auspices of the National Women's Suffrage Society. Harriot has so + divided the subject, that Mrs. Stanton is to take the educational, + social and religious departments, and S. B. A. the industrial, + legal and political. That evening we went to the Court Theater with + Mrs. Florence Fenwick Miller, another member of the London school + board. The nights are all days here now--daylight till after 9 + o'clock and again at 3. Rachel and I lunched with Mr. and Mrs. + Jacob Bright, and had a splendid visit; then went to the school + board meeting. + +[Illustration: Priscilla Bright McLaren (Signed: "Your loving friend +Priscilla Bright McLaren.")] + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Cordially yours, Helen Taylor"] + + Saw there five of the seven women members, among them Miss Helen + Taylor, stepdaughter of John Stuart Mill, and the senior woman + member of the board. Today I spent an hour with Mrs. Lucas, sister + of John and Jacob Bright, and this afternoon Rachel and I are going + to a Women's Poor Law Guardian meeting, at which Mrs. Lucas is to + preside and other ladies to speak.... + + Just back from the meeting. In all England there are thirty-one + women poor law guardians. There are 19,000 of the guardians elected + and 1,000, mainly clergymen, are honorary. They have over 1,000,000 + paupers to look after. The secretary, Mrs. Chamberlain, stated that + in her section of London there were 16,000. The guardians overlook + everything about the workhouses and asylums, get no pay, and yet + the public hesitates to put women on the board. One man stirred up + the handful present by saying, "suffrage not only for widows and + spinsters, but for married women." + + June 26.--Well, the ordeal is over and everybody is delighted. + Moncure D. Conway said: "I have learned more of American history + from your speech than I ever dreamed had been made during the past + thirty years." Even the timid ones expressed great satisfaction. + Mrs. Stanton gave them the rankest radical sentiments, but all so + cushioned they didn't hurt. Mrs. Duncan McLaren came down from + Edinburgh and Mrs. Margaret Parker from Dundee. Rachel said I made + a good statement of the industrial, legal and political status of + women in America. We went to tea with Mrs. Jacob Bright; then I + took dinner with Mrs. Stanton at Mrs. Mellen's, getting up from + table at 9:15 P. M. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Most sincerely yours, Jane Cobden"] + + Saturday Rachel and I drove four hours in Miss Müller's carriage + and called on Lady Wilde, a bright, quaint woman. Sunday morning I + went to Friends' meeting and had a look at John Bright, though I + was not sure it was he until after the meeting was over; then he + was gone, and I not introduced to him! In the afternoon I called on + Miss Jane Cobden, daughter of Richard Cobden, a charming woman. + Yesterday I presented her with a set of our History in memory of + her noble father, and for her own sake also. I will not foreshadow + the coming days but they are busy indeed. You will see that the + Central Committee have put both my name and Mrs. Stanton's on the + card for the meeting of July 5.... + + + LONDON, June 28. + + MY DEAR SISTER: It is now just after luncheon and at 4 o'clock we + are to be at Mrs. Jacob Bright's reception, tomorrow evening at one + at Mrs. Thomasson's, which she gives to friends for the special + purpose of meeting Stanton and Anthony, and Saturday at Frances + Power Cobbe's--and so we go. Yesterday morning Miss Frances Lord--a + poor law guardian--escorted us through Lambeth workhouse. It has + 1,000 inmates and 700 more in the infirmary, and gives out-door + relief to 2,000 besides. + +[Jacob Bright presided over the Prince's Hall meeting, and William +Woodall over that at St. James' Hall.[17] All of the prominent +newspapers in Great Britain contained editorials on the meetings, and +noted especially the addresses of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton, +speaking of them in a dignified and respectful manner.] + + + LONDON, July 13. + + MY DEAR SISTER: My last letter was mailed the 3d. That afternoon I + was at Rebecca Moore's reception. We dined at Miss Müller's and + afterwards went to Horn's assembly rooms to a suffrage meeting. Her + sister Eva, wife of Walter McLaren, M.P., was one of the + speakers.... At 9 P. M., we went to a Fourth of July reception at + Mrs. Mellen's, given in honor of Mrs. Stanton and Miss Anthony, and + a brilliant affair it was. About 150 were there; she had elegant + refreshments; and the young American girls gave songs, recitations, + violin music, etc. Grace Greenwood recited her "Mistress + O'Rafferty"--a woman's rights poem in Irish brogue--very rich and + racy; her daughter Annie sang, also Mrs. Carpenter, of Chicago; + Kate Hillard, of Brooklyn, Adelaide Detchon, the actress, and + Mildred Conway recited; Frank Lincoln impersonated; Nathaniel + Mellen sang a negro jubilee melody; Maude Powell played the violin. + She is not fifteen yet and is a charming player. The company did + not disperse until after one. + + July 5, drove to Mrs. Mellen's to a 10 o'clock breakfast, and + worked on Rachel's report of my Prince's Hall speech--you'll find + it in full in the Englishwoman's Review. In the evening Mrs. + Thomasson gave a splendid dinner-party, and afterwards took us all + in carriages to the St. James' Hall suffrage demonstration, where + there was a fine audience of about 2,000.... Next morning I went to + a meeting of the suffrage friends from various towns who had come + up for the demonstration. At 8 P. M. Mrs. McLaren took me to the + House of Commons, to witness Mr. Hugh Mason present the Women's + Suffrage Bill; so I heard all the speeches pro and con, up to 1:30 + A. M., and how tired I was! Mr. Jacob Bright's was the strongest + and most earnest. + + The morning of July 7, at the suffrage rooms, I heard strong + protests against the way Mr. Mason disclaimed all intention of + enfranchising married women. He carried the matter too far even for + the most timid. In the afternoon, we went to the Somerville Club, + and Rachel spoke beautifully on the need of union and co-operation + among women. I followed her, and Mrs. McLaren moved a vote of + thanks.... Rachel left for Antwerp this evening, to meet her mother + and sister, and I returned to my room, lonesome enough. Sunday I + lunched with Mrs. Lucas and Mrs. McLaren. I had calls from three + factory-women, who told a sad story of the impossibility of getting + even a dollar ahead by the most frugal and temperate habits. + + Have I told you that I have a new dark garnet velvet? I wore it + with my point lace at Mrs. Mellen's reception on the Fourth, and + the India shawl I have worn today for the first time.... Tuesday I + went with Mrs. Lucas to the Crystal Palace at Sydenham to a great + national temperance demonstration. More than 50,000 people passed + the gates at a shilling apiece, and we saw a solid mass of 5,000 + boys and girls from all parts of the kingdom seated in a huge + amphitheater, singing temperance songs--a beautiful sight. Then in + another part of the palace was an audience of 2,000 listening to + speeches. Among the speakers was Canon Wilberforce, a grandson of + the great Abolitionist but a degenerate one. He said the reason the + temperance movement was now progressing so rapidly was because the + persons who led it were praying people, and that the Lord had + willed it, and all depended on whether it was kept in the Lord's + hands--if not, then it would fall back like the old Washingtonian + movement in America. Mrs. Lucas was very wroth, and so was I. He + never spoke of woman except as "maiden aunt" or "old grandmother," + and advised the boys to take a little wine for the stomach's sake. + + At 6 o'clock we went to Miss Müller's where I remained until today. + She took me to the Gaiety Theater to see Sarah Bernhardt. What a + magnificent actor! I never saw any man or woman who so absolutely + buried self out of sight and became the very being personated. + Though I couldn't understand a single word, I enjoyed it all until + the curtain fell at half-past eleven. I was tired beyond telling, + but felt richly repaid by the seeing. She must be master of her + divine art thus to impress one by action alone. Today Mrs. McLaren + invites me to dine at her son's, Charles McLaren, M.P. All this is + written in a hurry but is perhaps better than nothing. It is so + difficult to clutch a moment to write. + + + LONDON, July 19. + + MY DEAR RACHEL: ... I am to attend a suffrage meeting at the + Westminster Palace Hotel Hall this afternoon, and tomorrow at 10:25 + A. M. I start for Edinburgh with Mrs. Moore. I am bound to suck all + the honey possible out of everybody and everything as they come to + me or I go to them. It is such unwisdom, such unhappiness, not to + look for and think and talk of the best in all things and all + people; so you see at threescore and three I am still trying always + to keep the bright and right side up. I am expecting a great + ferment at the meeting today, for those who agree with Mrs. Jacob + Bright have asked Mrs. Stanton to confer with them about what they + shall do now. She advises them to demand suffrage for all women, + married and single; but I contend that it is not in good taste for + either of us to counsel public opposition to the bill before + Parliament.... + + I wrote you about Miss ----. She is settled in the conviction that + she never will marry any man--not even the one with whom she has + had so close a friendship for the past ten years. She feels that to + do the work for the world which she has mapped out she must eschew + marriage, accepting platonic friendship but no more. I tell her she + is giving her nature a severe trial by allowing herself this one + particular friend, that if he does not in the end succeed in + getting her to marry him, it will be the first escape I ever have + heard of. She is a charming, earnest, conscientious woman, and I + feel deeply interested in her experiment. + +[After being royally entertained in London and making many little trips +into the beautiful country around, Miss Anthony left for Edinburgh July +20, carrying with her many pleasant remembrances of friends.] + + + EDINBURGH, July 22. + + MY DEAR SISTER: Here I am in Huntley Lodge, the delightful home of + Mrs. Elizabeth Pease Nichol, whose name we so often used to see in + the Liberator and the Anti-Slavery Standard, and of whom we used to + hear from Mr. Phillips and others who had visited England. We had a + most cordial welcome from Mrs. Nichol--a queenly woman. She is now + seventy-seven, and lives in this handsome house, two miles from the + center of the city, with only her servants.... + + Mrs. Nichol has gone to her room to rest and Mrs. Moore and I are + writing in the little, sunny southeast parlor. I have an elegant + suite of three rooms, the same Mr. Garrison occupied when he + visited here in 1867 and in 1877. Mrs. Nichol is one of the few + left of that historic World's Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840. We + are going to a "substantial tea" with Dr. Agnes McLaren, daughter + of Duncan McLaren. She is very bright--spent four years in France + studying her profession--has a good practice, takes a house by + herself, and invites to it her friends. So many young Englishwomen + are doing this, and indeed it is a good thing for single women to + do. + + The suffrage society--Eliza Wigham, president, Jessie M. Wellstood, + secretary--has invited a hundred or more of the friends to an + afternoon tea on Tuesday next in honor of my visit, and I am to + make a brief speech, so what to say and how to say it come + uppermost with me again.... + +[Illustration: Elizabeth Pease Nichol (Signed: "Elizabeth Pease +Nichol")] + + + THE RAVEN HOTEL, DROITWICH, August 5. + + MY DEAR FRIEND SUSAN B. ANTHONY: I have often wished to write thee + since we parted in London, my heart has been so full of loving + thought. It has been a greater trial than I can describe that I + have been denied the pleasure of receiving thee in my home in + Edinburgh. If it had been only for an hour, I should have looked + back on that hour as one of great privilege. But even if we should + not meet again, I have had a pleasure which seems almost like a + dream to me, in having made the personal acquaintance of thyself + and dear Mrs. Stanton.... + + That thou shouldst have been on the 1st of August with the + Elizabeth Pease of those grand anti-slavery times, revived in me + the thought I expressed in moving a vote of thanks to thee and Mrs. + Cady Stanton for the noble addresses you gave at the Prince's Hall + Meeting in London; ... that you had been brought here to give us + the hand of rejoicing fellowship; and that it gave me great faith + to believe the God of Justice was leading us on, and had brought + England and America together by your presence amongst us at this + most critical and hopeful time of our agitation.... + + I have addressed thee in the dear singular person, because it + seemed to me in harmony with the noble simplicity of thy character, + and also more affectionate--just as I feel toward thee. Believe me, + dear friend--I love so to call thee--thine very affectionately, + + PRISCILLA BRIGHT MCLAREN. + +[The diary notes many teas and luncheons in Edinburgh, drives to Melrose +Abbey, Holyrood Palace, Roslyn Castle, to the celebrated monuments, the +old cathedrals and the university; calls from distinguished professors +and those interested in philanthropic movements, visits to public +institutions, and lovely gifts from the new friends. Every day of the +month was filled with pleasant incidents. The scenery through the lake +and mountain regions Miss Anthony found so beautiful that, although +there was a steady downpour of rain for days, she sat on the outside of +boat or stage in order not to miss a moment of it. She hunted up the old +home of Thomas Clarkson but could not find there a person who ever had +heard of him. She went also to the Friends' meeting house at Ulverston, +presented to the Society by George Fox and completed in 1688. To her +such spots as these were more interesting and hallowed than towering +castles and vine-clad abbeys.] + + + BALLACHULISH HOTEL, August 13. + + MY DEAR SISTER: Miss Julia Osgood and I are here, waiting for + sunshine.... While in Edinburgh Mrs. Nichol drove us out to + Craigmillar Castle, where I saw the very rooms in which Queen Mary + lived. We bought for a shilling a basket of strawberries + plucked--no, "pulled"--the old man who sold them said, from the + very garden in which berries and vegetables were "pulled" for Queen + Mary three hundred years ago. One evening Professor Blackie, of the + Edinburgh University, dined with Mrs. Nichol. At my reception he + had said he did not want to "see refined, delicate women going down + into the muddy pool of politics," and I asked him if he had ever + thought that, since the only places which were too filthy for women + were those where men alone went, perhaps they might be so from lack + of women. At dinner Mrs. Nichol rallied him on the report that he + had been converted, and he admitted that it was true; so as he was + leaving I said, "Then I am to reckon an Edinboro' professor among + my converts?" He seized my hand and kissed it, saying, "I'll seal + it with a kiss." Don't be alarmed--he is fully eighty years of age + but blithe and frolicsome--sang and acted out a Scotch war-song in + the real Gaelic. + + On August 1 we saw 200 medical students capped--and not a woman + among them, because the powers ruled that none should be admitted. + That afternoon we called on Professor Masson, a great champion of + co-education. We took tea with Mrs. Jane and Miss Eliza Wigham. The + stepmother, now eighty-two, was Jane Smeale in 1840. In their house + have visited Henry C. Wright, Parker Pillsbury, and of course Mr. + Garrison. Mrs. Nichol went with us to Melrose by rail, from which + we drove to Abbotsford.... + + Tuesday at 2 o'clock Miss Osgood and I landed at Stirling. At 4:30 + we reached Callander, where I found no trunk, and not a man of them + could give a guess as to its whereabouts. They give you no check + here, but just stick a patch on your trunk. I had expected not to + find it at every stop, and now it was gone for sure; but the + station-master was certain he could find it and forward it to me, + so he wrote out its description and telegraphed in every direction. + Meanwhile we went to a hotel for luncheon and there in the hall was + my trunk! Nobody knew why or how it got there and all acknowledged + our American check system superior. I was raging at their + stupidity, and no system at all, but laughingly said, "You ought to + send this trunk free a thousand miles to pay for my big scold at + you." The man good-naturedly replied, "Where will you have it + sent?" I answered "Oban," and he booked it. + + At 6 o'clock we took the front seat with the driver on a great high + stage which we mounted by a ladder--they call the stage the + "machine"--and drove a few miles to the Trossachs Hotel, past Loch + Achray and Loch Vennachar.... While the rain rested this noon I + took a walk up the ravine and it seemed very like going up the + mountain at Grandfather Anthony's. Indeed, there is nothing here + more beautiful than we have in America, only everything has some + historic or poetic association.... + + + BRUNTSFIELD LODGE, WHITEHOUSE LOAN, EDINBURGH, August 23. + + MY DEAR SISTER: Here am I, back in Edinboro' again, at Dr. + Jex-Blake's delightful home--at least one hundred and fifty years + old, with an acre or more of garden all enclosed with a six-foot + wall. Lodge means a walled-in house; loan means lane, and the + street took its name from a white house which two hundred and fifty + years ago stood in this road. Every day the doctor has taken me a + long and beautiful ride in her basket-carriage, driving her own + little pony, White Angel, or her hay horse, while her boy-groom + rides in his perch behind. Today she drove me through Lord + Rosebery's park of thousands of acres. It is lovely as a native + forest--the roads macadamized all through--and a palace-like + residence set deep within.... + + + AMBLESIDE, August 27. + + MY DEAR SISTER: Last Thursday I left Edinburgh for Penrith, which + has a fine view of the lake and the hills beyond. Next morning I + took steamer at Pooley Bridge. The trip the whole length of the + lake was beautiful, but can not compare with Lake George--indeed, + nothing I have seen equals that--but the hills (mountains, they + call them here), the water and the sky all were lovely. At + Patterdale I had a cup of tea, with bread and butter and the + veritable orange marmalade manufactured at Dundee. Thence I took a + stage over Kirkstone Pass, and walked two miles up the hills to a + small hotel with a signboard saying it is the highest inhabited + house in England, 1,114 feet above the sea--not very much beside + Denver's 6,000 and others in Colorado 10,000 or 12,000. Arrived at + Ambleside to find the hotel overflowing, so they sent me to a + farmer's house where I had a good bed, splendid milk and sweet + butter. Saturday morning I went by coach to Coniston, then railway + to Furness Abbey, a seven-hundred-year-old ruin of magnificent + proportions. After four hours there, I took a train to Lakeside and + then steamer up Lake Windermere back to Ambleside. The hotel still + being full, "the Boots," as they call the porter or runner, found + me lodgings at a private house, where I am now. It is the tiniest + little stone cottage, but they have a cow, so I am in clover. My + breakfasts consist of a bit of ham, cured by the hostess, a boiled + egg, white and graham bread with butter and currant jam, and a cup + of tea. + + Saturday evening I strolled out and entered the gate of Harriet + Martineau's home. On the terrace I met the present occupants, Mr. + and Mrs. William Henry Hills. They invited me to call in the + morning, when they would be happy to show me over the house. In + naming the hour they said: "We never go to church--we are Liberal + Friends--_real_ Friends." At that I immediately felt at home with + them. I called and spent two hours sitting and chatting in the + drawing-room where Harriet Martineau received her many + distinguished guests, and in the kitchen saw the very same table, + chairs and range which were there when she died, and sitting on the + doorsill was the same black-and-yellow cat, said to be fourteen + years old now. The Hills invited me to 5 o'clock tea, which we took + in the library, where Miss Martineau used to sit and study as well + as entertain her guests at dinner. It seemed impossible to realize + that I was actually in her house. It is not large and is covered + with ivy, which grows most luxuriantly everywhere. It fronts on a + large field, much lower than the knoll on which it stands, and fine + hills stretch off beyond. The old gardener, who has been here more + than thirty years, still lives in a little stone cottage just under + the terrace. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Yours affectionately, H. Martineau."] + + Mr. Hills is a great lover of America and its institutions. He is + one of the very few I have met here who really love republicanism. + Nearly every one clings to the caste and class principle, thinks + the world can not exist if a portion of the people are not doomed + to be servants, and that for the poor to have an ambition to rise + and become something more than their parents makes them + discontented. "Yes," I answer, "and that is just what I want them + to be, because it is only through a wholesome discontent with + things as they are, that we ever try to make them any better."... + + + DUBLIN, September 10. + + MY DEAR SISTER: ... I stayed in Belfast some days, and visited the + Giant's Causeway with Miss Isabella Tod, amidst sunshine and + drenching showers; still it was a splendid sight, fully equal to + Fingal's Cave. The day before, we went nearly one hundred miles + into the country to a village where she spoke at a temperance + meeting. Here we were guests of the Presbyterian minister--a cousin + of Joseph Medill, of the Chicago Tribune--and a cordial greeting he + and his bright wife gave me. They have three Presbyterian churches + in that one little village. All welcomed the woman speaker most + kindly, but not a person could be urged to vote down the whiskey + shops, as these are licensed by a justice of the peace, appointed + by the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, who receives his appointment + from the Queen of England! + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Yours most truly, Isabella M. S. Tod"] + + So all she could ask was that every one should become a total + abstainer. I do not see how they can submit to be thus voiceless as + to their own home regulations. + + Saturday I took tea with Mrs. Haslam, a bright, lovely "come-outer" + from the Friends. She had invited some twenty or thirty to be + present at eight, and I spoke, they asking questions and I + answering. Among them were a son of the Abolitionist Richard D. + Webb, and ever so many nephews and nieces. Eliza Wigham's brother + Henry and his wife had come ten miles to be there.... This + afternoon I am going to the common council meeting with Alfred + Webb, who is a member and a strong Home Ruler. The question of + electing their own tax collector is to be discussed. + + + CORK, September 16. + + MY DEAR SISTER: ... Your heart would break if you were here to see + the poverty and rags, and yet the people seem cheerful under it + all. Something surely must be wrong at the root to bear such fruit. + I have had an awfully "hard side of a board time" of ten hours in a + third-class car, paying therefor just as much as I would on the N. + Y. Central for a first-class ticket. I not only saved $4.25 by + going third-class, but I saw the natives. Men, women, boys and + girls who had been to the market towns with their produce were on + the train, and to see them as they tumbled in toward evening, at + town after town, one would think that whiskey and tobacco were the + main articles they bought. Any number of men and boys, and at least + four women, were drunk enough, and they brought bottles with them + and added to their puling idiocy as they went on. Nothing short of + a pig-sty could match the filth, but it is only in that class of + cars that you see anything of the vast number of poor farmers and + laborers. If they can not pay exorbitant rates, refined, educated + men and women are thrust into pens and seated face to face with the + smoking, drinking, carousing rabble. I have everywhere protested + against this outrage and urged the women to demand that the railway + companies should give them separate cars, with no smoking + allowed.... + + + LEAMINGTON, October 1. + + MY DEAR RACHEL: ... I must have told you of my good times at + Belfast with Miss Tod, who gave a reception for me and I had a + welcome all round. + + Miss Osgood met me at Cork, and we went by rail to Macroom. Tuesday + morning we visited the convent, nuns' schools, and the poorhouse + with 400 helpless mortals, old and young; then took an Irish + jaunting-car, and were driven some forty miles through "the Gap" to + Glengariff. It rained almost all the way, much to our disgust. Next + morning we packed into two great stages with thirty or more others, + and started for the lakes of Killarney; but soon the rain poured + again, and as we were losing so much of the scenery we stopped + half-way at Kenmare. We visited the convent and the Mother Abbess + showed us every cranny. Thirty girls were at work on beautiful + Irish point and Limerick lace. These nuns have 400 pupils, and give + 200 of the poorest their breakfast and lunch--porridge and a bit of + bread. At two we took stage again, the sky looked promising, but + alas! for half an hour it fairly poured. Then it grew lighter, and + we got very fine views of hills and dales. Killarney _is_ + lovely.... + + Saturday I sauntered along the streets of Killarney, passed the + market, and saw all sorts of poor humanity coming in with their + cattle to sell or to buy. Many rode in two-wheeled carts without + seat or spring, drawn by little donkeys, and nearly all the women + and girls were bareheaded and barefooted. On the bridge I saw some + boys looking down. I looked too and there was a spectacle--a + ragged, bareheaded, barefooted woman tossing a wee baby over her + shoulders and trying to get her apron switched around to hold it + fast on her back. I heard her say to herself, "I'll niver do it," + so I said, "Boys, one of you run down there and help her." At that + instant she succeeded in getting the baby adjusted, and to my + horror took up a bundle from the grass and disclosed a second baby! + Then _I_ went down. I learned that she had just come from the + poorhouse, where she had spent six weeks, and before going further + had laid her two three-weeks-old boys on the cold, wet grass, while + she washed out their clothes in the stream. The clothing was the + merest rags, all scrambled up in a damp bundle. She had heard her + old mother was ill in Milltown and had "fretted" about her till she + could bear it no longer, so had started to walk ten miles to her. I + hailed a boy with a jaunting-car--told her to wait and I would take + her home--got my luncheon--fed the boy's horse, bought lunch for + boy and woman--and off we went, she sitting on one side of the car + with her two babies, wet bundle, two milk bottles and rubber + appendages, bare feet and flying hair, and I on the other, with the + boy in front. + + For a long way both babies cried; they were blue as pigeons, and + had on nothing but little calico slips, no socks even. She had four + children older than these--a husband who went to fairs selling + papers and anything he could to support them all--and an aged + father and mother who lived with them. She said if God had given + her only one child, she could still help earn something to live on, + but now He had given her two, she couldn't. When we reached + Milltown I followed her home. It was in a long row of one-room + things with a door--but no window. Some peat was smouldering under + a hole in the roof called a chimney, and the place was thick with + smoke. On the floor in one corner was some straw with a blanket on + it, which she said was her bed; in another were some boards + fastened into bed-shape, with straw packed in, and this belonged to + her father and mother. Where the four other children, with the + chickens and the pig, found their places to sleep, I couldn't see. + I went to the home of another tenant, and there again was one room, + and sitting around a pile of smoking-hot potatoes on the cold, wet + ground--not a board or even a flag-stone for a floor--were six + ragged, dirty children. Not a knife, fork, spoon or platter was to + be seen. The man was out working for a farmer, his wife said, and + the evidences were that "God" was about to add a No. 7 to her + flock. What a dreadful creature their God must be to keep sending + hungry mouths while he withholds the bread to fill them!... + + I went back to Killarney heart-sick; wrote letters Sunday, and + Monday took train for Limerick, where I rushed round for an hour or + two.... Then went on to Galway. Tuesday morning took the mail-car + to Connemara, and had company all the way--a judge, an Irish M.P., + and two Dublin drummers--with whom I talked over the Irish problem. + I had meant to make the tour of the western coast up to + Londonderry, but my courage failed. It was to be the same + soul-sickening sight all the way--only, I was assured, worse than + anything yet seen. I took the stage back to Galway, every one + saying it was sure to be a fine day, but it proved to be terrific + wind and rain, and before I had gone ten miles my seat was a pool + of water and it took all my skill to keep my umbrella right side + out.... Once while the driver changed horses I stood in front of a + big fire on the hearth of the best farmer's house I have seen here. + Everything was clean and cheerful--two rooms--a bed made up with a + spotless white spread--the old father smoking and the wife cooking + dinner. She lifted a wooden cover from a jar and proudly showed me + her butter--patted down with her hands, I could see--and near by + was another jar with milk. Think of butter being made in a room + full of tobacco-smoke! Then I went my last ten out of the fifty + miles, having been soaking wet for eight hours. At my hotel I had + room and fire on a "double-quick," bath-tub and hot water, and put + myself through a regular grooming. In the morning I rode around + Galway, saw Queen's College and the bay, and then took train for + Belfast. + +From the diary: + + Sept. 11.--In Dublin. The Professor of Arabic took me through + Trinity College, with its library of 200,000 volumes. Thence to the + old Parliament House, now the Bank of Ireland. In the afternoon + Alfred Webb went with me to the National League rooms and from + there to Thomas Webb's for tea, where I saw the names of Garrison + and N. P. Rogers written in 1840. We called on Michael Davitt, the + leader of the Irish Land League, who impressed me as an earnest, + honest man, deeply-rooted in the principles of freedom and + equality, and claiming all for woman that he does for man. + + Sept. 16.--At Youghal. Visited the home of Sir Walter Raleigh, Lady + Hennessy, eighty years old, showing me around. Found in a library + Children of the Abbey, and read again the story of Lord Mortimer + and Amanda. Once it thrilled my young soul, but now it seems + inexpressibly thin. + + Sept. 20.--While I was talking in the car today with an Irishwoman + about the poverty here, another behind me shouted: "It is very ill + manners for an American to come over here and abuse the English + government." + + Sept. 29.--In Belfast. O, how I would like to purchase _all_ the + linen I want for myself and my friends! Have bought as much as I + dared and after all perhaps I'm cheated--but it's done, so I won't + worry. + + Sept. 30.--Landed at Fleetwood and went direct to Rugby. Walked all + around the famous school, but had not courage to go in and + introduce myself to Doctor Jex-Blake, whose sister's guest I had so + recently been. + + Oct. 1.--At Leamington. Went direct to Kenilworth Castle, a grand + old ruin; the home of Leicester, where Queen Elizabeth visited him + in the olden days. + + Oct. 2.--Mrs. Mullinor called at our hotel and accompanied us to + Warwick Castle, a splendid pile. We lunched with her, and when Mr. + M. put fork into the roast he remarked: "Wife asked me what she + should order for dinner and I said, 'a leg of mutton, for Americans + never see such a thing at home.'" We smiled and ate it with a + relish. + + Oct. 3.--At Stratford on Avon, and we have visited every spot + sacred to the memory of Shakespeare, and walked through the meadows + and down by the riverside.... + + Oct. 4.--In Oxford. I have visited many of the colleges, and as I + saw where all the millions of dollars had been expended for the + education of boys alone, I groaned in spirit and betook me to + Somerville and St. Margaret's Halls, where at least there is a + shelter for girls, and a beginning. + + Oct. 5.--In London; and how almost like getting home it seems to + come back here. + + + LONDON, October 7. + + MY DEAR SISTER: Mrs. Stanton feels that she must stay with Hattie + till the baby is a month old, and then have a week for farewell + visits in London. Cousins Fannie and Charles Dickinson are here. + Today I learned that I should have a chance to see and hear John + Bright at a convention of the Liberal Party at Leeds, October 17; + all these together have made me put off leaving a little longer. + Since yesterday we have been in the midst of a genuine London fog. + It is now 10 A. M. and even darker than it was two hours ago, when + we dressed and breakfasted by gaslight. I saw smoky, foggy days + here last March but they could not compare with this, and yet the + people say, "O, this is nothing to what November will bring."... + + + LONDON, October 27. + + MY DEAR SISTER: Since I last wrote you I have visited Leeds where I + was the guest of Mrs. Hannah Ford, who has an elegant home--Adel + Grange. There were several other guests who had come to attend the + great Liberal demonstration, among them Mrs. Margaret Priestman + Tanner, a sister-in-law of John Bright, and his son Albert. Mrs. + Alice Scatcherd, of Leeds, was the person who had the sagacity to + get women sent as delegates and secure them admission on terms of + perfect equality. The amendment was a great triumph. She invited + the friends to meet next day at her house, where I saw John + Bright's daughter, Mrs. Helen Clark, and Richard Cobden's, Miss + Jane Cobden. Both made speeches at the convention, and most fitting + it was they should--the daughters of the two leading Radicals of a + half century ago. + + On Saturday, Mrs. Ford took me to Haworth, the home of the Brontë + sisters. It is a bleak enough place now, and must have been even + more so forty or fifty years ago when those sensitive plants lived + there. A most sad day it was to me, as I looked into the little + parlor where the sisters walked up and down with their arms around + each other and planned their novels, or sat before the fireplace + and built air-castles. Then there were the mouldering tombstones of + the graveyard which lies in front and at one side of the house, and + the old church-pew, directly over the vault where lay their loved + mother and two sisters. And later, when Emily and Anne and the + erring brother Branwell had joined the others, poor Charlotte sat + there alone. The pew had to be removed every time the vault was + opened to receive another occupant. Think of those delicate women + sitting in that fireless, mouldy church, listening to their old + father's dry, hard theology, with their feet on the cold, + carpetless stones which covered their loved dead. It was too + horrible! Then I walked over the single stone pathway through the + fields toward the moor, opened the same wooden gates, and was, and + still continue to be, dipped into the depths of their utter + loneliness and sadness, born so out of time and place. How much the + world of literature has lost because of their short and + ill-environed lives, we can guess only from its increased wealth in + spite of all their adverse conditions. + + From Leeds I went to Birmingham to attend an Anti-Contagious + Diseases Acts conference, and there heard the serene, lovely + Josephine E. Butler. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Josephine E. Butler"] + + Miss Müller has invited Mrs. Stanton and me to spend the rest of + our time with her. Mrs. Lucas and some others are going to + Liverpool to say good-by to us. The cordiality, instead of + decreasing, grows greater and greater as the day of departure draws + near.... I dread stepping on shipboard, but long to set foot upon + my native soil again. Only think, I shall have been gone over nine + months when I land in New York! + +From the diary: + + Oct. 13.--Last evening at Mrs. Rose's I met the daughter of Charles + Bradlaugh, a talented young woman, whom the college refused to + admit to botany lectures because of her father's atheism. + + Oct. 18.--At Leeds. Liberal party convention; went this evening to + hear John Bright remember to forget to mention the extension of + suffrage to women in 1869 and 1870, and the property law for + married women in 1882. He did not meet my expectations as a + speaker, but far surpasses any other Englishman I have heard. None + of them can touch Wendell Phillips. + + Oct. 28.--Had a four hours' row on the Thames today with some + friends. This evening went to hear Mrs. Annie Besant. + + Nov. 2.--Have been out to Basingstoke to see the new baby. Mrs. + Mona Caird lunched with us. Have heard Michael Davitt, Mr. Fawcett + and Helen Taylor, all masterly speakers. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Sincerely Yours, Frances Power Cobbe"] + + + LONDON, November 6. + + MY DEAR SISTER: ... As soon as I finish this scribble I am to have + 5 o'clock tea with Frances Power Cobbe. Tomorrow I go shopping, + Thursday Millicent Garrett Fawcett is to dine with us, and Mrs. + Peter Taylor is to call here, and all are to take "substantial tea" + with dear, noble Mrs. Lucas, and then go to hear Henry Fawcett on + the political issues. Friday afternoon we receive at Miss Müller's. + Saturday morning I leave for Bristol to visit Miss Mary Estlin, + Mrs. Tanner and the Misses Priestman, three sisters-in-law of John + Bright, who give a reception in my honor. The 12th I visit Margaret + E. Parker, at Warrington, and the next afternoon Mrs. Stanton and I + both go to Alderley Edge, near Manchester, to the home of Mr. and + Mrs. Jacob Bright.[18] On the 14th we attend the annual meeting of + the Manchester Women's Suffrage Association, and on the 16th go to + Liverpool where a reception will be given us in the afternoon. That + evening we shall spend at our hotel with the friends who go to see + us off, and on the 17th we give ourselves to old ocean's care in + the Cunarder Servia. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Believe me, yours very truly, M. G. +Fawcett."] + + Don't worry now if you do not hear from me again until I touch + Yankee soil; and don't worry if the wind blows or if you learn the + vessel is late or lost. If the Servia fail to land me safe and + sound, don't repine or stop because I am not, but buckle on a new + and stronger harness and do double work for the good cause of + woman. You have the best of judgment in our work and are capable of + doing much if only you had confidence in yourself, so whatever + comes to me, do you be all the more for the less that _I_ am. + +Half of Miss Anthony's nine-months' trip abroad had been spent in Great +Britain. To her all the other attractions of the old world were as +nothing compared with its living, breathing humanity. On the continent +she was deprived of any exchange of thought with its people because she +spoke no language but her own, and this made her prefer England; but +there was another and a stronger interest--the great progressive +movement which was going forward in regard to woman. Here she found +women of fine intellect and high social position engaged in the same +work to which she had given more than thirty years of her own life; and +here she met sympathy and recognition which would have been impossible +in any other country in Europe. Her central thought in going to Great +Britain had been to secure the co-operation of Englishwomen in holding +an international suffrage convention. At first her proposition met with +no response. The most radical of English women were conservative +compared to those of America, but after they had become thoroughly +acquainted with Mrs. Stanton and herself and prejudice had been +supplanted by confidence, the idea began to be more favorably regarded. +One serious difficulty in the way of the proposed convention lay in the +fact that the suffrage women of England and Scotland were not themselves +in thorough unison as to plans and purposes. No definite action was +taken until the last afternoon of their stay, when, at the reception +given in their honor by Dr. Ewing Whittle, in Liverpool, with the hearty +concurrence of Mrs. McLaren, Mrs. Lucas, Mrs. Scatcherd and Mrs. Parker, +who had accompanied Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton to see them safely on +board their vessel, a strong committee was formed to promote +international organization. + +[Illustration: Margaret Bright Lucas (Signed: "Yours affectionately +Margaret Bright Lucas")] + +They sailed from Liverpool on the Servia, November 17, 1883. Among their +fellow voyagers were Mrs. Cornelia C. Hussey, of Orange, N. J., to whom +the cause of woman suffrage and Miss Anthony personally are deeply +indebted; and Mrs. Margaret B. Sullivan, of Chicago, the distinguished +editorial writer. There was some lovely weather, which was greatly +enjoyed, but heavy fogs impeded the ship and it was just ten days from +the time of starting when, on November 27, they steamed into New York +harbor and stepped again on the shores of loved America. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[14] The many inquiries and directions in regard to the suffrage work, +and the loving messages to friends and relatives at home, are omitted in +the extracts made from Miss Anthony's letters; but they are of constant +occurrence, and show that these were never absent from her thoughts. + +[15] While in Florence, Miss Anthony was entertained by the Countess de +Resse, daughter of Elizabeth B. Phelps, of New York, and by the Princess +Koltzoff-Massalsky, the distinguished author and artist, known through +Europe by her pen-name of Dora d'Istria. + +[16] Miss Anthony occupied some rainy days, while here, in wrapping up +papers and writing letters which she put in her official envelopes, +bearing the revolutionary mottoes, "No just government can be formed +without the consent of the governed," "Taxation without representation +is tyranny." After a few days a dignified official appeared at the +American legation with a large package of mail bearing the proscribed +mottoes, and said, "Such sentiments can not pass through the post-office +in Germany." So in modest, uncomplaining wraps the letters and papers +started again for the land of the free.--E. C. S. + +[17] + + WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE. + A Public Meeting will be held in + ST. JAMES' HALL, PICCADILLY, + Thursday, July 5th, 1883, + +In Support of the Resolution to be moved by Mr. Mason in the House of +Commons, on July 6th, for extending the Parliamentary Franchise to Women +who possess the qualifications which entitle men to Vote. + +Doors open at 7. Organ Recital 7 to 8. The Chair will be taken at 8 +o'clock by + + WILLIAM WOODALL, ESQ., M.P. + + Mrs. Fawcett. + Dr. Cameron, M.P. + Miss Tod. + J. P. Thomasson, Esq., M.P. + Mrs. Beddoe. + Mrs. E. Cady Stanton. + Miss Susan B. Anthony. + W. S. Caine, Esq., M.P. + Mrs. Fenwick Miller. + Arthur Arnold, Esq., M.P. + Miss Becker. + A. Illingworth, Esq., M.P. + Miss Müller. + C. H. Hopwood, Esq., M.P. + Mrs. Oliver Scatcherd. + R. P. Blennerhassett, Esq., M.P. + Miss Eliza Sturge. + Thos. Roe, Esq., M.P. + J. A. Blake, Esq., M.P. + W. Summers, Esq., M.P. + Thos. Burt, Esq., M.P. + +Mrs. Ashford, Miss Bewicke, Miss C. A. Biggs, Miss Cobden, Mrs. Cowen, +Mrs. Ormiston Chant, Mrs. J. R. Ford, Mrs. Hoggan, M.D., Mrs. Lucas, +Miss Frances Lord, Miss Lupton, Mrs. McLaren, Mrs. Paterson, Miss E. +Smith, Miss Stacpoole, Mrs. J. P. Thomasson, Miss Laura Waittle, and +other Ladies and Gentlemen are expected to be present. + +Numbered Sofa Stalls, 2s. 6d. Balcony and Reserved Seats, 1s. Body of +the Hall and Gallery Free. + +[18] A pleasant letter was received afterwards from Mrs. Bright, in +which she made this playful reference to Miss Anthony's always +depreciating herself in favor of Mrs. Stanton: + +"We have thought of you often and hoped that the wind, which has been +rough here, has been tempered on the Atlantic for your sakes. Apropos of +the very beautiful allusion you made to Mrs. Cady Stanton's popularity +and the effect produced by her personal appearance, I must tell you of a +remark made by my little son John immediately after your departure. I +found him sitting on the sofa in my bedroom, thinking deeply. 'Mamma,' +he said, 'I wish you could get me a photograph of Miss Anthony. I think +she has such a fine face. There is something about it so firm and yet so +kind.' I said, 'Do you like her better than Mrs. Stanton?' 'Oh dear, +yes, much better,' replied Johnnie. So you see she does not monopolize +all the admiration!" + + + + +CHAPTER XXXIII. + +CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS--VISIT TO NEW ORLEANS. + +1884-1885. + + +Most of the newspapers had a welcome for Miss Anthony. In a two-column +report in the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle she is quoted as saying: + + "I can scarcely tell you of the hospitality extended, the dinners, + teas and receptions given in our honor. I had no idea we were so + well-known in Great Britain or that there was such cordial feeling + toward us. Of course, I met chiefly those known as Liberals and the + sympathizers with our cause. Public sentiment there is rapidly + growing in our favor. In the discussion I heard in Parliament not a + Conservative uttered a word against the suffrage already possessed + by women but relied upon the hackneyed argument that when married + women were included there would be trouble." + + "You saw the Queen, I suppose?" + + "No; I thought more of seeing the Bright family than the Queen and + I never happened to be near where she was. I really had very little + leisure to look around. I am ashamed to say I did not visit + Westminster until the morning before I came away, but it was simply + for lack of time. The social idea was of more importance to me." + +The New York Evening Telegram said editorially: "The statement of Miss +Susan B. Anthony, in another column, illustrates the superb +determination of that champion of woman's political rights. In the +struggle which has constituted her life-work she has the rare advantage +of not being able to comprehend defeat. Battling under the inspiration +of an enthusiast--of a fanatic, some may be disposed to say--she knows +no such word as fail. The most disheartening reverses appear to her +inspired imagination but steps in an undeviating march of progress. It +was enthusiasm such as this that made the career of Joan of Arc. +Without it, not even the broad intellect and strong soul of Miss Anthony +could sustain the burden of the struggle which she is called upon to +lead." The Washington correspondent of the Cleveland Leader thus began a +long interview: + + Susan B. Anthony is back from Europe, and is here for the winter's + fight in behalf of woman suffrage. She seems remarkably well, and + has gained fifteen pounds since she left last spring. She is + sixty-three, but looks just the same as twenty years ago. There is + perhaps an extra wrinkle in her face, a little more silver in her + hair, but her blue eyes are just as bright, her mouth as serious + and her step as active as when she was forty. She would attract + attention in any crowd. She is of medium height and medium form but + her face is wonderfully intellectual, and she moves about like the + woman of a purpose that she is. She says she experiences far + different treatment by public men now from what she did years ago. + The statesman of the past always came to her with a smirk on his + face as though he considered woman's rights nonsensical and thought + himself wonderfully condescending to take notice of her at all. + "Now," says she, "public men look upon our mission as a matter of + business, and we are considered from that standpoint." + +The interview closed: + + "One question more, Miss Anthony. Will you please tell me what is + your highest ideal of the woman of the future?" + + "It is hard to say," was the reply. "The woman of the future will + far surpass the one of the present, even as the man of the future + will surpass the one of today. The ages are progressive, and I look + for a far higher manhood and womanhood than we now have. I think + this will come through making the sexes co-equal. When women + associate with men in serious matters, as they do now in frivolous, + both will grow stronger and the world's work will be better done. I + look for the day when the woman who has a political or judicial + brain will have as much right to sit in the Senate or on the + Supreme Bench as men have; when women will have equal property, + business and political rights with men; when the only criterion of + excellence or position shall be the ability and character of the + individual; and this time will come. All of the Western colleges + are now open to women, and send forth more than 2,000 women + graduates every year. Think of the effect upon the race to come! + The woman of the future will be a better wife, mother and citizen + than the woman of today." + +There were, however, some discordant notes in the symphony of pleasant +things which by 1883 had become customary in the newspapers. For +instance, the Cincinnati Times-Star headed its interview: "Susan +Speaks--Miss Anthony Corralled by a Times-Star Correspondent--The Old +Lady Wears Good Clothes and Stops at First-class Hotels--Bubbling about +the Ballot." The smart reporter described the size of her foot, devoted +a paragraph to the question whether her teeth were natural or +artificial, and said: "There must be money in being a reformer, for Miss +Anthony lives at the Riggs House in good style, and expects to be there +all winter, and this, after a summer in Europe, would be a pretty severe +drain on any but a long purse." When one thinks of Miss Anthony's +uniform kindness and courtesy to reporters, always granting an interview +no matter how tired or how busy she might be, and assisting them in +every possible way with information and suggestions, it is astonishing +that any one of them could indulge in petty, personal criticism and +innuendoes. + +Miss Anthony had now another friend at court, Col. Halbert S. Greenleaf, +of Rochester, having been elected to Congress. Both he and his wife were +strong and influential advocates of suffrage, and her warm personal +friends. The diary shows that every day of December she was conferring +with officials and their wives who were friendly to the cause, making +converts wherever possible and co-operating actively with the District +committee in all the drudgery of detail necessary to a successful +convention. It is only by reading her diary that one can understand what +a mental agony it was for Miss Anthony to press this matter upon +congressmen, year after year, to be repulsed by those who were opposed +and only tolerated by those in favor, who had many other matters on hand +which to them seemed of much greater importance. "Oh, if men only could +know how hard it is for women to be forever snubbed when they attempt to +plead for their rights! It is perfectly disheartening that no member +feels any especial interest or earnest determination in pushing this +question of woman suffrage, to all men only a side issue," she writes in +this little confidant; but not even in her letters is there ever a note +of discouragement. To the world at large and to those who were +associated with her, she was always brave, bright and hopeful. It causes +a keen heartache to reflect upon how she crucified herself for fifty +years, unfaltering and uncomplaining, in order to make conditions better +for womankind. To Hon. William D. Kelley, of Pennsylvania, who believed +in woman suffrage and voted for it, but did not feel enough interest to +push the matter in Congress, she wrote, January 6, 1884: + + No one shrinks more from making herself obnoxious than I do, and + but for the sake of all women, your darling Florence included, I + should never again say a word to you on the subject of using your + influence to secure the passage of a Sixteenth Amendment + proposition. Last winter you put off my appeal for help with, "This + is the short session and the tariff question is of momentous + importance." Now, since this is the "long session," will you not + take hold of this work, and with the same earnestness that you do + other questions? + + It is cruel for you to leave your daughter, so full of hope and + resolve, to suffer the humiliations of disfranchisement she already + feels so keenly, and which she will find more and more galling as + she grows into the stronger and grander woman she is sure to be. If + it were your son who for any cause was denied his right to have his + opinion counted, you would compass sea and land to lift the ban + from him. And yet the crime of denial in his case would be no + greater than in that of your daughter. It is only because men are + so accustomed to the ignoring of woman's opinions, that they do not + believe women suffer from the injustice as would men; precisely as + people used to scout the idea that negroes, whose parents before + them always had been enslaved, suffered from that cruel bondage as + white men would. + + Now, will you not set about in good earnest to secure the + enfranchisement of woman? Why do not the Republicans push this + question? The vote on Keifer's resolution showed almost a party + line. Of the 124 nays, only 4 were Republicans; while of the 85 + yeas, only 13 were Democrats. Even should you fail to get another + committee, the discussion and the vote would array the members and + set each man and party in their true places to be seen of all men, + and all women too. + +The term of the select committee on woman suffrage having expired with +the close of the Forty-seventh Congress, a new one was appointed by the +Senate of the Forty-eighth. The House committee on rules refused to +report such a committee but placed the question in the hands of +Representative Warren Keifer, of Ohio, who made a gallant fight for it +on the floor, during which he said: "Is not the right of petition a +constitutional right? Has not woman, in this country at least, risen +above the rim and horizon of servitude, discredit and disgrace, and has +she not a right, representing as she does in many instances great +questions of property, to present her appeals to this national council +and have them wisely and judiciously considered? I think it is due to +our wives, daughters, mothers and sisters to afford them an avenue +through which they can legitimately and judicially reach the ear of this +great nation." + +He was ably assisted by Mr. Belford, of Colorado. The measure to appoint +this committee was bitterly opposed by Mr. Reagan, of Texas, who said in +a long speech: "When woman so far misunderstands her duty as to want to +go to working on the roads and making rails and serving in the militia +and going into the army, I want to protect her against it." The vote +resulted--yeas, 85, nays, 124; absent or not voting, 112. + +Immediately after the return of members from the holiday recess, Miss +Anthony wrote to each of the 112 asking how he would vote if the +question came up again. To these letters 52 replies were received, 26 +from Republicans, all of whom would vote yes; 26 from Democrats, 10 of +whom would vote yes, 10, no; while 6 did not know how they would vote. +As these 36 affirmative votes added to the 85 yeas would so nearly have +overcome the adverse majority, John D. White, of Kentucky, at the +solicitation of Miss Anthony, made another earnest effort in February to +secure the desired committee, but the Democrats refused to allow the +question to come to a vote. She was greatly disappointed at the failure +to get the select committee, but afterwards became of the opinion that +it was more advantageous to return to the old plan of working through +the judiciary committee. + +Miss Anthony had to be continually on the alert to head off zealous but +injudicious women who were determined to commit the suffrage movement to +the various ologies and isms of the day, and especially to personal +matters. Even a woman so intellectually great as Mrs. Stanton could not +be relied upon always to make her individual opinions subserve what was +demanded of her position as president of the National Association. In +January Miss Anthony received a document which Mrs. Stanton had prepared +as an "open letter," to be signed by both of them officially and given +to the press, congratulating Frederick Douglass upon his marriage to a +white woman and sympathizing with him because of the adverse criticism +it had called out! She especially urged that he be given a prominent +place on the program at the approaching convention. Miss Anthony replied +at once: + + I do hope you won't put your foot into the question of + intermarriage of the races. It has no place on our platform, any + more than the question of no marriage at all, or of polygamy, and, + so far as I can prevent it, shall not be brought there. I beg you + therefore not to congratulate him publicly. Were there a + proposition to punish the woman and leave the man to go scot free, + then we should have a protest to make against the invidious + discrimination. + + The question of the amalgamation of the different races is a + scientific one, affecting women and men alike. I do not propose to + have it discussed on our platform. Our intention at this convention + is to make every one who hears or reads believe in the grand + principle of equality of rights and chances for women, and if they + see on our program the name of Douglass every thought will be + turned toward the subject of amalgamation and away from that of + woman and her disfranchised. Neither you nor I have the right thus + to complicate or compromise our question, and if we take the bits + in our teeth in one direction we must expect our compeers to do the + same in others. You very well know that if you plunge in, as your + letter proposes, your endorsement will be charged upon me and the + whole association. Do not throw around that marriage the halo of a + pure and lofty duty to break down race lines. Your sympathy has run + away with your judgment. Lovingly and fearfully yours. + +It is hardly necessary to say that the "open letter" was not published. + +Everybody's burdens were laid upon Miss Anthony's shoulders. In looking +over the mass of correspondence it seems as if each writer wanted +something and looked to her to supply it. All expected her to take the +lead, to do the planning, to bear the responsibility, and usually she +was equal to the demand, but even her brave spirit could not resist an +occasional groan on the pages of the diary. When a new accession to the +ranks, from whom she expected great assistance, wrote, "I do not know +how to plan but tell me what to do and I will obey," she says, "My heart +sinks within me; so few seem to use their brain-power on ways and +means." And again: "This drain of helpless women, able and willing to +work but utterly ignorant of how to do it, wears me out body and soul." +She was greatly distressed because so many of the younger women were +frequently incapacitated by illness, and writes: "O, the weak-bodied +girls of the present generation, they make me heart-sick!" + +But never did the women themselves know of these feelings. To the +younger ones she wrote: "Don't give up 'beat' at any of those places +till I have dropped my plummet into them.... Your young shoulders will +have to learn to bear the crotchets of all sorts of people and not bend +or break under them.... Put all the blame on me; they may abuse me but +not you.... It makes my heart ache every minute to see you so tired.... +Vent all your ill-feelings on me but keep sweet as June roses to +everybody else. It does not pay to lose your temper.... You will have to +learn to let people pile injustice on you and then trust to time to +right it all." If on rare occasions she spoke a word of censure, it was +followed by a letter in the next mail, full of sorrow and repentance. +She always signed herself, even in the darkest hours, "Yours with love +and hope." Beautiful optimism, sublime courage! + +Sunday, February 3, 1884, Miss Anthony read in the morning papers of the +sudden death of Wendell Phillips. He had been to her always the one +being without a peer, the purest, sweetest, best of men. The news +overwhelmed her with grief and she wrote at once to Robert Purvis: + + How cut down I am at the telegram, "Wendell Phillips is dead," and + I know you are equally so. I hope you can go on to Boston to the + funeral, and help tenderly to lay away that most precious human + clay. Who shall say the fitting word for Wendell Phillips at this + last hour as lovingly and beautifully as he has done so many, many + times for the grand men and women who have gone before him? There + seem none left but you and Parker Pillsbury to pour out your souls' + dearest love in his memory. Would that I had the tongue of an angel + and could go and bear my testimony to the grandeur of that noblest + of God's works! I can think of no one who can rightly and fully + estimate that glorious character. What a sad hour for his beloved + wife! He said to me on my last visit: "My one wish has come to be + that I may live to bury Ann." He doubtless knew of his impending + disease of the heart. On whose shoulders will fall the mantle of + Wendell Phillips? When will the children of men ever listen to + such a matchless voice? How poor the world seems! In sorrow I am + with you. + +She could not stay away and, inclement as was the weather, went to +Boston three days later to look for the last time upon the loved face. + +At the request of many ladies in Washington the National Convention was +held in March, instead of earlier in the winter, to avoid the social +distractions which always precede the Lenten season. The ladies were +pleasantly received by President Arthur.[19] This was an exceptionally +brilliant convention, a noteworthy feature being the large number of +letters containing the greetings of the distinguished men and women of +Great Britain, whom Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton had met and interested +during their trip abroad. The following was read from Matthew Simpson, +senior bishop in the Methodist church, among his last public utterances, +as he died a few months later: + + For more than thirty years I have been in favor of suffrage for + woman. I was led to this position, not by the consideration of the + question of natural rights or of alleged injustice or of inequality + before the law, but by what I believed would be her influence on + the great moral questions of the day. Were the ballot in the hands + of women, I am satisfied that the evils of intemperance would be + greatly lessened; and I fear, without that ballot, we shall not + succeed against the saloons and kindred evils in large cities. You + will doubtless have many obstacles placed in your way; there will + be many conflicts to sustain; but I have no doubt that the coming + years will see the triumph of your cause, and that our higher + civilization and morality will rejoice in the work which + enlightened women will accomplish.[20] + +[Illustration: Autograph: "M. Simpson"] + +Both Senate and House committees granted hearings, and eloquent +addresses were made by delegates from many States. Miss Anthony said in +part: + + This is the fifteenth year we have appeared before Congress in + person, and the nineteenth by petitions, asking national protection + for women in the exercise of their right to vote. In the winter of + 1865 and 1866 we sent your honorable body a ten-thousand prayer, + asking you not to put "male" in the second section of the proposed + Fourteenth Amendment; and again we appealed to you by thousands of + petitions that you would add "sex" after "race or color" in the + Fifteenth, but all to no avail. Then by an eighty-thousand petition + in 1871 we demanded the enactment of a declaratory law that women + had the right to vote under the first section of the Fourteenth + Amendment. This, too, was denied us, not only by Congress but by + the Supreme Court, which held that the framers of the amendment had + only "colored men" in their thought, therefore none others could + come within its purview. From 1876 to the present we have from year + to year poured into Congress hundreds of thousands of petitions + asking you to take the initiative step for another amendment which + shall specifically prohibit the disfranchisement of women. + + But, you say, why do you not go to your several States to secure + this right? I answer, because we have neither the women nor the + money to make the canvasses of the thirty-eight States, school + district by school district, to educate each individual man out of + the old belief that woman was created to be his subject. Four State + legislatures submitted the question of striking "male" from their + constitutions--Kansas, Michigan, Colorado and Nebraska--and we made + the best canvass of each which was possible for a disfranchised + class outside of all political help. Negro suffrage was again and + again overwhelmingly voted down in various States; and you know, + gentlemen, that if the negro had never had the ballot until the + majority of white men, particularly the foreign born, had voted + "yes," he would have gone without it until the crack of doom. It + was because of this prejudice of the unthinking majority that + Congress submitted the question of the negro's enfranchisement to + the legislatures of the several States, to be adjudicated by the + educated, broadened representatives of the people. We now appeal to + you to lift the decision of _our_ question from the vote of the + populace to that of the legislatures, that thereby you may be as + considerate and just to the women of this nation as you were to the + freedmen. + + Every new privilege granted to woman has been by the legislatures. + The liberal laws for married women, the right of the wife to own + and control her inherited property and separate earnings, the right + of women to vote at school elections in a dozen States, full + suffrage in two Territories, all have been gained through the + legislatures. Had any one of these beneficent propositions been + submitted to the vote of the rank and file do you believe a + majority would have placed their sanction upon it? I do not; and I + beg you, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, that you will + at once recommend to the House the submission of the proposition + now before you, and thus place the decision of this great + constitutional question of the right of one-half the people of this + republic to a voice in the government, with the legislatures of the + several States. You need not fear that our enfranchisement will + come too suddenly or too soon by this method. After the proposition + shall have passed Congress by the requisite two-thirds vote, it may + require five, ten or twenty years to secure its ratification by the + necessary three-fourths of the State legislatures; but, _once + submitted by Congress, it always will stand until ratified by the + States_. + + It takes all too many of us women from our homes and from the works + of charity and education in our respective localities, even to come + to Washington, session after session, until Congress shall have + submitted the proposition, and then to go from legislature to + legislature, urging its adoption. But when you insist that we shall + beg at the feet of each individual voter of every one of the + States, native and foreign, black and white, learned and ignorant, + you doom us to incalculable hardships and sacrifices, and to most + exasperating insults and humiliations. I pray you to save us from + the fate of waiting and working for our freedom until we shall have + educated the ignorant masses of men to consent to give their wives + and sisters equality of rights with themselves. You surely will not + compel us to await the enlightenment of all the freedmen of this + nation and the newly-made voters from the monarchial governments of + the old world! + + Liberty for one's self is a natural instinct possessed alike by all + men, but to be willing to accord liberty to another is the result + of education, of self-discipline, of the practice of the golden + rule. Therefore we ask that the question of equality of rights to + women shall be decided by the picked men of the nation in Congress, + and the picked men of the several States in their respective + legislatures. + +The Senate committee again submitted a majority report in favor of a +Sixteenth Amendment enfranchising women, signed by T. W. Palmer, Blair, +Lapham and Anthony. The minority report, by Joseph E. Brown, Cockrell +and Fair, began: "The undersigned believe that the Creator intended that +the sphere of the males and females of our race should be different," +etc. + +The House Judiciary Committee gave a majority report in the +negative.[21] The minority report in favor was signed by Thomas B. Reed, +Maine; Ezra B. Taylor, Ohio; Thomas M. Browne, Indiana; Moses A. McCoid, +Iowa. It is one of the keenest, clearest expositions of the absurdity of +the objections against woman suffrage that ever has been made, and ends +with this trenchant paragraph: + + It is sometimes asserted that women now have a great influence in + politics through their husbands and brothers. That is undoubtedly + true. But this is just the kind of influence which is not wholesome + for the community, for it is influence unaccompanied by + responsibility. People are always ready to recommend to others + what they would not do themselves. If it be true that women can not + be prevented from exercising political influence, is not that only + another reason why they should be steadied in their political + action by that proper sense of responsibility which comes from + acting themselves? We conclude then, that every reason which in + this country bestows the ballot upon man is equally applicable to + the proposition to bestow the ballot upon woman, and in our + judgment there is no foundation for the fear that woman will + thereby become unfitted for all the duties she has hitherto + performed. + +Miss Anthony mailed 500 packages of copies of this report to different +points for distribution. Upon the urgent invitation of the suffrage +association of Connecticut she went there for a few days to assist at +their State convention, but in a letter to Mrs. Spofford she said: "I +shall return tomorrow night, if possible. I keep thinking of those men +at the Capitol not doing what I want them to." She afterwards wrote to +May Wright Sewall: + + My plan is to get away from here the minute I can do so without + letting our work suffer in Congress. A week ago the House Judiciary + Committee voted down a motion to print our "hearing" speeches. + Yesterday I went up and called out a Democrat who I knew had voted + "no," and hence could move to reconsider, and he promised to go + back and thus move, and did so, and Mr. Browne, of Indiana, asked + leave of the House to print them. I wish you would write to Mr. + Browne that he is splendid and our main help now in the committee. + Cockrell has been trying to prevent printing the Senate "hearing," + but Blair, Lapham, Palmer and Anthony are bound it shall be + printed. Still, all would fall flat and dead if some one were not + here to keep them in mind of their duty to us. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Yours &c, Thomas M. Browne"] + +Miss Anthony remained in Washington till April 14, managing her forces +like an experienced general until the last gun had been fired. When she +returned home ready to begin work on the History, she found to her +amazement that the officer who had been charged with preparing the +report of the Sixteenth National Suffrage Convention, a woman of great +literary ability, had given it up in despair, declaring that it would be +utterly impossible to make anything creditable out of such a mass of +unsatisfactory material, most of which would have to be entirely +re-written. Miss Anthony did not stop to sit down and weep, but wrote +her at once to send to Rochester every document she had in her +possession. Then, taking all of them to Mrs. Stanton, who had gone to +her old paternal home at Johnstown, they arranged, edited, re-wrote and +put into shape the conglomerate of letters, speeches, etc., and in less +than two weeks prepared and sent to the printer the most complete report +ever made of a National convention.[22] + +The middle of May, after two years' interruption, Miss Anthony and Mrs. +Stanton set themselves diligently to finish the third volume of the +History of Woman Suffrage, all the boxes and trunks of material having +been shipped from Tenafly. Although submerged in the avalanche of old +documents, Miss Anthony's mind was full of current events. She writes in +her journal June 2: "I wait with bated breath the news from Oregon, +where today the men are voting on the question of woman's +enfranchisement. My heart almost stands stills. I hope against hope, but +still I hope." When the news of the defeat comes, she says: "Dear Mrs. +Duniway, with all that debt left on her shoulders, which she assumed to +carry on the campaign! I felt so agonized for her that on the very day +of election I rushed to the bank and sent her $100. We must not leave +her to carry it alone, after all her brave work. I have written a dozen +letters to friends asking them to give her assistance. I feel like a +lion champing the bars of his cage, shut up here digging and delving +among the records of the past when I long to be out doing the work of +the present." In a letter received from Senator Palmer at this time he +says: + + I fully sympathize with your regret and chagrin over the reverse in + Oregon but hardly with your conclusion, viz., that "the women + should stop asking legislatures to submit this question to the + electors, to have it killed by the majority, made up of ignorance + and whiskey, native and foreign, and all go to Congress for + success," etc. It seems to me that nothing is to be lost and much + to be gained by local discussions and temporary defeats. You know + in 1850 Webster, in his unfortunate Revere House speech, + stigmatized the anti-slavery movement as "a rub-a-dub agitation," + and Wendell Phillips closed his masterly philippic thereon with + what was accepted as a motto: Agitate! Agitate!! Agitate!!! Another + decade of that rub-a-dub agitation sufficed to divide the continent + in a political earthquake and from out the chasm the negro emerged + to citizenship. It may still require years to educate a majority of + our women to demand the franchise and a majority of our men or + their representatives in Congress and the legislatures, to proclaim + it, but that the way leads through constant agitation I make no + doubt. The still pool casts nothing to shore. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "With high personal esteem I have the honor to +be, Very truly yours, T W Palmer"] + +She watches events across the water and writes on July 7: "Well, the +House of Lords is today discussing whether 2,000,000 farm laborers shall +have the ballot placed in their hands, while the half-million, more or +less, women who employ them are left without it. What an outrage that +Mr. Gladstone refused to allow Mr. Woodall's amendment to his bill to be +at least voted upon! He applied the party whip and made voting for the +woman suffrage amendment disloyalty to the government, and over one +hundred Liberals, who had previously declared themselves in favor of +women's sharing in this new extension of the franchise, voted against +allowing them to do so. I do not believe a more humiliating abnegation +of principle at the behest of a party leader ever was witnessed in our +Congress." + +The national political conventions in the summer of 1884 received the +usual appeal to recognize the claims of women. The Republican, +Democratic, Anti-Monopoly and Greenback parties equivocated, although +the last two nominated Benjamin F. Butler, an avowed advocate of woman +suffrage; the Prohibition convention relegated the question to the +States[23]. The American party put in a plank and nominated S. C. +Pomeroy, a champion of woman suffrage, but it had too small a following +to offer any hope of success. Blaine was not a friend, Logan was an +earnest one; Cleveland was not acceptable to many women, Hendricks had +never shown himself favorable. In the midst of such a conglomeration the +wise thing for all women would have been to remain non-partisan and take +no share in the campaign. Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton, however, +watching events from their secluded nook, issued a manifesto urging +women to stand by the Republican party. They were led to take this +action by the tendency of large numbers to rush to the support of the +Prohibitionists, because of their suffrage plank; and they believed that +if women were determined to work for some political party, the +Republican at that time held out most hope. This aroused the antagonism +of the Prohibitionists and Democrats, both men and women, and afforded +the strongest possible object lesson to Miss Anthony of the wisdom of +henceforth adhering to her policy of non-partisanship until one of the +_dominant_ parties should declare unmistakably for woman suffrage and +advocate it by means of press and platform. + +In August occurred the death of Sarah Pugh, the gentle Quaker and +staunch Abolitionist, her old and faithful friend. It was followed by +that of Frances D. Gage a few months later; and in December passed away +the true and helpful ally, William Henry Channing. Each left a void in +her heart, and yet the memory of these great souls impelled to renewed +effort. There was no cessation of the work on the History, which was +slowly evolved through the heat of summer and the beautiful days of +early autumn, but by the end of October the funds were exhausted, the +money left by Mrs. Eddy was still in litigation, and Miss Anthony again +went on the lecture platform, speaking almost every night through +November and December. + +She did not fail, however, to look carefully after the interests of the +Seventeenth National Convention which met as usual in Washington, +January 20, 1885. A letter from Clarina Howard Nichols was sent to be +read at this meeting, but the hand which penned it was stilled in death +before it was received. Of all the pioneer workers with whom Miss +Anthony had been associated in the early days so full of scorn, ridicule +and abuse, Mrs. Nichols was among the nearest and dearest, a forceful +speaker and writer, a tender, loving woman. It was in this convention +that the resolution denouncing dogmas and creeds was introduced by Mrs. +Stanton, and caused much commotion and heated argument. Miss Anthony +opposed it, saying: + + I object to the words "derived from Judaism." It does not matter + where the dogma came from. I was on the old Garrison platform, and + found long ago that the settling of any question of human rights by + people's interpretation of the Bible is utterly impossible. I hope + we shall not go back to that war. We all know what we want, and + that is the recognition of woman's perfect equality. We all admit + that such recognition never has been granted in the centuries of + the past; but for us to begin a discussion here as to who + established this injustice would be anything but profitable. Let + those who wish go back into their history, but I beg it shall not + be done on our platform.[24] + +The public, which always longed for a sensation at these suffrage +conventions and was disappointed if it did not come, seized upon this +resolution, and press and pulpit made it a text. The following Sunday W. +W. Patton, D. D., president of Howard University, preached in the +Congregational church of Washington a sermon entitled, "Woman and +Skepticism." He took the ground that as soon as women depart from their +natural sphere they become skeptical if not immoral. He gave as examples +Hypatia, Madame Roland, Harriet Martineau, Frances Power Cobbe and +George Eliot! Then turning his attention to America he said that "the +recent convention of woman suffragists gave evidence of atheism and +immorality," and that "Victoria Woodhull was the representative of the +movement in this country"[25]. And this when Mrs. Woodhull had not been +on the suffrage platform for thirteen years! Miss Anthony and Mrs. +Stanton occupied front seats and at the close of the sermon went +forward, shook hands with the preacher and Miss Anthony remarked +earnestly: "Doctor, your mother, if you have one, should lay you across +her knee and give you a good spanking for that sermon." "O, no," said +Mrs. Stanton quickly, "allow me to congratulate you. I have been trying +for years to make women understand that the worst enemy they have is in +the pulpit, and you have illustrated the truth of it." Then, while the +great divine was trying to recover his breath, they walked out of the +church. The nine days' commotion which this produced can be imagined +better than described. After some reflection Miss Anthony regretted that +she should have been provoked into her remark, but Mrs. Stanton wrote: +"Don't worry a moment. The more I think about it, the better I like it, +because it was the most contemptuous thing which could have been said. +Like that shot at Lexington, it will go round the world." + +On February 6, Thomas W. Palmer called up in the Senate the resolution +for a Sixteenth Amendment and supported it by that masterly speech which +ever since has been one of the strongest suffrage campaign documents. +At the request of Miss Anthony thousands of copies were sent out under +his frank. She went from Washington to Boston to attend a meeting of the +National branch of the Massachusetts association, and soon afterwards, +on March 2, started for the New Orleans Exposition. She was warmly +welcomed by Mrs. Caroline E. Merrick, wife of Judge E. T. Merrick, at +whose lovely home she was entertained during part of her stay. It was +her first visit to the Crescent City and she was soon deluged with +invitations to speak and received many charming tokens of the +justly-famed southern hospitality. + +She spoke before the Woman's Club in the hall of the Continental Guards, +with May Wright Sewall, representative from Indiana; gave seven +addresses, in as many days, before schools and colleges and, by +invitation of the Press Association, spoke in Agricultural Hall at the +exposition and visited the headquarters of the different papers. The +next day, by request of Commissioner Truman, she gave an address and +held a reception at the New York headquarters. Her last appearance was +at Tulane Hall under the auspices of the teachers of the city schools. +She was everywhere beautifully received, although her doctrines were new +and unpopular, and at the close of each meeting her audience crowded +about her with words of appreciation and cordiality. Miss Anthony here +met for the first time "Catherine Cole," of the editorial staff, and +Mrs. Eliza J. Nicholson, owner and manager of the Picayune. The latter +presented her with an Indian basket filled to overflowing with orange +blossoms, and this tribute was paid in her paper: + + THE APOSTLE OF WOMAN'S RIGHTS.--Miss Susan B. Anthony has made a + most favorable impression upon the New Orleans public, and has by + her gentleness and courtesy won many friends for herself and her + cause. She came here a total stranger, and recognized the fact that + there were many who did not approve of her or her doctrines. She + has been sincere, truly polite and simply womanly in all her + dealings with the southern people, and by these very qualities has + commanded the respectful esteem of all. Miss Anthony has not + striven to make herself "solid" with the people who give the best + dinners.... The workingwoman, the unfashionable woman, have been + made as heartily welcome as the leader of society; and for their + appreciation they have been repaid by the friendship and esteem of + one of the grandest old maids that ever lived. + +The Times-Democrat and Daily States also gave full and favorable reports +of her visit and lectures. The two weeks allowed for this holiday sped +quickly away and Miss Anthony left for the North on March 20, laden with +luncheon, flowers and many tokens of affection from the women of New +Orleans. At Marshall, Tex., she dined with President and Mrs. Culver, of +Bishops' University, and reached St. Louis Sunday evening, where she was +the guest of her nephew, Arthur A. Mosher, and his wife. The next four +or five weeks were spent in the lecture field at hard work, under the +management of the Slayton Bureau. In answer to her letter of regret at +not meeting Mrs. J. Ellen Foster at an Iowa convention, as she had +requested, Mrs. Foster wrote: "I was sorry enough not to see you but I +gave the people your message in the evening. Dear soul, how long you +have stood for the truth delivered unto you! God bless your words and +works. I do not see creeds and dogmas just as you see them, I do not +believe in all that you do, but I believe in you!" + +The last of April came the long-expected summons to Boston to receive +the legacy of Mrs. Eddy, the courts having sustained the will. While +eastward bound, crossing the State of Illinois, newspapers were brought +on the train announcing the death of Grant, and she writes: "The weather +is lovely and springlike today, but how still and solemn it seems out +here on these broad prairies with that great general gone forever!" The +case had been in litigation three years, Benjamin F. Butler appearing +for Miss Anthony and Lucy Stone. His fees were very reasonable but +several thousand dollars were swallowed up in the suit. The legacy, in +first-class securities, stocks, bonds, etc., was paid April 27, each +receiving $24,125.[26] Miss Anthony gives an amusing account, in one of +her letters, of the awful nightmare she had on board the sleeper going +home, when she dreamed that a woman was at the head of her berth +stifling her while a man knelt in front, his hand cautiously creeping +toward the inside pocket where she had sewed the money and bonds. She +awoke with a scream and did not go to sleep again. + +If this bequest had been left to Miss Anthony for her own personal use, +she could not have felt one-half the joy she now experienced in having +the means to carry on the work which always had been so seriously +impeded for lack of funds. Of course its receipt was heralded far and +wide by the papers, and appeals began to pour in from all sides, nor +were they always appeals, but often demands. Scores of women considered +themselves entitled to a share because the money had been left to +further the cause of woman. One wanted it to help lift a mortgage on her +home, others to educate their children, to pay a debt, to reward them +for the valuable services they had given to woman suffrage, to start a +paper, to carry one already started, and so on without end. The men also +were willing to relieve her of a portion. "I am terribly oppressed by it +all," Miss Anthony writes, "and nothing would make me happier than to +respond to every one, but my money would melt away in a month." It was +ludicrous and yet pitiful to see certain persons who had repudiated her +in days gone by because she was too radical and too aggressive, +discovering all at once how much they always had valued her and how +anxious they had been for a long time to renew the old friendship--the +common story, ancient as the world. + +The one thing she was determined to do first of all was to complete the +History of Woman Suffrage, upon which she and Mrs. Stanton had spent all +the days that could be spared for nearly ten years. The work had been +delayed by the many other demands upon their time, by their trips +abroad, but more than all else by lack of money. The authors were to pay +for composition, stereotyping, the making of the plates for the +engravings and the printing of the same; Fowler & Wells for the paper, +press-work, binding and advertising. Miss Anthony and her co-workers +were to receive only 12-1/2 per cent. commission on the sales. It +readily may be seen that she did not go into this as a money-making +scheme. Her only thought, her only desire, was to collect the facts in +connection with the movement to secure the rights of women, before they +should be scattered and lost, and to preserve and put them into shape +for reference. + +In preparing the first two volumes she had used every dollar she had +been able to earn and all she could obtain from generous friends, and +there were still large unpaid bills. Now, with plenty of money at her +command, she bought out the rights of Fowler & Wells, and engaged +Charles Mann, of Rochester, to print the third volume. Mrs. Stanton had +returned to Tenafly, and there Miss Anthony again sent all the trunks +and boxes of precious documents. She completed her lecture engagements +and the first of June, 1885, found the two women once more hard at work. + +"I really think of you with pity these hot midsummer days," wrote Mrs. +Sewall to Mrs. Stanton, "under the lash of blessed Susan's relentless +energy; but the reflection that she applies it with the most vigor to +her own back enables one to regard that instrument, after all, with more +admiration than terror." It was indeed true that Mrs. Stanton's luxury +and ease-loving nature required much urging,[27] and while Miss Anthony +took upon herself all the drudgery possible and all the financial +anxiety and burden, she was compelled to keep Mrs. Stanton keyed up to +do a great portion of the literary work. "It is the one drawback at +every turn," she writes, "that I have not the faculty to frame easy, +polished sentences. If I could but do this, I would finish up the +History without asking aid of anyone." And again: "It has been the bane +of my life that I am powerless to put on paper the glimpses of thoughts +which come and go like flashes of lightning." As has been said before in +these pages, she is a perfect critic and delightful letter-writer, but +finds difficulty in doing what is called "literary work." Practice +undoubtedly would have enabled her to overcome this, but she felt +always that her chief strength lay in executive ability. + +[Illustration: MISS ANTHONY AND MRS. STANTON. + +WRITING THE HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE.] + +Early in June Miss Anthony slipped away from the work long enough to go +to the Progressive Friends' meeting at Kennett Square, Penn., where she +was the guest of Deborah Pennock and met, for the first time, Sarah J. +Eddy. In her diary she says: "Last evening as I sat on the sofa Miss +Eddy put her arms around me and said, 'I am so glad I love you; I should +have felt very sorry if I had not.' And so should I, for the sake of her +dear mother and grandfather, who had so much confidence in me." The two +went on to New York together and then over to Mrs. Stanton's for a +little visit, and the friendship formed at that time has been maintained +ever since. Later when Miss Eddy was going to Rochester to a convention, +Miss Anthony wrote Mrs. Hallowell: "I am sure you would be glad to +entertain her; she is a sweet, lovely little woman; thoroughly +sympathizing with everything and everybody that suffers injustice. I am +very sorry that sister Mary and I must be away and can not have the dear +girl with us." + +Miss Anthony experienced a great disadvantage in being so far away from +her publisher, the more especially as she had to send a chapter at a +time, read proofs of each as soon as it was set up, send back corrected +proof, get the revises, etc., and she soon found it necessary to spend +about half her time in Rochester. The women who were preparing the +chapters for their respective States delayed the work, neglecting to +send them when promised; many occupied twice as much space as had been +assigned them and were highly indignant when Mrs. Stanton used the blue +pencil unsparingly on their productions. They vented their feelings on +Miss Anthony, knowing that nothing they could say would ruffle Mrs. +Stanton's equipoise, and she writes in her diary: "To decide between the +two has almost torn me in twain. People who can write are so tenacious, +each thinking her own style better than any other, while poor I don't +know which is the best." + +Every few weeks she was obliged to rush over to Fayetteville to confer +with Mrs. Gage, who was industriously preparing her part of the work. +Urgent appeals came from women in Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Kansas +and Indiana that they could not possibly make a success of their State +conventions unless she came to their assistance, but she steeled her +heart against them and stuck closely to her task. From the lecture +bureau came a list of ten engagements at $50 a night, but she refused +them. Some of the expressions in her letters of those busy days show the +state of her mind better than could volumes of description: + + All the work of today put aside to grope into the old past. I feel + like rushing to you this very minute, but here Mrs. Stanton and I + are, scratching, scratching every hour, not each other's eyes but + the History papers. I am a fish out of water.... It makes me feel + growly all the time.... I can not get away from my ball and + chain.... I think we'll make things snap and crackle a little.... + This is the biggest swamp I ever tried to wriggle through.... We'll + both put on our thinking caps and I guess get quite a lot of + funnies in the reminiscences.... Now here is the publisher's + screech for money.... O, to get out of this History prison!... I am + too tired to write--I mean too lazy.... No warhorse ever panted for + the rush of battle more than I for outside work. I love to make + history but hate to write it. + +On November 12 Mrs. Stanton's seventieth birthday was celebrated by a +large reception held in the parlors of Dr. Lozier in New York, where +Mrs. Stanton read a charming paper on "The Pleasures of Old Age." Her +daughter, Harriot Stanton Blatch, sent the following bright and breezy +message: + + ... How I wish I could give my congratulations in the flesh! + Distance is the foe of love. Kiss dear Susan and let her kiss you + for me. On November 12 I shall think of you both, for you two are + not easily separated in my mind, and there will be a tenderness in + my thoughts and a thankfulness that you both have lived. In your + worries over the History, remember that at least one woman + appreciates the fact that her life has been made easier because of + your combined public work. You ought to be overflowing with + gratitude for each other's existence, for neither without the other + would have achieved the work you have accomplished. Every day of + your lives let your hearts praise the good fortune that brought you + together. Friendship is the grandest relation in the world, and I + feel infinitely blessed in having two such women as friends. You + and dear Susan are not yet to be sainted; you have no end of work + in you still, and must labor on for many a long year, and gain many + a triumphant victory. I throw up my cap and cry hurrah for you two + grand old warriors! The curl is from Nora's little head. She shall + be taught to reverence her Queen Mother and Maid of Honor Susan. + Now farewell, dear ladies; I am wishing you on birthdays and every + day a long and happy life. + +The next morning came the cablegram announcing the sudden death in +Switzerland of the mother of Julia and Rachel Foster. Miss Anthony +dropped all work when the sisters arrived at New York, went with them to +Philadelphia and rendered every possible consolation and assistance. But +not even to go to Washington to push the work in Congress and arrange +for the National Convention would she delay the task she was so anxious +to finish. She wrote scores of letters, however, in regard to both, and +the congressmen particularly had reason to feel that she had not +forgotten their promises. Her long and persistent labors were rewarded, +for the close of 1885 found the whole third volume of the History in the +hands of the printers. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[19] An official request was sent to the heads of the departments to +permit the women employes to attend one session of this convention but +it was refused. A few days later permission was given them to go to Mrs. +McElroy's reception at the White House, and the male employes were given +a half-holiday to attend the exercises on St. Patrick's Day. + +[20] The Methodist bishops Bowman, Warren, Newman, Haven, Turner and +Walters have favored woman suffrage. + +[21] Signed by Maybury, Michigan; Poland, Vermont; Tucker, Virginia; +Hammond, Georgia; Culbertson, Texas; Moulton, Illinois; Broadhead, +Missouri; Dorsheimer, New York; Collins, Massachusetts; Seney, Ohio; +Bisbee, Florida. + +[22] Miss Anthony's letters show how desirous she was that everybody who +assisted at these conventions should have full measure of credit: "They +are earnest and anxious to do for woman's cause and I want them treated +fairly and leniently as to all mistakes." Again she writes: "Since +Oregon was never before represented in our conventions, her speakers +must have more room in the report than we old stagers." + +[23] When Miss Anthony learned that this action had been taken with the +sanction of Frances E. Willard, she pointed out to her in vigorous +language how the Prohibition-Republicans had left that party this year +because a temperance resolution had failed in the platform committee and +had gone over to the Prohibition party, charging that the Republicans +were cowardly. Yet the very first act of this Prohibition convention, to +which Miss Willard was a delegate, was to abandon the idea of National +Supremacy and accept that of State Rights in order to conciliate the +southern members. She further said: "When the time comes in which it +will be political expediency for the Prohibition party to throw woman +suffrage overboard altogether, over it will go." Miss Willard lived to +see this prophecy fulfilled at the National Prohibition Convention of +1896. + +[24] Apropos of this discussion, an amusing anecdote is related of Miss +Anthony. When confronted, in an argument, with the passage of scripture, +"Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands," etc., she replied: +"Gentlemen, no one objects to the husband being the head of the wife as +Christ was the head of the church--to crucify himself; what we object to +is his crucifying his wife." + +[25] This account of the sermon is taken from the reports of half a +dozen reputable newspapers. + +[26] This is the only instance where a woman has bequeathed a large +amount of money to the cause of equal rights, although a number of small +bequests have been made. Women have given millions of dollars to +churches, charities, and colleges for men but comparatively nothing to +secure freedom for those of their own sex. + +[27] In one of Miss Anthony's letters she relates with amusement that +Mr. Stanton had just come in and, seeing his wife lying on the couch, +remarked, "Ah, resting, I see." "No," she replied, "I am exercising by +lying down." + + + + +CHAPTER XXXIV. + +MANY TRIPS--FIRST VOTE ON SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT. + +1886-1887. + + +Miss Anthony started for Washington toward the last of January, 1886, +with a lighter heart than she had possessed for many years. The dreadful +burden of the labor on the History was lifted, all the bills were paid, +she had given a helping hand to several of the old workers, which made +her very happy, and she had one or two good dresses in her trunk. There +was nothing which the paragrapher who hated what Miss Anthony +represented, liked so well as to make disagreeable flings at her +clothes, and yet it is an indisputable fact of history that she was one +of the most perfectly dressed women on the platform, although her tastes +were very plain and simple. A lady once wrote her asking if it would not +be possible to make the suffrage conventions a little more ćsthetic, +they were so painfully practical. She sent the letter to Mrs. Stanton, +who commented: "Well now, perhaps if we could paint injustice in +delicate tints set in a framework of poetical argument, we might more +easily entrap the Senator Edmunds and Oscar Wilde types of Adam's sons. +Suppose at our next convention all of us dress in pale green, have a +faint and subdued gaslight with pink shades, write our speeches in verse +and chant them to a guitar accompaniment. Ah me! alas! how can we reform +the world ćsthetically?" + +The members of Congress always knew when Miss Anthony had arrived in +Washington. Other women accepted their word that they were going to do +something, and waited patiently at home. Miss Anthony followed them up +and saw that they did it. If she could not find them at the Capitol, +she went to their homes. If they promised to introduce a certain measure +on a certain day, she was in the gallery looking them squarely in the +face. If they failed to do it, they found her waiting for them at the +close of the session. Senator Blair wrote this humorous note January 15: +"I thought just as likely as not you would come fussing round before I +got your amendment reported to the Senate. I wish you would go home. +Cockrell has agreed to let me know soon whether he won't allow the +report to be made right off without any bother, and I have been to him +several times before. I don't see what you want to meddle for, anyway. +Go off and get married!" + +[Illustration: Autograph: "I hope you will live always in this world. +Heaven has got more than it's share of good people already. Sincerely & +Respectfully, Henry W. Blair."] + +Miss Anthony has been directly connected with every action taken by +Congress or by any congressional committee on the question of woman +suffrage. There are on file among her papers hundreds of letters from +members during the past thirty years, showing her energy and persistence +in compelling attention to this subject, in learning who were its +friends, in attempting to convert the doubters and in spurring the +believers to effort. This is something for the women of the future to +remember. + +The Eighteenth Annual Convention opened February 17. Prominent features +were a fine address by Rev. Rush R. Shippen, of All Souls church, and +the first appearance on the platform of Mary F. Eastman, Ada C. Sweet, +the pension agent, the eloquent southern speakers, Mrs. Elizabeth A. +Meriwether and Mrs. Sallie Clay Bennett, and the talented German, Madame +Clara Neymann. Among many letters was one from George W. Childs to Miss +Anthony, saying: "I am always glad to hear from you and I keep track of +your continued good work. Do not be discouraged. I take pleasure in +sending the enclosed check ($100) with my sincere regards and very best +wishes." + +The crowds were so great that policemen had to be stationed at the door +to prevent late comers from trying to enter during the evening sessions. +The resolutions scored the bill before Congress proposing to +disfranchise all Utah women, both Gentile and Mormon, to punish the +crime of polygamy. The usual hearing was granted before the +congressional committees. The fight for woman suffrage in the +Forty-ninth Congress was conducted by Ezra B. Taylor, of Ohio, who +prepared the favorable minority report of the House Judiciary Committee. +The adverse majority report was signed by John Randolph Tucker, of +Virginia. + +On March 25 "the general" slipped up to New York City, to assist her +forces at the State convention, and then hastened back to Washington to +direct the main line of attack. The diary says: + + March 30.--Went to House of Representatives, saw Messrs. Tucker and + Taylor of judiciary committee; both promised to report soon. Then + went to Senate, saw Messrs. Blair, Stanford and Bowen; all agreed + to work to bring up our bill by May 1. In the evening took a cab + and went in a pouring rain to Senator Stanford's, where I spent an + hour. How keen and true are his perceptions in regard to public + questions! + + March 31.--Pouring rain, dark and muggy. I went to the Senate; sat + with Mrs. Dolph and Mrs. Stanford; heard Senator Dolph's fine + speech on the admission of Washington Territory as a State and his + splendid word for woman suffrage. Mrs. Dolph took me home in her + carriage. + + April 1.--Went to the Senate again to secure pledges for votes and + speeches for the Sixteenth Amendment Bill. Got Senator Dolph's + strongest paragraphs, and at 8 P. M. went to the top floor of the + Associated Press rooms and gave them to Mr. Boynton, who sent them + over the wires. + + April 9.--The United States Senate today voted down Eustis' motion + to refuse to admit Washington Territory unless the woman suffrage + clause were eliminated from its constitution, 25 to 12. Senator + Ingalls was the only Republican who voted with the enemy. + +A few days later Miss Anthony received the following from Mrs. Caroline +E. Merrick, of New Orleans: "... I feel defrauded that I never knew you +until last year. Judge Merrick says you are the most sensible person he +ever met (without any sex qualifications, of course). Like you, I was +indignant at Mr. Eustis in regard to his course toward Washington +Territory. I was ashamed and blushed for my Louisiana senator that time. +Thanks for your sympathy in my illness. When my head lies low I pray +that you may find another and even better friend in my State, who will +come to the front in the cause of equal rights for women." An extract +from a letter of Rev. Olympia Brown to Mrs. Stanton shows how much the +old workers as well as the young depended upon Miss Anthony: "I wish to +inquire what has become of Susan? You know she is my North Star. I take +all my bearings from her, and when I lose sight of her I wander +helplessly, uncertain of my course." + +The diary of April 30 says: "Heard Phoebe Couzins had been taken to Hot +Springs, terribly crippled with rheumatism. Wrote her at once and +enclosed $100, telling her I wanted it used to provide delicacies and +make her comfortable. I have thought it would be Phoebe whom I should +take with me on my southern tour next year, but I fear her work is +done." + +[Illustration: Caroline E. Merrick (Signed: "I am thine ever faithfully +and affectionately Caroline E. Merrick")] + +By the middle of May, 1886, the last bit of History proof was read, and +unlimited leave of absence was granted Miss Anthony by her publisher, +while the indexer and binder completed the work which was begun in 1876. +On the 19th she started for Kansas, stopping for the usual visit in +Chicago with her cousins. In Kansas she visited her brothers at +Leavenworth and Fort Scott for nearly two months, making an +occasional speech. On the morning of July 4, under the auspices of +the W. C. T. U., she addressed a large audience at Salina on, "The +powerlessness of woman so long as she is dependent on man for bread." In +the hot afternoon, as she was about to enjoy a nap, word came that a +hundred people had united in a request that she should speak again, as +they had come from ten to twenty miles on purpose to hear her; so she +returned to the grove, and Mrs. Griffith, State evangelist, kindly +yielded her hour. On July 11 Miss Anthony went again to Chicago, and on +the 14th spoke at Lake Bluff Camp Meeting, which was under the +management of Frances E. Willard. She then visited the summer homes of +her cousins and of Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, at Lake Geneva. On this +trip she was accompanied by her dearly-loved niece, Susie B., who went +with her to Rochester and spent the summer. The diary briefly records: + + September 28.--Left Chicago at noon and lunched with Miss Willard + at Rest Cottage, Evanston. Her mother bright and charming at + eighty-two, and Anna Gordon sweet as ever. It was very good to see + Miss Willard under her own roof. Reached Racine in time for the + State convention, was met by a delegation of ladies and taken to + the home of Martha Parker Dingee, niece of the great Theodore + Parker, a lovely woman. Fine audiences. + + October 2.--Reached St. Louis at 8 A. M. As I was looking for my + trunk I heard some one cry out, "Is that you, Susan?" and there + were Phoebe Couzins and her father. I had made my trip that way for + the special purpose of seeing her, expecting to find her confined + to the house; so I went home and breakfasted with them. + + October 4.--Reached Leavenworth and found Mrs. Colby and Mrs. Saxon + ready to begin the campaign for arousing public sentiment to demand + a bill from the next legislature to secure Municipal suffrage for + women. Dr. Ruth M. Wood is the mainspring of the movement here. + +This series of conventions was held in the congressional districts from +October 5 to November 3, Mrs. Laura M. Johns, manager, assisted by Mrs. +Anna C. Wait, president of the State Association, and by a number of +capable and energetic Kansas women at each place visited. Under date of +October 11, Miss Anthony wrote to eastern friends: "We are having the +loveliest weather you ever dreamed of and the most magnificent +audiences--no church or hall holding them. If our legislators, State or +national, could only see these gatherings and look into the earnest +faces of these people, coming so many miles in wagons to see and hear +and get fresh courage, they would surely answer our demands by something +else than silence." The press corroborated this description and the +following special dispatch may be taken as a fair specimen: + + The seventh district convention, the third of the series, has just + closed in Lincoln, and was a beautiful ovation to Miss Anthony. + Crowded houses greeted her--every available foot of space filled + with chairs, window-sills utilized for seats, and conveyances drawn + up outside of windows and filled with listeners. People came + thirty, forty and fifty miles in buggies and wagons to shake hands + with the pioneer suffragist. Grizzly-headed opposers succumbed to + Miss Anthony's logic and came up to grasp her hand and say God + bless her, and proved the depth of their fervor by generous + financial aid to the cause she so ably represents. It is seldom + that the beginner of a great reform lives to see such fruitage of + her labors as does she. People often descant upon the indifference + of women to the question of their own enfranchisement and to + political matters generally; but there is serious doubt of greater + interest ever having been shown by men in political meetings than + women exhibit in these conventions.... + + On the evening of the second day the house was so densely packed + that a messenger for a glass of water had to go out through a + window. But in spite of all discomfort and the many standing, the + audience maintained perfect order and gave the utmost attention + throughout Miss Anthony's speech of two hours. Learning that she + would remain in Lincoln over Sunday the people importuned her to + speak that afternoon in the Presbyterian church, which she did to a + large audience. + +The diary relates: "A mother brought her four-weeks-old girl baby +twenty-five miles in a carriage, so she might tell it, when grown, that +Susan B. Anthony had taken it in her arms. 'And the trip has not hurt +baby a particle,' she said brightly." And again it tells, with a good +deal of gusto, that one Baptist minister was determined the suffrage +speakers should not have his church and only yielded after several of +the richest pew-holders declared they never would pay another dollar +towards his salary if he did not. He then made his appearance at the +meeting, opened it with his blessing and closed it with his benediction! +Miss Anthony was not always able to speak to her own satisfaction. At +Salina she lectured for the Y. M. C. A. and writes: "I went to the +opera house and found a fine audience. Tried to give 'Moral Influence +vs. Political Power,' but the spirit wouldn't soar; its wings flapped on +the earth perpetually for the whole hour. I took my $25 from the +treasurer and went home with a heavy heart. It is beyond my knowledge +why, after speaking every day for a whole week, freely and decently, my +wits should desert me and my tongue be tied just at the time when I am +most anxious to do my best." + +Two days' meetings were held at Abilene, Florence, Hutchinson, Wichita, +Anthony, Winfield, Independence, Lawrence and Fort Scott. The speakers +were entertained by prominent families, suffrage societies were formed +at each place, the vast majority of public sentiment seemed favorable, +and the collections paid all the expenses of the conventions. + +In November and December a number of other speakers made a canvass of +the State, and the following winter the legislature passed a bill +conferring Municipal suffrage upon the women of Kansas. The bill was +introduced in the Senate by R. W. Blue (Rep.) of Linn county; and in the +House by T. T. Taylor (Rep.) of Reno county. It passed the Senate, 25 +ayes, all Republicans; 13 noes, 10 Republicans and 3 Democrats; in the +House 90 ayes, 84 Republicans and 6 Democrats; 21 noes, 5 Republicans +and 16 Democrats. The bill was signed by Governor John A. Martin, +February 15, 1887; and under its provisions women in that State have +voted ever since at Municipal elections.[28] + +Without a day's rest, Miss Anthony went direct from Kansas to Sandwich, +Ill., to attend the State convention. After three days there and a +Sunday in Chicago, Monday, November 8, found her at Racine, Wis., ready +to begin a tour of conventions in every congressional district. That +evening a reception was given her by Hon. and Mrs. M. B. Erskine, and +the hospitality of their handsome home was offered for every day which +she could spend in the city. + +With Mrs. Colby and Rev. Olympia Brown, assisted by local speakers, +meetings were held at Waukesha, Ripon, Oshkosh, Green Bay, Grand Rapids, +Eau Claire, LaCrosse, Evansville, Milwaukee and Madison. At the last +place the ladies spoke in the Senate chamber of the State House to an +audience containing a number of dignitaries, among them President +Bascom, of the State University, and his wife, who from this time were +Miss Anthony's steadfast friends. Mrs. Colby gives a graphic description +of Miss Anthony's sudden outburst here, when several members had +exasperated her by their remarks, which closes: "I was writing at the +secretary's desk and as I looked up I realized the full grandeur of the +scene. It was woman standing at the bar of the nation, pleading for the +recognition of her citizenship. Miss Anthony seemed positively Titanic +as she leaned far over from the speaker's desk. Her tone and manner were +superb, and the vast and sympathetic audience caught the electric +thrill...." In this city she was the guest of an old schoolmate, +Elizabeth Ford Proudfit. The meetings closed December 3, and Miss +Anthony wrote Mrs. Spofford: + + I intend now to make straight for Washington without a stop. I + shall come both ragged and dirty. Think of two solid months of + conventions, speaking every night! Don't worry about me. I was + never better or more full of hope and good work. Though the apparel + will be tattered and torn, the mind, the essence of me, is sound to + the core. Please tell the little milliner to have a bonnet picked + out for me, and get a dressmaker who will patch me together so I + shall be presentable. Now for the Washington convention: Before + settling upon the Universalist church, you would better pocket the + insults and refusals of the Congregational church powers that be + and send your most lovely and winning girls to ask for that. If you + can't get it or the Metropolitan or the Foundry or the New York + Avenue or any large and popular church, why take the Universalist, + and then tell the saints of the fashionable churches that we dwell + there because they refused us admission to their holy sanctuaries. + Don't let us go into the heterodox houses, much as I love them, + except because we are driven away from the orthodox. + +In December the third volume of the History of Woman Suffrage at last +was ready for the public, another book of nearly 1,000 pages. It +completed the story up to 1884, and like its predecessors was cordially +received by the press. The money swallowed up by this work hardly will +be credited. Mrs. Stanton not being able or willing to revise the last +volume until it was put into proof slips, and then making extensive +changes, the cost for re-setting type was over $900. The fifty fine +steel engravings and the prints made from them cost over $6,000. For +proof reading $500 was paid, and for indexing, $250. Mrs. Stanton and +Mrs. Gage, seeing that there never would be any profits from the books +and that Miss Anthony proposed to give most of them away, sold out their +rights to her, the former for $2,000 and the latter for $1,000. She +also, as has been stated, bought out the interest of Fowler & Wells. +When the first edition of the three mammoth volumes finally came into +her sole possession, they represented an outlay on her part of $20,000. + +While there were many criticisms from certain quarters as to various +errors and so-called misstatements, and many threats to write a history +which should be free from all imperfections, the fact remains that, +although fifty years have passed since the inception of the great +movement to secure equal rights for women, there never has been another +attempt to preserve the story. But for Miss Anthony's careful collecting +and saving of newspaper accounts, manuscripts of speeches, published +reports and the correspondence of half a century, her persistent and +determined effort for ten years to have them put into readable shape, +and Mrs. Stanton's fine ability to do it, the student never would have +been able to trace the evolution of woman from a chattel in the eye of +the law to a citizen with legal and social rights very nearly equal to +those of man. While there is necessarily some repetition, so long a time +elapsing between the writing of the different volumes, and perhaps a +little prolixity, there is not a dull page in the whole work and the +reader will find it difficult to reach a place where she is willing to +stop. It contains a resumé of early conditions; the persecutions endured +by the pioneers in the struggle for freedom; the progress in each +separate State, and in foreign countries; the action taken by different +legislatures and congresses; the grand arguments made for equal rights; +the position of woman in church and State. Into whatever library the +student may go seeking information upon this question, it is to these +volumes he must look to find it in collected and connected form. If Miss +Anthony had done no other work but to produce this History, she would +deserve a prominent place on the list of immortal names. + +It was necessary to put so high a price upon it, $15 a set in cloth and +$19.50 in leather binding, as to make a large sale impossible. Miss +Anthony did not undertake it as a money-making scheme, and when the +receipt of Mrs. Eddy's bequest enabled her to discharge all indebtedness +connected with it, she felt herself at liberty to use it as a most +valuable means of educating the people into an understanding of the +broad principle of equality of rights. At her own expense she placed the +History in over 1,000 of the libraries of Europe and America, including +the British Museum, the university libraries of Oxford, Edinburgh, +Dublin, Paris, Berlin, Finland, Melbourne, Toronto, and many of the +university and public libraries of the United States. The members of the +Senate and House Judiciary Committees in several Congresses were +presented with sets, and there are hundreds of letters on file from +prominent persons in England and this country acknowledging the receipt +of the books. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Faithfully yours, H B Anthony"] + +Chapters might be made of commendatory letters received from officials, +writers, public workers and friends in private life. A few specimens +must suffice. A letter from Senator H. B. Anthony to his "dear cousin," +closed by saying: "The three volumes form a valuable history of the +important enterprise in which you have borne so conspicuous and +honorable a part, and you have added to the reputation of the name that +we both bear." + +Mary L. Booth, the gifted editor of Harper's Bazar, thus expressed her +opinion of the work: + + You and your colleagues have industriously placed on record a + copious mass of documentary evidence which will be of the utmost + value when the time arrives to sum up the final results. When this + era comes, you will be foremost among the band of heroic pioneers + who have endured discomfort, obloquy and privation of much that is + dear to women for the sake of those who will profit by your labors + while failing to recognize them. Posterity will do you this + justice, whether your contemporaries do or not; but indeed, it is + universally known to those with any knowledge of the facts, that + among all the champions of women, none has been more distinguished + for utter self-abnegation, single-heartedness and devotion to her + life-work than Susan B. Anthony. + + As you know, I have always felt the deepest interest in the + elevation of women, which is synonymous with that of humanity, for + man must be always on the plane of his wife, sister and mother.... + The antagonism to political equality is rapidly disappearing, as it + is beginning to be recognized that in politics, as in everything + else, woman's help is needed, and the republic can not afford to + have her stand aloof. But this phase of the subject has been so + much misunderstood, both by men and women, that time is needed to + clear away the mists of misconception which envelop it; and to + prove that the co-operation of women in political life is not only + just and expedient, but absolutely indispensable to the public + weal. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "I am now and always, Yours faithfully, Mary +L. Booth"] + +No family in Rochester stood more steadfastly by Miss Anthony during all +her long and eventful life than the Wilders--Carter, Samuel, Mrs. Maria +Wilder Depuy and D. Webster. The last, in acknowledging the receipt of +the books, wrote: "How much you have contributed to history in this +grand publication! With woman as a part of humanity, what a revolution +will be wrought! Changes everywhere--in social life, in morals, +politics, business--and all for the better. In this world-revolution you +have done a great work. My children are proud of the fact that you are +my personal friend. I fully appreciate your gift. It will be a Bible in +my home." From the philanthropist, Sarah B. Cooper, revered for her work +in the kindergartens on the Pacific coast, came this tribute: + + This book is the fruitage of all the years of your faith and work. + It tells of the long preparation--the opening up of the forest; the + blazing of the trail; the clearing of the underbrush; the deep + sub-soiling; the lying fallow; the ploughing, sowing, harrowing, + the patient tillage--and now comes the harvest. What courage, + endurance, fidelity and faith! The pioneers of new thoughts and + principles are the loneliest of mortals. Those who live ahead of + their time must wait for the honors and plaudits of posterity to + get their full meed of appreciation and reward. But after all, + dear, honored friend, the richest reward of such a life as yours is + _to have lived it_. + +The History also was given to the libraries of those towns whose women +would raise a certain amount towards various State suffrage campaigns, +and in every possible way it always has been used for missionary +work.[29] + +The first week in 1887, in most inclement weather and against the +protest of friends, Miss Anthony went all the way to Nebraska, to keep a +promise to Mrs. Colby and other women of that State to attend their +annual convention, January 7. She found a pleasant letter awaiting her +at Lincoln, from her old friend, Mary Rogers Kimball, daughter of the +noted Abolitionist, Nathaniel P. Rogers, and wife of the General +Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific R. R., now living at Omaha, which +closed: "How I wish you could come to us and rest a few days. Mr. +Kimball would welcome you, as would every one of this household. You +ought to make our home happy by coming once in a while.... Mother, who +is able to walk a little and is interested in all you do and say, sends +her love and hopes to see you." She spoke at Chicago, January 13, in the +First Methodist church, where she was introduced by the well-known Rev. +H. W. Thomas.[30] She went from there to the Michigan convention at +Lansing, January 14, and here was presented to the audience by Governor +Cyrus G. Luce. + +She reached Washington January 17, 1887, and rushed the preparations for +the Nineteenth National Convention, which opened on the 25th at the +Metropolitan M. E. church. Zerelda G. Wallace gave a noteworthy address; +Senator Carey, of Wyoming, made an able speech and Mrs. Carey sat by +Miss Anthony during the proceedings. The second day of the convention, +January 26, marked a great epoch, the first vote ever taken in Congress +on a Sixteenth Amendment. The previous month, December 8, 1886, Henry W. +Blair had asked the Senate to consider the following joint resolution: +"The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied +or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." He +supported this in a long and comprehensive speech covering the whole +ground on which the demand is based, quoting from the favorable reports +of the judiciary committees, exposing the weakness and fallacy of the +objections, and making an unanswerable argument on the justice of +granting political liberty to women. + +At the urgent request of opposing senators the matter had been postponed +until January 25, when it was again called up by Mr. Blair. The +opposition was led by Joseph A. Brown, of Georgia, who described in +detail the intentions of the Creator when he made woman, and declared +that females had not the physical strength to perform military duty, +build railroads, raise crops, sit on juries or attend night caucuses, +but that God had endowed men with strength and faculties for all these +things. He stated that it was a grave mistake to say that woman is taxed +without being represented, and added, "It is very doubtful whether the +male or the female sex has more influence in the administration of the +affairs of government and the enactment of laws!" He asserted that "the +baser class of females would rush to the polls, and this would compel +the intelligent, virtuous and refined females, including wives and +mothers, to relinquish for a time their God-given trust and go, contrary +to their wishes, to the polls and vote to counteract the other class;" +and followed this by saying that "the ignorant female voters would be at +the polls en masse, while the refined and educated, shrinking from +public contact, would remain at home." He continued: "The ballot will +not protect females against the tyranny of bad husbands, as the latter +will compel them to vote as they dictate;" then in the next breath he +declared: "Wives will form political alliances antagonistic to the +husbands, and the result will be discord and divorce." In his entire +speech Senator Brown ignored the existence of unmarried women and +widows. He closed with copious extracts from "Letters from a Chimney +Corner," written by some Chicago woman. + +Senator Dolph, of Oregon, followed in a clear, concise argument, +brushing away these sophistries by showing that such evils did not exist +where women were enfranchised and voted at every election. He was +interrupted by Senator Eustis, of Louisiana, who inquired whether he +thought "it would be a decent spectacle to take a mother away from her +nursing infant and lock her up all night with a jury?" Senator Dolph +replied that there was not a judge in the world who would not excuse a +woman under such circumstances, just as there were many causes which +exempted men. He continued: + + Government is but organized society.... It can only derive its just + powers from the consent of the governed, and can be established + only under a fundamental law which is self-imposed. Every citizen + of suitable age and discretion has, in my judgment, a natural right + to participate in its formation. The fathers of the republic + enunciated the doctrine "that all men are created equal; that they + are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights." It + is strange that any one in this enlightened age should be found to + contend that this is true only of men, and that a man is endowed by + his Creator with inalienable rights not possessed by a woman. The + lamented Lincoln immortalized the expression that ours is a + government "of the people, by the people, and for the people," and + yet in reality it is far from that. There can be no government by + the people where half of them are allowed no voice in its + organization and control.... God speed the day when not only in all + the States of the Union and in all the Territories, but everywhere, + woman shall stand before the law freed from the last shackle which + has been riveted upon her by tyranny, and the last disability which + has been imposed upon her by ignorance; not only in respect to the + right of suffrage, but in every other respect the peer and equal of + her brother, man. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "J N Dolph"] + +Senator Vest, of Missouri, came to the rescue of Senator Brown and in +the course of his speech said: + + I pity the man who can consider any question affecting the + influence of woman, with the cold, dry logic of business. What man + can, without aversion, turn from the blessed memory of that dear + old grandmother, or the gentle words and caressing hand of that + blessed mother gone to the unknown world, to face in its stead the + idea of a female justice of the peace or township constable? For my + part, I want when I go to my home--when I turn from the arena where + man contends with man for what we call the prizes of this paltry + world--I want to go back, not to be received in the masculine + embrace of some female ward politician, but to the earnest, loving + look and touch of a true woman. I want to go back to the + jurisdiction of the wife, the mother; and instead of a lecture upon + finance or the tariff, or upon the construction of the + Constitution, I want those blessed, loving details of domestic life + and domestic love. + + I have said I would not speak of the inconveniences to arise from + woman suffrage. I care not whether the mother is called upon to + decide as a juryman, or a jurywoman, rights of property or rights + of life, whilst her baby is "mewling and puking" in solitary + confinement at home. There are other considerations more important, + and one of them to my mind is insuperable. I speak now respecting + women as a sex. I believe that they are better than men, but I do + not believe they are adapted to the political work of this world. I + do not believe that the Great Intelligence ever intended them to + invade the sphere of work given to men, tearing down and destroying + all the best influences for which God has intended them. The great + evil in this country today is emotional suffrage. Women are + essentially emotional. What we want in this country is to avoid + emotional suffrage, and what we need is to put more logic into + public affairs and less feeling.[31] + +He presented a remonstrance against giving the ballot to women, signed +by nearly 200 New England men, headed by President Eliot, of Harvard +University, and including nearly fifty names prefixed by "Rev." He next +drew from his budget a letter from Clara T. Leonard, of Boston, praying +that the suffrage should not be granted to women, and Mr. Hoar remarked +that the lady herself had been holding public office for a number of +years. + +Continuing Senator Vest said: "If we are to tear down all the blessed +traditions, if we are to desolate our homes and firesides, if we are to +unsex our mothers, wives and sisters, and turn our blessed temples of +domestic peace into ward political assembly rooms, pass this joint +resolution!" He now produced a document, entitled "The Law of Woman +Life," and said: "This is signed Adeline D. T. Whitney--I can not say +whether she be wife or mother. It contains not one impure or +unintellectual aspiration. Would to God that I knew her so I could thank +her in behalf of the society and politics of the United States. I shall +ask that it be printed, as my strength does not suffice for me to read +it."[32] It proved to be a long and involved essay begging that the +ballot should not be given to women, and saying: "Are the daughters and +granddaughters about to leap the fence, leave their own realm little +cared for, undertake the whole scheme of outside creation, or contest it +with the men? Then God help the men! God save the commonwealth!" Mr. +Vest concluded with a blood-curdling picture of the French Revolution +which would be repeated in this country if women were enfranchised. + +Senator Blair then offered the appeal of the W. C. T. U. for the ballot, +representing over 200,000 women, presented by Zerelda G. Wallace, who +had reared thirteen children and grandchildren, among them the author +of Ben Hur. He submitted also the matchless arguments which had been +made by the most intellectual women of the nation before the +congressional committees from year to year, including that of Miss +Anthony in 1880, and urged that the question should be submitted to the +legislatures of the various States for settlement. + +The vote was taken on the question of submitting a Sixteenth Amendment +to the Constitution to the State legislatures for ratification, and +resulted in 16 yeas and 34 nays, 26 absent.[33] Of the affirmative +votes, all were Republican; of the negative, 24 Democratic and 10 +Republican. Senator Farwell, of Illinois, was roundly denounced by the +Chicago Tribune for his affirmative vote. Senators Chace, Dawes and +Stanford, who were paired, and Plumb, who was absent, announced publicly +that they would have voted "aye." + +Over fifty of the distinguished women in attendance at the convention +were in the Senate gallery during this debate. The most sanguine of them +had not expected the necessary two-thirds, but had worked to obtain a +vote simply for the prestige of a discussion in the Senate, the printing +of the speeches in the Congressional Record and the wide agitation of +the question through the medium of press and platform which was sure to +follow. They felt especially incensed at Senator Ingalls, as the +sentiment of his State had just shown itself to be overwhelmingly in +favor of woman suffrage, and they did not hesitate to score him in +public and in private. As soon as the news of the vote reached the +convention Miss Anthony roundly denounced him from the platform. In the +evening she received a note from him saying: "Will you do me the favor +to designate an hour at which it would be convenient for you to give me +a brief interview?" She did not answer, and on the 31st she received +another: "I called Thursday and Friday mornings, but was not able to +reach you with my card. My errand was personal and I hope I may be more +fortunate when you are again in the city." When she did see him she +found his purpose was to declare a truce, which she declined, as he +already had done the cause all the harm possible for him. + +From Washington Miss Anthony went to assist at a convention in +Philadelphia, and "felt guilty for days," she says in her diary, because +she refused to go on to Connecticut. She enjoyed a brief visit with +Professor Maria Mitchell at Vassar College; and hastened to Albany to +address the legislature in regard to the Constitutional Convention, +"just as I did twenty years ago in the old Capitol," she writes. Then +back to Washington to look after matters there, and thus on and on, +never allowing herself to be delayed by weather, fatigue or social +demands, month after month, year after year, with but one object in +view, never losing sight of it for a moment, and making all else +subservient to this single purpose. + +In April she was terribly distressed at the malicious falsehoods which +were sent out from Leavenworth in regard to the first voting of the +women in Kansas, and says, "It will take oceans of breath and ink to +counteract the baneful effects." On May 11, 1887, Frances E. Willard +wrote her: "Will you please send me the form of resolution which would +be the least that would satisfy you as a plank in the platform of the +Prohibition party, or as a resolution to be adopted by the W. C. T. U.? +I write this without authorization from any quarter, simply because I +would like to find out what is the angle of vision along which you are +looking." To this Miss Anthony replied: + + What is the full significance of "would satisfy you?" Do you mean + so satisfy me that I would work, and recommend all women to work, + for the success of the Third party ticket? Or do you mean the least + that I think it should say for its own sake? If the first, I am not + sure that the fullest endorsement would cause me to throw all my + sympathies and efforts into line with the Prohibition party, any + more than if the same full suffrage plank should be put into the + platform of the great Labor or Fourth party, which is pretty sure + to take part in the presidential contest of 1888. + + I can not answer for others, but I shall not pray or speak or work + for the defeat of the nominees of the party of which every United + States Senator who voted for us last winter is a leading member, + and to which belongs every man but six in the Kansas Legislature + who made the overwhelming vote giving municipal suffrage to the + women of that State. Not until a third party gets into power or is + likely to do so, which promises a larger per cent. of + representatives on the floor of Congress and in the several State + legislatures who will speak and vote for woman's enfranchisement, + than does the Republican, shall I work for it. You see, as yet + there is not a single Prohibitionist in Congress, while there are + at least twenty Republicans on the floor of the United States + Senate, besides fully one-half of the members of the House of + Representatives, who are in favor of woman suffrage. For the women + of Kansas or Iowa to work for any third party would be ungrateful + and suicidal. + + Since I hope to live to see a Sixteenth Amendment Bill through + Congress and three-fourths of the State legislatures, I do not + propose to work for the defeat of the party which thus far has + furnished nearly every vote in that direction. If you will pardon + me, I think it will be quite as suicidal a policy for the + temperance women of the nation to work to defeat the party which + contains so nearly all of their best friends and helpers. What it + seems to me should be done by all women who want reforms in + legislation, is to appoint committees to confer with leading + Republicans asking them to make pledges in the direction of + suffrage and temperance, with the assurance of our support in case + of the insertion of the planks we ask in their platform. I fear, + however, you are already pledged to the Third party, come what may, + and if so it is of no use for me to advise.[34] + +In May Miss Anthony again journeyed westward, though she says in her +diary: "It never was harder for me to start. A heavy nothingness is upon +head and heart." She went first to the State Suffrage Convention at +Indianapolis, where as usual she was a guest in the beautiful home of +Mr. and Mrs. Sewall. A reception was given her at the Bates House and +she was cordially greeted by several hundred ladies. She went to +meetings at Evansville, Richmond and Lafayette, and then to the Ohio +convention at Cleveland; here, as always, the guest of her loved friend, +Louisa Southworth. + +She writes May 26: "Arrived home at 8 P. M. and found all well--the all +consisting of sister Mary, the only one left." She was invited to meet +with a large and conservative society of women who did not believe in +equal suffrage. All made nice little addresses and when Miss Anthony was +called on she said: "Ladies, you have been doing here today what I and +a few other women were denounced as 'unsexed' for doing thirty years +ago--speaking in public;" and then proceeded to point the moral. She +attended the commencement exercises of a young ladies' seminary, whose +principal would not acknowledge a handsome gift from her pupils by a few +remarks because she "considered it would look too strong-minded." Miss +Anthony comments on the graduates' essays: "They had as much originality +as Baedecker's Guide-book." + +In July she went as the guest of her friend Adeline Thomson, of +Philadelphia, for two weeks at Cape May and here had her first +experience in sea-bathing, although she always had lived within a short +distance of the ocean. She says: "This is my first seaside dissipation. +It seems very odd to be one of the giddy summer resort people!" She took +Miss Thomson with her up into the Berkshire hills of northwestern +Massachusetts to Adams, her birthplace, and visited the home of her +grandfather. In the early days of her peregrinations she used to come +often to this picturesque spot, but it now had been twenty years since +her last visit. Time does not bring many changes to the New England +nooks or the people who live in them, and she greatly enjoyed the nine +days spent with uncles, aunts and cousins, exploring the well-remembered +spots. They went from here to Magnolia for a two weeks' visit at the +seaside cottage of Mr. and Mrs. James Purinton, of Lynn, Mass. At this +time, in answer to a request for advice, Miss Anthony wrote to Olympia +Brown and Mrs. Almedia Gray, of Wisconsin: + + I have your letters relative to bringing suits under the school + suffrage law, and hasten to say to you that Mrs. Minor's and my own + experience in both suing and being sued on the Fourteenth Amendment + claim leads me to beseech you not to make a test case unless you + _know_ you will get the broadest decision upon it. If you get the + narrow one restricting the present law simply to school-district + voting, there it will rest and no judge or inspector will transcend + the limit of the decision. My judgment would be to say and do + nothing about the law, but through the year keep up the educational + work, showing that such and such cities allowed women to vote for + mayor, common council, etc., and by the next election many others + will let women vote; and so in a few years all will follow suit. + Let what you have alone and try for more; for all your legislature + has power to give. It will be vastly more likely to grant municipal + suffrage than your supreme court will be to give a decision that + the school law already allows women to vote for mayor, council, + governor, etc. + +They thought best, however, to bring the suits; the exact results which +were predicted followed, and the school suffrage even was restricted +until it was practically worthless. + +During this summer Miss Anthony undertook to arrange her many years' +accumulation of letters, clippings, etc., and knowing her reluctance +ever to destroy a single scrap, Mrs. Stanton wrote from Paris: "I am +glad to hear that you have at last settled down to look over those awful +papers. It is well I am not with you. I fear we should fight every +blessed minute over the destruction of Tom, Dick and Harry's epistles. +Unless Mary, on the sly, sticks them in the stove when your back is +turned, you will never diminish the pile during your mortal life. (Make +the most of my hint, dear Mary.)" It is safe to say it was just as large +at the end of the examination as at the beginning. + +In September, 1887, Miss Anthony again made a circuit of conventions in +every congressional district in Wisconsin and then turned her attention +to Kansas. The officers of the State association had arranged a series +of conventions for the purpose of demanding a constitutional amendment +conferring _full_ suffrage on women. Miss Anthony, with Mrs. Johns, Mrs. +Letitia V. Watkins, State organizer, Rev. Anna Shaw and Rachel Foster, +gave the month of October to this canvass. Senator Ingalls, in a speech +at Abilene, had attempted to defend his vote in the Senate against the +Sixteenth Amendment, and Miss Anthony took this as a text for the +campaign. She had ample material for the excoriating which she gave him +in every district in Kansas, as the Senator had declared: 1st, that +suffrage was neither a natural nor a constitutional right, but a +privilege conferred by the State; 2d, that no citizens should be allowed +to participate in the formation of legislatures or the enactment of +laws, who could not enforce their action at the point of a bayonet; 3d, +that no immigrants should be allowed to enter the United States from any +country on earth for the next twenty-five years; 4th, that negro +suffrage had been an absolute and unqualified failure; 5th, that while +there were thousands of women vastly more competent than men to vote +upon questions of morality, they never should be allowed to do +so--simply because they were women. + +It hardly need be said that Miss Anthony found little difficulty in +reducing to tatters these so-called arguments, and that her audiences +were in hearty sympathy. To borrow her own expression, she "tried to use +him up so there was not an inch of ground under his feet." When the +convention was held at Atchison Mrs. Ingalls invited sixteen of the +ladies to a handsome luncheon, where the senator placed Miss Anthony at +his right hand and made her the guest of honor. She proposed that he +debate the question of woman suffrage with her but he refused on the +ground that he could not attack a woman, so she served up this objection +in her speech that evening. To a reporter he is said to have given the +reason that he "would not stoop to the intellectual level of a woman." + +The month of November was given to holding a two days' convention in +each of the thirteen congressional districts of Indiana. These meetings +were arranged by the State secretary, Mrs. Ida H. Harper, and the strong +force of speakers, Miss Anthony, Mrs. Wallace, Mrs. Sewall and Mrs. +Gougar, aroused great enthusiasm and made many converts.[35] This ended +three months of constant travelling and speaking almost every day and +evening. On the first of December Miss Anthony writes: "I have laid me +down to sleep in a new bed nearly every night of this entire time." + +But the 10th found her in Washington fresh and vigorous for the work of +the coming winter. She was anxious to know whether the reports of the +Senate debate had been franked and sent out as promised and, to her +inquiry, Senator Blair answered with his usual little joke: "I have had +the speeches, etc., attended to and trust that the mails will do you +justice if the males do not. But remember that men naturally fight for +their lives, and on the same principle, you shall for yours!" + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[28] Miss Anthony notes in her diary that she made her first Kansas +campaign in '67 and the suffrage bill was signed on her sixty-seventh +birthday. She received a letter of congratulation on the signing of the +bill from Chief-Justice Horton, of Kansas. + +[29] The total amount received from sales has been only $7,000. Now, +however, in order to give the History the widest possible circulation, +the price has been so reduced as to enable it to be placed in the hands +of the reading public. It is the hope of Miss Anthony to publish the +fourth volume in the year 1900, bringing the History up to that date. + +[30] At this meeting a yellow dog came on the platform and Miss Anthony +is quoted as afterwards making this apt comment: "She says that, at +least where women are concerned, the reporters are sure to seize upon +some triviality and ring its changes to the exclusion of serious +matters. She mentioned that when she spoke in Chicago last a dog ran +across the stage and, springing up, laid his nose on her shoulder. 'I +prophesied to the audience then,' she continued, 'that the dog would +figure in the press reports more conspicuously than anything that was +said or done, and so he did. He occupied half of the space in nearly +every paper.'" + +[31] Both Senator Vest and Senator Brown had appealed wholly to the +emotions in their speeches upon this question, which were overflowing +with sentiment and "gush." + +[32] This hardly corresponds with Senator Brown's glowing description of +the physical strength conferred by the Creator on man so that he could +do the voting for the family. + +[33] _Yeas_: Blair, Bowen, Cheney, Conger, Cullom, Dolph, Farwell, Hoar, +Manderson, Mitchell of Oregon, Mitchell of Pennsylvania, Palmer, Platt, +Sherman, Teller, Wilson of Iowa. _Nays_: Beck, Berry, Blackburn, Brown, +Call, Cockrell, Coke, Colquitt, Eustis, Evarts, George, Gray, Hampton, +Harris, Hawley, Ingalls, Jones of Nevada, McMillan, McPherson, Mahone, +Morgan, Morrill, Payne, Pugh, Saulsbury, Sawyer, Sewell, Spooner, Vance, +Vest, Walthall, Whitthorne, Williams, Wilson of Maryland. _Absent_: +Aldrich, Allison, Butler, Frye, Gibson, Gorman, Miller, Plumb, Ransom, +Camden, Cameron, Chace, Dawes, Edmunds, Fair, Hale, Harrison, Jones of +Arkansas, Jones of Florida, Kenna, Maxey, Riddleberger, Sabin, Stanford, +Van Wyck, Voorhees. + +[34] The skeptical can not but wonder whether the Republican party ever +will have the grace and wisdom to justify the confidence which Miss +Anthony has steadfastly placed in it, as regards this question, from the +day of its birth. + +[35] Conventions were held at Evansville, Vincennes, Bloomington, +Kokomo, Logansport, Wabash, Lafayette, South Bend, Fort Wayne, Muncie, +Anderson, Madison and New Albany. The largest of the series was at Terre +Haute, where the opera house, donated by the citizens, was crowded both +evenings with an audience representing the culture and intelligence of +the city, and the convention was welcomed by the mayor, Jacob C. +Kolsom. + + + + +CHAPTER XXXV. + +UNION OF ASSOCIATIONS--INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL. + +1888. + + +A preceding chapter described the forming in 1869 of the American Woman +Suffrage Association at Cleveland, O., the overtures for union by the +National Association the next year, and their rejection. No further +efforts were made and each body continued to work in its own way. At the +annual meeting of the American Association in Philadelphia, October 31, +1887, the following resolution from the business committee was +unanimously adopted: + + WHEREAS, The woman suffragists of the United States were all united + until 1868 in the American Equal Rights Association; and _whereas_, + The causes of the subsequent separation into the National and + American Woman Suffrage Societies have since been largely removed + by the adoption of common principles and methods; therefore + + _Resolved_, That Mrs. Lucy Stone be appointed a committee of one + from the American Woman Suffrage Association to confer with Miss + Susan B. Anthony of the National and, if on conference it seems + desirable, that she be authorized and empowered to appoint a + committee of this association to meet a similar committee appointed + by the National to consider a satisfactory basis of union, and + refer it back to the executive committee of both associations for + final action. + + HENRY B. BLACKWELL, + + _Corresponding Secretary, A. W. S. A_. + +After conferring with the officers of the National Association, Miss +Anthony informed Mrs. Stone that she would meet her in Philadelphia any +time until December 9, and after that in Washington. She replied that +she was not able to travel even so far as Philadelphia and, after some +correspondence, Miss Anthony agreed to go to Boston. On the afternoon +of December 21, 1887, accompanied by Rachel Foster, corresponding +secretary of the National, she met Mrs. Stone and Alice Stone Blackwell, +at No. 3 Park street, Boston, and held an extended conference in regard +to the proposed union. Two days later Mrs. Stone sent to Miss Anthony, +who was still in that city, the following: + + In thinking over the points raised at our informal conference, it + seems to me that the substantial outcome is this: The committees + appointed by us respectively, if we conclude to appoint them, must + each agree upon a common name, a common constitution and a common + list of officers for the first year. A subsequent acceptance of + these by each association will thereafter constitute the two + societies one society. If you think there is a fair probability of + coming to an agreement I will proceed to appoint my committee. + + As the formal overtures for union have come from the American + Association, it will be appropriate that our committee should draw + up the plan for union which appears to them the most feasible, and + forward it to Miss Foster, to be submitted to yours. Then your + committee will suggest such modifications as they may think + needful; and, if a mutually satisfactory result can be reached, the + name, constitution and list of officers will go to the executive + committee of each association for final action. + +Christmas Day Miss Blackwell sent to Miss Foster a comprehensive plan +for a union of the two societies, closing as follows: "Since many +members of the National society regard Mrs. Stone as the cause of the +division, and many members of the American regard Mrs. Stanton and Miss +Anthony as the cause of it, Mrs. Stone suggested that it would greatly +promote a harmonious union, for those three ladies to agree in advance +that none of them would take the presidency of the united association." +Early in January this formal announcement and letter were sent to Miss +Foster: + + The committee of the National to sit in counsel with that of the + seven appointed by Lucy Stone, of the American, shall be: May + Wright Sewall, _Chairman_, Harriette R. Shattuck, Olympia Brown, + Helen M. Gougar, Laura M. Johns, Clara B. Colby, Rachel G. Foster, + _Secretary_.[36] + + I hope all will sink personalities and exalt principles, seeking + only the best good for woman's enfranchisement, and that surely + will come through the union of all the friends of woman suffrage + into one great and grand national association which shall enable + them to present a solid front to the enemy. This must be based on + the principle of a genuine democracy, which shall give to each of + its members a voice in all its deliberations, either in person or + through representatives chosen by them, and to a constitution thus + based I am sure each of my seven chosen ones will contribute her + aid. Hoping that a consolidation of all our forces will be the + result of this overture from Lucy Stone and her society, I am, very + sincerely, + + SUSAN B. ANTHONY. + +On January 18, Miss Foster received from Miss Blackwell the list of the +conference committee appointed by Mrs. Stone: Julia Ward Howe, +_Chairman_, Wm. Dudley Foulke, Margaret W. Campbell, Anna H. Shaw, Mary +F. Thomas, H. M. Tracy Cutler, Henry B. Blackwell, _Secretary_. + +Miss Anthony again wrote Miss Foster: "I can not think of any +stipulation I wish to make the basis of union save that we _unite_, and +after that discuss all measures and ways and means, officers and +newspapers, and cheerfully accept and abide by the rule of the majority. +I do not wish to exact any pledges from Lucy Stone and her adherents, +nor can I give any for Mrs. Stanton and her followers. When united we +must trust to the good sense of each, just as we have trusted during the +existence of the division. As Greeley said about resuming specie +payment, '_the way to unite is to unite_' and trust the consequences." + +It is not essential for the completeness of this work to reproduce in +detail the official proceedings, which extended through two years and +caused Miss Anthony often to write, "I shall be glad when this +frittering away of time on mere forms is past." A basis of agreement +finally was reached, and the union was practically completed at the +National Convention which met in Washington, January 21, 1889. A +committee of thirteen was selected to confer with the committee from the +American. This consisted of Miss Anthony and Mesdames Hooker, Minor, +Duniway, Johns, Sewall, Perkins, Colby, Spofford, Brown, Blake, Gougar +and Foster Avery. The Woman's Tribune thus described the result: + + At the business session, January 24, 1889, they reported in + substance as follows: + + _Name, etc._--The association to be called the National-American W. + S. A. The annual convention to be held at Washington. + + _Chronology._--The next annual meeting of the joint society to + be--as it would be for the National--the twenty-second annual + Washington convention. + + _Work._--To be for National and State legislation protecting women + in the exercise of their right to vote. + + _Representation._--As provided in the new National constitution. + + Where two associations exist in one State and will not unite, both + are to be accepted as auxiliary societies. + + An earnest debate followed. Miss Anthony threw her influence + strongly in favor of union and carried many with her, even those + who openly expressed themselves that their judgment would be to + continue the two societies. The vote was then taken on union, + thirty voting for, eleven against. + + Miss Alice Stone Blackwell and Rev. Anna H. Shaw were present on + behalf of the American Association, accepted the deviations from + the propositions as presented by that association, and felt + reasonably certain that it would endorse their action. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Yours for equal rights, Alice Stone +Blackwell."] + +No one person contributed so much toward effecting the union of these +two societies as Alice Stone Blackwell. On February 17, 1890, both +bodies met in Washington and it was decided that the official boards of +the two should form the voting force until the joint temporary +organization was completed. Councils were held in the great parlor and +dining-room of the Riggs House. Both Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton had +been willing, from the beginning of negotiations, to accept the +proposition of the Americans that neither one of them, nor Lucy Stone, +should take the presidency of the united association, but from the +Nationals in every part of the country came a cry of dissent. Letters +poured in declaring that Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton had borne the +brunt of the battle for forty years, that they had not once lowered the +flag or made the question of woman suffrage subservient to any other, +that they were the head and heart of the movement, and that for them to +be deposed was out of the question.[37] It soon became evident that +unless this point were conceded all hope of union would have to be +banished. While most of the delegates agreed that, in respect to +seniority in years and work and also in consideration of her commanding +ability, Mrs. Stanton should be president, there were many who thought +that, because of her advanced age and the fact that she spent most of +her time abroad, it would be better to elect Miss Anthony. The latter +was distracted by such a thought and at the final meeting of National +delegates preliminary to the joint convention, with all the earnestness +of her strong nature and in a voice vibrating with emotion, she said: + + I appeal to every woman who has any affection for the old National + or for me not to vote for Susan B. Anthony for president. I stand + in a delicate position. I have letters which accuse me of having + favored the union solely for personal and selfish considerations, + and of trying to put Mrs. Stanton out. Now what I have to say is, + don't vote for any human being but Mrs. Stanton. There are other + reasons why I wish her elected, but I have these personal ones: + When the division was made twenty years ago, it was because our + platform was too broad, because Mrs. Stanton was too radical; a + more conservative organization was wanted. If we Nationals divide + now and Mrs. Stanton is deposed from the presidency, we virtually + degrade her. If you have any love for our old association, which, + from the beginning, has stood like a rock in regard to creeds and + politics, demanding that every woman should be allowed to come upon + our platform to plead for her freedom--if you have any faith in + that grand principle--vote for Mrs. Stanton.... + + The National always has allowed the utmost liberty. Anything and + everything which stood in the way of progress was likely to get + knocked off our platform. I want every one who claims to be a + National to continue to stand for this principle. We have come now + to another turning-point and, if it is necessary, I will fight + forty years more to make our platform free for the Christian to + stand upon whether she be a Catholic and counts her beads, or a + Protestant of the straitest orthodox creed, just as I have fought + for the rights of the infidels the last forty years. These are the + principles I want you to maintain, that our platform may be kept as + broad as the universe, that upon it may stand the representatives + of all creeds and no creeds--Jew or Christian, Protestant or + Catholic, Gentile or Mormon, pagan or atheist. + +At the joint executive session after the union was formally declared to +be consummated, the vote was: For president, Mrs. Stanton, 131; Miss +Anthony, 90; for vice-president-at-large, Miss Anthony, 213. Lucy Stone +was unanimously elected chairman of the executive committee; Rachel +Foster Avery, corresponding secretary; Alice Stone Blackwell, recording +secretary;[38] Jane H. Spofford, treasurer; Eliza T. Ward and Rev. +Frederick W. Hinckley, auditors. This uniting of the two associations +was begun in 1887 and finished in 1890, in the most thoroughly official +manner, according to the most highly approved parliamentary methods, and +the final result was satisfactory to a large majority of the members of +both societies, who since that time have worked together in unbroken +harmony. + +The action of the American Association was almost unanimous, but the +members of the National were widely divided. Letters of protest were +received from many States, and several of its members attempted to form +new organizations. The executive sessions in Washington were the most +stormy in the history of the association, and only the unsurpassed +parliamentary knowledge of the chairman, May Wright Sewall, aided by the +firm co-operation of Miss Anthony, could have harmonized the opposing +elements and secured a majority vote in favor of the union. There had +been no time during the twenty years' division when Miss Anthony was not +ready to sink all personal feeling and unite the two societies for the +sake of promoting the cause which she placed before all else in the +world; and from the first prospect of combining the forces, she used +every effort toward its accomplishment. It was a source of especial +gratification that this was practically assured by the winter of 1888, +when the International Council of Women met in Washington, as it enabled +the American Association to accept the invitation and send +representatives to this great convocation--which will now be considered. + +[Illustration: Zerelda G. Wallace (Signed: "To my Dear friend Susan B. +Anthony with love & severence, Zerelda G. Wallace")] + +It had long been the dream of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton to form +an International Suffrage Association for purposes of mutual helpfulness +and the strength of co-operation. During 1883, when in Great Britain, +they discussed this subject with the women there and, as a result, a +large committee of correspondence had been established to promote the +forming of such an association. After a time it was judged expedient to +enlarge its scope and make it an International Council, which should +represent every department of woman's work. This was called to meet at +Washington in 1888, the fortieth anniversary of the first organized +demand for the rights of women, the convention at Seneca Falls, and +active preparations had been in progress for more than a year. It was +decided at the suffrage convention held the previous winter that the +National Association should assume the entire responsibility for this +International Council and should invite the participation of all +organizations of women in the trades, professions, reforms, etc. + +Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Spofford were in Europe and this herculean task +was borne principally by Miss Anthony, May Wright Sewall and Rachel +Foster.[39] Miss Anthony stayed in Washington for two months preceding +the council, perfecting the last arrangements. The amount of labor, +time, thought and anxiety involved in this year of preparation can not +be estimated. Nothing to compare with it ever had been attempted by +women. Not the least part of the undertaking was the raising of the +$13,000 which were needed to defray expenses, all secured by personal +letters of appeal and admission fees, and disbursed with careful economy +and judgment. The intention was to give the suffrage association the +same prominence as other organizations and no more. An entry in Miss +Anthony's diary says: "I have just received proof of the 'call' for the +council and struck out the paragraph saying, 'no one would be committed +to suffrage who should attend.' I can't allow any such apologetic +invitation as that! There is no need to say anything about it." To her +old friend Antoinette Brown Blackwell, who asked if only those women +ministers who had been regularly ordained were to be heard, Miss Anthony +wrote: + + I have felt all along that we ought to give a chance for the + expression of the highest and deepest religious thought of those + not ordained of men. Your wish to give the result of your research + opens the way for us to make the last day--Easter Sunday--voice the + new, the purer, the better worship of the living God. We'll have a + real symposium of woman's gospel. It is not fair to give only the + church-ordained women an opportunity to present their religious + thoughts, and now it shall be fixed so that the laity may have the + same. I don't want a controversy or a lot of negations, but shall + tell each one to give her strongest affirmation. This forever + saying a thing is false and failing to present the truth, is to me + a foolish waste of time, when almost everybody feels the old forms, + creeds and rituals to be only the mint, anise and cumin. + + So, my dear, I am very, very glad that you and Lucy are both to be + on our platform, and we are to stand together again after these + twenty years. But none of the past! Let us rejoice in the good of + the present, and hope for more and more in the future. + +In response to her letter asking him to take part on Pioneer Day, +Frederick Douglass wrote: + + I certainly shall, if I live and am well. The cause of woman + suffrage has under it a truth as eternal as the universe of + thought, and must triumph if this planet endures. I have been + calling up to my mind's eye that first convention in the small + Wesleyan Methodist church at Seneca Falls, where Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. + Mott and those other brave souls began a systematic and determined + agitation for a larger measure of liberty for woman, and how great + that little meeting now appears! It seems only yesterday since it + took place, and yet forty years have passed away and what a + revolution on this subject have we seen in the sentiment of the + American people and, in fact, of the civilized world! Who could + have thought that humble, modest, maiden convention, holding its + little white apron up to its face and wiping away the tear of + sympathy with woman in her hardships and the sigh of her soul for a + larger measure of freedom, would have become the mother of an + International Council of Women, right here in the capital of this + nation? + +Maria Mitchell, who was in feeble health (and died the next year) in +expressing her regrets said: "I am taking a rest. I have worked more +than a half-century and, like stronger people, have become tired. I am +meaning to build my small observatory and keep up a sort of apology for +study--because I am too old to dare do nothing. I wish I felt able to +take the journey and hear what others have to say and are ready to do. +The world moves, and I have full faith it will continue to move and to +move, for better and better, even when we have put aside the armor." + +[Illustration: Autograph: "The world moves and I have full faith it will +continue to move and to move, for better and better, even when we have +put aside the armor. Sincerely yours, Maria Mitchell."] + +During the winter, Mrs. Stanton had written Miss Anthony: "We have +jogged along pretty well for forty years or more. Perhaps mid the wreck +of thrones and the undoing of so many friendships, sects, parties and +families, you and I deserve some credit for sticking together through +all adverse winds, with so few ripples on the surface. When I get back +to America I intend to cling to you closer than ever. I am thoroughly +rested now and full of fight and fire, ready to travel and speak from +Maine to Florida. Tell our suffrage daughters to brace up and get ready +for a long pull, a strong pull, and a pull all together when I come +back." + +What then were her amazement, anger and grief to receive another letter +from Mrs. Stanton a short time before the council, saying that a voyage +across the Atlantic so filled her with dread that she had about decided +not to undertake it! A fortieth anniversary of the Seneca Falls +convention without the woman who called it! And this when she had +counted on Mrs. Stanton to make the greatest speech of the whole meeting +and cover the National Association with immortal glory! She says in her +journal: "I am ablaze and dare not write tonight." The next entry: "I +wrote the most terrific letter to Mrs. Stanton; it will start every +white hair on her head." And then the following day the little book +records: "Well, I made my own heart ache all night, awake or asleep, by +my terrible arraignment, whether it touches her feelings or not." Ten +days later she writes: "Received a cablegram from Mrs. Stanton, 'I am +coming,' so she has my letter. My mind is so relieved, I feel as if I +were treading on air." + +On Mrs. Stanton's arrival a few days before the convention, Miss Anthony +learned, to her consternation, that she had prepared no speech for the +occasion! She shut her up in a room at the Riggs House with pen and +paper, kept a guard at the door, permitted no one to see her, and when +the time arrived she was ready with her usual magnificent address. + +The council opened Sunday, March 25, in Albaugh's new opera house, with +religious services conducted entirely by women, Revs. Phebe A. Hanaford, +Ada C. Bowles, Antoinette Blackwell, Amanda Deyo, and a matchless sermon +by Rev. Anna H. Shaw, "The Heavenly Vision." It would be wholly +impossible to enter into a detailed account of this council, the +greatest woman's convention ever held.[40] Although twenty-five cents +admission was charged, and fifty cents for reserved seats, the opera +house was crowded during the eight days and evenings, and seats were at +a premium. Miss Anthony presided over eight of the sixteen sessions. +While every speaker was allowed the widest latitude, there was not at +any time the slightest friction. Letters were read from celebrated +people in most of the countries of Europe and all parts of America. At +the pioneer's meeting were eight men and thirty-six women who had been +connected with the movement for woman suffrage forty years.[41] + +Among the social courtesies extended to this distinguished body of +women, were a reception at the White House by President and Mrs. +Cleveland; handsome entertainments by Senator and Mrs. Leland Stanford, +and Senator and Mrs. T. W. Palmer; a reception at the Riggs House; many +smaller parties, dinners and luncheons; and numerous social gatherings +of women doctors, lawyers, etc. At all of the large functions Miss +Anthony, Mrs. Stanton and Lucy Stone stood at the left hand of the +hostess, while the other officials and the foreign delegates were also +in the "receiving line." At the White House Miss Anthony made the +presentations to the President. As every newspaper in the country had +complimentary notices of this council and the prominent ladies connected +with it, it is scarcely possible to discriminate. The Baltimore Sun +said: + + The council began its deliberations in the finest humor with + everybody, particularly with that prime favorite, Susan B. Anthony. + This lady daily grows upon all present; the woman suffragists love + her for her good works, the audience for her brightness and wit, + and the multitude of press representatives for her frank, plain, + open, business-like way of doing everything connected with the + council. Miss Anthony when in repose looks worn with the conflict + she has waged, though when she goes into action her angular face + loses its tired look and becomes all animation. Her word is the + parliamentary law of the meeting. Whatever she says is done without + murmur or dissent. The women of the council are saved any + parliamentary discussions such as arise in the meetings of men; + they acknowledge that she is an autocrat. All are agreed that no + better system than the absolute control of Susan B. Anthony can be + devised. + +The New York World commented: + + If ever there was a gay-hearted, good-natured woman it is certainly + Miss Anthony. From the beginning of this council it is she who has + kept the fun barometer away up. The gray-headed friends of her + youth are all "girls" to her, and she is a girl among them. + Parliamentary rules have been by no means so severe as to keep + even the regular proceedings free from her lively interpolation and + comment. When Miss Anthony has felt the public pulse or looked at + her watch and seen that a speech has gone far enough, she says + under her breath, "Your time's about up, my dear." If the speaker + continues, the next thing is, "I guess you'll have to stop now; + it's more than ten minutes." When this fails, she usually begins to + hang gently on the orator's skirt, and if pluckings and pullings + fail, she then subsides with a quizzical smile, or stands erect and + uncompromising by the speaker's side. There is none of the rude + beating of the gavel, nor any paraphrase of "The gentleman's time + is up," which marks the stiff proceedings of men "in congress + assembled." To an unprejudiced eye this free-and-easy method of + procedure might lack symmetry and dignity, but there is not the + slightest doubt that Miss Anthony has been as wise as a serpent + while being as gentle as a dove. + +When Frances E. Willard rose to address the council, she laid her hand +tenderly on Miss Anthony's shoulder and said: "I remember when I was +dreadfully afraid of Susan, and Lucy too; but now I love and honor them, +and I can not put into words my sense of what it means to me to have the +blessing of these women who have made it possible for more timid ones +like myself to come forward and take our part in the world's work. If +they had not blazed the trees and pioneered the way, we should not have +dared to come. If there is one single drop of chivalric blood in woman's +veins, it ought to bring a tinge of pride to the face that Susan B. +Anthony, Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Julia Ward Howe and these +other grand women, our leaders and our foremothers, are here for us to +greet; that they, who heard so much that was not agreeable, may hear an +occasional pleasant word while they are alive." Very few of the speakers +failed to express their deep feeling of personal obligation and the +indebtedness of all women to the early labors of Miss Anthony and the +other pioneers. + +In her letter to the Union Signal, Miss Willard gave this bit of +description: "The central figure of the council was Susan B. Anthony, in +her black dress and pretty red silk shawl, with her gray-brown hair +smoothly combed over a regal head, worthy of any statesman. Her mingled +good-nature and firmness, her unselfish purpose and keen perception of +the right thing to do, endeared her alike to those whom she admonished +and those whom she praised. In her sixty-ninth year, dear 'Susan B.' +seems not over fifty-five. She has a wonderful constitution, and the +prodigies of work she has accomplished have forever put to rout the +ignorant notion that women lack physical endurance." + +In the year of preliminary work for this great council, the thought came +many times to May Wright Sewall that it ought to result in something +more than one brief convention, and she conceived the idea of a +permanent International and also a permanent National Council of Women. +During the week in Washington she presented her plan to a large number +of the leaders who regarded it with approval. Miss Anthony, chairman of +the meeting, by request, appointed a committee of fifteen who reported +in favor of permanent councils, and Miss Willard presented an outline of +constitutions. After a number of meetings of the delegates the councils +were officially formed, March 31, 1888, "to include the organized +working forces of the world's womanhood," in the belief that "such a +federation will increase the world's sum total of womanly courage, +efficiency and esprit de corps, widen the horizon, correct the tendency +of an exaggerated impression of one's own work as compared with that of +others, and put the wisdom and experience of each at the service of +all." A simple form of constitution was adopted, and it was decided that +the National Council should meet once in three years and the +International once in five.[42] + +Immediately upon the close of the council, the National Suffrage +Association held its twentieth annual convention and, as many of the +delegates remained, the meetings were nearly as crowded as those of the +council had been. A local paper remarked "that it seemed as if the +Washington people could never hear enough about woman suffrage." A fine +address by Caroline E. Merrick was an especial feature, as it presented +the question from the standpoint of a southern woman. The Senate +committee granted a hearing, the speakers being presented by Miss +Anthony. Mrs. Stanton made the principal address, a grand plea for human +equality, and the grave and dignified committee gave her a round of +applause. She was followed by Frances E. Willard and Julia Ward Howe; +Laura Ormiston Chant and Alice Scatcherd, England; Isabelle Bogelot, +France; Sophia Magelsson Groth, Norway; Alli Trygg, Finland; Bessie +Starr Keefer, Canada. + +Miss Anthony received many pleasant letters after the council; among +them one from her friend Mrs. Samuel E. Sewall, of Boston, in which she +said: "We want to congratulate you upon the very satisfactory and +gratifying result of the council. I hear from the delegates on all sides +most enthusiastic accounts of the whole affair, and of your wonderful +powers and energy. Mr. Blackwell is loud in your praise. All this might +be expected from the delegates, but what pleases me still more is the +respectful tone of nearly all the newspapers. Even the sneering Nation +has admitted an article in praise of the council." In all Miss Anthony's +own letters there was not the slightest reference to any feeling of +fatigue or desire for rest, but she seemed only to be stimulated to +greater energy. It was impossible for her to respond to half the +invitations which came from all parts of the country, but usually she +selected the places where she felt herself most needed, without any +regard to her own pleasure or comfort. She did, however, accept a +cordial invitation to attend the annual Boston Suffrage Festival, and +was royally entertained for several days. + +On the afternoon of June 9, Central Music Hall, Chicago, was packed with +an audience of representative men and women. Frances E. Willard +presided,[43] prayer was offered by Rev. Florence Kollock, and Mrs. +Ormiston Chant gave a wonderfully electric address on the "Moral +Relations of Men and Women to Each Other." She was followed by Dr. Kate +Bushnell in a thrilling talk on "Legislation as it Deals with Social +Purity." Miss Anthony closed the program with a ringing speech showing +the need of the ballot in the hands of women to remedy such evils as had +been depicted by the other speakers. No abstract can give an idea of her +magnetic force when profoundly stirred by such recitals as had been made +at this meeting. + +A few days afterwards a largely-attended reception was given by the +Woman's Club of Chicago to Miss Anthony, Isabella Beecher Hooker and +Baroness Gripenberg, of Finland. + +In the summer of 1888, the National Association as usual sent delegates +to each of the presidential conventions, asking for a suffrage plank, +and as usual they were ignored by Republicans and Democrats. Miss +Anthony and Mrs. Hooker had headquarters in the parlors of Mrs. Celia +Whipple Wallace, at the Sherman House, Chicago, during the Republican +convention in June. They issued an open letter citing the record of the +party in regard to women, and asking for recognition, but received no +consideration. In the Woman's Tribune, Miss Anthony made this forcible +statement: + + Had the best representative suffrage women of every State in the + Union been in Chicago, established in national headquarters, + working with the men of their State delegations, as well as with + the resolution committee, I have not a doubt that the Republican + platform would have contained a splendid plank, pledging the party + to this broad and true interpretation of the Constitution. Every + other reform had its scores and hundreds of representatives here, + pleading for the incorporation of its principles in the platform + and working for the nomination of the men who would best voice + their plans. Women never will be heard and heeded until they make + themselves a power, irresistible in numbers and strength, moral, + intellectual and financial, in all the formative gatherings of the + parties they would influence. Therefore, I now beg of our women not + to lose another opportunity to be present at every political + convention during this summer, to urge the adoption of woman + suffrage resolutions and the nomination of men pledged to support + them. "Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty" for women as well + as for men. + +From Chicago Miss Anthony went directly to Indianapolis and, with Mrs. +Sewall, called at the Harrison residence. She says: "We met a most +cordial reception and while the general did not declare himself in favor +of woman's enfranchisement, he expressed great respect for those who +are seeking it." The two ladies then addressed an open letter to General +Harrison, urging that in accepting the nomination he would interpret as +including women that plank in the Republican platform which declared: +"We recognize the supreme and sovereign right of every lawful citizen to +cast one free ballot in all public elections and to have that ballot +duly counted;"[44] but this reasonable request was politely ignored. + +Sarah Knox Goodrich and Ellen Clark Sargent, of California, sent the +following telegram to their fellow-citizen, Morris M. Estee, chairman of +the National Republican Convention: "Please ascertain, for many +interested women, if the clause in the platform concerning the sovereign +right of every lawful citizen to a free ballot, includes the women of +the United States." To this Mr. Estee telegraphed reply, "I do not think +the platform is so construed here." This ended the battle of 1888, as +far as women were concerned, and those who might have been the ablest +advocates which any political party could put upon its platform were +relegated to silence during the campaign. + +On August 7, Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton spoke at Byron Center, and +were entertained by Mrs. Newton Green. Miss Anthony addressed a large +audience at Jamestown on the 10th and was the guest of Mrs. Reuben E. +Fenton. During part of the summer, for a little recreation, she took +hold of the great heterogeneous mass of bills and receipts of the +National W. S. A. for the past four years and compiled them into a neat, +accurate financial report of seventeen pages, in which every dollar +received and disbursed during that time was acknowledged and accounted +for, without any "sundries" or other makeshifts for the sake of +accuracy. As the total amount reached nearly $18,000, a large part of +which had been received in sums of one or two dollars, the labor +involved may be appreciated. Miss Anthony did this, as she did many +other disagreeable things, not because they were officially her duty, +but because they ought to be done and there was no one else ready to +undertake them. She always was restive under red tape regulations. For +many years she was forced to take the lead in all departments of the +suffrage work and when they finally became systematized, with a head at +each, she sometimes grew impatient at delay and usurped the functions of +others without intending any breach of official etiquette. And so when +this financial statement was completed, she published it without waiting +for money or authority, and wrote to the national treasurer, Mrs. +Spofford, who had recently returned from Europe: + + Andrew Jackson-like, I decided to assume the responsibility of + sending to each member of the association a copy of the Council + Report with one of the National's financial statement. I am writing + a personal letter to all, explaining our double keeping of our + pledge and asking them to return contributions, if they are able, + for this permanent and nice report. I do not know what results in + cash will come of it to the National, but I do know that the + poorest and hardest-working women who pinched out their dollars to + send, think that we promised them therefor this book-report of the + council. So all in all I decided, against Miss Foster, Mrs. Stanton + and your own dear self, to give each the report, leaving her to do + as she feels most comfortable about sending to the treasurer + payment in return. + +A few days later she writes: "I mailed 800 letters yesterday, and we +have sent over 1,500 Reports, with 800 more promised." Could any pen +give an adequate idea of the amount of work accomplished by that +tireless brain and those never-resting hands? + +Miss Anthony spoke on Woman's Day, October 12, at the Centennial +Celebration in Columbus, O. A newspaper correspondent drew this contrast +between her address and those of the women of the W. C. T. U.: + + Each prayer started heavenward was weighted with + politics--political prohibition. When the eloquent speakers of the + afternoon dealt a stinging blow under the belt to one of the + leading political parties, the applause was tremendous, cheers and + "amens" mingling in a sacrilegious chorus of approval. On the other + hand, when Miss Anthony made her calm, strong and really logical + argument in favor of woman suffrage, giving each party, so far as + related to action of States, just praise or censure, she was + received coldly. It did not seem to count for anything that she had + been a pioneer in the cause of temperance. That white record was + stained because she cast their idol down--she showed that + prohibition had failed in Kansas in the large cities, whether under + a Democratic or a Republican governor, or under St. John, the + Prohibition governor; in every administration it was a failure, + because even there women had only a restricted vote, and public + sentiment without the ballot counted for naught. There were no + little graves in her speech, no weeping willows by winding streams + where lay broken hearts in tombs unmarked. It was a simple + statement of the cause a brave woman had at heart. + +She attended the State conventions at Ames, Ia., and at Emporia, Kan., +where she was the guest of Senator and Mrs. Kellogg. From there she went +to Leavenworth, and later to Omaha for the Nebraska convention. She then +engaged for the fall and winter with the Slayton Lecture Bureau at $60 a +night, and began again the tiresome round throughout the Western States. + +In this autumn of 1888, Miss Anthony received a severe shock in the +announcement of the approaching marriage of Rachel Foster to Cyrus +Miller Avery, of Chicago. He had attended the International Council the +preceding spring with his mother, Rosa Miller Avery, known prominently +in suffrage and other public work in Illinois. Here he had seen Miss +Foster in her youth and beauty, carrying a large part of the +responsibility connected with that important gathering, and had fallen +in love with her at first sight. During her long life Miss Anthony had +seen one young girl after another take up the work of woman's +regeneration, fit herself for it, grow into a power, then marry, give it +all up and drop out of sight. "I would not object to marriage," she +wrote, "if it were not that women throw away every plan and purpose of +their own life, to conform to the plans and purposes of the man's life. +I wonder if it is woman's real, true nature always to abnegate self." +Miss Foster had developed unusual ability and for a number of years had +been Miss Anthony's mainstay in the suffrage work, and had grown very +close into her heart; it is not surprising, therefore, that she learned +of the coming marriage with dismay. She accepted the situation as +gracefully as possible, however, and, although too far away to attend +the wedding, sent most cordial wishes for the happiness of the +newly-married.[45] + +The year 1888 brought to Miss Anthony many honors, but it brought also +the usual quota of the bereavements which come with every passing year +when one nears threescore and ten. Her cherished friend, Dr. Clemence +Lozier, had passed away; Edward M. Davis, whose faithful friendship +never had failed, was no more; A. Bronson Alcott and his daughter Louisa +had gone to test the truth of the new philosophy; and other dear ones +had dropped out of the narrowing circle. But as a partial compensation, +there had come into her life some new friends who were destined, if not +to fill the place of those who were gone, to make another for themselves +in her affections and her labors quite as helpful and important. Chief +among these was Rev. Anna Howard Shaw, who, from the time of the +International Council, gave her deepest love and truest allegiance. +Until then she had not been near enough Miss Anthony to realize the +nobility and grandeur of her character, but thenceforth she accorded to +her all the devotion and reverence of her own strong and beautiful +nature. In a letter written after she had returned to her home in +Boston, she said: "From my heart I pray that I may always be worthy your +love and confidence. To know you is a blessing; to be trusted by you is +worth far more than my efforts for our work have cost me." + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[36] To these afterwards were added from the executive committee, +Isabella Beecher Hooker, _Chairman_, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Mary B. Clay, +Sarah M. Perkins, Lillie Devereux Blake, Mary F. Eastman, Clara Neymann, +Elizabeth Boynton Harbert. + +[37] Many letters are on file making these declarations. It is not +practicable to quote them here, but a place may be made for an extract +from that of Zerelda G. Wallace to Miss Anthony: "While they do not +under-estimate the work of any of the pioneers, the hearts of the women +all over the country are turning to you. They feel that they are yours, +and you are theirs. The suffrage women look to you with as much loyalty +and affection as the temperance women to Miss Willard. There are +thousands of them who would rally around you with an enthusiasm which no +one else can inspire. You will do me the credit to believe that I speak +solely for the good of the work to which you have given your life." + +[38] Mrs. Avery and Miss Blackwell have continued ever since to fill +these positions most acceptably to the association. + +[39] The magnitude of the work of the council may be better appreciated +by the mention of a few figures in this connection. There were printed +and distributed by mail 10,000 calls and 10,000 appeals; sketches were +prepared of the lives and work of speakers and delegates and circulated +by a press committee of over ninety persons in many States; March 10, +the first edition (5,000) of the sixteen-page program was issued; this +was followed by five other editions of 5,000 each and a final seventh +edition of 7,000. About 4,000 letters were written. Including those +concerning railroad rates, not less than 10,000 more circulars of +various kinds were printed and distributed. A low estimate of the number +of pages thus issued gives 672,000. During the week of the council and +the week of the convention of the National W. S. A. the Woman's Tribune +was published by Mrs. Colby eight times (four days sixteen pages, four +days twelve pages), the daily edition averaging 12,500. + +An international convention of men, held in Washington the same year, +cost in round numbers $50,000.--Official Report. + +[40] One session each was given to Education, Philanthropy, Temperance, +Industries, Professions, Organizations, Legal Conditions, Social Purity, +Political Conditions, etc., which were discussed by the women most +prominent in the several departments. Fifty-three different national +organizations of women were represented by eighty speakers and +forty-nine delegates from England, France, Norway, Denmark, Finland, +India, Canada and the United States. + +[41] The fine stenographic reports of this council were made by Mary F. +Seymour and a corps of women assistants. The official proceedings, with +speeches in full, may be obtained of the corresponding secretary of the +National-American W. S. A. + +[42] National Council: _President_, Frances E. Willard; +_vice-president-at-large_, Susan B. Anthony; _corresponding secretary_, +May Wright Sewall; _recording secretary_, Mary F. Eastman; _treasurer_, +M. Louise Thomas. + +[43] This meeting was arranged by Dr. Frances Dickinson, who had +persuaded Miss Anthony to make the journey to Chicago in order to +preside over it. On the way to the hall she was detained at a drawbridge +and Miss Willard kindly took her place. + +[44] See Appendix for full text of letter. + +[45] Mrs. Foster Avery has proved an exception to the rule and, during +the ten years since her marriage, has performed as much work, to say the +least, as any of the younger generation of women, besides contributing +thousands of dollars. + + + + +CHAPTER XXXVI. + +CONVENTIONS FROM WASHINGTON TO SOUTH DAKOTA. + +1889. + + +The eleventh of January, 1889, found Miss Anthony in her usual pleasant +suite of rooms at the Riggs House. She plunged at once into preparations +for the approaching convention, interviewing congressmen, calling at the +newspaper offices and conferring with local committees. The Twenty-first +National Convention opened January 21, in the Congregational church, +with the speakers as bright and full of hope as they had been through +all the score of years. The opening address was given by Hon. A. G. +Riddle and, during the sessions, excellent speeches were made by Hon. +William D. Kelley, Senator Blair, Rev. Alexander Kent and State Senator +Blue, of Kansas. Rev. Anna H. Shaw made her first appearance on the +National platform and delivered her splendid oration, "The Fate of +Republics." Laura M. Johns gave a practical and pleasing talk on +"Municipal Suffrage in Kansas;" and there was the usual array of talent. +Miss Anthony presided, putting every speaker to the front and making a +substantial background of her own felicitous little speeches, each +containing an argument in a nutshell. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Very truly yours, Wm D Kelley"] + +While in Washington she was entertained at dinner by the "Six O'clock +Club," and seated at the right hand of its president Dr. Wm. A. +Hammond. The subject for the evening was "Robert Elsmere" and, in giving +her opinion, she said she had found nothing new in the book; all those +theological questions had been discussed and settled by the Quakers long +ago. What distressed her most was the marriage of Robert and Catherine, +who, any outsider could have seen, were utterly unfitted for one +another, and she wondered if there could be any way by which young +people might be able to know each other better before marrying. + +On February 11, Miss Anthony spoke in Cincinnati to an audience of +2,000, under the management of A. W. Whelpley, city librarian.[46] The +Commercial Gazette commented: "Miss Susan B. Anthony had every reason +for congratulation on the audience, both as to quality and quantity, +which greeted her Sunday afternoon at the Grand Opera House. Her +discourse proved to be one of the most entertaining of the Unity Club +lectures this season, and if she did not succeed in gaining many +proselytes to her well-known views regarding woman's emancipation, she +certainly reaped the reward of presenting the arguments in an +interesting and logical manner. Every neatly turned point was received +with applause and that good-natured laughter that carries with it not a +little of the element of conviction. As of old, this pioneer of the +woman's cause is abundantly able to return sarcasm for sarcasm, as well +as to present an array of facts in a manner which would do credit to the +most astute of our politicians." + +Miss Anthony was much gratified at the cordial reception given her in +Cincinnati and the evident success of her speech, and Tuesday morning, +with a happy heart, took the train for her western lecture tour. She +settled herself comfortably, glanced over her paper and was about to lay +it aside when her eye caught the word "Leavenworth." A hasty glance told +her of the drowning the day before of Susie B. Anthony, while out +skating with a party of schoolmates! Susie B., her namesake, her +beloved niece, as dear as a daughter, and with many of her own strong +characteristics--she was almost stunned. Telegraphing at once to cancel +her engagements, she hastened to Leavenworth. Just six months before, +Colonel and Mrs. Anthony had lost a little daughter, five years old, and +now the sudden taking away of this beautiful girl in her seventeenth +year was a blow of crushing force. She found a stricken household to +whom she could offer but small consolation out of her own sorrowing +heart. After the last services she attempted to fill her engagements in +Arkansas, speaking in Helena, Fort Smith and Little Rock; at the last +place being introduced to the audience by Governor James B. Eagle. She +was so filled with sympathy for her brother and his wife that she gave +up her other lectures and returned to Leavenworth, where she remained +for two months, going away only for two or three meetings. + +She lectured in Memorial Hall, St. Louis, March 5,[47] and a brilliant +reception was given her at the Lindell Hotel. On March 9, she spoke at +Jefferson City, where the Daily Tribune contained a full synopsis of her +address, beginning as follows: "The hall of the House of Representatives +was crowded last night as never before, with ladies and gentlemen--State +officials, members of the general assembly, clerks of the departments +and of the legislature, and all the students from Lincoln Institute.... +Miss Anthony was received with applause, and plunged at once into the +subject which for many years has made her name a household word in every +English-speaking country on the globe." + +Leavenworth was in the midst of an exciting municipal campaign and +Colonel Anthony had been nominated for mayor by the Republicans. Miss +Anthony made a number of speeches, at Chickering Hall, the Conservatory +of Music, the different churches, meetings of colored people, etc. The +night of the last great rally she writes in her diary: "It does seem as +if the cause of law and order and temperance ought to win, but the +saloon element resorts to such tricks that honest people can not match +them." So it seemed in this case, and Colonel Anthony was defeated. The +Republicans, both men and women, were divided amongst themselves with +the usual results. + +Her grief over the untimely death of Susie B. was still fresh, and in a +letter to a friend who had just suffered a great bereavement, she said: +"It is a part of the inevitable and the living can not do otherwise than +submit, however rebellious they may feel; but we will clutch after the +loved ones in spite of all faith and all philosophy. By and by, when one +gets far enough away from the hurt of breaking the branch from its tree, +there does, there must, come a sweet presence of the spirit of the loved +and gone that soothes the ache of the earlier days. That every one has +to suffer from the loss of loving and loved ones, does not make our +anguish any the less." + +To the sorrowing father she wrote after she returned home: "Can you not +feel when you look at those lonely mounds, that the spirits, the part of +them that made life, are not there but in your own home, in your own +heart, ever present? It surely is more blessed to have loved and lost +than never to have loved.... Which of us shall follow them first we can +not tell, but if it should be I, lay my body away without the +heartbreak, the agony that must come when the young go. Try to believe +that all is well, that however misunderstood or misunderstanding, all +there is clear to the enlarged vision. Whenever I have suffered from the +memory of hasty or unkind words to those who have gone, my one comfort +always has been in the feeling that their spirits still live and are so +much finer that they understand and forgive." + +Miss Anthony went from Leavenworth to Indianapolis for a few days' +conference with Mrs. Sewall on matters connected with the National +Suffrage Association and National Council of Women. She writes in her +diary: "Mrs. Sewall introduced me to the girls of her Classical School +as one who had dared live up to her highest dream. I did not say a word +for fear it might not be the right one." From here she journeyed to +Philadelphia, stopping, she says, "with dear Adeline Thomson, whose +door is always open to those who are working for women;"[48] thence to +New York for the State convention April 26. + +The preceding evening a reception was tendered Miss Anthony at the Park +Hotel, where she notes, "I wore my garnet velvet and point lace." This +did not suit the correspondent of the Chicago Herald, who said: "Her +futile efforts to adjust her train with the toe of her number seven +boot, instead of the approved backward sweep of heel, demonstrated that +she certainly was not 'to the manner born.'" He then continued to sneer +at the suffrage women for "adopting the social elegancies of life +inaugurated by Mrs. Ashton Dilke, at the council last winter;" evidently +unaware that Miss Anthony had been wearing her velvet gown since 1883. +But the same day the New York Sun had a long and serious editorial to +the effect that "equal suffrage never would be successful until it was +made fashionable." This illustrates how hard it is to please everybody, +and also how prone men are to make a woman's work inseparable from her +garments, always giving more prominence to what she wears than to what +she says and does, and then censuring her because she "gives so much +time and thought to her clothes." Even from far-off Memphis the +Avalanche tumbled down on Miss Anthony for wearing point lace "when the +women who wore their lives out making it were no better than slaves." +Doubtless the editor abjured linen shirt-bosoms because the poor +Irishwomen who bleach the flax are paid starvation wages. The Brooklyn +Times also jumped into the breach and, in a column editorial, attempted +to prove that "the ballot for woman is as superfluous as a corset for a +man." Thus does the male mind illustrate its superiority! + +On May 17, Miss Anthony addressed the Woman's Political Equality Club of +Rochester, in the Unitarian church, which was crowded to its capacity. +She spoke in Warren, O., May 21, the guest of Hon. Ezra B. Taylor and +his daughter, Mrs. Upton. The next day the two ladies went to the Ohio +State Convention at Akron and were entertained at the palatial home of +Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Miller. A dinner was given to Miss Anthony, Mrs. +Zerelda G. Wallace and Rev. Anna Shaw by Mr. and Mrs. Adolph Schumacher. + +A report went the rounds of the newspapers at this time saying that +"Miss Anthony had renounced woman suffrage." It was started doubtless by +some one who supposed her to be so narrow as to abandon a great +principle because her brother had been defeated in a city where women +had the suffrage. The Portland Oregonian having used this alleged +renunciation as the basis for a leading editorial, the ladies of Tacoma, +Wash., where women had been arbitrarily disfranchised by the supreme +court, sent a telegram to Miss Anthony asking if the rumor were true. +She telegraphed in reply: "Report false; am stronger than ever and bid +Washington restore woman suffrage." + +She went to Philadelphia to attend the wedding, June 21, of one of her +family of nieces, who filled the place in her great heart which would +have been given to her daughters, had she chosen marriage instead of the +world's work for all womankind. When her sister Hannah had died years +before, Miss Anthony had brought the little orphan, Helen Louise Mosher, +to her own home, where she had remained until grown. For some time she +had been a successful supervisor of kindergarten work in Philadelphia +and today she was the happy bride of Alvan James, a prominent business +man of that city.[49] Miss Anthony was pleased with the marriage and the +young couple started on their wedding tour with her blessing. + +In July a charming letter was received from Madame Maria Deraismes, +president of the French Woman's Congress, conveying "the greetings of +the women of France to the leader of women in America." On the Fourth +Miss Anthony addressed a Grangers' picnic, at Lyons, held under the +great trees in the dooryard of Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Bradley, who were +her hosts. One hot week this month was spent with Dr. Sarah A. Dolley, a +prominent physician of Rochester, in her summer home at Long Pond. Early +in August, with her niece Maud, she took a very delightful trip through +the lake and mountain regions of New York. After a visit at Saratoga +they went up Mount McGregor, and Miss Anthony writes in her diary: "Here +we saw the room where General Grant died, the invalid chair, the clothes +he wore, medicine bottles, etc.--very repulsive. If the grand mementoes +of his life's work were on exhibition it would be inspiring, but these +ghastly reminders of his disease and death are too horrible." + +They spent a few days at the Fort William Henry Hotel on beautiful Lake +George, and she says: "Several of the colored waiters formerly at the +Riggs House recognized me the moment I entered the dining-room, and one +of them brought me a lovely bouquet." They sailed through Lake Champlain +to Montreal, stopping at the Windsor, visiting the grand cathedrals and +enjoying the glorious view from the summit of the Royal mountain. Then +they journeyed to the Berkshire hills and enjoyed many visits with the +numerous relatives scattered throughout that region. At Brooklyn they +were the guests of the cousins Lucien and Ellen Hoxie Squier. + +Early in July Miss Anthony had accepted an invitation to address the +Seidl Club, who were to give a luncheon at Brighton Beach, the +fashionable resort on Coney Island. The invitation had been extended +through Mrs. Laura C. Holloway, one of the editorial staff of the +Brooklyn Eagle and a valued friend of many years' standing, who wrote: +"Not nearly all our members are suffragists, but all of them honor you +as a great and noble representative of the sex. You can do more good by +meeting this body of musical and literary women than by addressing a +dozen out-and-out suffrage meetings. You will find many old friends to +greet you, and a loving and proud welcome from yours devotedly." She +addressed the club August 30, after an elegant luncheon served to 300 +members and guests. She selected for her subject, "Woman's Need of +Pecuniary Independence," and her remarks were received with much +enthusiasm. "Broadbrim's" New York letter thus describes the occasion: + + The Seidl Club had an elegant time down at Coney Island this week, + and dear old Susan B. Anthony addressed the members, many of whom + are among the representative women of the land. It was the custom + in years gone by for a lot of paper-headed ninnies, who write cheap + jokes about mothers-in-law, to fire their paper bullets at Susan B. + She has lived to see about one-half of them go down to drunkard's + graves, and the other half are either dead or forgotten, while she + today stands as one of the brightest, cheeriest women, young or + old, to be found in our own or any other land. What a tremendous + battle she has fought, what a blameless life she has led, rejoicing + in the strength which enabled her to mingle with the weak and + erring of her sex when necessary without even the smell of smoke on + her garments. She made an address, and what an address it was, with + more good, sound, hard sense in it than you would find in fifty + congressional speeches, and how the women applauded her till they + made the roof ring! Susan B. Anthony was by all odds the lioness of + the day. + +A few days were given to Mrs. Stanton, who was spending the summer with +her son Gerrit and his wife at Hempstead, L. I., and they prepared the +call for the next national convention. She reached home in time to speak +on September 9 at Wyoming, where she was a guest at the delightful +summer home of Mrs. Susan Look Avery for several days, as long as she +could be persuaded to stay. She then hastened back to New York to visit +Mrs. M. Louise Thomas, president of Sorosis, for a day or two, and +arrange National Council affairs, and down to Philadelphia to plan +suffrage work with Rachel Foster Avery.[50] Just as she was leaving she +received a letter from Margaret V. Hamilton, of Ft. Wayne, announcing +that her mother, Emerine J. Hamilton, had bequeathed to Miss Anthony for +her personal use $500 in bank stock, a testimonial of her twenty years +of unwavering friendship. While grieved at the loss of one whose love +and hospitality she had so long enjoyed, she rejoiced in the thought +that from the daughters she still would receive both in the same +unstinted degree. + +September 27 saw her en route for the West once more and by October 1 +she was at Wichita, ready for the Kansas State Convention. The Woman's +Tribune had said: "It is the greatest boon to the president of a State +convention to have the presence and counsel of Miss Anthony." At this +meeting the committee reported a set of resolutions beginning, "We +believe in God," etc., when she at once protested on the ground that +"the woman suffrage platform must be kept free from all theological +bias, so that unbelievers as well as evangelical Christians can stand +upon it." + +The 10th of October Miss Anthony, fresh, bright and cheery, reported for +duty at the Indiana State Convention held at Rushville. On October 14, +strong and vigorous as ever, she announced herself at Milwaukee, ready +for the Wisconsin State Convention, where she spoke at each of the three +days' sessions. In one of her addresses here she said that she did not +ask suffrage for women in order that they might vote against the liquor +traffic--she did not know how they would vote on this question--she +simply demanded that they should have the same right as men to express +their opinions at the ballot-box. Immediately the report was sent +broadcast that Miss Anthony had said "as many women would vote for beer +as against it." + +Then down to Chicago she journeyed to talk over the "Isabella Memorial" +with her cousin, Dr. Frances Dickinson, who was a prime factor of this +movement. While there she had a charming visit with Harriet Hosmer, the +great sculptor, who afterwards wrote her: + + It was a real treat to see you once more.... How well do I remember + our first meeting in the office of The Revolution. I do not know of + anything that would give me so much pleasure as being present at + the Washington convention, and if I am in America next January you + may rest assured I shall be there.... Yes, you are quite right; + there ought to be a National Art Association of women who are real + artists, and it would be a good thing all round. There is nothing + which has impressed me so much and so favorably since my return + here as the number of helpful clubs and associations which are of + modern growth, and one of the best fruits of the work that has been + done among women. Not only are they full of pleasantness but where + unity is there is strength. + + Now that we have come together, don't let us permit a vacuum of + twenty years to intervene again; we have a great deal to say to + each other. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Keep me in your heart as I keep you in mine +and hold me even [illegible] H. Hosmer."] + +Miss Anthony went from Milwaukee to the Minnesota State Convention at +Minneapolis, and addressed the students of the university. She also +visited the Bethany Home for the Friendless and writes in her journal: +"I saw there over forty fatherless babes, and twenty or thirty girls who +must henceforth wear the scarlet letter over their hearts, while the men +who caused their ruin go forth to seek new recruits for the Bethany +homes!" At Duluth she was the guest of her faithful friends, Judge J. B. +and Sarah Burger Stearns, speaking here in the Masonic Temple. The judge +introduced Miss Anthony in these words: "The first quality we look for +in men is courage; the next, ability; the third, benevolence. It is my +pleasure to present to you tonight a woman who has exhibited, in a +marked degree, all three." + +On November 11, 1889, at the beginning of the northern winter, she went +from here to South Dakota. A woman suffrage amendment had been submitted +to be voted on in 1890, and Miss Anthony had been receiving urgent +letters from the members of the State Suffrage Association to assist +them in a preliminary canvass and advise as to methods of organization, +etc. "Every true woman will welcome you to South Dakota," wrote Philena +Johnson, one of the district presidents. "My wife looks upon you as a +dependent child upon an indulgent parent; your words will inspire her," +wrote the husband of Emma Smith DeVoe, the State lecturer. "We are very +grateful that you will come to us," wrote Alonzo Wardall, the +vice-president. + +Miss Anthony began the canvass at Redfield, November 12, introduced by +Judge Isaac Howe. The Supreme Court decision allowing "original +packages" of liquor to come into the State had just been announced, and +the old minister who opened this meeting devoted all of his prayer to +explaining to the Almighty the evils which would follow in the wake of +these "original packages!" She held meetings throughout the State, had +fine audiences and found strong friends at each place. There was much +public interest and the comments of the press were favorable in the +highest degree.[51] + +She addressed the Farmers' Alliance at their State convention in +Aberdeen; they were very cordial and officially endorsed the suffrage +amendment. In a letter at this time she said: "I have learned just what +I feared--the Prohibitionists in their late campaign studiously held +woman suffrage in the background. The W. C. T. U. woman who introduced +me last night publicly proclaimed she had not yet reached woman +suffrage. Isn't it discouraging? When I get to Washington, I shall see +all of the South Dakota congressmen and senators and learn what they +intend to do. The Republican party here stood for prohibition, and if it +will stand for woman suffrage we can carry it, and not otherwise." Her +fine optimism did not desert her, however, and to the Woman's Tribune +she wrote: + + I want to help our friends throughout this State to hold the + canvass for woman suffrage entirely outside all political, + religious or reform questions--that is, keep it absolutely by + itself. I advise every man and woman who wishes this amendment + carried at the ballot-box next November to wear only the badge of + yellow ribbon--that and none other. This morning I cut and tied a + whole bolt of ribbon, and every woman went out of the court-house + adorned with a little sunflower-colored knot. + + The one work for the winter before our good friends in South + Dakota, should be that of visiting every farmhouse of every school + district of every county in the State; talking and reading over the + question at every fireside these long evenings; enrolling the names + of all who believe in woman suffrage; leaving papers and tracts to + be read and circulated, and organizing equal suffrage committees in + every district and village. With this done, the entire State will + be in splendid trim for the opening of the regular campaign in the + spring of 1890. + +She started eastward the very day her canvass ended, reaching Chicago on +Thanksgiving evening, and went directly to Detroit where she spoke +November 29, and was the guest of her old friends of anti-slavery days, +Giles and Catharine F. Stebbins. Her nephew, Daniel R. Jr., came over +from Michigan University to hear her and accompanied her back to Ann +Arbor, where she was entertained by Mrs. Olivia B. Hall. He thus gives +his impressions to his parents: + + Aunt Susan spoke here for the benefit of the Ladies, Library + Association, and had an excellent audience; and Sunday night she + spoke at the Unitarian church. It was jammed full and people were + in line for half a block around, trying to get inside. At the + beginning of her lecture Aunt Susan does not do so well; but when + she is in the midst of her argument and all her energies brought + into play, I think she is a very powerful speaker. + + Dr. Sunderland, the Unitarian minister, invited her to dinner and, + as I was her nephew, of course I had to be included. The Halls are + very fine people and as I took nearly every meal at their house + while she was here, I can also testify that they have good things + to eat. I brought Aunt Susan down to see where I lived. It being + vacation time of course the house was closed and hadn't been aired + for a week, and some of the boys having smoked a good deal she + thought the odor was dreadful, but that otherwise we were very + comfortably fixed. + +Miss Anthony spoke at Toronto December 2, introduced by the mayor and +entertained by Dr. Augusta S. Gullen, daughter of Dr. Emily H. Stowe. +She addressed the Political Equality Club of Rochester in the +Universalist church, December 5. During the past three months she had +travelled several thousand miles and spoken every night when not on +board the cars. Three days later she started for Washington to arrange +for the National convention, and from there wrote Rachel Foster Avery: + + I have done it, and to my dismay Mrs. Colby has announced my + high-handedness in this week's Tribune, when I intended to keep my + assumption of Andrew Jackson-like responsibility a secret. One + night last week the new Lincoln Hall was opened and when I saw what + a splendid audience-room it is, I just rushed the next day to the + agent and found our convention days not positively engaged; then + rushed to Mr. Kent and from him to Mr. Jordan and got released from + the little church, and then back I went and had the convention + booked for Lincoln Hall. I did not mean to have any notice of the + change of place go out over the country, because it makes no + difference to friends outside of Washington. Well, no matter. I + couldn't think of taking our convention into any church when we had + a chance to go back to our old home, and that in a new and elegant + house reared upon the ashes of the old. So if killed I am for this + high-handed piece of work, why killed I shall be! + +A letter will illustrate her efforts for South Dakota: "I have 50,000 +copies of Senator Palmer's speech ready to go to the Senate +folding-room, and thence to the South Dakota senators and +representatives to be franked, and then back to me to be addressed to +the 25,000 men of the Farmers' Alliance, etc. If suffrage literature +does not penetrate into every single family in every town of every +county of South Dakota before another month rolls round, it will be +because I can not get the names of every one. I am securing also the +subscription lists of every county newspaper. If reading matter in every +home and lectures in every school house of the State will convert the +men, we shall carry South Dakota next November with a whoop! I do hope +we can galvanize our friends in every State to concentrate all their +money and forces upon South Dakota the coming year. We must have no +scattering fire now, but all directed to one point, and get everybody to +thinking, reading and talking on the subject." + +And again she writes: "With my $400 which I have contributed to the +National this year, I have made life members of myself, nieces Lucy E. +and Louise, and Mrs. Stanton. Now I intend to make Mrs. Minor, Olympia +Brown, Phoebe Couzins and Matilda Joslyn Gage life members. I had +thought of others, but these last four are of longer standing, were +identified with the old National and have suffered odium and persecution +because of adherence to it." + +In the diary's mention of busy days is one item: "Went to the Capitol to +the celebration of the centennial of the First Congress. Justice Fuller +made a beautiful oration on the progress of the century but failed to +have discovered a woman all the way down;" and another: "This morning +called on Mrs. Harrison, Mrs. Stanford and Mrs. Manderson to talk about +having women represented in the Columbian Exposition of 1892. All are in +favor of it." + +Every hour was filled with business, and with social duties undertaken +solely because of the influence they might have on the great and only +question. The last day of 1889 she went to pay the final honors to the +wife of her faithful ally, Hon. A. G. Riddle. Death had robbed her of +many friends during the past year. On February 1 her old co-worker Amy +Post, of Rochester, was laid to rest, one of the veteran Abolitionists +who commenced the work in 1833 with Garrison, and who had stood by the +cause of woman as faithfully as by that of the slave. In March passed +away in the prime of womanhood, Mary L. Booth, editor of Harper's Bazar +from its beginning in 1867. In June died Maria Mitchell, the great +astronomer, in the fullness of years, having completed threescore and +ten. In November was finished the work of Dinah Mendenhall, the +venerable Quaker and philanthropist, wife of Isaac Mendenhall, whose +home near Philadelphia had been for sixty years the refuge of the poor +and oppressed, without regard to sex, color or creed.[52] + +At the close of the old year, the Washington Star in a long interview, +headed "A Leader of Women," said. + + Miss Anthony is now at the capital, ready for the regular annual + agitation before Congress of the proposed Sixteenth Amendment to + the Constitution. She is one of the remarkable women of the world. + In appearance she has not grown a day older in the past ten years. + Her manner has none of the excitement of an enthusiast; never + discouraged by disappointment, she keeps calmly at work, and she + could give points in political organization and management to some + of the best male politicians in the land. Her face is strong and + intellectual, but full of womanly gentleness. Her gold spectacles + give her a motherly rather than a severe expression, and a stranger + would see nothing incongruous in her doing knitting or fancy-work. + In no sense does she correspond with the distorted idea of a + woman's rights agitator. In conversation her manner is that of + perfect repose. She is always entertaining, and the most romantic + idealizer of women would not expect frivolity in one of her age and + would not charge it to strong-mindedness that she is sedate.... + Speaking of the Columbus celebration, she said she understood it + was probable that the board of promotion at the capital would + decide to permit women a part in the organization and management of + the enterprise. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[46] In response to a letter of introduction from Mr. Spofford, of the +Riggs, Miss Anthony was the guest of the Burnet House with a fine suite +of apartments. In a letter home she writes: "The chambermaid said, 'Why, +you have had more calls than Mrs. Hayes had when she occupied these +rooms.'" + +[47] Mrs. Minor managed this meeting and also tried to arrange for Miss +Anthony to address a large Catholic gathering but was unsuccessful. She +writes: "The vicar-general was on the side of your lecture and spoke in +complimentary terms of you and your work." + +[48] In a letter Miss Thomson wrote: "I want you to know that my heart +is warmer for you than for any other mortal, my thoughts follow you +wheresoever you go, and I am always glad when your footsteps turn toward +me." + +[49] A little incident showed the family spirit. When her lover was +about to present her with a handsome diamond engagement ring, she +requested that instead the money should be given to the National +Suffrage Association, which was done. + +[50] In a letter to Mrs. Avery relative to some pressing work, Miss +Anthony wrote: "I would not for anything have you drudge on this during +your husband's vacation. No, no, there is none too much of life and +happiness for any of us, so plan to go and be and do whatever seemeth +best unto the twain made so beautifully one." + +[51] She spoke at Huron, Mitchell, Yankton, Sioux Falls, Madison, +Brookings, DeSmet, Watertown, Parker, Pierre, St. Lawrence and Aberdeen, +and presented a full set of the History of Woman Suffrage to libraries +in each of these towns. + +[52] The year previous Mrs. Mendenhall had given Miss Anthony and +Frances Willard each her note for $1,000 payable after her death, to be +used for the cause of woman suffrage and temperance, but the heirs +refused to honor the notes. + + + + +CHAPTER XXXVII. + +AT THE END OF SEVENTY YEARS. + +1890. + + +Miss Anthony received New Year's calls in the Red Parlor of the Riggs +House, January 1, 1890, entertained a party of friends at dinner in the +evening, and had the usual number of pleasant gifts and loving letters. +While busy with preparations for the national convention, she learned of +the project to celebrate her seventieth birthday on February 15. +Supposing it to be simply a tribute from her friends, like the +observance of her fiftieth anniversary twenty years before in New York, +she was pleased at the compliment, but after the arrangements were +commenced she learned that it was to take the form of an elegant banquet +at the Riggs and tickets were to be sold at $4 each. Her feelings were +expressed in a letter to May Wright Sewall and Rachel Foster Avery, who +had the matter in charge: + + I write in utter consternation, hoping it is not too late to recall + every notice sent for publication. I never dreamed of your doing + other than issuing pretty little private invitations signed by Mrs. + Stanton and yourselves as officers of the National Association. If + its official board is too far dissolved for this, please let the + whole matter drop, and I will invite a few special friends to sup + with me on my birthday. I know Mr. and Mrs. Spofford would love to + unite with you in a personal entertainment of this kind. I may be + wrong as to the bad taste of issuing a notice, just like a public + meeting, and letting those purchase tickets who wish; but it seems + to me the very persons least desired by us may be the first to buy + them. I should be proud of a banquet with invited guests who would + make it an honor, but with such persons as will pay $5, more or + less, it resolves itself into a mere matter of cash. I would vastly + prefer to ask those we wanted and foot the entire bill myself. + +Mrs. Sewall wrote at once to Mrs. Avery, "This letter strikes dismay to +my soul. I will share with you the expense of the banquet." In a day or +two Miss Anthony's heart smote her and she wrote again: "I have blown my +bugle blast and I know I have wounded your dear souls, but I can not see +the plan a bit prettier than I did at first. I may be very stupid or +supersensitive. If it were to honor Mrs. Stanton, I would be willing to +charge for tickets." And then a few days later: "Have I killed you +outright? I can not tell you how much I have suffered because I can not +see this as you do, but I would rather never have a mention of my +birthday than to have it in that way. I know you meant it all lovely for +me, but you did not look at it outside your own dear hearts. Do tell me +that I have not alienated the two best-beloved of all my girls." + +They finally effected a compromise on the money feature by sending out +handsomely engraved invitations to those whom they wished as guests and +letting them pay $4 a plate if they came. Although they proved to Miss +Anthony that this always was done in such cases, she assented very +unwillingly, and begged that they would ask the friends to contribute $4 +apiece to the fund for South Dakota instead of the birthday banquet. +Finally, when all her scruples had been overcome, she made out so long a +list of people whom she wished to have complimentary invitations that +they would have filled every seat in the dining hall. She also was so +anxious that no one should be slighted in a chance to speak that Mrs. +Avery wrote: "The banquet would have to last through eternity to hear +all those Miss Anthony thinks ought to be heard." + +On the evening of the birthday over 200 of her distinguished friends +were seated in the great dining-room of the Riggs House, including a +delegation from Rochester and a number of relatives from Leavenworth, +Chicago, New York and Philadelphia. Miss Anthony occupied the place of +honor, on her right hand were Senator Blair and Mrs. Stanton; on her +left, Robert Purvis, Isabella Beecher Hooker and May Wright Sewall. +(Mrs. Foster Avery was detained at home.) The room was beautifully +decorated and the repast elaborate, but with such an array of intellect, +the after-dinner speeches were the distinguishing feature of the +occasion. The Washington Star, in a long account, said: + + A company of the most remarkable women in the world were assembled. + As she sat there, surrounded by the skirted knights of her long + crusade, Miss Anthony looked no older than fifty, but she had got a + good start into her seventy-first year before the dinner ended. May + Wright Sewall presided. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, that venerable and + beautiful old stateswoman, sat at the right of Senator Blair, + looking as if she should be the Lord Chief-Justice, with her white + hair puffed all over her head, and her amiable and intellectual + face marked with the lines of wisdom. Isabella Beecher Hooker, who + reminds one of her great brother, with the stamp of genius on her + brow and an energy of intellect expressed upon her face, sat at the + left of Miss Anthony. Old John Hutchinson, the last of the famous + singing family, his white hair and beard forming a fringe about his + shoulders; Clara Barton, her breast sparkling with Red Cross + medals; and many other women of wide fame were present. Before the + banquet the guests assembled in the Red Parlor of the Riggs, where + a levee was held and congratulations were offered. It was after 10 + o'clock when the line was formed and the guests marched down to the + dining-room, Miss Anthony, on the arm of Senator Blair, leading the + way. + +The correspondent of the New York Sun said in a brilliant description: +"The dining-room was a splendid scene, long to be remembered. The +American flag was everywhere and, with tropical flowers and foliage, +made bright decorations.... It was a notable gathering of women +world-wide in fame, and of distinguished men. The lady with a +birthday--seventy of them indeed--was of course the star on which all +others gazed. She never looked better, never happier, and never so much +like breaking down before her feelings. No wonder, with such a birthday +party! Friends of her youth calling her 'Susan,' affectionate deference +from everybody, and all saying she deserved a thousand just such +birthdays--young in heart, beautiful in spirit." + +Phoebe Couzins replied to the toast "St. Susan," making a witty contrast +between the austere St. Anthony of old and the St. Anthony of today, +representing self-abnegation for the good, the beautiful, the true. Rev. +Anna Shaw made a delightfully humorous response to "The Modern +Peripatetic," referring to the ancient philosopher who had founded the +school of men, and Miss Anthony who had founded the modern school of +women peripatetics, ready to grab their grips and start around the world +at a moment's notice. Matilda Joslyn Gage responded to "Miss Anthony as +a Fellow-worker;" Clara Bewick Colby to "Miss Anthony as a Journalist;" +Laura Ormiston Chant, of England, to "American Womanhood;" Mrs. Jane +Marsh Parker, sent by the Ignorance Club of Rochester, to "Miss Anthony +at Home," beginning: "To have brought to Miss Anthony all the +testimonials which Rochester would have laid at her feet tonight would +have made me appear at the banquet like the modern Santa Claus--the +postman at Christmastide." Rev. Frederick W. Hinckley, of Providence, +began his graceful address by saying: + + King Arthur, sword in hand, is not at the head of the table, but + Queen Susan is, the silver crown of seventy honorable years upon + her brow; and we gather here from every quarter of the Union, + little knights and great knights, without distinction of sex, to + take anew at her hands the oath of loyal service to the cause of + universal liberty. Those of us who have followed her through all + these years know that she has been a knight without reproach, that + her head has been level and her heart true. Faithful to the cause + of her sex, she has been broad enough to grasp great general + principles. She has been not only an advocate of equal rights, but + the prophet of humanity; and a better advocate of equal rights + because a prophet of humanity. There never has been a time when + Whittier's lines concerning Sumner would not have been applicable + to her: + + "Wherever wrong doth right deny, + Or suffering spirits urge their plea, + Here is a voice to smite the lie, + A hand to set the captive free." + + Nineteenth century chivalry renders all honor to that type of + womanhood of which she is an illustrious example. + +Robert Purvis eloquently referred to Miss Anthony's grand work for the +abolition of slavery, which, he said, was still continued in the vaster +and more complicated work for the freedom of women. Mrs. Stanton's two +daughters, Mrs. Lawrence and Mrs. Blatch, made sparkling responses. +Representative J. A. Pickler said in part: + + Five years since, when a member of the Dakota legislature and in + charge of the bill giving full suffrage to women, I was + characterized in the public press as "Susan B. Pickler." I look + upon this as one of the greatest honors ever bestowed upon me. I + have never learned how Miss Anthony regarded it.... + + Unswerved by the shafts of ridicule, without love of gain, she has + sublimely borne through all these years ridicule and reproach for + principle, for humanity, for womanhood. The soldier battles amid + the plaudits of his countrymen, the statesman supported by his + party, the clergyman sanctioned by his church, but alone, this + great woman has stood for half a century, contending for the rights + of women. Says Professor Swing: "Mark any life pervaded by a worthy + plan, and how beautiful it is! Webster, Gladstone, Sumner, + Disraeli; fifty years were these temples in the building!" How + aptly these words describe our great advocate of woman. Gratifying + it must be to Susan B. Anthony; gratifying, we bear witness, it is + to her friends, that in her maturer years we see this cause, long + hated by others but by her always loved, now respected by all; and + herself, its representative and exponent, revered, loved and + honored by a whole nation. + +The main address was made by Mrs. Stanton, who responded to the +sentiment "The Friendships of Women," in an oration full of humor, and +closed: + + If there is one part of my life which gives me more intense + satisfaction than another, it is my friendship of more than forty + years' standing with Susan B. Anthony. Ours has been a friendship + of hard work and self-denial.... Emerson says, "It is better to be + a thorn in the side of your friend than his echo." If this add + weight and stability to friendship, then ours will endure forever, + for we have indeed been thorns in the side of each other. Sub rosa, + dear friends, I have had no peace for forty years, since the day we + started together on the suffrage expedition in search of woman's + place in the National Constitution. She has kept me on the war-path + at the point of the bayonet so long that I have often wished my + untiring coadjutor might, like Elijah, be translated a few years + before I was summoned, that I might spend the sunset of my life in + some quiet chimney-corner and lag superfluous on the stage no + longer. + + After giving up all hope of her sweet repose in Abraham's bosom, I + sailed some years ago for Europe. With an ocean between us I said, + now I shall enjoy a course of light reading. I shall visit all the + wonders of the old world, and write no more calls, resolutions or + speeches for conventions--when lo! one day I met Susan face to face + in the streets of London with a new light in her eyes. Behold there + were more worlds to conquer. She had decided on an international + council in Washington, so I had to return with her to the scenes of + our conflict.... Well, I prefer a tyrant of my own sex, so I shall + not deny the patent fact of my subjection; for I do believe that I + have developed into much more of a woman under her jurisdiction, + fed on statute laws and constitutional amendments, than if left to + myself reading novels in an easy-chair, lost in sweet reveries of + the golden age to come without any effort of my own. + +As Mrs. Stanton concluded, "The Guest of the Evening" was announced and, +amidst long continued applause and waving of handkerchiefs, Miss Anthony +arose and made one of those little speeches that never can be reported, +in which she said: + + I have been half inclined while listening here to believe that I + had passed on to the beyond. If there is one thing I hope for more + than another, it is that, should I stay on this planet thirty years + longer, I still may be worthy of the wonderful respect you have + manifested for me tonight. The one thought I wish to express is how + little my friend or I could have accomplished alone. What she said + is true; I have been a thorn in her side and in that of her family + too, I fear. I never expect to know any joy in this world equal to + that of going up and down the land, getting good editorials + written, engaging halls, and circulating Mrs. Stanton's speeches. + If I ever have had any inspiration she has given it to me, for I + never could have done my work if I had not had this woman at my + right hand. If I had had a husband and children, or opposition in + my own home, I never could have done it. My father and mother, my + brothers and sisters, those who are gone and those who are left, + all have been a help to me. How much depends on the sympathy and + co-operation of those about us! It is not necessary for all to go + to the front. Every woman presiding over her table in the homes + where I have been, has helped sustain me, I wish they could know + how much. + +Poems were read or sent by Harriet Hosmer, Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, +Alice Williams Brotherton and a number of others. At the close of Mrs. +Hooker's verses entitled "Should Auld Acquaintance be Forgot?" the +entire company arose and sang two stanzas of "Auld Lang Syne," led by +the venerable John Hutchinson. From the many letters received only a few +extracts can be given: + + Allow me to congratulate you on your safe arrival at the age of + threescore and ten. How much we may congratulate ourselves on the + great gains that have come to woman during these years; gains for + which you have worked so hard and so long! Hoping that you may + still be on this planet when the ballot is the sure possession of + our sex, I am very truly your co-worker, + + LUCY STONE. + + + None can more heartily congratulate thee on thy threescore and ten + years nobly devoted to the welfare of humanity, to unremitting + labor for temperance, for the abolition of slavery and for equal + rights of citizenship, irrespective of sex or color. We have lived + to see the end of slavery, and I hope thou wilt live to see + prohibition enforced in every State in the Union, and sex no longer + the condition of citizenship. God bless thee and give thee many + more years made happy by works of love and duty. I am truly thy + friend, + + JOHN G. WHITTIER. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "John G Whittier"] + + My heart honors, loves and blesses you. Every woman's would if she + only knew you. You'll have a statue some day in the Capitol at + Washington, but your best monument is built already in your + countrywomen's hearts. God bless you, brave and steadfast elder + sister! Accept this as the only valentine I ever wrote. May you + live a hundred years and vote the last twenty-five, is the wish and + prediction of your loyal sister, + + FRANCES E. WILLARD. + + + Miss Anthony's sole and effective fidelity to the cause of the + equal rights of her sex is worthy of the highest honor, and I know + that it will be eloquently and fitly acknowledged at the dinner, + which I trust will be in every way successful. Very respectfully + yours, + + GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. + + + It is a grief to me that I can not be present to honor the birthday + of our dear Susan B. Anthony; long life to her! I should have been + delighted to respond to the toast proposed, and to bear my + heartfelt tribute of respect and love for the true and unselfish + reformer, to whom women are no more indebted than are men. "Time + shall embalm and magnify her name." Very sincerely yours, + + WM. LLOYD GARRISON. + + + I know her great earnestness in every righteous cause, especially + that most righteous of all, woman suffrage, which I hope may + receive a new impulse from your gathering. As I grow older I feel + assured, year by year, that the granting of suffrage to women will + remedy many evils which now are attendant on popular government; + and if we are to despair of that cause we must despair of the final + establishment of justice as the controlling power in the political + affairs of mankind. I am faithfully yours, + + GEORGE F. HOAR. + + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Yours Sincerely, T B Reed"] + + I can not venture to promise to be present at the dinner to be + given to Miss Anthony, but I should be sorry to lose an opportunity + to express my admiration of her life and character. In themselves + they are ample refutation of the charges made by the unthinking + that participation in public affairs would make women unwomanly. If + any system of subjection has enabled any woman to preserve more + thoroughly the respect and affectionate regard of all her friends + than has Miss Anthony amid the struggles of an active and + strenuous life I have yet to learn of it. With sincere hope that + she may have many years still left to her, I am yours sincerely, + + THOMAS B. REED. + + + I think I express the feeling of most if not all the workers in our + cause when I say that the women of America owe more to Susan B. + Anthony than to any other woman living. While Mrs. Stanton has been + the standard bearer of liberty, announcing great principles, Miss + Anthony has been the power which has carried those principles on + toward victory and impressed them upon the hearts of the people. + Yours truly, + + OLYMPIA BROWN. + + + May you live many years longer to enjoy the results of your + herculean work, and score as many triumphs in the future as you + have in the past. On the morning of the 15th some flowers will be + sent you with my love. I wish they were as imperishable as your + name and fame. Affectionately, + + MRS. JOHN A. LOGAN. + + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Affectionately, Mrs. John A Logan"] + + How good to have lived through the laugh of the world into its + smiles of welcome and honor--how much better to have reached these + with a heart gentle and humble like hers--how best of all to care, + as she must, scarce a rush for the personal honor and accept it + only as an honor to the cause for which she has given so many of + the seventy years. Truly yours, + + W. C. AND MARY LEWIS GANNETT. + + + With the hope that you may live to one hundred or until, like + ancient Simeon, you behold what you hope for, I am yours very + truly, + + T. W. PALMER. + + + My wife and I send you our hearty congratulations on your birthday. + May you have many happy returns of the day, with increasing honor + and affection from your numerous friends, amongst whom we hope you + will let us count ourselves. Yours very truly, + + CHARLES NORDHOFF. + + + I congratulate you with all my heart upon your health and happiness + on this your seventieth birthday, and wish to say that I believe no + woman lives in the United States who has done more for her sex, and + for ours as well, than yourself. The great advancement of women, + not alone in the direction of suffrage, but in every field of labor + and every department of the better and nobler life of manhood and + womanhood, during the past generation, has sprung from the work + which you inaugurated years ago. Mrs. Carpenter joins me in + congratulations and good wishes. Very truly yours, + + FRANK G. CARPENTER. + +Cordial greetings were received from Neal Dow and Senator Dawes, and +letters and telegrams came from distinguished individuals and societies +in every State and from many foreign countries. Over 200 of these are +preserved among other mementoes of this occasion. Among the telegrams +were these, representing the great labor organization of the country: + + We congratulate you on the seventieth anniversary of a useful and + successful life. May you enjoy many years of health and happiness. + + HANNAH POWDERLY, T. V. POWDERLY. + + + May your noble, self-sacrificing life be spared to participate in + your heart's dearest wish--woman's full emancipation. + + LEONORA M. BARRY, _Grand Organizer K. of L._ + + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Faithfully yours, Clara Bewick Colby."] + +Mrs. Colby issued a birthday edition of the Woman's Tribune containing a +history of Miss Anthony's trial, a fine biographical sketch written by +herself and many beautiful tributes from other friends, among them this +from Laura M. Johns: "Always to efface herself and her own interests and +to put the cause to the fore; to be striving to place a crown upon some +other brow; to be receiving and giving, but never retaining; ever +enriching the work but never herself; to be busy through weariness and +difficulty and resting only in a change of labor; to bear the stinging +hail of ridicule which fell on this movement, and to receive with +surprised tears the flowers that bloomed in her thorny path; to be in +the heat of the noonday harvest field at seventy, with years of activity +and usefulness still remaining to add to her glorious life and crown it +with such dignity as belongs to few--this is the story of Susan B. +Anthony." + +Miss Anthony carried in her arms seventy pink carnations with the card, +"For she's the pink o' womankind and blooms without a peer," from Miss +Cummings, of Washington. Flowers were sent in profusion, and there was +no end of lovely little remembrances of jewelry, water colors, books, +portfolios, card cases, handkerchiefs, fans, satin souvenirs, +fancy-work, the gifts of loving women in all parts of the country.[53] +The evening was one of the proudest and happiest of a life which, +although filled with toil and hardship, had been brightened, as had that +of few other women, with the bountiful tributes and testimonials not +only of personal friends but of people in all parts of the world who +knew of her only through her work for humanity. The next day she sat +down to Sunday dinner at a table which, thanks to Mrs. Spofford's +thoughtfulness, had been arranged especially for the occasion, +surrounded by twenty-five of her own relatives who had come to +Washington to celebrate her birthday. + +Among many newspaper editorials upon this celebration, an extract from +the Boston Traveller, which bears the impress of the gifted Lilian +Whiting, may be taken as an example of the general sentiment: + + Without any special relay of theories on the subject, Miss Susan B. + Anthony discovered early in life the secret of imperishable youth + and constantly increasing happiness--a secret that may be + translated as personal devotion to a noble purpose. To devote one's + self to something higher than self--this is the answer of the ages + to those who would find the source of immortal energy and + enjoyment. It is a statement very simply and easily made but + involving all the philosophy of life. Miss Anthony recognized it + intuitively. She translated it into action with little + consciousness of its value as a theory; but it is the one deepest + truth in existence, and one which every human soul must sometime or + somewhere learn. + + On February 15, 1820, when Susan B. Anthony was born, Emerson was a + youth of seventeen; Henry Ward Beecher was a child of seven and + Harriet Beecher Stowe a year his junior; Wendell Phillips was nine, + Whittier thirteen, and Wm. Lloyd Garrison fifteen years of age. + Elizabeth Cady Stanton was four years old, and Lucy Stone, Julia + Ward Howe and James Russell Lowell were Miss Anthony's predecessors + in this world only by one or two years. Margaret Fuller was ten, + Abraham Lincoln was eleven, and thus, between 1803-20, inclusive, + were born a remarkable group of people--a galaxy whose influence on + their century has been unequalled in any age or in any country, + since that of Pericles and his associates in the golden age of + Greece. It is only now, as the work of these immortals begins to + assume something of the definite outline of completeness; as some + results of the determining forces for which this great galaxy has + stood, begin to be discerned, that we can adequately recognize how + important to the century their lives have been. There are + undoubtedly high spirits sent to earth with a definite service to + render to their age and generation; a service that prepares the way + for the next ascending round on the great cycle of progress, and it + is no exaggeration to say that Susan B. Anthony is one of these.... + +[Illustration: Autograph: "I am always faithfully yours, Lilian +Whiting."] + +Even brief quotations must be omitted for want of space, but this from +the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, Charles E. Fitch, editor, is +entitled to a place as the sentiment in the city where Miss Anthony had +made her home for nearly half a century: + + The occasion is a notable one. It is in honor of one of the noblest + women of her time. The day is past when Susan B. Anthony is met + with ridicule. She is honored everywhere. Consistent earnestness + will, at the last if not at the first, command respect. Slowly but + surely, Miss Anthony has won that respect from her countrymen. The + cause of the emancipation of women, for which she has labored so + long and so zealously, is not yet triumphant, nor is it probable + that she will live to see woman suffrage the rule of the land; but + at threescore years and ten, she may freely cherish the faith that + it is a conquering cause, destined some day to be vindicated in the + organic law of the separate American commonwealths and the Federal + union. + + But it is not alone for the service which Miss Anthony has rendered + to the cause of woman suffrage that she is highly honored. She is + honored because of her womanhood, because she has ever been brave + without conceit and earnest without pretense, because she has the + heart to sympathize with suffering humanity in its various phases, + and the will to redress human wrongs. She has revealed a true + nobility of soul, and has ever been patient under abuse and + misrepresentation. She has allied herself with all good causes, and + has been the friend of those struggling against the dominion of + appetite as well as of those who have sought to free themselves + from political thralldom. She has earned the esteem even of those + who were diametrically opposed to her views. Within the movements + which she has urged, she has been an administrator rather than an + orator, although on occasions her speech has been informed with + the eloquence of conviction. In private life she has constrained + affection by a gentleness with which the world would hardly credit + her; but those who best know her, best know also the gracious + womanhood which illustrates itself in acts of unselfishness and + beneficence. + +The birthday was celebrated by individuals and clubs in many states with +luncheons, teas, receptions and literary entertainments. After all these +pleasant happenings, Miss Anthony felt new courage and hope to enter +upon the Twenty-second National Suffrage Convention, February 18, at +Lincoln Music Hall. This was to be an important meeting, as it was to +consummate the union of the National and American organizations, and she +was anxious for a large attendance. "Do come," she wrote to the most +influential friends, "if you stay away forever afterwards. This will be +the crucial test whether our platform shall continue broad and free as +it has been for forty years. Some now propose secession because it is to +be narrow and bigoted; others left us twenty years ago because it was +too liberal. Some of the prominent women are writing me that the union +means we shall be no more than an annex to the W. C. T. U. hereafter; +others declare we are going to sink our identity and become sectarian +and conservative. There is not the slightest ground for any of these +fears, but come and be our stay and support." + +She also had the annual struggle to secure the presence of Mrs. Stanton, +who was about to sail with her daughter for England, but, after the +usual stormy correspondence, the day of departure was postponed and she +wrote: "You will have me under your thumb the first of February." As her +time was limited, Miss Anthony arranged for the hearing before the +Senate committee on February 8, which was held in the new room assigned +to the committee on woman suffrage. A few days later the ladies spoke +before the House Judiciary Committee. + +The union of the two organizations was effected before the opening of +the convention and Mrs. Stanton elected president.[54] She faced a +brilliant assemblage at the opening of the National-American Convention +and made one of the ablest speeches of her life, stating in the first +sentence that she considered it a greater honor to go to England as the +president of this association than to be sent as minister +plenipotentiary to any court in Europe. She closed by introducing her +daughter, Mrs. Stanton Blatch, who captivated the audience.[55] Hon. Wm. +Dudley Foulke, ex-president of the American Association, then delivered +an eloquent and scholarly address. At its close Mrs. Stanton was obliged +to leave, as she sailed for Europe the next morning. When she arose to +say farewell the entire audience joined in the waving of handkerchiefs, +the clapping of hands, and the men in three rousing cheers. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Wm D Youlke"] + +The usual corps of National speakers received a notable addition in Wm. +Lloyd Garrison, Julia Ward Howe, Henry B. Blackwell, Carrie Chapman +Catt, Hon. J. A. Pickler and Alice Stone Blackwell. Lucy Stone, being +detained at home by illness, sent a letter of greeting. When Miss +Anthony, as vice-president-at-large, took the chair after Mrs. Stanton's +departure, a great bouquet of white lilies was presented to her. + +A woman suffrage amendment was pending in South Dakota, and the claims +of the new State were presented by Representative and Mrs. Pickler and +Alonzo Wardall, secretary of the Farmer's Alliance and vice-president of +the suffrage association, all of whom felt confident that with financial +help the amendment could be carried but, as the State was poor, most of +this would have to come from outside. The convention became very +enthusiastic and a South Dakota campaign committee was formed; Susan B. +Anthony, chairman, Clara B. Colby, Alice Stone Blackwell. Rev. Anna H. +Shaw made a stirring appeal for money. Miss Anthony pledged all that she +could raise between then and the November election. Mrs. Clara L. +McAdow, of Montana, headed the list with $250. A number of ladies +followed with pledges for their respective States. In a short time it +seemed evident that a large sum could be raised and, at Miss Anthony's +request, the association directed all contributions to be sent to its +treasurer, Mrs. Spofford, at Washington, and she herself agreed to +devote a year's work to Dakota.[56] + +Miss Anthony remained in Washington several weeks, looking after various +matters: first of all, a representation of women in the management of +the Columbian Exposition; then there were the reports of the Senate and +the House committees, upon which she always brought to bear as much as +possible of that "indirect influence" which women are said to possess. +Just now the admission of Wyoming as a State with woman suffrage in its +constitution was hanging in the balance, but on March 26 she had the +inexpressible pleasure of witnessing, from her seat in the gallery of +the House, the final discussion and passage of the bill.[57] She also +was arranging for the incorporation of the National-American +Association, the old National, which had been a corporate body for a +number of years, having added American to its name. The bills of the +convention were to be settled,[58] and there were still other subjects +claiming her attention before she started for the far West to inaugurate +the South Dakota campaign. + +Miss Anthony was a welcome guest at dinners and receptions in the homes +of many of the dignitaries in Washington, but accepted these invitations +only when she saw an opportunity thereby to further the cause of woman +suffrage. She realized fully that one important step in the work was to +interest women of influence, socially and financially, and the high +plane of respectability which this question had now attained was at +least partly due to her winters in Washington, where, at the Riggs House +and in society, she met and made friends with prominent men and women +from all parts of the country and converted them to her doctrines, which +they disseminated in their various localities upon returning home. + +She writes her sister, in describing social events, of a dinner at the +handsome home of John R. McLean, owner of the Cincinnati Enquirer, who +in person brought the invitation, while his wife, the daughter of +General Beale, looked after her "as if she had been the Queen of Sheba." +Here she met Senator and Mrs. Payne of Ohio, Senator and Mrs. Cockrell +of Missouri, Senator and Mrs. Butler of South Carolina, Speaker and Mrs. +Reed of Maine, Justice and Mrs. Field and other notables. Then she +speaks of a meeting of the Cobweb Club, composed of women in official +life, where, at the close of her informal talk, they crowded around her +and exclaimed: "Why, Miss Anthony, we never understood this question +before; of course we believe in it." Mrs. Hearst, wife of the Senator, +said: "Had any one ever presented this subject to me as you have done +today, you should have had my help long ago." "And so you see," she +writes, "that at this juncture of our movement much could be +accomplished by accepting such invitations, but it costs me more courage +than to face an audience of a thousand people." + +While Miss Anthony was still in Washington she sat for her bust by a +young sculptor, Adelaide Johnson. "So marble and canvas both are to tell +the story," she wrote, "for I have sat also for a painting. The time +draws near when I must start out campaigning and O, how I dread it!" +During this winter she received an invitation from a State W. C. T. U. +to bring a suffrage convention to their city and they would bear the +expenses, stipulating only that she herself should be present, and that +"no speaker should say anything which would seem like an attack on +Christianity." She wrote Miss Shaw: "Won't that prevent your going, Rev. +Anna? I wonder if they'll be as particular to warn all other speakers +not to say anything which shall sound like an attack on liberal +religion. They never seem to think we have any feelings to be hurt when +we have to sit under their reiteration of orthodox cant and dogma. The +boot is all on one foot with the dear religious bigots--but if they will +all pull together with us for suffrage we'll continue to bear and +forbear, as we have done for the past forty years." + +In this winter of 1890 many loving letters passed between Miss Anthony +and Rachel Foster Avery, almost too sacred to be quoted, and yet a few +sentences may be used to show the maternal tenderness in the nature of +the great reformer: + + Of course I miss you from my side, but do not feel for a moment + that any doubt of your love and loyalty ever crosses my mind. No, + my dear, you and all of us must consider only the best interests of + the loved though not yet seen. Banish anxiety and let the rest of + us take all the work and care. Be happy in the new life you are + molding; avoid all but lovely thoughts; let your first and nearest + and dearest feelings be for the precious little one whose + temperament and nature you are now stamping. Your every heartbeat, + not only of love and peace and beauty, but of the reverse as well, + is making its mark on the unborn.... I feel much better satisfied + to know Sister Mary is with you for a few days. If her presence is + comforting, why don't you ask her to stay with you till the wee one + arrives? + +And so the serene and helpful sister Mary remains until a telegram is +sent to the anxious one, by that time in far-off Dakota, announcing the +birth of a daughter. "My heart bounded with joy," wrote Miss Anthony, +"to hear the ordeal was passed and the little, sassie Rose Foster Avery +safely launched upon the big ocean of time." And in a little while the +mother replied: "Darling Aunt Susan, when I lie with baby Rose in my +arms, I think so often of what she and I and all women, born and to be +born, owe to you, and my heart overflows with love and gratitude." + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[53] There were also more substantial tokens, an Irish wool shawl from +Mrs. Chant; a Webster's Unabridged Dictionary from Mrs. Colby, with the +inscription, "The words in this volume can not express what women owe +you;" a silk dress pattern from brother Daniel R.; a $50 check from +sister Mary; $200 from Sarah Willis of Rochester, and $100 from the +Woman's Political Equality Club of that city; seventy golden dollars +from the Toledo Suffrage Club; $50 from Mrs. Arthur A. Mosher of St. +Louis, and enough $5 bills in friendly letters to bring the amount to +over $500. The very next day Miss Anthony gave a part of this to friends +who were ill or needy, including $50 to Phoebe Couzins. + +[54] Described in detail in Chapter XXXV. + +[55] Miss Anthony wrote in her journal that night: "Harriot said but a +few words, yet showed herself worthy her mother and her mother's +life-long friend and co-worker. It was a proud moment for me." + +[56] Among those who contributed largely to this fund were Senator +Stanford, $300; Rachel Foster Avery, $300; George C. Lemon, Washington +City; Hon. Ezra V. Meeker, Puyallup; Rev. Anna H. Shaw; Isabella +Hedenberg, Chicago; Alice Stone Blackwell; Emily Howland, Sherwood, N. +Y.; O. G. and Alice Peters, Columbus, O.; John L. Whiting, Boston; +Senator R. F. Pettigrew, Sioux Falls; Albert O. Willcox, New York, $100 +each; Mary H. Johnson, Louisville, $115, which she earned by knitting +wool shawls and fascinators; May Wright Sewall sent nearly $200, +collected from Indiana friends; James and Martha Callanan, Des Moines, +$150; Mary Grew, $143 for the Pennsylvania society. Other women sent +their jewelry to be sold, and one offered a gift of western land. The +rest of the $5,500 was sent in smaller amounts, and all receipts and +expenditures were carefully entered on the national treasurer's books +for 1890. When later some carping individuals complained at so much +money passing through Miss Anthony's hands, Mrs. Livermore silenced them +by saying: "Susan would use every dollar for suffrage if millions were +given to her." + +[57] Mary Grew wrote her immediately: "All hail and congratulations! I +read in this morning's paper that you were in the House yesterday; and I +have no doubt that today you are doing something to promote the passage +of the bill through the Senate.... One object of this letter is to urge +you to take more care of your health. Emily Howland reports that you are +very much overworked and exhausted. Pray stop awhile and rest yourself, +for the sake of the cause as well as for your own and your friends'." + +[58] I will authorize you to add my signature to yours in approving any +bills relating to the expenses of the National-American convention just +past. It will save time and trouble. You are on the spot and know all +about the bills. Yours sincerely, + + LUCY STONE. + + + + +CHAPTER XXXVIII. + +THE SOUTH DAKOTA CAMPAIGN. + +1890. + + +Miss Anthony left Washington to attend the wedding of her nephew, +Wendell Phillips Mosher, and Carolyn Louise Mixer, at Cleveland, O., +April 17; stopped in Chicago for a day, and reached Huron, S. Dak., +April 23, 1890.[59] During the early winter she had had the most urgent +letters from this State, begging her to hasten her coming, that all +depended upon her. "If you will come we will throw off our coats and go +to work," wrote the men. "Woe to the man or woman who is not loyal to +you! If ever you were needed anywhere, you are needed here now," wrote +the women. When she had been in South Dakota the previous autumn, all +had united in urging her to take charge of the campaign, and for months +she had been receiving appeals for help. "We have not enough money to +organize one county," came from a member of the executive committee. In +January, from Alonzo Wardall, vice-president of the State Association, +"We are very grateful for your earnest efforts in our behalf and trust +you will be able to spend the coming summer with us." His wife, the +superintendent of press, wrote in February: "We shall give you the +credit, dear Miss Anthony, if we succeed next November." + +On March 5, the president of the association, S. A. Ramsey, said in the +course of a long letter: "I had begun to feel misgivings relative to our +success, because we were so poorly prepared for the great conflict +which is pending; but the appointment by the national convention of a +special committee to aid us in our work has inspired me with great hope, +especially as you were placed at the head of that committee." Mrs. H. M. +Barker, State organizer, wrote March 10: "Organizing must have stopped +in the third district, had it not been for the money you sent. It is +utterly impossible for us to pay even $10 a week to organizers. I have +been disappointed in my home workers, so many incapacitated for various +reasons. We shall make suffrage a specialty in all our W. C. T. U. +county and district conventions." And April 11, the State secretary, +Rev. M. Barker, supplemented this with: "It is absolutely impossible to +raise money in the State to pay speakers and furnish literature. This +you understand. The election must go by default if it is expected." + +At the Washington convention it had been ordered that all contributions +should be forwarded to the national treasurer and disbursed by order of +the committee. Notwithstanding this, a large proportion was sent +directly to Miss Anthony with the express stipulation that it should be +expended under her personal supervision. There never was a woman +connected with the suffrage movement who could collect as much money as +she; people would give to her who refused all others, with the +injunction that she should use according to her own judgment. That which +was sent her for Dakota she turned over at once to the treasurer, Mrs. +Spofford, and paid all the campaign bills by checks. + +The Dakota people had made the mistake of electing a suffrage board +entirely of men, except the treasurer and State organizer, and, although +they had not a dollar in their treasury and no prospects, they agreed to +pay the secretary $100 a month for his services! When money from all +parts of the country had been sent to the national treasurer, until the +Dakota fund reached $5,500, the executive committee of that State +suddenly discovered that they could manage their own campaign, and made +a demand upon the national committee to turn the funds over to them. +Miss Anthony, as chairman, already had sent them $300 for preliminary +work; had written and telegraphed that the services of Miss Shaw could +be had for only one month, at that time, and asked if they would arrange +her routes; and had twice written them to send her their "plan of +campaign," but had received no answer to any of these communications. At +the last moment she was obliged herself to make out Miss Shaw's route +and send her into the field with practically no advertisement. On March +29 she wrote to the State president: + + Immediately on the receipt of your answer to my first letter to + your executive committee, instead of sending you a personal reply I + wrote again to the entire committee, answering the various points + presented by you, Mr. and Mrs. Barker and others. This I did to + save writing the same thing to half a dozen different people, as + well as to make sure that I should get your official action upon + what seemed to me most important matters; but to this date I have + received not only no official answer, but no information which + shows my letter to have been acted upon. Nor have I heard from any + member of the committee that you have mapped out any plan of + campaign, or have accepted and proposed to work on the one which I + outlined last November at the Aberdeen meeting, and twice over have + stated in my letters. + + You, personally, say to me that you must have the national funds + put into your treasury before you can plan work. Now, my dear sir, + as a business man you never would give your money to any person or + committee until they had presented to you a plan for using it which + met your approval. Then I have had no indication of any intention + on the part of your executive committee or State organizer to hold + any series of suffrage meetings or conventions. The only ones + written of are W. C. T. U. county and district conventions. + California's suffrage lecturer, I am informed, is to be introduced + to the State at the First District W. C. T. U. Convention. + + Now, I want to say to you individually, and to the executive + committee generally, that the National-American South Dakota + committee will pay the money entrusted to them only to _suffrage_ + lecturers and _suffrage_ conventions. We shall not pay it to any + individual or association for any other purpose, or in any other + name, than suffrage for women, pure and simple. We talked this over + fully in your executive committee meeting at Aberdeen last fall, + and all agreed that, while the temperance societies worked for + suffrage in their way, the suffrage campaign should be carried + forward on the basis of the one principle. Our national money will + not go to aid Prohibition leagues, Grand Army encampments, Woman's + Relief Corps, W. C. T. U. societies or any others, though all, we + hope, will declare and work for the suffrage amendment. We can not + ally ourselves with the Prohibition or Anti-Prohibition party--the + Democrats or the Republicans. Each may do splendid work for + suffrage within its own organization, and we shall rejoice in all + that do so; but the South Dakota and the National-American + Associations must stand on their own ground. + + Co-operation is what our committee desire, and we stand ready to + aid in holding three series of county conventions with three sets + of speakers, at least one of each set a national speaker, beginning + on May 1 and continuing until the school election, June 24. I am + feeling sadly disappointed that every voting precinct of every + county has not been visited, and will not have been by the 1st of + May, as was agreed upon at Aberdeen. Still, I want to begin now and + henceforth push the work; but the entire fund would not pay every + single man and woman in the State who helps, hence every one who + can must work without cost either to the State or national + committee. + +On the 7th of April Miss Anthony wrote to the State secretary: + + Yours mailed April 3 is received. The National-American committee + have only about $1,300 yet in hand, and we have arranged a trip + through your State for Rev. Anna Shaw. When your committee did not + answer my telegram, I could not wait longer for fear of losing Miss + Shaw's good work before the students of your various educational + institutions, and having had urgent importunities from Mrs. D. W. + Mayer to send some of our very best speakers to Vermillion so that + the 600 students there might be roused to thought before separating + for the summer, I felt the cause could not afford to lose Miss + Shaw's effective services and so mapped out her route, and + telegraphed and wrote asking that she be advertised. + + Now, my dear friends, once for all, I want to say on behalf of our + South Dakota committee, the National-American Association, and the + friends who have placed money in our hands--that we shall no more + turn it over to you to appropriate as your executive committee + please, without our voice or vote, than you would turn over the + money entrusted to your care to our committee to spend as we + choose, without your voice or vote. But while we shall retain our + right to expend the national fund in accordance with our best + judgment, we shall in future, as I have several times written your + committee, hold ourselves ready to help defray the cost of whatever + work you present to us. I have once verbally, and twice or oftener + by letter, presented a plan of campaign asking your adoption of it, + or of one which suited you better, telling you that we would + co-operate with you in executing the plan and paying therefor; and + to all of my propositions to help, the one reply has been: "The + wheels are blocked until you turn the money over to us. You in + Washington can not run the South Dakota campaign." Now nearly five + months have elapsed, and, so far as reported, the resident + committee have adopted no plan and had no organizers at work in the + different counties. + +Rev. Anna Shaw made her lecture tour throughout the State, and wrote +Miss Anthony that the people everywhere were most anxious for her to +come and there was not the slightest disaffection except on the part of +two or three persons who wished to handle the funds. To these Miss Shaw +said: + + What our committee object to, and what they have no right to do by + the vote of our convention, is to put a dollar of our money into + your treasury to be spent without our consent or for any purpose of + which we do not approve. For example, not one of us, myself least + of all, will consent to take out of the contributions from friends + of suffrage one dollar to pay towards a salary of $100 a month to + any man as secretary. We do not pay our national secretary a cent, + and we have no doubt there are plenty of women in the State of + Dakota who would be glad to do the secretary's work for love of the + cause. I understand it has been planned, and the statement has gone + out, that your committee propose to cut loose from Miss Anthony. + Now if you do, you cut loose from the goose that lays the golden + egg for the South Dakota work; you cut loose from all the national + speakers and workers and all the money given. + +Miss Anthony wrote Alice Stone Blackwell: + + I fully agree with you and dear Mrs. Wallace about not antagonizing + the prohibition and W. C. T. U. people who made the 6,000 majority + last fall in South Dakota; but I also feel that we must not + antagonize the license people, for they are one-half of the voters, + lacking only 6,000, and fully 6,000 of the Prohibition men are + anti-suffragists and can not be converted. Hence it is also vastly + important that the license men shall not have just cause to feel + that our national suffrage lecturers are W. C. T. U. agents. That + is my one point--that we shall not at the outset repel every man + who is not a Prohibitionist. + + But we shall see. I surely am as earnest a prohibitionist and total + abstainer as any woman or man in South Dakota or anywhere else. But + they have prohibition, and now are after suffrage; therefore it + should not be the old prohibition and W. C. T. U. yardstick in this + campaign, but instead it must be the woman suffrage yardstick alone + by which every man and every woman shall be measured. Best assured + I shall try not to offend a single voter, of whatever persuasion, + for it is votes we are after now. I hope to make such a good + showing of work done in this spring campaign, that our friends will + feel like giving another and larger contribution to help on the + fall canvass. + +The editors of the two suffrage papers, the officers of the +National-American Association, the largest contributors to the fund and +the other members of the committee, all sustained Miss Anthony in her +position. Zerelda G. Wallace published the following notice: "Having +pledged to the committee on work in South Dakota one month's services in +the projected suffrage campaign in that State, I wish to announce +publicly that all I do there will be done under the direction of the +South Dakota committee of which Susan B. Anthony is chairman." + +Finally, on April 15, the executive committee of South Dakota forwarded +their plan, which included a provision that "every dollar expended +should pass through the State treasury, and that the State executive +committee should have control of all plans of work and decide what +lecturers should be engaged;" but by the time it reached Washington Miss +Anthony was well on her way to South Dakota. When she arrived she found +that it was just as she had been informed, the disaffection was confined +to a few persons, but the body of workers made her welcome and she was +cordially received throughout the State. Mrs. Emma Smith DeVoe, State +lecturer and one of the ablest women, at once placed her services at +Miss Anthony's disposal, and in a short time nearly all were working in +harmony with the national plan. + +The autumn previous, when Miss Anthony was attending a convention in +Minneapolis, H. L. Loucks and Alonzo Wardall, president and secretary of +the South Dakota Farmers' Alliance, had made a journey expressly to ask +her to come into the State to conduct this canvass. She had replied that +she never again would go into an amendment campaign unless it was +endorsed and advocated by at least one of the two great political +parties. They assured her that the Farmers' Alliance dominated politics +in South Dakota, that it held the balance of power, and the year +previous had compelled the Republicans to put a prohibition plank in +their platform and, through the influence of the Alliance, that +amendment had been carried by 6,000 majority. They were ready now to do +the same for woman suffrage. It was wholly because of the assurance of +this support that Miss Anthony took the responsibility of raising the +funds and conducting the campaign in South Dakota. + +When she arrived in the State, April 23, none of the political +conventions had been held. In co-operation with the State executive +board, she at once planned the suffrage mass meetings, arranged work for +the corps of speakers, pushed the district organization and made +speeches herself almost every night. The National-American Association +sent into the State and paid the expenses of Rev. Anna Shaw, Rev. +Olympia Brown, Laura M. Johns, Mary Seymour Howell, Carrie Chapman +Catt, Julia B. Nelson and Clara B. Colby.[60] It also contributed over +$1,000 to the office expenses of the State committee, paid $400 to the +Woman's Journal and Woman's Tribune for thousands of copies to be sent +to residents of South Dakota during the campaign, and flooded the State +with suffrage literature. The speakers collected altogether $1,400 in +South Dakota, which went toward their expenses. California, as her +contribution to the national fund, raised $1,000 through a committee +consisting of Hon. George C. Perkins, Mrs. Ellen Clark Sargent, Mrs. +Knox Goodrich, Hon. W. H. Mills, Miss Sarah C. Severance and Dr. Alida +C. Avery. This was used to pay the expenses of Matilda Hindman for eight +months, as one of the campaign organizers and speakers. + +As Miss Anthony was on her way to a meeting June 3, she received a +telegram which sent her at once to Huron, where the annual convention of +the Farmers' Alliance was in session. Upon arriving she found her +information had been correct, that the Alliance and the Knights of Labor +had combined forces and were about to form an independent party. She was +permitted to address the convention and in the most impassioned language +she begged them not to take this step, as it would be death to the woman +suffrage amendment. She appealed to them in the name of their wives and +daughters at home, doing double duty in order that the men might attend +this convention; she reminded them of their pledges to herself and the +other women to stand by the amendment, and showed them that, of +themselves, they would not be strong enough to carry it, and that the +Republican party, unless sustained by the Alliance, would not and could +not support it. Her appeals fell upon deaf ears, and the old story was +repeated--the women sacrificed to party expediency. + +The Alliance of 478 delegates, at its State convention the previous +year, November, 1889, after Miss Anthony's speech and after she had met +with its business committee, had passed this resolution: + + _Resolved_, That we will do all in our power to aid in woman's + enfranchisement in South Dakota at the next general election, by + bringing it before the local Alliances for agitation and + discussion, thereby educating the masses upon the subject. + +The Knights of Labor, at their annual convention in Aberdeen, January, +1890, had adopted the following: + + _Resolved_, That the Knights of Labor, in assembly convened, do + hereby declare that we will support with all our strength the + amendment to the State Constitution of South Dakota, to be voted on + at the next general election, giving to our wives, mothers and + sisters the ballot.... We believe that giving to the women of our + country the ballot is the first step towards securing those reforms + for which all true Knights of Labor are striving. + +This action was taken by both conventions after the amendment had been +submitted, and it was intended as a pledge of support. And yet the +following June these two bodies formed a new political party and refused +to put a woman suffrage plank in their platform! H. L. Loucks was +himself a candidate for governor on this Independent ticket, and in his +annual address at this time never mentioned woman suffrage. Before +adjourning, the convention passed a long resolution making seven or +eight declarations, among them one that "no citizen should be +disfranchised on account of sex," but, during the entire campaign, as +far as their party advocacy was concerned, this question was a dead +issue.[61] + +The State Democratic Convention met at Aberdeen the following week, and +a committee of representative Dakota women was sent to present the +claims of the amendment. They were invited to seats on the platform and +there listened to an address by Hon. E. W. Miller, of Parker county, +land receiver of the Huron district, in which, according to the press +reports, "he declared that no decent, respectable woman asked for the +ballot; that the women who did so were a disgrace to their homes; that +when women voted men would have to suckle the babies," and used other +expressions of an indecent nature, "which were received with prolonged +and vigorous cheers." (Argus-Leader, June 16, 1890.)[62] Judge Bangs, of +Rapid City, who had brought in a minority report in favor of a suffrage +plank, supported it in an able and dignified speech, but it was +overwhelmingly voted down amidst great disorder. A large delegation of +Russians came to this convention wearing great yellow badges (the +brewers' color in South Dakota) lettered "Against woman suffrage and +Susan B. Anthony." + +The Republican State Convention met in Mitchell, August 27. A suffrage +mass meeting was held the two days preceding, and every possible effort +made to secure a plank in the platform. Most of the national speakers +and a large body of earnest and influential South Dakota men and women +were present. Rev. Anna Shaw graphically relates an incident which +deserves a place in history: + + When the Republicans had their State convention some of the leading + men promised that we should have a plank in the platform, so we + went down to see it through. We requested seats in the body of the + house for our delegation, which was composed of most of the + national speakers and the brainiest women in South Dakota, but we + were informed there was absolutely no room for us. Finally a friend + secured admission for ten on the very back of the platform, where + we could neither see nor hear unless we stood on our chairs. We + begged a good seat for Miss Anthony but no place could be made for + her. Soon after the convention opened, an announcement was made + that a delegation was waiting outside and that back of this + delegation would probably be 5,000 votes. It was at once moved and + seconded that they be invited in, and a committee was sent to + escort them to seats on the floor of the house. In a moment it + returned, followed by three big, dirty Indians in blankets and + moccasins. Plenty of room for Indian men, but not a seat for + American women! + + We asked for a chance to address the delegates, but the chairman + adjourned the convention, and then announced that we might speak + during the recess. That night we went back again to the hall, and + the resolution committee not being ready to report, the audience + called for leading speakers, but none of them dared say a word + because they did not yet know what would be in the platform. + Finally when no man would respond they called for me, and I went + forward and said: "Gentlemen, I am not afraid to speak, for I know + what is in _our_ platform and I know also what I want you to + introduce into yours." + +She then made her plea. It was cordially received, but the platform +entirely ignored the question of woman suffrage. This was true also of +the press and party speakers during the campaign, with one exception. +Hon. J. A. Pickler was renominated for Congress, and in his speech of +acceptance declared his belief in woman suffrage and his regret that the +Republicans did not adopt it in their platform. He was warned by the +party leaders, but replied that he would advocate it even if he +imperilled his chances for election. He spoke in favor of the amendment +throughout his campaign and was elected without difficulty. His wife, +Alice M. Pickler, was one of the most effective speakers and workers +among the Dakota women and, although Mr. Pickler was a candidate, she +did not once speak upon Republican issues but confined herself wholly to +the question of woman suffrage. She was as true and courageous as her +husband. Although fair reports of the suffrage meetings were published, +scarcely a newspaper in the State gave editorial endorsement to the +amendment. + +The adverse action of the party conventions virtually destroyed all +chance for success, but the suffrage speakers usually found enthusiastic +audiences, and the friends still hoped against hope that they might +secure a popular vote. Miss Anthony never lost courage, and her letters +were full of good cheer. "Tell everybody," she wrote, "that I am +perfectly well in body and mind, never better, and never doing more +work.... Anna Shaw and I are on our way to the Black Hills, and shall +rush into Sioux City for a pay lecture and turn the proceeds over to the +Dakota fund.... O, the lack of the modern comforts and conveniences! But +I can put up with it better than any of the young folks.... All of us +must strain every nerve to move the hearts of men as they never before +were moved. I shall push ahead and do my level best to carry this State, +come weal or woe to me personally.... I never felt so buoyed up with the +love and sympathy and confidence of the good people everywhere.... +The friends here are very sanguine and if I had not had my hopes dashed +to the earth in seven State campaigns before this, I, too, would dare +believe. But I shall not be cast down, even if voted down." + +[Illustration: Anna Howard Shaw (Signed: "With affectionate severence +for women's truest friend, Anna Howard Shaw.")] + +The eastern friends sent appreciative letters. "The thought of you and +your fellow-workers in South Dakota in this hot weather and with +insufficient funds, has lain like lead upon my heart," wrote John +Hooker. "How I wish I could accept your invitation to come to you and +talk to the old soldiers," said Clara Barton; "but alas, I have not the +strength. My heart, my hopes, are with you and if there is a spoke I can +get hold of, I will help turn that wheel before the campaign is over. My +love is always with you and your glorious cause, my dear, dear Susan +Anthony." + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Hoping once more to see you I am my dear +friend, Yours faithfully, Clara Barton"] + +Anna Shaw wrote from Ohio in August: "I am trying to follow your +magnificent example, in quietly passing over every personal matter for +the sake of the greatest good for the work. Whenever I find myself +giving way, I think of you and all you have borne and get fresh courage +to try once more. Dear Aunt Susan, my heart is reaching out with such a +great longing for my mother, now eighty years old, that I must go to her +for a few days before I enter upon that long canvass, but I will come to +you soon." + +It was a hard campaign, the summer the hottest ever known, the distances +long, the entertainment the best which could be offered, good in the +towns but in the rural districts sometimes very poor, and the speakers +slept more than once in sod houses where the only fuel for preparing the +meals consisted of "buffalo chips." The people were in severe financial +straits. A two years' drouth had destroyed the crops, and prairie fires +had swept away the little which was left. "Starvation stares them in the +face," Miss Anthony wrote. "Why could not Congress have appropriated the +money for artesian wells and helped these earnest, honest people, +instead of voting $40,000 for a commission to come out here and +investigate?" + +Frequently the speakers had to drive twenty miles between the afternoon +and evening meetings, in the heat of summer and the chill of late +autumn; at one time forty miles on a wagon seat without a back. On the +Fourth of July, a roasting day, Miss Anthony spoke in the morning, drove +fifteen miles to speak again in the afternoon, and then left at night in +a pouring rain for a long ride in a freight-car. At one town the school +house was the only place for speaking purposes, but the Russian trustees +announced that "they did not want to hear any women preach," so after +the long trip, the meeting had to be given up. Several times in the +midst of their speeches, the audience was stampeded by cyclones, not a +soul left in the house.[63] The people came twenty and thirty miles to +these meetings, bringing their dinners. Miss Anthony speaks always in +the highest terms of the fine character of the Dakota men and women, and +of their large families of bright, healthy children. + +The speakers never tire of telling their experiences during that +campaign. Mary Seymour Howell relates in her own interesting way that +once she and Miss Anthony had been riding for hours in a stage which +creaked and groaned at every turn of the wheels, the poor, dilapidated +horses not able to travel out of a walk, the driver a prematurely-old +little boy whose feet did not touch the floor, and a cold Dakota wind +blowing straight into their faces. After an unbroken, homesick silence +of an hour, Miss Anthony said in a subdued and solemn voice, "Mrs. +Howell, humanity is at a very low ebb!" The tone, the look, the words, +so in harmony with the surroundings, produced a reaction which sent her +off into a fit of laughter, in which Miss Anthony soon joined. + +They had been warned to keep away from a certain hotel, at one place, as +it was the very worst in the whole State. At the close of the afternoon +meeting there, a man came up and said he would be pleased to entertain +the speakers and could make them very comfortable. This seemed to be a +sure escape, so they thankfully accepted his invitation, but when they +reached his home, they discovered that he was the landlord of the poor +hotel! Miss Anthony charged Mrs. Howell to make the best of it without a +word of complaint. They went to supper, amidst heat and flies, and found +sour bread, muddy coffee and stewed green grapes. Miss Anthony ate and +drank and talked and smiled, and every little while touched Mrs. +Howell's foot with her own in a reassuring manner. After supper Mrs. +Howell went to her little, bare room, which she soon learned by the +clatter of the dishes was next to the kitchen, and through the thin +partition she heard the landlady say: "Well, I never supposed I could +entertain big-bugs, and I thought I couldn't live through having Susan +B. Anthony here, but I'm getting along all right. You ought to hear her +laugh; why, she laughs just like other people!" Mrs. Howell gives this +graphic description of the meetings at Madison, July 10: + + In the afternoon we drove some distance to a beautiful lake where + Miss Anthony spoke to 1,000 men, a Farmers' Alliance picnic. When + she asked how many would vote for the suffrage amendment, all was + one mighty "aye," like the deep voice of the sea. That evening we + spoke in the opera house in the city. While Miss Anthony was + speaking a telegram for her was handed to me, and as I arose to + make the closing address I gave it to her. I had just begun when + she came quickly forward, put her hand on my arm and said, "Stop a + moment, I want to read this telegram." It was from Washington, + saying that President Harrison had signed the bill admitting + Wyoming into the Union with woman suffrage in its constitution. + Before she could finish reading the great audience was on its feet, + cheering and waving handkerchiefs and fans. After the enthusiasm + had subsided Miss Anthony made a short but wonderful speech. The + very tones of her voice changed; there were ringing notes of + gladness and tender ones of thankfulness. It was the first great + victory of her forty years of work. She spoke as one inspired, + while the audience listened for every word, some cheering, others + weeping. + + When Miss Anthony was starting for South Dakota she was urged not + to go, through fear of the effect of such a campaign on her health. + Her reply was, "Better lose me than lose a State." A grand answer + from a grander woman. And this night in South Dakota we had won a + State and still had Miss Anthony with us, the central figure of the + suffrage movement as she was the central figure in that + never-to-be-forgotten night of great rejoicing. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Ever affectionately and faithfully yours, +Mary Seymour Howell."] + +As very few women were able to hire help, many were obliged to bring +their babies to the meetings and, before the speaking was over, the heat +and confusion generally set them all to crying. Miss Anthony was very +patient and always expressed much sympathy for the overworked and tired +mothers. One occasion, however, was too much for her, and Anna Shaw thus +describes it: + + One intensely hot Sunday afternoon, a meeting was held by the side + of a sod church, which had been extended by canvas coverings from + the wagons. The audience crowded up as close as they could be + packed to where Miss Anthony stood on a barn door laid across some + boxes. A woman with a baby sat very near the edge of this + improvised platform. The child grew tired and uneasy and finally + began to pinch Miss Anthony's ankles. She stepped back and he + immediately commenced to scream, so she stepped forward again and + he resumed his pinching. She endured it as long as she could, but + at last stooped down and whispered to the mother, "I think your + baby is too warm in here; take him out and give him a drink and he + will feel better." The woman jerked it up and started out, + exclaiming, "Well, this is the first time I have ever been insulted + on account of my motherhood!" A number of men gathered around her, + saying, "That is just what to expect from these old maid + suffragists." Some one told Miss Anthony she had lost twenty votes + by this. "Well," she replied, "if they could see the welts on my + ankles where they were pinched to keep that child still, they would + bring their twenty votes back." + + She said to me the next day: "Now, Anna, no matter how many babies + cry you must not say one word or it will be taken as an insult to + motherhood." That afternoon I gave a little talk. The church was + crowded and there were so many children it seemed as if every + family had twins. There were at least six of them crying at the top + of their lungs. The louder they cried, the louder I yelled; and the + louder I yelled, the louder they cried, for they were scared. + Finally a gentleman asked, "Don't you want those children taken + out?" "O, no," said I, "there is nothing that inspires me so much + as the music of children's voices," and although a number of men + protested, I would not allow one of them taken from the room. I was + bound I wouldn't lose any votes. + +Among the racy anecdotes which Miss Shaw relates of that memorable +campaign, is one which shows Miss Anthony's ready retort: + + Many of the halls were merely rough boards and most of them had no + seats. I never saw so many intemperate men as at ----, in front of + the stores, on the street corners, and in the saloons, and yet they + had a prohibition law! We could not get any hall to speak in--they + were all in use for variety shows--and there was no church + finished, but the Presbyterian was the furthest along and they let + us have that, putting boards across nail kegs for seats. It was + filled to overflowing and people crowded up close to the platform. + One man came in so drunk he could not stand, so he sat down on the + edge and leaned against the table. Miss Anthony gave her argument + to prove what the ballot had done for laboring men in England and + was working up to show what it would do for women in the United + States, when suddenly the man roused and said: "Now look 'ere, old + gal, we've heard 'nuf about Victoria; can't you tell's somethin' + 'bout George Washington?" The people tried to hush him, but soon he + broke out again with, "We've had 'nuf of England; can't you tell's + somethin' 'bout our grand republic?" The men cried, "Put him out, + put him out!" but Miss Anthony said: "No, gentlemen, he is a + product of man's government, and I want you to see what sort you + make." + +In September Carrie Chapman Catt, one of the coolest, most logical and +level-headed women who ever went into a campaign, at the request of the +State executive committee gave her opinion of the situation as follows: + + We have not a ghost of a show for success. Our cause can be + compared with the work of prohibition, always remembering ours is + the more unpopular. Last year the Methodist church led off in State + conference and declared for prohibition. It was followed by every + other church, except the German Lutheran and Catholic, even the + Scandinavian Lutherans voting largely for it. Next the Republican, + the strongest party, stood for it, because if they did not it meant + a party break. The Farmers' Alliance were solid for it. The + leaders were put to work, a large amount of money was collected and + representative men went out in local campaigns. It was debated on + the street, and men of influence converted those of weaker minds. + + Now what have we? 1st.--The Lutherans, both German and + Scandinavian, and the Catholics are bitterly opposed. The + Methodists, our strongest friends everywhere else, are not so here. + 2d.--We have one party openly and two others secretly against us. + 3d.--While this county, for instance, gave $700 to prohibition, it + gives $2.50 to suffrage and claims that for hall rent, the amount + then not being sufficient. 4th.--When I suggested to the committee + to start a vigorous county campaign and get men of influence to go + out and speak, they did not know of one man willing to face the + political animosities it would engender. + + With the exception of the work of a few women, nothing is being + done. We have opposed to us the most powerful elements in the + politics of the State. Continuing as we are, we can't poll 20,000 + votes. We are converting women to "want to vote" by the hundreds, + but we are not having any appreciable effect upon the men. This is + because men have been accustomed to take new ideas only when + accompanied by party leadership with brass bands and huzzahs. We + have a total lack of all. Ours is a cold, lonesome little movement, + which will make our hearts ache about November 5. We must get + Dakota _men_ in the work. They are not talking woman suffrage on + the street. There is an absolute indifference concerning it. We + need some kind of a political mustard plaster to make things + lively. We are appealing to justice for success, when it is + selfishness that governs mankind.... + +The campaign was continued, however, with all the zeal and ability which +both State and national workers could command. There were between +fifteen and twenty thousand Scandinavians in the State and a woman was +sent to address them in their own language--one woman! A German woman +was sent among the men of that nationality. The last night before +election, mass meetings were held in all the large towns, Miss Anthony +and Miss Shaw being at Deadwood. In her excellent summing-up of the +campaign, Elizabeth M. Wardall, State superintendent of press, gives: +"Number of addresses by the national speakers, 789; by the State +speakers, 707; under the auspices of the W. C. T. U., 104; total, 1,600; +local and county clubs of women organized, 400. Literature sent to every +voter in the State." + +What was the result of all this expenditure of time, labor and money? +There were 68,604 ballots cast; 22,972 for woman suffrage; 45,632 +opposed; majority against, 22,660. Eight months of hard work by a large +corps of the ablest women in the United States, 1,600 speeches, $8,000 +in money, for less than 23,000 votes! There were 30,000 foreigners in +South Dakota, Russians, Scandinavians, Poles and other nationalities. It +is claimed they voted almost solidly against woman suffrage, but even if +this were true they must have had the assistance of 15,000 American men. +If only those men who believed in prohibition had voted for woman +suffrage it would have carried, as had that measure, by 6,000 majority. +The opponents of prohibition, of course, massed themselves against +putting the ballot in the hands of women. + +The main interest of this election was centered in the fight between +Huron and Pierre for the location of the capital. There never in any +State was a more shameless and corrupt buying and selling of votes, and +the woman suffrage amendment was one of the chief articles of barter. +The bribers, the liquor dealers and gamblers, were reinforced here, as +had been the case in other State campaigns, by their faithful allies, +"the Remonstrants of Boston," who circulated their anonymous sheet +through every nook and corner of the State. + +All of the speakers who took any prominent part in the campaign were +paid except Miss Anthony.[64] She contributed her services for over six +months and refused during that time an offer of $500 from the State of +Washington for ten lectures and a contract from one of the largest +lecture bureaus in the country at $60 per night.[65] At the close of the +canvass she gave from the national fund $100 each to Mrs. Wardall and +Philena E. Johnson, who had worked so faithfully without pay. Then, +lacking $300 of enough to settle all the bills, she drew that amount +from her own small bank account and put it in as a contribution to the +campaign. + +At the annual meeting of the State W. C. T. U., September 26, a strong +resolution was adopted endorsing Miss Anthony's work in South Dakota +and she was made an honorary member. After the election the State +suffrage committee unanimously passed the following resolution: "The +earnest and heartfelt gratitude of all the suffragists of South Dakota +is hereby extended to Susan B. Anthony, who has devoted her entire time, +energy and experience for six months to the cause of liberty and +justice." + +Anna Shaw said that in all her years of preaching and lecturing she had +never been so exhausted as at the close of that canvass. Mrs. Catt was +prostrated with typhoid fever immediately upon reaching home, and +hovered between life and death for many months, in her delirium +constantly making speeches and talking of the campaign. Mary Anthony +said, "When my sister returned from South Dakota I realized for the +first time that she was indeed threescore and ten." + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[59] "I am homesick already," she wrote Mrs. Spofford, "and have been +every minute since I left Washington. My choice would be to live there +most of the year, but no! Duty first, ease and comfort afterwards, even +if they never come." + +[60] Mrs. Wallace was kept at home by serious illness in her family. In +a letter to Miss Anthony, August 18, expressing her deep regret, she +said: "Money would be no object with me if I could overcome the other +difficulties in the way, but as I can not, I fear I shall have to let +you think I am unreliable. I regret this, as there is no woman (except +Miss Willard) whose good opinion I value so highly as yours." + +[61] In order to keep her next engagement, Miss Anthony was obliged to +leave Huron at 7:30 A. M., drive sixteen miles in the face of a heavy +northwest wind and rain, travel all day and speak that evening. "I did +the best I could," she wrote in her journal. + +[62] Then E. W. Miller took the floor, and in a disgusting manner and +vile language berated the women present and all woman suffragists.... +Miller disgraced the name of Democracy, disgraced his constituents, +disgraced South Dakota, disgraced the name of man by his brutal and low +remarks in the presence of ladies and gentlemen.--Aberdeen Pioneer. + +[63] At one place where this happened, the Russian sheriff had locked +the court house doors, but the women compelled him to open them. He was +entirely converted by the addresses of the afternoon, and in the evening +when the storm was approaching, he rushed to Miss Anthony and exclaimed, +"Come, quick, and let me take you to the cellar, where you will be +perfectly safe." "O, no, thank you," she replied, "a little thing like a +cyclone does not frighten me." + +[64] Henry B. Blackwell made a speaking tour of six weeks through the +State at his own expense. + +[65] A letter from Mrs. Catt said: "I think you are the most unselfish +woman in all the world. You are determined to see that all the rest of +us are paid and comfortable, but think it entirely proper to work +yourself for nothing. If some of your self-sacrificing spirit could be +injected into the great body of suffragists, we would win a hundred +years sooner." + + + + +CHAPTER XXXIX. + +WYOMING--MISS ANTHONY GOES TO HOUSEKEEPING. + +1890-1891. + + +Miss Anthony accepted the defeat in South Dakota as philosophically as +she had those of the past forty years, bidding the women of the State be +of good cheer and continue the work of education until at last the men +should be ready to grant them freedom. With Mrs. Colby and Mrs. Julia B. +Nelson she went directly to the Nebraska convention at Fremont, November +12.[66] The 18th found her in Atchison with Mrs. Catt and Mrs. Colby, at +the Kansas convention, "where," the Tribune says, "she took part in all +the deliberations and methods of work as critically and earnestly as if +she herself would have to carry them out." + +Two weeks were pleasantly spent visiting at Leavenworth and Fort Scott. +Thanksgiving was passed at the latter place and the next day the +suffrage friends, under the leadership of Dr. Sarah C. Hall, whom Miss +Anthony called "the backbone of Bourbon county," gave her a very pretty +reception at the home of Mrs. H. B. Brown. Saturday she spoke, morning, +afternoon and evening, at the county suffrage convention. Her time for +rest and recreation was very brief, and by December 4 she and Mrs. Catt +were in the midst of the Iowa convention at Des Moines. As usual when +flying from one side of the continent to the other, she stopped at +Indianapolis for a few days' work with Mrs. Sewall, and they sat up into +the wee, sma' hours, planning and arranging for the Washington +convention, the National Council and the World's Fair Congress of Women. + +She arrived in Rochester Saturday morning; that evening Anna Shaw came +in from her tour of lectures all along the way from South Dakota, and it +would not be surprising to know that a business meeting of two was held +the next day after church services. Monday evening the Political +Equality Club tendered them a reception at the Chamber of Commerce, +which was largely attended. On December 16 and 17 they addressed the +State Suffrage Convention in this city, and soon afterwards Miss Anthony +started for Washington by way of New York and Philadelphia. + +The year 1890 had been eventful for the cause of woman suffrage, in +spite of the defeat in Dakota. The bill for the admission of Wyoming as +a State had been presented in the House of Representatives December 18, +1889. Its constitution, which had been adopted by more than a two-thirds +vote of the people, provided that "the right of its citizens to vote and +hold office should not be denied or abridged on account of sex." The +House Committee on Territories, through Charles S. Baker, of Rochester, +reported in favor of admission. The minority report presented by William +M. Springer, of Illinois, covered twenty-three pages; two devoted to +various other reasons for non-admission and twenty-one to objections +because of the woman suffrage clause, "which provides that not only +males may vote but their wives also." Incorporated in this report were +the overworked articles of Mrs. Leonard and Mrs. Whitney, supplemented +by a ponderous manifesto of Goldwin Smith, and it ended with the same +list of "distinguished citizens of Boston opposed to female suffrage," +which had several times before been brought out from its pigeonhole and +dusted off to terrify those citizens of the United States who did not +reside in Boston. + +As it was supposed Wyoming would be Republican its admission was +bitterly fought by the Democrats, who used its suffrage clause as a club +to frighten the Republicans, but even those of the latter who were +opposed were willing to swallow woman suffrage for the sake of bringing +in another State for their party. The changes were rung on the old +objections with the usual interspersing of those equivocal innuendoes +and insinuations which always make a self-respecting woman's blood boil. +The debate continued many days and it looked for a time as if the woman +suffrage clause would have to be abandoned if the State were to be +admitted. When this was announced to the Wyoming Legislature, then in +session, the answer came back over the wire: "We will remain out of the +Union a hundred years rather than come in without woman suffrage."[67] +After every possible effort had been made to strike out the +objectionable clause, the final vote was taken March 26, 1890; for +admission 139; against, 127. + +The bill was presented in the Senate by Orville H. Platt, of +Connecticut, from the Committee on Territories, and discussed for three +days. After a repetition of the contest in the House, the vote was taken +June 27; in favor of admission 29; opposed 18. Woman suffrage clubs in +all parts of the country, in response to an official request by Miss +Anthony and Lucy Stone, celebrated the Fourth of July with great +rejoicing over the admission of Wyoming, the first State to enfranchise +women. + +Another event of importance during 1890, was the first majority report +from the judiciary committee of the House of Representatives in favor of +the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which should +confer suffrage upon women. Hon. Ezra B. Taylor, of Warren, O., was +chairman of the committee and had exerted all his influence to secure +this report, which was presented May 29 by L. B. Caswell, of +Wisconsin.[68] On August 12, the Senate committee on woman suffrage +again presented a majority report for a Sixteenth Amendment. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Our country needs the vote of her best +citizens--women--E. B. Taylor."] + +It had long been Miss Anthony's earnest desire to have suffrage +headquarters in Washington, pleasant parlors where local meetings could +be held and friends gather in a social way. In the midst of her great +work and responsibility she exchanged many letters during 1890 with +ladies in that city regarding this project, but it was finally decided +that it would not be judicious to incur the expense. Out of this +agitation, however, was evolved a stock company, incorporated under the +name of Wimodaughsis, organized for the education of women in art, +science, literature and political and domestic economy by means of +classes and lectures. As Miss Anthony never gave herself to any work +except that which tended directly to secure suffrage for women, she took +no part in the new enterprise except to bestow upon it her blessing and +$100. Rev. Anna Shaw was elected its first president. The +National-American Association took two large rooms in the new club house +for headquarters. + +[Illustration: Harriet Taylor Upson (Signed "Faithfully Yours Harriet +Taylor Winston")] + +Two deaths in 1890 affected Miss Anthony most deeply. Ellen H. Sheldon, +of Washington, for a number of years had served as national recording +secretary and had endeared herself to all. She was a clerk in the War +Department and her entire time outside business hours was devoted to +gratuitous work for the association. Her reports were accurate and +discriminating and Miss Anthony felt in her death the loss of a +valued friend and helper. Julia T. Foster, of Philadelphia, who passed +away November 16, was as dear to her as one of her own nieces. A sweet +and beautiful woman, wealthy and accomplished, she was so modest and +retiring that her work for suffrage and the large sums of money she +contributed were known only to her most intimate friends. In remembrance +Rachel Foster Avery sent Miss Anthony all the handsome furnishings of +her sister's room. + +Miss Anthony arrived in Washington January 3, 1891, and received the +usual welcome by Mr. and Mrs. Spofford. On the 24th she went to Boston +in response to an invitation to attend the Massachusetts Suffrage +Convention.[69] She reached the Parker House Sunday morning, but Wm. +Lloyd Garrison came at once and took her to his hospitable home in +Brookline, and a most fortunate thing it was. Since leaving South Dakota +she had been fighting off what seemed to be a persistent form of la +grippe and the next morning she collapsed utterly, pneumonia threatened +and she was obliged to keep her room for a week. She received the most +loving attention from her hostess, Ellen Wright Garrison, and had many +calls and numerous pleasant letters, among them the following: + + What a mercy it was that you fell into the shelter and care of the + Garrisons when so serious an illness came upon you. Of course + everybody was disappointed that you could not be at the meeting so + that they might at least see you. Now that you are convalescing and + we trust on the high road to recovery we want to arrange an + informal reception at our office, so that those or some of those + who were sorry not to see you at the meeting, may have a chance to + do so. I was too tired today to go with my two, and maybe you would + have been too tired to see us if we had gone. It is not quite the + same when we are seventy-two as when we are twenty-seven; still I + am glad of what is left, and wish we might both hold out till the + victory we have sought is won, but all the same the victory is + coming. In the aftertime the world will be the better for it. + + Trusting you may soon be well again, I am your fellow-worker, + + LUCY STONE. + +Her old comrade, Parker Pillsbury, urged her to come for a while to his +home in Concord, N. H., saying: "Should you come you may be sure of a +most cordial greeting in this household, and by others; but by none more +heartily and cordially than by your old friend and coadjutor in the +temperance, anti-slavery and suffrage enterprises." Mrs. Pillsbury +supplemented this with a pressing invitation; and another came from the +loved and faithful friend, Armenia S. White. Miss Anthony appreciated +the kindness but there was too much work awaiting her in Washington to +allow of visiting, and thither she hastened even before she was fully +able to travel. + +The first triennial meeting of the National Woman's Council, Frances E. +Willard, president, Susan B. Anthony, vice-president, began in Albaugh's +Opera House, February 22, 1891, and continued four days. It was as +notable a gathering as the great International Council of 1888. Forty +organizations of women were represented; "one," said Miss Willard in her +opening address, "for every year during which this noble woman at my +right and her colleagues have been at work." The meeting was preceded by +a reception tendered by Mrs. Spofford at the Riggs to 500 guests. The +services for two Sundays were conducted entirely by women, Revs. Anna +Shaw, Anna Garlin Spencer, Ida C. Hultin, Caroline J. Bartlett, Amanda +Deyo, Olympia Brown, Mila Tupper and, among the laity, Margaret Bottome, +president of the King's Daughters, and Miss Willard. The most famous +women of the United States took part in this council. Especial interest +was centered in the beautiful Mrs. Bertha Honoré Palmer, president of +the Board of Lady Managers of the Columbian Exposition, who occupied a +seat on the stage. This board was represented also by its +vice-president, Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin and by Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith. +Each great national organization sent its most representative women to +present its objects and its work. + +As Mrs. Stanton was still in Europe, her paper, "The Matriarchate," was +read by Miss Anthony. Miss Willard introduced the reader in her own +graceful way, saying: "I will not call her Mrs. Stanton's faithful +Achates, for that would fail to express it, but will say that the paper +written by one of the double stars of the first magnitude will be read +by the other star." Miss Anthony was so happy over this great +assemblage, the direct result of all her long years' work for the +evolution of woman into a larger life and a catholicity of spirit which +would enable those of all creeds, all political beliefs and all lines of +work to come together in fraternal council, that she herself scarcely +could be persuaded to make even the briefest address. Her one anxiety +was that all the noted speakers present should be seen and heard.[70] +The council was received by Mrs. Harrison at the White House. + +The Twenty-third Annual Convention of the National-American W. S. A. +commenced the morning after the council closed, and the vast audiences +which filled the opera house at every session hardly knew when one ended +and the other began. The interest was sufficient to sell the boxes for +the latter at $10, and single seats at 50 cents. Miss Anthony presided +and read Mrs. Stanton's fine address, "The Degradation of +Disfranchisement," saying as she commenced that "they might imagine how +every moment she was wishing they could see, instead of her own, the +sunny face and grand white head of the writer." At its close she +introduced Lucy Stone, who came forward amid great applause, and said +that "while this was the first time she had stood beside Miss Anthony at +a suffrage convention in Washington, she had stood beside her on many a +hard-fought battlefield before most of those present were born." She +then gave a graphic picture of the work accomplished by the suffrage +advocates from 1850 to 1890. + +All sections of the United States were represented at this convention; +delegates were present from Canada, and Miss Florence Balgarnie, of +London, spoke for the women of England.[71] Mrs. Henrotin presented an +official invitation from the Board of Lady Managers for the association +to take part in the Woman's Congress to be held during the World's Fair. +The newspapers of Washington, and those of other cities through their +correspondents, gave columns of reports, indisputable evidence of the +important and stable position now secured by the question of woman +suffrage. The board of officers was re-elected, Mrs. Stanton receiving +for president 144 of the 175 votes; Miss Anthony's election unanimous. + +The Women's Suffrage Society of England had sent official +congratulations on the admission of Wyoming with enfranchisement for +women, and Miss Anthony was determined they should be read in the United +States Senate. This letter from Senator Blair will show how it was +accomplished: "The memorial of congratulation which you sent me is not +one which I could press for presentation as a matter of right, but +fortunately, by a pious fraud, I succeeded in reading it without +interruption, so that it will appear word for word in the Record, and it +is referred to the noble army of martyrs known as the committee on woman +suffrage." + +At a delightful breakfast given by Sorosis at Delmonico's on its +twenty-third birthday, Miss Anthony was the guest of honor, seated at +the right of the president, Mrs. Ella Dietz Clymer, and in her short +address recalled the fact that she had known Mrs. Clymer and their +incoming president, Dr. Jennie de la M. Lozier, when they were no taller +than the table. + +She gave a Sunday afternoon reception at the Riggs to Mrs. Annie Besant, +of London, and in his letter regretting that absence from the city would +prevent his attendance, ex-Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch +said: "I am sorry I can not see you often. I have been for many years a +'looker on' and I appreciate the work which you have done for the +benefit of the race. You have not labored in vain and you have the +satisfaction of knowing that your good work will follow you." She +accepted a cordial invitation to dine at his home and received assurance +of his thorough belief in suffrage for women. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Sincerely Yours, Hugh McCulloch"] + +Easter Sunday she went to Philadelphia to witness the christening, or +consecration, of the Foster-Avery baby, by Rev. Anna Shaw, who had +married the father and mother. On Monday Mrs. Avery gave a reception for +her in the parlors of the New Century Club, and on the following day she +addressed the 1,600 girls of the Normal School. + +She made this entry in her diary May 1: "Left Washington and the dear +old Riggs House today. For twelve winters this has been my home, where I +have had every comfort it was possible for Mr. and Mrs. Spofford to +give. For as many winters it has been the National Association's +headquarters, but now both will have to find a new place, for the hotel +is to pass under another management." Miss Anthony reached home the next +day, and by the 12th was on hand for the State convention at Warren, O., +the guest as usual of Mr. and Mrs. Upton at the home of Hon. Ezra B. +Taylor. From here she went to Painesville, where she was entertained at +the handsome residence of General J. S. and Mrs. Frances M. Casement, +whose hospitality she had enjoyed for many years whenever her +journeyings took her to that city. + +After a few days at home Miss Anthony started for Meriden, to attend the +Connecticut convention on May 22, and when this was over went home with +Mrs. Hooker. A letter to the Woman's Tribune said: + + I wish I could tell you of my journeyings. I had a pleasant visit + with Mrs. Hooker at her charming home in Hartford. En route from + Boston I spent a few days with Hon. and Mrs. William Whiting in + their beautiful home at Holyoke. One day was devoted to a luncheon + party of a hundred or more in their picturesque log cabin three + miles down the river, through the lovely Connecticut valley. This + cabin, with fireplace worthy the grandest old back-log and + fore-stick, polished floors, and lunch served by a Springfield + caterer, is not like those of our dear old grandmothers. After the + tables were cleared, Mrs. Whiting called on me for a talk. Another + day we visited Mount Holyoke Seminary, going through the various + buildings and, in the great old kitchen, looking upon neat plateaus + of light, sweet-smelling bread, biscuits and cake, all made by the + girls during the morning. Each must do a certain amount of work, + and all is done in memory of the sainted Mary Lyon, whose monument + stands under the grand old trees which surround the buildings. + + Then on Sunday I went to Cheshire, to dine with my mother's dear + cousin, ninety-five years of age, bright and cheerful in her + on-look. Next I hied me to the house of my Grandfather Anthony, who + lived in it from the day of his marriage in 1792, to his death at + the age of ninety-six.... From here I went to Saratoga and took a + drink from the old Congress Spring, and Wednesday reached home. The + paper tells you what happened on Thursday evening, and now I am + enjoying to the fullest all the good-will of my dear friends. + +"What happened" was that Miss Anthony went to housekeeping! After the +mother's death, Miss Mary rented the lower part of the house, which now +belonged to her, reserved the upper rooms for herself and sister, and +took her meals with her tenants. This plan was followed for a number of +years. Now, however, Miss Anthony had passed one year beyond the +threescore and ten which are supposed to mark the limit of activity if +not of life, and her friends urged that she should give up her long +journeys from one end of the continent to the other, her hard State +campaigns, her constant lectures and conventions. She felt as vigorous +as ever but had long wished for the comforts and conveniences of her own +home, and she concluded that perhaps her friends were right and she +should settle down in one place and direct the work, rather than try to +do so much of it herself. She thought this might be safely done now, as +so many new and efficient workers had been developed and the cause had +acquired a standing which made its advocacy an easy task compared to +what it had been in the past, when only a few women had the courage and +strength to take the blows and bear the contumely. So Miss Mary took +possession of the house; masons, carpenters, painters and paper-hangers +were put to work, and by June all was in in beautiful readiness. + +The friends in various parts of the country were deeply interested in +the new move. Letters of approval came from all directions, among them +this from Mrs. Stanton in England: "I rejoice that you are going to +housekeeping. The mistake of my life was selling Tenafly. My advice to +you, Susan, is to keep some spot you can call your own; where you can +live and die in peace and be cremated in your own oven if you desire." + +When Miss Anthony returned from her eastern trip on June 11, a pleasant +surprise awaited her. The Political Equality Club had taken part in the +housekeeping program. Handsome rugs had been laid on the floor, lace +curtains hung at the windows, easy chairs placed in the rooms, a large +desk in Miss Mary's study, a fine oak table in the dining-room, all the +gift of the club. Mrs. Avery had sent a big, roomy desk and Mrs. Sewall +an office chair for Miss Anthony's study; Miss Shaw and Lucy Anthony, a +set of china; Mr. Avery, the needed cutlery; the brother Daniel R., a +great box of sheeting, spreads, bolts of muslin, table linen and towels, +enough to last a lifetime. From other friends came pictures, silver and +bric-a-brac without limit. The events of the evening after Miss Anthony +arrived at home are thus described by the Rochester Herald: + + The truth of the matter is that for a long time the Woman's + Political Club has been in love with Miss Anthony, a feeling which + she has not been slow to reciprocate. The affair culminated last + evening, the nuptial ceremony being a housewarming tendered by the + club. The reception was a complete success, and the rooms were + crowded for several hours, the number of visitors being estimated + at no less than 300. The house was brilliantly lighted and + everywhere was a profusion of cut flowers and potted ferns. At the + entrance the visitors were greeted by Mrs. Greenleaf, president of + the club, who presented them to Miss Anthony. In greeting each + new-comer the hostess displayed her remarkable power of memory and + brilliance as a conversationalist, having a reminiscent word for + every one. In the parlor before the fireplace stood the old + spinning-wheel which in 1817 had been a wedding gift to her mother. + It was decked with marguerites and received no small degree of + attention.... + +A short time after the housewarming, her cousin, Charles Dickinson, of +Chicago, stopped over night and, after he had gone, Miss Anthony found +this note: "It makes me blush for the wealthy people of the country, +that they forget their duty to others. Here art thou, with thy moderate +income, spending all of it for humanity's cause, thinking, speaking, +doing a work that will last forever. Please take rest enough for good +health to be with thee, and to make this easier I enclose a check for +$300. Call it a loan without interest, already repaid by the good done +to our fellow-beings." + +In June she made a long-promised visit to her friend Henrietta M. Banker +at her home in the Adirondacks, which she thus describes: + + Rev. Anna Shaw and I have had a lovely week. Almost every day we + drove out among the mountains; one day to the Ausable lakes, + through beautiful woods, up ravines a thousand feet; another to + Professor Davidson's summer school, high up on the mountainside. + But the day of days was when we drove to the farm-home of old + Captain John Brown at North Elba. We found a broad plateau, + surrounded with mountain peaks on every side. We ate our dinner in + the same dining-room in which the old hero and his family partook + of their scanty fare in the days when he devoted his energies to + teaching the colored men, who accepted Gerrit Smith's generous + offer of a bit of real estate, which should entitle the possessor + to a right to vote. Of all who settled on those lands, called the + "John Brown opening," only one grayheaded negro still lives, though + many of their old houses and barns yet stand, crumbling away on + their deserted farms. + + In front of the house is a small yard and occupying one-half of it + is a grand old boulder with steps leading to the top, where one + sees chiseled in large letters, "John Brown, December 2, 1859." At + the foot is the grave of the martyr, marked by an old granite + headstone which once stood at his grandfather's grave, and on it + are inscribed the names of three generations of John Browns. The + vandals visiting that sacred spot chipped off bits of the granite + until it became necessary to make a cover and padlock it down, so + that the farmer unlocks the cap and lifts it off for visitors now. + Thus is commemorated that fatal day which marks the only hanging + for treason against the United States Government. John Brown was + crucified for doing what he believed God commanded him to do, "to + break the yoke and let the oppressed go free," precisely as were + the saints of old for following what they believed to be God's + commands. The barbarism of our government was by so much the + greater as our light and knowledge are greater than those of two + thousand years ago.... + + July 25 is to be Suffrage Day at Chautauqua, and dear Mrs. Wallace + and Anna Shaw are to preach the gospel of equal rights. I do hope + Bishop Vincent will be present and there learn from those two, who + are surely "God's women," the law of love to thy neighbor--woman, + as to thyself--man. I am hoping the gate receipts on that day will + be greater than those of any other during the summer. Wouldn't that + tell the story of the interest in this question? + +In June she accepted the urgent invitation of the Ignorance Club to +honor them by being their guest at their annual frolic on Manitou beach +and respond to a toast which should allow her to say anything she liked. +Three most enjoyable weeks were spent at home and during this time Miss +Anthony addressed the W. C. T. U. She expressed herself in no uncertain +tones as to the futility of third parties, declaring that the +Prohibition party already had taken some of the best temperance men out +of Congress, and made a speech so forcible that it lifted the bonnets of +some of the timid sisters. The evening paper reported: + + ... Rev. C. B. Gardner said Miss Anthony had given the company some + excellent political advice, but he inclined to the belief that the + temperance reform could be brought about without woman suffrage. + "The women would bring the men around in time; they could + accomplish much by their moral influence; in this they resembled + ministers." Miss Anthony wished to know if it would not be a good + thing then, to disfranchise the ministers and let them depend + entirely on their moral influence. She explained that in what she + had said about prayer she meant prayer by action. She would not + have it understood that she did not believe in prayer; she thought, + however, that an emotion never could be equal to an action. + +She went to Chautauqua July 25, when, for the first time in its history, +woman suffrage was presented. Zerelda G. Wallace delivered a grand +address and Rev. Anna Shaw gave "The Fate of Republics." Miss Anthony +followed in a short speech, and the Jamestown Sunday News said: "Woman's +Day was fully justified by the reception given to that intrepid Arnold +Winkelreid of women." Frances Willard wrote a few days later from the +assembly grounds: "Dearest Susan, I could sing hallelujah over you and +our Anna Shaw and 'Deborah' Wallace! It was the best and biggest day +Chautauqua ever saw. Do urge your suffragists to go in for this on next +year's program." + +Miss Anthony attended the golden wedding of John and Isabella Beecher +Hooker, in Hartford, August 5; "a most beautiful occasion," she writes +in her diary, "but to the surprise of all there was no speaking." An +affair without speeches was to her what a feast without wine would have +been to the ancients. On the 15th suffrage had a great day at Lily +Dale, the famous Spiritualist camp meeting grounds, Miss Shaw and +herself making the principal addresses. Miss Anthony thus speaks of the +meeting in a letter: + + ... To Brother Buckley's assertion, made a short time before, that + women should not be allowed to vote because the majority of + Spiritualists, Christian Scientists and all false religions were + women, Miss Shaw replied that there was a larger ratio of men in + the audience before her than she had seen in any Methodist or + temperance camp meeting or Chautauqua assembly this summer. When + Mr. Buckley charged that women were too numerous in the false + religions to vote, she would remind him that there were three women + to one man in the Methodist church also; and she was quite willing + to match the vast majorities of women in the various religions, + false and true, with the vast majorities of men at the horse races, + variety theaters, police stations, jails and penitentiaries + throughout the country. She brought the house down with, "Too much + religion unfits women to vote! Too much vice and crime qualifies + men to vote!" + + People came from far and near. Fully 3,000 were assembled in that + beautiful amphitheater decorated with the yellow and the red, white + and blue.... There hanging by itself was our national suffrage + flag, ten by fourteen feet, with its regulation red and white + stripes, and in the center of its blue corner just one great golden + star, Wyoming, blazing out all alone. Every cottage in the camp was + festooned with yellow, and when at night the Chinese lanterns on + the piazzas were lighted, Lily Dale was as gorgeous as any Fourth + of July, all in honor of Woman's Day and her coming freedom and + equality. + + Our hosts, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Skidmore, are the center of things + at Lily Dale, and right royal are they in their hospitality as well + as their love of liberty for all. This camp has been in existence + twelve summers, there has been no police force, and no disturbance + ever has occurred. Every one is left to his own sense of propriety + of behavior and every one behaves properly. + +Miss Anthony still intended, however, to remain at home and in the +intervals when she was not coaxed away no bride ever enjoyed more fully +her first experiment at housekeeping. All the forty years of travelling +up and down the face of the earth had not eradicated from her nature the +domestic tastes, and she loved every nook and corner of the old home +made new, going from room to room, putting the finishing touches here +and there, and fairly revelling in the sense of possession. Hospitality +was her strongest instinct, and during all these years she had accepted +so much from her friends in Rochester and elsewhere without being able +to return it, that now she wanted to entertain everybody and all at +once. The diary speaks often of ten and twelve at the table for dinner +or tea, and Miss Mary, who constituted the committee of ways and means, +was quite overwhelmed with the new regime. The story in the journal runs +like this: + + Our dear old friends, Sarah Willis and Mary Hallowell, shared our + first Sunday dinner with us.... Our old Abolition friends, Giles B. + and Catharine F. Stebbins and three or four others took tea with us + tonight.... My old friend Adeline Thomson has come to stay several + weeks with us. How nice to have my own home to entertain my + friends.... Anna Shaw and niece Lucy came today and we had five + others to dinner. A very pleasant thing to be able to ask people to + stop and dine.... Brother D. R., sister Anna and niece Maud came + today for a week. It is so good to receive them in our own home. D. + R. enjoys the fire on the hearth.... Had Maria Porter, Mr. and Mrs. + Greenleaf and eleven altogether to tea this evening. How I do enjoy + it!... Who came this day? O, yes, Mrs. Lydia Avery Coonley, of + Chicago, her son and her mother, Mrs. Susan Look Avery, of + Louisville, Ky. It makes me so happy to return some of the + courtesies I have had in their beautiful home.... Just before noon + Mrs. Greenleaf popped into the woodshed with a great sixteen-quart + pail full of pound balls of the most delicious butter, and we made + her stay to dinner. The girl was washing and I got the dinner + alone: broiled steak, potatoes, sweet corn, tomatoes and peach + pudding, with a cup of tea. All said it was good and I enjoyed it + hugely. How I love to receive in my own home and at my own table! + +She went to Warsaw September 17 to help the Wyoming county women hold +their convention. The 23d had been set apart as Woman's Day at the +Western New York Fair, held at the Rochester driving park. Mrs. +Greenleaf presided; Miss Anthony and Rev. Anna Shaw were the speakers. +The former spoke briefly, insisting with her usual generosity that the +honors of the occasion should belong to Miss Shaw.[72] In the course of +her few remarks she said: "We who represent the suffrage movement ask +not that women be like men, but that they may be greater women by having +their opinions respected at the ballot-box. Only men's opinions have +prevailed in this government since it was founded. Enfranchisement says +to every man outside of the State prisons, the insane and idiot asylums: +'Your judgment is sound; your opinions are worthy of being crystallized +in the laws of the land.' Disfranchisement says to all women: 'Your +judgment is not sound; your opinions are not worthy of being counted,' +Man is the superior, woman the subject, under the present condition of +political affairs, and until this great wrong is righted, ignorant men +and small boys will continue to look with disdain on the opinion of +women." + +From the time that Mrs. Stanton had decided to return to America for the +remainder of her days, Miss Anthony had hoped they might have a home +together and finish their life-work of history and reminiscence. When +she learned that her friend, with a widowed daughter and a bachelor son, +contemplated taking a house in New York, she was greatly distressed, as +she felt that this would be the end of all her plans. She wrote her +immediately: + + We have just returned from the Unitarian church where we listened + to Mr. Gannett's rare dissertation on the religion of Lowell; but + all the time there was an inner wail in my soul, that by your + fastening yourself in New York City I couldn't help you carry out + the dream of my life--which is that you should take all of your + speeches and articles, carefully dissect them, and put your best + utterances on each point into one essay or lecture; first deliver + them in the Unitarian church on Sunday afternoon, and then publish + in a nice volume, just as Phillips culled out his best. Your + Reminiscences give only light and incidental bits of your life--all + good but not the greatest of yourself. This is the first time since + 1850 that I have anchored myself to any particular spot, and in + doing it my constant thought was that you would come here, where + are the documents necessary to our work, and stay for as long, at + least, as we must be together to put your writings into systematic + shape to go down to posterity. I have no writings to go down, so my + ambition is not for myself, but it is for one by the side of whom I + have wrought these forty years, and to get whose speeches before + audiences and committees has been the delight of my life. + + Well, I hope you will do and be as seemeth best unto yourself, + still I can not help sending you this inner groan of my soul, lest + you are not going to make it possible that the thing shall be done + first which seems most important to me. Then, too, I have never + ceased to hope that we would finish the History of Woman Suffrage, + at least to the end of the life of the dear old National. + +Mrs. Stanton's children would not consent to this plan, but she came to +Rochester for a month's visit in September. It was desired by many +friends that to the very satisfactory busts of Miss Anthony and Lucretia +Mott, which had been made by Adelaide Johnson, should be added one of +Mrs. Stanton, and all be placed in the Woman's Building at the World's +Fair. To accomplish this Miss Anthony rented a large room in the +adjoining house for a studio and invited the sculptor to her home for a +number of weeks, until the sittings were finished. + +During Mrs. Stanton's visit Miss Anthony entertained the Political +Equality Club and a large company of guests, the evening being devoted +to the subject of the admission of women to Rochester University. A +number of the faculty, Congressmen Greenleaf and Baker, several +ministers, the principal of the free academy--about 200 altogether were +present and the discussion was very animated. Practically all of them +believed in opening the doors and a letter of approval was read from +David J. Hill, president of the university. The trustees were +represented by Dr. E. M. Moore, who was in favor of admitting women but +declared that it would be impossible unless an additional fund of +$200,000 was provided beforehand. Miss Anthony insisted that the girls +should first be admitted and then, when a necessity for more money was +apparent, it would be much easier to raise it. In the course of his +remarks Dr. Moore said it was more important to educate boys than girls +because they were the breadwinners. + +The Utica Sunday paper came out a few days later with a half-page +cartoon representing the university campus; on the outside of the fence +were Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton heading a long procession of girls, +books in hand; standing guard over the fence, labeled "prejudice and old +fogyism," was Dr. Moore pointing proudly to the "breadwinners," who +consisted of two confused and struggling masses, one engaged in a "cane +rush" and the other in a fight over a football. This little incident +merely proved the oft-repeated assertion that these two women never were +three days together without stirring up a controversy, in which the +opposing forces invariably were worsted and public sentiment was moved +up a notch in the direction of larger liberty for woman. + +Together they visited the palatial home, at Auburn, of Eliza Wright +Osborne, daughter of Martha C. Wright, where they were joined by +Elizabeth Smith Miller, daughter of Gerrit Smith; and there were +delightful hours of reminiscence and chat of mutual friends, past and +present. The diary shows that Miss Anthony purchased a full set of books +to join the Emerson and Browning classes this year, but there is no +record of attendance save at one meeting. One entry says: "Dancing to +the dentist's these days." Another tells of forgetting to go to a +luncheon after the invitation had been accepted; and still another of +inviting a number of friends to tea and forgetting all about it. + +In November she went again to Auburn to the State convention, remaining +four days. The Daily Advertiser said: "Miss Susan B. Anthony, the grand +old woman of the equal rights cause, was then introduced and spoke at +length upon the objects for which she had labored so faithfully all her +life. Except for her gray hair and a few wrinkles, no one would suppose +the speaker to be in her seventy-second year. The full, firm voice, the +active manner and clear logic, all belonged to a young woman." At the +close of the convention Mrs. Osborne gave a reception in her honor, +attended by nearly one hundred ladies. + +By invitation of the Unitarian minister, Rev. W. C. Gannett, Miss +Anthony participated with himself and Rabbi Max Lansberg in Thanksgiving +services at the Unitarian church. The topic was "The Unrest of the Times +a Cause for Thankfulness," as indicated by "The Woman, the Social and +the Religious Movements." Miss Anthony responded to the first in a +concise address, considered under twelve heads and not occupying more +than that number of minutes in delivery, beginning with Ralph Waldo +Emerson's declaration, "A wholesome discontent is the first step toward +progress," and giving a resume of women's advancement during the past +forty years, due chiefly to dissatisfaction with their lot. + +It had not been an easy matter for Miss Anthony to have even this +fragment of a year at home. From many places she had received letters +begging her to come to the assistance of societies and conventions, and +she was just as anxious to go as they were to have her. The most urgent +of these appeals came from Mrs. Johns, of Kansas, where a constitutional +convention was threatened and the women wanted a suffrage amendment. +When Miss Anthony did not go to the spring convention, Mrs. Johns wrote, +April 18: "I can never tell you how I missed you, and the people--they +seemed to think they must have you. Letter after letter came asking, 'Is +there no way by which we can get Miss Anthony?'" When she declined to go +to the fall convention, Mrs. Johns wrote, November 26: "I declare it +seemed as if I did not know how to go on without you, and our women felt +just as I did. We have had you with us so often that we depended on your +presence more than we knew." In another long letter she said: + + I hope the national association will not leave Kansas to work out + her own salvation. Surely you, to whom we owe municipal suffrage, + are not going to fail to come to us at this awful juncture! Dear + Aunt Susan, you won't get any wounds here. I will take charge of + the office and make the routes, which I am able to do well; I will + speak; I will organize; I will do anything you think best, and + there will be nobody inquiring what you do with funds, and there + will be no disgraceful charges and counter-charges, unless I am + greatly mistaken in Kansas women and in myself. We all love you + here and we want the cause to succeed more than we want personal + aggrandizement. + +Mrs. Johns persuaded Mrs. Avery to join in her plea and finally Miss +Anthony could hold out no longer, but December 11 wrote to the latter: +"I have been fully resolved all along not to go to Kansas during this +first campaign, because I felt that my threescore and ten and two years +added ought to excuse me from the fearful exposure; still, since you and +dear Laura are left so deserted and will be so heartbroken if I stick to +my resolve, I will say yes, tuck on my coat and mittens and start. But +alas! how soon must that be? I am thoroughly in the dark as to when and +where I shall be wanted to begin, but I will do my level best." + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Very truly yours, Frances E Warren"] + +The closing days of 1891 were devoted to the voluminous correspondence +which preceded every national convention. The large number of letters on +file from prominent senators and representatives show that Miss Anthony +was keeping an eye on the committees and pulling the wires to have known +friends placed on those which would report on woman suffrage. "I am in +full sympathy with you upon the question of woman's enfranchisement," +wrote Senator Dolph, of Oregon, "and also with your effort to secure a +chairman of the committee who favors the movement and is able to present +it with intelligence and ability." Speaker Reed closed his letter by +saying, "When the eleventh hour comes, we all shall flock in, clamorous +for pennies." Words of encouragement were received from many others, and +Senator and ex-Governor Francis E. Warren, of Wyoming, wrote: "I am +always in harness for woman suffrage wherever I may be. My spoken and +written testimony for a score of years has been in its praise and of its +perfect working and results in Wyoming." + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[66] While here Miss Anthony received a letter from Rev. N. M. Mann, +formerly pastor of the Unitarian church in Rochester but now residing in +Omaha, which said: "Are you not coming to the metropolis of the State, +when some of us here are just perishing for the sight of your face? I +speak for myself and Mrs. Mann firstly, though judging from the number +of parlors I go into where your picture is the first thing one sees, I +fancy there are a good many others who would be hardly less glad than we +to greet you. Come and spend a Sunday, and hear a good old sermon, and +lecture in my church." + +[67] As women had been voting in the Territory over twenty years and +this answer was sent by a legislature composed entirely of men, it would +seem to show that the evils predicted of woman suffrage were wholly +disproved by actual experience. + +[68] Mr. Taylor wrote Miss Anthony: "The delay, which seemed long to +you, was absolutely necessary and I am sure you will understand that I +have been faithful to the cause. My daughter Harriet, the most wonderful +of all women to me, is largely influential in the result...." + +[69] DEAR SUSAN ANTHONY: We are to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of +the First National Woman's Rights Convention in this State and want to +make the meeting as useful to the cause as we can. You ought to be here. +Will you come? The sheaves gathered in these forty years are to be +presented, and of course there will be some reminiscences of pioneer +times. We shall be glad to announce you as one of the speakers. I hope +you are a little rested since the hard campaign in Dakota. Yours truly, + + LUCY STONE. + +[70] In her letter describing the council Mrs. Margaret Bottome wrote of +Miss Anthony: "I have met, since I have been in Washington, a woman whom +I have heard of since I can remember anything. We are not of the same +faith--she has devoted her life to what during the past I have shrunk +from--and I met her here for the first time; but I shall carry with me +always the impression of her spirit upon my own, of the Christ-life, the +Christ-spirit. I got it before she had said five words to me, and I +could have sat down at her feet and drank in the spirit of Jesus Christ +that is in her, though she does not see him just as I do." + +[71] After the convention Miss Balgarnie wrote: "It has been one of the +most genuine pleasures of my life to meet you, my dear Miss Anthony. I +felt 'strength go out of you,' as it were, directly you took my hand." + +[72] Miss Anthony was equally generous in regard to speakers of less +renown. She wrote to Mrs. Blake during this year: "I felt so happy to +give half of my hour at Syracuse to Mrs. C., so that splendid audience +might see and hear her. And I am always glad to surrender my time to any +unknown speakers whom we find promising; but first they ought to have +tried their powers at their home meetings and in rural districts." + + + + +CHAPTER XL. + +IGNORED BY THE PARTIES--APPOINTED TO OFFICE. + +1892. + + +On her way to the convention of 1892, Miss Anthony stopped in New York +in response to an urgent letter from Mrs. Stanton, now comfortably +ensconced in a pleasant flat overlooking Central Park, saying that +unless she came and took her bodily to Washington she should not be able +to go. "All the influences about me urge to rest rather than action," +she wrote--exactly what Miss Anthony had feared. She was now in her +seventy-seventh year and naturally her children desired that she should +give up public work; but Miss Anthony knew that inaction meant rust and +decay and, as her fellow-worker was in the prime of mental vigor, she +was determined that the world should continue to profit by it. Her +address this year was entitled "The Solitude of Self," considered by +many one of her finest papers. + +Mrs. Stanton received a great ovation at the opening session, January +16, but this proved to be her last appearance at a national convention. +For more than forty years she had presided with a grace and dignity +which never had been surpassed, and now she begged that the scepter, or +more properly speaking the gavel, might be transferred to Miss Anthony, +whose experience had been quite as extended as her own. The delegates +yielded to her wishes and Miss Anthony was elected national president. +The office of chairman of the executive committee was abolished; Mrs. +Stanton and Lucy Stone were made honorary presidents, and Rev. Anna H. +Shaw vice-president-at-large. + +Miss Anthony presided over the ten sessions of the convention and they +required a firm hand, for the discussions were spirited, as the +questions considered were important. Among them were the work to be done +at the World's Fair; the opening of the fair on Sunday; the proposition +to hold every alternate convention in some other city than Washington; +the plan to carry suffrage work into the southern States; the +advisability of making another campaign in Kansas; and other matters on +which there was a wide difference of opinion. + +John B. Allen, of Washington, had introduced in the Senate, and Halbert +S. Greenleaf in the House, a joint resolution proposing an amendment to +the Constitution extending the right to women to vote at all federal +elections. The House Judiciary Committee, January 18, granted a hearing +to such speakers as should be selected by the national convention then +in session. Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton, Lucy Stone and Mrs. Hooker were +chosen. This was the first Democratic committee before whom an appeal +had been made; they listened courteously, but brought in no report on +the question. + +The Senate committee granted a hearing January 20, and three-minute +addresses were made by eighteen women representing as many States. +Before they left the room, Senator Hoar moved that the committee make a +favorable report and the motion was seconded by Senator Warren, Senator +Blair also voting in favor. Senators Vance, of North Carolina, and +George, of Mississippi, voted in the negative. Senators Quay and +Carlisle were absent. + +During the convention the district suffrage society gave a reception in +the parlors of the Wimodaughsis club house. Later, Mrs. Noble, wife of +the Secretary of the Interior, issued cards for a reception in honor of +Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton and Lucy Stone. It was attended by members of +the Cabinet, Senate, House, diplomatic corps and many others prominent +in official and social life. + +As Miss Anthony had no longer her comfortable quarters at the Riggs +House free of all expense, she did not linger in Washington, but went to +Philadelphia for a week with the friends there and reached home +February 6. "I send congratulations, I always wanted you to be +president," wrote Mrs. Johns. "Now can't you come to our Kansas City +Inter-State Convention? We do need you so and there wouldn't be standing +room if you were there." And later: "Do any of my wails reach you? The +Kansas City people plead for you to come if only to be looked at. Is +there any hope?" Miss Anthony was perfectly willing to make a winter +campaign in Kansas, but her friends insisted that there were plenty of +younger women to do this work and she should wait till spring. So Anna +Shaw, Mary Seymour Howell and Florence Balgarnie, of England, went to +the assistance of the women there, and Rachel Foster Avery gave $1,000 +to this canvass. + +Every day at home was precious to Miss Anthony. Sometimes on Sunday +afternoon she went to Mount Hope, on whose sloping hillsides rest the +beloved dead of her own family and many of the friends of early +days;[73] or she walked down to the long bridge which spans the +picturesque Genesee river and commands a fine view of the beautiful +Lower Falls. Occasionally a friend called with a carriage and they took +the charming seven-mile drive to the shore of Lake Ontario. Sunday +mornings she listened to Mr. Gannett's philosophical sermons; and +through the week there were quiet little teas with old friends whom she +had known since girlhood, but had seen far too seldom in all the busy +years. Instead of forever giving lectures she was able to hear them from +others; and she could indulge to the fullest, on the big new desk, her +love of letter-writing, while the immense work of the national +association was always pressing. She had a number of applications for +articles from various magazines and newspapers, but her invariable reply +was, "I have no literary ability; ask Mrs. Stanton;" and no argument +could convince her that she could write well if she would give the time +to it. + +She addressed the New York Legislature in April in reference to having +women sit as delegates in the approaching Constitutional Convention. In +response to a request from the Rochester Union and Advertiser, she wrote +an earnest letter advocating the opening of the World's Fair on Sunday, +and giving many strong reasons in favor. On April 22, she joined Miss +Shaw, who was lecturing at Bradford, Penn., and Sunday afternoon +addressed an audience which packed the opera house. The next day she +organized a suffrage club of seventy members among the influential women +of that city. After leaving there Rev. Anna Shaw, herself an ordained +Protestant Methodist minister, wrote her that she had been shut out of +several churches because she had addressed an audience at the Lily Dale +Spiritualist camp meeting. She said: "I told them that I would speak to +5,000 people on woman suffrage anywhere this or the other side of Hades +if they could be got together." + +The first week in May, at the urgent invitation of her good friends, +Smith G. and Emily B. Ketcham, of Grand Rapids, Miss Anthony attended +their silver wedding. From this pleasant affair she went to the Michigan +Suffrage Convention at Battle Creek, where she visited an old +schoolmate, Mrs. Sarah Hyatt Nichols. She reached Chicago in time for +the biennial meeting of the General Federation of Woman's Clubs. Special +trains were run from New York and Boston, Central Music Hall was crowded +and numerous elegant receptions were given for the 300 delegates from +all parts of the country. Many eminent women sat upon the platform, +among them the president of the federation, Mrs. Charlotte Emerson +Brown, Frances E. Willard, Susan B. Anthony, Julia Ward Howe, May Wright +Sewall, Jenny June Croly and Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson, all of whom +were heard at different times during the convention. Miss Anthony was +the guest of Lydia Avery Coonley, whose mother wrote to Mary Anthony: + + I have been intending for several days to tell you that however + your sister may have been regarded forty years ago, she is today + the most popular woman in these United States. The federation + closed, as you probably know, on Friday night. During the meetings + she was several times asked to come forward on the platform, which + she did to the manifest gratification of the people, saying + something each time which "brought down the house." On the last + night a note was sent to the president asking that "Susan B.," + Julia Ward Howe and Ednah D. Cheney would please step forward. They + came, but only your sister spoke and what she said was vociferously + cheered over and over again. + +The business committee of the National Council--Miss Willard, Mrs. +Sewall, Mrs. Foster Avery, Miss Anthony and others--met in Chicago the +same week, the principal subject of consideration being the Woman's +Congress to be held the next year during the World's Fair. While in the +city Miss Anthony gave a number of sittings to Lorado Taft, the +sculptor. Miss Willard had asked that he might make the bust to be +placed in the gallery of famous women at the World's Fair, she herself +to be responsible for all expenses. "Come and spend a week with me in my +home," she wrote, "while he prepares a model of that statesmanlike head, +the greatest of them all." Desirous of pleasing her, Miss Anthony +agreed, but at once many of the strong-minded protested that the bust +must be made by a woman. + +A number of amusing letters were exchanged. From Miss Willard: "Mr. Taft +is the most progressive believer in woman and admirer of you, dear +Susan, that I know. He is in full sympathy with all of our ideas. I am +sure that as a friend of mine, appreciated by me as highly as you are by +any woman living, you will not place me in the position of declining to +have this work done. Please do not take counsel of women who are so +prejudiced that, as I once heard said, they would not allow a male +grasshopper to chirp on their lawn; but out of your own great heart, +refuse to set an example to such folly." + +Mr. Taft himself wrote Miss Anthony: "I can put myself in your place +sufficiently to appreciate in part the objections which you or your +friends may feel toward having the work done by a man. My only regret is +that I am not to be allowed to pay this tribute to one whom I was early +taught to honor and revere.... Come to think of it, I believe I am +provoked after all. Sex is but an accident, and it seems to me that it +has no more to do with art than has the artist's complexion or the +political party he votes with." Again from Miss Willard: "Do you not +see, my friend and comrade, that having engaged a noble and large-minded +young man, who believes as we do, to make that bust, engaged him in good +faith and announced it to the public, it is a 'little rough on me,' as +the boys say, for my dear sister to wish me to break my contract? We can +not have too many busts of you, so let Miss Johnson go on and make hers, +and let me have mine, and let those other women make theirs, and we will +yet have one of them in the House of Representatives at Washington, the +other in the Senate, the third in the White House!... My dear mother and +Anna wish to be remembered to you, knowing that you are one of our best +and most trusted friends, only I must say that you are a naughty woman +in this matter of the 'statoot.'" Miss Anthony's common sense finally +induced her to waive objections and she gave Mr. Taft as many sittings +as he desired. When the work was finished Miss Willard wrote: "My +beloved Susan, your statue is perfect. Lady Henry and I think that _one_ +man has seen your great, benignant soul and shown it in permanent +material." + +The 25th of May Miss Anthony attended a meeting of the Ohio association +at Salem, where had been held in April, 1850, the second woman's rights +convention in all history. There was present one of the pioneers who had +called that convention, Emily, wife of Marius Robinson, editor of the +Anti-Slavery Bugle. Miss Anthony read her paper for her, as she was over +eighty years old, and added her own strong comments, of which the report +of the secretary said: "Her burning words can never be forgotten, and +many a soul must have responded to her call for workers to carry to +glorious completion what was begun in such difficulty." + +There was some talk at this time of holding a Southern Woman's Council +and Miss Anthony wrote to the Arkansas Woman's Chronicle: + + The New England States hold an annual suffrage convention and have + done so for nearly thirty years, and I do not see any valid reason + why the States of any section may not have a society or a + convention. Larger numbers from the six New England States can + meet and help each other in Boston, than could possibly go to + Washington to get the soul-refreshing which comes through the + gathering together of kindred spirits from the entire nation. + + As I shall be glad to see the women of the South, of all possible + aims and ends, meet in council, so I should rejoice to see them + hold a southern States' suffrage convention. I say this because I + want you to know that my heartiest sympathy goes with you in your + effort to call together the women of your section of the Union; and + I shall rejoice to see the women of the far-off northwestern States + doing the same thing. Women should have their local societies and + meetings, their county, State and section conventions, and then, + for our great national gathering, each State should send its + representatives to Washington, there to confer together and go + before the committees of Congress to urge our claims. What a power + women would be if all could but see eye to eye in their struggle + for freedom! + +She remained at home long enough to prepare the memorials to the +national political conventions, and June 4 found her at Minneapolis +ready for the Republican gathering. She was entertained by Mr. and Mrs. +T. B. Walker, and found Mrs. J. Ellen Foster also a guest in that +hospitable home. The memorial presented by the National-American W. S. +A. contained the same unanswerable arguments for the enfranchisement of +women which had been made for so many years, and asked for the following +plank: "As a voice in the laws and the rulers under which we live is the +inalienable right of every citizen of a republic, we pledge ourselves, +when again in power, to place the ballot in the hand of every woman of +legal age, as the only weapon with which she can protect her person and +property and defend herself against all aggressive legislation." + +Miss Anthony was notified that she could have a hearing before the +platform committee on the evening of June 8. She was promptly on hand +and was kept standing in the hall outside of the committee room until +after 9 o'clock. Finally she was so tired she sent for one of the +committee to ask how much longer she would have to wait. She learned +that its chairman, J. B. Foraker, of Ohio, refused to preside or call +the committee to order to hear any argument on woman suffrage. Senator +Jones, of Nevada, then hunted him up and asked if he might preside in +his place, and permission being given she was invited into the room. She +spoke for thirty minutes as only a woman could speak who had suffered +the persecution of an Abolitionist before the Republican party was born, +who had been loyal to that party throughout all the dark days of the +Civil War, who had not once repudiated its principles in all the years +which had since elapsed. She pleaded that now she and the women she +represented might have its support and recognition in their right to +representation at the ballot-box. This committee was composed of +twoscore of the most prominent men in the Republican party and, at the +close of Miss Anthony's address, every one in the room arose and many +crowded about her, giving her the most earnest assurance of their belief +in the justice of her cause, but telling her frankly that they could not +put a woman suffrage plank in their platform as the party was not able +to carry the load! The plank eventually adopted read as follows: + + We demand that every citizen of the United States shall be allowed + to cast one free and unrestricted ballot in all public elections, + and that such ballot shall be counted as cast; that such laws shall + be enacted and enforced as will secure to every citizen, be he rich + or poor, native or foreign, white or black, this sovereign right + guaranteed by the Constitution. The free and honest popular ballot, + the just and equal representation of all the people, as well as + their just and equal protection under the laws, are the foundation + of our republican institutions, and the party will never relax its + efforts until the integrity of the ballot and the purity of + elections shall be guaranteed and protected in every State. + +This was identical with the one adopted in 1888, at which time a number +of women had telegraphed the chairman asking if the convention intended +it to apply to women, and he had answered that he did not understand it +to have any such intention. Therefore the women who went to the +Republican convention of 1892 asking for bread, received instead "the +water in which the eggs had been boiled." + +There were present at this convention two regularly appointed women +delegates from Wyoming, and the difference in the attention bestowed +upon them and upon those who came to press the claims of the great class +of the disfranchised, ought to have been an object lesson to all who +assert that women will lose the respect of men when they enter +politics. Not a newspaper in the country had a slur to cast on these +women delegates. The Boston Globe made this pertinent comment: "An +elective queen in this country is no more out of place than one seated +by hereditary consent abroad. It is no rash prediction to assert that +the child is now born who will see a woman in the presidential chair. +Thomas Jefferson will not be fully vindicated until this government +rests upon the consent of all the governed." + +After just five days at home Miss Anthony left for Chicago to attend the +Democratic National Convention, June 21, which was requested to adopt +the following plank: "Whether we view the suffrage as a privilege or as +a natural right, it belongs equally to every citizen of good character +and legal age under government; hence women as well as men should enjoy +the dignity and protection of the ballot in their own hands." + +Miss Anthony and Isabella Beecher Hooker took rooms at the Palmer House +and the latter made arrangements for the hearing before the resolution +committee, which was assembled in one of the parlors, Henry Watterson, +of Louisville, chairman. The ladies made their speeches, were +courteously heard, politely bowed out, and the platform was as densely +silent on the question of woman suffrage as it had been during its whole +history. Mrs. Hooker remained alone in the convention until 2 o'clock in +the morning, hoping to get a chance to address that body. She had not +been fooled as many times as Miss Anthony, who returned to the hotel and +went to bed. + +The Union Signal, Frances E. Willard, editor, spoke thus of the +occasion: + + That heroic figure, Susan B. Anthony, sure to stand out in history + as plainly as any of our presidents, has given added significance + to the two great political conventions of the year. Neither party + has recognized her plea, but both have innumerable adherents who + openly declare themselves in favor of her principles. She states + that this year she felt for the first time that she had a pivot on + which to hang her quadrennial plea, and that pivot was Wyoming, the + men of that equal-minded State in both conventions holding up her + hands. Miss Anthony's pathetic eyes reveal that she has attained to + loneliness--the guerdon of great spirits who struggle from any + direction toward the mountain tops of human liberty. But on the + heights such souls meet God, and one day all women shall call her + blessed. + +The National Prohibition Convention at Cincinnati, June 30, was not +visited by Miss Anthony, as she felt that the women of this party needed +no assistance in looking after the interests of suffrage. The third +plank in the platform there adopted read: "No citizen should be denied +the right to vote on account of sex." + +From Chicago she went directly to Kansas to look after the fences in +that State. Mrs. Johns and Anna Shaw joined her and they spoke before +the Chautauqua Assembly at Ottawa, June 27, going thence to Topeka, as +Miss Anthony expressed it, "to watch the State Republican Convention." +They received a hearty greeting and she was invited to address the +convention June 30. The Capital said: "There were loud calls for Susan +B. Anthony and as she advanced to the platform she was greeted with the +most cordial applause." In the evening a reception was given in the +Senate chamber to the ladies in attendance at the convention. Miss +Anthony, Mrs. Johns and Mrs. May Belleville Brown addressed the +resolution committee. The platform was reported with a plank favoring +the submission to the voters of a woman suffrage amendment, which was +enthusiastically adopted--455 to 267--in the largest Republican +convention ever held in Kansas.[74] + +Miss Anthony and Miss Shaw then hastened to Omaha for the first national +convention of the People's party July 4. They arrived about 9 P. M., +July 2, to find they were booked for speeches at the Unitarian church +that evening and the audience had been waiting since 7:30, so they +rushed thither, hot, dusty and tired, and made their addresses. Sunday +afternoon they went to a workingwomen's meeting in the exposition +building and heard Master Workman Powderly for the first time. At his +invitation Miss Anthony also spoke. + +The People's party, from its inception, had recognized women as speakers +and delegates and claimed to be the party of morality and reform, but +after a day at the convention Miss Anthony writes in her diary: "They +are quite as oblivious to the underlying principle of justice to women +as either of the old parties and, as a convention, still more so." The +resolution committee refused to grant the ladies even an opportunity to +address them, which had been done willingly by the Republicans and +Democrats. Their platform contained no reference to woman suffrage +except that in the long preamble occurred the sentence: "We believe that +the forces of reform this day organized will never cease to move forward +until every wrong is righted, and equal rights and equal privileges +securely established for all the men and women of this country." This +sentiment, however, was universally accepted by the delegates as +including the right of suffrage. + +Miss Anthony spoke at the Beatrice Chautauqua Assembly, and then +returned to Rochester. She had some time before received a letter from +Chancellor John H. Vincent saying: "The subject of woman suffrage will +be presented at Chautauqua on Saturday, July 30, 1892. A prominent +speaker will be secured to present the question as forcibly as possible. +In behalf of the Chautauqua management, I take pleasure in extending to +you a hearty invitation to be present and take a place upon the platform +on that occasion. Trusting that you will be able to accept this +invitation, I am, faithfully yours." + +She had had a long, hot and fatiguing trip and her cool, spacious home +was so restful that she decided to defer her visit to Chautauqua until +later in the season.[75] On August 8, Miss Shaw, Mrs. Foster Avery and +Miss Anthony, who had been having a little visit together, started from +Rochester for Chautauqua, where the Reverend Anna was to debate the +question of woman suffrage with Rev. J. M. Buckley, editor New York +Christian Advocate. She gave her address amidst a succession of cheers +and applause, Miss Anthony sitting on the platform with her, an honor +rarely accorded at the assembly. In the evening a delightful reception +was given to the three ladies in the Hall of Philosophy. Dr. Buckley +made his reply the next day to an audience so cold that even his supreme +self-satisfaction was disturbed. If any one thing ever has been +demonstrated at Chautauqua, by those speeches and all preceding and +following them on the same question, it is that the sentiment of the +vast majority of the people who annually visit this great assembly is in +favor of woman suffrage. + +After speaking at the Cassadaga Lake camp meeting, August 24, Miss +Anthony went in September to the Mississippi Valley Conference at Des +Moines. It was thought that possibly by holding a great convention in +the West, large numbers in that section of the country and the States +along the Mississippi could attend who would find it inconvenient to go +to Washington. She was glad to give her co-operation and spoke and +worked valiantly through all the sessions. From Des Moines she went to +Peru, Neb., at the urgent invitation of President George L. Farnham, to +address the State Normal School.[76] + +Early in October she began her tour of the State of Kansas under the +auspices of the Republican central committee. She was accompanied one +week by Mrs. Johns, and then each went with some of the men who were +canvassing the State. Mrs. Johns made Republican speeches; Miss Anthony +described the record of the party on human freedom and urged them to +complete that roll of honor by enfranchising women. The campaign +managers were very much dissatisfied because she talked suffrage instead +of tariff and finance, but as she was paying her own travelling expenses +and contributing her services, she reserved the right to speak on the +only subject in which she felt a vital interest. If the Republicans had +won the election, Miss Anthony and Mrs. Johns expected that of course +they would take up the question of woman suffrage and carry it to +success; but the State was carried by the newly formed People's party. + +As soon as she was thoroughly rested and renovated in her own home, +after this hard campaign, Miss Anthony left for the State convention at +Syracuse, November 14.[77] The Standard, intending to compliment the +ladies, said: "The loud-voiced, aggressive woman of other days was not +here. In her place were low-voiced, quietly-dressed, womanly women, and +those who expected to see the 'woman rioter' of the past failed to find +one of the sort. The graceful, dignified and quiet woman of today bears +no likeness to some who have gone before, who thought to break through +and gain their desires." + +A contemporary called the paper down as follows: "When it is remembered +that Susan B. Anthony was one of the originators of the movement, that +Lucy Stone and Mrs. Greenleaf and a host of others who have marched +right along in the suffrage ranks from the beginning, were also the +leaders in this 'low-voiced' assembly who came on tip-toe and acted in +pantomime, the compliment, to say the least, has negative qualities." An +interview on this statement contains the following paragraph: + + "It simply shows," said Miss Anthony, smiling, "how differently the + question is regarded now. Among the women who were pioneers in the + movement were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and myself. I don't think it + probable that we are any sweeter-faced or that our voices are any + more melodious than they were thirty years ago. It is only that the + whole matter was regarded with such horror and aversion then that + any one connected with it was looked upon in a disagreeable light; + it is very different now." Her pleasant face, with a suggestion of + her Quaker descent in its soft bands of gray hair, took on a gently + reminiscent expression, which her visitor could not help but + contrast amusedly with the imaginary portrait of the redoubtable + Amazon that in her early years was conjured up by the sound of + Susan B. Anthony's name. + +Thanksgiving Day she attended service at the Universalist church and +comments in her diary: "Mr. Morrill, the associate pastor, spoke on +'The undiscovered Church without a Bishop;' Mr. Gannett, 'The +undiscovered State without a King;' Mr. Lansberg, 'Many States in One;' +all good, but all alike gave not the faintest hint of any undiscovered +America, where the male head of the family should not be considered +'divinely appointed.' I had hard work to keep my peace." + +The next day she went to Buffalo to address the alumnć of the ladies' +academy, and was entertained by Miss Charlotte Mulligan, founder of the +missionary school for boys. During this time she was investigating the +new law permitting women to vote for county school commissioners in New +York, and found to her disgust that by the use of the words "county +clerk" instead merely of "clerk who prints and distributes the ballots," +all the women of the large towns and cities were still disfranchised; +just as the law of 1880 had used the words "school meeting," which also +cut off the women of the cities. This was another illustration of the +manner in which every step of the way to suffrage for women has been +made as difficult as possible. + +In December Miss Anthony became an office-holder! It happened in this +way: Her neighbor, Dr. Jonas Jones, who had been one of the trustees of +the State Industrial School located at Rochester, died on the 4th. She +immediately wrote to Governor Roswell P. Flower requesting that a woman +be put on the board in his place, in addition to the one already serving +(Mrs. Emil Kuichling), and suggested Mrs. Lansberg, wife of the rabbi; +at the same time she asked Mary Seymour Howell, who resided in Albany, +to see the governor and use her influence. She did so and found he was +quite willing to appoint a woman but would not consider any but Miss +Anthony. She, however, was away from home so much she thought that in +justice to the institution she ought not take the position; but when she +learned that her refusal might result in a man's being given the place, +she telegraphed her willingness to accept. She was appointed at once to +fill out the unexpired term of Dr. Jones, and May 4, 1893, was +re-appointed by Governor Levi P. Morton for a full term. Of course +numerous letters and telegrams of congratulation were received and the +newspapers contained many kind notices, similar in tone to this from the +Democrat and Chronicle: + + It is a good appointment; a fitting recognition of one of the + ablest and best women in the commonwealth. There has been a vast + amount of cheap wit expended upon Miss Anthony during the past + years, and although it has been almost entirely good-natured it has + served to give a wrong impression to the unthinking of one of the + clearest-headed and most unselfish women ever identified with a + public movement.... Speaking of her appointment she said: "You see + I have been regarded as a hoofed and horned creature for so long + that even a little thing touches my heart, and when it comes to + being recognized as an American citizen after fighting forty years + to prove my citizenship, it begins to look as if we women have not + fought in vain." ... A braver-hearted woman than Susan B. Anthony + never lived, but those who can read between the lines of her remark + will not miss the little touch of pathos in her pride, and the hint + of the disappointments which have hurt in the long struggle. + +A new charter for the city of Rochester had been prepared and a mass +meeting of citizens was announced for December 12, to hear an exposition +of its points. The morning paper said: "By far the most largely attended +meeting the Chamber of Commerce has ever held was that of last evening. +The large attendance was due to the announcement that the new charter +would be discussed by Miss Susan B. Anthony, and the interest of the +meeting was largely due to the fact that, true to her colors, she kept +her engagement...." Miss Anthony's commission had been received from the +governor that day, which fact was announced by President Brickner as he +introduced her, and she was greeted with cheers. In the course of her +speech she said: + + Since promising to address this body, I have tried in vain to find + some word which would settle the question with every member present + in favor of so amending the charter as to give our women equal + voice in conducting the affairs of the city. It seems such a + self-evident thing that the mother's opinion should be weighed and + measured in the political scales as well as that of her son. It is + so simple and just that the wife's judgment should be respected and + counted as well as the husband's. And who can give the reason why + the sister's opinion should be ignored and the brother's + honored?... Over 5,000 women of this city pay taxes on real estate, + and who shall say they are not as much interested in every + question of financial expenditure as any 5,000 men; in the public + parks, street railways, grade crossings, pavements, bridges, etc.? + And not only the 5,000 tax-paying women, but all the women of the + city are equally interested in the sanitary condition of our + streets, alleys, schools, police stations, jails and asylums.... + + To repair the damages of society seems to be the mission assigned + to women, and we ask that the necessary implements shall be placed + in their hands. But, you say, women can be appointed to see to + these matters without voting. Yes, but they are not; and if they + were, without the ballot they would be powerless to effect the + improvements they might find necessary. If the women of this city + had the right to vote, those on the board of charities, for + instance, would not be compelled year after year to beg each member + of every new council for the appointment of some women as city + physicians, as scores of them have done for the past six or eight + years. Had we the right to vote, do you suppose we should have to + plead in vain before the two parties to place women in nomination + for the school board? + + I want this amendment of the charter first, because it is right and + just to women; second, that women may have a political fulcrum on + which to plant their lever for everything they wish to secure + through government; third, that the opinions of the women of this + city may be respected, and there is no other way to secure respect + but to have them counted with those of men in the ballot-box on + every possible question which is carried to that tribunal; and + fourth, to free the mothers from the cruel taunt of being + responsible for the character of their grown-up sons while denied + all power to control the conditions surrounding them after they + pass beyond the dooryards of their homes. + +She continued by showing the good effects of woman's municipal suffrage +in England, Canada and also in Kansas, and full suffrage in Wyoming; and +closed with an earnest appeal for an amendment to the new charter which +should confer the municipal franchise upon women. A few days later the +board of trustees took final action on the charter, of which the +Democrat and Chronicle said: "The amendment proposed by Miss Susan B. +Anthony extending the suffrage to women was defeated, although by a +close vote. Had there been a full meeting of the board it is a question +whether it would not have been adopted, as several of the members who +were not present last evening had expressed themselves as +favorable."[78] + +Miss Anthony addressed the Monroe County Teachers' Institute at +Brighton, December 16. The diary records many visits to the Industrial +School, conferences with the other fourteen trustees and much +correspondence with the boards of similar institutions elsewhere. In her +mail this year were letters from most of the civilized countries on the +globe, among them several from the leaders of the movement in New +Zealand, saying that her name was more familiar than all others there, +and asking for advice and encouragement in their work of securing the +ballot for women.[79] The following was received from Mrs. Kate Beckwith +Lee, Dowagiac, Mich.: "Mr. Bonet, our sculptor, obtained your +photograph, and we now have your grand face looking down in stone from +the front of our theater, which was erected as an educator to our people +and a memorial to my father, P. D. Beckwith, who was liberal toward all +mankind and a believer in woman's equality, and I sincerely hope you may +some time see the building." The other women sculptured on this handsome +edifice are George Eliot, George Sand, Rachel, Mary Anderson and Sarah +Bernhardt. Among the great mass of correspondence, this is selected: + + An incident which is of no particular consequence to this inquiry, + constrains me to write in the hope that you may find time to place + upon paper your recollection of the connection that my father (the + late George H. Thacher, then mayor of the city of Albany) had with + your anti-slavery meeting in this city just before the war. I was + too young to have it make a vivid impression upon me, but it has + sometimes been said that was the first opportunity your + organization had to freely express its views within the State of + New York. I will be very grateful if you will permit your memory to + go back some thirty years and recall that incident.[80] Yours, + + JOHN BOYD THACHER. + +This illustrates the pride which the children of the future will have in +showing that their parents or grandparents rendered some assistance to +the cause of woman and of freedom. Yet Mr. Thacher, who, as a member of +the New York Board of General Managers of the Columbian Exposition, had +the selection of those who should compose the Woman's Board of the +State, did not name one who had been identified with the great movement +for equal rights during the past forty years, and had made it possible +for women to participate in this celebration. + +A case which had been commenced in the courts of New York in 1891 and +had run along through several years, may as well be described here as +elsewhere. Miss Anthony had but an indirect connection with it and it is +mentioned more for its utter ridiculousness than for any other reason. A +woman's art association in New York City, Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson, +president, Miss Alice Donlevy, secretary, had the promise of a legacy to +build an academy, and they decided to place a statue or bust at each +side of the entrance, representing Reform and Philanthropy. Miss Anthony +was selected for the one and Mrs. Mary Hamilton Schuyler for the other. +The latter, in 1852, founded the New York School of Design for Women, +had been the friend and patron of art, and for many years before her +death had been noted for her philanthropic work. + +A serious difficulty at once arose in the opposition of Mrs. Schuyler's +nephew and stepson, Philip Schuyler, who objected to the "disagreeable +notoriety." He carried the matter into the courts, which of course +attracted the comment of all the newspapers of the country, pro and con, +and caused more "disagreeable notoriety" than a dozen statues would have +done. He obtained a preliminary injunction against the art association +and then took the case to the supreme court for a permanent injunction, +on the ground that the "right of privacy" had been violated. The real +secret of his objections, however, was exposed in his complaint before +the supreme court. Among the twenty-eight grievances alleged were the +following: + + Twenty-second.--The said Mary M. Hamilton Schuyler took no part + whatever in any of the various so-called woman's rights agitations, + with which the aforesaid Susan B. Anthony was, and is, prominently + identified; and that she took no interest in such agitations or + movements, and had no sympathy whatever with them; and that, as + the plaintiff believes, she would have resented any attempt such as + is made by the defendants to couple her name with that of the said + Susan B. Anthony. + + Twenty-third.--The acts of the defendants in attempting to raise + money by public subscription for a statue of the said Mary M. + Hamilton Schuyler; in associating her name with the name of Susan + B. Anthony, and in announcing that the projected statue of her is + to be placed on public exhibition at the Columbian Exposition as a + companion piece to a statue of the said Susan B. Anthony, + constitute, and are an unlawful interference with the right of + privacy, and a gross and unwarranted outrage upon the memory of the + said Mary M. Hamilton Schuyler, under the specious pretense of + doing honor to her memory; and that the surviving members of her + family have been, and are, greatly distressed and injured thereby. + +The supreme court continued the injunction, and the art association then +carried the case up to the court of appeals. Here the decision of the +lower court was reversed. The opinion was rendered by Justice Rufus W. +Peckham, afterwards appointed by President Cleveland to the Supreme +Bench of the United States. It is not often that a judge of the highest +court in the State incorporates in a legal decision a compliment to a +woman, and for this reason the tribute of Justice Peckham is the more +highly appreciated. After holding that "persons attempting to erect a +statue or bust of a woman no longer living, if their motive is to do +honor to her, and if the work is to be done in an appropriate manner, +can not be restrained by her surviving relatives," he continued: + + Many may, and probably do, totally disagree with the advanced views + of Miss Anthony in regard to the proper sphere of women, and yet it + is impossible to deny to her the possession of many of the + ennobling qualities which tend to the making of great lives. She + has given the most unselfish devotion of a long life to what she + has considered would tend most for the benefit and practical + improvement of her sex, and she has thus lived almost literally in + the face of the whole world, and during that period there has never + been a single shadow of any dark or ugly fact connected with her or + her way of life to dim the lustre of her achievements and of her + efforts. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[73] In the center of the Anthony lot, not far from the main gateway, is +a square monument of Medina granite, the four sides of its cap-stone +inscribed Liberty, Justice, Fraternity, Equality. + +[74] At the convention of Republican clubs a few days previous, Senator +Ingalls, having been defeated for re-election to the Senate and feeling +somewhat humbled, said in his speech: "I believe every man ought to be a +politician; I might say every woman also. If a plank endorsing woman +suffrage were inserted in the Republican platform, I would stand upon +it." Ten years before, in this same city, he had declared it to be "that +obscene dogma, whose advocates are long-haired men and short-haired +women, the unsexed of both sexes, human capons and epicenes." + +[75] Henry B. Blackwell delivered the address at Chautauqua. At its +close he asked all who were opposed to woman suffrage to rise, and about +twenty persons stood up. He then asked all who were in favor to stand, +and the great audience, filling the huge amphitheater, rose in a body. + +[76] When she spoke in the New York State Teachers' Convention in 1853, +the first time a woman's voice had been heard in that body, Professor +Farnham, then superintendent of the Syracuse public schools, was one of +the three men who came up and congratulated her. + +[77] While here Miss Anthony received a telegram: "Greeting, gratitude +and good-by to the noblest Roman of them all and her brave host, from +Isabel Somerset and Frances E. Willard." They had expected to stop in +Rochester and visit her before leaving for England, but had gone to New +York by another route. + +[78] Jean Brooks Greenleaf, at this time in Washington with her husband, +wrote Miss Anthony: + +"I felt heart-sick when I learned the result of the charter business and +I am not over it yet. I told Mr. Greenleaf I would dispose of every bit +of taxable property I have in Rochester. I can not bear to think that, +with so glorious an opportunity to be just, men prefer to be so unjust. +They can help it if they will, those men who speak us so fair. If they +would make one solid stand for our rights they could overrule the masses +who are not half so unready to do women justice as they are represented. +Good God! when I think of it I wonder how you have borne it all these +years and not gone wild." + +[79] Full suffrage was granted to the women of New Zealand in 1893. + +[80] In February, 1861; see Chapter XIII. + + + + +CHAPTER XLI. + +WORLD'S FAIR--CONGRESS OF REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN. + +1893. + + +It is not surprising that Miss Anthony writes in her journal at the +beginning of the New Year, 1893: "The clouds do not lift from my spirit. +I am simply overwhelmed with the feeling that I can not make my way +through the work before me." Never a year in all her crowded life opened +with such a mountain of things to be attended to--suffrage conventions, +council meetings, the great Woman's Congress at the World's Fair, State +campaigns, Industrial School matters, lecture engagements--the list +seemed to stretch out into infinity, and it is no wonder that it +appalled even her dauntless spirit. + +The first necessity was to get the Washington annual convention out of +the way. It had been set for an early date this winter, and she left +home January 5. Headquarters were at Willard's Hotel and the convention +opened in Metzerott's Music Hall, January 15, continuing the usual five +days. At the opening session Miss Anthony read beautiful tributes by +Mrs. Stanton to George William Curtis, John Greenleaf Whittier, +Ernestine L. Rose and Abby Hutchinson Patton, who had died during the +year, all earnest and consistent friends of woman's equality. +Resolutions were adopted recognizing the splendid services of Francis +Minor, Benjamin F. Butler, Abby Hopper Gibbons, Rev. Anna Oliver and a +number of other active and efficient workers who also had passed away. + +Miss Anthony, in her president's address, gave a strong, cheery account +of the past year's work and an encouraging view of the future, and at +both day and evening sessions there were the usual number of able and +entertaining speeches. Reports were made by delegates from thirty-six +States. At the business meeting the question again came up of holding +the annual convention in Washington at the beginning of each new +Congress and in some other part of the country in alternate years. This +plan was vigorously opposed by Miss Anthony, who said in her protest: + + The sole object, it seems to me, of this national organization is + to bring the combined influence of all the States upon Congress to + secure national legislation. The very moment you change the purpose + of this great body from National to State work you have defeated + its object. It is the business of the States to do the district + work; to create public sentiment; to make a national organization + possible, and then to bring their united power to the capital and + focus it on Congress. Our younger women naturally can not + appreciate the vast amount of work done here in Washington by the + National Association in the last twenty-five years. The delegates + do not come here as individuals but as representatives of their + entire States. We have had these national conventions here for a + quarter of a century, and every Congress has given hearings to the + ablest women we could bring from every section. In the olden times + the States were not fully organized--they had not money enough to + pay their delegates' expenses. We begged and worked and saved the + money, and the National Association paid the expenses of delegates + from Oregon and California in order that they might come and bring + the influence of their States to bear upon Congress. + + Last winter we had twenty-three States represented by delegates. + Think of those twenty-three women going before the Senate + committee, each making her speech, and convincing those senators of + the interest in all these States. We have educated at least a part + of three or four hundred men and their wives and daughters every + two years to return as missionaries to their respective localities. + I shall feel it a grave mistake if you vote in favor of a movable + convention. It will lessen our influence and our power; but come + what may, I shall abide by the decision of the majority. + +Miss Anthony was warmly supported by a number of delegates but the final +vote resulted: in favor, 37; opposed, 28. + +Among the notable letters received by the convention was the following +from Lucy Stone: "Wherever woman suffragists are gathered together in +the name of equal rights, there am I always in spirit with them. +Although absent, my personal glad greeting goes to every one; to those +who have borne the heat and burden of the day, and to the strong, brave, +younger workers who have come to lighten the load and complete the +victory. We may surely rejoice now when there are so many gains won and +conceded, and when favorable indications are on every hand. The way +before us is shorter than that behind; but the work still calls for +patient perseverance and ceaseless endeavor. The end is not yet in +sight, but it can not be far away." Those who listened little thought +that this would be the last message ever received from that earnest +worker of fifty long years. Letters of greeting were sent to her and to +Mrs. Stanton. Miss Anthony was unanimously re-elected president. + +She lingered for a few days' visit with Mrs. Greenleaf, who gave a +reception for her, at which Grace Greenwood was one of the receiving +party. She had a luncheon at Mrs. Waite's, wife of the Chief-Justice, +and after several other pleasant social functions, left Washington +February 1.[81] There was now a magnet in New York City and henceforth +she always arranged her hurried eastern trips so that she might spend a +few hours or days with Mrs. Stanton, when as in the old time, they wrote +calls, resolutions and memorials and made plans to storm the +strongholds. + +On February 8, Miss Anthony spoke at Warsaw, the guest of Mrs. Maud +Humphrey; and for the next week the journal says: "Trying all these days +to get to the bottom of my piles of accumulated letters." On her +seventy-third birthday the Political Equality Club gave a reception at +the pleasant home of Rev. and Mrs. W. C. Gannett, and presented her with +a handsome silver teapot, spirit lamp and tray. Mrs. George Hollister +gave her a set of point lace which had belonged to her mother, the +daughter of Thurlow Weed; and there were numerous other gifts. She wrote +to Mrs. Avery on the 23d: "It is just ten years ago this morning, dear +Rachel, since we two went gypsying into the old world. Well, it was a +happy acquaintance we made then and it has been a blessed decade which +has intervened. Ten years of constant work and thought, but ten years +nearer the golden day of jubilee!" + +She arranged a meeting at the Rochester Chamber of Commerce, March 1, +for May Wright Sewall, president National Council of Women, to speak on +the approaching Woman's Congress at the World's Fair. On March 6 she +began a brief lecture tour, speaking in Hillsdale, Detroit, Saginaw, Bay +City, Grand Rapids, Lansing, Battle Creek, Charlotte and in Toledo. Nine +evening addresses, several receptions, and over a thousand miles of +travel in twelve days, was not a bad record for a woman past +seventy-three.[82] + +Among the pleasant letters received through the winter were several from +the South. Miss Anthony was especially appreciative of the friendship of +southern women, as her part in the "abolition" movement in early times +had created a prejudice against her, and in later days the sentiment for +suffrage had not been sufficient to call her into that part of the +country, where she might form personal acquaintances and friendships. +She had, during these months, earnest letters from the women of Italy +asking for encouragement and co-operation in their struggles. Many +letters came also from teachers, stenographers and other wage-earning +women, full of grateful acknowledgment of their indebtedness to her. +There were invitations enough for lectures to fill every month in the +year, ranging from the Christian Association at Cornell to the +Free-thinkers' Club in New York, and covering all the grades of belief +or non-belief between the two. She was asked to contribute to a +symposium on "The Ideal Man," to write an account of "The Underground +Railroad," and to give so many written opinions on current topics of +discussion that to have complied would have kept her at her desk from +early morning until the midnight hour. + +In a letter to a friend she said: "The other day a millionaire who wrote +me, 'wondered why I didn't have my letters typewritten.' Why, bless him, +I never, in all my fifty years of hard work with the pen, had a writing +desk with pigeonholes and drawers until my seventieth birthday brought +me the present of one, and never had I even a dream of money enough for +a stenographer and typewriter. How little those who have realize the +limitations of those who have not." + +She wrote to Robert Purvis at this time: "What a magnificent opening +speech Gladstone made, and how splendid his final remarks: 'It would be +misery for me if I had foregone or omitted in these closing years of my +life any measure it was possible for me to take towards upholding and +promoting the cause--not of one party or one nation, but of all parties +and all nations.' So can you and I say with Gladstone, we should be +miserable but for the consciousness that we have done all in our power +to help forward every measure for the freedom and equality of the races +and the sexes." + +In April she lectured at a number of places in New York to add to the +limited fund which kept the pot boiling at home.[83] She also went to +Buffalo to talk over Industrial School matters with Mrs. Harriet A. +Townsend, president of the Women's Educational and Industrial Union, +which had proved so great a success in that city. On the 28th she spoke +before the Woman's Columbian Exposition Committee of Cincinnati, "to a +very fashionable and representative audience," the Enquirer said. For +this lecture she received $125. During the spring she wrote the Woman's +Tribune: + + How splendidly Kansas women voted, and now come suffrage amendments + in Colorado, New York and Kansas! Well, we must buckle on our armor + for a triple fight, and we must shout more loudly than ever to our + friends all over the country for money to help these States. + Although Kansas is the most certain to carry the question, + nevertheless we must organize every school district of every county + of each State in which the battle of the ballot for woman is to be + fought. _Organize_, _agitate_, _educate_, must be our war cry from + this to the day of the election. + + Today's mail brought $100 to our national treasury from Mrs. P. A. + Moffett, of Fredonia. How my heart leaped for joy as I read her + letter and again and again looked at her check, and how I + ejaculated over and over, "O that a thousand of our good women who + _wish_ success to our cause would be moved thus to send in their + checks!" Only a very few can go outside to work, but many can + contribute money to help pay the expenses of those who do leave all + their home-friends, comforts and luxuries. If the many who stay at + home and wish, could only believe for a moment that we who go out + not knowing where our heads will rest when night comes, really love + our homes as they love theirs, they would vie with each other to + throw in their mite to make the path smooth for the wayfarers. But + we, every one of us who can speak acceptably, must do all in our + power to persuade the men of these States to vote for the + amendment. Do let us all take to ourselves new hope and courage for + the herculean task before us. Who will send the next $100? O, that + we had $10,000 to start with! + +Miss Anthony and Mrs. Avery met at Mrs. Sewall's for a conference on +Woman's Congress matters and then went to Chicago to attend, by +invitation, the formal opening of the Columbian Exposition May 1, 1893. +Miss Anthony wrote: "Mrs. Palmer's speech was very fine, covering full +equality for woman." Her address the year before at the dedication +ceremonies contained one of the noblest tributes ever paid to women, +closing with these beautiful sentences: "Even more important than the +discovery of Columbus, which we are gathered together to celebrate, is +the fact that the general government has just discovered woman. It has +sent out a flashlight from its heights, so inaccessible to us, which we +shall answer by a return signal when the exposition is opened. What will +be its next message to us?" Upon this occasion she was even more +eloquent. Her keen expose of the absurd platitudes in regard to woman's +sphere, and her fine defence of women in the industrial world, deserve a +place among the classics. + +Since Miss Anthony's part in this great world's exposition must +necessarily be condensed into small space, it seems most satisfactory to +place it all together. It has been related in the chapter of 1876 how +women were denied practically all governmental recognition in the +Centennial. They were determined that this should not be the case in +1893. As early as 1889 she began making plans to this effect and +conferring with other prominent women. Several officials, who were in +positions to influence action on this question, had declared that +"those suffrage women should have nothing to do with the World's Fair;" +and as some women whose social prestige might be needed were likely to +be frightened off if suffrage were in any way connected with the matter, +Miss Anthony felt the necessity of moving very discreetly. As "those +suffrage women" had been behind every progressive movement that ever had +been made in the United States for their own sex, it was hardly possible +that they would not be the moving force in this. Miss Anthony was not +seeking for laurels, however, either for herself or for her cause, but +only to carry her point--that women should participate in this great +national celebration and that they should do this with the sanction and +assistance of the national government. In her plans she had the valuable +backing of Mrs. Spofford, who made it possible for her to remain in +Washington every winter, gave the use of the Riggs House parlors for +meetings and aided in many other ways. + +Miss Anthony went quietly about among the ladies in official life whom +she could trust, and as a result various World's Fair meetings were held +at the hotel, participated in by Washington's influential women, and a +committee appointed to wait upon Congress and ask that women be placed +on the commission. She did not appear at these gatherings, and only her +few confidantes knew that she was behind them. Meanwhile it was +announced early in January, 1890, that the World's Fair Bill had been +brought before the House, and Miss Anthony at once prepared a petition +asking for the appointment of women on the National Board of Management. +This was placed in the hands of ladies of influence and in a few days +one hundred and eleven names were obtained of the wives and daughters of +the judges of the Supreme Court, the Cabinet, senators, representatives, +army officials; as distinguished a list as could be secured in the +national capital. + +This petition was presented to the Senate January 12. It requested that +women should be placed on the board with men, but instead, the bill was +passed in March creating a commission of men and authorizing them to +appoint a number of women to constitute a "Board of Lady Managers." +These 115 appointments were intended to be practically of a +complimentary nature, it was not expected that the women would take any +prominent part, and no particular rule was observed in their selection. +While perhaps in some States they were not the ablest who might have +been found, they were, as a board, fairly representative. To bring this +great body into harmonious action and guide it along important lines of +work, required a leader possessed of a combination of qualities rarely +existing in one person--not only the highest degree of executive ability +but self-control, tact and the power of managing men and women. They +were found, however, in the woman elected to preside over this board, +Mrs. Bertha Honoré Palmer, of Chicago. At the close of the exposition it +was universally conceded that she had proved herself pre-eminently the +one woman in all the country for this place. Her record, during the +several years that she held this very responsible position, is one of +the most remarkable ever made by any woman. + +At the time Miss Anthony prepared her petition to Congress for +representation, no action had been taken by any organized body of women +in the country, and if she had not been on the field of battle in +Washington and acted at the very moment she did, the bill would have +passed Congress without any provision for women. They would have had no +recognition from the government, no appropriations for their work, no +official power, and their splendid achievements at the Columbian +Exposition, which did more to advance the cause of women than all that +had been accomplished during the century, would have been lost to the +world. Having secured this great object, she asked no office for herself +or for any other woman. On several public occasions, in the early months +of the fair, she refused to speak or to sit on the platform, lest she +might embarrass the President of the Board of Lady Managers by +committing her to woman suffrage. Mrs. Palmer, however, showed her the +most distinguished courtesy, in both public and private affairs, +inviting her to the platform and including her in the social functions +at her own residence. Miss Anthony soon felt that she was in full +sympathy with herself in every measure which tended to secure for women +absolute equality of rights, a point which Mrs. Palmer emphasized in the +most unmistakable language in her eloquent address delivered in the +Woman's Building, at the close of the exposition. + +In these circumscribed limits it will be impossible to give any adequate +account of that greatest of all accomplishments of women at the World's +Fair--the Woman's Congress--whose proceedings fill two large volumes in +the official report. In order that intellectual as well as material +progress should be presented, it had been decided to hold a series of +congresses which should bring together a representation of the great +minds of the world. C. C. Bonney was made president of the Congress +Auxiliary; Mrs. Palmer, president, and Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin, +vice-president of the Woman's Branch. Although women were to participate +in all, Mr. Bonney desired to have one composed of them alone. To assist +Mrs. Henrotin, who had been made acting president, as well as to further +insure the success of this congress, Mr. Bonney appointed May Wright +Sewall chairman, and Rachel Foster Avery secretary, of the committee of +organization, and they were assisted by an efficient local committee. + +As president and secretary of the National Council of Women, and Mrs. +Sewall vice-president of the International Council, no two could have +been secured with so wide a knowledge of the organizations of women +throughout the world and the best methods of securing their +co-operation. The magnitude of their labors can be appreciated only by +an examination of the official report. The fact of their merging into +this congress the International Council of Women, which was to have been +held in London that year, was one of the most potent elements of its +success. Miss Anthony wrote Mrs. Sewall: "The suffrage work has missed +you, oh, so much, still I would not have had you do differently. I glory +in Rachel's and your work this year beyond words." + +The World's Congress of Representative Women, which opened May 15, +1893, was the largest and most brilliant of any of the series which +extended through the six months of the fair, and was considered by many +the most remarkable ever convened. Twenty-seven countries and 126 +organizations were represented by 528 delegates. During the week +eighty-one meetings were held in the different rooms of the Art Palace. +There were from seven to eighteen in simultaneous progress each day and, +according to official estimate, the total attendance exceeded 150,000 +persons. The fifteen policemen stationed in the building stated that +often hundreds of people were turned away before the hour of opening +arrived, not only the audience-rooms but the halls and ante-rooms being +so crowded that no more could enter the building, which held 10,000. + +All who were in attendance at this congress, all who read the accounts +in the Chicago daily papers, will testify that it is not the bias of a +partial historian which prompts the statement that Susan B. Anthony was +the central figure of this historic gathering. Every time she appeared +on the stage the audience broke into applause; when she rose to speak, +they stood upon the seats and waved hats and handkerchiefs. People +watched the daily program and when she was advertised for an address, +there was a rush from other halls and an impenetrable jam in the +corridors. Again and again she was obliged to call upon a stout +policeman to make a way for her through the throngs which pressed about +her, anxious to get even a sight of her face. No matter what department +of the congress she visited, whether of education, religion, +philanthropy or industries, the audience demanded a speech and would not +be satisfied until it was made.[84] Large numbers of the women who gave +addresses in these various meetings paid tribute to her work, and the +mention of her name never failed to elicit a burst of applause. At the +many public and private receptions given to the congress the post of +honor was assigned to her, and no guest ever was satisfied to leave +without having touched her hand. + +[Illustration: May Knight Sewall (with signature)] + +It is not too much to say that no woman in this country, or in any +other, ever was so honored because of her own individual services to +humanity. It was the universal recognition of her labors of nearly half +a century, that had laid the foundation upon which had been reared all +the great organizations represented by the women in this congress. Hers +had been the pioneer work, the blazing of the pathway through the +forests of custom and prejudice which for untold centuries had forbidden +them to step beyond the narrow limits of domestic occupations. All of a +sudden, it seemed, the women of the world had awakened to the knowledge +that she had borne ridicule, abuse, misrepresentation, disgrace, that +they might enter into the kingdom of woman's right to her highest +development. Long-delayed though it had been, the women of her own and +other countries came to lay their homage at her feet, to bow before her +in loving gratitude, to rise up and call her blessed. + +Letters of congratulation were received from far and wide; one from +Frances E. Willard in Switzerland said: + + MY BELOVED SUSAN: You are a happy woman and we are all crowing to + think the people love, honor and call for you so loud and long. It + suits one's sense of poetic justice; it confirms one's faith in + human nature and the Heavenly Power not ourselves "that makes for + righteousness." Lady Henry, Anna Gordon and I have "hoorayed" over + your laurels and said, "Bless her; she is not only _our_ Susan but + everybody's." Lady Henry says you have the true sign of greatness + that you are absolutely without pretension. You do not take up all + the time and luxuriate in the sound of your own voice, but are glad + to give the other ones a bit of breath too. She says no woman of + fame has ever so thoroughly made this impression of modesty and + unselfishness upon her mind. And I say Selah.[85] + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Isabel Somerset"] + +In her London letter the noted correspondent, Florence Fenwick Miller, +of England, wrote: + + Amidst all the attractive personalities and ideas presented, the + most sought of all--the one whose presence drew crowds everywhere, + who was made to speak in whatever hall she entered, and who was + surrounded in every corridor and every reception, just as the + queen-bee is surrounded in the hive by her courtiers, was the + veteran leader of the woman suffragists of America, Susan B. + Anthony. At seventy-three she is as upright of form, as clear and + powerful of mind, as strong of voice, as courageous and + uncompromising as ever. Let our revered and beloved Miss Anthony + have the last word. + +The program for the Woman's Congress assigned but one session to the +National-American Suffrage Association, and it was the honest intention +to give no more time to the discussion of political equality than to +each of the other departments. It made a place for itself, however, in +practically every one of the meetings. Whether the subject were +education, philanthropy, reform or some other, the speakers were sure to +point out the disabilities of woman without the ballot. So strong was +the desire to hear this question discussed that it became necessary to +hold afternoon meetings in the large halls, aside from those on the +regular morning and evening program, in order to give the eager crowds +an opportunity to hear its distinguished advocates from all parts of the +world. It is doubtful if the whole fifty years of agitation made as many +converts to equal suffrage as did the great object lesson of the Woman's +Congress. + +Many pleasant letters passed between Miss Anthony and Mr. Bonney, Mrs. +Palmer and Mrs. Henrotin. The last named asked her to take part in the +Temperance, the Labor and the Social and Moral Reform Congresses and +requested her advice and assistance. She was placed by Mr. Bonney on the +advisory council of the Political, Social and Economic Congresses. Mrs. +Palmer wrote: "I should like you to send us special suggestions for +speakers and topics." Miss Anthony was much pleased at the selection of +Mrs. Palmer for president of the Board of Lady Managers, heartily +seconded all her efforts and lent no support to the dissensions made by +several women who thought there should have been more recognition of +those who had been pioneer workers. That this was appreciated is shown +by a letter written as early as April, 1891: + + I feel that I must express my thanks to you that you did not + condemn us unheard, for I naturally supposed that as ---- ---- + belonged to your organization you would take her view of any matter + which interested her. I thank you very much for your + fair-mindedness, and beg that you will read the statement which I + shall send you and which will probably give you a better idea of + this unpleasant matter than anything else you have seen. + + I remember with great pleasure our meeting in Washington, and hope + it was only the first of many such pleasant occasions for me. + Thanking you again, I am most cordially yours, + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Most Cordially Yours, Bertha M H Palmer"] + +Miss Anthony spoke several times at the noon-hour meetings held in the +Woman's Building.[86] Mrs. James P. Eagle, chairman, who edited the +report of the noon-hour addresses, wrote her: "I would not take much +pleasure in publishing our book if I could not have something from your +addresses to go in it. You must not deny me. One of your talks was +'Woman's Influence vs. Political Power,' another 'The Benefits of +Organization.' If it is your best and easiest way, make the speeches and +employ a stenographer to take them and send me the bill. I can not +afford to miss them. You have been so very kind and encouraging to me +all along that I shall feel it a Brutus blow if you fail me now." As she +never wrote a speech in these days and could not make the same one +twice, she was unable to comply with this request. + +Miss Anthony was invited to speak at the Press Congress May 27, the day +when the religious press as a leader of reforms was under consideration. +The managers became very uneasy and began trying to find out how she +meant to handle the question. Her only reply was, "I shall speak the +truth." The speech, delivered before an audience containing many +ministers, caused a tremendous sensation. She took up the reforms, +temperance, anti-slavery, woman's rights, labor, and showed conclusively +that in every one the church and the religious press, instead of being +leaders, were laggards. At the close the chairman remarked +apologetically that of course the speaker did not expect people in +general to agree with everything she had said. The Chicago Tribune thus +finished its report: "As Miss Anthony had an engagement she was obliged +to leave at this point, and most of the audience went with her." + +The Congress on Government convened August 7 and, at Mr. Bonney's +request, Miss Anthony was present at the opening ceremony and responded +to an address of welcome in behalf of the civil service commission. Five +sessions of this Government Congress were devoted to a discussion of +equal suffrage, the speakers being women. The chairman, Hon. Wm. Dudley +Foulke, said it was not the intention to give this subject such +prominence, but women had shown so much more interest than men, half of +them accepting the invitation to take part and only one man in twenty +responding, that he was compelled thus to arrange the program. + +Soon after the adjournment of the Woman's Congress Miss Anthony left the +Palmer House, which had been its headquarters, and, accepting the +invitation of Mrs. Lydia Avery Coonley, enjoyed the congenial atmosphere +of her beautiful home for a month. At the conclusion of her visit with +Mrs. Coonley she went for six weeks with Mr. and Mrs. Sewall, who had +taken a large house for the season. This was a social center and the +weekly receptions were a prominent feature, bringing together +distinguished people from all countries, who were in Chicago, as +officials or visitors, during this wonderful summer. While at Mrs. +Coonley's Miss Anthony formed two acquaintances who from that date have +been among her most valued friends--Mr. and Mrs. Samuel E. Gross. After +leaving the Sewalls she spent a delightful month with them at their +residence on the Lake Shore drive, where she was surrounded with every +luxury which wealth and affection could bestow. This added another to +the homes in that city always open to her, and Mrs. Gross often wrote: +"Your visits are a sweet benediction to our family."[87] + +Among the most elegant of the many social affairs to which she was +invited was the luncheon in the great banquet hall of the Hotel +Richelieu, given by the officers of the National Council to those of the +International, the foreign delegates and a few other guests, 150 in all. +May Wright Sewall presided with great dignity and charm over the "after +dinner speech-making" of this assemblage of the representative women +from the most highly civilized nations of the world, and Miss Anthony +sat at her right hand. + +Once she went to Harvey and spoke at a camp meeting of 3,000 persons; +and later to the Bloomington Chautauqua to give an address; then all the +way to Kansas to speak at the State Fair in Topeka and fill a month's +lecture engagements. Two weeks she spent in her own home visiting with +relatives; then rushed down to Long Island to hurry Mrs. Stanton with +her paper; and back again to Chicago to read it for her at the +Educational Congress. Many days and evenings were passed among the +wealth of attractions on the exposition grounds; and so the summer waxed +and waned, one of the longest holidays she ever had known, and yet with +not an idle hour through all the four months of delightful associations +and cherished acquaintances. She writes in the diary October 30: "This +was my last sight of the White City in its full glory by night." + +Among the many graceful words of farewell spoken by the press of +Chicago, may be quoted the following from the Inter-Ocean, which +suggests the strong and graceful pen of Mary H. Krout: + + It is pleasant in these reminiscent days when we talk over the + glories and delights of the World's Fair, to recall the honors + heaped upon Susan B. Anthony. Her personal friends vied with each + other in arranging elaborate entertainments of which she was the + central figure. There were dinners and luncheons, banquets and + receptions, and at each and all the refined and delicate face + shone above the board with a beauty and tranquillity far exceeding + the mere beauty of youth and faultlessness of feature. It was the + beauty of experience, sweetened and purified by success and + appreciation.... + + It must seem a strange contrast to the woman who has worked so + perseveringly in the face of untold difficulties--this change that + a few years have wrought. It has not been so very long since she + was the universal butt of ridicule, lampooned and caricatured, with + all that malice, in its coarsest and most brutal form, could + suggest. Her age was the favorite theme of the callow witling, her + cause a never-failing subject for reproach and abuse. It is all + over and done with, thanks to the new race of men which women + themselves are training and educating. There are no words for her + nowadays but those of praise and affection. She has lived to see + truth survive and justice vindicated. Men no longer regard her as + the arch-enemy to domestic peace, disseminating doctrines that mean + the destruction of home and the disorganization of society. They + perceive in her, rather, the advocate of that liberty which knows + no limitations either of sex or of condition--a freedom which, + achieved, means the incalculable advancement of the race. + + In all the assemblages where Miss Anthony was present during those + memorable months--the observed of all observers, holding a + veritable court--her admirers were both men and women, and no belle + at a ball was ever more unmistakably deferred to. It made her + happy, as it should have done. But it made far happier those who + have believed in her all these years, that she should have + triumphed over ignorance and prejudice, and at threescore and ten + have come into her kingdom at last. When it is asked what woman was + most prominent, most honored, most in demand in all the public + ceremonials and private functions held in Chicago during the + Columbian Exposition, there can be but one answer--Susan B. + Anthony. + +Through all the summer and autumn of 1893 a campaign had been going +forward in Colorado, where the legislature had submitted the question of +woman suffrage to the voters. The national association was represented +by Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, who rendered splendid service. Mrs. Leonora +Barry Lake spoke under the auspices of the Knights of Labor. The rest of +the work was done by the women of Colorado, who proved a host in +themselves. Miss Anthony held herself in readiness to go at any time but +the friends felt that, unless vitally necessary, she should be spared +the hardships. Circumstances were favorable; there had been a vast +change in public sentiment since the defeat of 1877; the question was +submitted at a time when only county elections were held and there was +no political excitement; Populists and Republicans not only endorsed it +but worked for it; Democrats offered no party opposition and many of +them gave it cordial support; more than half of the newspapers in the +State advocated it. The campaign in Colorado differed from all those +which had been conducted in other States in the fact that it was not +left for women to carry on alone, but the most prominent men in all +parties lent their assistance and made the victory possible.[88] The +amendment was carried by nearly 6,000 majority, about three to one in +favor. Miss Anthony received the telegram announcing the fact November +8, the day after election, and she was the happiest woman in America. + +Immediately upon returning home from Chicago she went to the State +suffrage convention which met in Historical Hall, Brooklyn, November 13. +While in New York she was the guest of Mrs. Russell Sage at the dinner +of the Emma Willard Alumnć. Four days were given to the convention, +one or two spent with Mrs. Catt, in her delightful home at +Bensonhurst-by-the-Sea, and a few at the suburban residence of Mrs. +Foster Avery. While here she addressed the New Century Club in +Philadelphia, and for several days following was in attendance at the +Pennsylvania convention. On December 18, she lectured at Jamaica; the +19th at Riverhead; the 20th at Richmond; the 22d she attended the +Foremothers' Day dinner in New York and made an address; the 23d she +spoke before the Women's Conference of the Ethical Society in that city. + +When not lecturing she was struggling with her mass of correspondence, +attending to her duties in connection with the Industrial School, and +making preliminary arrangements for two big State campaigns which +required the writing of hundreds of letters, all done with her own hand. +Invitations came during these days to address the New York Social Purity +League, the Women's Republican Association, the Pratt Institute and the +National Convention of the Keeley Cure League; and requests for articles +on "Why Should Young Men Favor Woman Suffrage?" for the Y. M. C. A. +paper of Chicago; "What Should the President's Message Say?" for the New +York World; "If you had $1,000,000 what would you do with it?" for a +symposium; and at least a score of similar applications. The friendly +letters included one from Judge Albion W. Tourgee, acknowledging receipt +of the History of Woman Suffrage, "from one whose devotion to principle +and brave advocacy of right have ever commanded my profound esteem." He +also expressed his interest and belief in the principle of woman +suffrage. The same mail brought a letter from Professor Helen L. +Webster, asking for a copy of the History to place in the library of +Wellesley College "so that it may be within reach of the students." + +The Kansas legislature again had submitted a suffrage amendment and many +letters were coming from the women of that State, begging Miss Anthony's +help. She filled reams of paper during December, telling them how to put +everybody to work, to organize every election precinct in the State, to +raise money, and above all else to create a public sentiment which would +demand a woman suffrage plank in the platform of each of the political +parties. "I am going to make a big raid to get a fund for Kansas," she +wrote, "but nothing will avail without the support of the parties." The +work in Kansas was not, however, by any means the most formidable +undertaking which confronted her. The women of New York were about to +enter upon the greatest suffrage campaign ever attempted, and toward its +success she was bending every thought, energy and effort, earnestly +coöperating with the strongest and best-equipped workers in the State. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[81] James G. Blaine died while she was in Washington and the diary +says: "He should have lived, and the Republicans should have honored him +as their leader. He _was that_, though not chosen by them." + +[82] The newspapers, almost without exception, in all these places, +spoke in unqualified praise of Miss Anthony and her work, of her "royal +welcome," her "packed audiences," her "masterly address," etc. Several +of them, notably the Bay City Tribune, contained strong editorial +endorsement of woman suffrage. At Lansing she addressed the House of +Representatives and the next day the bill conferring municipal suffrage +on women was voted on; 38 ayes, 39 nays. It was reconsidered, received a +good majority in both Houses and was signed by the governor, but +afterwards declared unconstitutional by the supreme court of the State. + +[83] The diary shows a gift for this purpose, during the month, of $150 +from Rachel Foster Avery and $50 from Adeline Thomson. + +[84] "More than once--indeed, I believe more than a score of times--I +saw speakers of eloquence and renown interrupted in the midst of a +discourse by audiences who simply would not listen, after Miss Anthony's +entrance into the hall, until she had been formally introduced and an +opportunity given them to express their reverence by prolonged +applause."--From letter of Mrs. Sewall. + +[85] Lady Henry had just returned from Chicago where she had attended +the World's Fair Temperance Congress and here had heard Miss Anthony for +the first time. At the close of her speech declaring that there could be +no effective temperance work among women until they had the ballot, Lady +Henry came forward and gave it her most hearty endorsement. + +[86] "As only the most gifted women will be invited to participate in +these entertainments, we hope the invitation will be esteemed as an +honor conferred by the Board of Lady Managers, and your acceptance will +be gratefully appreciated."--Note of Invitation. + +[87] As a memento of these visits Mrs. Gross presented Miss Anthony with +$100; and Mrs. Coonley gave her a rich brocaded silk dress and a +travelling suit, both beautifully made by her own dressmaker, with +bonnets to match. + +[88] The "Remonstrants" flooded the State with their literature, but as +this contained a conspicuous advertisement of a large liquor +establishment, it defeated itself. The headquarters of the organized +opposition were located in a Denver brewery. + + + + +CHAPTER XLII. + +THE SECOND NEW YORK CAMPAIGN. + +1894. + + +The year 1894 is distinguished in the annals of woman suffrage for two +great campaigns: one in New York to secure from the Constitutional +Convention an amendment abolishing the word "male" from the new +constitution which was to be submitted to the voters at the fall +election; the other in Kansas to secure a majority vote on an amendment +which had been submitted by the legislature of 1893, and was to be voted +on in November. In order to make the story as clear as possible, each of +these campaigns, both of which were in progress at the same time, will +be considered separately. Before entering upon either, the leading +features of the twenty-sixth of the series of Washington conventions, +which have run like a thread through Miss Anthony's life for more than a +quarter of a century, will be briefly noticed. + +On January 13, she lectured before the University Association at Ann +Arbor in the great University Hall--the second woman ever invited to +address that body, Anna Dickinson having been thus honored during the +war. Sunday morning she spoke for the University Christian Association, +in Newbury Hall. Monday morning the State Suffrage Association commenced +a three days' convention, during which she gave numerous short +addresses. Wednesday evening a large reception was given by her hostess, +Olivia B. Hall, whose home Miss Anthony always regarded as one of her +most enjoyable resting-places in her many trips through Michigan. Mrs. +Hall had contributed hundreds of dollars to the cause of woman +suffrage, and made a number of timely presents to Miss Anthony for her +personal use. + +From Michigan they went to the twenty-fifth anniversary of the suffrage +association of Toledo. It is worthy of note that Miss Anthony had helped +organize this society in the house of Mrs. Hall, who lived there at that +time. She was here, as always when in this city, the guest of her +friend, Anna C. Mott, whose father and uncle, Richard and James Mott, +were her staunch supporters from the early days of the abolition +movement. The papers contained long and flattering notices, which had +now become so customary that to quote one is to give the substance of +all. + +Miss Anthony lectured in Baltimore February 13, going from there to +Washington. The convention opened in Metzerott's Music Hall, February +15, welcomed by Commissioner John W. Ross, of the District. Among the +speakers were Senator Carey and Representative Coffeen, of Wyoming; +Senator Teller and Representatives Bell and Pence, of Colorado; Senator +Peffer and Representatives Davis, Broderick, Curtis and Simpson, of +Kansas; ex-Senator Bruce, of Mississippi; Hon. Simon Wolf, of the +District; Catherine H. Spence, of New Zealand; Miss Windeyer, of +Australia; Hannah K. Korany, of Syria; Kate Field; and Mary Lowe +Dickinson, secretary King's Daughters. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Yours truly, Kate Field"] + +Appropriate memorial services were held for the distinguished dead of +the past year who had rendered especial service to the cause of woman +suffrage: Lucy Stone, George W. Childs, Leland Stanford, Elizabeth +Peabody, Elizabeth Oakes Smith. Eloquent tributes were offered by the +various members of the convention, and Miss Anthony added one to Mary F. +Seymour, founder of the Business Woman's Journal. The death of Myra +Bradwell, editor Legal News, occurred too late for her honored name to +be included in these services. Bishop Phillips Brooks and ex-President +Rutherford B. Hayes, both of whom had unequivocally expressed themselves +in favor of suffrage for women, also had died in 1893. + +At the opening session, on Miss Anthony's birthday, she was presented by +the enfranchised women of Wyoming and Colorado with a beautiful silk +flag which bore two shining stars on its blue field. She accepted it +with much emotion, saying: "I have heard of standard bearers in the army +who carried the banners to the topmost ramparts of the enemy, and there +I am going to try to carry this banner. You know without my telling how +proud I am of this flag, and how my heart is touched by this +manifestation." From the ladies of Georgia came a box of fresh flowers, +and among other pleasant remembrances were seventy-four American Beauty +roses from Mrs. S. E. Gross, of Chicago. A little later, when Virginia +D. Young brought the greetings of South Carolina, Miss Anthony said: + + I think the most beautiful part of our coming together in + Washington for the last twenty-five years, has been that more + friendships, more knowledge of each other have come through the + hand-shakes here, than would have been possible through any other + instrumentality. I shall never cease to be grateful for all the + splendid women who have come up to this great center for these + twenty-six conventions, and have learned that the North was not + such a cold place as they had believed; I have been equally glad + when we came down here and met the women from the sunny South and + found they were just like ourselves, if not a little better. In + this great association, we know no North, no South, no East, no + West. This has been our pride for twenty-six years. We have no + political party. We never have inquired what anybody's religion + was. All we ever have asked is simply, "Do you believe in perfect + equality for women?" That is the one article in our creed. + +There were many pleasant newspaper comments on Miss Anthony's +re-election, among them the following from the Chicago Journal: + + The national suffrage association honored itself yesterday by again + electing to its presidency Susan B. Anthony. She has suffered long + for a cause she believes to be right, and it is fitting that in + these later years of her active life, when the cause has become + popular, she should wear the honors her patient, persistent + endeavor has won. Susan B. Anthony is one of the most remarkable + products of this century. She is not a successful writer; she is + not a great speaker, although a most effective one; but she has a + better quality than genius. She is the soul of honesty; she + possesses the gift of clear discrimination--of seeing the main + point--and of never-wavering loyalty to the issue at hand.... + + For more than forty years she has led the women of America through + the wilderness of doubt, and now from Pisgah's heights looks over + into the Canaan land of triumphant victory. Past the allotted time + of threescore years and ten, Miss Anthony may never cross the + Jordan of her hopes, but she has led her hosts safely through the + gravest dangers and trained up others well fitted to wear the + mantle of leadership. It is the hope of all who have learned to + know and appreciate this heroic woman, that her wise counsel and + earnest, faithful spirit may long continue to inspire and direct + the affairs of this great association. + +The office of national organizer was created and Carrie Chapman Catt +elected to fill it. The association accepted an invitation to hold the +next meeting in Atlanta, Ga. At the close of the convention a hearing +was granted by the Senate and House committees. Miss Anthony introduced +the various speakers, representing all sections of the country, and at +the conclusion one of the new members came to her and said earnestly: +"If you had but adopted this course earlier, your cause would have been +won long ago." He was considerably surprised when she informed him that +they had had just such hearings as this for the past twenty-six years. + +The legislature of New York had ordered the necessary measures to be +taken for a delegate convention to revise the constitution. Governor +Hill in 1887 and Governor Flower in 1892 had recommended that women +should have a representation in this convention. The bill, as it finally +passed both branches of the legislature, provided that any male or +female citizen above the age of twenty-one should be eligible to +election as delegate. When the district conventions were called to +choose these, both Democrats and Republicans refused to nominate any +woman. As the delegates would draw $10 a day for five months, the +political plums were entirely too valuable to give to a disfranchised +class. The Republicans of Miss Anthony's district would not consider +even her nomination, although she was recognized as the peer of any man +in the State in a knowledge of constitutional law. The Democrats in that +district, who were in a hopeless minority, made the one exception and, +as a compliment, nominated Mrs. Jean Brooks Greenleaf, who ran several +hundred votes ahead of the ticket. + +The women then proceeded to inaugurate a great campaign in order to +create a public sentiment which would demand from this convention an +amendment conferring suffrage on women. To begin this, which would +require a vast amount of money, they had not a dollar. No delegate owed +his election to a woman, nor could any woman further his ambition for +future honors to which his record in this body might prove a +stepping-stone. So far as any political power was concerned, women were +of less force than the proverbial fly on the wagon wheel, and the +majority of men who go into a convention of this kind do so from that +particular sort of lofty patriotism which sees an official position in +the near or distant future. On the other hand, the element which is +forever and unalterably opposed to any move in the direction of suffrage +for women, represented the dominant financial and political power in the +greatest metropolis in America, whose ramifications extend to every +city, village and cross-roads in the State. With its money and its votes +this element can make and unmake politicians at will, and under present +conditions, with the ballot in the hands of men only, it is virtually an +impossibility for a candidate to be elected if this organization exert +its influence against him. How to persuade the parties and the +individual men to risk defeat until they succeed in the enfranchisement +of women, which alone will destroy the absolute domination of this +oligarchy, is a problem yet to be solved. That the women of New York +dared attempt it, showed courage and determination of the highest order. + +This necessarily had to be a campaign of education, of forming new +public sentiment and putting into definite shape that which already +existed. This could be done in four ways: by organization, by petitions, +by literature and by speeches. The petitions were put into circulation +in 1893.[89] As it would be necessary to use every dollar to the very +best advantage, the Anthony home in Rochester was put at the service of +the committee in order to save rent. Practically every room in the house +was called into requisition. The parlors became public offices; the +guest chamber was transformed into a mailing department; Miss Anthony's +study was an office by day and a bedroom by night; and even +the dining-room and kitchen were invaded. Here Mary S. Anthony, +corresponding secretary, and Mrs. Martha R. Almy, +vice-president-at-large, with a force of clerks, worked day and night +from December, 1893, to July, 1894, sending out thousands of letters, +petition blanks, leaflets, suffrage papers, etc.[90] The letter boxes +were wholly inadequate, and the post-office daily sent mail-sacks to the +house, which were filled and set out on the front porch to be collected. +Hither came every day the State president, Mrs. Greenleaf, who toiled +without ceasing from daylight till dark; and into this busy hive Miss +Anthony rushed from the lecture field every Saturday to get the report +of the work and consult as to the best methods for the coming week. It +is not possible to describe in detail the vast amount of labor performed +at these headquarters, but it is thus summed up in the report of the +corresponding secretary: + + ... Add to the correspondence incident to the circulation of our + great petition, the sending out of nearly 5,000 blank + petition-books and instructions to insure the work's being properly + done, literature for free distribution, the planning and arranging + for sixty mass meetings in as many counties, and we have a task + before which Hercules himself might well stand aghast. To + accomplish this work has taken not only the entire time of your + corresponding secretary, but that of our president, Mrs. + Greenleaf, for a full year. Hundreds of women over all the State + worked as never before, petitions in hand, travelling from house to + house in all sorts of weather to secure the names of people who + believe in the right of women to a voice in the government under + which they live. + +[Illustration: Mary S. Anthony (Signed: "Your Sister Mary S. Anthony")] + + It has so often been asserted by those in power that when any + considerable number of women wanted to vote, there would be perfect + freedom for them to do so, that it was now decided thoroughly to + test the truth of such assertion. Over 332,000 individual names, + more than half being those of women, were thus actually obtained, + neatly put up in book form and presented to the Constitutional + Convention with a feeling that such a showing could not, by any + possible means, fail to make the men of that convention and of the + State clearly understand that _women do want to vote_.[91] + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Lillie Devereux Blake"] + +The entire management of New York City was put in charge of Lillie +Devereux Blake, and Brooklyn in that of Mariana W. Chapman. While the +petition work was going forward a great series of mass meetings was in +progress, for which Miss Anthony, who knew every foot of New York State +as well as her own dooryard, mapped out the routes. The management of +these was placed in the hands of Harriet May Mills and Mary G. Hay, who +proved remarkably efficient. Rev. Anna Shaw spoke at over forty of these +meetings and Mary Seymour Howell at a large number. Several speakers +from outside the State came in at different times and rendered excellent +service. Carrie Chapman Catt made nearly forty speeches in New York, +Brooklyn and vicinity. Miss Anthony herself, at the age of seventy-four, +spoke in every one of the sixty counties of the State, beginning at +Albion, January 22, and ending at Glens Falls, April 28.[92] + +The campaign opened with a mass meeting at Rochester, of which the +Democrat and Chronicle said in a leading editorial: "In pursuance of a +call signed by over a hundred prominent citizens, a public meeting will +be held January 8.... This should be largely attended, not only in honor +of our distinguished townswoman, Miss Susan B. Anthony, but to declare +in terms which can not be mistaken that the constitution should be +revised. The negro and the Indian have been enfranchised; women alone +remain under political disabilities. They demand justice. Let it be +granted freely, and without any exhibition of that selfishness which has +so long kept them waiting." + +Judge George F. Danforth presided over this meeting and among the +prominent citizens on the platform were Dr. E. M. Moore, Rev. Asa Saxe, +Eugene T. Curtis, Mrs. Greenleaf, Mrs. Howell and Miss Anthony, all of +whom made strong speeches in favor of the amendment. The list of +vice-presidents comprised the leading men and women of the city. +Forcible resolutions were presented by Henry C. Maine, and letters of +approval read from Judge Thomas Raines, Rev. H. H. Stebbins, of the +Central Presbyterian church, and others. The papers said, "Miss Anthony +went home as happy as a young girl after her first ball." + +On January 9 Miss Anthony addressed the Political Equality Club of +Syracuse, and a handsome reception was given to Elizabeth Smith Miller +and herself by its president, Mrs. E. S. Jenney. The next day, she went +to a big rally at Buffalo, under the auspices of the city suffrage club, +Dr. Sarah Morris, president, where speeches were made by Judge Stern, +Rabbi Aaron, Rev. Joseph K. Mason and others. On the 22d, the great +sweep of county mass meetings began.[93] The scrap-books containing the +voluminous accounts show that usually the audiences were large and +sympathetic; that the newspapers, almost without exception, gave full +and friendly reports, and although most of them were non-committal in +the editorial columns, a number came out strongly in favor of having a +suffrage amendment incorporated in the constitution. "Oh, if those who +attend our meetings could do the voting," wrote Miss Anthony, "it would +carry overwhelmingly, but alas, the riff-raff, the paupers, the +drunkards, the very chain-gang that I see passing the house on their way +to and from the jail, will make their influence felt on the members of +the Constitutional Convention." In another letter she said: "I am in the +midst of as severe a treadmill as I ever experienced, travelling from +fifty to one hundred miles every day and speaking five or six nights a +week. How little women know of the power of organization and how +constantly we are confronted with the lack of it!"[94] + +Most of the other speakers were paid for their services but Miss Anthony +would not accept a dollar for hers, and refused to take even her +travelling expenses out of the campaign fund. That year she received the +bequest of her friend, Mrs. Eliza J. Clapp, of Rochester, who had died +in 1892, leaving her $1,000 to use as she pleased. The court costs were +$55 and she received $945. Although she was drawing from her small +principal for her current expenses, she gave $600 of this to the State +of New York and $400 to the national association, paying the court fees +out of her own pocket. + +A new and gratifying feature of this campaign was the interest taken by +the women of wealth and social position in New York and Brooklyn. +Heretofore it had seemed impossible to arouse any enthusiasm on the +question of woman's enfranchisement among this class. Surrounded by +every luxury and carefully protected from contact with the hard side of +life, they felt no special concern in the conditions which made the +struggle for existence so difficult among the masses of women. All of a +sudden they seemed to awake to the importance of the great issue which +was agitating the State. This possibly may have been because it met the +approval of many of the leading men of New York, for among those who +signed the petition were Chauncey M. Depew, Russell Sage, Frederick +Coudert, Rev. Heber Newton, Rev. W. S. Rainsford, Bishop Potter, Rabbi +Gottheil, John D. Rockefeller, Robert J. Ingersoll, William Dean Howells +and others of the representative men of the city. The wives of these +gentlemen opened their elegant parlors for suffrage meetings, and in a +short time the following card was sent to a large number of people: + + A committee of ladies invite you and all the adult members of your + household, to call at Sherry's on any Saturday in March and April, + between 9 and 6 o'clock, to sign a petition to strike out, in our + State Constitution, the word "male" as a qualification for voters. + Circulars explaining the reason for this request may be obtained at + the same time and place.--Mrs. Josephine Shaw Lowell, Mrs. Joseph + H. Choate, Mrs. Mary Putnam Jacobi, Mrs. J. Warren Goddard, Mrs. + Robert Abbe, Mrs. Henry M. Sanders, Miss Adele M. Fielde. + +Sherry, the famous restaurateur, placed one of his handsomest rooms at +the disposal of the ladies and, for many weeks, one or more of them +might always be found there ready to receive signatures to the +petitions. The New York World expressed the situation in a strong +article, saying in part: + + Within the month there has been a sudden and altogether unexpected + outbreak of the woman suffrage movement in New York.... Some one + gave a signal and from all parts of the State rose the cry for the + enfranchisement of women. It is not hard to discover the original + cause which set on foot the insurrection--for in a certain sense it + is an insurrection. It was an appeal which appeared in the latter + part of February and was signed by many eminent men and women. Here + were nearly twoscore of names, as widely known and honorable as any + in this State--names of people of the highest social standing, not + because of extravagant display or fashionable raiment, but because + of distinction in intellect, in philanthropy and in the history of + the State. The reason of the coming of the petition just at this + time was, of course, plain. The meeting of the Constitutional + Convention would be the one chance of the woman suffragists in + twenty years.... + + It will be noticed that these women are in Mr. McAllister's Four + Hundred, but not of it. They do not go in for frivolity. They go in + for charity, for working among the masses, for elevating standards + of living and morals in the slums of the city. They have awakened + to the fact of the other half, and of how that other half lives, + and they have expressed their indignation over the small salaries + paid women for doing men's work; over the dishonest men in + political places, put there because they could vote and control the + votes of a number of saloon loungers; over the wretched lot of the + woman school teacher, ill-paid and neglected because useless on + election day. + + And to go back a little further, the most of these society women + are the products of that higher education which the pioneer + suffragists made possible. They are women of wide reading, of + independent thought, of much self-reliance. They began to wonder + why they could not vote, when the sloping-shouldered, + sloping-skulled youths who proposed to marry them, or had married + them, had that right and did not exercise it and showed no + information and no concern as to the rottenness of the local + government.... The upper class of women are enlisted. Woman + suffrage is the one interesting subject of discussion in the whole + fashionable quarter. + +This campaign brought also another surprise. In all the forty years of +suffrage work, one of the stumbling-blocks had been the utter apathy of +women themselves, who took no interest either for or against, but now +they seemed to be aroused all along the line. In Albany a small body of +women calling themselves "Remonstrants" suddenly sprung into existence. +For a number of years there had been a handful of women in Massachusetts +under that title, but this was the first appearance of the species in +New York. They seemed to be fathered by Bishop William Croswell Doane, +and mothered by Mrs. John V. L. Pruyn. Seven men and a number of women +were present at the first meeting in that lady's parlor, and they formed +an organization to counteract the vicious efforts of those women who +were asking for political freedom. Evidently under the direction of her +spiritual adviser, Mrs. Pruyn submitted a set of resolutions, which were +adopted, begging the Constitutional Convention "not to strike out the +word 'male';" setting forth "that suffrage was not a natural right; that +there was no reason why this privilege should be extended to women; that +no taxation without representation did not mean that every citizen +should vote; that universal suffrage was a mistake; that the possession +of the suffrage would take women into conflicts for which they were +wholly unfitted; and that it would rudely disturb the strong and growing +spirit of chivalry." Another branch was formed in Brooklyn with Mrs. +Lyman Abbott at its head and the Outlook at its back, edited by Rev. +Lyman Abbott. A society appeared in New York at about the same time and +opened headquarters at the Waldorf. There was also an "Anti" club at +Utica.[95] + +The Democrat and Chronicle published a long interview with Miss Anthony +in regard to these "Remonstrants," from which the following is an +extract: + + "This opposition movement is not the work of women," she said, + "although it has that appearance. There was held in Albany + yesterday afternoon a meeting at which resolutions condemning our + work were adopted. Listen to the names of the women who were + present. Do you see that they are all Mrs. John and Mrs. George and + Mrs. William this and that? There is not a woman's first name in + the whole list, and I do not see a Miss, either. This goes to show + that the women are simply put forward by their husbands. + + "Another point: These men who are stirring up the opposition would + not only deny the right of women to vote but would qualify the word + 'male' as it now stands in the constitution. They say in so many + words in their resolutions that the right of suffrage is already + extended to too many men; and they pay a doubtful compliment to the + intelligence of their mothers, wives and sisters by adding that the + class of undesirable voters would be swelled by giving the ballot + to women. These are men of wealth who would confine the exercise of + the right of suffrage to their own class--in fact would make this + government an aristocracy." + +These new organizations seemed to be abundantly supplied with money, but +though they were able to pay for the work of circulating petitions, +which with the suffrage advocates had to be a labor of love, they +secured only 15,000 signatures. The petitions asking for a suffrage +amendment received 332,148 individual signatures, including the 36,000 +collected by the W. C. T. U. In addition to these the New York +Federation of Labor sent in a memorial representing 140,000; the Labor +Reform Conference, 70,000; several Trades Unions, 1,396; Granges, +50,000; total, 593,544. Added to these were petitions from a number of +societies, making in round numbers about 600,000. It had been +impossible, for several reasons, to make a thorough canvass, and this +was especially true of New York and Brooklyn, containing half the +population of the State; and yet there were over one-half as many +signers as there were voters in the entire State. + +The Constitutional Convention assembled in Albany, May 8, and elected +Joseph H. Choate, of New York City, president. Although only a few +months previous he had expressed himself favorable to woman suffrage, +all his influence in the convention was used against it. Mr. Choate, +according to universal opinion, accepted this office with the +expectation that it would lead to his nomination as governor of the +State, and he had no intention of offending the power behind the +gubernatorial chair. The amendment was doomed from the moment of his +election. His first move was to appoint a committee to have charge of +all suffrage amendments, and on this committee of seventeen he placed +twelve men, carefully selected, because they were known to be strongly +opposed to woman suffrage. He appointed as chairman a man who could be +depended on to hesitate at no means which would secure its defeat.[96] +In all his efforts to kill the amendment beyond hope of resurrection, +Mr. Choate was actively supported by his first lieutenant, Hon. Elihu +Root, also of New York City. + +Having ruined all the chances of the amendment, President Choate then +announced that every courtesy and consideration would be extended to the +ladies having it in charge. Miss Anthony was invited to address the +suffrage committee May 24, and the hearing was held in the Assembly room +of the Capitol. Not only the committee but most of the delegates were in +their seats and a large audience was present. This was said to be one of +her best efforts and she seemed to have almost the complete sympathy of +her audience. She spoke for three-quarters of an hour, and then urged +that those opposed should state their reasons and give her an +opportunity to answer them. Although there were twelve men on the +committee who even then intended to bring in an adverse report, and +ninety-eight delegates who afterwards voted against it, not one could be +persuaded to rise and present his objections. It was said by many that +if the vote could have been taken at that moment, no power could have +prevented a majority in favor. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Very truly yours, Mary Putnam Jacobi"] + +The women of New York City were accorded a hearing May 31, and it was on +this occasion, with the petitions of the 600,000 stacked on a table in +front of her, that Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi made that masterly speech +which ranks as a classic. Miss Margaret Livingstone Chanler, in a +beautiful address, also spoke in behalf of the "Sherry contingent." The +regular New York City League was ably represented by Lillie Devereux +Blake and Harriet A. Keyser. The platform was filled with the +distinguished women of the State, Miss Anthony, Mrs. Greenleaf and Dr. +Jacobi occupying the central position. + +On June 7 a hearing was granted to the women from the senatorial +districts, each presenting in a five-minute speech the claims of the +thousands of petitioners from her district. Among these speakers were +some of the best-known women in the State, socially and intellectually; +and a number of others, of equal standing, who never had taken part in +public work and who now left their homes only to plead for the power +which would enable women better to conserve the interests of home.[97] +The State president, Mrs. Greenleaf, presided over all of these +hearings, her commanding presence, great dignity and fine mental power +giving especial prestige to these bodies of women, who in character and +intellect could not be surpassed. The final hearing of those in favor of +the amendment was held June 28, when U. S. Senator Joseph M. Carey, who +had come by urgent invitation, made a most convincing speech, describing +the practical workings of woman suffrage in Wyoming and urging the men +of New York to enfranchise the women of the State. He was followed by +Mrs. Mary T. Burt, representing the W. C. T. U., and by Mary Seymour +Howell. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Your cause has become the cause of states and +nations. Your success will form a [illegible] for the generations to +come. Sincerely Yours, Joseph M. Carey"] + +One hearing was given to the "Remonstrants," or "Antis," as the press +had dubbed them. Because of their extreme modesty, and for other more +obvious reasons, they did not make their own appeals but were +represented by the male of their species. Their petition was presented +by Elihu Root. Hon. Francis M. Scott, whose wife was one of the leading +"Antis" in New York, made the principal address. He described +pathetically the timid and shrinking class of women for whom he pleaded, +insisted that the legislature never had refused women anything they +asked, declared the suffrage advocates represented only an +"insignificant minority,"[98] and closed with the eloquent peroration: +"I vote, not because I am intelligent, not because I am moral, but +solely and simply because I am a man." Rev. Clarence A. Walworth, Hon. +Matthew Hale and J. Newton Fiero were the other speakers. The first +individual did not believe in universal manhood suffrage and could not +favor anything which would double the vote. Mr. Hale devoted most of his +argument to the so-called "bad women," declaring there were over 100,000 +of them in the State who would sell their votes as they did their +bodies--enough to overcome the votes of the virtuous women. Mr. Fiero +said woman was unfitted for the ballot because she was influenced by +pity, passion and prejudice rather than by judgment. A letter was read +from Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, objecting to the amendment because the +majority of women do not care to vote. + +These insults to their sex seemed very acceptable to the fashionably +dressed "Antis" who occupied the front rows of seats. How far their +influence affected the adverse vote of the convention it is of course +impossible to determine. While the liquor dealers were sending to +wavering members their kegs of beer and jugs of whiskey, the "Antis" +supplemented their efforts with champagne suppers, flowers, music and +low-necked dresses. And the suffrage advocates hoped to offset these +political methods by trudging through mud and snow with their petitions +and using their scanty funds to send out literature! A mistaken policy, +perhaps, but the only one possible to the class of women who are asking +for enfranchisement. + +The committee, as had been foreordained, brought in an adverse report. +The evenings of August 8, 9, 14 and 15, were devoted to a discussion of +this report. The Assembly chamber was crowded at each session. The women +had known for weeks that they were defeated but had not abated their +efforts in the slightest degree. Their work was now finished and they +assembled in large numbers to hear the final debate. The amendment had, +from first to last, an able and earnest champion in Edward Lauterbach, +of New York, who opened the discussion in a speech of an hour and a +quarter, said to have been the ablest made in the convention. Nineteen +members spoke in favor and fourteen in opposition. The debate throughout +was serious and respectful and as dignified as was possible with the +frivolous objections made by the opponents. The delegates showed an +evident appreciation of the importance of the question at issue, which +was about to be sacrificed as usual to political exigency. + +The opponents were led by Elihu Root, of New York, who begged +pathetically that "we be not robbed of the women of our homes;" and +declared that "he would hesitate to put into the hands of women the +right to defend his wife and the women he loved and respected." William +P. Goodelle, of Syracuse, chairman of the committee, closed the +discussion with a long speech in which he asserted that "the question +was not whether large numbers of male and female citizens asked for +woman suffrage, or protested against it, or are taxed or not, but was it +for the benefit of the State?" This being the case, why did Mr. Goodelle +not favor its being submitted to the voters of the State in order that +they might decide? + +It required an hour and a half to take the vote, as most of the members +found it necessary to explain why they voted as they did. While it was +being taken President Choate left his chair and talked earnestly with +many of the delegates--probably about the weather--stopping occasionally +to receive the approving smiles of the "Antis." When his name was called +for the last vote he recorded himself against the amendment, and the +great battle was over![99] In favor of submission 58, opposed 98. + +No question before the convention had attracted so much attention +throughout the State. The New York Recorder led the newspapers which +championed the submission of the amendment, and Harper's Weekly and the +Evening Post were prominent among the opposition, a mighty descent from +the days when they were under the editorial management of George William +Curtis and William Cullen Bryant. The day after the vote was taken the +suffrage committee closed its Albany headquarters in the Capitol and the +ladies returned to their homes. They had raised $10,000 and expended it +in the most economical manner; they had given a year of the hardest and +most conscientious work; and they did not regret a dollar of the money +or a day of the time.[100] In her president's report Mrs. Jean Brooks +Greenleaf said: + + These days will never be forgotten by the trio of the State + committee who daily met to work and plan--to make the campaign + "bricks" without financial "straw." No one with a heart will recall + the pecuniary distress of last winter without a shudder, and to + those who had, what was in their estimation, a cause at stake + precious as life itself, the outlook was often well nigh + disheartening.... Could the full history of the past winter's work + be given, the doubts expressed of woman's desire for the ballot + would be set at rest forever. No more pathetic stories are told of + the struggle for liberty in the days of the Revolution than could + be told of the women of New York in this campaign.... + + In closing, we come to the name of one who, we all know, is the + inspired leader of women up the heights of honor, purity and + self-devotion--Susan B. Anthony. To her marvellous energy and + resolution we owe both the conception and the success of this + wonderful campaign. In her seventy-fifth year she started out as + one of the principal speakers to be heard in the sixty counties of + the State; never once did she fail to keep an appointment, never + once did she cry a halt.... This noble woman, leaving a home of + which she is as fond as any woman can be, travelled night or day, + as the case required, not only speaking, but plying her busy + pen--and all for what? Not for money, for she has stoutly refused + to receive one penny of a salary, which, had it been paid, would + have exceeded the sum of $3,000. She gave her services for love of + liberty and justice, with the hope that New York would prove to be + in truth the Empire State of the Union. + +From the hour when she learned that a Constitutional Convention would be +held, up to the opening of this convention, Miss Anthony had believed +that it would incorporate a suffrage amendment which, in all +probability, would be allowed by the voters to pass with the rest of the +constitution. She found herself outwitted by the politicians, as she had +been so many times before, but while this defeat was the bitterest +disappointment of her life, it did not crush her dauntless spirit. It +is related of her that as she came down the steps of the Capitol with +the other ladies at midnight, after the vote had been taken, she began +planning another campaign. + +Among the many appreciative and sympathetic letters she received at this +time was one from Isabella Charles Davis, secretary International King's +Daughters, saying for herself and Mrs. Mary Lowe Dickinson: "I do not +believe you know how tenderly we love you and in what high respect and +honor we hold you. Mrs. Dickinson was present at one of those meetings +at Sherry's, and she said the only thing lacking to make the occasion +perfect was dear Miss Anthony's strong, brave face looking down upon the +great multitude." Henry B. Blackwell wrote: "You are to be congratulated +on having made a splendid fight in New York. To have secured 600,000 +petitions is itself a victory." + +In answer to a letter from Isabel Howland, the efficient State recording +secretary, she expressed the welcome recognition which she always +extended to young workers: "Well, I am truly glad for the discovery of +our twin New York girls, Harriet May Mills and Isabel Howland, who +promise to take up the laboring oar and pull us to the promised land. +Give my warmest regards to your precious mother and aunt Emily; how I +have learned to know and love the two!" She went as a guest of the +Howlands for a few brief days in the Catskills, and they drove over to +Eagle's Nest, in Twilight Park, where Miss Willard and Lady Henry +Somerset were spending the summer. + +Miss Anthony lectured at Keuka College, August 7, and on the 22d, gave +the annual address on suffrage, at Cassadaga lake. The next day she +found herself thus reported in the Buffalo Express: + + If, instead of Spiritualists, this great body of people had been + Baptists, Presbyterians, Methodists or Catholics, their praises for + the firm stand they have taken for the enfranchisement of half the + people of this country, would have been everywhere sung in song and + told in story. But the suffrage women of America always have been + afraid to give voice to the "thank you" in their hearts, for + Spiritualism has been fully as unpopular as woman suffrage; and + they feared if they displayed too much gratitude for this + endorsement the public would at once pronounce them Spiritualists + and they would thus be doubly damned. But there are a few of our + members who are brave enough to rejoice in the damnation of + orthodox religions and orthodox politics! + +Her consternation at these closing words was intensified by the letters +which began coming in upon her before forty-eight hours. She wrote at +once to the paper: "This is all right until you come to the last +sentence. I had illustrated also the danger of expressing kind words to +unpopular political parties, and then I concluded--not as printed--but +with: 'There are still a few of us brave enough to rejoice in every good +word and work said and done for woman, and to publicly express our +thanks therefor, notwithstanding the "denunciation" (not damnation) of +orthodox religionists and orthodox politicians.'" The Express published +her correction, but it is doubtful if it ever was able to overtake the +original statement. + +Miss Anthony was very anxious to influence the next legislature, through +the public sentiment which had been created, to submit a suffrage +amendment. For this purpose she laid out a plan of work to continue the +organization and petitions, and herself held meetings in a number of +counties. It was decided by the committee to go before the Republican +and Democratic State Conventions, which were to be held at Saratoga. An +address was prepared and a resolution asking for an endorsement of a +woman suffrage amendment. Miss Anthony, Mrs. Greenleaf and Mr. +Lauterbach went before the resolution committee, September 18, which +allowed five minutes for the three to present their case, and never gave +it one minute's attention afterwards. + +Frances Willard and Lady Somerset came down from their mountain retreat +to attend this convention, and after their return Miss Willard wrote: +"... As for you, our leader of leaders, I wish I could transfer to your +brain all the loving thoughts and words of our trio toward you. As you +stood before that roomful of people, so straight and tall and masterful, +with that fine senatorial head and face, on which the strength and +heroism of your character are so plainly marked, I thought, 'There is +one of the century's foremost figures; there is the woman who has been +faithful among the faithless and true among the false!'" + +[Illustration: Autograph: "I am with sisterly regard, Frances E +Willard"] + +Five minutes allowed such women! Had they represented an enfranchised +class, the whole committee would have been at their feet. + +Miss Anthony, Mrs. Blake and Mrs. Greenleaf went to the Democratic +convention and met with about the same experience. They were permitted +to address the resolution committee and bowed out as quickly as +possible. There was no especial rudeness or discourtesy, but they had no +constituency behind them, no political power, and in the hurry and worry +of a State convention the men did not care to waste time with them, even +had they been the most eminent women on the face of the earth. + +Miss Anthony had a number of urgent invitations to spend the hot months +of July, August and September at various charming summer homes in the +mountains and at the seaside, but she declined all and resolutely +continued at work. The hardest for her to resist had been a triumphant +call from the women of Colorado to come and help them celebrate the +Fourth of July. It was to be the jubilee of their political +emancipation, the first since their enfranchisement. The State +president, Mrs. Mary C. C. Bradford, wrote: "The women of Colorado feel +that their precious holiday will be less precious if the beloved +suffrage leader and the suffrage flag are not present." At first she +sent an acceptance, but later, affairs in New York became so pressing +that she was obliged, most reluctantly, to recall it. After filling an +engagement to lecture before the alumnć of the Girls' Normal School in +Philadelphia, October 13, she started on the 16th for the final struggle +in Kansas. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[89] In November of this year Miss Anthony called at the office of the +New York Sun and had an interview with Mr. Dana, who always had +maintained that when any considerable number of women expressed a desire +for the ballot, the men would grant it. She asked him how many names +would suffice and he replied: "If you can get a petition of 100,000 +women it will be amply sufficient to compel the convention to submit the +amendment." Although more than twice this number signed the petition, +Mr. Dana's very first editorial after the convention had refused to +submit the amendment, declared the reason was that not enough women had +asked for it! + +[90] A salary was voted to Mary Anthony which she declined to accept; +Mrs. Almy received $50 a month; the clerks either donated their services +or gave them for a mere trifle. + +[91] The president's report pays this tribute: + +"The corresponding secretary, Miss Mary S. Anthony, ostensibly had +charge of the department of distribution and State correspondence, but +all this was only a small fraction of the labor performed by her. Being +president of the local club of Rochester, she had charge of the canvass +of that city; and it is enough to say that no city or town equalled hers +in the work done or results obtained. As our chieftain was leading our +hosts through the State, the housekeeping, too, fell to the said +secretary's charge and, it being convenient for the speakers and +managers to stay at headquarters when in town, her family was seldom a +small one; and all this gratuitously, be it understood. I can not hope +to tell the story in full, but I trust I have said enough to cause you +all, when you say, "God bless Susan B. Anthony," to add "and her sister +Mary, also." + +[92] During this time Miss Anthony gave ten days to the national +convention in Washington; and the day after the last of the mass +meetings she started for Kansas; stopped in Cincinnati for the Ohio +convention, speaking each of the three days; opened the Kansas campaign +May 4, spoke in that State every day for two weeks; and on May 21 +presented herself, fresh and cheerful, at the Constitutional Convention +in Albany, N. Y. + +[93] As has been noted, Miss Anthony spoke at Ann Arbor, Mich., January +13, 14, 15, 16 and 17; at Toledo the 19th, and was ready to open the New +York campaign the 22d. + +[94] In December Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton had issued an address +calling upon the women of New York to unite in this grand effort for +political freedom. During the entire campaign Mrs. Stanton contributed +to the New York Sun masterly arguments for woman suffrage, which were +widely copied by the press of the State. + +[95] Mrs. Jane Marsh Parker, a newspaper woman of Rochester, attempted +to organize a club there and secure a petition in opposition to the +amendment. Her efforts evidently did not meet with marked success for, +in a letter to the New York Evening Post, she says, "In offering the +'protest' for signatures, quality rather than quantity has been +considered." That prince of editors, Joseph O'Connor, at that time in +charge of the Rochester Post-Express, gave the lady a delicious dressing +down in an editorial beginning: "What is 'quality'?" and ending: +"Probably she means no more by the offensive words 'quality' and +'quantity' than this--that she has secured to the protest only the +signatures of a few representative women, no better and no worse than +many of their opponents. Such an interpretation saves the statement from +being insulting; but unhappily very many women in Rochester give it a +different interpretation." + +[96] Mr. Choate might claim that he did not know the position of these +men on this question, but it was so well understood that Miss Anthony +and her associates felt all hope depart when they read the names of the +committee. John Bigelow and Gideon J. Tucker had favored a woman +suffrage amendment when they were members of the Constitutional +Convention in 1867, but, being now over eighty, were not able to make an +aggressive fight for it. + +[97] The addresses made on this occasion were issued in pamphlet form +and presented to the suffrage association by Messrs. Lauterbach and +Towns, of the committee. + +[98] Although their petitions contained 600,000 names and those of the +"Antis" 15,000. + +[99] Mrs. Choate was one of the women who signed the first call for the +suffrage advocates to meet at Sherry's; just as, in 1867, Mrs. Greeley +canvassed her whole county to secure signatures to the woman's petition. +Horace Greeley, as chairman of the suffrage committee of that +Constitutional Convention, threw the whole weight of his influence +against the amendment, lest it might hurt the Republican party; just as +Mr. Choate did in this one, lest it might hurt the party and himself. +Significant answers to the threadbare assertion that the husband +represents the wife! + +[100] From official report: Emily Howland generously contributed $1,200. +That staunch friend, Sarah L. Willis, of Rochester, gave $720. Abby L. +Pettengill, of Chautauqua county, gave $220. General Christiansen, of +Brooklyn, began the contributions of $100, of which there were, if I +mistake not, seven others from our own State--Semantha V. Lapham, +Ebenezer Butterick, of New York, Mrs. H. S. Holden, of Syracuse, Marian +Skidmore, of Chautauqua county, Hannah L. Howland, of Sherwood, Mr. and +Mrs. James Sargent and Colonel H. S. Greenleaf, of Rochester, completing +the number. + + + + +CHAPTER XLIII. + +THE SECOND KANSAS CAMPAIGN. + +1894. + + +The Kansas legislature of 1893 had submitted an amendment conferring +full suffrage on women, to be voted on in November, 1894. Mrs. Laura M. +Johns, president of the State Suffrage Association, had written Miss +Anthony in April, 1893: "Republicans and Populists are pledged to the +support of the amendment. I consider both parties equally committed by +their platforms this year, and by their votes in the legislature. We +ought to have somebody present in each county convention of both, next +year, to secure a suffrage resolution which would insure such a plank in +each State platform. You see if one party leaves it out the other will +take it up and use it against the first." + +During all the voluminous correspondence of 1893, in which Mrs. Johns +assured Miss Anthony again and again that her assistance in the campaign +was absolutely necessary to success, the latter did not once fail to +impress upon her that the endorsement of the political parties was the +one essential without which they could hope for nothing. She mapped out +and sent to Mrs. Johns a complete plan of work, covering many pages of +foolscap, arranging for a thorough organization of every precinct in the +State, for the specific purpose of bringing to bear a pressure upon the +political conventions the next summer which would compel them to put a +plank in their platforms endorsing the amendment. She made it perfectly +clear that, if the conventions did not do this, she would not go into +the State. + +When the Kansas women came to the Washington convention in February, +1894, Miss Anthony for the first time had her suspicions aroused that +the politicians of that State were getting in some shrewd work to +prevent them from pressing the question of planks in the platforms. Mrs. +Johns had made the serious mistake of accepting also the presidency of +the State Republican Woman's Association, and had been actively +organizing clubs and conferring with Republican leaders. She insisted +that she was making woman suffrage the primary feature of her work, but +Miss Anthony held that her strong Republican affiliations could not +avoid weakening her influence with the Populists. She did, it is true, +send out circulars urging the local organizations to work for planks in +both State conventions; and she did advise the women to keep clear of +partisan action, but this advice could hardly be effective coming from +the State president of the Republican Woman's Association. Miss Anthony +wrote her: "My dear Laura, you must choose whom you will serve--the +Republican party or the cause of woman's enfranchisement;" and she +replied: "Please don't insult my loyalty with any such suggestion as +this; I have never served anything but the suffrage cause since I began +the suffrage work;" and continued to look after the welfare of her +Republican clubs and arrange Republican meetings. + +There is no question that a tremendous pressure was brought to bear upon +the suffrage leaders by the Republican politicians. If space would +permit the publication of their many letters now on file they would make +interesting reading. That of Charles F. Scott, of the Iola Register, +urging Mrs. Johns to call off her women and telling her the exact +language in which to do it, is a masterpiece of political shrewdness. It +concludes: "Try to get E. W. Hoch nominated for governor and we won't +need any platform." As a specimen of pure humor might be quoted one from +Case Broderick, M. C., in which he says: + + I have thought a good deal about this question and have concluded + we can recognize the movement by a resolution similar to this: + "While the question of the amendment of the constitution, now + pending, granting the right of suffrage to women, is wholly + non-partisan and should not be made a test of Republicanism, yet + we can not view with apprehension the effort to fully confer upon + the women of Kansas the elective franchise." + +He then closes: "Some will contend that we ought to say one thing or the +other ... but such a resolution as this would not drive any from our +party." One must admit that it would not scare them to death. Mr. +Broderick, however, was an honest believer in woman suffrage and later +did attempt to secure some recognition for it in the platform. The +Republicans sent an agent of adroit address among the suffrage clubs to +explain to them how "an endorsement by the political parties would be +really a hindrance to their success," and it was charged that this was +done with the consent of some of the leading women. + +Miss Anthony wrote to Mrs. Johns at this time: "You know as well as I do +that not one of those Republicans thinks party endorsement will damage +the suffrage amendment, as they are trying to make the women believe, +but every one of them does fear that it will hurt his chances for some +position and lose the party the votes of the Germans and the whiskey +dealers. The shame for them now is vastly greater than it was +twenty-seven years ago, for then they feared to lose the enfranchisement +of the negro. Their proposal to leave out the plank now, after they have +carried the question thus far, is too wicked to be tolerated by any sane +woman![101] I marvel that you do not see and feel the insult and +humiliation." + +On March 6, 1894, Mrs. Johns wrote: "I find a stampede here on the plank +question. _Women_ of _both_ parties are going against it. Judge Johnston +of the supreme bench is opposed to it; so is Judge Horton. Do write them +for their views; you know they are good friends of ours. I am worried. +The Republicans will hold the first convention, and the general talk of +candidates, managers and leaders is against a plank. I was yesterday +about to go into print in regard to it, but am afraid if I make +strenuous efforts and am beaten that it will hurt us more than if I keep +quiet. Prominent men are writing and besieging me to relieve the party +of the embarrassment of this demand. I am not clear in my own mind what +to do." + +As the weeks went on it became more and more apparent that the women +were yielding to the pressure. The officers of the National-American +Association, which had pledged nearly $2,300 to help Kansas, insisted +that the women should continue to demand the endorsement of the +political parties and let the onus of failure rest upon the men and not +upon themselves. It might not be worth while to quote from the official +letters sent, the campaign having passed into history, but for the fact +that they may serve as a guide to other States in the future. + +Carrie Chapman Catt, the national organizer, wrote: "It is very plain +that the chief fight is now. We must compel endorsement, and I believe +we can do it. How any man in his sane senses could think non-endorsement +would give votes and sympathy, I can not conceive; or how the women can +have a hope of winning without it, after all the experience of our +campaigns." Henry B. Blackwell, editor of the Woman's Journal and an +experienced politician, wrote Miss Anthony: + + At the request of Mrs. Johns I enclose a letter from Mr. Wagener, + of Topeka. He gives the worst possible advice, and Mrs. Johns' + letter seems to show that she is surrounded by bad advisers and in + doubt as to her course. If there is anything which twenty-seven + years' work has taught us, it is that a woman suffrage amendment + can not be carried without at least one political party squarely + behind it. In Colorado, for the first time, we have had a majority; + and Mrs. Catt, and Mrs. Reynolds and Mrs. Stansbury of Denver, all + say that the amendment could not have been carried if the + Republican, Populist and many of the Democratic district + conventions had not first endorsed it in their platforms. It thus + became a live issue and the masses of voters became interested and + enlightened. + + On the other hand, our South Dakota experience is conclusive.... + All three parties ignored it, and the press of the State joined in + a conspiracy of silence. The campaign speakers were instructed not + to name it. We had to rely for the discussions upon the efforts of + suffragists as outsiders. Consequently ... we were beaten two to + one. The same will surely be true in Kansas in 1894.... If we do + not capture the Republican and Populist State conventions we shall + be beaten in advance. All hinges on that! + + I have just talked with Mrs. Lease, who fully agrees with me. The + Republican convention will be the first to meet. If Mrs. Johns will + go before the resolution committee and urge her plank, securing at + least its presentation as a minority report offered in open + session, it will stampede the convention and be carried. Then the + Populists will put one in so as not to be behind the Republicans, + and _then_ we shall probably win. Do write Mrs. Johns to stand by + her guns. No one but her can do this work, because she is + personally dear to the Republicans. The fate of the amendment will + be then and there decided. + +[Illustration: Carrie Chapman Catt (Signed: "Yours Faithfully Carrie +Chapman Catt")] + +Rev. Anna Shaw, vice-president-at-large, wrote Mrs. Johns in this +vigorous language: + + I must confess that while I can readily understand the abject + cowardice and selfishness which prompt men and political tricksters + to urge the abandonment of the plank, I can not understand how you + or any other woman with a grain of sense can listen to such + proposals for a moment. That endorsement is our only hope. If that + fail us, our cause is lost in advance; for it will show the body of + the party what the leaders think and feel on the subject, and be a + tacit command to kill it. The hypocrisy of the whole business + should not receive from women even a show of belief. What wonder + men despise us as a shallow lot of simpletons, if we are deceived + by so thin a pretense as this? I for one protest against it so + strongly that if your committee agree to it and do not push party + endorsement, I must decline to fool away my time in Kansas. If you + give up that point I must refuse to go a single step or raise a + dollar. I am sick of the weakness of women, forever dictated to by + men. Experience has taught us what a campaign unendorsed means. + Think of submitting our measure to the advice of politicians! I + would as soon submit the subject of the equality of a goose to a + fox. No; we must have party endorsement or we are dead. + + If I am not to go to Kansas, I want to know it immediately. It is + too late even now, for I refused twenty consecutive engagements for + May in one State, thinking it was all given up to Kansas. The man + or woman who urges surrender now is more a political partisan than + a lover of freedom. I care nothing for all the political parties in + the world except as they stand for justice. I can not tell you how + even the suggestion of this surrender affects me. For the love of + woman, do not be fooled by those men any longer. + +Finally, as the case grew more hopeless, Miss Anthony, as president of +the National-American Association, on March 11, sent the following: + + _To the Kansas Woman Suffrage Amendment Campaign Committee--Laura + M. Johns, Bina M. Otis, Sarah A. Thurston, Annie L. Diggs and + Others:_ + + MY DEAR FRIENDS: I have the letter of your chairman, Mrs. Johns, + together with one she forwards from a lawyer of Topeka, with the + added assertion that Judges Horton, Johnston et al., and leading + editors and politicians, are begging your committee to cease to + demand of the two great political parties, the Republican and + People's, that they put a suffrage plank in their platforms; but + instead, simply allow the amendment to go before the electors on + its merits--that is to say, repeat the experiment as it has been + made and has failed eight times over.... + + The one and only sure hope of carrying the amendment in Kansas is + to have on its side all the aid of the political machinery of its + two great parties. My one object in consenting to go into your + campaign for May and June, was to create so strong a public demand + as to make sure that every delegate elected to the State nominating + conventions of the Republican and People's parties shall be + instructed by his constituents, in county convention assembled, to + vote for a woman suffrage plank in the platform. The moment your + committee abandons this aim, I shall lose all interest in your + work. You say: "Prominent Republicans are besieging us to relieve + their party of the embarrassment of this demand." So did they + besiege us twenty-seven years ago. No; not for a moment should you + think of relieving the politicians from the duty of declaring for + this amendment. If you do, you are unworthy the trust reposed in + you. I surely never would have promised to go into your campaign, + or begged the friends to contribute, had I dreamed of the + possibility of your surrendering to the cowardice of political + trimmers. + + If the convention which meets first do not endorse the amendment, + then the other will not; in which event, its discussion will not be + germane in either party's fall campaign. On the other hand, if the + first put a plank in its platform, the other will be sure to do so; + and then the question will be a legitimate one to be advocated in + the meetings of both parties and this will ensure the presentation + of our cause to all the voters of the State. + + By this means the two parties will run your amendment campaign, and + you will not be compelled to make a separate suffrage campaign. + That you can not do in any event, because (1st) you can not get + either the speakers or the money necessary; and (2d) if you could + get both, you would have only women in your meetings, and defeat + would be just as certain as in the eight States which have had such + separate woman's campaigns. Therefore, if you decide to abandon the + demand for political endorsement and active help, as the first and + chief object of this spring's work, you may count me out of it; for + I will not be a party, even though a protesting one, to such a + surrender of our only hope of success. + + I came home for a rest over Sunday, after speaking five successive + nights in five different counties, in our New York campaign, and + these letters with the weak--the wicked--thought of not demanding + of the political leaders to make their parties help carry the + amendment, raged through my brain all night long. How to put the + shame of surrender strongly enough was my constant study, sleeping + and waking alike. No, a thousand times no, I say; and if you do + yield to this demand at the behest of men claiming to be your + friends, you make yourselves a party with those men to ensure your + defeat. The speakers will advocate no measure, and the vast + majority of men will vote for none, which is not approvingly + mentioned in the platform. If you give up trying for political + endorsement, or fail after trying, all hope of carrying the + amendment will be gone. So, over and over I say, demand party help! + + Lovingly but protestingly, + + SUSAN B. ANTHONY. + +Mrs. Johns, of course, indignantly rejected the imputation that she was +not working night and day to secure a plank from the Republican +convention. She was a most efficient manager, but the cause of her +weakness and that of the other women, was that they were trying to serve +two masters. The very fact that the Republican men were begging them not +to ask for a plank, shows the power which the women already possessed in +their municipal suffrage, and they should have had the courage to stand +firm in their demands for recognition in the platform, for the dignity +of their cause and their womanhood, whether there were hope of getting +it or not. There is no doubt that Mrs. Johns did make an earnest effort +to this end, but there is also no doubt that every Republican leader +understood that even if the party did not endorse the suffrage +amendment, she and her associates still would be no less Republicans and +would work no less vigorously for the party's success. Miss Anthony's +Kansas correspondence during 1894 comprises 300 letters and all confirm +the statements thus briefly outlined. + +The Republican politicians made the women believe if they would not +insist on the party's placing itself on record and thus losing the +support of the elements opposed to woman suffrage, all of them would +vote for the amendment. Should the women of Kansas ever become +politically free, the publication of these letters would be fatal to +some aspiring male candidates, but so long as the men still have it in +their power to grant to women or to withhold the full franchise, it is +the part of wisdom to leave them on their files. There were many Kansas +women, however, who refused to be deceived and sustained Miss Anthony's +position. In April she wrote to one of the Republican leaders: + + If the Republicans had two grains of political sense, they would + see that for them to espouse the amendment and gain the glory, as + they surely would, of lifting the women of the State into full + suffrage, would give them new life, prestige and power greater and + grander than they ever possessed; and they would not be halting + and belittling themselves with such idiotic stuff and nonsense as + their advice to let the amendment go to the electors of the State + "on its own merits." But however politicians may waver, our + suffrage women must not have a doubt, but must persist in the + demand for full recognition in both platforms. We must exact + justice and if they do not give it, the curse be on their heads, + not ours. + +The same month she wrote Mrs. Johns: + + I can not tell you how more and more it is borne in upon me that + our one chance lies in securing the Republican pledge to carry us + to victory, for that will mean a Populist pledge, and both planks + will mean a clean-cut battle between the different elements of the + grand old party combined as one on this question--and the Democracy + of the State. Even with so solid an alliance of the two branches, + we shall have a hard enough fight of it. Every woman who listens to + the siren tongues of political wire-pullers and office-seekers not + to demand a plank, will thereby help to sell Kansas back into the + hands of the whiskey power. Behind every anti-plank man's word, + written or spoken, is his willingness to let Kansas return to + saloon rule. Sugar coat it as they may, that is the unsavory pill + in the motive of every one of them. + + Sincerely and hopefully yours, trusting in good and keeping our + powder dry. + +Enough has been quoted to show the situation. Miss Anthony, Mrs. Catt +and Miss Shaw went to Kansas to open the spring canvass, May 4, to +influence the State conventions. Miss Anthony had been advertised for +forty-three speeches. The women of New York, where a great campaign was +in progress, were highly indignant that she should leave her own State, +but she had put her heart into this Kansas campaign as never into any +other, and she fully believed that, if properly managed, the result +could not fail to be victory for the amendment. The three ladies held +the first meeting in Kansas City, May 4. Miss Anthony made a speech +which fairly raised the hair of her audience, demanding in unqualified +terms the endorsement of the amendment by the Republican and People's +parties. She closed by offering the following resolution, which was +unanimously adopted: + + WHEREAS, From the standpoint of justice, political expediency and + grateful appreciation of their wise and practical use of school + suffrage from the organization of the State, and of municipal + suffrage for the past eight years, we, of the Republican and + People's parties, descendants of that grand old party of splendid + majorities which extended these rights to the women of Kansas, in + mass meeting assembled do hereby + + _Resolve_, That we urgently request our delegates in their + approaching State conventions to endorse the woman suffrage + amendment in their respective platforms. + +That night she wrote in her journal: "Never did I speak under such a +fearful pressure of opposition. Mrs. Johns, presiding, never smiled, and +other women on the platform whispered angrily and said audibly, 'She is +losing us thousands of votes by this speech.'" Miss Anthony repeated it +in the county mass conventions at Leavenworth and Topeka, to the dismay +of the Republican women and the wrath of the men.[102] While at the +latter place she received an urgent summons to return immediately to New +York, as fresh dangers threatened; and so she hastened eastward, leaving +the others to fill her engagements. On her way, she stopped by +invitation at Kansas City, Mo., and with Miss Shaw held a Sunday +afternoon meeting at which $133 were raised for the Kansas campaign. + +In three weeks Miss Anthony returned to Kansas, arriving June 5. She +found the Republican Woman's State Convention in session, Mrs. Johns +presiding. The committee reported a weak resolution declaring that they +would not make the adoption of a suffrage plank by the Republican State +Convention "a test of party fealty," etc. Miss Anthony and Miss Shaw +condemned this in the strongest English they could command. Mrs. Johns +also severely criticised the committee, but Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, who +had come for both conventions, said: "I care more for the dominant +principles of the Republican party than I do for woman suffrage." The +committee finally were compelled to report a stronger resolution asking +for recognition. + +The Republican convention met June 6. C. V. Eskridge, of Emporia, the +oldest and bitterest opponent of woman suffrage in the State of Kansas, +was made chairman of the committee on resolutions. The proposal to hear +the women speak, during an interim in the proceedings, was met by a +storm of noes. Finally Mrs. Foster and Mrs. Johns were permitted to +present the claims of women, but neither Miss Anthony nor Miss Shaw was +given an opportunity to address the convention. They did, however, plead +the women's cause most eloquently before the resolution committee of +thirty-five members, but the platform was entirely silent on the +subject, not even containing the usual complimentary allusions, +recognition of their services, etc.[103] Not the slightest attempt was +made to deny the fact that agents of the party had been at work for +weeks among the various county conventions to see that delegates were +appointed who were opposed to a suffrage plank, and that the resolution +committee had been carefully "packed" to prevent any danger of one. In +conversations which Miss Anthony held with several of the leading +candidates who in times past had advocated woman suffrage, they did not +hesitate to admit that the party had formed an alliance with the whiskey +ring to defeat the Populists. "We must redeem the State," was their only +cry. "Redeem it from what?" she asked. "From financial heresies," was +the answer. "Yes," she retorted, "even if you sink it to the depths of +hell on moral issues." + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Your Brother, D R Anthony"] + +It is not probable that any earthly power could have secured Republican +endorsement at this time, although heretofore the party always had posed +as the champion of this cause. There never was a more pitiable +exhibition of abject subserviency to party domination. Men who had stood +boldly for woman suffrage in the legislature, men who had spoken for it +on the platform in every county in the State, sat dumb as slaves in this +convention, sacrificing without scruple a lifelong principle for the +sake of a paltry political reward. While many of the papers had spoken +earnestly in favor of the amendment, the Leavenworth Times, owned and +edited by D. R. Anthony, was the only one of size and influence which +demanded party endorsement.[104] The Republican managers had but one +idea--to overthrow Populist rule and get back the reins of +government--and they were ready to take on or pitch overboard whatever +would contribute to this end. + +A suffrage mass meeting was held in Topeka the Saturday following the +convention and, in spite of a heavy thunderstorm, there was an audience +of over one thousand. Annie L. Diggs presided and Miss Anthony and Miss +Shaw spoke, the former on "Reasons why the dominant parties do not put a +plank in their platforms;" the latter on, "Woman first, Republican or +Populist afterwards." + +The great question now was whether it were wise to ask for a suffrage +plank in the Populist platform, and here again was great diversity of +opinion. Some thought that endorsement by this party would make it +appear like a Populist measure, and the Republicans would vote against +it rather than allow them to have the credit of carrying it. Others held +that the Populists carried the State at the last election and were +likely to do so again, and with their party vote, the Prohibition and +such Republican votes as certainly could be counted on, the amendment +would go through without fail. Miss Anthony belonged to the latter class +and directed every energy towards securing an endorsement in their State +convention, June 12. Although woman suffrage had been one of the tenets +of this party from its beginning, there was by no means a unanimous +sentiment in favor of a plank of endorsement. This was especially true +in regard to the leaders. Governor Lewelling, who was a candidate for +re-election, was openly opposed, and P. P. Elder, chairman of the +resolution committee, made a determined fight against it. + +While the resolution committee was out Miss Anthony addressed the +convention, saying in the course of her remarks: "I belong to but one +party under the shadow of the flag, and that is the party of idiots and +criminals. I don't like my company. Are you going to leave your mothers, +wives and sisters in that category? I ask you to say that every woman by +your side shall have the same rights as you have." When she concluded +one of the delegates said: "Miss Anthony, with all due respect, I wish +to ask, in the event of the Populists putting a woman suffrage plank in +their platform, will you work for the success of this party?" The +newspapers thus report her reply and what followed: + + "For forty years I have labored for woman's enfranchisement, and I + have always said that for the party which endorsed it, whether + Republican, Democratic or Populist, I would wave my handkerchief. I + will go before the people at your meetings, and though I know very + little about the other principles of your party and never discuss + finance and tariff, I will try to persuade every man in those + meetings to vote for woman suffrage." + + "Miss Anthony," said Mr. Carpenter, "we want more than the waving + of your handkerchief, and if the People's party put a woman + suffrage plank in its platform, will you go before the voters of + this State and tell them that because the People's party has + espoused the cause of woman suffrage it deserves the vote of every + one who is a supporter of that cause?" + + Miss Anthony answered: "I most certainly will!" + + Immediately upon hearing this, the convention went wild--yelled and + cheered and applauded to its very utmost--hundreds rose to their + feet--the cheering lasted five minutes without intermission. + +In the confusion Miss Anthony thus finished her interrupted sentence: + + "For I would surely choose to ask votes for the party which stood + for the principle of justice to women, though wrong on financial + theories, rather than for the party which was sound on the + questions of money and tariff, and silent on the pending amendment + to secure political equality to half the people." + +None of the reporters caught this and, as a result, the simple +statement, "I certainly will," appeared in all the Kansas papers and +went the rounds of the press of the entire country. + +The suffrage question had its opponents and advocates among leaders and +delegates. It occupied the resolution committee until late at night, and +finally went down to defeat, 8 to 13. When the resolutions were reported +they considered finance, labor, taxes, banks, bonds, arbitration, +pensions, irrigation, freight rates, transportation, initiative and +referendum--everything under the sun but the suffrage amendment. In +regard to that much agitated point they were painfully silent. On this +committee was one woman delegate, Mrs. Eliza Hudson, who could not be +coaxed or bullied. She gave notice at once that she would make a +minority report and carry it to the floor of the convention. The +following was signed by herself and seven other members of the +committee: "_Whereas_, The People's party came into existence and won +its glorious victories on the fundamental principles of equal rights to +all and special privileges to none; therefore be it resolved that we +favor the pending constitutional amendment." + +Meanwhile Miss Anthony, Mrs. Catt and Miss Shaw addressed the convention +and were enthusiastically received. When the minority report was +presented and every possible parliamentary tactic had failed to prevent +its consideration, it was vehemently discussed for four hours, in +five-minute speeches, Judge Frank Doster leading the affirmative. The +debate was closed by Mrs. Diggs, and the resolution was adopted, ayes +337, noes 269; carried by 68 majority in a delegate body of 606. During +the fray a tail in some way tacked itself on to the resolution, which +said, "_but we do not regard this as a test of party fealty_." So the +party adopted a plank declaring that it did not regard a belief in one +of its own fundamental principles as a test of fealty; but in the wild +excitement which ensued, a little thing like this was not noticed. The +State Journal thus describes the scene: + + When it became evident the resolution had carried, and before the + vote could be announced, the convention jumped up and yelled. Canes + were waved, hats thrown high in the air, men stood on chairs and + shouted frantically. The whole convention was one deep, + all-prevailing impersonated voice. How they howled and stamped, as + though every one loved suffrage and suffragists with all their + hearts! + + "I want Miss Shaw to come forward and give that Populist whoop that + she promised she would last night," said a delegate. Miss Shaw came + to the front of the platform and said: "I do not know any better + whoop than that good old tune, 'Praise God From Whom All Blessings + Flow.'" "Sing," said Chairman Dunsmore. The vast audience shook + every particle of air in the big hall with the full round notes of + the long meter doxology. "Let all the people cry amen," said Alonzo + Wardall, who was on the platform. Hundreds of voices which had not + pronounced the word for years joined in the great, resounding, + unanimous "amen" that filled the hall. + + Susan B. Anthony, Annie L. Diggs and Anna Shaw leaned over the + front of the stage and shook every man's hand as he passed along, + and hundreds of brown, calloused hands were thrust up to give a + grasp of congratulation. Miss Anthony warmed to her work and had to + push up her sleeves, but she didn't mind that for suffrage, for + which she had just won a glorious victory. Many said, as they + grasped her hand: "You're going to be a Populist now, ain't you?" + +During the confusion an old soldier came up and pinned a Populist badge +on her dress, and this was magnified by the newspapers into the +thrilling description: "Miss Anthony seized a Populist badge and, +pinning it on her breast, declared: 'Henceforth and forever I belong to +the People's party!'" + +The State Prohibition convention was in progress at Emporia at the same +time, and the women had been notified that a suffrage plank would be +adopted without any effort on their part. On June 13 the following +telegram was sent by the secretary of the convention to Miss Anthony and +Miss Shaw: "Recognizing the right of suffrage as inherent in +citizenship, the Prohibition party stands unequivocally pledged to use +its utmost efforts to secure the adoption of the pending constitutional +amendment for the enfranchisement of women." This was their response +from the Populist convention hall: "The National-American Woman Suffrage +Association sends greeting, and is gratified that there is one political +party which does not need to be urged to declare for justice to women." +The Capitol said: "There was a wild demonstration as their names were +read." + +It is hardly possible to give an adequate idea of the storm which +followed the announcement of Miss Anthony's declaration in regard to +the People's party. There was scarcely a newspaper in the country which +did not have its fling. Kate Field's Washington led off with a full +first page entitled, "The Unholy Alliance." Editors opposed to woman +suffrage made it a text for double leaders. Republican papers berated +her without mercy. Letters poured in upon her from personal friends, +judges, mayors, ministers, members of Congress, accepting the published +reports and condemning her in unmeasured terms. Others wrote begging her +to set herself right in the eyes of the public, as they knew she had +been misrepresented. It seemed impossible, however, for her to make +herself clearly understood. She writes in her journal: "One would think +I had committed the unpardonable sin against the Holy Ghost in thanking +the Populists for their good promise and saying I preferred them with +justice to women, no matter what their financial folly, to the +Republicans without justice to women, no matter what their financial +wisdom." + +She returned home June 20 and all the Rochester reporters were on hand +for an interview. The following from the Democrat and Chronicle is +practically what appeared in all: + + Miss Anthony was perfectly willing to talk, and this is a resume of + what the reporter learned: 1. Miss Anthony is not a Populist. 2. + Miss Anthony is not a Democrat. 3. Miss Anthony is not a + Republican. 4. Miss Anthony can not say what party she will join + when the right to vote is given her. + + "I didn't go over to the Populists by doing what I did in Kansas," + she said. "I have been like a drowning man for a long time, waiting + for some one to throw a plank to me. The Republicans refused, but + the Populists threw an excellent plank in my direction. I didn't + step on the whole platform, but just on the woman suffrage plank. I + went forward at the close of the convention and told the men how + glad I was to see one of the dominant parties take up woman + suffrage. I said that we had been besieging the big political + parties for twenty-five years. Here is a party in power which is + likely to remain in power, and if it will give its endorsement to + our movement, we want it. + + "I do not claim to know anything of the merits of the issues which + brought the Populist party into existence. All I know is that it is + chiefly made up from the rank and file of the old Republican party + of that State, and that the men who compose it think they have + better methods for the correction of existing evils. They are + protesting against the present order of things, and certainly no + one will deny there is ground for it. I do not endorse their + platform, but I would be one of the last to condemn an honest + protest." + + "But," said the reporter, "it always has been understood that you + are a strong Republican." + + "Why has it been so understood? Simply because a majority of the + national legislators who have favored us have been Republicans. + Suppose the Republican party of New York, at its coming convention, + refuses to endorse woman suffrage; suppose the Democratic does + endorse it. My action with the Democrats would be just what it was + with the Populists of Kansas. I am for woman suffrage and will work + with any party which will help us. Remember I say 'with,' not + 'for.'" + +Miss Shaw finished her two months' engagement in Kansas and did not +return to that State. Mrs. Catt wrote Miss Anthony a few weeks after the +conventions: + + It is remarkable the difference of opinion that is floating about. + We hear of Populists who are so mad about the plank they declare + they will go back to the Democratic party. Others, even those who + are suffragists, are so mad at the women for putting the plank + forward they say they will vote against the amendment. Democrats + say there can be no fusion and that will mean death to the Populist + party. Some Republicans say they will not vote for the amendment + because it is now a Populist question. Again some Republicans and + some Democrats say they will vote the Populist ticket because of + the plank. From all these varied ideas it is impossible to find out + whether we are better or worse off.... At any rate, the question + now has a political standing, and it will depend upon party + developments where we find ourselves. My own hope is that it may + bring the Republicans to time, but if the Populists say too much, + it may drive them to secret opposition, and then we are done for. + +Miss Anthony took a much more cheerful view and replied to the various +letters: + + At last one of the dominant parties in a State, and that one the + party in power, has adopted a woman suffrage amendment, and upon + that one plank I have planted my feet. The Republicans by ignoring + us give party sanction to every anti-suffrage man among them; while + the Populists' endorsement makes every anti-suffrage man among them + feel that he will be the better Populist if he vote "yes."... + + Meantime, every Farmers' Alliance picnic, every school-house + meeting, will be on fire with the enthusiasm born of their party's + heroic action; for such it was, in defiance of their leaders' + command to imitate the Republicans and ignore the amendment. The + 900 Republicans in the State convention obeyed their masters; while + 68 more than one-half of the 606 Populists rebelled against theirs. + Surely there is more to hope from the party, a majority of whose + men dare vote opinions against their bosses, than for the one in + which not a single man dares even raise a protest. What would our + friends have had us do? Bless the Republicans for slapping us in + the face, and blast the Populists for giving us a helping hand? + +Among the comforting letters which came during these troublous times was +one from Wm. Lloyd Garrison, with whose father she had fought the battle +of Abolitionism, in which he said: "I saw Mrs. Isabel Barrows yesterday +and heard from her of your weary journey together from Chicago, your +discouragement regarding Kansas, and the personal pain occasioned you by +untrue newspaper reports and the harsh criticism of friends. I write to +express my word of sympathy and cheer. Send me a brief statement of the +Populist matter and let me break a lance in your behalf. A reformer's +life is full of misrepresentations. How little they signify in the long +run and, if they did not wound the spirit, would not be worth the +mention. To be misjudged by one's own friends hurts more than all the +bitterness of the rest of the world." + +In a public address made this summer, Miss Anthony referred to the +matter in the following beautiful words: + + Had the Republicans of Kansas adopted a woman suffrage plank, and + Miss Shaw and Miss Anthony declared that, because of such + endorsement, they would prefer the success of that party, nobody + would have thought it meant that they had endorsed the whole + Republican platform, and made themselves responsible for the right + conduct of every officer and nominee of that party. + + I was born and reared a Quaker, and am one still; I was trained by + my father, a cotton manufacturer, in the Henry Clay school of + protection to American products; but today all sectarian creeds and + all political policies sink into utter insignificance compared with + the essence of religion and the fundamental principle of + government--equal rights. Wherever, religiously, socially, + educationally, politically, justice to woman is preached and + practiced, I find a bond of sympathy, and I hope and trust that + henceforth I shall be brave enough to express my thanks to every + individual and every organization, popular or unpopular, that gives + aid and comfort to our great work for the emancipation of woman, + and through her the redemption of the world. + +To a letter from Henry B. Blackwell, urging her to be non-partisan if +she could not be Republican, she replied, July 9: + + The difference between yourself and me, and Mrs. Johns and me, is + precisely this--that you two are and have been Republicans _per + se_, while I have been a Republican only in so far as the party and + its members were more friendly to the principle of woman suffrage. + I agree with you that it will be in line with Mrs. Johns' ideas for + her to work for the Republican party, false though its platform and + its managers are to the pending amendment; but I could not do so. + The rank and file of the Populist men of Kansas may not possess + equal book or brain power with the Republicans, but they are more + honest and earnest to establish justice, and 337 of their delegates + had manhood enough to break out of the whiskey-Democratic bargain + which their leaders, like the Republican fixers, had made. No, I + shall not praise the Republicans of Kansas, or wish or work for + their success, when I know by their own confessions to me that the + rights of the women of their State have been traded by them in cold + blood for the votes of the lager beer foreigners and whiskey + Democrats.... + + I have not allied and shall not ally myself to any party or any + measure save the one of justice and equality for woman; but the + time has come when I strike, and proclaim my contempt for the + tricksters who put their political heel on the rights of women at + the very moment when their help is most needed. I never, in my + whole forty years' work, so utterly repudiated any set of + politicians as I do those Republicans of Kansas. When it is a mere + matter of theory, a thousand miles from a practical question, they + can resolve pretty words, but when the crucial moment comes they + sacrifice us without conscience or honor. The hubbub with the + Republicans shows they have been struck in the right place. I never + was surer of my position that no self-respecting woman should wish + or work for the success of a party which ignores her political + rights. + +These few extracts from scores of similar letters, speeches and +interviews, show the position consistently and unflinchingly maintained +by Miss Anthony, and justified by many years of experience in such +campaigns. During the summer of 1894, while she was being thus harassed, +she kept steadily on, speaking and working in the New York campaign and +preparing to return to Kansas in the fall. She wrote to the Republican +and the Populist central committees, offering to speak on the suffrage +question upon their platforms. The former, through its chairman, Cyrus +Leland, declined her offer. + +To John W. Breidenthal, of the People's party, she wrote: "Do you not +think it will be a great deal better, both for the suffrage amendment +and the Populist party, if in all the announcements it shall be +distinctly stated that Miss Anthony speaks only on the subject of +woman's enfranchisement?" To this he replied, August 6: "I leave the +matter entirely with you whether you confine yourself only to the +suffrage amendment, or whether you add to that the discussion of the +other questions now attracting public attention." Meanwhile she had +been receiving cheerful messages from the Populist women of Kansas, +among them a long and cordial letter from Annie L. Diggs, written August +16: + + Nearly everything along the line of my experience and observation + would make you glad. I have large audiences, say the best and + strongest things I know for suffrage and always find the heartiest + response. I see more and more the wisdom of your insistence on + platform mention. Oh, I am so thankful that I, too, saw straight + before it was too late to get the Populist endorsement. I have been + speaking almost constantly, sometimes twice a day, and at every + meeting other speakers and _candidates_ say the best kind of words + for the amendment. Governor Lewelling speaks in warm endorsement, + reports to the contrary notwithstanding. I can not say that he does + so always, but he did at the three meetings which we held together. + The Populists who wanted to shake my head off at the convention, + give me, if possible, warmer greetings than the others. They are + truly glad they took that righteous step.... + + We Populists wish so much for you and Miss Shaw to come to Kansas. + People constantly ask me if you will talk for the Populists when + you come. I answer that you will talk suffrage at Populist meetings + and will also say that, inasmuch as in Kansas the Populists endorse + suffrage, therefore the party ought to win. Is not that your + intention? How I wish I could describe to you some of the success I + have had in talking to German audiences. But I have not another + minute only to thank you for your kind words about me, and to say + again, as I have said so many years, "I love and revere you." + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Faithfully yours, Annie L. Diggs."] + +Mrs. Johns wrote, August 27: "I think the Republicans are conscious +dimly of the increasing strength of the Populists. It looks as if they +will win, and it is generally believed the amendment will go through." +As late as October 12, Mrs. Catt, who had been speaking at suffrage +meetings for the past six weeks and whose judgment was generally sound, +said in a letter from Hutchinson: + + After all the vicissitudes, hard feelings and distresses of the + campaign, it begins to look as if we were going to come in "on the + home stretch." The last two weeks have wrought wonderful changes. + The tide has set in our favor. I think the chief cause is the + published fact that we are going to count the votes to see how many + out of each party are cast for the amendment, and Republicans + understand they will be in a bad way if they don't make a good + showing. Since this came out, Morrill has spoken for the amendment. + Judge Peters, at the big McKinley meeting here, advocated it and + they tell me it created more enthusiasm than anything else during + the meeting. Cyrus Leland admits that it will carry. The + Republicans are coming over splendidly and, if the Populists stand + firm, we will surely come in with a fine majority. It seems as if + nothing can defeat us now. + +Two weeks before the election, October 21, Mr. Breidenthal wrote her: "I +am confident the amendment will have 30,000 majority." Miss Anthony +reached the State October 20 and began her two weeks' tour the 22d, +speaking at Populist meetings in the largest cities up to election day, +November 6.[105] From the hour of her arrival she realized there was not +a shadow of hope for the amendment, and it was marvellous to her how the +others could have been so deceived. + +At the previous election when the Populists came into power it had been +through a fusion with the Democrats. This year the Democrats had their +own ticket, and not only had ignored the pleading of the Democratic +women for a suffrage plank, but had adopted a resolution denouncing +it.[106] The great railroad strike and its attendant evils, during that +summer, were attributed by many to Populistic sentiment and created a +strong prejudice against the party. The argument was made that if the +amendment carried, the women would feel so grateful to the Populists +that it would result in securing to them the woman's vote, thus keeping +them in power. This induced many to vote against it who disliked +Populism, and it decided a number of even those Republicans who believed +in woman suffrage to reject the amendment this year rather than allow +the Populists to have the credit of carrying it. To destroy the last +hope, word came from Colorado that the People's party was about to be +defeated there. It was the first time for the women of that State to +vote and, while there was no evidence to prove that they were +responsible, the bare possibility was enough to stampede the Kansas +Populists and prevent their giving the ballot to the women of that +State. + +The amendment was lost by 34,827 votes; 95,302 for; 130,139 against. The +total vote cast for governor was 299,231; total vote on suffrage +amendment, 225,441; not voting on amendment, 73,790. There was an +attempt to keep count of the ballots according to parties, but it was +not successful and there was no way of correctly estimating the +political complexion of the vote. The vote for Governor Morrill lacked +only 1,800 of that for the other three candidates combined, which shows +how easily the Republican party might have carried the amendment. +Subtracting the 5,000 Prohibition votes which it was conceded were cast +for the amendment, it lacked 28,000 of receiving as many votes as were +cast for the Populist candidate for governor. Since some Republicans +must have voted for it, the figures prove that a vast number of +Populists did not do so. In Miss Anthony's journal on the night of the +election she wrote: "Our friends remembered to forget to vote for the +suffrage amendment, while not an enemy forgot to remember to stamp his +ticket against it." + +Though she had expected defeat, her regret was none the less keen. In +all the past years she had given more time and work to Kansas than to +any other State, even her own. Her hopes had been centered there. It +having been the first State to grant school suffrage and the first to +grant municipal suffrage to women, she had confidently expected that +when the amendment for full suffrage was again submitted it would be +carried. The events of the campaign confirmed her belief that the +granting of municipal suffrage is a hindrance rather than a help toward +securing full enfranchisement. By its exercise women naturally become +partisan, show the influence they can wield through the ballot, and +thereby create enmities and arouse antagonisms which bitterly oppose any +further extension of this power. She resolved henceforth to advise women +not to attempt to secure fragmentary suffrage, but to demand the whole +right and work for nothing less. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[101] It was the Republicans who framed the original constitution of the +State so as to give women liberal property rights, equal guardianship of +their children, and school suffrage. In 1867 they gave to women an equal +voice on the question of local option. In 1887 they granted to them +municipal suffrage. In various State conventions they adopted an +unequivocal endorsement of full suffrage for women. + +[102] See Appendix for full speech. + +[103] The women of the Topeka Equal Suffrage Club, at their next +meeting, adopted a resolution thanking the Republican convention _for +not declaring against the amendment_! + +[104] It will be cowardice for the Republicans to fail to endorse woman +suffrage in their State platform. In past years, when no amendment was +pending, the Republican party of Kansas has encouraged the presentation +of such an amendment. Will it now attempt to sneak out of the +responsibility and go back on its past record? The women of our State +have shown themselves intelligent voters, in every way worthy of being +entrusted with full suffrage. None of the evils have come upon us which +were predicted by the opponents of the reform, and they never will come. +To place a plank in the platform will save many votes to the party. It +is the right, the brave thing to do. What is brave and right has, in the +past, been the thing that the Republican party has done. Let it not now +begin to do the cowardly thing.--Leavenworth Times, May 17, 1894. + +[105] Miss Anthony did not receive a dollar for her services daring the +year in Kansas, and was enabled to make the three trips there solely +through the kindness of her brother Daniel R., who furnished +transportation. It was also by his assistance that she had made her long +railroad journeys from east to west during the past thirty years. + +[106] Fifteenth.--We oppose woman suffrage as tending to destroy the +home and family, the true basis of political safety, and express the +hope that the helpmeet and guardian of the family sanctuary may not be +dragged from the modest purity of self-imposed seclusion to be thrown +unwillingly into the unfeminine places of political strife. + + + + +CHAPTER XLIV. + +THE SOUTHERN TRIP--THE ATLANTA CONVENTION. + +1895 + + +The day following the Kansas election, November 7, 1894, Miss Anthony +started at 10 o'clock in the morning for Beatrice, Neb., to make the +opening speech at the State Suffrage Convention; arrived at 6 P. M., +took a cup of tea, dressed and, without having had one moment's rest, +found herself at the opera house in the presence of a splendid audience. +After she was seated on the platform a telegram was handed her saying +the suffrage amendment had been lost in Kansas by an immense majority. +Yet, in spite of the terrible physical strain of the past weeks and in +the face of this stunning news, it is said she never made a stronger, +more logical and comprehensive speech than on this occasion. She +reviewed the amendment campaigns of the last twenty-five years, +describing the causes of defeat or success, and pointing out the +necessity of educational effort beginning with the primaries and +continuing through all the conventions and political meetings up to the +very day of election. + +Although she received urgent invitations to speak at various points in +the State, she declined all and left the next morning early for +Leavenworth; and the day following, November 9, was on her way eastward. +After a day in Chicago she went directly to Philadelphia, where she +attended a reception given by the New Century Club to Mary Mapes Dodge; +had several business meetings regarding the affairs of the national +association; then hastened by night train to the New York convention at +Ithaca. Here again, without a day's rest, she made a stirring address to +an audience which packed the opera house to the top row of the upper +gallery, sat on the steps and filled the aisles. The convention was +welcomed by the mayor of Ithaca and President Schurmann, of Cornell. The +latter invited the officers and delegates to visit the university and +accompanied them on their tour of inspection. Miss Anthony spoke to the +girls of Sage College after dinner, gave them many new ideas long to be +remembered, and was received with enthusiasm and affection. + +The next evening, November 15, she returned to Rochester. She had just +concluded two of the hardest campaigns ever made for woman suffrage; for +almost one year she had found no rest for the sole of her foot, not an +hour's respite for the tired brain, and yet the letters and the entries +in the journal show her to be as cheerful, as philosophical, as full of +hopeful plans, as ever she had been in all her long and busy life. After +just one day at home she started for Cleveland. The W. C. T. U. were +holding a national convention in that city and were to have a great +"gospel suffrage" meeting in Music Hall, Sunday afternoon, which she was +invited to address. The Cleveland Leader, in describing the occasion, +said: + + Miss Willard, the chieftain of the white ribbon army, introduced + Miss Anthony, the chieftain of the yellow ribbon army, saying: + "Once we would not have allowed the yellow ribbon to be so + generously displayed here. Had its wearers asked us to admit it + with the white we might have voted it down; but the yellow badge of + the suffragists looks natural now. The golden rule has done it. + Well do I remember that in the hard struggle mother and I had in + paying the taxes on our little home, no man appeared to pay them + for us. Had I been condemned to death I would not have expected a + man to startup and take my place. Susan B. Anthony--she of the + senatorial mind--will be remembered when the politicians of today + have long been doomed to 'innocuous desuetude.'" Miss Willard then + quoted a few familiar lines ending with the sentence, "And Susan B. + Anthony has been ordained of God to lead us on." + + Miss Anthony was greeted with a rousing Chautauqua salute. "I am + delighted beyond measure," she said, "that at last the women of + this great national body have found there is only one way by which + they can reach their desired end, and that is by the ballot. What + is 'gospel suffrage?' It is a system by which truth and justice + might be made the uppermost principles of government. Every + election is the solution of a mathematical problem, the figuring + out of what the majority desire. We have in this country + mercantile, mining, manufacturing and all kinds of business by + which money can be made. The interests of every one of these are + put into the political scale, but when the moral issues are put in + the other side the material pull them down. Why? Because the moral + issues are not weighted with votes. The men who are associated with + women in movements of reform get no more in the way of legislation + than do women themselves, because when they go to the legislatures + or to Congress they have back of them only a disfranchised class. + + "If you would have your requests granted your legislators must know + that you are a part of a body of constituents who stand with + ballots in their hands. Women, we might as well be dogs baying the + moon as petitioners without the power to vote! If you have no care + for yourselves, you should at least take pity on the men associated + with you in your good works. So long as State constitutions say + that all may vote when twenty-one, save idiots, lunatics, convicts + and women, you are brought down politically to the level of those + others disfranchised. This discrimination is a relic of the dark + ages. The most ignorant and degraded man who walks to the polls + feels himself superior to the most intelligent woman. We should + demand the wiping out of all legislation which keeps us + disfranchised. + +Almost every sentence of this brief address was punctuated with applause +from the immense audience. + +Always when in Cleveland Miss Anthony was a guest at the palatial home +of Mrs. Louisa Southworth, At this time, with her hostess' permission, +she had summoned the entire National-American Board to a business +meeting, and all were entertained under this hospitable roof. For thirty +years Mrs. Southworth had been among the leading representatives of the +suffrage movement in northern Ohio, and during all that time had been +Miss Anthony's staunch and unfailing friend. She had given thousands of +dollars to the suffrage cause, and hundreds to Miss Anthony for her +personal use. On this occasion she presented her with $1,000 to open the +much desired national headquarters. One such supporter in every State +would win many battles which are lost because of insufficient funds to +do the necessary work. + +Miss Anthony soon afterwards went to New York to prepare with Mrs. +Stanton the call and resolutions for the approaching national +convention, and to revise the article on "Woman's Rights" for Johnson's +new edition of the Encyclopedia. She was the guest of her cousin, Mrs. +Semantha Vail Lapham, whose home overlooked Central Park. Mrs. Stanton's +cosy flat was on the other side, and through this lovely pleasure ground +each bright day Miss Anthony took her morning walk. When the weather was +inclement she was sent in the carriage, and the two old friends talked +and worked together as they had done so many times in days gone by. + +The evenings were spent with her cousin and various friends and +relatives. Once they dined with a kinsman in his elegant Tiffany +apartments. She and Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Josephine Shaw Lowell, Mrs. Henry +M. Sanders and Mrs. George Putnam, had a delightful luncheon with Dr. +Mary Putnam Jacobi. She was invited by Mr. and Mrs. Edward Lauterbach to +hear the opera of Faust, which was followed by a supper at the Waldorf. +With a relative she attended the "Authors' Uncut Leaves Club," at +Sherry's. One Sunday she went to hear Robert Collyer and the diary says: +"His grand face, his rich voice, his white hair, were all as attractive +as ever; he was a beautiful picture in the pulpit. He gave me a cordial +greeting at the close of the sermon." She ran over to Orange for a few +days with a loved cousin, Ellen Hoxie Squier; and then on down to +Philadelphia and Somerton for a little visit with the friends there, of +which she writes: "Rachel and I had a soul-to-soul talk all the day long +and until after midnight." She was a guest at the Foremothers' Dinner, +December 22, given at Jaeger's by the New York City Woman Suffrage +League, Lillie Devereux Blake, president, with nearly 300 prominent +women at the table.[107] The dinner and the speeches lasted until after +5 o'clock, Miss Anthony responding to the toast, "Our Future Policy." + +Thus a month slipped pleasantly by, and then, with the work all +finished, the body rested and the mind refreshed, she returned home to +spend Christmas. The two sisters dined with Dr. and Mrs. F. H. Sanford +and a few old-time friends, and passed a happy day. Among the numerous +Christmas remembrances were several pieces of fine china and an elegant +velvet cloak from Mrs. Gross.[108] + +On December 30, Miss Anthony received word of the death of her old +co-worker, Amelia Bloomer, at Council Bluffs, Ia., aged seventy-seven, +and sent a telegram of sympathy to the husband. A death felt most keenly +in 1894 was that of Virginia L. Minor, of St. Louis, August 14, which +closed a beautiful and unbroken friendship of thirty years. She left +Miss Anthony a testimonial of her love and confidence in a legacy of +$1,000. + +The year ended amidst the usual pressure of requests, invitations and +engagements. Would she lecture for the Art League, for the Musical +Society, for the Church Guild and for a dozen other organizations of +whose purposes she knew practically nothing? Would she accept a +"reception" from the Scribblers' Club of Buffalo? Would she send a +package of documents to the girls of Vassar College, who were going to +debate woman suffrage? Would she please reply to the following +questions, from various newspapers: "Have not women as many rights now +as men have? What is woman's ideal existence and what woman has most +nearly attained it? Have you formed any resolutions for the coming year, +and what has been the fate of former New Year's resolutions?" and so on, +ad infinitum. + +The "woman's edition" fever raged with great violence at this time, and +it is not an exaggeration to say that the editors of ninety-nine +hundredths of them wrote to Miss Anthony for an article. Of course it +was an impossibility to comply, but occasionally some request struck her +so forcibly that she made time for an answer. For instance, the woman's +edition of the Elmira Daily Advertiser was for the purpose of helping +the Young Men's Christian Association, and to its editor, Mrs. J. Sloat +Fassett, she wrote: + + I should feel vastly more interested in, and earnest to aid the Y. + M. C. A., if the men composing it were, as a body, helping to + educate the people into the recognition of the right of their + mothers and sisters to an equal voice with themselves in the + government of the city, State and nation. Nevertheless, I avail + myself of your kindly request, and urge all to study the intricate + problem of bettering the world; not merely the individual + sufferings in it, but the general conditions. Such study will show + the great need of a new balance of power in the body politic; and + the conscientious student must arrive at the conclusion that this + will have to be obtained by enfranchising a new class--women. If + the Y. M. C. A. really desire to make better moral and social + conditions possible, they should hasten to obey the injunction of + St. Paul, and "help those women" who are working to secure + enfranchisement. + +Miss Anthony received soon after this a consignment of pamphlets, etc., +that she had ordered printed, on the outside of which the manager of the +printing house, a man entirely unknown to her, had written: + + "A wreath, twine a wreath for the brave and the true, + Who, for love of the many, dared stand with the few." + +Among the pleasant letters was one from Mrs. Mary B. Willard, who was +then abroad, in which she said: "I am so glad that you live on to know +how much you are loved and to enjoy the fruit of your blessed labors." +One invitation which Miss Anthony especially appreciated came from Rev. +Jenkin Lloyd Jones, of Chicago, editor of Unity and pastor of All Souls +church: "I am sure your heart goes out with us in our dreams as +represented by the enclosed printed matter.[109] One number of the +program is, 'What is woman's part in this larger synthesis,' or 'What +can woman do for liberal religion?' I enclose Dr. Thomas' letter that it +may reinforce my own pleading that you should come and speak on this +topic. Phrase it yourself. Pour your whole heart into it. Make it the +speech of your life. Give your large religious nature freedom. We will +pay all your expenses and I do hope you will make an effort to come. We +will give you from thirty to forty minutes, then we would want to ask +one or two women to follow in the discussion, perhaps a Jewess and may +be some woman who represents the independent church, like Dr. Thomas' +and Prof. Swing's...." + +Dr. H. W. Thomas' letter said in part: "Your suggestion is wise; no +other can perhaps so fittingly and ably represent the larger place and +work of woman as Susan B. Anthony. It will honor her and help the cause +to have her speak at the congress. Bless her dear soul, how I would like +to see her--to hear her--to have her one with us--her counsel, her +spirit, her great heart of love and hope so much like the Christ." + +After the receipt of Miss Anthony's reply Dr. Jones wrote again: "I +received your modest protest against being made, as you are, one of the +vice-presidents of the Liberal Congress organization; but the very +reason you urged against it is the very reason for putting you on. We +want you not for what you can do but for what you are. We can not take +the congress into the polemics of the woman question, but George +Washington went into the first Continental Congress with his uniform on, +said nothing, yet that was his speech. So we organize with Susan B. +Anthony's name among our vice-presidents, and this is our war speech on +that question. Do let your name stay there.... Ever rejoicing in your +work and its slowly approaching triumph, I am, brotherly yours." + +The New Year of 1895 promised less in the way of work and anxiety than +the one which had just closed. There were to be no State amendment +campaigns with their annoying complexities, their arduous labors, their +usual defeats. So many capable and energetic women had come into the +national organization that Miss Anthony was relieved of much of the +burden which used to rest upon her in the olden times, when she had to +attend personally to details of arrangement and assume the financial +responsibility. She found it difficult at first to adapt herself to the +new regime, but soon learned to have confidence in the judgment and +ability of her much-loved "body guard," as she liked to call the +official board. It was not so easy for others of the old workers to +accept the new order of things, and they rebelled occasionally against +the "red tape" requirements of this executive body. To one of these Miss +Anthony wrote: "My dear, what we older ones all have to learn is that +these young and active women now doing the drudgery in each of the +forty-five States, must be consulted and must have a vote on all +questions pertaining to the association, and we must abide by the +decision of the majority. This is what I am trying to learn. No one or +two can manage now, but all must have a voice." + +The voluminous correspondence shows, however, that the new workers were +very glad to feel the touch of her firm and experienced hand on the +helm, and that usually she was consulted on every point. She especially +impressed upon them the necessity of keeping the financial accounts with +the strictest care and accuracy, and for a number of years would not +allow a report to be published until she herself had examined every +detail. At one time when two contributions had been accidentally omitted +from the statement sent for her inspection, she wrote: "Not finding +those two in your copy congealed the blood to the very ends of my +fingers and toes, lest the givers should think I had not sent their +money to you." + +New Year's Day twelve friends were gathered around the Anthony table, +the Gannetts, the Greenleafs, the Sanfords, Mrs. Hallowell and Mrs. +Willis, and the occasion was a pleasant one. A week later Miss Anthony +started on an extended southern trip. There had been practically no +suffrage work done in the South, with the exception of Kentucky, +Tennessee, Missouri and Louisiana. As the national convention was to +meet in Atlanta, Miss Anthony thought it advisable to make a lecture +tour through the South to arouse a sentiment which might be felt there a +month later. She invited Mrs. Chapman Catt to accompany her, +guaranteeing her expenses although she had no assurance she would be +able to make even her own. + +At Lexington they were guests in the fine old home of Mrs. Mary J. +Warfield Clay and daughter Laura, and spoke in the Christian church to a +sympathetic audience. They held meetings at Wilmore, Louisville, +Owensboro, Paducah and Milan, receiving many social courtesies at each +place visited, and they reached Memphis January 17. The management here +was in the capable hands of the Woman's Council and a fine audience +greeted them at the Young Men's Hebrew Association Hall. They were +introduced by their hostess, Mrs. Lide Meriwether, president of the +Equal Suffrage Club, and cordially received. The Appeal, Avalanche and +Scimitar gave long and interesting reports. The next morning Miss +Anthony and Mrs. Catt were handsomely entertained by the ladies of the +Nineteenth Century Club. In the afternoon Mrs. Mary Jameson Judah, +president of the Woman's Club, gave a reception in their honor. Saturday +morning they were guests of the Colored Women's Club; in the afternoon +the Woman's Council, composed of forty-six local clubs, tendered a large +reception, and in the evening they lectured again. Sunday morning they +spoke in the Tabernacle to the colored people; and they left at 5.30 P. +M. feeling they had not wasted much time at Memphis. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "For your lifelong work for Truth and Liberty +I am, Gratefully yours, Laura Clay."] + +They reached New Orleans Monday morning; were met at the train by the +president and several members of the Portia Club, and escorted to the +residence of Judge Merrick. Each of the daily papers contained lengthy +and excellent mention of the lectures. The Picayune said at the +beginning of a four-column report: + + If any one doubted the interest that southern women feel in the + all-absorbing question of the day, "Woman and her Rights," that + idea would have forever been dispelled by a glance at the splendid + audience assembled last night to hear Miss Susan B. Anthony, the + world-famed apostle of woman suffrage, and Mrs. Carrie Chapman + Catt, the distinguished western leader. The hall was literally + packed to overflowing, not only with women but with men, prominent + representatives in every walk of life. Standing room was at a + premium, corridors and windows were filled with a sea of earnest, + interested faces, the name of Miss Anthony was on every lip, and + all eyes were directed to the platform, which was beautifully + decorated with palms and potted plants, the suffrage color, yellow, + predominating among the verdant foliage. + + Seated upon the platform were the four ladies who have successively + filled the position of president of the Portia Club, Mrs. Elizabeth + Lyle Saxon, Mrs. Caroline E. Merrick, Mrs. Evelyn B. Ordway and + Miss Florence Huberwald. The entrance of Miss Anthony and Mrs. Catt + was the signal for a burst of applause, which rose into an ovation + when Miss Huberwald, in a few graceful words, presented Mrs. + Merrick, who in turn introduced Miss Anthony as the most famous + woman in America. When the applause subsided, Miss Anthony, whose + voice is singularly sweet and clear, began to speak. + +She was presented with a basket of flowers and a bouquet from Mrs. J. M. +Ferguson, president of the Arena club. At the close hundreds pressed +forward to take the hands of the speakers. + +They left this charming and hospitable city Wednesday evening, Mrs. Catt +going to Greenville, Miss Anthony to Shreveport. Here she was +entertained by Mrs. M. F. Smith and Professor C. E. Byrd, principal of +the high school. The Hypatia Club sent her two lovely floral offerings. +Of her lecture the Times said editorially: + + This veteran apostle of woman's rights addressed a magnificent + audience last evening at the court-house, a representative + assemblage comprising all the best elements of all the best classes + of Shreveport's citizens, and one which was equally divided between + men and women. Miss Anthony is certainly a remarkable woman in + every respect, and one whose genius will leave its mark not only on + the recorded history of the nineteenth century, but in the advanced + position of woman now and for all time to come. She was one of the + first women in America to raise her voice in advocacy of woman's + rights, and she has lived to see herself and her sisters gradually + released from legalized bondage and, in everything but suffrage, + made the full equal of man. No one can deny that her claims are + founded on justice; and in the light of cold and clear reason, + divested of all sentiment and cleansed of all prejudice, her + arguments can not be successfully controverted. + +By failure of the train to connect with the ferry she was unable to join +Mrs. Catt and keep her appointment at Jackson. When, after waiting two +hours, she finally reached that station at half-past nine, she found a +message from Mrs. Catt that she was holding a magnificent audience for +her. According to her journal she "was too oozed-out even to be looked +at, much less to try to speak in the House of Representatives packed +with the flower of southern chivalry;" so she went on to Birmingham. +Here she found inadequate arrangements had been made and a northern +blizzard interfered with her meetings. The News, however, gave an +excellent two-column account beginning: + + Only a moderate audience greeted Susan B. Anthony, the chief + suffrage leader in the United States, but that audience was + cultured and able to appreciate the very energetic, clear-minded + and vigorous woman, whose name is as well-known as that of any man + in the Union, and who has done more than any other woman to prove, + by her strong and unique personality, the mental equality of woman + with man and her fitness for the things sought to be entrusted to + her care, share and share alike with the sterner sex. After a + graceful introduction by Colonel J. W. Bush, the lecturer plunged + at once with ease and distinction into her subject and line of + argument.... She is a very able and incisive speaker, talks + fluently and distinctly, and makes easy and graceful gestures. In a + word, she is as good a lecturer as a good man-lecturer. + +They spoke in the opera house at New Decatur, and were the guests of +Mrs. E. S. Hildreth. At Huntsville they were entertained by Mrs. Milton +Hume, and introduced to the audience by Mrs. Clay-Klopton. The Evening +Tribune headed its report, "Grand and Enthusiastic Meeting; Eloquent +Addresses Presented by Noble and Gifted Women;" and said: + + Much to the surprise of a great many, the city hall was filled last + night with a very large and intelligent audience of ladies and + gentlemen.... Miss Anthony spoke for an hour in a plain, unassuming + manner, but ably and learnedly. She has been an active worker for + more than forty years in this cause and now, at life's closing + hours, sees the right accorded woman in the States of Wyoming and + Colorado, and the cause gaining momentum as intelligence spreads + and the blessings become known which follow in the pathway of + woman's ballot. No one can look upon the face of that venerated, + noble woman, who has grown gray in her life-work, and not be + impressed that there has been something more than sentiment, more + than a cranky idea, impelling her in all these long, sacrificing + years. + + Mrs. Chapman Catt as completely charmed as she surprised the large + audience. She is a young woman of winning personality, as beautiful + as she is brilliant, with a command of language and convincing + eloquence that would do credit to the matchless Prentiss.... + +The next day, with Mrs. Alberta Chapman Taylor, they started for +Atlanta, joining the Kentucky delegation at Knoxville and reaching their +destination at noon. The headquarters were at the Aragon, where they +found a large number of delegates, warm rooms and everything bright and +comfortable, with the promise of a fine meeting. + +The Twenty-seventh Annual Convention opened at De Give's opera house, +January 31, continuing six days. Ninety-three delegates were present +from twenty-eight states, numbers were in attendance from southern +cities, and the people of Atlanta turned out en masse. An evidence of +the interest taken in this convention is the fact that a number of the +New York papers had daily reports of several thousand words telegraphed, +and the large newspapers throughout the country had extended accounts. +The Atlanta Constitution had had columns of matter pertaining to it, +pictures and personal descriptions of the prominent women, which, added +to its extended daily reports, contributed largely to the success of the +meeting; but it was as careful to avoid editorial endorsement as its +contemporaries in the North. The other city papers were generous with +space and complimentary mention, but the Sunny South, edited by Colonel +Henry Clay Fairman, was the only one which advocated the principle of +woman suffrage. + +Many beautiful homes were opened to the visitors, and all the officers +and speakers were entertained at the Aragon at the expense of the newly +formed Georgia State Association. The most of it was borne, in fact, by +three sisters residing at Columbus, H. Augusta Howard, Miriam Howard Du +Bose and Claudia Howard Maxwell. With the genuine southern hospitality, +they declined the offer of several societies and of the association to +reimburse them. A handsome reception at the hotel was attended by +hundreds of Atlanta's representative citizens. Mrs. W. A. Hemphill, one +of the board of the Atlanta Exposition, received the visitors in her +lovely home, assisted by the wife of the recently-elected Governor +Atkinson. + +A Baptist preacher, Rev. J. B. Hawthorne, built on the antiquated plan, +delivered a sermon not only denouncing suffrage but abusing its +advocates. The result was to make the other ministers in the city offer +their pulpits to the convention speakers, and on Sunday lectures were +given in various churches by Emily Howland, Elizabeth Upham Yates, Mrs. +Colby and Mrs. Meriwether. Rev. Anna Shaw preached in the opera house +and the Constitution prefaced its report as follows: "When the opening +hour arrived there was not an empty chair in the house. So dense became +the crowd that the doors were ordered closed before the services began. +The vast congregation was made up of all classes of citizens. Every +chair that could be found had been utilized and then boxes and benches +were pressed into service. Many prominent professional and business men +were standing on the stage and in different parts of the house." + +Miss Anthony, besides her president's address, made many brief speeches +and also read Mrs. Stanton's fine paper on "Educated Suffrage," which +was especially acceptable to a southern audience.[110] One of the most +eloquent speakers was General Robert R. Hemphill, member of the South +Carolina legislature. Among the able and interesting southern delegates +Laura Clay and Josephine K. Henry, of Kentucky, and A. Viola Neblett and +Helen Lewis Morris, of North Carolina, were especial favorites. After +the convention a mass meeting was held in the courthouse, which was +crowded with an enthusiastic audience. Mrs. M. L. McLendon, president of +the Atlanta Club, requested Miss Anthony to take charge. The +Constitution said: + + Miss Anthony was received with such a warmth of demonstration on + the part of the large audience as to thoroughly convince her that + she was addressing those who were in sympathy with the suffrage + movement. As she stood up in the presence of the vast congregation + of faces a profound silence filled the hall and every one seemed to + be intently waiting for her opening words. Within the railing a + large number of men, who preferred to stand near the speaker rather + than secure seats in the rear of the hall, were grouped in a solid + mass, and appeared to be equally as much concerned as the ladies. + +There were many distinguished women present at the convention, from the +South and the North, and all separated with the feeling that fraternal +bonds had been strengthened and many converts made to the belief in +equal suffrage. + +Miss Anthony was much revered by the colored race and while here she +addressed the students of the Atlanta University, and spoke with Bishop +Turner to an immense audience at Bethel church. She was invited also to +address the alumnć of the girls' high school. At the close of the +convention she went, with her sister Mary, niece Lucy, Anna Shaw and +Mrs. Upton, for a three days' visit at the spacious old-time mansion of +the Howards, in Columbus. She left for Aiken, S. C., February 9, where +she spoke in the courthouse and was introduced by the Baptist minister. +Here she was the guest of Miss Martha Schofield, and was much interested +in the very successful industrial school for colored children, founded +by her during the war. On February 12, she lectured at Columbia for the +Practical Progress Club, introduced by Colonel V. P. Clayton. The Pine +Tree State contained an excellent editorial in favor of woman suffrage, +but thought "it could be more successfully advocated in that locality by +some one of less pronounced abolitionism." Her hostess, Mrs. Helen +Brayton, gave a reception for her, and she met a large number of the +representative people of Columbia. Her last lecture was given at +Culpepper, Va. The six weeks' southern trip had been very pleasant; she +had made many friends and found much sentiment in favor of suffrage. The +only drawback had been the severity of the weather, the coldest ever +known in that locality, which will long be remembered because of the +destruction of the orange groves. + +Miss Anthony reached Washington on the morning of her seventy-fifth +birthday, February 15. The National Woman's Council was to open its +second triennial meeting on the 18th, and its official board and many +delegates were already in the city. When she arrived she found that +"her girls," as she was fond of designating the younger workers, had +arranged for a banquet in her honor at the Ebbitt House that evening. +Covers were laid for fifty and it was a beautiful affair. After a number +of speeches had been made, Rachel Foster Avery arose and stated that the +friends of Miss Anthony from ocean to ocean and the lakes to the gulf, +had placed in her hands sums of money amounting to $5,000. This she had +put into a trust fund, purchasing therewith an "annuity" of $800, which +she now took great pleasure in presenting. There were 202 contributors +and although Mrs. Avery had been for several months collecting the +money, incredible as it may seem, the whole matter was a complete +surprise to Miss Anthony. Realizing that during the last forty-five +years she had spent practically all she had earned and all that had been +given her, to advance the cause to which she had devoted her life, they +determined to put this testimonial into such shape as would make it +impossible thus to expend it. She was greatly overcome and for once +could not command the words to voice her feelings. + +As each three months have rolled around since that occasion, and the +$200 check has been sent with a pleasant greeting from the Penn Mutual +insurance company, hoping that she might live to use the entire +principal, her heart has thrilled anew with gratitude and affection to +Mrs. Avery and the friends who put their love and appreciation into this +material shape. It suffices to pay the monthly expenses of the modest +household and, with the income from the few thousands that have been +laid away, an occasional paid lecture and the gifts from generous +friends, Miss Anthony is freed from financial anxiety, although obliged +to exercise careful economy. + +It is impossible in this limited space to attempt a description of that +great council extending through the days and evenings of two weeks, +attended by delegates from twenty national organizations, representing +the highest intellects and activities among women and covering a wide +range of vital questions. Miss Anthony stood for the department of +Government Reform. Although at this council she desired to be simply +one of the many representatives of different organizations, the public +would make her the central figure of all occasions. On February 28, Mrs. +John R. McLean, assisted by Mrs. Calvin Brice, gave a reception in her +honor, attended by many of the official, literary, artistic and musical +people of the capital. + +Frederick Douglass came into the council the afternoon of the 20th and +was invited by the president, Mrs. Sewall, to a seat on the platform. He +accepted, but declined to speak, acknowledging the applause only by a +bow. Upon entering his home in Anacostia, a few hours later, he dropped +to the floor and expired instantly. Funeral services were held in the +African Metropolitan church, Washington, February 25, in which, at the +request of the family, Miss Anthony took part, paid a brief tribute and +read Mrs. Stanton's touching memorial of the only man who sustained her +demand for the enfranchisement of women in that famous first convention +of 1848. + +At the close of the council Miss Anthony lectured at Lincoln, Va., in +the ancient Quaker meeting house. Returning to Washington she was +entertained by Mrs. Mary S. Lockwood at a dinner party on the evening of +the Travel Club, at which she was one of the speakers. Reaching +Philadelphia March 9, she turned her steps, as was always her custom, +directly towards her old friend Adeline Thomson, and her surprise and +grief may be imagined when she found that she had died a month previous. +Her relations with Adeline and Annie Thomson, who had passed away nearly +ten years before, had been those of affectionate sisters, and for nearly +forty years their home had been as her own. She had received many +contributions from them, and Adeline had made her a personal gift of +$1,000. She often had said to her and written in her letters, that she +had $5,000 more laid away for her after she herself should have no +further use for it, but as is so often the case she neglected to make +provision for this, and all her property went to a nephew. + +[Illustration: Rachel Foster Avery (Signed: "Always lovingly yours, +Rachel Foster Avery")] + +From Mrs. Avery's suburban home at Somerton, Miss Anthony sent grateful +letters to every one of the 202 contributors to her annuity. She +addressed the 500 students at Drexel Institute, and left for New York +March 12. Here she had an important business meeting with Mary Lowe +Dickinson, the newly elected president of the National Council, and then +went to tell all about the Atlanta convention, the Woman's Council and +various other events to Mrs. Stanton, who still felt the liveliest +interest although not physically able to take an active part. + +The day after Miss Anthony reached home she read in the morning paper +that two of the State Industrial School girls and two of the free +academy boys had been seen the night before coming out of a questionable +place; the girls were arrested and locked up in the station house, the +boys were told to go home. It was an everyday injustice but she +determined to protest, so she went straightway to the police court, +where she insisted that the boys should not go free while the girls were +punished. She pleaded in vain; the girls were sent to the reformatory, +the boys being used as witnesses against them and then dismissed without +so much as a reprimand. + +A short time afterwards Miss Anthony went to the Baptist church one +Sunday evening to hear a young colored woman, Miss Ida Wells, lecture on +the lynching of negroes in the South. The speaker was rudely interrupted +several times by a fellow from Texas who was in Rochester attending the +theological school. She answered him politely but at length he asked: +"If the negroes don't like it in the South, why don't they leave and go +North?" At this Miss Anthony, who had been growing more indignant every +moment, sprung to her feet and, with flashing eyes and ringing voice, +said: "I will tell you why; it is because they are treated no better in +the North than they are in the South." She then related a number of +instances, which had come to her own knowledge, of the cruel +discrimination made against colored people, to the utter amazement of +the audience who did not believe such things possible.[111] + +She took Miss Wells home with her for the rest of her stay. She had +employed a young woman stenographer for a few weeks to clear up her +accumulated correspondence and, having to go away the next day, she told +Miss Wells the girl might help her with her pile of letters. When she +returned in the evening she found her scribbling away industriously and +the stenographer at leisure. In answer to her inquiry the latter +replied: "I don't choose to write for a colored person." "If you can not +oblige me by assisting a guest in my house," said Miss Anthony, "you can +not remain in my employ." The girl, although in destitute circumstances, +gave up her situation. + +Miss Anthony had been feeling for a long time that, in justice to +herself and to the State Industrial School, she should resign her +position on the board of managers. When she accepted it she had intended +to give up the greater part of her travelling and direct her forces from +the seat of government in her own home, but she had found this +practically impossible. The demands for her actual presence and personal +work were too strong to be resisted. There were very few women in the +country who could draw so large an audience as herself, or who knew so +well how to manage a convention or carry on a campaign, and the women of +the different States, who had one or the other of these in hand, were +unwilling to accept a substitute. She was as well and vigorous as at +fifty, and there seemed to be no adequate reason why she should refuse +the many opportunities to advance the cause for which she had given the +active service of nearly half a century. The several years since she +began housekeeping, therefore, had found her at home no more of the time +than those which had preceded. + +When she first visited the school she found the boys' departments fitted +up with all the appliances of a steam laundry, while a large number of +the girls were bending their backs over washtubs and ironing-boards the +whole of every week. She soon succeeded in having the washing sent over +to the laundry, where a few girls were able to do it all in two or three +days; she also made many valuable suggestions in the sewing department. +When in the city she went to the school on Sunday, helped with the +services and talked to the 700 boys and 150 girls. Some of the latter +came to her one Sunday and said pathetically that it was the first time +a speaker ever had seemed to know there were any girls there! She wrote +in her journal, with quiet humor, that the men on the board were going +the next day to select a cooking stove. She realized even more strongly +than ever that, though the best and wisest men may be on the boards of +public institutions, there is need also of women, but she felt that, +with so vast an amount of other work on hand, she could not do her duty +by the school. As she was about to go away again for a number of months +she decided to delay her resignation no longer and forwarded it to +Governor Morton April 15, after having served about two and a half +years. She then finished her lecture engagements and completed +arrangements for what proved to be one of the pleasantest journeys of +her life. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[107] At these annual feasts gentlemen are permitted to sit in the +gallery, listen to the toasts and watch the ladies enjoy the dinner. + +[108] During this year Mrs. Gross had presented Miss Anthony with $1,000 +to complete the education of a nephew and niece. + +[109] A plan for a great Liberal Religious Congress, the outgrowth of +the Parliament of Religions in 1893. + +[110] After 1892 Miss Anthony had to read most of Mrs. Stanton's +addresses, and the latter wrote her: "If you pronounce what I write +'good,' I know it is up to the mark. Many thanks for reading all my +papers so well as everybody says you do. I am sure of your rich voice +and deep sympathy with the subject, and I much prefer to have you read +my speeches rather than any other person, as I am always told that your +reading makes a deep impression. Our thoughts have the same trend on the +woman suffrage question, and we have written and talked over every phase +of the subject so much together that what I write is essentially yours +as well as mine." + +[111] The Rochester dailies came out next morning with full reports of +this episode and editorial remarks; citizens of both sexes wrote to the +papers, pro and con; other newspapers took up the question, and a wave +of comment swept over the country. + + + + +CHAPTER XLV. + +THE SECOND VISIT TO CALIFORNIA. + +1895. + + +It has been said in another chapter that Miss Anthony established +herself firmly and forever in the hearts of the people at the Columbian +Exposition of 1893. Men and women were there from every State in the +Union, many of whom never had seen or heard her and had been deeply +prejudiced against her, but she conquered all and they returned home +henceforth to sing her praises. Naturally they wanted their friends and +neighbors to be converted like themselves, and invitations to lecture +came from all quarters. One of the most urgent was from the Woman's +Congress Auxiliary of the great California Midwinter Exposition, which +followed the World's Fair, but as she had two campaigns on hand in 1894 +she could not accept it. Out of this auxiliary had grown a permanent +Woman's Congress Association, with Sarah B. Cooper at its head. When a +pressing request came to attend their first anniversary in San +Francisco, in 1895, she accepted with pleasure. The corresponding +secretary, Mrs. Minna V. Gaden, wrote in reply: + + I can not attempt to express to you the joy and gratification of + the executive board over your consent to be with us and take part + in the congress in May. I wish I could have phonographed the + exclamations of delight and photographed the beaming countenances + of the members when I read them your letter. In answer to your + question as to whether we desired to have you speak upon some + special point of the subject for which you stand, I would say we + want Susan B. Anthony and all that she is; and we are sure that + the right word will be said, the great facts made plain and the + true inspiration given. We want _you_ and all that your presence + means and all that your life's work has brought. + +Miss Anthony had another reason for wishing to go to California in +addition to the desire of meeting and helping the women of that +beautiful State in their congress. Its legislature, the previous winter, +had submitted a woman suffrage amendment which was to be voted on in +1896. This visit would enable her to look over the field, talk with the +men and women, and render any assistance they might desire towards +planning their campaign. She wrote Mrs. Cooper stating that she did not +wish to make the journey alone, that she liked to have one of her +"lieutenants" to relieve her of the burden of much speaking, and would +be glad of the privilege of bringing with her Rev. Anna Shaw. Mrs. +Cooper responded with a check of $450, for travelling expenses, saying: +"We rejoice to know that Miss Shaw will come with you, as another grand +helper for us. I send you the money and want you to have every possible +comfort on the journey." + +From that time until Miss Anthony reached California not over three days +ever passed without a letter from Mrs. Cooper, rejoicing over the +promised visit. "Everybody is full of expectancy looking for your +advent. I have engaged the First Congregational church of San Francisco +for Miss Shaw's sermon. Hattie and I send you a heart full of love. May +God hold you safe in His keeping." "San Francisco and the whole Pacific +coast have a warm welcome for you both; every one is looking forward to +meeting you, great and noble champion of all that is good." So the +letters ran, and they were supplemented by long and loving ones from the +daughter Harriet, who lived but to second her mother's work and wishes. + +When the papers heralded abroad the news that Miss Anthony was going to +California, the large western towns along the route sent earnest +requests for lectures and visits, and the journey assumed the aspect of +a triumphal tour. She started April 27, full of health and spirit and +with happy anticipations; spent one day with Mrs. Upton, at Warren, O., +one with Mrs. Sewall, at Indianapolis, going thence to Chicago, where +she was entertained by Mr. and Mrs. Gross. Here she found Harriet +Hosmer, who had been with them seven months, while she worked on her +statue of Lincoln. In the evening half a dozen reporters called and the +papers bristled with interviews. The next day she went with her hostess +to the famous Woman's Club. Miss Shaw joined Miss Anthony in Chicago, +and May 1 they left for St. Louis, where they remained four days at the +New Planters' Hotel, the guests of Mrs. Gross, who had accompanied them. + +Their mission at St. Louis was to address the Mississippi Valley Woman's +Congress, under the auspices of the W. C. T. U., Mrs. E. B. Ingalls, +presiding. Miss Anthony spoke on "The Present Outlook," and the papers +described enthusiastically "the splendid ovation" she received, the many +floral offerings, and the hundreds of personal greetings at the close of +the evening. Just before her address, seventy-five little boys and +girls, several colored ones among them, marched past her on the +platform, each laying a rose in her lap. The day after the congress the +State Suffrage Association held its convention, and on the evening of +May 4 a handsome banquet, with covers laid for 200, was given for her at +the Mercantile Club rooms. + +She reached Denver May 8, at 4 A. M., remained in the sleeper till six +and then could stand it no longer but took a carriage and sallied forth. +When the reception committee came to the station at seven to escort her +to the elaborate breakfast which had been prepared at the Brown Palace +Hotel, where a large number of friends were waiting, the guest had flown +and could not be found. While in the city she was entertained at the +home of Hon. Thomas M. Patterson, of the Rocky Mountain News, whose +progressive and cultured wife was her warm personal friend and had been +an advocate of suffrage long before it was granted to the women of +Colorado. Reverend Anna was the guest of ex-Governor and Mrs. Routt. +That afternoon Miss Anthony went to Boulder, where she was engaged to +lecture. + +The next day the Woman's Club gave a large reception in their honor at +the Brown Palace Hotel, attended by over 1,200 women. The News, in its +account, said: "The scene marked, to the retrospective mind, the +enormous change that has taken place in the status of the sex within the +lifetime of one woman. It hardly seemed possible, as the spectator +beheld Miss Anthony surrounded by the richest and most conservative +women of Denver, to believe that in her youth the great lecturer was +hissed from the stage in the most cultured and liberal cities of the +United States, and cast out from polite society like a pariah. It is not +often either that one who has been a pioneer in an unpopular cause lives +to see it become fashionable and herself the center of attention from a +younger generation which has profited by her labors of earlier years." +The same paper commented editorially: "To accomplish the political +enfranchisement of her sex and open a broader field of work and +influence for women everywhere, Miss Anthony has devoted her life.... +Among all the noble women who have stood boldly to champion the cause of +their sisters, she is easily chief, and is worthy of all the honors that +have been bestowed upon her. It must have been a proud satisfaction for +her yesterday to meet the women of Colorado, who are now endowed with +equal political rights because of the crusade she has been instrumental +in starting and maintaining. Well may these newly enfranchised women do +her reverence. Not more loyal should the silver men of Colorado be to +Dick Bland, than the women of Colorado to the apostle of equal +suffrage--Susan B. Anthony." + +The Denver Times said in a leading editorial: "To Miss Anthony the women +of today owe a great debt, for through her life's work they enjoy a +hundred privileges denied them fifty years ago. From her devotion to a +cause which for decades made her a martyr to the derision of an +unsympathetic public, has grown a new order of things. Her hand has most +helped to open every profession and every line of business to women. +While all the women of the United States are under many obligations to +her, those of Colorado, who are now equal citizens, owe her the +greatest allegiance." The Times also quotes in an interview with Miss +Anthony: "When asked what subject she would take for her speeches to the +people of Colorado, she shook her head with a kindly smile and said: 'My +usual lectures will not do. What can I say to the women who have the +franchise? I can only encourage them to use their new power wisely, to +stand bravely for the right, and to help the equal suffrage cause in +other States.'" + +The ladies lectured that evening to an immense audience in the Broadway +Theater. The papers reported with great headlines: "Enthusiastic +Greeting by Colorado's Enfranchised Citizens. Miss Anthony Overcome with +Hearty Congratulations. America's Joan of Arc Shakes Hands with an Army +of Women Voters." One searches in vain in these newspapers for evidences +of the terrible loss of respect which women were to experience when they +were endowed with the ballot. The News, in over a column report, said: + + Miss Anthony's voice was clear and powerful, filling the big + theater without any apparent effort. She began by saying that she + believed the thing she had always claimed had come true; that the + women had learned a new and higher self-respect with their added + rights and responsibilities.... She paid the men of Colorado the + compliment of declaring them the best in the world. The men of + Wyoming had occupied this proud position up to 1893, but those of + Colorado had granted the ballot to a disfranchised class not + through the legislature, but by a popular vote. This act stands + alone in the history of the world; no class of men has ever done as + much for even another class of men.... + + She said she had heard that some of the women had voted with + sagacity and some had not. This was not strange, since men + continued to do this after more than one hundred years of voting. + If women made mistakes this year, they would remedy them next year, + and in time she believed they would become the balance of power + between the two parties in all social, moral and educational + questions. + +At Cheyenne Senator and Mrs. Carey gave an elegant dinner party in their +honor, attended by Governor and Mrs. Rich, Senator and Mrs. Warren, Mrs. +Esther Morris, the first woman judge, Mrs. Therese Jenkins, State +president, Mrs. Amalia Post, a suffrage pioneer, and other distinguished +guests. They went immediately from dinner to the new Baptist church, +which was filled to overflowing, and were introduced by the governor. At +the close of the lectures, Mrs. Jenkins said, "Now I desire to introduce +the audience to the speakers." She then called the names of the governor +and all his staff, the attorney-general, the United States judges, the +senators and congressmen, the mayor and members of the city council. +Each rose as his name was mentioned, and before she was through, it +seemed as if half the audience were on their feet, and the applause was +most enthusiastic. Here again one could not discern an indication of the +dreadful loss of respect which was to be the portion of enfranchised +women. + +It was long after midnight before the travellers were quietly in bed in +the delightful home of the Careys, but at half-past seven they had +finished breakfast and were on board train en route for Salt Lake City. +Learning from the conductor that Mrs. Leland Stanford's private car was +attached, Miss Anthony sent her card and soon was invited to a seat in +that luxurious conveyance, where she enjoyed a visit of several hours. +Mrs. Stanford told her of the government suit against the estate, and +Miss Anthony's parting words were a warning not to leave her lawyers to +go before the Supreme Court alone, but to be present herself in +Washington to protect her own interests and those of the great +university. + +At Salt Lake, on Sunday morning, a large delegation of women, +representing the different religious sects and political organizations, +met the travellers and drove to the Templeton, where seventy-five sat +down to breakfast, and they were then taken for a drive over the city. +Miss Anthony was the guest of Mrs. Beatie, daughter of Brigham and Zina +D. H. Young, and Miss Shaw of Mrs. McVicker. At 3 P. M., the Reverend +Anna preached in the great Tabernacle, Bishops Whitney and Richards +assisting. At the close they congratulated her on having preached a +Mormon sermon; afterwards a Methodist minister who was in the audience +thanked her for her good Methodist sermon; and a little later a +Presbyterian minister shook her hand heartily and expressed his pleasure +at hearing her Presbyterian doctrine; so she concluded she had made a +politic address. Sunday evening she preached in the theater at what was +intended to be a union service. All of the Gentile ministers had been +invited to take part and all declined but the pastor of the Unitarian +church. He and the principal of the public schools, formerly a Unitarian +minister, were the only men on the stage. + +The Inter-Mountain Woman Suffrage Association of Utah, Montana and Idaho +opened the next morning, May 13. The first day's sessions were held in +the new city building, but it was so crowded that an overflow meeting +was necessary and the next day the convention was transferred to the big +assembly hall. The seat of honor was given to Miss Anthony; on her right +Mrs. Emmeline B. Wells, president of the Utah association, on her left, +Rev. Anna Shaw. They were surrounded by a semicircle of the illustrious +women of the Territory who, for many years, had been active in the work +for suffrage. The hall was draped with the national colors and above the +stage were portraits of Lincoln, Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton. The +introductory address was made by Governor West, who, after paying an +earnest tribute to Miss Anthony, predicted that the new State +constitution, which was to go to the voters containing a woman suffrage +clause, would be overwhelmingly ratified. + +During their stay in Salt Lake Miss Anthony and Miss Shaw received the +highest consideration. Monday afternoon Mr. and Mrs. F. S. Richards gave +a reception in their honor, and were assisted in receiving by Governor +West, President Woodruff, Hon. George Q. Cannon, and many ladies. The +next afternoon a reception was tendered by the W. C. T. U. In the +evening, a large party went to Ogden, where a banquet was given, a great +meeting held in the city hall, and an overflow meeting in one of the +churches. + +The 16th of May found the travellers at Reno, Nev., where they were the +guests of Mrs. Elda A. Orr, president of the State association. In the +morning Miss Anthony talked to the 800 men and women students of the +State University. In the evening they spoke in the opera house, which +was crowded to its limits, while on the stage were the representative +men and women of the city and neighboring towns. The house was +beautifully decorated with flowers and banners, a brass band played on +the balcony and an orchestra within. They were introduced by Miss Hannah +H. Clapp, who had presented Miss Anthony to a Nevada audience at Carson, +in 1871. Saturday afternoon they enjoyed a charming reception in the +parlors of the women's clubhouse. + +Late that day they resumed their journey, took supper at Truckee on the +summit of the Sierras, and had a delicious glimpse of Lake Donner just +as they plunged into the forty miles of snow-sheds. They were glad of a +long night's rest after the strain of the last three weeks and, when +they awoke the next morning, were rolling through the fertile Sacramento +valley. California in May! Never was there a pen inspired with the power +to describe its beauties. Not the brush of the most gifted artist could +picture the mountains with their green foot-hills and snow-capped +summits; the valleys, nature's own lovely and fragrant conservatories of +brilliant blossoms and luxuriant, riotous vines, and the great oaks with +their glossy foliage, all enveloped in a warm and shimmering atmosphere +and, bending above, the soft blue sky scarcely dimmed by a fleeting +cloud. They can not be put into words, they must be lived. + +The travellers had been up and dressed and enjoying the sweet air and +lovely landscape for a long time when the train stopped at the Oakland +station at half-past seven Sunday morning, May 19. Early as was the +hour, with the mists still hovering over the bay, they found awaiting +them, laden with flowers, Mrs. Cooper and her daughter Harriet, from San +Francisco, Mrs. Isabel A. Baldwin, Mrs. Ada Van Pelt and several other +Oakland ladies, and Rev. John K. McLean, the Congregational minister, +whose eldest brother was the husband of Miss Anthony's sister. He +conveyed her at once to his own home, while the others took charge of +Miss Shaw. At 11 o'clock the reverend lady was in Dr. McLean's pulpit, +fresh and smiling, in her soft, black ministerial robes, with dainty +white lawn at neck and wrists. Every seat was filled, chairs were +placed in the aisles, people sitting on the steps, and the happiest +woman in all the throng was Susan B. Anthony as she sat beside her +friend. That evening the scene was repeated in the Congregational church +of San Francisco, where the chancel was adorned with lilies and the +revered Sarah B. Cooper made the opening prayer. + +The Woman's Congress opened at Golden Gate Hall, on the morning of May +20. The newspapers of San Francisco had decreed that this congress +should be a success, and to this end they had been as generous with +space and as complimentary in tone as the most exacting could have +desired. The result was that at not a session during the week was the +great hall large enough to hold the audience which sought admission. It +presented a beautiful sight on the opening morning, festooned from end +to end with banners; the stage a veritable conservatory, with a +background of palms, bamboo and other tropical plants, and in front a +bewildering array of lilies, roses, carnations, sweet peas and other +fragrant blossoms. Grouped upon the platform, on chairs and divans, +under tall, shaded lamps, were the speakers and guests. At the right of +the president's desk was a large arm-chair artistically draped with +flowers beneath a canopy of La France roses. At half-past ten Mrs. +Cooper stepped out from the wings escorting Miss Anthony, followed by +Mayor Adolph Sutro and Rev. Anna Shaw. The audience burst into a storm +of applause and, amid cheers and the waving of handkerchiefs, Miss +Anthony was conducted to her floral throne. As soon as she was seated, +one woman after another came up with arms full of flowers until she was +literally buried under an avalanche of the choicest blossoms. No one who +was present ever will forget the lovely scene. + +Mayor Sutro made the address of welcome, in which he emphasized his +belief that "the ballot should be placed in the hands of woman as the +most powerful agent for the uplifting of humanity." At the preceding +congress the general topic had been, "The Relation of Women to the +Affairs of the World," and the criticism had been made that it was too +much of a woman suffrage meeting. For this one the subject selected was +"The Home," but the results were the same. Whatever the +paper--"Hereditary Influence," "The Parents' Power," "The Family and the +State"--all led to suffrage; and the more suffrage, the greater the +applause from the audience. Mrs. Cooper had written Miss Anthony, "I +told the committee to put you and Miss Shaw anywhere on the program, +that you could speak on one subject as well as another;" so they found +themselves down for "Educational Influences of Home Life;" "Which Counts +More, Father's or Mother's Influence?" "Does Wifehood Preclude +Citizenship?" "The Evolution of the Home;" "The Family and the State;" +"Shall We Co-operate?" "The Rights of Motherhood;" and numerous other +topics. Both spoke every day during the Congress and the people seemed +never to tire of hearing them. + +Mrs. Cooper presided in her dignified and beautiful manner, and in her +presentation said: "I have the very great honor and pleasure of +introducing to this assembly one who has done more towards lifting up +women than any other one person--Miss Susan B. Anthony." The Chronicle +reported: "Then the audience made still further demonstrations. They +clapped and cheered and waved, and some of the gray-haired women wiped +their eyes because it is so seldom that people live to be appreciated. +But Susan B. stood like a princess of the blood royal. Very erect of +head and clear of voice she began her little speech. It was full of +reminiscences, but some few people have the privilege of telling +recollections without the fear of ever boring any one. Miss Anthony is +one of these...." + +Miss Shaw also received a hearty welcome; and all through that wonderful +week the bright, appreciative, warm-hearted California audiences crowded +the hall and listened and applauded and brought their offerings of +flowers and fruit to lay at the feet of these two women, who had come +from the far East to clasp their hands and unite with them in one great +cause--the uplifting of womanhood. The Chronicle said: + + Twelve hundred women went to Golden Gate Hall on Monday; fourteen + hundred went Tuesday; two thousand Wednesday; twenty-five + hundred Thursday. Golden Gate Hall could not hold one-fourth of + the crowds, so all three of yesterday's sessions were held at the + First Congregational church. Even there a stream of humanity + blocked every aisle clear to the platform. Nobody ever supposed + that the women of San Francisco cared for aught except their gowns, + their teas and their babies. But they do. They like brains, even in + their own sex. And they can applaud good speeches even if made by + women, and they have all fallen madly, desperately in love with a + very short, very plump little woman whose name is Anna Shaw. A year + ago there were not more than a hundred women in San Francisco who + could have been dragged to a suffrage meeting, but yesterday + twenty-five times that number struggled and tore their clothing in + their determination to hear Miss Anthony and Miss Shaw. + +[Illustration: Sarah B. Cooper (Signed: "Always Affectionately Yours, +Sarah B Cooper")] + +Again it commented: "There has been some talk that the Woman's Congress +which expired last night attracted its crowds under false +pretenses--that it promised to talk about the home and then preached +suffrage. That is usually the case when Miss Anthony is about, but it +was always suffrage in its relation to the home. Who, knowing Miss +Anthony's reputation, could suppose that she would cross the continent +in the evening of her life to discuss the draping of a lace curtain or +the best colors for a parlor carpet?... Five thousand people waiting on +the steps of the Temple Emanu-El for the purpose of hearing the woman +preacher's last address does not look as if her position were uncertain. +Mere curiosity does not take the same people to nineteen consecutive +sessions." + +"Apotheosis of Woman," the Examiner headed its fine reports; and the +Call, the Bulletin, the Post, the Report, and the newspapers around the +bay all gave columns of space to this great meeting which had discovered +to the State of California its own remarkable women. + +Miss Anthony had been the guest of her old friend, Mrs. A. A. Sargent, +whose hospitality she had enjoyed so many years in Washington City. As +the suffrage amendment was to come up the next year, Miss Anthony and +Miss Shaw met with a large number of ladies at the Congregational church +and helped them organize a campaign committee, with Mrs. Cooper as its +chairman. In accepting the office she said: "I intend to put all there +is of me into current coin and use it to forward this Heaven-ordained +work. If ever a woman was thoroughly converted to this idea I have +been, and in this spirit I accept the charge." + +In the afternoon of this same day Mrs. Cooper escorted them to the Y. M. +C. A. Hall to address the Congregational ministers at their regular +Monday meeting, to which they had been officially invited. That evening +they were the guests of honor at the Unitarian Club dinner at the Palace +Hotel, Miss Anthony responding to the toast, "The Rights and Privileges +of Man;" Miss Shaw to "The Manly Man;" Rev. A. C. Hirst and Dr. Horatio +Stebbins to "The Rights and Privileges of Woman" and "The Womanly +Woman;" and the evening was a lively one. They addressed the girls' high +school, and accepted also an invitation to speak to the 900 teachers at +the institute in session at Golden Gate Hall. They were the guests of +the Century Club, Sorosis and other San Francisco societies of women. + +A friend, Mrs. Mary Grafton Campbell, wrote from Palo Alto that she +heard President Jordan say every remaining day and evening of the +semester were filled, and when she exclaimed, "But Miss Anthony is +coming; what about her?" he replied, "There will be room for Miss +Anthony if we have to give up classes." Immediately he wrote her a +cordial invitation to visit the university, offering to pay her +travelling expenses and expressing a wish to entertain her in his home. +She accepted for herself and Miss Shaw, and they spoke to as many +students as could crowd into the chapel. Mrs. Stanford sent a personal +invitation for them to attend the reception which she was to give the +first graduating class in her San Francisco residence.[112] They were +invited to the beautiful Water Carnival at Santa Cruz, and to the Flower +Festival at Santa Barbara. It would be impossible, indeed, to mention +all the delightful invitations of both a public and private nature, and +there was not a day that did not bring a remembrance in the shape of +flowers and the delicious fruit in which Miss Anthony revelled. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Yours with friendly greetings, Jane L. +Stanford"] + +On May 29 the Ebell Club of Oakland gave them a breakfast at 11:30; at 2 +P. M. they addressed the Alameda County Auxiliary of the Woman's +Congress, Rev. Eliza Tupper Wilkes, president. The audience filled every +inch of space in the Unitarian church, the most prominent ladies of +Oakland occupied seats on the platform, and a large reception in the +parlors followed the speaking. The evening session was held in the +Congregational church, an enthusiastic crowd in attendance. The next +afternoon they started for the Yosemite Valley, having for companions +Dr. Elizabeth Sargent and Dr. Henry A. Baker, Miss Anthony's +grand-nephew. There Miss Anthony, at the age of seventy-five, made the +usual trips on the back of a mule. She relates that the name of her +steed was Moses and Anna Shaw's Ephraim, and they had great sport over +them. They enjoyed to the full all the beauties of that wonderful +region, which never pall, no matter how often one visits them or how +long one remains among them. During this trip Miss Shaw went with one of +the Yosemite commissioners, George B. Sperry, to the Mariposa Big Trees. +Two, in a group of the largest three, were christened George Washington +and Abraham Lincoln, and he offered her the privilege of naming the +third. She gave it the title of Susan B. Anthony, it was appropriately +marked, and thus it will be known to future generations. + +At San Jose they were the guests of Mrs. Sarah Knox Goodrich, who gave a +dinner for them, and over a hundred called during the evening. Sunday +afternoon Miss Anthony spoke in the Unitarian church, and Monday morning +addressed the students of the Normal School. At noon Mrs. Elizabeth Lowe +Watson gave a luncheon party under the great trees at her lovely home, +Sunny Brae, where the ladies spoke in the afternoon to several hundred +people from neighboring ranches. In the evening they lectured at San +Jose and, although fifty cents admission was charged, not nearly all who +had bought tickets could get into the building. When they left for Los +Angeles Mrs. Goodrich slipped into the hand of each $50 in gold, as a +present; just as Mrs. Sargent had done when they left San Francisco. + +Long before Miss Anthony had started for California, cordial invitations +had been received from the southern part of the State, from old friends +and new. It was of course impossible to accept more than a small +fraction of these, but from the time the twain reached Los Angeles, +there was one continuous ovation. On the evening of their arrival, June +12, they addressed an audience of over 2,000 in Simpson tabernacle, +which had been transformed into a bower of choicest blossoms. While in +the city they were the guests of Mrs. Caroline M. Severance, with whom +Miss Anthony had worked for suffrage in Ohio forty years before. + +In Riverside a reception was given them at the Glenwood by Mr. and Mrs. +F. M. Richardson, relatives of Miss Anthony. The beautiful drives for +which that place is famous were greatly enjoyed, and they went into +raptures over the oranges, which they never before had seen in such +quantities. They spoke to a large audience in the handsomely decorated +Methodist tabernacle at Pasadena. While here they were the guests of +Mrs. P. C. Baker, on Orange Avenue, and received many social attentions +from the people of this lovely little city. Thence they went to Pomona, +where they were met at the station by a delegation of ladies, escorted +to the Palomares Hotel, and found the committee had adorned their rooms +with flowers in a profusion which would be impossible outside of +California. They spoke here also in the Methodist church. The next day +Miss Shaw preached in Los Angeles and Miss Anthony spent the Sunday at +Whittier with Mrs. Harriet R. Strong at her ranche, so widely noted for +its walnut groves and pampas fields. + +Monday morning they journeyed to San Diego where they were the guests of +Miss Anthony's niece, Mrs. George L. Baker. Elaborate preparations had +been made to receive them and they addressed a large audience in the +evening. The next afternoon a reception was given at the Hotel Florence +by all the woman's clubs of the city. The Union said: "The two guests of +honor were simply loaded and garlanded with flowers. They were presented +with baskets of sweet peas by the Y. W. C. A., yellow blossoms by the +suffrage club, red, white and blue by the Datus Coon corps; bouquets of +white roses by the W. C. T. U., of red and white carnations in a holder +of blue satin by Heintzelman W. R. C., of red roses by the Woman's +League, of pink roses by the Jewish women. There was music by an +orchestra as an accompaniment to the sociability of the occasion, in +which some 700 women participated during the afternoon." + +The following day a picnic was given by the Woman's Club at "Olivewood," +the home of Mrs. Flora M. Kimball, near National City, where tables were +spread on the lawn for the 200 guests who came by train and carriage. +That same evening, by request of many who could not be present at the +first meeting, the two ladies lectured again in San Diego. The next day +they returned to Los Angeles, laden with souvenirs of their delightful +visit; and that evening, without an hour's rest, addressed a mass +meeting there. + +The following day the Los Angeles Herald gave an excursion to Santa +Monica in their honor. The ladies of that pretty seaside resort, under +the leadership of Mrs. C. H. Ivens, met them with carriages and +conducted them to the Hotel Arcadia. After luncheon, as they started for +the hall where they were to speak, twelve little girls strewed flowers +in their pathway, and after the addresses twelve large bouquets of +choice blossoms were laid at their feet. They were taken for a long +drive by Mrs. E. J. Gorham, then to the residence of her brother, +Senator John P. Jones; and at the close of a lovely day, returned to Los +Angeles. That evening a reception was given them by Mrs. Mark Sibley +Severance, which Miss Anthony always remembered as one of the handsomest +in her long experience. The next morning they met a committee from the +suffrage club and had a conference on the broad piazza of their hostess +in regard to the work of the coming campaign; and in the afternoon took +the train for San Francisco, after two of the most delightful weeks in +all their recollection. An especially gratifying feature was the +attitude of the press of Southern California. There had been scarcely a +discordant note in the extended reports of the public meetings and +social entertainments, and the editorial comments on the two ladies and +the cause of which they were leading representatives, were dignified, +fair and friendly.[113] + +They reached San Francisco June 24 and were welcomed at the ferry by a +number of friends from the two cities. The next day they were +entertained at an elaborate dinner-party of ladies and gentlemen in the +artistic home of Mrs. Emma Shafter Howard, of Oakland. From the table +they went at once to the evening meeting. The Enquirer said: "It needed +no preliminary brass band or blare of trumpets to pack the +Congregational church with a live Oakland audience. The simple +announcement that Susan B. Anthony and Rev. Anna H. Shaw were to speak +was sufficient, and the chairman, Colonel John P. Irish, looked out over +an animated sea of faces." + +The following evening the San Francisco farewell meeting was held in +Metropolitan Temple. Friday and Saturday were filled with social +engagements, sight-seeing and shopping. On Sunday Miss Shaw preached in +the California street Methodist church in the morning and the Second +Congregational in the evening, while Miss Anthony addressed a union +meeting of all the colored congregations in the city at the M. E. Zion +church, the historic building in which Starr King preached before the +war. Monday they spoke again at the Ministers' Meeting. The fact that +they would be present had been announced in the papers, and ministers of +all denominations were there from most of the towns within a radius of +forty miles. Miss Anthony told them in vigorous language: "The reason +why they, as a class, had so little influence with men of business and +political affairs was because the vast majority of the people they +represented had neither money nor votes; that if four or five hundred +ministers of the State should go up to Sacramento to ask for any +legislation, they would be treated politely and bowed out precisely as +would so many of their women church members. Whereas, on the other hand, +one manufacturer, one railroad official, one brewer or distiller, could +go before the same body and get whatever he asked, because every member +would know that behind this request were not only thousands of dollars +but thousands of votes." The ministers seemed to realize fully the force +of this statement and many expressed themselves thoroughly in favor of +the enfranchisement of women. + +The State Suffrage Association, with a good delegate representation, met +in Golden Gate Hall, July 3, for their annual convention. There had been +heretofore some dissensions in this organization and, at this critical +time, co-operation was so vitally necessary that the friendly offices of +Miss Anthony and Miss Shaw were requested in the interests of harmony. +In view of the arduous campaign approaching, all desired that Mrs. A. A. +Sargent should accept the presidency, and the close of the convention +found the forces united and ready for work. + +The Fourth of July witnessed the last public appearance of the two +eminent visitors, and thereby hangs a tale. The last of May Miss Anthony +had received from the chairman of the Fourth of July Executive +Committee, William H. Davis, the following: "Fully realizing the great +importance of your life-work, and rejoicing with you in the certainty +that the fruition of your labors and hopes is now no longer problematic, +but merely a question of days, we take much pleasure in extending to you +the right hand of American fellowship ... We cordially invite you to an +honorary position on our committee, and hope that you will do us the +honor of allowing us to select for you an appropriate and prominent +place in the celebration of our national independence." + +When it had been decided to celebrate the Fourth on a more elaborate +scale than usual, an auxiliary board was appointed, composed of the +leading women of the city, with Sarah B. Cooper, chairman. Thinking to +add an interesting feature to the occasion, she requested of the +literary committee that Rev. Anna Shaw be placed on the program as one +of the orators of the day. To her amazement she was refused in +discourteous manner and language. The executive committee, learning of +this action, requested that it should be reconsidered and Miss Shaw +invited to speak. This being refused, the executive committee notified +them that unless it was done, their committee would be discharged and a +new one appointed. They then yielded to the inevitable, placing Miss +Shaw's name upon the list of orators, and the announcement was received +with cheers by all the other committees. The reverend lady had not the +slightest desire to make a Fourth of July speech, but she did wish to +see Mrs. Cooper win her battle with the little sub-committee. Meanwhile +the committee in Oakland, P. M. Fisher, chairman, did not wait to be +asked, but invited her to deliver an oration in that city as soon as she +had finished in San Francisco, and she accepted. + +In the great Fourth of July procession, the very next carriage to that +of the mayor contained Mrs. Cooper, Miss Anthony and Miss Shaw, and the +rousing cheers of the people along the whole line of march showed their +appreciation of the victory gained for woman. At 2 o'clock in the +afternoon the ladies took seats on the platform at Woodward's Pavilion, +facing an audience of 5,000 people. San Francisco never heard such an +oration as was delivered that day by the little Methodist preacher, her +natural eloquence fired by the efforts to prevent her making it. After +she had finished and the cheers upon cheers had died away, there was a +great shout from the immense crowd, "Miss Anthony, Miss Anthony!" +Finally she was obliged to come forward and, when a stillness had +settled upon the audience, she said in strong, ringing tones: "You have +heard today a great deal of what George Washington, the father of his +country, said a hundred years ago. I will repeat to you just one +sentence which Abraham Lincoln, the savior of his country, uttered +within the present generation: 'No man is good enough to govern another +man without his consent.' Now I say unto you, 'No man is good enough to +govern any woman without her consent;'" and sat down amidst roars of +applause. + +Miss Shaw had been placed at the very end of the program and when she +got out into the street it was 5 o'clock. It would require an hour to +reach Oakland, and she supposed of course some one had telegraphed the +situation and the people there had long since gone home; but this had +not been done, and a great audience on that side of the bay had +assembled in the Tabernacle, many going as early as 1 o'clock, and had +waited until 6. Knowing there was some mistake they separated with the +understanding that if Miss Shaw could be secured for the evening the +church bells would be rung. That lady had just seated herself at the +dinner table when a telegram was received explaining the situation. She +replied at once: "I will be with you at half-past eight." Miss Anthony +would not let her go alone and so, exhausted as they both were by the +hard demands of the day, they crossed the bay, reaching Oakland at 8 +o'clock. No one was at the station to meet them, so they took a carriage +and drove to the Tabernacle but found it dark and deserted. They then +went the rounds of the churches, but all were closed. Finally they gave +up in despair and made the long journey back to San Francisco, reaching +the Sargent home at 11 o'clock. Why the telegram was not received was +never satisfactorily determined. + +After a meeting with the amendment campaign committee the next morning +and a long discussion of their plan of work, the travellers started +eastward at 6 P. M. They were met at the Oakland ferry by a crowd of +friends from both cities with flowers, fruit and lunch baskets, and left +amidst a shower of affectionate farewells. They carried away the +sweetest memories of a lifetime and could find no words to express their +love and admiration for the people of California. + +Miss Anthony preserves, as a memento of this visit, a large scrap-book +of over 200 pages entirely filled with personal notices from the +newspapers of that State during the six weeks of her stay, all, with a +few exceptions, of such a character as to make their reading a pleasure. +A source of even greater satisfaction was the wide discussion of woman +suffrage which her visit had inspired and the favorable consideration +accorded it by the press. In the months which followed she received +scores of letters from California women, many of them unknown to her, +expressing the sentiments of one from a teacher, which may be quoted: +"Many of us who could attend but few of the meetings and had not even +time to meet you personally, have caught something of their spirit and +have been with you in heart. We bless the day which brought you to us; +for your kindly words to women, and to men for women, have lifted the +fog, and the veiling mists are drifting away, leaving us a clearer view +of our duty not only to humanity but to ourselves. You have left a trail +of light." + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[112] As soon as they arrived in California they were presented by Mrs. +Stanford with railroad passes throughout the State. + +[113] The Los Angeles Times, Harrison Gray Otis, editor, furnished the +only exception of any importance to this rule. + + + + +CHAPTER XLVI. + +MRS. STANTON'S BIRTHDAY--THE BIBLE RESOLUTION. + +1895-1896. + + +On the way homeward they were met at every large station by friends with +something to add to the pleasure of their trip. Miss Shaw went through +to Chicago, but Miss Anthony journeyed towards Leavenworth. She dined +with friends at Topeka, and while waiting in the station, one of them +remarked, "We are to have our suffrage meeting tomorrow, what shall we +tell them from you?" In a spirit of fun she dashed off a resolution +saying that "since 130,000 Kansas men declared themselves against woman +suffrage at the late election and 74,000 showed their opposition by not +voting; therefore it is the duty of every self-respecting woman in the +State to fold her hands and refuse to help any religious, charitable or +moral reform or any political association, until the men shall strike +the adjective 'male' from the suffrage clause of the constitution." + +She was in Topeka only five hours, but during that time attended a +dinner party, gave a two-column interview to a reporter from each of the +city papers, and furnished a resolution which set all the newspapers in +the country by the ears. "Talk about hysterics," she said, laughingly, +as she read the clippings, "it takes the editors to have 'em, if they +are opposed to woman suffrage and can get hold of something to help them +out." Any one who could have the patience to read the fearful morals +which were deduced, the frightful sermons which were preached, from what +was intended as a joking resolution, would quite agree with her. Even +had it been meant seriously, it would have been only such retaliation +as men would have visited upon women had the latter been possessed of +the power and voted three to one to take the ballot away from them. + +She visited a week in Leavenworth and Fort Scott, arrived at Chicago +July 15, and was thus described by a Herald reporter: + + Miss Anthony has grown slightly thinner since she was in Chicago + attending the World's Fair Congresses, thinner and more + spiritual-looking. As she sat last night with her transparent hands + grasping the arms of her chair, her thin, hatchet face and white + hair, with only her keen eyes flashing light and fire, she looked + like Pope Leo XIII. The whole physical being is as nearly submerged + as possible in a great mentality. She recalls facts, figures, names + and dates with unerring accuracy. It was no Argus-eyed autocrat who + told with pardonable pride last night of how her chair at every + great function in San Francisco was hung with floral wreaths, how + bouquets were piled at her feet until she could scarcely step for + them. It was a pleasing story, told by a sweet old woman, of honors + which she accepted for the sake of a beloved cause. + +The next day she resumed her journey with Mr. and Mrs. Gross and Harriet +Hosmer, who were going to Bar Harbor. She reached her own home at +daybreak, and here, the diary shows, she sat down on the steps of the +front porch and read the paper for an hour or two rather than disturb +her sister's morning nap. The first word received from Miss Shaw was +that she had arrived at her summer home on Cape Cod with a raging fever, +the result of the great strain of constant speaking and travelling so +many weeks without rest, and she continued alarmingly ill the remainder +of the summer. She was much distressed because of an engagement she had +to lecture to the Chautauqua Assembly at Lakeside, O., and to relieve +her mind Miss Anthony telegraphed her that she would go in her place. +She herself felt not the slightest ill effect from her journey, and the +long interviews published in all the Rochester papers during the week +she was at home, displayed the keenest and strongest mental power. She +reached Lakeside on the 25th of July and the next day spoke to a large +audience. Towards the close of her address, she ended abruptly, dropped +into her chair and sank into a dead faint. + +She was taken at once to Mrs. Southworth's summer home, at which she +was a guest, and telegrams were sent out by the press reporters +announcing that she could not live till morning. She learned afterwards +that long obituary notices were put in type in many of the newspaper +offices. One Chicago paper telegraphed its correspondent: "5,000 words +if still living; no limit, if dead." She was very much vexed at this +momentary weakness and, using her will-power, by the next day had +rallied sufficiently to return home. The national suffrage business +committee, by previous arrangement, met at her house, and she forced +herself to keep up for two days, but felt very dull and tired, and on +the morning of July 30 she did not rise. A physician was summoned and a +trained nurse, and for a month she lay helpless with nervous +prostration; her first serious illness in seventy-five years. + +She is quoted as saying that if she "had pinched herself right hard she +would not have fainted." One of the papers remarked that "then she never +would have known how much the American people thought of her." Every +newspaper had something pleasant to say,[114] many friends wrote letters +of sympathy, and scores whom she had not known personally sent their +words of admiration. Only her body was weak, her mind was abnormally +alert; she appreciated all that was said and done for her, and remarked +often that this was the only real _rest_ of her lifetime. A number of +relatives came to visit her, and a little later Mrs. Coonley and Mrs. +Sewall. Mr. and Mrs. Gross also stopped on their way home, the latter +leaving $50 for "the very prettiest wrapper that could be had." From her +old anti-slavery co-worker, Samuel May, now eighty-five, came the words: + + I suppose there is hardly another person in the United States, man + or woman, who has been engaged in actual hard public labor so long + as yourself; and is it not a part of your business and a part of + your duty--in view of the unattained results--to allow yourself + larger spaces of rest and to put upon yourself more moderate and + less exhausting tasks? We would not willingly see you retire from + the field altogether; therefore we want you to do less of the + common soldier's work and take charge of the reserves, keeping + watch from your tower of experience, and personally appearing only + when and where the enemy rallies in unusual numbers or with unusual + craftiness. This does not imply a lessening of your usefulness but + an increase, being a wiser application of your strength and + resources. + +From Parker Pillsbury, the old comrade, aged eighty-six: "We have heard +of your late illness, a warning to constant prudence and care for your +health as you come down to 'life's latest stage.' Hold on, my +dear--_our_ dear--Susan, hold on to the last hour possible. You have +seen great and glorious changes, almost revolutions, but yet how much +remains to be encountered and accomplished.... We shall hope you may +live to see the one grand achievement--the equal civil and political +rights of all women before the law. Then you may well say: 'Lord, now +lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace; for mine eyes have seen Thy +salvation.'" + +Mrs. Stanton wrote: "I never realized how desolate the world would be to +me without you until I heard of your sudden illness. Let me urge you +with all the strength I have, and all the love I bear you, to stay at +home and rest and save your precious self." From Mrs. Cooper this urgent +message: "You are too far along in years to work as hard as you do. Take +it easy, my beloved friend, and let your young lieutenants bear the heat +and burden of the day, while you give directions from the hill-top of +survey. Age has the right to be peaceful, as childhood has the right to +be playful. You are the youngest of us all, nevertheless nature cries a +halt and you must obey her call in order to be with us as our leader for +a score of years to come." + +There is a long hiatus in the diary, and then for many days the brief +entry, "On the mend." In September she began to walk out a little and +then to call on the nearest friends, and by the last of the month she +attended a few committee meetings. The rumor had been persistently +circulated that she was to resign the presidency of the +National-American Association and retire to private life. In fact, she +never had the slightest intention of giving up active work. She realized +that inactivity meant stagnation and hastened both physical and mental +decay, and she was determined to keep on and "drop in the harness" when +the time came to stop.[115] It was evident, however, that she must have +relief in her immense correspondence. This she recognized, and so +secured an efficient stenographer and typewriter in Mrs. Emma B. Sweet, +who assumed her duties October 1, 1895. The five large files packed with +copies of letters sent out during the remaining months of the year show +how pressing was the need of her services. Miss Anthony relates in her +diary with much satisfaction, that she "managed to have a letter at +every State suffrage convention held that fall." + +She thought possibly she might have to work a little more moderately for +a while, and one of her first letters was written to the head of the +Slayton Lecture Bureau: "I should love dearly to say 'yes' to your +proposition for a series of lectures at $100 a night. Nothing short of +that would tempt me to go on the lyceum platform again, and even to +that, for the present, I must say 'nay.' I am resolved to be a home-body +the coming year, with the exception of attending the celebration of Mrs. +Stanton's eightieth birthday and our regular Washington convention." +Among the characteristic short letters is this to Dr. Sarah Hackett +Stevenson, of Chicago, who had asked for a word of encouragement in +regard to a hospital she was founding for mothers whose children were +born out of wedlock: + + I hope your beneficent enterprise may succeed. I trust the day will + come when there will be no such unfortunate mothers, but until + then, it certainly is the duty of society to provide for them. The + first step towards bringing that day is to make women not only + self-supporting but able to win positions of honor and emolument. + Since no disfranchised class of men ever had equal chances in the + world, it is fair to conclude that the first requisite to bring + them to women is enfranchisement. It is not that all when + enfranchised will be capable, honest and chaste, but it is that + they will possess the power to control their own conditions and + those of society equally with men. Therefore my panacea for the + ills which your hospital would fain mitigate is the ballot in the + hands of women. + +The editor of the Voice wrote for her opinion as to the cause of the +prevailing "hard times," and she answered: + + The work of my life has been less to find out the causes of men's + failure to successfully manage affairs, than to try to show them + their one great failure in attempting to make a successful + government without the help of women. It used to be said in + anti-slavery days that a people who would tacitly consent to the + enslavement of 4,000,000 human beings, were incapable of being just + to each other, and I believe the same rule holds with regard to the + injustice practiced by men towards women. So long as all men + conspire to rob women of their citizen's right to perfect equality + in all the privileges and immunities of our so-called "free" + government, we can not expect these same men to be capable of + perfect justice to each other. On the contrary, the inevitable + result must be trusts, monopolies and all sorts of schemes to get + an undue share of the proceeds of labor. There is money enough in + this country today in the hands of the few, if justly distributed, + to make "good times" for all. + +Reporters were constantly besieging her for her views on "bloomers," +which had been re-introduced by the bicycle, and she usually replied in +effect: + + My opinion about "bloomers" and dress generally for both men and + women is that people should dress to accommodate whatever business + or pastime they pursue. It would be quite out of good taste as well + as good sense, for a woman to go to her daily work with trailing + skirts, flowing sleeves, fringes and laces; and certainly, if women + ride the bicycle or climb mountains, they should don a costume + which will permit them the use of their legs. It is very funny that + it is ever and always the men who are troubled about the propriety + of the women's costume. My one word about the "bloomers" or any + other sort of dress, is that every woman, like every man, should be + permitted to wear exactly what she chooses. + + When women have equal chances in the world they will cease to live + merely to please the conventional fancy of men. As long as there + was no alternative for women but to marry, it was about as much as + any woman's life was worth to be an old maid, and her one idea was + to dress and behave so as to escape this fate. She now has other + objects in life, and her new liberty has brought with it a freedom + in matters of dress which is cause for rejoicing. + +These opinions might be multiplied almost to infinity and all would +emphasize two points: 1st, the broad views entertained by Miss Anthony +on all questions, based on her idea of individual freedom, the same for +both sexes; 2d, her fundamental belief that, until women cease to be a +subject class, and until they stand upon the plane of perfect equality +of rights and privileges, there can be no such thing as a fair solution +or adjustment of the issues of the day, either great or small; in other +words, that these can not be satisfactorily and permanently settled +through the judgment and decision of only one-half the people. + +On October 18 she celebrated her complete recovery by accepting an +invitation to "come and take a cup of tea with Aunt Maria Porter," in +honor of her ninetieth birthday. She was obliged to cancel her +engagement to speak at the Atlanta Exposition, but during this month +made a trial of her strength by an hour's speech at the annual meeting +of the Monroe County Suffrage Club at Brockport, "attempting it," she +says, "with fear and trembling, but going through as if I never had had +a scare." Assured by this that she had herself well in hand once more, +she went to Ashtabula, Ohio, for a three days' convention of the State +association, attending every business meeting and public session. This +fact being duly heralded in the newspapers, they put the obituary +notices back into their pigeonholes. + +She started for New York November 6 to be present at an event to which +she had looked forward with more pleasure than to anything of that +nature in all her life--the celebration of the eightieth birthday of +Mrs. Stanton. At the convention in February it had been unanimously +decided that the National-American Association should have charge of +this, but at the Woman's Council in Washington it was agreed that it +would have greater significance if held under the auspices of that +body, which cheerfully accepted the charge. Its new president, Mary Lowe +Dickinson, urged Miss Anthony to take the chairmanship of the committee +of arrangements, insisting that no one else could make so great a +success of it, but Miss Anthony assured her of what afterwards proved to +be true, that no one could manage the affair more perfectly than Mrs. +Dickinson herself. + +Naturally many of the suffrage women resented having any one outside +their own association as the leader on this great occasion, and Lillie +Devereux Blake wrote: "Mrs. Stanton stands for suffrage above all else +and she should be honored by our societies. To have the celebration +under the charge of the secretary of the King's Daughters, an orthodox +organization, seems very much out of taste, greatly as I honor Mrs. +Dickinson. I do not think any one else will make the celebration such a +success as you would; you, the long-time companion and co-worker with +our dear leader, are the person who should be at the head and, with your +admirable manner as a presiding officer, you would give a tone to it +that no one else could." To this Miss Anthony replied: + + All of you fail to see the higher honor to Mrs. Stanton in having + the celebration mothered by a great body composed of twenty + national societies, instead of by only our one. Surely, for all + classes of women--liberal, orthodox, Jewish, Mormon, suffrage and + anti-suffrage, native and foreign, black and white--to unite in + paying a tribute of respect to the greatest woman reformer, + philosopher and statesman of the century, will be the realization + of Mrs. Stanton's most optimistic dream. I am surprised and + delighted at the action of the council. It shows a breadth and + comprehensiveness on the part of the leaders of its twenty-in-one + organization of which I am very proud. Of course Mrs. Stanton + stands for suffrage first, last and all the time, and the + conservative women who join in this celebration do so knowing that + she stands thus for a free and enfranchised womanhood. + + Don't you see that for Anthony to head the fray, preside and be + general master of ceremonies, would reduce it to a mere mutual + admiration affair? The celebration is not taken away from us. We, + the suffrage women, will have our modicum of time to set forth what + Mrs. Stanton has done for our specific cause, and the other women + will have theirs. O, no, my dear, it is not possible that the + greater can be less than one of the parts which compose it. + +Her own "girls," Mrs. Sewall and Mrs. Avery, could not help being a +little jealous for their general, and insisted that her name should head +the invitations, but to them she wrote: + + Do you not see that for Susan B. Anthony's name to stand at the + top, will frighten the conservatives? Everybody will conclude that + the big suffrage elephant has possessed the council, body and + soul--all thrust into the suffrage hopper and the wheel turned by + S. B. A. To make me chairman will wholly spoil the intention of the + council, which is and should be to bring the fruits of Mrs. + Stanton's first demand, fifty years ago, and lay them at her feet; + not only the suffrage children, but those of education, literature, + science, reform, religion, all as one. If Mrs. Dickinson single out + the hoofed and horned head of suffrage as the commander-in-chief, + not only the nineteen other societies but all the world outside + will say it is suffrage after all; which it will be, because the + others won't train under our leadership. No, no; Mrs. Dickinson + herself must be the chief cook of this broth and appoint her own + lieutenants, one of whom, with name far down in the middle of the + list, I shall be most happy to be, and do all I possibly can to + help, but always in the name of the president of the council. + +She was true to her word, and in every way assisted Mrs. Dickinson in +the immense amount of preparation necessary for what was the largest and +most perfect affair of this nature ever given in America. At her request +Miss Anthony wrote over a hundred letters to collect funds, secure the +presence of the pioneer workers among women, etc., but still insisted on +keeping herself so much in the background as even to refuse to make one +of the principal speeches of the occasion. When she reached New York, +she went for the night to her cousin, Mrs. Lapham, and early the next +morning to Mrs. Stanton's to read over the birthday speech, of which she +writes: "My only criticism was that she did not rest her case after +describing the wonderful advance made in state, church, society and +home, instead of going on to single out the church and declare it to be +especially slow in accepting the doctrine of equality to women. I tried +to make her see that it had advanced as rapidly as the other departments +but I did not succeed, and it is right that she should express her own +ideas, not mine." + +The next day she went to Newburgh to address the State convention, +returning to New York on the 9th. Friends had come from all parts of +the country to attend the celebration, and the three days following were +pleasantly spent in visiting with them at the different hotels. On the +evening of the 12th occurred the birthday fęte. There is not room in +these pages to describe in full that magnificent gathering, the great +Metropolitan Opera House crowded from pit to dome, each of the boxes +brilliantly and appropriately decorated and occupied by the +representatives of some organization of women. On the stage was a throne +of flowers and above it an arch with the name "Stanton" wrought in red +carnations on a white ground. When Mrs. Stanton entered, the entire +audience of 3,000 rose to salute her with waving handkerchiefs. At the +right and left of the floral throne sat Miss Anthony and Mrs. Dickinson. +Instead of responding with a set speech, when called upon, Miss Anthony +paid an eloquent tribute to the "pioneers," and then read the most +important of the one hundred telegrams of congratulation which had been +received from noted societies and eminent men and women in the United +States and Europe.[116] The New York Sun said: "In ordinary hands this +task would have been dull enough, but Miss Anthony enlivened it with her +wit and cleverness and made a success of it." It may be truly said that +not one woman in that audience, not even Mrs. Stanton herself, was +prouder or happier than Miss Anthony over this splendid ovation. + +The next day a large reception was given at the Savoy by Mrs. Henry +Villard, the only daughter of Wm. Lloyd Garrison; and after various +luncheons and dinners and good-by calls, Miss Anthony returned to +Rochester. She plunged into the mountain of correspondence and, +expecting to spend most of the next year at home, gave every spare +moment to the arranging and classifying of her mass of documents, +preparatory to some contemplated literary work. On November 21, the +Political Equality Club celebrated Mrs. Stanton's birthday in a +beautiful manner at the Anthony home, over 200 guests attending. Several +unkind newspaper attacks being made upon Miss Anthony by disgruntled +women, she wrote Mrs. Stanton, who was much distressed: "This fresh +onslaught reminds me of the old adage, 'When one is over-praised by the +many, the few will try to pull down and destroy.' Certainly I know that +in my head and heart there never has been any but the strongest desire +that all the other workers should have their full meed of opportunity +and reward." + +A telegram came November 25 announcing the sudden death, in Boston, of +Mrs. Ellen Battelle Dietrick. She had been actively in the suffrage work +for only a few years, but in that time Miss Anthony had learned her +splendid powers and had said of her: "I feel that into her hands can +safely fall the work of the future, both as to principle and policy." +She had been made chairman of the national press work, and had shown an +unsurpassed beauty and strength of style and thought. "She was a +philosopher, a student," Miss Anthony wrote, "possessed of the +conscience and the courage to stand by the truth as she saw it. Can it +be that she is gone in the very prime of her womanhood? Why can not we +keep with us the brave and beautiful souls; why can not the weak and +wicked go? The world seems darker to me now, a light has gone out." + +On December 2 she gathered about her a group of the very oldest and +dearest friends in memory of what would have been her mother's one +hundred and second birthday. She records attending a lecture by +President Andrew D. White, at the close of which he presented his wife +to her, saying: "I want you to know her; she is of your kind." The day +before Christmas came another telegram, this one from May Wright Sewall, +containing simply the words: "Dear General, my Theodore is taken." It +meant the desolation of one of the happiest, most perfect homes ever +made by two mortals. It told the breaking of as strong and sweet a tie +as ever united husband and wife. What could she write? Only, "Be brave +in this inevitable hour; take unto yourself the 'joy of sorrow' that you +did all in mortal power for his restoration, that his happiness was the +desire of your life; find comfort in the blessed memories of his tender +and never-failing love and care for you in all these beautiful years." +But the poverty, the powerlessness of words in times like this! + +And so the old year rolled into the past and the record was finished. +Among the letters which came to cheer its close, was one from Mary Lowe +Dickinson, which ended: + + In every way, in all this work, how grandly you stood by and helped + me! Some day you will understand how grateful I am, and how + thoroughly I appreciate the support, moral and other, that you have + given me. I know this holiday season will bring you a great many + loving souvenirs from all over the world, and I haven't sent you + anything at all; but I have a gift for you, notwithstanding, a gift + of loyal reverence for the grand outspoken bravery of your life and + service, a gift of genuine gratitude for what you have been and + what you have done, and an affection that has been growing ever + since my first talk with you in Chicago. This is quite a + declaration for a reserved woman, but it is as sincere as it is + unusual, and I wish you all sorts of blessings for the New Year, + and most of all that it may show great progress in the work which + lies so close to your heart. + +And this from her beloved friend, Mrs. Leland Stanford: + + It is needless for me to express all I feel in regard to your + tender and long-continued friendship. I always prized it when I had + my dear husband by my side to help me bear the burdens and sorrows + of life, but now, standing as I do alone with the weighty cares and + sacred duties depending upon me, I cherish your sympathy, your + friendship and your tender words as an evidence of God's love. He + can instigate and guide hearts to reach out sustaining helpfulness + to His children, who need just such support as you have given me. + Long years past and gone, you and Mrs. Stanton were appreciated and + extolled by my husband more than you ever realized. He predicted + twenty years ago what has now come, and mainly through the + instrumentality of yourself and her--the advancement and elevation + of womanhood--and we are only on the eve of what is to follow in + the twentieth century. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Leland Stanford"] + +Miss Anthony was very glad to go back to Washington with the annual +convention, which was held January 23 to 28, 1896. She went on a week +beforehand to satisfy herself that all was in readiness. Although the +details of the work were assumed by the younger members of the board, +she was always on the scene of action early enough to look over the +ground before the battle opened. This year the papers said: "A notable +feature of the suffrage movement is the large number of college alumnć +and professional women who are coming into the ranks." The committee +reported organizations in every State and Territory except Alaska. +Delegates were present from almost every one, among them Mrs. Hughes, +wife of the governor of Arizona, Mrs. Teller, wife of the senator from +Colorado, Mrs. Sanders, wife of the ex-senator from Montana, the wives +of Representatives Arnold, Allen, Shafroth and Pickler, Mrs. Ella +Knowles Haskell, assistant attorney-general of Montana. Most of them +addressed the committees of the Senate and House, who gave long and +respectful hearings. + +The principal cause of rejoicing at this convention was the admission of +Utah as a State with the full enfranchisement of women. A clause to this +effect had been put into the State constitution, endorsed by all +political parties, voted on by the men of the Territory and carried. +This constitution had been accepted, the new State admitted by Congress, +and the bill was signed by President Cleveland January 4, 1896. A +noteworthy circumstance in this case was that, while the admission of +Wyoming with a woman suffrage clause in its constitution was fought for +many days in both Senate and House in 1890, that of Utah was accepted +with scarcely a protest against its enfranchisement of women. There was +also rejoicing over the fact that, during the autumn of 1895, the full +franchise had been conferred upon the women of South Australia. + +The occurrence of the convention which forever made its memory a sad one +to Miss Anthony was the so-called "Bible resolution." It had this effect +not only because of the resolution itself but because those who were +responsible for it were especially near and dear to her. Elizabeth Cady +Stanton, assisted by a committee of women, had been for several years +preparing a work called the "Woman's Bible." It contained no discussion +of doctrinal questions but was simply a commentary upon those texts and +chapters directly referring to women, and a few others from which they +were conspicuously excluded. Naturally, however, this pamphlet caused a +great outcry, especially from those who had not read a word of it. That +women should dare analyze even the passages referring to themselves in a +book which heretofore, neither in the original writing nor in all the +revisions of the centuries, had felt the impress of a woman's brain or +the touch of a woman's hand, stirred the orthodox to their greater or +less depths. Mrs. Stanton was honorary president of the +National-American Suffrage Association, but had not attended its +meetings or actively participated in its work for a number of years. + +Several members of the board, who were children when she and Miss +Anthony founded that organization, and unborn when Mrs. Stanton called +the first woman's rights convention, decided that her Woman's Bible was +injuring the association, although only the chapters on the Pentateuch +thus far had been published. They determined that this body should take +official action on the question, but they understood perfectly that it +would have to be brought before the convention without any previous +knowledge on the part of Miss Anthony. Therefore it was planned to have +a paragraph of condemnation and renunciation of the Woman's Bible +incorporated in the report of the corresponding secretary. When it was +read in open meeting she was struck dumb. Mrs. Colby sprung to her feet +and moved that the report be accepted, all but the paragraph relating to +the Woman's Bible. After an animated discussion the secretary's report +was laid on the table and later was adopted with the offending clause +stricken out. Miss Anthony supposed this was the end of the matter but, +to her amazement, the committee on resolutions reported the following: +"This association is non-sectarian, being composed of persons of all +shades of religious opinions, and has no official connection with the +so-called Woman's Bible, or any theological publication." + +This resolution was wholly gratuitous. While true that the association +was composed of persons of all shades of religious opinion, it comprised +also among some of its oldest and ablest members those who entertained +no so-called religious beliefs. Mrs. Stanton invariably had announced +that this revision of the Scriptures was the individual work of herself +and her committee, and there was no ground for holding the whole +association responsible. The resolution, however, was debated for an +hour. Miss Anthony was moved as never before. Not only was she fired +with indignation at this insult to the woman whom she loved and revered +above all others, but she was outraged at this deliberate attempt to +deny personal liberty of thought and speech. Leaving the chair she said +in an impassioned appeal: + + The one distinct feature of our association has been the right of + individual opinion for every member. We have been beset at each + step with the cry that somebody was injuring the cause by the + expression of sentiments which differed from those held by the + majority. The religious persecution of the ages has been carried on + under what was claimed to be the command of God. I distrust those + people who know so well what God wants them to do, because I notice + it always coincides with their own desires. All the way along the + history of our movement there has been this same contest on account + of religious theories. Forty years ago one of our noblest men said + to me, "You would better never hold another convention than allow + Ernestine L. Rose on your platform;" because that eloquent woman, + who ever stood for justice and freedom, did not believe in the + plenary inspiration of the Bible. Did we banish Mrs. Rose? No, + indeed! + + Every new generation of converts threshes over the same old straw. + The point is whether you will sit in judgment on one who questions + the divine inspiration of certain passages in the Bible derogatory + to women. If Mrs. Stanton had written approvingly of these passages + you would not have brought in this resolution for fear the cause + might be injured among the _liberals_ in religion. In other words, + if she had written _your_ views, you would not have considered a + resolution necessary. To pass this one is to set back the hands on + the dial of reform. + + What you should say to outsiders is that a Christian has neither + more nor less rights in our association than an atheist. When our + platform becomes too narrow for people of all creeds and of no + creeds, I myself can not stand upon it. Many things have been said + and done by our _orthodox_ friends which I have felt to be + extremely harmful to our cause; but I should no more consent to a + resolution denouncing them than I shall consent to this. Who is to + draw the line? Who can tell now whether these commentaries may not + prove a great help to woman's emancipation from old superstitions + which have barred its way? Lucretia Mott at first thought Mrs. + Stanton had injured the cause of all woman's other rights by + insisting upon the demand for suffrage, but she had sense enough + not to bring in a resolution against it. In 1860 when Mrs. Stanton + made a speech before the New York Legislature in favor of a bill + making drunkenness a ground for divorce, there was a general cry + among the friends that she had killed the woman's cause. I shall be + pained beyond expression if the delegates here are so narrow and + illiberal as to adopt this resolution. You would better not begin + resolving against individual action or you will find no limit. This + year it is Mrs. Stanton; next year it may be I or one of + yourselves, who will be the victim. + + If we do not inspire in women a broad and catholic spirit, they + will fail, when enfranchised, to constitute that power for better + government which we have always claimed for them. Ten women + educated into the practice of liberal principles would be a + stronger force than 10,000 organized on a platform of intolerance + and bigotry. I pray you vote for religious liberty, without + censorship or inquisition. This resolution adopted will be a vote + of censure upon a woman who is without a peer in intellectual and + statesmanlike ability; one who has stood for half a century the + acknowledged leader of progressive thought and demand in regard to + all matters pertaining to the absolute freedom of women. + +Rev. Anna Shaw, Carrie Chapman Catt, Henry B. and Alice Stone Blackwell, +Laura M. Johns, Annie L. Diggs, Rachel Foster Avery, Laura Clay, Mariana +W. Chapman, Elizabeth Upham Yates, and others spoke in favor of the +resolution; Lillie Devereux Blake, Clara B. Colby, Mary S. Anthony, +Emily Rowland, Charlotte Perkins Stetson and Caroline Hallowell Miller +were among those who opposed it. The vote resulted, 53 ayes, 41 nays; +and the resolution was adopted. The situation was felicitously expressed +in a single sentence by Mrs. Caroline McCullough Everhard, president of +the Ohio Suffrage Association: "If women were governed more by principle +and less by prejudice, how strong they would be!" + +Miss Anthony's feelings could not be put into words. At first she +seriously contemplated resigning her office, but from all parts of the +country came letters from the pioneer workers--the women who had stood +by her for more than twoscore years--pointing out that this action of +the convention was a striking illustration of the necessity for her +remaining at the helm. Mrs. Stanton urged that they both resign, but +Miss Anthony replied: + + During three weeks of agony of soul, with scarcely a night of + sleep, I have felt I must resign my presidency, but then the rights + of the minority are to be respected and protected by me quite as + much as the action of the majority is to be resented; and it is + even more my duty to stand firmly with the minority because + principle is with them. I feel very sure that after a year's + reflection upon the matter, the same women, and perhaps the one + man, who voted for this interference with personal rights, will be + ready to declare that their duty as individuals does not require + them to disclaim freedom of speech in their co-workers. Sister Mary + says the action of the convention convinces her that the time has + not yet come for me to resign; whereas she had felt most strongly + that I ought to do it for my own sake. No, my dear, instead of my + resigning and leaving those half-fledged chickens without any + mother, I think it my duty and the duty of yourself and all the + liberals to be at the next convention and try to reverse this + miserable, narrow action. + +In letters to the different members of her "cabinet," who had voted in +favor of the resolution, she thus expressed herself: + + In this action I see nothing but the beginning of a petty + espionage, a revival of the Spanish inquisition, subjecting to + spiritual torture every one who speaks or writes what the other + members consider not good for the association. Such disclaimers + bring quite as much of martyrdom for our civilization as did the + rack and fire in the barbarous ages of the past. + + That a majority of the delegates could see no wrong personally to + Mrs. Stanton and no violation of the right of individual judgment, + makes me sick at heart; and still, I don't know what better one + could expect when our ranks are now so filled with young women not + yet out of bondage to the idea of the infallibility of that book. + To every person who really believes in religious freedom, it is no + worse to criticise those pages in the Bible which degrade woman + than it is to criticise the laws on our statute books which degrade + her. Everything spoken or written by Jew or Greek, Gentile or + Christian, or by any human being whomsoever, is not too sacred to + be criticised by any other human being. + +She was far too magnanimous, however, and loved the cause too well to +relax her efforts for the welfare of the association. Before the year +closed she received from Mrs. Avery and Mrs. Upton most tender and +beautiful letters, acknowledging their mistake, expressing their sorrow +and begging to be reinstated in her confidence and affection.[117] + +In order that Miss Anthony's position maybe clearly understood and that +she may not appear biased and one-sided, and in order also to consider +this question all at one time, her point of view will be a little +further illustrated. In an interview in the Rochester Democrat and +Chronicle she is thus reported: + + "Did you have anything to do with the new Bible, Miss Anthony?" was + asked. + + "No, I did not contribute to it, though I knew of its preparation. + My own relations to or ideas of the Bible always have been + peculiar, owing to my Quaker training. The Friends consider the + book as historical, made up of traditions, but not as a plenary + inspiration. Of course people say these women are impious and + presumptuous for daring to interpret the Scriptures as they + understand them, but I think women have just as good a right to + interpret and twist the Bible to their own advantage as men always + have twisted and turned it to theirs.... It was written by men, and + therefore its reference to women reflects the light in which they + were regarded in those days. In the same way the history of our + Revolutionary War was written, in which very little is said of the + noble deeds of women, though we know how they stood by and helped + the great work; and it is the same with history all through." + +Although she stood so firm for individual rights she nevertheless +regretted that Mrs. Stanton should give the few remaining years of her +precious life to this commentary, and frequently wrote in the following +strain, when importuned to assist in it: + + I can not help but feel that in this you are talking down to the + most ignorant masses, whereas your rule always has been to speak to + the highest, knowing there would be a few who would comprehend, and + would in turn give of their best to those on the next lower round + of the ladder. The cultivated men and women of today are above the + need of your book. Even the liberalized orthodox ministers are + coming to our aid and their conventions are passing resolutions in + favor of woman's equality, and I feel that these men and women who + are just born into the kingdom of liberty can better reach the + minds of their followers than can any of us out-and-out radicals. + But while I do not consider it my duty to tear to tatters the + lingering skeletons of the old superstitions and bigotries, yet I + rejoice to see them crumbling on every side. + +Months after this Washington convention, when Miss Anthony was in the +midst of a great political campaign in California, she sent Mrs. Stanton +this self-explanatory letter: + + You say "women must be emancipated from their superstitions before + enfranchisement will be of any benefit," and I say just the + reverse, that women must be enfranchised before they can be + emancipated from their superstitions. Women would be no more + superstitious today than men, if they had been men's political and + business equals and gone outside the four walls of home and the + other four of the church into the great world, and come in contact + with and discussed men and measures on the plane of this mundane + sphere, instead of living in the air with Jesus and the angels. So + you will have to keep pegging away, saying, "Get rid of religious + bigotry and then get political rights;" while I shall keep pegging + away, saying, "Get political rights first and religious bigotry + will melt like dew before the morning sun;" and each will continue + still to believe in and defend the other. + + Now, especially in this California campaign, I shall no more thrust + into the discussions the question of the Bible than the manufacture + of wine. What I want is for the men to vote "yes" on the suffrage + amendment, and I don't ask whether they make wine on the ranches in + California or believe Christ made it at the wedding feast. I have + your grand addresses before Congress and enclose one in nearly + every letter I write. I have scattered all your "celebration" + speeches that I had, but I shall not circulate your "Bible" + literature a particle more than Frances Willard's prohibition + literature. So don't tell Mrs. Colby or anybody else to load me + down with Bible, social purity, temperance, or any other arguments + under the sun but just those for woman's right to have her opinion + counted at the ballot-box. + + I have been pleading with Miss Willard for the last three months to + withdraw her threatened W. C. T. U. invasion of California this + year, and at last she has done it; now, for heaven's sake, don't + you propose a "Bible invasion." It is not because I hate religious + bigotry less than you do, or because I love prohibition less than + Frances Willard does, but because I consider suffrage more + important just now. + +It seems that Miss Anthony's attitude ought to be perfectly understood +by the testimony here presented. It is one from which she never has +swerved and on which she is willing to stand in the pages of +history--entire freedom for herself from religious superstition--the +most absolute religious liberty for every other human being. + +To return to the Washington convention: Among many pleasant social +features Miss Anthony was invited to an elegant luncheon given by Mrs. +John R. McLean in honor of the seventieth birthday of Mrs. Ulysses S. +Grant and, at the reception which followed, received the guests with +Mrs. Grant and Mrs. McLean. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "I am yours with great respect and sincere +admiration, Julia D. Grant"] + +At the close of the convention the principal speakers and many of the +delegates went to Philadelphia to a national conference, which was +largely attended. It was here that "Nelly Bly" had the famous interview +published in the New York World of February 2, 1896. She had tried to +secure this in Washington, but Miss Anthony could not spare time for it, +so she followed her to Philadelphia. It filled a page of the Sunday +edition and contained Miss Anthony's opinions on most of the leading +topics of the day, in the main correctly reported, although not a note +was taken. It began thus: + + Susan B. Anthony! She was waiting for me. I stood for an instant in + the doorway and looked at her. She made a picture to remember and + to cherish. She sat in a low rocking-chair, an image of repose and + restfulness. Her well-shaped head, with its silken snowy hair + combed smoothly over her ears, rested against the back of the + chair. Her shawl had half fallen from her shoulders and her soft + black silk gown lay in gentle folds about her. Her slender hands + were folded idly in her lap, and her feet, crossed, just peeped + from beneath the edge of her skirt. If she had been posed for a + picture, it could not have been done more artistically. + + "Do you know the world is a blank to me?" she said after we had + exchanged greetings. "I haven't read a newspaper in ten days and I + feel lost to everything. Tell me about Cuba! I almost would be + willing to postpone the enfranchisement of women to see Cuba + free...." + + "Do you believe in immortality?" + + "I don't know anything about heaven or hell," she answered, "or + whether I will meet my friends again or not, but as no particle of + matter is ever destroyed, I have a feeling that no particle of mind + is ever lost. I am sure that the same wise power which manages the + present may be trusted with the hereafter." + + "Then you don't find life tiresome?" + + "O, mercy, no! I don't want to die as long as I can work; the + minute I can not, I want to go. I dread the thought of being + enfeebled. The older I get, the greater power I seem to have to + help the world; I am like a snowball--the further I am rolled the + more I gain. But," she added, significantly, "I'll have to take it + as it comes. I'm just as much in eternity now as after the breath + goes out of my body." + + "Do you pray?" + + "I pray every single second of my life; not on my knees, but with + my work. My prayer is to lift woman to equality with man. Work and + worship are one with me. I can not imagine a God of the universe + made happy by my getting down on my knees and calling him + 'great.'... + + "What do I think of marriage? True marriage, the real marriage of + soul, when two people take each other on terms of perfect equality, + without the desire of one to control the other, is a beautiful + thing; it is the highest condition of life; but for a woman to + marry for support is demoralizing; and for a man to marry a woman + merely because she has a beautiful figure or face is + degradation...." + + "Do you like flowers?" I asked, leading her into another channel. + + "I like roses first and pinks second, and nothing else after," Miss + Anthony laughed. "I don't call anything a flower that hasn't a + sweet perfume." + + "What is your favorite hymn or ballad?" + + "The dickens!" she exclaimed merrily. "I don't know! I can't tell + one tune from another. I know there are such hymns as 'Sweet By and + By' and 'Old Hundred,' but I can not tell them apart. All music + sounds alike to me, but still if there is the slightest discord it + hurts me. Neither do I know anything about art," she continued, + "yet when I go into a room filled with pictures my friends say I + invariably pick out the best. I have good company, I always think, + in my musical ignorance. Wendell Phillips couldn't recognize tunes; + neither could Anna Dickinson." + + "What's your favorite motto, or have you one?" + + "For the last thirty years I have written in all albums, 'Perfect + equality of rights for women, civil and political;' or, 'I know + only woman and her disfranchised.' There is another, one of Charles + Sumner's, 'Equal rights for all.' I never write sentimental + things.... + + "Yes, I'll tell you what I think of bicycling," she said, leaning + forward and laying a hand on my arm. "I think it has done more to + emancipate woman than any one thing in the world. I rejoice every + time I see a woman ride by on a wheel. It gives her a feeling of + self-reliance and independence the moment she takes her seat; and + away she goes, the picture of untrammelled womanhood." + + "What do you think the new woman will be?" + + "She'll be free," said Miss Anthony. "Then she'll be whatever her + best judgment dictates. We can no more imagine what the true woman + will be than what the true man will be. We haven't him yet, and it + will be generations after we gain freedom before we have the + highest man and woman. They will constantly change for the better, + as the world does. What is the best possible today will be outgrown + tomorrow." + + "What would you call woman's best attribute?" + + "Good common sense; she has a great deal of uncommon sense now, but + I want her to be an all-around woman, not gifted overly in one + respect and lacking in others...." + + "And now," I said, approaching a very delicate subject on tip-toe, + "tell me one thing more. Were you ever in love?" + + "In love?" she laughed. "Bless you, Nelly, I've been in love a + thousand times!" + + "Really!" I gasped, taken back by this startling confession. + + "Yes, really," nodding her snowy head; "but I never loved anyone so + much that I thought it would last. In fact, I never felt I could + give up my life of freedom to become a man's housekeeper. When I + was young, if a girl married poverty, she became a drudge; if she + married wealth, she became a doll. Had I married at twenty-one, I + would have been either a drudge or a doll for fifty-five years. + Think of it!" and she laughed again.... + +Miss Anthony's seventy-sixth birthday was celebrated by the Rochester +Political Equality Club at the residence of Dr. and Mrs. S. A. Linn. The +spacious and beautifully decorated rooms were crowded with guests, and +interesting addresses were given by Mrs. Greenleaf, Mrs. Gannett, Mr. J. +M. Thayer and Mary Seymour Howell, to which Miss Anthony made a happy +response. On February 17 she spoke at a church fair given by the colored +people of Bath, and then completed her preparations for a long journey +and a great campaign. It will be remembered that Miss Anthony had +decided to rest from "field work" during 1896, and to arrange her papers +for the writing of the history of her life, which her friends felt was +now the most important thing for her to do. To this end a roomy +half-story had been built on the substantial Rochester home, and therein +were placed all the big boxes and trunks of letters and documents which +had been accumulating during the last fifty years and stored in +woodshed, cellar and closets; a stenographer had been engaged and all +was in readiness for the great work. Then came an appeal from 3,000 +miles away which rent asunder all her resolutions. + +When she had been in California the previous year and had helped the +women plan their approaching campaign, nothing had been further from her +thoughts than returning to give her personal assistance. As the time for +action drew near, those who had the matter in charge began to realize +that the task before them was far greater than they had anticipated, and +that they were lacking in the experience which would be needed. There +were very few women who could be depended on to draw together and +address great audiences of thousands of people, to speak thirty +consecutive nights in each month, and to be equal to every emergency of +a political campaign; nor were there any considerable number who +understood the best methods of organization. It was then both natural +and sensible that the State society should appeal to the national +association for assistance. It is an essential part of the business of +the officers of that body to respond to such calls. + +Miss Anthony had been home from California but a short time in 1895 when +Ellen C. Sargent, president of the State association, wrote an earnest +official request for the help of the national board. At the same time +Sarah B. Cooper, president of the campaign committee, sent the strongest +letter her eloquent pen could write, emphasizing Mrs. Sargent's +invitation. These were followed by similar pleas from the other members +of the board and from many prominent women of the State. Miss Anthony +felt at first as if it would not be possible for her to make the long +trip and endure the fatigue of a campaign, which she understood so well +from having experienced it seven times over. On the other hand she +realized what a tremendous impetus would be given to the cause of woman +suffrage if the great State of California should carry this amendment, +and she longed to render every assistance in her power. It was not, +however, until early in February that she yielded to the appeals and +decided to abandon all the plans she had cherished for the year. The +moment her decision reached California, Harriet Cooper, secretary of the +committee, telegraphed their delight and sent her a check of $120 for +travelling expenses. + +The question now arose with Miss Anthony what she should do with her +secretary, whom she had engaged for a year but did not feel able to take +with her. This was settled in a few days through the action of Rev. and +Mrs. W. C. Gannett, who went among the friends and in a short time +raised the money to pay Mrs. Sweet's expenses to California and back, +all agreeing that Miss Anthony must have some one to relieve her of the +mechanical part of the burden she was about to assume. This seemed too +good to be true, as she had had no such help in all her forty-five years +of public work. The two started on the evening of February 27, a large +party of friends assembling at the station to say good-by to the veteran +of seventy-six years about to enter another battle. They stopped at Ann +Arbor for the Michigan convention, the guests of Mrs. Hall, and then a +few days in Chicago, where Miss Anthony and Mrs. Gross sat for a +statuette by Miss Bessie Potter. + +She reached San Diego March 10 and, after attending the Woman's Club, +went to Los Angeles where she was beautifully received, sharing the +honors with Robert J. Burdette at the Friday Morning Club. Mrs. Alice +Moore McComas wrote to Mrs. Sargent and Mrs. Cooper the next day: "Dear +Miss Anthony came, saw and conquered, and we are hers! Letters and +telegrams were dispatched in every direction as soon as we found she was +coming and she has been able to reach women that I have almost despaired +of. Dozens who have heretofore held aloof, have promised me today to +stand by the amendment till all is over, and with these recruits we feel +that we can undertake the convention work in this county. The women are +aroused and we will see that they stay aroused. Miss Anthony's visit was +opportune and just what was needed." + +She arrived at San Francisco a few days later, being joyfully greeted at +the Oakland station by Mrs. Cooper and Harriet. She went directly to the +Sargent residence, and from this delightful home, Miss Anthony, the +National president, and Mrs. Sargent, the State president, directed the +great campaign. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[114] The following from the Wichita Eagle is noteworthy because in the +Kansas campaign the year before, and in all previous years, it had been +abusive beyond description and had at all times put every possible +stumbling-block in the way of woman suffrage and berated all who +advocated it: + +"What an experience Miss Anthony has had! None but a remarkable woman +could have accepted such a life-work at a time when prejudice and +education ran all in the opposite direction. Finely-balanced and +self-educated as to her special cause, she has not only won a name and +fame world-wide, but turned perceptibly the entire current of human +conviction. And she has been, through it all, the modest woman, truly +womanly. The men and women of this country--of the world--who believe +that the ballot for woman means better government and the elevation of +society to a higher plane, must ever recognize Susan B. Anthony as the +real pioneer prophetess of the cause, for so will history record her." + +[115] Miss Anthony was many times besought to tell the secret of her +wonderful vitality and power for work, and on one occasion wrote the +following: + +"As machinery in motion lasts longer than when lying idle, so a body and +soul in active exercise escape the corroding rust of physical and mental +laziness, which prematurely cuts off the life of so many women. I +believe I am able to endure the strain of daily travelling and lecturing +at over threescore years and ten, mainly because I have always worked +and loved work. As to my habits of life, it has been impossible for me +to have fixed rules for eating, resting, sleeping, etc. The only advice +I could give a young person on this point would be: 'Live as simply as +you can. Eat what you find agrees with your constitution--when you can +get it; sleep whenever you are sleepy, and think as little of these +details as possible.'" + +[116] Among others was a beautiful testimonial from Theodore Tilton, who +had been for many years a resident of Paris, in which he said: + +"At the present day, every woman who seeks the legal custody of her +children, or the legal control of her property; every woman who finds +the doors of a college or a university opening to her; every woman who +administers a post-office or a public library; every woman who enters +upon a career of medicine, law or theology; every woman who teaches a +school, or tills a farm, or keeps a shop; every one who drives a horse, +rides a bicycle, skates at a rink, swims at a summer resort, plays golf +or tennis in a public park, or even snaps a kodak; every such woman, I +say, owes her liberty largely to yourself and to your earliest and +bravest co-workers in the cause of woman's emancipation. So I send my +greetings not to you alone, but also to the small remainder now living +of your original bevy of noble assistants, among whom--first, last and +always--has been and still continues to be your fit mate, chief +counselor and executive right hand, Susan B. Anthony; a heroine of hard +work who, when her own eightieth birthday shall roll round, will +likewise deserve a national ovation, at which she should not +inappropriately receive the old Roman crown of oak." + +This was accompanied by a personal letter to Miss Anthony, saying, +besides other pleasant things: "I heard lately that you were dying! I +did not believe the canard. Dying? No! You are to live forever. Give my +love to the heroine of the hour--and prepare yourself for an equal +picnic when your own time shall come. Ever yours as of old." + +[117] In a letter to the Woman's Tribune Mrs. Jean Brooks Greenleaf +said: "I was absent from the convention and could not vote against that +resolution. The 'Woman's Bible' a hindrance to organization? Of course +it is. What of it? The belief in the old theories about women, which had +their basis in doctrines taught from King James' version of the Bible, +was a much more monumental hindrance to the work of the pioneers, in not +only the woman suffrage movement but in all movements for the +advancement of women." + + + + +CHAPTER XLVII. + +THE CALIFORNIA CAMPAIGN. + +1896. + + +In their State convention of 1894 the Republicans of California had +adopted the strongest possible plank in favor of woman suffrage and, as +the legislature the next year was Republican by a considerable majority, +Clara Foltz and Laura de Force Gordon, attorneys, and Nellie Holbrook +Blinn, at that time State president, Mrs. Peet, Madame Sorbier, Mrs. +Bidwell, Mrs. Spencer, of Lassen county, and others made a determined +effort to secure a bill enfranchising women. That failing, the +legislature consented to submit an amendment to the constitution to be +voted on in 1896. This bill was signed by Governor James H. Budd and the +women then prepared to canvass the State to secure a favorable majority. + +Out of the officers of the State suffrage association and the amendment +committee, a joint campaign committee was formed and, in addition to +this, a State central committee.[118] These two constituted the working +force at State headquarters. There were also speakers and organizers, +and a regularly officered society in each county, co-operating with the +officials at headquarters. + +At the request of the State committee Miss Anthony's niece, Lucy E., for +seven years Miss Shaw's secretary and thoroughly experienced in planning +and arranging meetings, went out early in February to assist Dr. +Elizabeth Sargent in the preparations for the first series of +conventions. She carried with her a complete list, made by Miss Anthony +herself with great labor and care, of every town of over two hundred +inhabitants in every county in the State, with instructions to plan for +a meeting there during the campaign. One scarcely can describe the +perplexing work of these young women in arranging this great sweep of +conventions, two days in every county seat, each convention overlapping +the next, getting the speakers from one to the other on time, finding +women in each town or city who would take charge of local arrangements, +and rounding up the whole series in season for the Woman's Congress in +May. In March the campaign committee invited Mary G. Hay, who had had +twelve years' experience in organization work, and Harriet May Mills, +the State organizer of New York, to manage the conventions; and Rev. +Anna Shaw and Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates as speakers. It is impossible +to follow these meetings in detail further than to say that, with but +few exceptions, they were very successful, the audiences were large and +cordial, clubs were formed, much suffrage sentiment was created, and the +conventions considerably more than paid all expenses. The women of +California possessed ability, energy, patriotism and desire for +political freedom, but up to this time they had no conception of the +immense amount of money and work which would be required for a campaign. +As soon as they grasped the situation they were fully equal to its +demands and never in all the history of the movement was so much +splendid work done, or so large a fund raised, by the women of any +State. + +[Illustration: Ellen Clark Sargent (Signed: "Ellen Clark Sargent.")] + +It was unanimously agreed that Miss Anthony should remain in San +Francisco, answering the numerous calls for addresses in that city and +the surrounding towns, and having general oversight of the campaign. +Mrs. Sargent assigned to her the largest, sunniest room in her spacious +home, but her hospitality and her services to the cause of the amendment +did not end here. Another large apartment was appropriated to Rev. Anna +Shaw and her secretary. The room formerly used as the senator's +office was dedicated to the work, the typewriters ensconced there, and +it soon was crowded with documents, newspapers and all the paraphernalia +of a campaign. In a little while they encroached on the library and it +was filled with the litter. Then a typewriter found its way into one +corner of the long dining-room. The committee meetings were held in the +drawing-room; and, during the whole eight months, there was scarcely a +meal at which there were not from one to half a dozen speakers, members +of committees, out-of-town workers and others besides her family at the +table. Every hour of Mrs. Sargent's and Dr. Elizabeth's time was devoted +to the campaign. The latter was placed at the head of the literary +committee and also took entire charge of the petition work for the +State, involving months of most exacting labor. In addition to all this, +both gave most liberally in money. How much was accomplished by Mrs. +Sargent's quiet influence, her wise and judicial advice, her many +logical and dignified appeals in person and by letter, never can be +estimated. + +The State board and committees were composed of women of fine character +and social standing, who commanded the highest respect; and during the +long campaign they put aside every other duty and pleasure and devoted +themselves, mind and body, to the success of the amendment. Across the +bay in Oakland, Alameda and Berkeley were a large and active county +society, Mrs. Isabel A. Baldwin, president, and city organizations of +women of equal ability and prestige, who were in daily communication +with State headquarters and performed the most valuable and +conscientious work. What was true here was equally so of the women in +all the counties from San Diego to Del Norte. It seems invidious to +mention a single name where so many gave such excellent service. It must +be admitted, however, that while hundreds of women worked for their +political freedom, thousands contributed absolutely nothing in either +money or service; and yet there were many among them who believed fully +in the principle of woman suffrage. They simply allowed domestic duties +or the demands of society or apathetic indifference to prevent their +rendering any assistance, and they could not be prevailed upon even to +give money to help those who performed the labor. If all such had lent +their influence, the women of California today would be enfranchised; +but they left the whole burden to be carried by the few, and these could +not do the work necessary for success, because human nature has its +limits. + +The attitude of the press of California deserves especial mention +because to it was largely due the marked consideration which the +suffrage amendment received throughout the State. Miss Anthony met in +California an acquaintance, Mrs. Ida H. Harper, recently of the +editorial staff of the Indianapolis News, and requested her to act as +chairman of the press committee. As the press of San Francisco could +kill the amendment at the very start, if it chose to do so, they decided +to call upon the editors of the daily papers in that city and ascertain +their position. They visited the managing editors of the Call, Examiner, +Chronicle, Post, Report and Bulletin and, without a single exception, +were received with the greatest courtesy and assured that the amendment +and the ladies who were advocating it would be treated with respect, +that there would be no ridiculing, no cartooning and no attempt to +create a sentiment in opposition. + +The Post came out editorially in favor of the amendment and established +a half-page department, headed "The New Citizen," which was continued +daily during the campaign, the largest amount of space ever given by any +paper to woman suffrage. Dr. Elizabeth Sargent assumed most of the +responsibility for this department, assisted by members of the staff. +The Report gave editorial endorsement and a double-column department +entitled "The Woman Citizen," edited every Saturday by Winnifred Harper. +The Bulletin expressed itself as friendly and later in the campaign +opened a suffrage department conducted by Eliza D. Keith; but the paper +contained editorials from time to time, which the friends did not +construe as favorable to the measure. The managing editor gave the +ladies to understand that there would be no opposition from the +Chronicle, and during the campaign it contained several strong +editorials, not advocating the amendment, but decidedly favorable to +woman suffrage. This paper also gave a prominent place to a number of +articles from Mrs. Harper and others. Two days before election, however, +it advised its readers to vote against the amendment. + +The Examiner was friendly and offered a column on the editorial page of +the Sunday edition, throughout the campaign if Miss Anthony would fill +it. She protested that she was not a writer, but it was only upon this +condition that the space would be given. It was too valuable to be +sacrificed and so she accepted it, and for seven months furnished Sunday +articles of 1,600 words. These were widely copied, not only throughout +the State, but in all parts of the country. Every possible influence was +exerted to persuade William R. Hearst, the proprietor, who was residing +in New York, to bring out the paper editorially in favor of the +amendment. Miss Anthony wrote an earnest personal letter which closed: +"So, I pray you for the love of justice, for the love of your noble +mother, and for the sake of California--lead the way for the Democratic +party of your State to advocate the suffrage amendment. The Examiner has +done splendidly thus far in publishing fair and full reports of our +meetings and articles from our leading suffrage women. The one and only +thing we do ask is that it will editorially champion the amendment as it +will every other measure it believes in which is to be voted upon next +November." All pleadings were in vain and the great paper remained +silent. It did not, however, contain a line in opposition. + +During Miss Anthony's visit to San Francisco the previous year, the +Monitor, the official Catholic organ of California, had come out in two +editions with full-page editorials in favor of woman suffrage, as strong +as anything ever written on that subject. When the two ladies called on +the editor, he assured them of his full sympathy and agreed to accept a +series of articles from the chairman of the press committee. These were +published regularly for a time and then suddenly were refused, and every +effort to ascertain the reason was unsuccessful. Miss Anthony called on +him several times and waited for half an hour in his anteroom, but he +declined to see her and, during the remainder of the campaign, the +amendment received no recognition from the Monitor. + +The response from the other papers of the State was most remarkable. The +Populist press, without exception, was for woman suffrage. Every +newspaper in Oakland, Alameda and Berkeley spoke in favor of the +amendment. The majority of those in Los Angeles and San Diego counties +endorsed it. All but one in San Jose, and all but one in Sacramento, did +likewise. Before the campaign closed, 250 newspapers declared +editorially for the suffrage amendment. Only two of prominence in the +entire State came out boldly in opposition, the Record-Union, of +Sacramento, and the Times of Los Angeles. The former ceased its +opposition some time before election; the latter continued to the end, +ridiculing, misrepresenting, denouncing, and even going to the extent of +grossly caricaturing Miss Anthony. + +The Star, the Voice of Labor and other prominent journals published in +the interests of the wage-earning classes; those conducted by the +colored people; the Spanish, French and Italian papers; the leading +Jewish papers; the temperance, the A. P. A. and the Socialist organs; +and many published for individual enterprises, agriculture, insurance, +etc., spoke strongly for the amendment. The firm which supplied plate +matter to hundreds of the smaller papers accepted a short article every +week. There were very few newspapers in the State which did not grant +space for woman suffrage departments, and these were ably edited by the +women of the different localities. Matter on this question was furnished +to the chairman of the press committee by the San Francisco Clipping +Bureau, and these clippings were carefully tabulated and filed. At the +close of the eight months' campaign they numbered 9,000, taken from the +press of California alone. Twenty-seven papers came out in opposition; +these included a number of San Francisco weeklies of a sensational +character and a few published in small towns. + +It must be remembered, in this connection, that the woman suffrage +organization had not a dollar to pay for newspaper influence, had no +advertising to bestow, and that even the notices for meetings were +gratuitous. All this advocacy on the part of the papers was purely a +free-will offering and represented the honest and courageous sentiments +of the editors. It is deemed especially worthy of notice because there +was never anything like it in previous suffrage campaigns. Toward the +end, when the influence of the opposition began to do its fatal work, +these papers were closely watched and in not one instance was there a +defection. + +Notwithstanding this splendid support of the press, Miss Anthony was +firm in her decision that she would not remain through the campaign +unless the amendment could secure the endorsement of the political +parties, and every energy was directed toward this point. Several of the +Republican county conventions declared for it, and a number of +Republican leaders who were visited, announced themselves in favor of +the plank. The State Convention was to be held May 5. On May 3, the +Sunday edition of the San Francisco Call, the largest and most +influential Republican paper in the State, came out with flaming +headlines declaring boldly and unequivocally for woman suffrage! The +sensation created was tremendous, and amendment stock went up above par. +The Monday and Tuesday editions continued the editorial endorsement, +declaring that the Republican party stood committed to woman suffrage, +and that the Call constituted itself the champion and would carry it to +victory. + +Tuesday morning the Republican convention opened at Sacramento. The +woman suffrage delegation, consisting of Mrs. Sargent, Mrs. John F. +Swift, Mrs. Blinn, Mrs. Austin Sperry, Mrs. Knox Goodrich, Miss Anthony, +Rev. Anna Shaw, Miss Hay, Miss Yates, Mrs. Harper, opened their +headquarters at the Golden Eagle Hotel, decorated their parlor with +flowers, spread out their literature and badges and waited for the +delegates. They had not long to wait. With the influence of the Sunday +Call, a copy of which had been laid on the seat of every delegate in the +convention hall, they had a prestige which found favor in the eyes of +the politicians. The visitors came early and stayed late; they went away +and returned bringing their friends to be converted. The Call account +said: "They went in twos and threes, in large groups and in entire +delegations, to pay homage to their more modest workers and apparently +to beg the privilege of serving them." The rooms were crowded until +after midnight. + +The delegates put on the badges, and when the convention opened 250 of +them were wearing the little flag with its three stars. The ladies were +given the best seats in the great building. The delegates were divided +into two hostile camps, representing opposite wings of the party, and +the women had to move very carefully, as it was by no means certain +which faction would secure control of the convention. They also had to +frame many non-committal answers to the question, "How do you stand on +the A. P. A.?" The headquarters were thronged with reporters; every +woman was interviewed at length and her opinions telegraphed to the +great San Francisco dailies. Miss Anthony's interviews occupied a column +in the Examiner, each day of the convention. Those alarmists who fear +women will lose the respect of men when they are invested with political +influence should have had this object lesson. + +The chairman of the convention was considered not favorable to woman +suffrage. Of the seven men appointed on the resolution committee, five +were said to be opposed to the plank. The spirits of the ladies began to +droop. In the evening permission was given them to address the platform +committee. Mrs. Harper wrote the San Francisco Call: + + I wish I could picture that scene. In the small room, seated around + the table, were the seven men who held the fate of this question in + their hands. At one end stood Miss Anthony, the light from above + shining upon her silver hair until it seemed like a halo, and she + spoke as no one ever heard her speak before. On the face of every + delegate was an expression of the deepest seriousness, and before + she had finished tears were in the eyes of more than one. She was + followed by Miss Shaw, who stood there the embodiment of all that + is pure, sweet and womanly, and in a low, clear voice presented the + subject as no one else could have done. As we were about to leave + the room, the chairman said, "Ladies, we will take the vote now, if + you desire." We thanked him, but said no, we would withdraw and + leave them to consider the matter at their leisure. + + Within a very few minutes we had their decision--six in favor of + the resolution and one opposed. Here I want to call attention to + one thing. Eight women knew of the favorable action of the + committee by 9 o'clock, but although we were besieged by reporters + and delegates until nearly midnight we gave no sign, and the + Wednesday morning papers could only say that it was probable there + would be a woman suffrage plank. It is charged that women can not + keep a secret, but this is one of those many ancient myths which + take a long time to die. + +The plank was adopted next day in the big convention with only one +dissenting voice. The Woman's Congress was in session at San Francisco +and when Mrs. Cooper, its president, stepped forward on the platform and +read the telegram announcing the result, the enthusiasm hardly can be +described. The ladies went down from Sacramento to the Congress the next +day and received a continuous ovation throughout the rest of the +meetings. + +Among the pleasant letters which came to Miss Anthony was one from +Abigail Scott Duniway, of Portland, Ore., in which she said: "Your +triumphs in California are marvellous. Hurrah, and again, hurrah! I +believe now the women of the Golden State will win. All honor to you and +your noble confreres!" And one from Lucy Underwood McCann, of Santa +Cruz, saying: "It is to you, most honored and revered of women, we owe +the fact, because of your long martyrdom in this great reform, that we +stand now, as we hope and pray, upon the brink of realization of our +rights. This has been made possible only through the patient toil of +such heroic souls as your own. Your wisdom in planning this campaign, in +which we confidently expect a glorious victory, is our mainstay, upon +which all other hopes depend." + +Miss Anthony's happiness over the action of the Republicans knew no +bounds, and she began with renewed courage to prepare for the Populist +convention May 12. The prominent Populists who were visited assured the +ladies that they need not waste time or money going to Sacramento to +secure a plank in their platform, as woman suffrage was one of the +fundamental principles of their party. The suffrage leaders felt, +however, that this convention was entitled to the same courtesy as the +others and they attended in a body, headed by Miss Anthony and Mrs. +Sargent. When they entered the convention hall they were received with +cheers and waving of hats, escorted to the front seats, invited to +address the convention and surrounded by delegates during the recess. +Without any solicitation the resolution committee reported and the +convention adopted a strong woman suffrage plank, and then gave three +cheers for the ladies. They were told that not half a dozen men in that +body were opposed to the amendment. + +From here they went to the Prohibition convention at Stockton, were met +at the station by a delegation of ladies, and received with +distinguished consideration by the convention. Miss Anthony was twice +invited to address them, and the plank endorsing the amendment was +adopted by a hearty and unanimous vote. A reception was then held at the +hotel and over a hundred ladies called. + +One convention yet remained, the Democratic. While a few of the leaders +of this party were in favor of the amendment, most of them were opposed +and gave no encouragement to the attempt to secure a plank. The ladies, +however, carried out the program, and the same large delegation returned +to Sacramento June 16, the number increased by Mrs. Cooper, Mrs. E. O. +Smith, of San Jose, Mrs. Alice M. Stocker, of Pleasanton, and several +others. A month had intervened and the opposition had had time to +organize. Some of the county conventions had declared against the +amendment and many of the delegates had been instructed to vote against +it. + +The suffrage representatives were disappointed in the hope that they +might come to this convention with the editorial endorsement of the +Examiner, but they were greatly pleased to receive from that paper, on +the morning of the opening, a package of 2,000 woman suffrage leaflets. +The Examiner had collected at its own expense a large amount of fresh +and valuable testimony from the leading editors and officials of +Colorado and Wyoming, as to its satisfactory practical working in those +States, and had arranged it in large type on heavy cream-tinted paper, +making the handsomest leaflet of the kind ever issued. These were placed +in the hands of the delegates, and also distributed throughout the +State. + +The women's headquarters at the Golden Eagle were practically unvisited. +A few lone delegates, and two or three delegations that had been +instructed to vote for the amendment, strayed up to express their +sympathy, but most of them were too well subjugated by the political +bosses even to pay a visit of courtesy. A new element was introduced +here in the person of a woman of somewhat unpleasant record who claimed +to be the representative of the anti-suffrage organization. The platform +committee consisted of thirty-five and met in a large room filled with +spectators. The ladies presented a petition signed by 40,000 California +men and women asking for woman suffrage. The entire delegation of +speakers, with Miss Anthony and Miss Shaw at the head, was granted +twenty minutes to present its claims, and the one woman above referred +to was given the same amount of time. She did not occupy more than a +minute of it, simply saying that her anti-suffrage league was going to +organize all over the State and work for the Democratic party. The +resolution was laid on the table, almost before they were out of the +room. + +A minority report was prepared by Charles Wesley Reed, of San Francisco, +and signed by himself, Mr. Alford, chairman of the committee, and two +others. In a letter to the Call, Mrs. Harper thus describes subsequent +events: + + Mr. Reed assured the ladies that he would bring this report before + the convention and he kept his word, although he had other fights + on hand and endangered them by standing for woman suffrage. This + minority report, although properly drawn and signed by four members + of the platform committee, including the chairman, was "smothered" + by the secretary of the convention and its chairman, Mr. Frank + Gould. Every other minority report was read and acted upon by the + convention; that alone on woman suffrage was held back. In vain Mr. + Reed protested; the chairman ignored him and called for a vote on + the platform as a whole. It was adopted with a roar, and our fight + was lost! It was near midnight. We had sat two long hot days in the + convention, had slept but little, were worn out and very, very + wrathy. At this juncture John P. Irish addressed the convention, + stating that a distinguished lady was present, etc., and would they + hear Miss Susan B. Anthony? Thinking it was too late for her to do + any harm, she was received with loud applause. + + It was impossible to say what the convention expected, but they got + a rebuke for allowing such action on the part of their chairman and + for treating the women of the State in this unjust and undemocratic + manner, which caused a hush to fall upon the whole body. It was a + dramatic and impressive scene, one not to be forgotten. At its + conclusion there were loud cries for Anna Shaw. The little fighter + was at the boiling point, but she stepped upon the platform with a + smile, and with that sarcasm of which she is complete master + supplemented Miss Anthony's remarks. As she stepped down, half the + convention were on their feet demanding the minority report. The + chairman stated that it was too late for that, but a resolution + might be offered. The original resolution was at once presented, + and then there was an attempt to take a viva-voce vote, but our + friends demanded a roll-call. It resulted in 149 ayes and 420 noes. + Mr. Gould's own county voted almost solidly in favor. Alameda + county, led by W. W. Foote, gave 32 noes and 3 ayes, yet this + county sent in the largest petition for woman suffrage of any in + the State. + +To secure more than a one-fourth vote of a convention which had been +determined not to allow the question even to come before it, was not a +total defeat.[119] + +The battle was now fairly begun and it grew hotter with every passing +week for the next five months. A few days after the last convention the +women held a mass meeting in Metropolitan Temple to ratify the planks. +The great hall was crowded to the doors and hundreds stood during all +the long exercises. As the ladies who had been to the conventions came +upon the stage, the building fairly rang with applause. The Republican, +Populist, Prohibition, Democratic and Socialist-Labor parties were +represented by prominent men who made strong suffrage speeches. +Congressman James G. Maguire spoke for those individual Democrats who +believed in woman suffrage, among whom he was always a staunch +advocate. Miss Anthony was cheered to the echo and it seemed as if the +audience could not get enough of her bright, pithy remarks, as she +introduced the different speakers. + +The suffrage advocates, elated with their victory in three conventions, +opened headquarters in the large new Parrott building and swung their +banner across the street.[120] Five rooms were filled with busy workers +directed by Mary G. Hay, chairman of the State central committee, while +the other members took turns in receiving the reporters, the people on +business and the throngs of visitors from all parts of the State. To +follow this campaign in detail, to name all of those most prominently +connected with it, would be obviously impracticable. It would be utterly +impossible to mention individually the hundreds of women who thoroughly +canvassed their own precincts and deserve a full share of the credit for +the large vote cast. A number of competent California women took up the +organization of the different counties. Every woman in the State who +could address an audience found her place and work. Mrs. Alice Moore +McComas and Rev. Mila Tupper Maynard headed the list of Southern +California speakers. Miss Sarah M. Severance spoke under the auspices of +the W. C. T. U. Mrs. Naomi Anderson represented the colored women. Rev. +Anna Shaw spoke every night during the campaign, except the one month +when she returned East to fill engagements. She paid the salary of her +secretary and donated her services to the headquarters for five months. +Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates, of Maine, made about one hundred speeches. +The last two months Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, national organizer, gave +several addresses each day. There were very few men who worked as hard +during that campaign as did scores of the women, each according to her +ability. + +No description could give an adequate idea of the amount of labor +performed by Miss Anthony during those eight months. There was scarcely +a day, including Sundays, that she did not make from one to three +speeches, often having a long journey between them. She addressed great +political rallies of thousands of people; church conventions of every +denomination; Spiritualist and Freethinkers' gatherings; Salvation Army +meetings; African societies; Socialists; all kinds of labor +organizations; granges; Army and Navy Leagues; Soldiers' Homes and +military encampments; women's clubs and men's clubs; Y. M. C. A.'s and +W. C. T. U.'s. She spoke at farmers' picnics on the mountaintops, and +Bethel Missions in the cellars of San Francisco; at parlor meetings in +the most elegant homes; and in pool-rooms where there was printed on the +blackboard, "Welcome to Susan B. Anthony." + +She was in constant demand for social functions, where her presence gave +an opportunity for a discussion of the all-absorbing question. One of +the handsomest of these was a breakfast of two hundred covers, given by +the Century Club in the "maple room" of the Palace Hotel, where were +gathered the leading women of San Francisco and other cities in the +State. Miss Anthony sat at the right hand of the president and responded +to the toast, "Those who break bread with us." The club privileges were +extended to her and, at the close of the campaign, she was made an +honorary member. This club was composed largely of conservative women, +but its president, Mrs. Mary Wood Swift, was one of the most prominent +of the suffrage advocates. She addressed the Woman's Press Association, +the Laurel Hall Club, the Forum, Sorosis, Association of Collegiate +Alumnć and most of the other women's organizations of San Francisco. An +invitation to luncheon was received from Mrs. Stanford signed, "Your +sincere friend and believer in woman suffrage," and a very pleasant day +was spent in her lovely home at Menlo Park. + +A breakfast was given in her honor by the Ebell Club of Oakland, Mrs. G. +W. Bunnell, president. She rode in a beautifully decorated carriage at +the great Fabiola Fęte, or floral festival, held annually in this city. +Many social courtesies were extended in the towns around the bay, among +them being dinner parties by Senator and Mrs. Fred Stratton, Mr. and +Mrs. A. A. Moore, Mrs. Henry Vrooman, Mr. and Mrs. F. M. Smith, Mrs. +Emma Shafter Howard, Mr. and Mrs. F. C. Havens, Mrs. Alice H. Wellman, +of Oakland; Judge and Mrs. J. A. Waymire, of Alameda; Mr. and Mrs. +William A. Keith, of Berkeley. All this would have been very enjoyable +but for the fact that most of these occasions included a speech, and she +was usually obliged to come from just having spoken, or to rush away to +keep another engagement. One unique experience was a complimentary trip +tendered, through Mrs. Lovell White, by the proprietors of the new Mill +Valley and Mount Tamalpais Scenic Railway, to Miss Anthony and a large +number of guests. From the top of this high peak, which overlooks the +Golden Gate, they enjoyed a view that for beauty and grandeur is not +surpassed in the world. + +Miss Anthony visited also various towns throughout the central part of +the State and along the coast, speaking in wigwams, halls, churches, +schoolhouses and the open air, taking trains at all hours, travelling +through heat and dust, wind and cold; and there was never a word of +complaint during all the long campaign. She was always ready to go, +always on time, always full of cheer and hope. + +The first week in June she went to Portland to attend the Woman's +Congress, Abigail Scott Duniway, president. Its officers were among the +prominent women of the city, and she was royally received. She spoke a +number of times during the nine sessions and was handsomely treated by +the press. Sarah B. Cooper joined her here, on her way home from the +National Federation of Clubs at Louisville, Ky. A number of receptions +were given in their honor, among them one by the Woman's Club. There was +an elaborate luncheon at "the Curtis;" and a reception was tendered by +the managers of the Woman's Union. No effort was spared to make their +visit in everyday delightful. Miss Anthony lectured in the opera house +at Seattle under the auspices of the Woman's Century Club, and a +reception was given by her hostess, Mrs. Kate Turner Holmes. Many +inducements were offered for her to extend the visit, but she was +desirous of returning to the field of work in California at the earliest +possible moment and was absent only nine days. + +Miss Anthony was invited by both Republican and Populist managers to +address their ratification meetings in San Francisco, and received an +ovation from the great audiences representing the two parties. One wing +of the Democrats held their ratification meeting after night in the open +air and of course she was not invited to speak, but the other wing +extended a cordial invitation and she addressed them in Metropolitan +Temple, receiving an enthusiastic greeting. The suffrage women +themselves held a second mass meeting September 10, according to the +Call, "amid a mighty outburst of popular enthusiasm, the like of which +has seldom if ever been seen at a political meeting held in this city." +Here again the part taken by prominent men from all political parties +demonstrated the non-partisan character of the woman's campaign. This +was Mrs. Catt's first appearance before a California audience and the +papers said: "As she and the other ladies delivered their clear-cut, +logical speeches, cheers rent the air and handkerchiefs and hats were +waved with overmastering enthusiasm." + +And so the months went by, with their cares and pleasures, their hopes +and fears, their elation and depression. In her letters to her sister, +Miss Anthony wrote: "Sometimes I have a homesick hour and feel as if I +must leave all and rush back to my own hearthstone, but then I pull +myself together and resolve to go through to the end." A similar +campaign was in progress in Idaho and Mrs. Catt was there in August at +the request of that State board, to represent the national association. +They were very anxious that Miss Anthony should come also, but to their +many letters she replied: + + I should love dearly to go to Boise at once, as you request, and I + should have been in Idaho during the last two months had it been + possible for one human being to be in two places at the same + time.... I learn that the men who believe in suffrage in your + State, object to an open demand for party endorsement, but prefer a + "still hunt." I have seen this tried before, but our opponents + always can make a stiller hunt. Our only hope of success lies in + open, free and full discussions through the newspapers and + political party speakers.... Won't it be a magnificent feather in + our cap if we get both California and Idaho into the fold this + year? How beautiful the blue field will look with two more + stars--five little gold stars! Remember that the woman suffrage + stars are gold, not silver. Not that I think gold is better than + silver, but it is a different color from the forty-five on the + regular flag.[121] + +There were, of course, some misrepresentations, both intentional and +unintentional, of Miss Anthony's attitude. The fact of her speaking on +the platforms of all political parties was something which many people +could not comprehend, and the party organs could not refrain from +twisting her remarks a little bit in the direction of their doctrines; +then would come a storm of protests from the other side, and she would +have to explain what she actually said. Thus, with the reporters +constantly at her elbow, the public watching every utterance and the +politicians on the alert to discover what party she and her +fellow-workers really did favor, she lived indeed for many months in +"the fierce light that beats upon a throne." + +"O, that I had you by my side; what a team we would make!" she often +wrote to Mrs. Stanton, who answered: "I read all the papers you send and +watch closely the progress of the campaign. I feel at times as if I +should fly to your help. We are the only class in history that has been +left to fight its battles alone, unaided by the ruling powers. White +labor and the freed black men had their champions, but where are ours?" + +In June the National Republican Convention was held at St. Louis. Miss +Anthony could not make the long journey but she sent the following +resolution and asked its adoption: "The Republican Party in national +convention assembled hereby recommends that Congress shall submit an +amendment to the Federal Constitution providing that the right of +citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by +the United States, or by any State, on account of sex." + +The platform committee labored and this is what it brought forth: "The +Republican party is mindful of the rights and interests of women. +Protection of American industries includes equal opportunities, equal +pay for equal work, and protection to the home. We favor the admission +of women to wider spheres of usefulness, and welcome their co-operation +in rescuing the country from Democratic mismanagement and Populist +misrule." + +Miss Anthony's indignation, anger and contempt when she read this +resolution can not be put into words. It required the combined efforts +of those who were nearest her to prevent the expression of her opinion +in reply to the many reporters and letters wanting to know how she +regarded this plank. "You must not offend the Republicans and injure our +amendment," they argued, and she would acquiesce and subside. Then, +after thinking it over, she would again burst forth and declare the +women of the country should not be compelled to submit to this insult +without a protest from her. "Women want the suffrage as a sword to smite +down Democratic and Populist misrule. Infamous!" she exclaimed again and +again. "That climaxes all the outrages ever offered to women in the +history of political platforms." To Mrs. Stanton she wrote: "O, that you +were young and strong and free, and could fire off of the planet such +ineffable slush as is being slobbered over our cause!" But she held her +peace, and all the brainy women who were conducting this great campaign +kept silent, although there was not one of them who did not feel exactly +like Miss Anthony in regard to this plank. Nor was there a woman in the +country, who was able to comprehend the resolution, that did not regard +it as an insult and feel that she would prefer never again to have women +mentioned in a national platform if the men who should make it had no +higher conception of justice than this. + +On October 11, Miss Anthony started on a southern tour, speaking first +at San Luis Obispo to an audience which crowded the hall. From here to +Santa Barbara, through the courtesy of Superintendent Johnson, of the +narrow gauge railroad, the train was stopped at every station for a +ten-minute address. At some places a stage had been extemporized, at +others she spoke from the rear platform of the car. Her coming had been +announced and, even in those rather thinly settled regions, there would +be as many as a thousand people gathered at the station. When she +concluded, quantities of flowers would be thrown in her pathway and the +platform literally banked with them.[122] After a stage ride of forty +miles she received an enthusiastic welcome at Santa Barbara, where she +was the guest of Dr. Ida Stambach. The ovation was continued at all the +towns visited in the southern part of the State. + +A little flurry had been caused early in the campaign by the +announcement that the National W. C. T. U. Convention would be held in +San Francisco during the autumn of 1896. Miss Anthony had written Miss +Willard that she thought this would be very injudicious. She then had +agreed to postpone it until after the election, and Miss Anthony again +had objected, saying: + + I am glad you think it will be possible to postpone your convention + to November; but, you see, even to do that all California will be + full of your advertisements, and the papers all telling how the W. + C. T. U. is going to bring its convention to San Francisco + immediately after the women have the right to vote, so as to + educate them to destroy the wine-growing and brandy-distilling + business; in other words, that it is going to start in the first + thing to ruin what today is the one means of livelihood for immense + numbers of ranchmen throughout the State. So, I hope--nay, I + beseech that you will withdraw the convention altogether from + California for this year. I have had letters from the amendment + campaign committee, and every one of them deplores the coming of + the convention.... + + Now, my dear, hold your convention any place but in a State where + we are trying to persuade every license man, every wine-grower, + every drinker and every one who does not believe in prohibition, + as well as every one who does, to vote "yes" on the woman suffrage + question. If you only will do this, I am sure you will do the most + effective work in the power of any mortal to secure the end we all + so much desire. + +Miss Willard replied in a cordial letter that she had not the slightest +wish to antagonize her or the suffrage movement and would use her +influence to have the place of the convention changed. To Mrs. B. +Sturtevant Peet, president of the California W. C. T. U., who was +somewhat in doubt as to the necessity for such change, Miss Anthony +wrote: + + What you say of the good influence of your national convention in + San Francisco is true so far as concerns the actual Prohibition + men; but we must consider those who are making their daily bread + out of the manufacture as well as the sale of liquors. There are + many excellent men in California who are not total abstainers, but + who believe in wine as the people of Italy and France believe in + it; and I think that, in waging our campaign, we should be careful + not to run against the prejudices or the pecuniary interests of + that class. As I have said before, if it were a Prohibition + amendment which was pending I should think it exceedingly unwise to + run that campaign under the banner of woman suffrage. The average + human mind is incapable of taking in more than one idea at a time. + The one we want to get into the heads of the voters this year is + woman's enfranchisement, and we must pull every string with every + possible individual man and class of men to secure their votes for + this amendment. We should be extremely careful to base all our + arguments upon the right of every individual to have his or her + opinion counted at the ballot-box, whether it is in accordance with + ours or not. Therefore, the amendment must not be urged as a + measure for temperance, social purity, or any other reform, but + simply as a measure to give to women the right to vote yea or nay + on each and all of them. I want every woman in California to work + for the amendment, but I want her to work in the name of suffrage, + not of prohibition. + +The national convention was withdrawn entirely from California, and the +W. C. T. U. women, in most places, worked under the one banner of the +suffrage amendment during the campaign. In proof that there was no +feeling on the part of the leaders against Miss Anthony, it may be +stated that she received official invitations to be present at the +birthday celebration of Mrs. Peet, in April; to address the State W. C. +T. U. Convention at Petaluma, in October; to attend the National +Convention at St. Louis in November; and to join in the farewell +reception to Miss Willard in New York on the eve of her departure for +Europe. + +The managers of the woman's campaign supposed of course that the +endorsement by the Populist and Republican State Conventions meant not +only that the speakers of those parties would advocate the suffrage +plank just as they did the others in their respective platforms, but +that they also would permit the women themselves to speak for it in +their political meetings. When they applied to Mr. Wardall and the other +members of the Populist Central Committee, the schedule was promptly +furnished and they were assured that their speakers would be welcomed. +When they applied to the Republican Central Committee, to their +amazement, they were put off with an evasive answer. Meanwhile they had +Miss Anthony, Miss Shaw, Mrs. Catt and other speakers waiting for +engagements and did not dare make dates ahead lest it might interfere +with the big Republican rallies which they wished them to address. Again +and again they went to the Republican Central Committee and asked for +the schedule of their meetings and the privilege of sending their +speakers to them. Finally, after weeks of anxious waiting, the chairman, +Major Frank McLaughlin, sent a letter to the suffrage headquarters +saying in effect: "The committee had decided not to grant this +privilege; in the language used at one time by Miss Anthony, it meant +'too many bonnets at their meetings,' and they wished to reach the +voters." + +He added that they were at liberty to make any arrangements they chose +with the county chairmen. This meant, of course, that they must +ascertain the name and address of every county chairman in the State, +watch the papers for the announcements of meetings, hold their speakers +in reserve, and beg the privilege of having them heard. All this, when +the endorsement of the suffrage amendment was the first plank in the +Republican platform unanimously adopted by the State convention! There +was nothing, however, except to make the best of it; but when they +attempted to arrange with the county chairmen, they found Major +McLaughlin had written them not to allow the women speakers on their +platforms! While many of them refused to obey his orders, he had +practically destroyed the best opportunity for reaching the people. + +The Republican State Convention had enthusiastically adopted a +resolution declaring for "the free coinage of silver at a ratio of 16 to +1." When the National Convention met in St. Louis soon afterwards it +adopted a gold standard plank, and there they were! The Populists and +Democrats who agreed on a financial plank saw here an opportunity and, +in many counties, effected a fusion and held their meetings together. +This, of course, nullified the permission given the women to put +speakers on the Populist platform, since the Democrats, as a party, were +opposed to woman suffrage, and there they were! If they attempted to +hold simply suffrage meetings, they could get only audiences of women, +because all the men were in attendance at the political rallies. So the +only thing left was for the women in every city and town in the State, +whenever a political mass meeting was advertised, to go to the managers +and humbly beg to have one of their speakers on the platform. + +This was not often refused, and it was just as easy to get this +permission from Democrats as from Republicans. The former felt that if +the amendment should carry they would not object to a little of the +credit, and they soon found also that the women were a drawing card. +Whenever there was a purely Populist meeting, a conspicuous place and +all the time desired were given to the women, but at Republican, +Democratic or Fusion meetings, they always were placed at the end of the +program and allowed only five or, at most, ten minutes. In order simply +to get this little word, the women speakers would make long journeys and +sit on the platform until every long-winded male orator had finished his +speech, and until they were ready to drop from their chairs. But the +audience waited for them, no matter how late, and never failed to +receive them with the wildest enthusiasm. Many times when the managers +would have been willing to sandwich them between other speakers, the +latter would object, saying the people would go home as soon as the +women had finished! + +As the campaign wore on it became a fight for life with the political +parties. The Call, which had come out so valiantly for woman suffrage, +had been struck in a vital part, i.e., in the counting-room, by the +opponents of this measure, who withdrew valuable advertising and in +every possible way sought to injure the paper. Its support was used by +the other wing of the Republican party to create a prejudice against the +candidates it advocated; the principal stockholders were not friendly to +the amendment; as the organ of the Central Committee it was deprived of +independent action. So it was not surprising that, long before the close +of the campaign, the great fight which the Call agreed to make had +dwindled to an occasional skirmish when the pleading of the women grew +too strong to be resisted. + +Almost without exception the Republican orators were silent on the +question of woman suffrage, even those who personally favored it. The +women wrote them, interviewed them and begged them to advocate the first +plank in their platform as they did all the rest, and occasionally when +they would go in a body and sit on the front seats to watch the speaker, +he would say a few mild words in favor of the amendment, but there were +several of the Democrats who did as much. Some of the Populists +advocated it, but the most prominent, who always before had spoken for +it, went through the entire campaign without so much as a mention, in +order to secure Democratic support. When Thomas B. Reed came into the +State, at the very end of the campaign, the women felt sure of an ally, +as he had long been a pronounced advocate, but he did not so much as +refer to the question in his tour of the State, although they bombarded +him with letters which would have impressed a heart of stone. At the +last grand rally in Oakland, the day before election, with Miss Anthony +on one side of him and Miss Shaw on the other, he did say that he "knew +of no more reason why a woman should not vote than why a man should +not"--but the battle then was already lost. + +Up to within a few weeks of election, in spite of all the drawbacks, it +looked as if the amendment would win. The general sentiment throughout +the State seemed to be in favor. The mere mention of the subject at any +meeting was received with the greatest enthusiasm. Almost every delegate +body which assembled in convention during that summer adopted a +resolution of endorsement; this was true of most of the church +conferences, the teachers' institutes, the State Grange and farmers' +institutes, the Chautauqua assemblies and countless others. And still +the women watched and waited! There was one element more powerful than +all these combined, which had not yet shown its hand. It never had +failed in any State to fight woman suffrage to the death, and there was +no reason to believe it would not kill it in California. + +Ten days before election the fatal blow came. The representatives of the +Liquor Dealers' League met in San Francisco and resolved "to take such +steps as were necessary to protect their interests." The political +leaders, the candidates, the rank and file of the voters recognized the +handwriting on the wall. From that moment the fate of the amendment was +sealed. The women had determined, from the beginning of the campaign, +that they would give the liquor business no excuse to say its interests +were threatened, and therefore the temperance question had been kept out +of the discussion as had the religious, the tariff and the financial +questions. They took the sensible view that it had no more place than +these in the demand for women's right to vote as they pleased on all +subjects. Therefore the action of the liquor dealers had no +justification in anything which the women had said or done. It simply +showed that they considered woman suffrage a dangerous foe. The +following letter, signed by the wholesale liquor firms of San Francisco, +was sent to the saloon-keepers, hotel proprietors, druggists and grocers +throughout the State: + + At the election to be held on November 3, Constitutional Amendment + No. Six, which gives the right to vote to women, will be voted on. + + It is to your interest and ours to vote against this amendment. We + request and urge you to vote and work against it and do all you can + to defeat it. + + See your neighbor in the same line of business as yourself, and + have him be with you in this matter. + +The men in the slums of San Francisco were taken in squads and, with +sample ballots, were taught how to put the cross against the suffrage +amendment and assured that if it carried there never would be another +glass of beer sold in the city. When the chairman of the press committee +went to a prominent editor, who was opposed to woman suffrage and knew +that these things were being done, and asked if there were no way by +which some suffrage literature could be given to those men so that they +might see there was no ground for these threats, he said: "Most of them +can not read and if they could the whiskey men would never allow a page +of it to get into their hands." In what way the liquor dealers worked +upon the political parties, it is not necessary to speculate. The +methods were not new and are pretty well understood. They control tens +of thousands of votes not only in California but in every State, which +they can deliver to either of the great parties that does their bidding +and regards their interests. + +It is absurd, however, to attribute the defeat of the suffrage amendment +wholly to the liquor dealers, or to the densely ignorant, or to the +foreigners. In the wealthiest and most aristocratic wards of San +Francisco and Oakland, where there were none of these, the proportion of +votes against the amendment was just as great as it was in the slum +wards of the two cities. Those respectable, law-abiding citizens who +cast their ballots against the amendment, thereby voted to continue the +power of the above mentioned classes. + +For weeks before the election, the most frantic efforts were made by the +politicians to register new voters and colonize them in the wards where +they would be most needed.[123] Columns of appeals were issued in all +the newspapers to get the vast numbers of lately arrived immigrants to +come to the city hall and register. Men were sent around ringing big +bells and calling upon them to do this, and interpreters were employed +to explain that it would not cost them a cent. Finally the registry +books were carried to the parks and other places where these men were +employed, in order to secure their names. + +Meanwhile the intelligent, order-loving, sober and industrious women of +the State were making such efforts as never were made by any class of +men, to secure this same privilege of placing in the ballot-box and +having counted their opinions on questions relating to the public +welfare;--opinions, one would think, that ought to be considered of as +much value to the State as those which such strenuous attempts were +being made to obtain. It seems, however, that intelligence, morality and +thrift must wait the pleasure of ignorance, vice and idleness. + +During the months of the early spring, through the efforts of a few +women who worked without pay and used only their spare moments, the +names of nearly 30,000 women were secured to a petition asking for the +suffrage. This, of course, represented only a fraction of those which +might have been obtained by continued effort, but a petition signed by +even 30,000 men would have been considered worthy of attention. The vast +majority of women have no money of their own and those who work for +wages, as a rule, receive but a pittance, and yet there were raised in +California for this amendment campaign almost $19,000, and the amount +contributed by men was so small as not to be worth mentioning. The +financial success was due very largely to the State treasurer, Mrs. +Austin Sperry. She not only made a donation of $500, but borrowed from +the bank on her personal note, when necessary, and signed blank checks +to be used when the treasury was empty and repaid when outstanding +pledges were collected. Mrs. Phoebe Hearst headed the list with $1,000. +Mrs. Stanford gave almost as much in railroad transportation to the +speakers and organizers. The next largest contributor was Mrs. Knox +Goodrich, of San Jose, who for nearly thirty years had stood in +California a faithful advocate of woman suffrage, giving time, money and +influence. She added to her past donations nearly $500 for this +campaign. Mrs. Sargent's munificence has been mentioned. A few women +subscribed $100 each, but all the rest was given in sums ranging down +to a few cents. + +[Illustration: Sarah L. Knox Goodrich (Signed: "Sarah L. Knox +Goodrich")] + +[Illustration: Autograph: "regard with deep respect your heroic life and +entire devotion to the cause you have consecrated it to. Yours very +sincerely. Phebe A. Hearst."] + +The true record of these contributions would wring the heart of every +man in the State. A large photograph of Miss Anthony and Miss Shaw was +given for every $2 pledge, and many poor seamstresses and washerwomen +fulfilled their pledges in twenty-five cent installments, coming eight +times with their mite. Often when there was not enough money on hand at +headquarters to buy a postage stamp, there would come a timid knock at +the door and a poorly dressed woman would enter with a quarter or +half-dollar, saying, "I have done without tea this week to bring you +this money;" or a poor little clerk would say, "I made a piece of fancy +work evenings and sold it for this dollar." Many a woman who worked hard +ten hours a day to earn her bread, would come to headquarters and carry +home a great armload of circulars to fold and address after night. And +there were teachers and stenographers and other workingwomen who went +without a winter cloak in order to give the money to this movement for +freedom. This pathetic story ought to be written in full and given to +every man who eases his conscience by saying, "The majority of women do +not want to vote;" and to every well-fed, well-clothed woman who +declares in her selfish ease, "I have all the rights I want." + +Knowing that if the suffrage amendment were placed first or last among +the six which were to be voted on, it would be a target for those who +could not read, the ladies wrote to the Secretary of State asking that +it be placed in the middle of the list. He answered, June 26: "It shall +be as you request and the suffrage amendment be third in order as +certified by me to the various county clerks." When the tickets were +printed, however, it was placed at the end of the list and thus +necessarily at the end of the whole ticket, making it a conspicuous +mark. The explanation given was that Governor Budd had directed the +amendments to be placed on the ballot in the same order as they had +appeared in his proclamation. As this had not been issued until July 20, +a month after the official request of the ladies had been granted, one +must conclude there was a mistake somewhere. The results were exactly +what had been feared. In San Francisco alone hundreds of ballots were +cast on which there was only one cross and that against the amendment; +not even the presidential electors voted for. + +There were 247,454 votes cast on the suffrage amendment; 110,355 for; +137,099 against; defeated by 26,734. The majority against in San +Francisco was 23,772; in Alameda county, comprising Oakland, Alameda and +Berkeley, 3,627; total, 27,399-665 votes more than the whole majority +cast against the amendment. Berkeley gave a majority in favor, so in +reality it was defeated by the vote of San Francisco, Oakland and +Alameda.[124] Alameda is the banner Republican county and gave a good +majority for the Republican ticket. There never had been a hope of +carrying San Francisco for the amendment, but the result in Alameda +county was a most unpleasant surprise, as the voters were principally +Republicans and Populists, both of whom were pledged in the strongest +possible manner in their county conventions to support the amendment, +and every newspaper in the county had declared in favor of it. The fact +remains, however, that a change of 13,400 votes in the entire State +would have carried the amendment; and proves beyond question that, if +sufficient organization work had been done, this might have been +accomplished in spite of the combined efforts of the liquor dealers and +the political bosses. + +Near midnight of election day, a touching sight might have been +witnessed on a certain street in San Francisco: two women over seventy +years of age, one the beloved wife of a man whom California had selected +as its representative in the United States Senate and whom the +government had sent as its minister to the court of Germany; the other a +woman universally admitted to be the peer of any man in the country in +statesmanship and knowledge of public affairs--Mrs. A. A. Sargent and +Susan B. Anthony. In the darkness of night, arm in arm, they went down +the street, peering into the windows of the rough little booths where +the judges and clerks of the election were counting votes. The rooms +were black with tobacco smoke and in one they saw a man fall off his +chair too drunk to finish the count. They listened to the oaths and +jeers as the votes were announced against the suffrage amendment, to +which they had given almost their lives. Then in the darkness they crept +silently home, mournfully realizing that women must wait for another and +better generation of men to give them the longed-for freedom. + +The next morning when Miss Anthony came down to breakfast she found a +group in the Sargent library reading the news of the election, and all +looked at her in sorrowing sympathy. She stood still in the center of +the room for a moment and then said sadly: "I don't care for myself, I +am used to defeat, but these dear California women who have worked so +hard, how can they bear it?" + +Miss Anthony not only had donated her own services but had paid her +secretary's salary of $75 per month and permitted her to give her entire +time to the State headquarters for seven months, while she herself +attended to the drudgery of her immense correspondence whenever she +could get a spare hour. Even at the small sum of $25 for a regular +speech, she would have contributed over $3,000 to this campaign, in +addition to the scores of little parlor and club addresses. She gave her +services freely and willingly and did not regret them, but often said +that the California campaign was the most harmonious and satisfactory of +any in which she ever was engaged. There was not the slightest friction +between herself and the State association or State headquarters, and +most of those prominent in the work were of such refinement and nobility +of character that it was a pleasure to be associated with them. Not a +day passed that she did not receive some token of affection from the +women of the State. The Sargent home was filled with the flowers and +baskets and boxes of fresh and dried fruits, etc., which were sent to +her.[125] + +On November 5, two days after the election, a large body of California +women met in Golden Gate Hall to hold the annual State Suffrage +Convention. Miss Anthony and all the national officers remained to help. +There was not a trace of defeat or disappointment; all were brave, +cheerful and ready to go to work again. Twelve hundred dollars were +raised to settle all outstanding bills and the campaign closed without a +dollar of indebtedness. As Mrs. Sargent was going abroad, a worthy +presidential successor was elected, Mrs. Mary Wood Swift, wife of John +F. Swift, minister to Japan, a fine presiding officer, a lady of much +culture, travel and social prestige, who had rendered valuable service +throughout the campaign. The next evening the suffrage forces held a +grand rally in Metropolitan Temple. Every seat in that fine auditorium +was occupied and the aisles were crowded. It was not a meeting of the +adherents of a lost cause, but of one which had suffered only temporary +defeat. Miss Anthony presided and was given a true California ovation +and, as her voice rang out with all its old-time vigor, there was not +one in that vast audience but hoped she might return to lead her hosts +to victory. + +[Illustration: Autograph: "Yours with Love, Mary Wood Swift"] + +Saturday evening at 6 o'clock the seven eastern women started homewards, +laden with tokens of affection, accompanied across the bay by a large +number of loving friends, and moving off amidst smiles and tears and a +shower of fragrant blossoms. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[118] Joint campaign committee: Ellen C. Sargent, chairman; Sarah B. +Cooper, vice-chairman; Ida H. Harper, corresponding secretary; Harriet +Cooper, recording secretary; Mary S. Sperry, treasurer; Mary Wood Swift +and Sarah Knox Goodrich, auditors. State central committee: Mrs. +Sargent, Miss Anthony, Mrs. Swift, Mrs. Sperry, Mrs. Blinn, with Mary G. +Hay, chairman. + +[119] About 1 o'clock in the morning, after this eventful night, the +ladies were awakened by loud laughter and women's voices. They arose and +went to the window and there in the brilliantly lighted street in front +of the hotel were two carriages containing several gaily dressed women. +A number of the convention delegates came out and crowded around them, +three or four climbed into the carriages, wine bottles were passed and +finally, with much talk and laughter, they drove off down the street, +the men with their arms about the women's waists. The ladies returned to +their slumbers thoroughly convinced that they had not used the correct +methods for capturing the delegates of a Democratic convention. + +[120] The use of these rooms was donated by the manager of the Emporium, +the large department store in the building. All through the summer and +autumn a number of most capable young women, who were employed as +stenographers, teachers, etc., gave every waking moment outside business +hours to the work at headquarters, carrying home with them great +packages of leaflets and circulars to be folded and addressed, looking +after their own precincts, and rendering services which could not have +been paid for in money. Although all were breadwinners they labored from +love of the cause and without a thought of thanks or remuneration. + +[121] In Idaho all political State conventions, Republican, Populist and +Democratic, endorsed the amendment, it received a majority of the +popular vote, and the women now have full suffrage. + +[122] To commemorate this journey Miss Selina Solomons, of San +Francisco, wrote a tender poem, beginning: + + "She walks on roses! she whose feet + Have trod so long the stony way, + They tread who lead mankind to greet + The coming of a brighter day." + + + +[123] Some of the women going the rounds with suffrage petitions in San +Francisco found a house consisting of one room with three cots, where +were registered twenty-seven voters. + +[124] Los Angeles gave a majority of 3,600 in favor of the amendment. + +[125] In her president's report, at the next annual convention, Mrs. +Sargent said: "Susan B. Anthony! We can never forget her labor of love +and devotion to the cause of woman suffrage in California. She counted +not her life dear to her so that she could help to awaken the interest +of men and women in the great principle to which she has devoted her +life. She was not cold, nor hungry, nor tired, nor sleepy, while there +was a chance to push forward the work. Throughout the campaign Miss +Anthony gave her own services and those of her secretary without money +and without price. She reminds one of the great Niagara, which would be +wonderful if its waters rolled and dashed for only a short period; but +when they roll and dash on ceaselessly, nor ever stop to rest, there the +wonder of it all comes in, and we can only gaze, admire and acknowledge +the great law or power behind it." + + + + +CHAPTER XLVIII. + +HER LETTERS--BIRTHDAY PARTY--BIOGRAPHY. + +1896-1897. + + +On the way home from California Miss Anthony and Mrs. Catt stopped at +Reno, Nev., lecturing there Sunday, while Miss Shaw hastened on to speak +at Salt Lake City. Then all met at Kansas City to attend the Missouri +convention, where they were the guests of Mrs. Sarah Chandler Coates. +The papers refer to Miss Anthony's speeches at this convention as being +the very strongest she ever had made, and of her perfect physical +condition at the close of an eight months' campaign. + +She went from here directly home, and on November 19 a brilliant banquet +was given in honor of Miss Shaw and herself at the Hotel Livingston by +the Political Equality Club. Mary Lewis Gannett was toast-mistress and +about 250 guests were seated at the tables. This was followed by the +State convention at Rochester. After a few days' rest Miss Anthony went +to the home of Mrs. Catt, near New York, where a business meeting was +held of the national executive board. With Mrs. Avery she then took one +of the great Sound steamers for Boston to attend a meeting of the +National Woman's Council. A reception was given by Mrs. Charles W. Bond, +of Commonwealth Avenue, and one at the Hotel Vendome. She ran up to +Concord, N. H., for a few days' visit with her aged friends, Mr. and +Mrs. Parker Pillsbury and Mrs. Armenia S. White. Then back again to the +Garrisons', and out to Medford for a day with Mrs. Edward M. Davis, the +daughter of Lucretia Mott. + +She left Boston December 9, to fulfill a promise made to Elizabeth +Buffum Chace, to spend her ninetieth birthday at her home in Valley +Falls, R. I. Mrs. Chace had written a number of letters with her own +trembling hand to arrange for this visit. It was only a family party, +but the diary tells of the cake with ninety little candles, and other +birthday features. Anna Shaw came in time for the supper, and the next +day Mrs. Chace sent them in her carriage to Providence to attend the +State convention. Here they were guests in the handsome old Eddy +homestead, and Miss Anthony addressed a large audience in the evening. +She stopped a day in New York to tell Mrs. Stanton about the California +campaign, and Sunday morning reached her own dear home. Her old and +loved friend, Maria Porter, had died the preceding night, and she +attended the funeral services next day. On December 23 she went to +Niagara Falls with her stenographer to secure reminiscences from her +cousin, Sarah Anthony Burtis, aged eighty-six, who was a teacher in the +home school at Battenville over sixty years before. + +The year just closed had been busy but pleasant. It had brought the +usual number of tokens of appreciation, one of which was notice of +election as honorary member of the Chicago Woman's Club. Among the +scores of invitations on file were one from Judge George F. Danforth to +meet the justices of the appellate court at his home; and one to the +golden wedding of her old fellow-laborers, Giles B. and Catharine F. +Stebbins, at Detroit, the latter one of the secretaries of that famous +first convention of 1848. Major James B. Pond, the well-known lecture +manager, wrote Miss Mary Anthony: "Thank you for your kind letter and +the excellent photograph of your great sister, whom I have admired and +hoped and prayed for since I was a poor boy out in Kansas. I still +believe she will be spared to witness a general triumph of her noble +cause." The letter contained an offer of $100 for a parlor lecture by +Miss Anthony at Jersey City. + +A few of Miss Anthony's own letters, taken almost at random from copies +on her file, will illustrate the vast scope of her correspondence and +her peculiarly trenchant mode of expression. To one who wanted a +testimonial from her that she might show in vindication of certain +accusations, she wrote: + + I went through all the fire of charges of stealing, and of every + other crime in the whole calendar, twenty-five years ago--charges + made, too, by people of vastly more influence than any of the women + who are talking and writing today about you. I never made a public + denial of one of them, through all the years of the bitterest kind + of persecution, and believe I was greatly the gainer by working + right on and ignoring them. It will be the mistake of your life if + you go into print in your own defence. Your denial will reach a new + set of people and start them to talking, while the ones who read + the original charges will never see the refutation of them. + +To one of the newly-enfranchised women of Utah: + + The one word I should have to say to the women throughout your + State would be, not so much to try to get women elected to the + offices as to get the best persons, whether men or women. Naturally + there will be a far less number of women than of men capable of + holding office, from the very fact of their long disfranchisement. + I do hope your women therefore will set a good example not only for + Utah, but also for the States where they are not enfranchised; + namely, that of proving it is not the spoils of office they are + after. I think the women of Wyoming always have been wonderfully + judicious in not being anxious to hold offices themselves, but + mightily anxious as to what men hold them. It will be considered a + strong objection to woman suffrage if the vast majority of your + women should prove themselves mere partisans. + +To a New York cousin: "Your little birthday present, the Book of +Proverbs, came duly. Solomon's wise sayings, however, don't help me very +much in my work of trying to persuade men to do justice to women. These +men and their progenitors for generations back have read Solomon over +and over again, and learned nothing therefrom of fair play for woman, +and I fear generations to come will continue to read to as little +purpose. At any rate, I propose to peg away in accordance with my own +sense of wisdom rather than Solomon's. All those old fellows were very +good for their time, but their wisdom needs to be newly interpreted in +order to apply to people of today." + +In answer to a letter from Illinois asking the secret of her success in +life: + + If I may be said to have made a success of my life, the one great + element in it has been constancy of purpose--not allowing myself + to be switched off the main road or tempted into bypaths of other + movements. It always has been clear to me that woman suffrage is + the one great principle underlying all reforms. With the ballot in + her hand woman becomes a vital force--declaring her will for + herself, instead of praying and beseeching men to declare it for + her. It has been a long, hard fight, a dark, discouraging road, but + all along the way here and there a little bright spot to cheer us + on. And now we have four true republics, whose women are + full-fledged citizens, and the prospects are hopeful for others + soon to follow in the wake of those blessed four. One of the most + cheering things in these days is the large number of young women + who are entering the work, bringing to it a new, strong enthusiasm + which will push on to victory. The women over all the country are + waking up to the fact that truly to possess themselves, to have + their opinions respected, they must have this right of suffrage. + +A letter from the secretary of a national conference which was seeking +to bring about a union of reformers, Prohibitionists, Free Silver +advocates, etc., asked her assistance and called forth the following +response: + + It is all very well for you men, who have the power to make and + unmake political parties, to form a third, fourth or fiftieth + party, as the case may be; but as for myself and all who are of my + class, disfranchised and helpless, we have nothing to do with any + of them--old or new--except to ask each and all to put a woman + suffrage plank in their platform and educate their members to place + a ballot in the hands of women. I never have identified myself with + any political party, but have stood outside of all, asking each to + pledge itself to the enfranchisement of women. Whenever any one of + them has asked me to speak in its meetings on the suffrage + question, I have accepted the invitation, but I never have + advocated the specific measures of any. + + So, you see, I can be of no help to you, but I do know that no one + of the reform political parties ever will amount to much standing + alone, and that it would be a good thing for all of them to come + together in one body. I might say, however, that least of all could + I join yours, which makes "God the author of civil government." If + such civil government as we have was made by God, what reason is + there to expect any improvement in the future? + +From a letter to Isabella Beecher Hooker: + + Fortune indeed does not smile any too favorably upon us who feel so + longingly the need to use money. I am crippled all the time and + prevented from doing what I might by lack of funds. The old faith + would say, I suppose, that whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth + financially, but seems to me I could better do His work and my own + for the regeneration of the world, if I had the money to do it + with.... What a fuss the men are making nowadays over "good + government"--the idiots! Can't they see it is impossible to + improve things until they get a new and better balance of power + that will outweigh the one which now pulls down the political + scales and makes decency kick the beam every time? It does try my + soul that we can not make them see they are simply trying to lift + themselves by their bootstraps. Well, they are born of + disfranchised mothers, a subject class, and one can not expect + different results. + + If I could spare the time and money I would love to accept your + invitation to sit with you and your dear John in your summer + retreat, and chat over the world of work for our good cause. Of the + before and the after I know absolutely nothing, and have very + little desire and less time to question or to study. I know this + seems very material to you, and yet to me it is wholly spiritual, + for it is giving time and study rather to making things better in + the _between_, which is really all that we can influence; but + perhaps when I can no longer enter into active, practical work, I + may lapse into speculations. + +To a debating society asking her opinion on the question of "educated +and property suffrage:" + + I always have taken the negative; that is, have believed in + universal suffrage without either property or educational + qualification. I hold that every citizen has a right to a voice in + the government under which he lives. While an education is highly + desirable, yet a man may be unable to read but may attend political + meetings, talk with his neighbors and form intelligent opinions. He + may be honest and beyond bribery, and a more desirable voter than + many wily and unscrupulous men who have a graduate's diploma. It + is, however, the duty of the State to educate its citizens; and the + Australian ballot, which has been largely adopted, is in itself an + educational qualification. + + As to a property qualification: while in the majority of cases, + perhaps, the possession of property is evidence of ability and + thrift, there are many who do not own property and yet are + possessed of good sense and are more capable of casting an honest + and intelligent ballot than some of the wealthy men of the country; + then, too, those who have least are the ones who suffer most from + the legislation of the rich, and need the ballot for + self-protection. I am decidedly opposed to a property + qualification. + +To one who was in deep grief she said in an affectionate letter: "Do +assure me that you are beginning to think of your dear one as he was +when well and moving about in his always helpful and cheering manner. To +get far enough from the sickness, the suffering and the death of our +friends, so as to be able to have only the thought of them in their full +vigor of life, is the greatest joy which possibly can come to those who +have lost their beloved." + +While Miss Anthony was thus constantly giving out from the vast wealth +of her heart and brain, she was receiving, also, from all parts of the +country the strong and loving tributes of noble souls. A beautiful one +which shines on the pages of 1896 was pronounced by the eloquent Dr. H. +W. Thomas, of Chicago, in the course of a Sunday sermon entitled +"Progressive Greatness," delivered to a large audience assembled in +McVicker's Theater: + + A Washington and a Lincoln have come in our great century, and + between their birthdays was born a Susan B. Anthony, whose grand + life has been given to a noble cause; once the target for the cruel + and bitter shafts of ridicule; now deemed the noblest among women. + The task of Washington and Lincoln could not be complete till the + crown was placed on the brow of woman as well as man; and when the + angels shall call Susan B. Anthony to the life immortal, her name, + her memory on earth should and will take its place among the + martyrs and saints of liberty, not for man alone, but for woman and + child." + +To watch the old year out and the New Year in, Miss Anthony went to +Geneva, and here spent a few days very pleasantly with Elizabeth Smith +Miller and her guest, Harriot Stanton Blatch. Among the New Year's +remembrances were $50 from Mrs. Elda A. Orr, of Reno, Nev.; $150 from +Mrs. Gross, of Chicago; and $300 from Mrs. Cornelia Collins Hussey, of +Orange, N. J. The usual number of congratulatory letters were received +from all classes of people, high and low, old and young, white and +colored. + +To show their wide range two or three may be given. From Mrs. Ellen M. +Henrotin, president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs: "I send +to you on the New Year a fraternal greeting and my best wishes that this +may prove for you and the interests you represent, a year of +fulfillment. We are all serving the same cause and we are surely among +the happy ones of earth that we are enabled to assist, by even a slight +impetus, the 'power which makes for righteousness.' ... Therefore I send +you today my heartfelt wishes for the continued success of your cause +and the peace and prosperity of your life." + +Her friend of fifty years, John W. Hutchinson, the last of that +never-equalled family of singers, sent his New Year's greetings and +added: "I bless you and your work. Wonderful possibilities will be the +result of this great movement, which you have led, for equal rights and +the franchise for women." The president of the National Council of +Women, Mary Lowe Dickinson, an earnest, efficient worker for humanity, +said in the course of a long letter dated January 9: + + I pray that all strength and blessing of every kind may crown this + coming year of your life; and O, how earnestly I hope that in it + you may see the fruition of some of the work that you have been + struggling with these many, many years. When I run over in my mind + the present situation of the cause you represent--which seems to me + more and more the one cause which must succeed if we are going to + have genuine success anywhere else--I see what ground you have for + encouragement and what a vast advance has been made; but I see, + too, how slow it must seem to you, and how weary of waiting you + must become. I know no courage like yours, and I do that courage + full honor. + +She had received a telegram of greeting from Frances E. Willard as soon +as she arrived home from California, and January 5 accepted her urgent +invitation for a little visit with her at the sanitarium of Dr. Cordelia +Green, Castile; and while there addressed a parlor gathering of the +patients. On January 15 she was guest of honor at a luncheon given by +the Educational and Industrial Union of Rochester, at the Genesee +clubhouse, to the State executive committee of the Federation of Clubs. +Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Stetson spent a few days with her, and she +arranged for her to hold Sunday evening services in the Unitarian +church. On January 20 the two ladies, with Miss Mary, started for the +twenty-ninth annual convention of the national association, which was to +be held this year at Des Moines, Ia. The thermometer was 15° below zero, +the snow very deep, and Miss Anthony's friends saw her set forth on the +journey to this cold western city with much anxiety. All their protests, +however, were not sufficient to keep her at home; but she thought with +much longing of the clean, beautiful streets of Washington, the mild +climate, the Congressional committees, the crowds of visitors there from +various parts of the country who always came to the convention, and she +felt more strongly than ever that it was a serious mistake to take it +away from the national capital. + +She stopped at Chicago for a few days, and a characteristic little entry +in her diary says: "I slept on a $6,000 bed last night; my! how much +good suffrage work could have been done with that money." On the +afternoon of January 23, Miss Anthony addressed a large meeting of the +Woman's Club and in the course of her remarks paid a tribute to that +organization, in which she said: "This is the banner club of the United +States, not because it has such nice women for members, and not even +because it is located in Chicago, but because it is a club which does a +large amount of practical work." + +Mrs. Foster Avery joined the party at Chicago and they reached Des +Moines January 24, where they found the rest of the executive board, and +all were entertained in the suburban mansion of James and Martha C. +Callanan. The meetings were held in the Central Christian church, whose +pastor, Rev. H. O. Breeden, extended a cordial greeting. Notwithstanding +the extreme severity of the weather, 24° below zero, the audience-room +was crowded to its capacity at every public session, and overflow +meetings were held. The convention was officially welcomed by Governor +Francis M. Drake and Mayor John McVicar; Mrs. Adelaide Ballard, State +president, made the opening address, and Mrs. Macomber spoke in behalf +of the women's clubs of the city. State Senator Rowan was one of the +speakers. Among the letters of greeting was one from Miss Kitty Reed, +daughter of Speaker Thomas B. Reed. The memorial services showed that +never in any previous year had so long a list of friends to the cause +passed away as in 1896. There were thirty-seven names mentioned in the +resolutions.[126] + +In Miss Anthony's address she spoke of the great victories in 1896, as +shown by the full enfranchisement of the women of Utah and Idaho. Mrs. +M. C. Woods, from the latter State, presented an interesting account of +the late campaign and an outline of their work for the future. Her +mother, Emmeline B. Wells, made the report for Utah. Delegates were +present from twenty States, and most of them were entertained in the +hospitable homes of the city. A reception, attended by 500 guests, was +tendered by Mr. and Mrs. Hubbell, at their elegant residence on Terrace +Hill. An imaginative reporter on this occasion transformed Miss +Anthony's historic garnet velvet gown, worn for the past fourteen years, +into a "magnificent royal purple," and her one simple little pin into +"handsome diamonds." A pleasant reception also was given by the Woman's +Club in their commodious parlors. The daily newspapers contained +excellent reports of the convention, but not one gave editorial +endorsement of the cause it represented. + +Those who believed in holding the alternate national conventions away +from Washington were satisfied with the result; those who thought +differently continued to hold the same opinion, and among the latter was +Miss Anthony, who soon afterwards wrote to one of the business +committee: + + The conventions at Atlanta and Des Moines have but confirmed me in + my judgment that our delegated body always should meet in + Washington. For local propaganda both were undoubtedly good, but + for effect in securing Congressional action, absolutely nil. I + believe in resuming our old plan of holding at least two + conventions every year, one for the election of officers and for + its influence upon Congress in Washington every winter; the other + in whatsoever State we have constitutional amendments pending, + where we need to do our greatest amount of work in that direction. + The best way for the national association to help create local + sentiment is to build up and make a success of the different State + annual meetings, and to have at least two of its ablest and most + popular speakers attend as many of them as possible every year; and + I think by this means we can do a great deal more to make the + States feel that the national is mother to them, than by once in a + lifetime holding a delegate convention within their borders. I am + more and more convinced that some of the national officers must be + present at every State annual meeting, and if well advertised there + would be as many representatives of the local clubs present as go + to our national convention. + +On the way home from Des Moines Miss Anthony spent a few days at +Indianapolis. The evening of February 3, Mrs. Sewall gave a reception in +her honor, to which were invited the governor, members of the +legislature, State officials and their wives, members of the Woman's +Council and their husbands. At one end of the large drawing-room, on a +slightly raised platform covered with rugs, sat Miss Anthony and +Indiana's most revered woman, Zerelda G. Wallace, to whom Mrs. Sewall +presented the guests. Later in the evening both of these ladies, from +their "throne," as it was laughingly called, gave pleasant informal +addresses, to which Senator Roots responded on behalf of the +legislature. The next day Mrs. Wallace and Miss Anthony's old friend, +Hon. George W. Julian, were entertained at luncheon and had a long +afternoon chat. In the evening a reception was given for her by Mr. John +C. and Mrs. Lillian Wright Dean at their pleasant home "The Pines." + +The morning of February 5 Miss Anthony was invited to address a joint +session of the Indiana legislature in the Assembly chamber. The judges +of the supreme and appellate courts and most of the State officials were +present, and all the visitors' seats on the floor and in the galleries +were filled with Indianapolis ladies. Miss Anthony was introduced with +words of praise by Representative Packard, and spoke for an hour, making +her usual strong plea for a Sixteenth Amendment enfranchising women. + +On February 6, at 9 A. M., in the midst of rain and sleet, she arrived +in Rochester and, in less than an hour, reporters from every newspaper +in the city were on hand for an interview. They had learned long since +that they always were sure of a cordial reception at her cozy home, and +that the returned traveller would not fail to tell them something which +would make interesting reading. Miss Anthony was actuated by two motives +in this: One was her desire to get as much suffrage news as possible +into the papers, for no one could have a higher appreciation of the +value of the press; the other was a strong sentiment of admiration and +friendship for the faithful and industrious men and women who earn a +living at newspaper work. + +Sunday night, February 14, the birthday of Frederick Douglass was +observed in the Plymouth Congregational Church. Miss Anthony presided +over the large meeting and introduced the speakers. + +[Illustration: THE ANTHONY RESIDENCE. + +SINCE 1865, ROCHESTER, N. Y.] + +There had been something in the air of Rochester for several weeks, +something of a social nature in which most of the people in the city +seemed interested, and it promised to culminate on the approaching 15th +of February, when Miss Anthony should be eleven times seven years old. +This famous birthday, which had been beautifully celebrated in New York, +Washington and numbers of other cities and towns throughout the country, +also had been often pleasantly observed in Rochester; but it was thought +by many people here that it was time Miss Anthony's own city should hold +a celebration which should eclipse all on record. The first intimation +she had was the receipt of this invitation: + + The woman's clubs of this city are planning to give a reception in + your honor at Powers Hall on the evening of your seventy-seventh + birthday, February 15, 1897. They have chosen this means of + publicly expressing the great esteem in which they hold you, and + the pride they feel in reckoning among their number a woman of + national reputation. They trust that this date will be + satisfactory, and this manner of showing their respect not + distasteful to you. Very sincerely, + + OLIVE DAVIS, + _Corresponding Secretary of the Committee on Arrangements_. + +The committee was composed of one member of each of the sixteen woman's +clubs, and the admirable manner in which the affair was conducted +certainly indicated that it was in the hands of representative +women.[127] Most of the Rochester papers contained editorials of +congratulation. Among others the Post-Express said of the celebration: + + Its purpose is to indicate the esteem in which she is held by the + people of the city of which she has, for many years, been a + resident. It is not intended as a demonstration in behalf of the + cause with which she has been especially identified. Its meaning is + deeper and its scope is broader than this. It is the woman, rather + than the advocate, who is to be honored.... + + Rochester is proud of Susan B. Anthony--proud that it can call her + its citizen. It has come to appreciate her quality. It understands, + not alone that she has stood in the front ranks of those who have + done battle for the equality of woman with man at the ballot-box, + but that she has also done much for the emancipation of woman from + civil thralldom and social inferiority, and that in all good causes + she has been distinguished--in philanthropies as in politics, in + the reformation of moral abuses as in the righting of what seemed + to her civic wrongs. As her work has proceeded, she has conquered + prejudice and persuaded respect--respect for herself independent of + and even superior to that for the causes in which she has enlisted. + And so it occurs that the citizens of Rochester, without regard to + the opinions they entertain upon woman suffrage and cognate + movements, but wholly in admiration and affection for a noble + woman, unite in the reception which awaits her, cordial and full of + meaning. It will be a notable occasion, and one long to be + remembered. + +The daily papers gave long and elaborate reports of this great +reception, headed, "Our beloved Susan; Two thousand hands grasped by the +Grand Old Woman;" "Rochester Shows its Love for Her," etc., etc. A +portion of the Herald account may be quoted as indicating the tone of +all: + + The reception accorded to Susan B. Anthony at Powers Hall by the + woman's clubs of Rochester was one of the most brilliant events of + the kind ever held in this city. All the prominent people of both + sexes were there, and each vied with the others in doing honor to + the woman whose splendid attributes of mind and heart have + reflected so much credit on the city. But little preliminary work + was needed, as it partook largely of the nature of a spontaneous + tribute. Fully 2,000 people, representing the beauty, wealth and + intelligence of the city, passed before this unostentatious, kindly + woman during the evening and esteemed it an honor to press her + hand. + + The guests began to arrive at 8:30 o'clock and continued to come in + a steady stream for two hours thereafter. Miss Anthony stood at the + western end of the large room and around her were gathered the + reception committee, composed of representatives from each of the + woman's clubs in the city. The guests formed in line as they + entered and each in succession took the hand of Miss Anthony. She + greeted every one cordially and had a pleasant word for each. In + one hand she held a beautiful bouquet of white and yellow roses + sent by Miss Frances E. Willard. + +There were more than Rochester's most distinguished citizens; hundreds +of the poor and the humble, a number of colored people, men and women in +all the walks of life, thronged the great hall surrounded with famous +paintings and radiant with electric lights, flowers and beautiful +costumes. They came to grasp the hand of one who had made no distinction +of race or rank or belief in her fifty years' work of uplifting all +humanity. If these had not been present, Miss Anthony would have felt +that her own city had not offered its full tribute of recognition. + +At the Anthony home the day was a happy one. Rev. Anna Shaw came to help +celebrate. The house was filled with guests from out of town and many +callers, and the bell was ringing all day for telegrams, letters and +packages. There were potted plants and cut flowers, baskets of violets +and hyacinths, and great bunches of roses and carnations. Letters and +telegrams came from California and Massachusetts, and a number of States +between. Clubs of many descriptions sent messages, and even +Sunday-schools offered greetings. Mariana W. Chapman, president New York +State Suffrage Association, expressed the congratulations of that body, +and from all the National-American officers came words of appreciation. +Among these were the following from the national organizer, Carrie +Chapman Catt: + + When a woman lives to be seventy-seven years old, having given a + whole half-century and more to the cause of human liberty, her age + becomes a crown of glory, before which every lover of progress bows + in acknowledgment. Such a woman is she whom we know as "Saint + Susan." Upon her birthday I have but one wish, and in this millions + of grateful American women join with me; may she live in health and + strength undiminished, until she witnesses the last woman in the + United States blessed with all the political privileges of + citizenship. If this wish might be fulfilled, I know it would bring + the highest joy ever permitted a human being; therefore because I + love her tenderly I make it, with gratitude for her years of + service and with a reverence unspeakable for the woman whose + courage, determination and adherence to principle made the service + possible. + +A few evenings later Miss Anthony attended a meeting held in Rochester +by the Cuban League. As soon as she entered she was invited to a seat +on the stage and then the audience insisted on a speech. Finally she +came forward and said: + + From the report of the first outrage in Cuba down to the present + time, there has not been a moment but that its people have had my + sympathy. Never since I began to know the meaning of the word + "freedom" has anything taken a stronger hold on me than this + struggle in Cuba. Even where all men are free, women are not, and I + trust that when Cuban men achieve their independence and frame + their constitution, they will not forget the women who have borne + the struggle with them, as our Revolutionary fathers forgot the + women who toiled by their side. The men of only four out of + forty-five States of our republic have yet granted liberty to the + women. I never can speak in a meeting like this without bearing + testimony to the cowardice of the men of this nation in refusing to + make the women free. I believe in liberty and equality for every + human being under every flag, not for men alone but for women also. + +The last of February a telegram announced the death of Maude, wife of +Senator L. H. Humphrey, who but a few weeks before had visited the +Anthony home, and stated that the husband desired Miss Anthony to speak +at the funeral. She was a young and lovely wife and mother, treasurer of +the State Federation of Clubs and an officer of the State and county +suffrage associations. It was said that Miss Anthony spoke as one +inspired of the woman in whose death everything good had lost a helpful +hand, who had gone out of life with no fear for herself but only loving +thoughtfulness for others. She told of her courage in following the +truth wherever it might lead, of the freedom into which she had grown, +and the beautiful faith and trust in which she had lived; she said that +it was such who walked with God, and that her spiritual life could be +comprehended only by those who lived on the same high plane. It was a +deep regret to all who heard this exquisite eulogy that it was not +preserved word for word. + +Reference has been made in a preceding chapter to Miss Anthony's +preparations for the writing of her biography, which were interrupted by +the urgent call from California. All her letters from friends and many +from strangers, for several years, had urged that it should not longer +be deferred. But who should do it? That was the important question. +There were a number of women who possessed the ability and the desire, +but some were absorbed in family cares and others in breadwinning +occupations; where was the one who could and would give a year or more +of her life to this vast undertaking? The question was still unanswered +when Miss Anthony laid everything else aside and plunged into the +California campaign. Long before this had ended, she had exacted a +promise from Mrs. Harper, who had charge of the State press during that +long and trying period, to come to Rochester and write the biography. +She herself agreed to remain at home till the work should be finished, +and give every possible assistance from the storehouse of reminiscence +and the wealth of material which had been so carefully garnered during +all the years. + +So the first of March, 1897, the work began. A little while before, Miss +Anthony had written to a friend: "Some one soon will write the story of +my life and will want everything she can get about me, but she will find +there is precious little when she sits down to the task." What the +biographer did find was two large rooms filled, from floor to ceiling, +with material of a personal and historical nature. It seemed at first as +if nothing less than a cyclopedia could contain what would have to be +used. Ranged around the walls were trunks, boxes and bags of letters and +other documents, dating back for a century and tied in bundles just as +they had been put away from year to year. There were piles of legal +papers, accounts, receipts and memoranda of every description, and the +diaries and note-books of sixty years. The shelves were filled with +congressional, convention and other reports; there were stacks of +magazines and newspapers, large numbers of scrap-books and bushels of +scraps waiting to be pasted. There was, in fact, everything of this +nature which can be imagined, all carefully saved and put away, waiting +for the leisure when they could be sorted and classified. + +It was fortunate indeed that the two women, who went to work so +cheerfully on that March morning, did not realize the task which was +before them, or their courage might have wavered. With the assistance of +their efficient secretary, Miss Genevieve Lel Hawley, the work went +steadily on from daylight till dark for many days, until at length the +sheep all were separated from the goats; the matter likely to be used +placed in one room, and the remainder arranged conveniently for +reference in the other. Every scrap of writing was pressed out and each +year's quota not only placed in a separate box, but arranged according +to months and days. The printed matter was carefully classified and the +scrap-books all finished, a complete set of nearly fifty years. + +Then commenced the far more difficult labor of culling the most +important and interesting points from this great mass of material, and +condensing them into such space as would permit the reading of the +biography during at least an average lifetime. And thus was the task +continued, day after day, and far into the night, for much more than a +year. The snows of winter melted away; the bare branches of the tall +chestnut trees which towered above the windows put forth their buds and +burst into a wilderness of snowy blossoms; the birds built their nests +among the green leaves, reared their young and flew away with them to +warmer climes before the chill winds of approaching autumn; the +luxuriant foliage faded and dropped to the earth; again the naked +branches stretched out to a stormy sky, and the snow lay deep on the +frozen ground; while the story followed the life and work of this great +historic character through the slow unfolding out of the depths of the +past; the development from the springtime of youth into the fruitful +summer of maturity; the mellowing into the richness and beauty of +autumn; the coming at last into the snowy spotlessness of serene and +beautiful old age. + +The attic workrooms were an ideal place for this long and exacting task, +secluded from all interruption and dedicated so entirely to the work +that not a book or paper ever was disturbed. A pretty description +written by Mrs. Minette Cheshire Hair, of the Rochester Democrat and +Chronicle staff, and published in a number of papers, thus began: + +[Illustration: ATTIC WORK-ROOMS WHERE THE BIOGRAPHY WAS WRITTEN.] + + Way up on the third floor of the cozy home at 17 Madison street, + away from the dust and noise of the pavement, in a charming den + admirably arranged for the purpose, two women have for months + been busily engaged getting together material and putting it in + shape for the publishers, which will give to the world a story--the + story of a career as remarkable as any ever written. Pausing on the + threshold, a description of the sanctum is not out of place, for + the pleasant atmosphere and surroundings at once impress the + visitor, so unconsciously have the occupants stamped it with their + own strong individuality. It consists of two large and airy rooms + which appear to be literally perched in the tree-tops, so close are + the swaying branches, which seem to nod approval and encouragement + to the two busy workers seated before a large bow window. Patches + of the blue sky glimmer above and through them, and the scene + without is restful and inspiring. Within is a large, low table + where the writing is done, and an easy couch piled with pillows + invites repose when the brain grows too weary. + + The rooms are plain and ceiled above in natural wood, and on + shelves arranged along the sides are boxes containing years of + correspondence and documents, dating back to 1797--just one + century. In the room beyond, three stenographers do their part of + the work, and here also are large chests filled with the + accumulations of years of public life. It would seem as if the task + before these two dauntless women were almost endless, for every + letter must be read and carefully noted, every newspaper clipping + gleaned--and these alone would make volumes--old diaries perused, + and the whole digested and woven into the fabric of facts which not + only go to make the story of one woman, but the history of the + great progressive movement of women during the past fifty years. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[126] Among them were Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sarah B. Cooper, Drs. Hiram +Corson and Caroline B. Winslow, Judges E. G. Merrick and O. P. Stearns, +Mary Grew, J. Elizabeth Jones, Hannah Tracy Cutler, Sarah Southwick. + +[127] The idea of giving the reception originated among the members of +the Wednesday Club, some of whom conceived the thought that it was time +for the women of Rochester in some way to recognize Miss Anthony's +ability, energy and labors in behalf of her sex.... Reformers, as a +rule, are not popular in their day, and Miss Anthony ran the gauntlet of +derision and abuse years ago, but today the magnificent services she has +rendered for woman are everywhere recognized. + +The plans have been perfected upon a very elaborate scale. The following +are represented in the movement: the Wednesday Club, the Ethical +Society, the Women's Educational and Industrial Union, the Wellesley +Association, the Cornell Association, the Coterie, the Woman's Saturday +Club, the Holyoke Association, the Jewish Council, the Sisterhood of +Berith Kodesh, the Ignorance Club, the Tuesday Reading Club, the +Livingston Park Seminary Alumnć, the Rochester Female Academy Alumnć, +the Ladies' Travellers' Club, and Mrs. Hall's Art Class. + +The reception is not to women only, but it is expected that a large +number of men will be present. [Then follows a list of names of many of +the prominent ladies of Rochester, who acted as a reception committee, +and of equally well-known young men, who served as ushers.]--Democrat +and Chronicle. + + + + +CHAPTER XLIX. + +CHARACTERISTIC VIEWS ON MANY QUESTIONS. + +1897. + + +Miss Anthony was strong in her determination to remain at home and +devote herself to the biographical task, but found it almost an +impossibility to resist the calls for her services which came from all +directions. Occasionally she would slip out for a lecture, but long +journeys and convention work for the most part were given up, and never +during fifty years had she remained at home a fraction of the time that +she spent here in 1897. Monday evening of each week was set apart to +receive callers and the pleasant parlors often were crowded, many of the +Rochester people declaring that this was their first chance of getting +acquainted with their illustrious townswoman. There were two rôles, +however, which she never could fill with any pleasure to herself, that +of the society or the literary woman. While no one loves her friends +more faithfully or better enjoys receiving visits from them, she cares +for social life, in general, only so far as it can advance her cause. +Although letter-writing is a pleasure, she hates the use of the pen for +so-called literary work. Standing on the platform, words and ideas rush +upon her more rapidly than she can give them utterance, but with pen in +hand the thoughts still come but refuse to be formulated. + +In the chapters describing the preparation of the History of Woman +Suffrage was set forth in detail her restiveness at such confinement. "I +love to make history but hate to write it," was her oft-repeated +assertion. The years had brought no change of feeling and her +correspondence shows how she chafed under the search of old records, the +reading of faded letters. Many times she wrote: "There is so much to be +done, so much more money is needed and so many more women are wanted for +the present work, that half the time I feel conscience-smitten to be +dwelling among the scenes and people of the past. There are so very few +of my early co-workers now on this side of the big river, that I am +really living with the dead most of the time; but as there is no way out +of this job except through it--through it I must go." In the journal she +says: "O, how it tires me to think over and talk over those old days, +not only of my own labors, but of the never-ceasing efforts to stir up +others to work." + +The 9th of March Miss Anthony lectured before the Men's Club of the +Central Church at Auburn. On the 12th she spoke at a meeting addressed +by Booker Washington in the interest of the Tuskeegee Colored Institute. +The 24th she went to Albany with Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, Mrs. Catt, +Elizabeth Burrill Curtis, daughter of George William Curtis, Mrs. +Chapman, State president; and all addressed the senate judiciary +committee in behalf of a woman suffrage amendment. Miss Anthony went to +this hearing much against her will and, at its conclusion, declared she +never again would stoop to plead her cause before one of these +committees. She had made her appeals to their fathers and grandfathers, +and she was tired of begging for her liberty from men not half her own +age and with not a hundredth part of her knowledge of State and national +affairs. + +The seventieth birthday of the devoted sister Mary would occur on April +2, and Miss Anthony decided to have a home reception in her honor. When +she broached the subject to a few intimate friends in the Unitarian +church and the Political Equality Club, she found they already had such +arrangements well under way and they insisted that she should leave the +matter entirely in their hands. Anything which concerned the Anthony +sisters interested Rochester, and the city papers contained extended +notices. The Herald began a long interview as follows: + + Seventy! It did not seem possible that the sprightly, energetic + little woman who answered the reporter's ring could have reached + the allotted threescore and ten. Old Father Time is certainly no + more than a myth to Miss Mary Anthony. "Yes," said she, laughing, + "I am about to make my debut. Just think of it, a real reception in + my honor! By the time I'm eighty, my existence will probably have + become one whirl of delicious excitement." + + The reporter asked to see Miss Susan B. Anthony; five minutes would + be sufficient; the matter was urgent and important.... Turning to + her the reporter said: "The Herald would like you to give an + account of your sister. You know she would never admit that she + ever did anything worth mentioning, so it is from you that the true + story must come." + + She laughed as she took off her glasses, leaned back in her chair + and asked, "Where shall I begin?" + + "At the beginning, please." + + "Well then, my sister was born in Battenville, the youngest of four + daughters. One thing may surprise you. She, not I, is the suffrage + pioneer in our family. She attended the first woman's rights + convention, and when I came home from teaching school, I heard + nothing but suffrage talk, and how lovely Lucretia Mott was, and + how sweet Elizabeth Cady Stanton was. I didn't believe in it then, + and made fun of it; but sister Mary was a firm advocate. My + brother-in-law used to tell me that I could preach woman's rights, + but it took Mary to practice them. + + "For twenty-six consecutive years, from 1857 to 1883, she taught in + our public schools. Many of the best citizens of Rochester once + went to school to her; and it is perhaps her influence upon those + minds and lives that my sister considers the most important part of + her life-work. She has always been identified with the suffrage + cause in this city and State, as I have with the national. For a + number of years she was corresponding secretary of the State + society, and for five years has been president of the city + Political Equality Club. + + "I can not tell you how she has helped and sustained me. She has + kept a home where I might come to rest. From the very beginning, + she has cheered and comforted me. She has looked after the great + mass of details, my wardrobe, my business, etc., leaving me free. + She is the unseen worker who ought to share equally in whatever of + reward and praise I may have won." + +The Democrat and Chronicle thus commenced a two-column account of the +reception: + + ... The occasion was the seventieth anniversary of Miss Mary + Anthony's birth and, in the afternoon and evening, crowds of her + friends gathered to offer their congratulations and do homage to + one who has done so much for the educational interests of the city + and social and political equality for her sex. Miss Mary, to be + sure, has not gained the national reputation which her famous + sister enjoys, yet among the people of Rochester she is regarded as + a sharer in the laurels won by Susan B. Whenever one is mentioned + the personality of the other is immediately brought to mind.... It + was with rare hospitality, interwoven with personal love and + respect, that Dr. and Mrs. J. E. Sanford devoted their handsome + home to the celebration of this birthday. Attired in black satin + and duchesse lace, with a pretty bouquet of bride roses in her + hand, Miss Mary presented a womanly and attractive appearance. + +In the name of the club, Mrs. Sanford presented, with a felicitous +little speech, a handsome, jetted broadcloth cape. She was followed by +Mrs. Greenleaf, who tendered in affectionate words a purse containing +$70, a golden tribute for each year from many friends.[128] John M. +Thayer then made a witty and interesting address. He was followed by +Rev. W. C. Gannett, who dwelt especially on the work done by Miss Mary +in looking after the poor and needy for the past twenty years, not only +as an officer of the city charitable association but in a private +capacity, and closed by saying: + + It takes two sorts of people to make a reform: One who become + public speakers and bear the brunt of obloquy, and the other who in + obscurity lend their assistance to the work. There are hundreds of + this latter class that the world never hears about. It is the + blessed silent side of life, and it seems to me that Mary is the + very incarnation of the quiet majority of this great reform which + is yet to celebrate its triumphs. In after years, when the story is + written of this political equality movement, men will say that the + battle was won by the two sisters, because there never could have + been a Susan abroad if it had not been for a Mary at home. + +If there ever was a time when Miss Anthony was speechless from supreme +satisfaction it was on this occasion. All the honors ever bestowed upon +herself had not afforded her the joy of this testimonial to her gentle, +unassuming but strong and helpful sister, on whom she leaned far more +than the world could ever know. + +[Illustration: MARY S. AND SUSAN B. ANTHONY, 1897.] + +Miss Anthony assisted at the elegant golden wedding celebration of Mr. +and Mrs. James Sargent, April 29; not one in the receiving line under +seventy, and yet not one broken or enfeebled by age. The men erect +and vigorous, the women beautifully dressed and full of animation, +formed a striking illustration of the changed physical and social +conditions of the last half-century. + +Early in June Miss Anthony, Rev. Anna Shaw, Miss Emily Howland and Mrs. +Harper went to Auburn to visit Eliza Wright Osborne, with whom Mrs. +Stanton and her daughter, Mrs. Lawrence, were spending the summer. The +days were delightfully passed, driving through the shaded streets of +that "loveliest village of the plain" and walking about the spacious +park and gardens surrounding the Osborne mansion; while in the evenings +the party gathered in the large drawing-room and listened to chapters +from the forthcoming biography, followed with delightful reminiscences +by the two elder ladies and Mrs. Osborne, whose mother, Martha C. +Wright, was one of their first and best-beloved friends and helpers. It +was a rare and sacred occasion, and those who were present ever will +cherish the memory of those two grand pioneers, sitting side by +side--Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony--the one just beyond, the +other nearing the eightieth milestone of life, both having given to the +world fifty years of unremitting service, and yet both as strong in +mind, as keen in satire, as brimming with cheerfulness, as in those +early days when they set about to revolutionize the prejudices and +customs of the ages.[129] + +The correspondence this year seemed heavier than ever before, letters +pouring in from all parts of the United States and Europe. Even from +far-off Moscow, in conservative Russia, came the cry of women for help. +Pages written by the pen of another could not give so accurate an idea +of Miss Anthony's opinions on various topics as single paragraphs culled +from copies of her own letters, preserved, alas, only during the past +few years since she has employed a stenographer. One scarcely knows +which to select. To a newspaper inquiry she answered: "The 'greatest +compliment' ever paid me was, that by my life-work I had helped to make +the conditions of the world better for women." She wrote to an +exasperated Ohio woman: + + The plan you propose, of our getting all the members of suffrage + clubs, and all individual women outside, in each State, to march to + the polls every election day and attempt to deposit their ballots, + sounds very well. But, my dear, it is impossible thus to persuade + the women, after the Supreme Court of the United States has + declared they have no right to vote under the National + Constitution. Your suggestion means a revolution which women will + not create against their own fathers, husbands, brothers and sons. + A whole race of men under a foreign or tyrannical government, like + the Cubans, may rise in rebellion, but for women thus to band + themselves against the power enthroned in their own households is + quite another matter. Hundreds have recommended your plan, so it is + nothing new, but it is utterly impractical. There can be but one + possible way for women to be freed from the degradation of + disfranchisement, and that is through the slow processes of + agitation and education, until the vast majority of women + themselves desire freedom. So long as mothers teach their sons and + daughters, by acquiescence at least, that present conditions need + no improving, you can not expect men to change them. Therefore do + not waste a single moment trying to devise any sort of + insurrectionary movement on the part of the women. + +In a letter to Mrs. Stanton she said: + + Mrs. Besant lunched with us, and I heard her last evening for the + second time. She is master of the English language, and whether or + not one can believe she sees and hears from the world of the + disembodied what she feels she does, one can not but realize that + she is a great woman and has a wonderful theory of how human souls + return to earth. But I tell her that it seems to me repellent that + we have to come back here through Dame Nature's processes, after a + period of such great freedom in the occult world, and again go + through with teething, mumps, measles, and similar inflictions. The + truth is, I can no more see through Theosophy than I can through + Christian Science, Spiritualism, Calvinism or any other of the + theories, so I shall have to go on knocking away to remove the + obstructions in the road of us mortals while in these bodies and on + this planet; and leave Madam Besant and you and all who have + entered into the higher spheres, to revel in things unknown to + me.... I will join you at Mrs. Miller's Saturday, and we'll chat + over men, women and conditions--not theories, theosophies and + theologies, they are all Greek to me. + +There had been a question after the late election in Idaho whether the +suffrage amendment required a majority of all the votes cast, or only a +majority of those cast on the amendment. If the former, then it was +defeated. The case was carried to the supreme court, which put the +latter construction on the law. Miss Anthony wrote to the judges, Isaac +N. Sullivan, Joseph W. Huston, Ralph P. Quarles, (John T. Morgan +retired): + + On behalf of the suffrage women of the United States, I thank you + for the decision which you have rendered. I had studied over the + clause a great deal and felt that if your judgments were biased by + the precedents and prejudices which had controlled the decisions of + the Supreme Courts of the United States, and of the different + States, upon the extension of rights to women, you certainly would + give the narrow interpretation. Instead of that, for the first time + in the history of our judiciary, the broadest and most liberal + interpretation possible has been given. + +The Kentucky Daughters of the American Revolution, who were marking +historic spots, she advised as follows: + + I hope in your selections you will be exceedingly careful to + distinguish those actions in which our Revolutionary mothers took + part. Men have been faithful in noting every heroic act of their + half of the race, and now it should be the duty, as well as the + pleasure, of women to make for future generations a record of the + heroic deeds of the other half. It is a splendid thing for your + association to devote the Fourth of July to a commemoration of + women. If I had the time, I too might be one of the + "Daughters,"[130] for my Grandfather Read enlisted and fought on + the heights of Quebec and at the battles of Bennington and + Ticonderoga; but I have been, and must continue to be, so busy + working to secure to the women of this day the paramount right for + which the Revolutionary War was waged, that I can give neither time + nor money to associations of women for any other purpose, however + good it may be. + +When the answer came that they were doing the very thing that she +wished, she replied: + + I am delighted; for however heroic our pioneer fathers may have + been, our pioneer mothers, in the very nature of things, must have + braved all the hardships of the men by their side with the added + one of bearing and rearing children when deprived of even the vital + necessities of maternity. Self-government is as necessary for the + best development of women as of men. Sentiment never was and never + can be a guarantee for justice, but with equal political power + women will be able to secure justice for themselves. We have had + chivalry and sentiment from the beginning of time, with some + privileges granted as a favor. We now demand rights, guaranteed to + us by codes and constitutions; and if their possession shall + forfeit us gallantry, we will make the best of it. But I do not + believe woman's utter dependence on man wins for her his respect; + it may cause him to love and pet her as a child, but never to + regard and treat her as a peer. + +To Prof. C. Howard Young, of Hartford, Conn., for thirteen years an +invalid and yet an ardent advocate of woman suffrage, she wrote: "I want +you to feel that the dollar you have sent from year to year all this +time for your membership in the national association has helped bring to +us Idaho, for our organization committee's work in that State was a +large factor in securing the victory. Every one who gives a dollar helps +do the work where it is most needed to gain the practical result." + +The following extracts are self-explanatory: + + The vast majority of women easily can have their sympathies drawn + upon to help personal and public charities, while very few are + capable of seeing that the cause of nine-tenths of all the + misfortunes which come to women, and to men also, lies in the + subjection of woman, and therefore the important thing is to lay + the axe at the root. Now, my dear, if you and all the women who are + working for the different charities and reforms of your city, had + the right to vote, how long do you suppose the brothels and + gambling houses would be allowed to keep their doors open? Do you + believe that if women could vote for every officer whose duty it is + to enforce the laws, these dens would be licensed, or if not + absolutely licensed, would be allowed to run year in and year out + merely by the payment of fines from time to time? How long do you + think our streets would be infested with men walking up and down + seeking whom they might devour, and with women doing the same? + While some of you must work, as you are doing, giving heart and + soul to the mitigation of the horrors of our semi-barbaric + conditions, I must strike at the cause which produces them. + +To the women of Kansas: + + I hope your State association won't do the foolish thing of wasting + your time in asking the legislature to pass a law granting + "presidential" suffrage to women. Our chances in your State have + been postponed, if not absolutely killed, because of municipal + suffrage, and now if you should induce your legislature to give + "presidential" suffrage and the women should thwart the men's + wishes in their votes for President, as they already have done with + their limited franchise, you would be doomed never to get the right + to vote for congressmen, governor and legislators. I wish women + never would ask for any but full suffrage; and also that they would + stop asking the legislatures to submit an amendment to the voters, + until they have created public sentiment enough to get at least one + of the leading parties to stand for it from year to year. We have + been working at the top with the members of legislatures, + delegates to conventions, etc., too long; it is now time to begin + at the bottom with the voting precincts. Nothing short of this + should be considered organization. + +Miss Anthony received many poems every year from admiring friends of +both sexes. This acknowledgment of one raises the suspicion that she was +not so appreciative as she might have been: "I find in a very handsome +lavender envelope a poem inscribed on lavender paper, addressed to Susan +B. Anthony. Since I know nothing of the merits of poetry, I am not able +to pass any opinion upon this, but I can see that 'reap' and 'deep,' +'prayers' and 'bears,' 'ark' and 'dark,' 'true' and 'grew' do rhyme, and +so I suppose it is a splendid effort, but if you had written it in plain +prose, I could have understood it a great deal better and read it a +great deal more easily. Nevertheless, I am thankful to you for poetizing +over me--although the fact is that I am the most prosaic, matter-of-fact +creature that ever drew the breath of life." + +A relative in California wrote that "God would punish the people in that +State who worked against the woman suffrage amendment," and Miss Anthony +replied: + + It is hardly worth while for you or anybody to talk about "God's + punishing people." If He does, He has been a long time about it in + a good many cases and not succeeded in doing it very thoroughly. He + certainly didn't punish the liquor dealers of San Francisco; + instead of that, He let them rejoice over us women because of their + power to cheat us out of right and justice. I think it is quite + time, at least for anybody who has Anthony blood in her, to see + that God allows the wheat and the tares to grow up together, and + that the tares frequently get the start of the wheat and kill it + out. The only difference between the wheat and human beings is that + the latter have intellect and ought to combine and pull out the + tares, root and branch. Instead of that, good men stay away from + the ballot-box or else form third, fourth and forty-'leventh + parties, thus leaving the liquor men and vicious elements, who + always know enough to stand together, a balance of power on the + side of the candidate or the party that will do most for their + interests. If the good men were as bright as the bad men, they + would pull together instead of separately. + +To the Jewish Woman's Council: "From day to day I read the press reports +of your meetings, and was pleased to see how successful they were; +especially was I glad at the answer one of your women made to the +criticism of your holding a meeting on Sunday. It is time to teach some +of our Protestant women that it is just as worthy to do a good thing on +Sunday as on Monday or any other day in the week, and no worse to do a +bad one. They should learn also that they have no more right to ask you +to hold their Sunday sacred than you have to demand that they shall +observe your Jewish Sabbath." + +Some California women wrote her that the politicians were advising them +to ask for "educated and property suffrage," and she replied: + + I should answer them that it is quite difficult enough for women to + push their demand for enfranchisement on an _equal_ basis with men. + They all know there is not a man who has any political aspirations + or a party which hopes for success, that would take a public stand + in favor of such a measure as they wish us to adopt. I do not agree + with them that we have too many voters now. Instead of that, I say + we have just half enough, for a majority of the opinions of all the + people combined is sure to be better than the opinions of any one + class. They call it a "mistake" giving to poor and uneducated men + the right to vote; whereas, the greatest wrongs in our government + are perpetrated by rich men, the wire-pulling agents of the + corporations and monopolies, in which the poor and the ignorant + have no part. + + No, they can not persuade me that it would be a right or even a + politic thing to ask that only educated, tax-paying women be + enfranchised. It would antagonize not only every man who had + neither property nor education but also every one whose wife had + neither, and all such would vote against the enfranchisement of the + rich and educated women. You can not start a demand for any sort of + restrictive qualification for women which will not lose more votes + for the measure in one direction than it can possibly gain in + another. + +The habit of many women of continually intruding their religious beliefs +into their public work was a great annoyance to Miss Anthony. To a +prominent speaker on the Prohibition platform with whom she was well +acquainted, she wrote: "It seems to me that by your using constantly the +words 'God' and 'Jesus' as if they were material beings, when to you +they are no longer such, you impress upon your audience, grounded as the +vast majority yet are in the old beliefs, that you still hold to the +idea of their personality. The world, especially women, love to cling to +a personal, material help--God a strong man, Jesus a loving man." And +then a little further on, referring to the common habit of regarding +physical misfortunes as the punishment of God, she said: "God is not +responsible for our human ills and we should not believe or disbelieve +in Him on account of our aches and pains. It surely is not the good +people who escape bodily ailments. Certain fixed laws govern all, and +those who come nearest to obeying these laws will suffer least; but even +then we must suffer for the failures of our ancestors." + +One of the leading women in a State where a suffrage amendment was +pending, wrote her that she felt sure the Lord would interpose in its +behalf and she should try to influence the voters by prayer. In response +Miss Anthony said: + + I think you do not fully realize that the vast majority of the men + whom you have to convert to suffrage, neither know nor care whether + you and the rest of the women who want to vote, are especially + inspired by God to make the demand. Those who are good Methodists + like yourself ought to believe in suffrage already, and therefore + your appeals are to be made to the men who are not Methodists, + possibly not even Christians, and would be repelled by your + presenting any of the religious motives which are so powerful with + you and other church members. To prevail with the rank and file of + voters, you must appeal to their sense of justice. I am glad to + have you tell me personally about your communings with the Lord, + but for you to give that talk of "miraculous intervention" to the + common run of voters would be, as the Good Book says, "casting + pearls before swine." + +To a nephew, D. R. Anthony, Jr., and his bride on the day of their +wedding, she telegraphed the beautiful words of Lucretia Mott: "May your +independence be equal, your dependence mutual, your obligations +reciprocal." + +In the winter of 1897 a great cry was raised about what was called +"yellow" journalism, the mischievous sensationalism of certain +metropolitan newspapers. The matter was taken up by the W. C. T. U. and +Miss Willard sent out an address to prominent women asking that they +should protest against this journalism and also against such spectacles +as the recent Corbett-Fitzsimmons prize fight. When it reached Miss +Anthony she answered: + + Your circular letter came duly, proposing that women should refuse + to patronize the so-called "yellow" newspapers, and also protest + against prize fighting. It seems to me that for the women of the + country to come out now with their little piping voices, after all + the great daily papers of the nation have written the strongest + kind of editorials against both these evils, would be very like the + caricatures of the old Conkling-Platt fight in the United States + Senate--the tall Conkling dealing his blow, and the little Platt + peeping, "Me, too." + + Instead of going around echoing one or another class of men, it is + time for women to put their heads together and demand to have their + opinions counted the same as those of the men who make possible + "yellow journalism" and prize fighting. They who wish may waste + their time trying to make bricks without straw--to change the + conditions of society without votes--I shall go on clamoring for + the ballot and trying not to antagonize any man or set of men. + Don't you see, if women ever get the right to vote it must be + through the consent of not only the moral and decent men of the + nation, but also through that of the other kind? Is it not + perfectly idiotic for us to be telling the latter class that the + first thing we shall do with our ballots will be to knock them out + of the enjoyment of their pet pleasures and vices? If you still + think it wise to keep on sticking pins into the men whom we are + trying to persuade to give women equal power with themselves, you + will have to go on doing it. I certainly will not be one of your + helpers in that particular line of work. + +In reading these and scores of similar expressions of wisdom and +philosophy, one can but echo the words of Rev. Anna Shaw, who wrote to +Miss Anthony: "Your letters sound like a trumpet blast. They read like +St. Paul's Epistles to the Romans, so strong, so clear, so full of +courage." Miss Anthony and Miss Willard always continued the best of +friends, each great enough to respect the other's individuality. In +reply to the above, Miss Willard wrote: "Dearest Susan, two women as +settled in their opinions as you and I, show their highest wisdom when +they mildly agree to differ and go on their way rejoicing, with mutual +good word, good will, good heart. Ever yours with warm affection." A +little later Miss Willard added to the official invitations to the +World's and the National W. C. T. U. Conventions, her warm personal +request for Miss Anthony's presence. + +There was no end to the invitations which came by every mail: a banquet +given by the New York Woman's Press Club; the twenty-fifth anniversary +of the Woman's Club at Orange, N. J.; an anniversary breakfast of +Sorosis, at the Waldorf; a reunion of the old Abolitionists in Boston; +the Pilgrim Mothers' Dinner in the Astor Gallery; the dedication of the +Mother Bickerdyke Hospital in Kansas; the opening reception of the +Tennessee Centennial--the very answering of them consumed hours of +precious time.[131] Neither was there any limit to the newspaper +requests for opinions, such as, "Do you favor the use of birds for +personal adornment? Why, or why not?" "Christ's message, 'Peace on +earth, good will to men'--what has it done and what does it mean after +nineteen centuries?" etc. She seldom attempted to answer such queries, +but her comments while looking them over in her daily mail, if preserved +by stenographer and historian, would make piquant reading. + +An amusing letter turns up among the almost nine hundred received in +1897, in which a county official, not seventy-five miles from Rochester, +asks these questions: "In how many cities have you spoken? How many +lectures delivered? Have you ever spoken in Washington before Congress? +Have you ever spoken in Albany before the legislature? How many people +would you think you had addressed in your lifetime?" Miss Anthony +responded: "It would be hard to find a city in the northern and western +States in which I have not lectured, and I have spoken in many of the +southern cities. I have been on the platform over forty-five years and +it would be impossible to tell how many lectures I have delivered; they +probably would average from seventy-five to one hundred every year. I +have addressed the committees of every Congress since 1869, and our New +York legislature scores of times." + +As has been stated, she never replied to personal attacks, but during +1897 one so unjust and so bitter was made by a disgruntled woman of New +York City in the St. Louis Republic, that she yielded to the importunity +of friends and answered briefly: + + I have been an officer in the National Suffrage Association since + 1852, and its president since 1892. During that time I never have + had one dollar of salary, nor have I ever received any money for my + suffrage work from this association. I usually am paid for + lectures by any society which sends for me to come to a special + place. In all of the laborious State campaigns I have given my + services without money and without price. The various bequests + which have been left to me, to use at my discretion, all have been + appropriated directly to the suffrage cause. Not one officer of the + national association is or ever has been paid for her services, and + most of them have contributed many years of hard work and a large + amount of their own money. + +By the middle of July the biography was so well advanced that the two +workers felt entitled to a vacation during midsummer. The completed +chapters were locked securely in the safety deposit vault and, with a +fervent hope that the house would not catch fire and burn up the +unwritten part of the book during their absence, they started, July 15, +for a little tour, going first to the home of Mr. and Mrs. James Sargent +on "Summerland," one of the loveliest of the Thousand Islands. Here Miss +Anthony tried very hard for a whole week to do nothing. Even +letter-writing was laid aside and she sat on the veranda and watched the +great steamers and the pleasure boats go up and down the broad St. +Lawrence; took long naps in the hammock swayed by the soft breezes; +wandered through the picturesque ravine and along the water's edge; at +evening watched the sun set in gorgeous splendor, leaving a trail of +glory on the waters which slowly faded as the stars came out in the +beauty of the night and were reflected in the still depths. Every day, +with host and hostess and the other guests in the house, she boarded the +little launch and sailed up the river, winding in and out among those +wonderful islands with their diversity of hotels, clubhouses, elegant +mansions and pretty cottages; but all surpassed by the adornments of +nature, tall trees with luxuriant vines climbing to the very tops, and +the great rocks of the ages, rent and cleft and covered with mosses and +ferns. + +It was a charming week but, although the stay might have been prolonged +through the summer, Miss Anthony was far too busy a woman for much +visiting, and on the 22d started for her old home at Adams, Mass., where +a unique and long anticipated event took place, which will be described +in the next chapter. A number of relatives, who had come from various +parts of the country for this occasion, returned to Rochester with her. +A little trip was made to Geneva to visit with Mrs. Stanton at Mrs. +Miller's, and so the summer sped quickly and pleasantly away. + +Miss Anthony attended the Ohio convention at Alliance, October 5, and +was the guest of Mrs. Emma Cantine. While here, at the request of +President Marsh, she addressed the students of Mount Union College on +"The Progress of Women during my Lifetime." She had said again and again +that she would not leave her work and go to this convention, but when at +last a telegram was received, "For heaven's sake come; all depends on +you"--she put on her bonnet and went, just as she had done a hundred +times before. + +She spoke, October 20, at the celebration of the hundredth birthday of +Rev. Samuel J. May, in the beautiful church erected to his memory in +Syracuse. She had known Mr. May intimately from 1850 to the time of his +death, and those who have read the first chapters of this book and seen +what he was to her in those early days of abolitionism and woman's +rights when the enemies far outnumbered the friends, can imagine how +eloquently she voiced the love and gratitude in her heart. + +The next evening Miss Anthony left Rochester for ten days at Nashville, +Tenn. The Woman's Board had invited a number of national organizations +to hold conventions during the Exposition, and the last week was set +apart for the Woman's Council. This was not a suffrage meeting; it was +simply a national council where each one of the speakers asked for the +suffrage to enable her association to do its work. Headquarters were at +the Maxwell House, and the officers and many other notable women came +from various parts of the country for the week. The public sessions were +held in the Woman's Building, which was crowded to its capacity. +Although suffrage was a comparatively new subject in this city, the +announcement of Miss Anthony's address filled the assembly-room and she +was received with enthusiasm. + +They met with a hearty greeting from the people of Nashville. Among the +elegant receptions given in their honor was one by Mr. and Mrs. W. W. +Berry at Vauxhall Place. The president of the Exposition, Mr. John W. +Thomas, and his wife gave a handsome entertainment, of which the +American's account said: "By the hostess stood her honored guest, Miss +Susan B. Anthony, in simple attire. Warm was the reception accorded this +gray-haired woman, and her grand face impressed all with the noble part +she had played in this century." At the close of the council the +visitors, as the guests of the lady directors, were driven in tally-ho +and carriages to the beautiful country-seat of the president of the +board, Mrs. Van Leer Kirkman, where they were royally received. + +Miss Anthony spoke also before the Liberal Congress of Religions in +session at this time, and was introduced by the president, Dr. Thomas, +as "one who had stood for the cause of liberty when it cost something to +stand, and had borne the storm of calumny and abuse for fifty years." +While she was in Nashville President Erastus M. Cravath, of Fiske +University, called with his carriage and took her to that institution, +where she addressed the faculty and 600 students, speaking, by request, +on "The Early Days of Abolitionism." + +After a day or two at home Miss Anthony attended the New York Suffrage +Convention at Geneva, November 3. Here she made a speech criticising the +women of New York City for having gone so actively into partisan +politics during the recent campaign, although none of the parties +advocated giving them the right of suffrage, and pointed out the +absurdity of hoping for "good government" from any party until it was +reinforced by the votes of women. The speech created something of a +sensation, and when she reached home a reporter was waiting for her, to +whom she gave an interview which intensified the original excitement. +Not only did she review the political situation in New York, but she +declared also that no movement could succeed unless it were managed by a +so-called "ring." Leaders must be surrounded by those who are in +sympathy with their ideas and willing to carry out their methods, or +nothing can be accomplished. In commenting, the paper quoted the remark +so often made, "When Susan B. Anthony was born a woman, an adroit +statesman was lost to the world." + +On November 11 Miss Anthony started on a great swing of western +conventions, or conferences, stopping on her way to the railroad station +to attend the golden wedding reception of her friends of nearly fifty +years, Dr. and Mrs. Edward M. Moore. These conferences--Miss Anthony, +Mrs. Catt, Miss Shaw, speakers--were for the purpose of arousing +interest and raising money for the suffrage celebration to be held in +Washington in the winter of 1898. They began at Minneapolis and +continued for two days each in Madison, Chicago, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo +and Toledo. At the first city Miss Anthony addressed the students of the +State University, introduced by President Cyrus Northrop. A reception +was given in the public library building by the local Woman's Council. + +At each of the cities visited the ladies were entertained by prominent +residents, the audiences were large and appreciative, and the newspapers +contained long and favorable reports. There was not a discord in the +chorus of pleasant welcome; not a disrespectful word of either the +speakers or the cause they advocated. The question was treated with the +same consideration and dignity as others before the public for +discussion, and it required no more courage to present it than to talk +of any other reform of the day. + +If one desire an illustration of the progress made by women during half +a century, let him turn to the early chapters of this book and read the +story of those first meetings where Miss Anthony, rising timidly in her +seat and asking to make a remark, was literally howled down because no +woman was allowed to speak in public; and then let him read these +closing chapters of her ovations extending from ocean to ocean. From a +canvass of New York State in a sleigh, speaking to little handfuls of +people in country schoolhouses, ridiculed by the newspapers and outlawed +by society--to an endless series of conventions and congresses in all +the great cities of the country, with no hall large enough to hold the +audiences and with almost the unanimous approval of press and people! +Only a short period of less than fifty years, scarcely a second in the +eons of history, and yet in that brief time a revolution in public +sentiment, an overturning of the customs and prejudices of the ages, the +release of womanhood from unknown centuries of bondage! + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[128] Among other birthday remembrances were a diamond pin from Miss +Shaw, Mrs. Avery, Mrs. Louise Mosher James and Lucy E. Anthony; $50 from +Mrs. Gross; many smaller gifts and quantities of flowers. + +[129] During this month a fine medallion of Miss Anthony was made for +the Political Equality Club of Rochester and put on sale to obtain money +for the suffrage fund. Some time before, a handsome souvenir spoon was +designed by Mrs. Millie Burtis Logan, of Rochester. + +[130] Later Miss Anthony was made honorary member of Irondequoit +Chapter, D. A. R. (Rochester). + +[131] Miss Anthony was this year made honorary member of the Cuban +League, the Rochester Historical Society, the Ladies of the Maccabees, +and various other organizations. + + + + +CHAPTER L. + +HOME LIFE--THE REUNION--THE WOMAN. + +1897. + + +The unsurpassed powers of endurance, which have enabled Miss Anthony to +work without ceasing for more than sixty years, are due to her perfect +physical condition. She comes of a long-lived race, in which +centenarians have been not unusual. Her paternal grandfather lived past +the age of ninety-seven, able to oversee his farm to the very last; the +grandmother lived beyond sixty-seven; both the maternal grandparents +died in their eighty-fourth year; her father at sixty-nine, and her +mother at eighty-six. She never has abused her inheritance of a fine, +strong constitution. Travelling so much of the time, she has not been +able to observe regular hours and, being usually entertained in private +families, has not had a choice of food, but nevertheless, as far as +possible, she has observed the laws of health which she made for herself +in youth. + +She never fails to take each morning, regardless of the weather, a cold +sponge bath from head to foot, followed by a brisk rubbing, which puts +the skin in excellent condition. She has a good appetite, drinks tea and +coffee moderately and eats always the simplest food, cereals, bread and +butter, vegetables, eggs, milk, a little meat once a day, plenty of +fruit at every meal, whatever is in season, and never can be tempted by +rich salads, desserts or fancy dishes. Whenever it is possible she rests +a short time after each meal, and lies down for an hour during the +afternoon, even if she can not sleep; retires at nine or ten and rises +at six or seven. She travels by night, when convenient, as she thus can +avoid much of the fatigue of the journey. When travelling in the daytime +she reads very little, never writes or dictates letters on the train, as +many busy people do, but makes herself comfortable and dozes and rests. + +An invariable rule, with which nothing is allowed to interfere, is +plenty of fresh air and exercise, and she regards these as the +mainspring of her long years of health and activity. If she has been on +the cars all day, she walks from the station to her stopping-place. +After a speech, she walks home. When in Rochester she often writes until +nearly 10 o'clock at night, then puts on a long cloak, ties a scarf over +her head, goes out to the mail box, and walks eight or ten blocks, +returning in a warm glow; gives herself a thorough rubbing, and is ready +for a night's rest in a room where the window is open at all seasons. +The policemen are accustomed to the late pedestrian and often speak a +word of greeting as she passes. It is not an unusual thing for her to +take up a broom, when it has been snowing all the evening, and sweep the +walks around and in front of the house, just before going to bed. While +not an adherent of any special "sciences" or "cures," she believes +thoroughly in not dwelling upon either mental or bodily ills; giving +disagreeable things and people only such attention as is absolutely +necessary, and then putting them out of mind; observing the laws of +hygiene with regard to the body and then banishing it also from the +thoughts. Over and above all else is she an advocate of work, employment +for mind and body, as a means of salvation. + +In dress Miss Anthony is extremely particular. She considers it poor +economy to wear cheap material, always buys the best fabrics, linings +and trimmings, and employs a competent dressmaker. She has one gown a +year and often this is a present from some loving friend. While she +wears only black silk or satin in public, she loves color and her house +dress is usually maroon or soft cardinal. Her laces and few pieces of +jewelry are gifts from women. The slender little ring, worn on the +"wedding finger," was placed there thirty years ago by her devoted +friend, Dr. Clemence Lozier. She never in a lifetime has changed the +style of wearing her hair, once dark brown, glossy and abundant, now +thin and fine and shining like spun silver, which is always evenly +parted, combed over the ears and coiled low at the back, thus showing +the fine contour of her head. In all the details of the toilet she is +most fastidious, and a rent, a missing button or a frayed edge is +considered almost an unpardonable sin. + +Miss Anthony attends Unitarian church but retains her membership in the +Society of Quakers. On the rare occasions when she needs a physician, +she consults some woman of the homeopathic school, but she is opposed to +much medicine, believing that proper diet and exercise are the best cure +for most maladies. Although pleased always to welcome callers, she makes +few visits, except to the faithful friends of olden times whose names so +often have been mentioned in these pages. She finds the days all too +short and too few for the great work whose demands increase with every +year. While Miss Anthony feels an abiding interest in household affairs, +the details and management necessarily devolve upon her sister Mary, who +also looks carefully after the finances, to see that the modest income +is not all appropriated to the cause of woman suffrage. In matters of a +material nature she is the needed complement to the life of her gifted +sister. On all vital questions, suffrage, religion, the various reforms, +the two are in perfect accord and, as they sit together in the quiet +home for the usual twilight chat before the lamps are lighted, there is +none of that dwelling in the past, to which old people are so prone, but +all is of the present, the live topics of the day, and the plans and +hopes which they share alike. + +The Anthony home in Rochester stands in Madison street, one of the +nicely paved, well-shaded avenues in the western part of that beautiful +city. It is a plain, substantial two-and-a-half story brick house of +thirteen rooms, with modern conveniences, and belongs to Miss Mary. It +is furnished with Quakerlike simplicity but with everything necessary to +make life comfortable. In the front parlor are piano, easy chairs and +many pictures and pieces of bric-a-brac, given by friends. Over the +mantel hangs a fine, large painting of the Yosemite, presented to Miss +Anthony in 1896 by William Keith, the noted artist of California. +Beneath it stand three fine photographs, Mary Wollstonecraft, Lucretia +Mott and Frederick Douglass. Between the windows is the very mahogany +table upon which were written the call and resolutions for the first +woman's rights convention ever held--the gift of Mrs. Stanton. In the +back parlor the most conspicuous object is the library table strewn with +the papers and magazines which come by every mail. This is surrounded +with arm-chairs, tempting one to pause awhile and enjoy this luxury of +literature. On one side are the bookcases, and on the walls large +engravings of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and a handsome +copy of Murillo's Madonna, while in one corner stands the mother's +spinning-wheel. Opening out of this room is Miss Mary's study, the big +desk filled with work pertaining to the Political Equality Club of 200 +members, whose efficient president she has been for a number of years; +and here she spends several hours every day looking after her own work +and relieving her sister of a part of hers. There is a sewing-machine +here also, and a big, old-fashioned haircloth sofa, suggesting a nap and +a dream of bygone days. + +In the dining-room is a handsomely carved mahogany sideboard, a family +heirloom, containing china and silver which belonged to mother and +grandmother, and here hang very old steel engravings of Washington and +Lincoln. The large, light kitchen, with its hard coal range, is a +favorite apartment, and Miss Anthony especially enjoys sitting there in +a low rocking-chair while she reads the morning paper. The front room +upstairs, with little dressing-room attached, is the guest chamber. It +contains a great chest of drawers, a dressing-table and mirror which +were part of the mother's wedding outfit over eighty years ago, a +mahogany bedstead and a modern writing-desk and rocking-chairs. On the +walls are several paintings, the work of loved hands long since at rest, +and two engravings, over one hundred years old, such as used to hang in +every Abolitionist's parlor in early days. They are copies of paintings +by G. Morland, engraved in 1794, by "J. R. Smith, King St., Covent +Garden, engravers to H. R. H. the Prince of Wales." One is entitled +"African Hospitality," and represents a ship wrecked off the coast of +Africa with the white passengers rescued and tenderly cared for by the +natives; the other is named "The Slave Trade," and shows these same +negroes loaded with chains and driven aboard ship by the white men whom +they had saved. These pictures have little meaning to the present +generation, but one can imagine how they must have fired the hearts of +those who were laboring to eradicate the curse of slavery from the +nation. + +Back of the guest chamber, in this interesting home, is Miss Mary's +sleeping-room, with quaint old furniture and family pictures; then the +maid's room, another guest chamber and, in the southwest corner, next +the bathroom, the pleasant bedroom of Miss Anthony with the pictures of +those she loves best, and the dresser littered with the little toilet +articles of which she is very fond. The most attractive room in the +house, naturally, is Miss Anthony's study in the south wing on the +second floor. It is light and sunshiny and has an open gas fire. Looking +down from the walls are Benjamin Lundy, Garrison, Phillips, Gerrit +Smith, Frances Wright, Ernestine L. Rose, Abby Kelly Foster, Harriet +Beecher Stowe, Lucy Stone, Lydia Maria Child and, either singly or in +groups, many more of the great reformers of the past and present +century. On one side are the book shelves, with cyclopedia, histories +and other volumes of reference; on another an inviting couch, where the +busy worker may drop down for a few moment's repose of mind and body. By +one window is the typewriter, and by the other the great desk weighted +with letters and documents. + +Each morning, as soon as the postman arrives, Miss Anthony sits down at +her desk and, going over the piles of letters, puts to one side those +which can wait, dictates replies to those requiring the longest answers +and, while they are being typewritten, plunges with her pen into the +rest. Many hours every day and often into the night she writes steadily, +but the pile never diminishes. As president of the National-American +Association not only must she direct the work for suffrage, which is +being carried on in all parts of the country to a much greater extent +than the public imagines, but she also must keep in touch with the +hundreds of individuals each of whom is helping in a quiet but effective +way. There are few days that do not bring requests from libraries, +associations, colleges, high schools or clubs for literature and other +information concerning woman suffrage, which is now the subject of +debate from the great universities down to the cross roads schoolhouse. +In past years libraries have been very deficient in matter upon this +question because there was no general call for it, but now the demand is +so large that it scarcely can be supplied, and all instinctively turn to +Miss Anthony for information. + +Some idea has been given of the scope of her correspondence of a public +nature, but it hardly would be possible to describe the private letters. +Standing for half a century as the friend and defender of women, and +known so widely through her travels and newspaper notices, she is +overwhelmed with appeals for advice and assistance. From the number of +wives, and husbands also, who pour the tale of their domestic grievances +into her ears, she would be fully justified in believing marriage a +failure. She is daily requested to sign petitions for every conceivable +purpose, and begged for letters of recommendation by people of whom she +never heard. Women entreat her to obtain positions for their husbands +and children and to help themselves get pensions, or damages, or wages +out of which they have been defrauded. Girls and boys want advice about +their plans for the future. Women, and men too, without education or +experience, insist upon being placed as speakers on the suffrage +platform. Authors send books asking for a review. People write of their +business ventures, their lawsuits, their surgical operations, their +diseases and those of all their family, and of every imaginable +household matter. Scores of letters ask for a "word of greeting" on all +sorts of occasions. Editors of papers and pamphlets, advocating every +ology and ism under the sun, send them with the entreaty that she will +examine and express an opinion, each insisting that "it will take only +a few hours of her time." She is besieged to dress dolls and make aprons +for fairs, to write her name upon pieces to be used for quilts and +cushions, and to furnish scraps of her gowns for the same purpose. +Babies are named for her and she is asked to send a letter of +acknowledgment and a little keepsake. Requests for autographs outnumber +the days of the year. + +She is constantly importuned to examine MSS., and not only to do this +but to secure a publisher. During the year 1897 one man sent an article +of sixty-eight closely typewritten pages of legal cap, asking that she +give it a careful reading, revise it, and send it where it would be +published; and no postage stamps accompanied this nervy request. A woman +whose grammar and rhetoric were most defective announced that she had +written a book called "The Intemperate Life of my Father;" also two +stories and a play. She would send all of them to Miss Anthony, to 'fix +up just as if they were her own and help her sell them; she wanted the +proceeds to assist her brothers who had failed in business.' It is a +common occurrence for persons to ask, without so much as enclosing a +stamp, that she prepare an address on woman suffrage and send for them +to read as their own production. One enthusiastic poem begins: + + "When the grain is ripe we will gather the sheaves, + And weave a crown for your brow of laurel leaves." + +A man from the great Northwest sends a long article entitled, "Sun and +Moon Bathed in Blood! Ring, Ring the Bells!" desiring that it be put in +the "index of the biography," meaning the appendix. One writes: "You are +said to be very good about assisting helpless girls; now you could not +find one more helpless than I am;" and then requests that she select, +have made and pay for a school outfit for her. Another has a great +scheme for starting a "workingwoman's home" and wants Miss Anthony to +furnish the money. The list might be extended almost indefinitely and, +while one is amused and disgusted by turns, there are among this vast +correspondence many letters which touch the heart. During the tariff +debate in Congress in 1897 a paragraph was widely published that a tax +was to be placed on tea, and this note, evidently written by a child, +was received: "My mamma goes out to work while I go to school and she +loves her cup of tea. Our groceryman tells us we will have to pay more +for it now. I have heard how good you are to the poor, do please spare +time to write to the President and ask him not to make our tea dearer. +Tell him to put the tax on beer and whiskey." + +Miss Anthony is very conscientious about answering letters, too much so, +her friends think, for she is a slave to her correspondence. Sometimes, +however, she reaches the point of exasperation, as when she opened eight +pages of a faintly written scrawl beginning, "My heart goes out to you +in sympathy." "Well, I wish it would go out in blacker ink," she +exclaimed, and threw it into the waste-basket. Invitations to lecture +and to attend all sorts of gatherings pour in, and she often says to the +younger workers, "If I might but transfer them to you, how much good you +could accomplish." Every mail brings also loving and appreciative +letters which illuminate the whole day, take the sting out of the unkind +ones and lighten the burdens never entirely lifted. The women who have +come into the work in late years continually ask, "How have you borne it +so long?" Sometimes when their own endurance ceases they write her that +they will have to resign, and she makes answer: "If all the young women +fail, then the octogenarian must work the harder till a new reserve +comes to the rescue;" and of course they are ashamed and redouble their +labors to show their loyalty. + +With all her hours of toil she is never satisfied with what she has +accomplished, but always feels that she might have done a little more, +that something or somebody has been neglected. In looking over the +mention made in these chapters of a few of the most valuable gifts and +noteworthy letters, she said with sadness: "And no notice has been taken +of the hundreds of little tokens of affection which cost far more of +sacrifice on the part of the givers, and of the thousands of letters +from obscure but faithful women, without which I never could have had +the courage to do my work." + +[Illustration: THE ANTHONY FAMILY AT THE REUNION, ADAMS, MASS., JULY 30, +1897.] + +While Miss Anthony has remained at home more days in 1897 than in any +previous year for half a century it has been one of the busiest in +regard to letter-writing. It is the dream of her life to raise a +permanent fund to be placed in the hands of trustees, after the manner +of the famous Peabody fund, the income to be used to further the cause +of woman suffrage. To accomplish this she is exerting her strongest +powers of appeal. During all these years of labor for humanity she has +had to beg practically every dollar she has used, and she longs to +relieve the workers of the future from this drudgery and humiliation, by +providing an assured income, so they may not be obliged to expend half +their time and strength in obtaining the money with which to do the +work. In addition to this Standing Fund, she is endeavoring also to +secure enough money for the early establishment of a Press Bureau for +the purpose of taking up and answering, day by day, the false statements +made in regard to woman suffrage, its ultimate aims and actual results; +to furnish news and arguments where they are desired; and to enlist the +support of the press for this question, which is now acknowledged to be +one of the leading issues of the day. + +The event of 1897 which gave Miss Anthony more pleasure than all others, +in fact one of the happiest incidents of her life, was the Anthony +Reunion at Adams, Mass., the last of July. The Historical and Scientific +Society of Berkshire had for many years held an annual meeting at some +one of the historic spots for which that county is especially noted. In +1895 this had been held in the dooryard of the old Anthony homestead, +and she had been invited to be present, but was otherwise engaged. It +had been the custom to eulogize her highly at these gatherings but it +was determined that now she must come and speak for herself, therefore +the invitation was repeated for 1896, but then she was in California. In +1897 the letter from the president, A. L. Perry, said: "The present +writing is to give you a formal and official invitation, in the name of +the people of the entire county, whose representatives we are, to be +present and participate in our next meeting. You may be sure of a warm +welcome from your old neighbors who remain, and from the generation of +Berkshire people, men and women, now on the stage." + +The meeting was to be held in Lee, and she wrote that if they would +again hold it at the old Anthony homestead she would put aside +everything else and come. She soon received this answer from Rev. A. B. +Whipple: "It gives me pleasure, as vice-president of the Berkshire +Historical Society, to inform you that we have decided to gratify your +'bit of sentiment' as well as our own inclination to meet again 'in that +old dooryard,' to do you honor as one of the natives of Berkshire whose +historic lives are finding a deserved and permanent record in our +society." + +Miss Anthony ever wanted her friends to share in her joys and was +anxious that everybody should know her friends, so she wrote that she +would like to have the Berkshire people hear Miss Shaw and others among +the noted speakers. After some exchange of letters the officers of the +society requested her to take charge of the program of the day, and +promised to second all her arrangements. As she always combined business +with pleasure she appointed a meeting of the national suffrage committee +that week, and thus brought to Adams her "body guard," Miss Shaw, Miss +Blackwell, Mrs. Catt, Mrs. Avery, Mrs. Upton[132] and, by invitation, +Mrs. Sewall, Mrs. Colby and Mrs. Harper. She had decided also to have at +this time a family reunion, and for many weeks had been writing far and +wide to the Anthonys, the Laphams, the Reads and the Richardsons, +bidding all come to Adams on the 29th of July, and as a result the "Old +Hive" swarmed as it never had done, even in the early days. She went on +a week ahead and joined forces with her cousin, Mrs. Fannie Bates, who +lived in the house. Albert Anthony, another cousin and near neighbor, +put himself, his horses and vehicles at their service; other relatives +came to their assistance, beds were set up, provisions laid in; and for +a week fifteen people picnicked in the old homestead. The overflow was +received in the hospitable homes of other relatives in the neighborhood, +and even Hotel Greylock, in the village, was pressed into service to +entertain the guests, who came from Kansas, Illinois, New York, +Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New Hampshire and other States. + +The suffrage committee meetings were held during several days and +evenings preceding the Historical Society celebration. It was a picture +always to be remembered, that group of distinguished women, standing at +the very head of the greatest progressive movement of the age, gathered +in serious conclave in those old-fashioned, low-ceiled rooms built over +a century ago, concocting schemes which would have filled their Quaker +owners with holy horror. It seemed almost as if they would come back +from the dim past to ask what it all meant. And yet, when one recalled +that the Quakers never commanded their women to keep silence in the +meeting house, but recognized their full equality there and elsewhere, +and stood for liberty in a world given over to religious and political +tyranny, it seemed indeed most fitting that the representatives of this +great association for securing freedom to all, should come together +under the roof of one of these old Friends. One felt as if the ancient +door-latch should lift, and Aunt Hannah, the wise and gentle Quaker +preacher, should glide in and take her seat among these other women whom +the Spirit also had moved. But the most remarkable feature of this +unique occasion was that the woman presiding over the deliberations of +this body of reformers, should have carried on her childish games in +this very room, seventy-five years before, and listened with awe to +parents and grandparents as they discussed the burning questions of +intemperance, slavery and religious intolerance. + +An unseasonable storm of several days' duration had made it necessary to +transfer the meeting of the Historical Society to the pavilion in +Plunkett's Park. The ladies of Adams and vicinity, with Mrs. Susan +Anthony Brown at their head, had prepared a bountiful luncheon for the +officers of the society and the fifty invited guests, and here, at noon +on July 29, Miss Anthony sat at the upper end of the long table with +Rev. Anna Shaw on one hand and Rev. A. B. Whipple on the other. At the +conclusion of the luncheon, the officers and speakers took seats on the +stage in the large pavilion, which soon was filled with an audience that +had come from Williamstown, North Adams, Pittsfield, Great Barrington, +Lee and other surrounding towns. The Adams Freeman said: "If the group +of women speakers were brilliant, the audience that honored them, while +less so perhaps in renown, was equal in intellectual attainments. It was +a cultured assembly, including the most progressive people of +Berkshire."[133] + +[Illustration: AT THE OLD HOMESTEAD, JULY 30, 1897.] + +In a few words of welcome Rev. Louis Zahner, the Episcopal minister, +spoke of the Anthony family as having laid the foundations of the +schools, the industries and the prosperity of Adams, and of the +community's indebtedness to them for the best it has today. Mr. Whipple, +in a cordial address, then introduced Miss Anthony and placed the +meeting in her charge. Can any pen describe her pride and happiness in +returning thus to the loved home of her birth and childhood, to meet +this warm and appreciative welcome and to introduce in turn her cabinet +of eminent women? + +After relating some very interesting recollections of her ancestors and +of early events, which were especially appreciated by the old residents, +she introduced Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, who said in the course of a +graceful address: + + There is no citizen of this great nation who would not be delighted + with the privilege of visiting these Berkshire hills, famed for + their beauty, but it is not because of this that most of us have + made this pilgrimage to Adams; rather have we come with much of + that spirit which led the thousands upon thousands of Christians in + the early centuries to Jerusalem, or which later prompted thousands + of Mohammedans to make their pilgrimage to the city of Mecca. We + have come to Adams because it is the birthplace of the greatest + woman of our time. + + Many centuries ago, on the 15th of February, there was born a man + whose name is familiar to every school-child throughout the + civilized world, and yet that man never knew a happy day. He was + reviled, persecuted, martyred, tried, condemned, and died sorrowful + and broken-hearted. And what was his offense? He declared that this + earth turned upon its axis and that it moved around the sun. There + were no newspapers in that day, but every pulpit thundered its + denunciation against the great Galileo. When he was condemned to + die he was compelled to renounce this belief, but under his breath + he said, "The world does move!" A century after he had gone, not a + pulpit in Christendom, not a scholar, was there but knew that he + had told the truth. + + It is a curious coincidence that upon the anniversary of the + birthday of Galileo there was born Susan B. Anthony. She also + perceived a great truth and the world did not agree with her. It + reviled her for the belief she had propounded, but in this century + she never renounced that belief, but thundered back to the pulpit + and to the newspapers that the world does move and the time will + come when women shall be free; the time will come when they shall + have every right, every privilege, every liberty which any man + enjoys.... We, today, are making the first pilgrimage to the + birthplace of Susan B. Anthony, but I prophesy that in another + quarter of a century there will be many pilgrimages hither, and no + child will be so illiterate as not to know that in this county it + was this greatest of American women was born. + +Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery followed with an entertaining account of her +trip abroad with Miss Anthony and the latter's utter indifference to the +titles of the nobility. As she never could get them right she discarded +all of them and insisted on calling everybody plain "Mr." and "Mrs." She +then related this incident: + + We had in our party for a few weeks a couple of English ladies. + When driving in Rome, one of them, a great dame of noble lineage, + was admiring an old palace belonging to some very ancient Roman + family and made the statement that this same family owned five + other famous palaces in Italy. Miss Anthony seemed to be making a + mental calculation, and finally said with enthusiasm, "What a + magnificent orphan asylum that would make." + + "Why, Miss Anthony, do you mean that you would actually turn the + home of this old family into an orphan asylum?" + + "Yes," said she, "I think about 700 of these little ragamuffins + could be put in there. Think of the streets just full of them, and + all these big houses vacant! I don't see a better use to which + these old palaces could be put." + +Mrs. Upton in her bright, humorous way related some amusing stories +which she had heard from her ancestors, who were born in Berkshire, and +adroitly turned them into an argument for woman suffrage. A beautiful +poem was read, entitled "Pioneers," dedicated to Miss Anthony by her old +friend John M. Thayer, of Rochester. Col. D. R. Anthony created great +mirth by telling among other stories that eighty years ago his father +had a cotton mill of twenty-six looms; one day all of them suddenly +stopped and, rushing out to ascertain the cause, he found that his wife, +in rinsing her mop in the stream, had stopped the power which moved the +machinery! He then referred to the Plunkett factories with 2,600 looms, +and the other great mills of Adams, as illustrating the progress of the +century. In an address which glowed with beauty and eloquence, Mrs. May +Wright Sewall thus compared Miss Anthony's character with the scenes +amidst which she was born: + + We, who own and follow our general, know that she goes where + Liberty leads, where Justice calls, where Love whispers his divine + commands; and we have found in her the gravity of your stately + mountains, the yearning for freedom of your lofty hills lifted + toward the sky spaces. We have found in her the impetuosity of your + mountain streams, which, fretting against narrow bounds, broke + through them, widening and widening ever the channel of the life of + American womanhood; and so we, who love appropriateness, gaze with + delight upon this scenery, the environment of her infancy and the + nurturing influence of her childhood, as a fine illustration of the + eternal fitness of things. + +One of the most exquisite addresses of the day was made by Mrs. Clara B. +Colby, who said in part: + + Miss Anthony's love of justice links her with the divine. This has + been her impelling motive, and her patient endurance has been the + secret of her success. No matter how keen might have been her sense + of the injustice done to women, no matter how courageously she + might have set out to right the wrong, had she lacked endurance, + she had never been the one to lead us to victory. As justice is the + root of the tree of character, and patience the stalk from which + all growth proceeds, so tenderness is the outflowering of the + divinity within. By her tenderness Miss Anthony has made herself + loved where she might have only been honored. + + It was perhaps the drop hardest to swallow from the cup of + bitterness which was ever pressed to the lips of the early woman + suffragists, that they were destroyers of the home. To Miss + Anthony, the home and kindred-lover--homeless only for the sake of + the homes of the mother-half of the race--this must have been + especially hard to bear. There are such all over the land where she + has been a tender and sympathetic friend and where she is enshrined + in the hearts of the homekeepers.... Thus Miss Anthony, + justice-loving, patient and tender, has erected for herself a + lasting monument in the hearts of the women of this nation. May the + time be long deferred when she shall pass from the leadership of + her now triumphant host, but when that day comes, let there be, as + she has enjoined upon us, no tears, but only glad thankfulness for + a great life-work wrought in courage, fidelity and tenderness. + +Mrs. Colby urged the Historical Society to purchase the old homestead, +if possible, as a depository not only for relics of the Anthony family +but for mementoes of suffrage work and workers. No report ever can give +an adequate idea of the eloquence of Anna Shaw, so artistically +diversified by delicious bits of humor and keen points of satire. A +portion of her address was as follows: + + Amidst all the eulogy which has surrounded Miss Anthony this + afternoon, her brother said to me, "Don't you think they will turn + Susan's head?" I answered, "No, she has had so many years of + misrepresentation and abuse that if they keep on eulogizing her as + long as she lives, it won't balance the other side." There is no + danger in this world that the leader of an unpopular cause ever + will die of overpraise, for, in America as in Jerusalem, the + prophets of God have always been received with stones. We who know + her best love her most, and to me the truest and deepest love of my + existence, since my mother entered the life beyond, is that which I + cherish for Susan B. Anthony. + + The remonstrants today tell us that our movement will destroy the + affectionate tenderness of the womanly nature and unsex woman until + she becomes a weak man. I believe in men, and I do not believe that + all the love, the tenderness, the power to sacrifice is feminine. I + believe that the love of man is as true and deep and tender as the + love of woman. I will not accept the theory that "man is the head" + and "woman is the heart." I believe that when God created head and + heart for the human race He divided them equally and gave man his + part and woman hers, and both have kept their own all the way down + the centuries. + + The part of Miss Anthony's life which is dearest to us is that into + which she has admitted the few who belong to the sacred inner + circle, who have seen her toil, her suffering, her soul's anguish + and travail for the freedom, the larger growth, the diviner + possibilities of womanhood; and if there is any evidence that + living in the world, working for its uplift, does not destroy this + trait in human character, it is shown in the life of Miss Anthony. + There is no human being whom I have ever known who had more + tenderness for the erring and greater willingness to overlook the + frailties of human life. In this she shows that contact with the + most disagreeable side of the reformer's work, makes the real woman + not less but more womanly. I believe that if the principles which + she advocates, the ideals for which she stands, were embodied in + all womankind, we would have a motherhood diviner than any this + world has ever known, a motherhood such as God had in his thought + when he created woman to be the mother of the race.... + + It is not a name we love today, it is not a person we revere, but a + great, an ideal life of a woman who has battled with the world, who + has been misunderstood, who has borne its scorn, who has been + ostracised, and who, in the midst of all, has kept her life sweet, + her heart young, her love tender; and when the best thing shall be + said of her which men and women can say, it will be--she was true, + she was noble, she was woman. + +The day after the meeting of the Historical Society, occurred the +Anthony Reunion at the old homestead, when eighty of the clan sat down +at the long tables spread in grandfather's room, the keeping-room and +the weaving-room; and what a dinner the famous cooks of the +Anthony-Lapham-Read-Richardson families had prepared for this great +occasion! Not the least important features were the eighteen apple-pies +eaten with the world-renowned Berkshire cheese; and then the sweet bread +and butter, the fried chicken, the baked beans, the rich preserves and +cream, the delicious cake--but why attempt to describe a New England +dinner prepared by New England women? Those who have eaten know what it +is; those who have not, can not be made to understand. + +Where Susan B. Anthony sat was the head of the table; at her right hand, +the brother Daniel R.; at her left, the brother Merritt; and close by, +the quiet, smiling sister Mary; and then all along down the line, the +cousins, the nephews, the nieces, three and four generations, who had +joined so heartily with her for the success of this rare occasion. +Before the dinner began, Miss Anthony asked that, in accordance with the +custom of their ancestors, there might be a moment of silent thanks; and +at the close of the meal, when the chatter and mirth were stilled, she +arose and in touching words paid tribute to the loved and gone who once +blessed these rooms by their presence. She then called upon the +representatives of the different branches, old and young, who, in prose +or poetry, with wit or pathos, made delightful response. + +[Illustration: THE QUAKER MEETING HOUSE, ADAMS, MASS. 150 YEARS OLD. +SEVERAL MEMBERS OF THE ANTHONY FAMILY IN THE GROUP OF PIONEERS.] + +After all had finished they adjourned to the dooryard and a reception +commenced which even the roomy old house could not have accommodated. +For several hours a long line of carriages wound up the hill--the people +of Adams and vicinity coming to pay respect to their illustrious +townswoman and her relatives and friends. The immediate members of the +family were photographed in a group on the old porch, as was also the +dinner party gathered in the historic dooryard. The mountain air was +sweet and invigorating, and the view in every direction most enchanting. +A more picturesque spot scarcely can be imagined: in front, the long +range of Berkshire hills, a spur of the Green mountains of Vermont whose +faint outlines are visible in the distance; at the back, glorious "Old +Greylock," the highest peak in the State; at the right, the steep, +winding road leading down to the village a mile below, through a ravine +perfectly bewildering in its beauty of overhanging trees, moss-grown +rocks and fern-bordered brook tumbling over the massive boulders in its +rapid descent to join the Hoosac; and then united they flow through the +pretty town of Adams, turning the countless wheels of the great mills +and factories. + +The next day after the reunion a merry party of thirty, the guests of a +cousin, William Anthony, started in two great coaches, each drawn by six +horses, for the all-day trip to the top of Mount Greylock. The gayest +and happiest of them all was Miss Anthony, with her red shawl over her +shoulders, and her heart as light as when she used to climb these +mountainsides, a little, barefooted girl, more than seventy years ago. +Several days thereafter were spent visiting the pleasant homes of the +relatives, and going with her friends to point out the various places of +interest. Every spot connected with her early life was as sacred to them +as it was dear to her. Together they went to the deserted Quaker meeting +house, a century and a half old, and were shown the very spot where sat +the grandfather, the father, mother and little ones; and the raised +bench occupied by the grandmother, who was a "high-seat Quaker," and +Aunt Hannah Hoxie, the preacher. They strolled through the little +graveyard, with its lines of unmarked mounds. They visited the site of +the old mill, built by Daniel Anthony at the very beginning of the +manufacturing industry, where now only a few sunken stones mark the +foundation. They rested beneath the great trees which stand like +sentinels in front of the girlhood home of the mother, the house long +since crumbled away. They gazed curiously at the ancient Bowen's Tavern, +the favorite stopping-place of the mountaineers in early days. + +And then they went with Miss Anthony into her own old home. They stepped +reverently into the very room where she was born. They climbed to the +garret and she pointed out the exact spot by the tiny window where she +used to sit with her simple playthings. They stood with her by the +little stream which still ran merrily through the dooryard, and listened +with misty eyes as she recalled many touching incidents of days long +past; but, however her own heart might have ached with tender +recollections, there were no words of vain longing, no useless tears for +those who had fulfilled their mission and passed away, leaving to her +their legacy of hope and courage and determination. Strong, brave and +cheerful, she honored the memory of the dead in showing herself by her +works to be the worthy descendant of a noble race. And here, where the +story of this pure, single-hearted, self-sacrificing life began, it +shall be ended. + + * * * * * + +The usual fate of reformers is "praise when the ear has grown too dull +to hear, fame when the heart it should have thrilled is numb." Seldom it +is, indeed, that they live to see the fulfillment of the end for which +they labored, and even recognition usually is deferred until it can be +given only to a memory, but there are a few happy exceptions. While true +reformers seek no personal reward, those who love them rejoice when they +are spared to receive the honors they have earned. Susan B. Anthony's +self-imposed task, for almost half a century, has been to secure equal +rights for women--social, civil and political. When she began her +crusade, woman in social life was "cabin'd, cribb'd, confined," to an +extent which scarcely can be conceived by the present independent and +self-reliant generation; in law she was but little better than a slave; +in politics, a mere cipher. Today in society she has practically +unlimited freedom; in the business world most of the obstacles have been +removed; the laws, although still unjust in many respects, have been +revolutionized in her favor; in four States women have the full +franchise, in one the municipal ballot, in twenty-five a vote on school +questions, and in four others some form of suffrage; while in each +campaign their recognition as a political factor grows more marked. Miss +Anthony's part in securing these concessions may be judged from the +record of these pages. She is the only woman who has given her whole +time and effort to this one end, with no division of interest in behalf +of husband and children, no diversion of other public questions. Is +there an example in all history of either man or woman who devoted half +a century of the hardest, most persistent labor for one reform? + +"Of the dead naught shall be spoken except good," is a rule so +universally observed that post mortem compliments have little weight, +but when beautiful things are said of those who still live and toil, +they are full of meaning. Not only is it a delight to her +contemporaries, but it will be a pleasure to future generations who +shall read her history, that Miss Anthony lived to receive her meed of +appreciation. While not all of even the enlightened minds of today have +progressed far enough to accept her doctrine of perfect equality, which +will be universally admitted by the next generation, there are few who +do not recognize and honor the splendid character of the woman and the +service she has rendered. Just as these closing words are being written, +the State superintendent of public works, George W. Aldridge, announces +that he has ordered her face to be carved in the Capitol at Albany, one +of the magnificent public buildings of the world. Here, wrought in +imperishable stone, amidst those of the country's greatest warriors and +statesmen, it will look down forever upon that grand staircase whose +marble steps were so many times pressed by her weary feet, as she made +her annual pilgrimage to plead for liberty. + +The sweetest strains in this great oratorio are the tributes of women +voicing their love and gratitude. They come from those in all the walks +of life, and a distinguishing feature is that they who have known her +longest and best are most loyal and devoted. The secret of this is +perfectly expressed by May Wright Sewall, when she says: + + Mortals with all their consciousness of their own infirmities are + exacting of one another. It is a proof of the infinite + possibilities involved in the human soul, and a foundation for the + infinite hope which sustains us, that we are satisfied with nothing + less than perfection in other people. Is a woman great? To please + us she must be also good. Is a woman both great and good? We are + not satisfied unless she be likewise loving and lovable. No one can + come near to the life of Miss Anthony without realizing how + responsive she is to personal needs; how lively in her sympathies; + how instinctive her outreaching of the helping hand. The same + fidelity and single-minded loyalty which have characterized her + public career, distinguish her in all private relations. Others may + forget us in our griefs, she never forgets. Others may forget us in + our pleasures, she never forgets. + +It is indeed true that Miss Anthony never forgets. In her letters to +hundreds of people, she recollects always to send a message to the +different members of the family, to refer to some agreeable incident of +their acquaintance, and to express either pleasure or regret over +personal affairs which any one else would have failed to remember amidst +such a pressure of work and responsibility. + +After an unbroken friendship of twenty-five years, Frances E. Willard, +herself one of the grandest women of the century, paid this beautiful +tribute in December, 1897: + + Ever since I "came to myself" my love and loyalty have enveloped + the name, Susan B. Anthony. I look upon her as that figure full of + courage, resource and dignity which will yet be enshrined in the + admiring affection of the whole republic, even as it already has + been for so long in that of thoughtful women. Others have done + nobly and we count over their names with devout remembrance and + gratitude, but Susan B. Anthony by reason of her heroic + self-sacrifice, her lonely life, her changeless devotion, her + disregard for money and position, her concentration of purpose and + universal good will, has made for herself a place on the highest + pedestal in America's pantheon of women. + + We do not forget "the slings and arrows" of the earlier time, now + that she is justly honored in these years of greater intelligence + and progress; we do not forget that high sense of personal + integrity which led her to pay off the debts on The Revolution, + although no legal obligation rested upon her to do so; we do not + forget her testing of an unjust law in the great "case" in + Rochester; we do not forget that (jointly with her great associate, + Mrs. Stanton) she prepared for us that invaluable historic record + of the suffrage movement from its earliest inception; we do not + forget the untiring labors which have carried her, from youth to + age, into every nook and corner of the Union; and many of us are + cognizant of unnumbered acts of personal kindness toward women in + need who cherish her as if she were their sister or their mother. + Although the press once misrepresented her, it would hardly venture + to do so now, for her standing with the public is such that not to + know Miss Anthony argues one's self unknown, and to vilify her + argues one's self a villain. + + Blessed Sister Susan, accept the homage of one whom you have + cheered and comforted, and who rejoices to believe that the loving + friendship begun here shall grow and deepen in the bright light of + that happier world where there is no injustice, and where we have + abundant reason to believe that women will stand on a plane of + perfect equality. + +A number of years ago, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, in her own unsurpassed +beauty of language, said: + + I will attempt no analysis of one as dear to me as those of my own + household. In an intimate friendship of many years, without a break + or shadow; in daily consultation, sometimes for months together + under the same roof, often in circumstances of great trial and + perplexity, I can truly say that Susan B. Anthony is the most + charitable, self-reliant, magnanimous human being that I ever knew. + + As I recall the honesty and heroism of her public life; her + tenderness and generous self-sacrifice to friends in private; her + spontaneous good will towards her worst enemies, a new hope kindles + within me for womankind--a hope that by giving some high purpose to + their lives, all women may be lifted above the petty envy, + jealousy, malice and discontent that now poison so many hearts + which might, in healthy action, overflow with love and helpfulness + to all humanity. Miss Anthony's grand life is a lesson to all + unmarried women, showing that the love-element need not be wholly + lost if it is not centered on husband and children. To live for a + principle, for the triumph of some reform by which all mankind are + to be lifted up--to be wedded to an idea--may be, after all, the + holiest and happiest of marriages. + +In the twilight of age, when Mrs. Stanton prepared for future +generations the Reminiscences of her life and work of fourscore years, +she wrote to her old friend: "The current of our lives has run in the +same channel so long it can not be separated, and my book is as much +your story as, I doubt not, yours is mine;" and when it was ended she +placed upon it the inscription, "I dedicate this volume to Susan B. +Anthony, my steadfast friend for half a century." + +Steadfast! No other word so fitly defines the keystone of the arch of +noble attributes upon which this heroic life is founded--as constant to +a principle as to a friendship. There is nothing of the martyr in Miss +Anthony's nature and she refuses to consider herself in the light of a +vicarious sacrifice. "I do not look back upon a hard life," she says; "I +have been continually at work because I enjoyed being busy. Had this +never-ending toil made me wretched in mind or body, I have no doubt that +in some way I should have gotten out of it." "What thanks did you +receive for the stand you made?" once was asked her. "I had my own +thanks for retaining my self-respect," was the reply. Again one +inquired, "Did you not grow discouraged in those olden times?" "Never," +she answered; "I knew that my cause was just, and I was always in good +company." Her character, instead of growing embittered by the hard +experiences of early days, has been sweetened and strengthened by the +high moral purpose which has dominated her life. She is a philanthropist +in her love of mankind and her work for humanity, but she is governed by +philosophy rather than emotion, ever examining causes and effects by the +pure light of reason and logic. + +Susan B. Anthony has been called the Napoleon of the woman suffrage +movement and, in the planning of campaigns and the boldness and daring +of carrying them forward, there may be the qualities of that famous +general, but in character and principles the comparison fails utterly. +She has been termed the Gladstone among women, and in statesmanlike +ability and long years of distinguished service, there may be points of +resemblance, but she would repudiate the sacrifice of justice to party +expediency, oftentimes charged against the noted English politician. It +has been said that she has been the great Liberator of women, as Lincoln +was of the negroes. There is indeed something in her countenance and +manner which reminds one of Lincoln, the same unconscious dignity, the +same rugged endurance, the same strong, resolute face, softened by lines +of weariness and care and spiritualized by an expression of infinite +patience and indescribable pathos. She has not, however, the +conservatism, the forbearance, the reverence for existing laws and +constitutions, which made Lincoln slow to act and tolerant almost to the +point of criticism. + +She has been described as being to the cause of woman's emancipation, +what Garrison was to that of the slave. She has, perhaps, more of the +characteristics of Garrison than of the other three conspicuous figures +of the century. His motto, "No Compromise," has been her watchword. Like +Garrison, she strikes a body-blow straight from the shoulder. She +recognizes no such word as expediency and accepts no halfway measures. +Theoretically a non-resistant, she fights to the last ditch and never +accepts a defeat as final. She has the natural gift of selecting always +the strongest word, and the power of carrying conviction to her +audience. She is conventional in outward observances, but most radical +in thought and speech. She detests all forms of cruelty and oppression, +but it is the action, not the person, that she censures, and she is most +charitable in excuses for the faults and failings of others. She bears +the ills of life with cheerful fortitude, and accepts the blessings with +fine humility. There is no need of comparison. She has her own strong +individuality, which has made its indelible impress upon history and +secured for her a place among the immortals. Now, in life's evening, her +world is illumined with the beauty of a sunset undimmed by clouds--and +as she contemplates the infinite, she takes no heed of the gathering +darkness of night, but looking into a clear sky beholds only the +ineffable glory of other spheres. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[132] Miss Laura Clay and Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch, the national +auditors, were unable to be present. + +[133] There were present also reporters from the New York Sun, New York +World, Springfield Republican, Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, and +other papers. + + + + +APPENDIX. + + +CHAPTER XIV--PAGE 229. + +ADDRESS TO PRESIDENT LINCOLN. + +_Adopted by the Women's National Loyal League, May 14, 1863._ + +... We ask not for ourselves or our friends redress of specific +grievances or posts of honor or emolument. We speak from no +considerations of mere material gain; but, inspired by true patriotism, +in this dark hour of our nation's destiny, we come to pledge the loyal +women of the Republic to freedom and our country. We come to strengthen +you with earnest words of sympathy and encouragement. We come to thank +you for your proclamation, in which the nineteenth century seems to echo +back the Declaration of Seventy-six. Our fathers had a vision of the +sublime idea of liberty, equality and fraternity; but they failed to +climb the heights which with anointed eyes they saw. To us, their +children, belongs the work to build up the living reality of what they +conceived and uttered. It is not our mission to criticise the past. +Nations, like individuals, must blunder and repent. It is not wise to +waste our energy in vain regret, but from each failure we should rise up +with renewed conscience and courage for nobler action. The follies and +faults of yesterday we cast aside as the old garments we have outgrown. +Born anew to freedom, slave creeds and codes and constitutions all now +must pass away. "For men do not put new wine into old bottles, else the +bottles break and the wine runneth out and the bottles perish; but they +put new wine into new bottles and both are preserved." + +Our special thanks are due to you, that by your proclamation 2,000,000 +women are freed from the foulest bondage humanity ever suffered. Slavery +for man is bad enough, but the refinements of cruelty ever must fall on +the mothers of the oppressed race, defrauded of all the rights of the +family relation and violated in the most holy instincts of their nature. +A mother's life is bound up in that of her child. There center all her +hopes and ambitions. But the slave-mother in her degradation rejoices +not in the future promise of her daughter, for she knows by experience +what her sad fate must be. No pen can describe the unutterable agony of +that mother whose past, present and future all are wrapped in darkness; +who knows the crown of thorns she wears must press her daughter's brow; +who knows the wine-press she treads those tender feet must tread alone. +For, by the law of slavery, "the child follows the condition of the +mother." + +By your act, the family, that great conservator of national virtue and +strength, has been restored to millions of humble homes around whose +altars coming generations shall magnify and bless the name of Abraham +Lincoln. By a mere stroke of the pen you have emancipated millions from +a condition of wholesale concubinage. We now ask you to finish the work +by declaring that nowhere under our national flag shall the motherhood +of any race plead in vain for justice and protection. So long as one +slave breathes in this republic, we drag the chain with him. God has so +linked the race, man to man, that all must rise or fall together. Our +history exemplifies this law. It was not enough that we at the North +abolished slavery for ourselves, declared freedom of speech and press, +built churches, colleges and free schools, studied the science of +morals, government and economy, dignified labor, amassed wealth, +whitened the sea with our commerce and commanded the respect and +admiration of the nations of the earth--so long as the South, by the +natural proclivities of slavery, was sapping the very foundations of our +national life.... + +You are the first President ever borne on the shoulders of freedom into +the position you now fill. Your predecessors owed their elevation to the +slave oligarchy, and in serving slavery they did but obey their masters. +In your election, northern freemen threw off the yoke, and with you +rests the responsibility that our necks never shall bow again. At no +time in the annals of the nation has there been a more auspicious moment +to retrieve the one false step of the fathers in their concessions to +slavery. The Constitution has been repudiated and the compact broken by +the southern traitors now in arms. The firing of the first gun on Sumter +released the North from all constitutional obligations to slavery. It +left the government, for the first time in our history, free to carry +out the declaration of our Revolutionary fathers, and made us in fact +what we ever have claimed to be, a nation of freemen. + +"The Union as it was"--a compromise between barbarism and +civilization--can never be restored, for the opposing principles of +freedom and slavery can not exist together. Liberty is life, and every +form of government yet tried proves that slavery is death. In obedience +to this law, our republic, divided and distracted by the collisions of +class and caste, is tottering to its base and can be reconstructed only +on the sure foundation of impartial freedom to all. The war in which we +are involved is not the result of party or accident, but a forward step +in the progress of the race never to be retraced. Revolution is no time +for temporizing or diplomacy. In a radical upheaving the people demand +eternal principles on which to stand. + +Northern power and loyalty never can be measured until the purpose of +the war be liberty to man; for a lasting enthusiasm ever is based on a +grand idea, and unity of action demands a definite end. At this time our +greatest need is not men or money, valiant generals or brilliant +victories, but a _consistent policy_, based on the principle that "all +governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed." +The nation waits for you to say that there is no power under our +declaration of rights nor under any laws, human or divine, by which free +men can be made slaves; and therefore that your pledge to the slaves is +irrevocable, and shall be redeemed. + +If it be true, as it is said, that northern women lack enthusiasm in +this war, the fault rests with those who have confused and confounded +its policy. The pages of history glow with instances of self-sacrifice +by women in the hour of their country's danger. Fear not that the +daughters of this republic will count any sacrifice too great to insure +the triumph of freedom. Let the men who wield the nation's power be +wise, brave and magnanimous, and its women will be prompt to meet the +duties of the hour with devotion and heroism. + +When Fremont on the western breeze proclaimed a day of jubilee to the +bondmen within our gates, the women of the nation echoed back a loud +amen. When Hunter freed a million men and gave them arms to fight our +battles, justice and mercy crowned that act and tyrants stood appalled. +When Butler, in the chief city of the southern despotism, hung a traitor +we felt a glow of pride; for that one act proved that we had a +government and one man brave enough to administer its laws. And when +Burnside would banish Vallandigham to the Dry Tortugas, let the sentence +be approved and the nation will ring with plaudits. Your proclamation +gives you immortality. Be just, and share your glory with men like these +who wait to execute your will. + +On behalf of the Women's National Loyal League, + + ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, _President_. + SUSAN B. ANTHONY, _Secretary_. + + +CHAPTER XV--PAGE 247. + +RECONSTRUCTION. + +_Address Delivered at Ottumwa, Kansas, July 4, 1865._ + +_Mr. President, and Men and Women of Kansas:_ + +It is a pleasure to me, beyond the reach of words, to be with you today. +I accepted the invitation of your committee that I might feast my eyes +on your grand prairies, ever fringed with the darker green of their +timber-skirted creeks and rivers. I came here on this 89th anniversary +of our National Independence, that I might look into the honest, earnest +faces of the men and the women who, ten years ago, taught the nation +anew, that "resistance to tyrants is obedience to God." Through all this +glorious decade of heroic struggle, my interests, my sympathies, my +affections have been bound up with yours; for, during and since the +cruel outrages of the summer of 1856, my two and only brothers have +stood shoulder to shoulder with the freedom-loving, freedom-voting, +freedom-fighting men of Kansas. And, as I have waited the telegraphic +word that trembled along the western wires, telling of your successes +and your defeats, it has ever been with bated breath lest those of my +own home circle, too, should be numbered among the slain. Therefore, +though not here in person through all these trial years, in spirit I +have been with you, in your privations and hardships, in your sufferings +and sacrifices to make freedom and free institutions the sure +inheritance of Kansas and the nation. + +You have already listened to the grand old Declaration of the Fathers of +1776. You have heard the true words of your representative to the next +Congress.[134] His manly utterances here today give you assurance that +he will faithfully reflect the highest and truest sentiments of his +constituency. Men and women of Kansas, I congratulate you, that you have +in this chosen agent a man who will speak and vote on the vital +questions to come before the next Congress from the standpoint of human +equality. + +It is my purpose to call your attention to the recent declarations of +our President to our "erring sister States" of the South. I ask you +specially to note his proclamation to Mississippi. After pointing out +that the Constitution of the United States guarantees to every State in +the Union a republican form of government, and that the late rebellion +has deprived the people of Mississippi of all civil government, he +continues: + + Now, therefore, in obedience to the high and solemn duties imposed + upon me by the Constitution of the United States, and for the + purpose of enabling the loyal people of said State to organize a + State government, whereby justice may be established, domestic + tranquillity insured, and loyal citizens protected in all their + rights of life, liberty, and property, I, Andrew Johnson, President + of the United States, and Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy + of the United States, do hereby appoint William L. Sharkey + Provisional Governor of the State of Mississippi, whose duty it + shall be, at the earliest practicable period, to prescribe such + rules and regulations as may be necessary and proper for convening + a convention, composed of delegates to be chosen by that portion of + the people of said State who are loyal to the United States, and no + others, for the purpose of altering or amending the constitution + thereof; and with authority to exercise, within the limits of said + State, all the powers necessary and proper to enable such loyal + people of the State of Mississippi to restore said State to its + constitutional relations to the Federal government, and to present + such republican form of State government as will entitle the State + to the guarantee of the United States therefor, and its people to + protection by the United States against invasion, insurrection, and + domestic violence: Provided, That in any election that may be + hereafter held for choosing delegates to any State Convention as + aforesaid, no person shall be qualified as an elector, or shall be + eligible as a member of such convention, unless he shall have + previously taken and subscribed the oath of amnesty, as set forth + in the President's proclamation of May 29, A. D. 1865, _and is a + voter qualified as prescribed by the Constitution and laws of the + State, of Mississippi, in force immediately before the ninth (9th) + of January, A. D. 1861, the date of the so-called ordinance of + secession_; and the said convention, when convened, or the + Legislature that may be thereafter assembled, will prescribe the + qualifications of electors, and the eligibility of persons to hold + office under the Constitution and laws of the State, a power the + people of the several States composing the Federal Union have + rightfully exercised from the origin of the government to the + present time. + +The President says he finds the people of Mississippi "deprived of all +civil government" by the revolutionary progress of the rebellion; +therefore he appoints a provisional governor, to call an election of the +loyal people for delegates to a convention to alter or amend the +constitution that was in force prior to the rebellion. He does this "for +the purpose of enabling the loyal people of said State to organize a +State government whereby justice may be established, domestic +tranquillity insured, and loyal citizens protected in all their rights +of life, liberty and property." To this laudable end he instructs the +governor, who is his military agent, to allow no man to vote or to be +voted for, unless he shall have previously taken and subscribed to the +oath of amnesty of May 29, 1865, _and is a voter by the old constitution +and laws of the slaveholding State of Mississippi_. By this ordering, +the President makes it impossible for the great mass of the loyal people +to have a voice in organizing the new government. He re-establishes +precisely the same basis of class representation that worked out the +ruin of the old State government. Not to mention the loyal women, who +make fully one-half of the loyal people, he shuts out all the loyal +black men, with all the loyal poor white men, who were not allowed to +vote under the old regime of slavery. + +Thus, by this initiative step, the President makes it inevitable that +the rebuilding of the government shall be controlled by the ex-rebels; +the men who have fought desperately for four years to overthrow the +federal government; the men who hate republicanism; the men who love and +are determined to enjoy aristocracy. The loyal white men there, who have +stood firmly and truly by the government through all the cruel +persecutions of this bloody rebellion, are today a most powerless and +pitiable minority; and yet the President tells this little handful that +their only hope of organizing a genuine republican form of government +lies in their ability to outvote the vast horde of disloyal civilians +and pardoned, but not penitent, returned rebel soldiers. Such an +offence against white loyalty is enough to make the very stones cry out. + +But what shall we say of the other and deeper crime against the +thousands of loyal black soldiers, who have fought bravely for us from +the hour we permitted them to shoulder the musket; against the entire +slave population, who have welcomed our Yankee soldiers, been faithful +spies and guides to our armies, nursed our sick and wounded, relieved +and rescued our starving prisoners, and in every conceivable way and +manner given "aid and comfort" to our Union cause? I tell you, men and +women of Kansas, no tongue can speak the ingratitude, the injustice, the +shame and outrage of a proposition thus to leave those true and faithful +freedmen to the cruel legislation of their old tyrants and oppressors, +made tenfold more their enemies, because of their attachment and service +to the government which they themselves have failed to destroy. Think of +it, to thrust four million loyal people under the political heel of +eight millions, almost to a man, disloyal! + +I am sure you, who have given the best blood of Kansas to put down the +slaveholders' rebellion against the rightful rule of the majority, will +never by your silence give seeming consent to a reorganization of those +rebel States on any basis save that of the ballot to all loyal citizens, +black and white. You will never consent that loyal Union soldiers and +friends, for no crime but the color of their skin, shall be made +subjects, if not slaves, to disloyal rebel soldiers and enemies, with no +virtue but that of belonging to the "governing race," as the President's +North Carolina appointee calls the white faces. No, no, you will make +these grand old prairies ring with your thunder-toned protests until +they shall be felt and feared in the legislative halls at Washington. +Then will your honorable and honored representative say for you on the +floor of the next Congress, as he has said here today in the shadow of +these mighty oaks of your Neosho, "no reconstruction except on the basis +of the ballot in every loyal hand, black and white." Then will your +senator[135] echo your voice from his seat in the Capitol, as he did the +other day in old, Faneuil Hall, when he said, "the price of our +victories is lost unless we give the negro the homestead, the musket, +and the ballot." + +And then will your other senator,[136] who has not spoken since he, with +his colleagues in the Senate, said, "colonize" the faithful, loyal +blacks; since he said, admit Louisiana and Arkansas back into the Union +on the vote of the merest minority of their freshly-oathed white +men--then will he say "no reconstruction without negro suffrage." But, +good people, I charge you, suffer not this man to return to his seat in +the Senate, until he has not only repented and confessed, but given sure +promise forever to forsake his old sins of "white suffrage" and "black +colonization." You owe it to yourselves and your country to see that +your entire representation in the next Congress is right on this one +vital question of reunion. Tell your senator if he must advocate a class +and caste government in the rebel States, it must be loyal blacks, not +disloyal whites. If he must colonize somebody, it must be the cowed, +unconverted rebels, the anti-negro-equality white faces. Tell him +henceforth to speak and vote to disfranchise, and drive out if need be, +the persons who make war and oppress and outrage, and are resolved not +to give "fair play" to peaceable, industrious citizens. You have but to +speak and you will be obeyed, for it is the people's will, not that of +their servants, which is law. + +Now, a word on your State legislature: One of the first reports that met +my ear on my arrival in your State last winter, was that the Republicans +of Kansas, almost in a body, had voted against a bill for "negro +suffrage," and that they voted thus for the reason that the question was +introduced and urged by the opposition party of the State. My humble but +earnest advice to you is that you permit those delegates who voted +against right, against justice, against equality to all men, for so +paltry a reason, henceforth to remain quietly at home. Teach them and +all other aspirants for your suffrages that your representatives must +speak and vote for the right, though the arch-demon from the pit below +shall present the measure. That miserable political quibbling at Topeka +last winter lost Kansas the place which of right belonged to her--that +of being the first of the loyal States to give her freedmen their +inalienable right to self-protection. + +Our hope of salvation from the fatal errors that are now fastening +themselves upon the plan and the policy of reorganization, lies in the +prompt and right action of the coming Congress. The delegates from any +and all of the rebel States, sent up to Washington by "free white loyal +male" suffrages to knock for admission into the Union, must be sent home +with instructions that no member will be admitted to Congress except he +be elected by a majority of all the loyal men of the State, black as +well as white. To the end that Congress may thus reject the amnestied +white suffrage delegates, the people, all over the country, should unite +in one mighty voice and demand that their representatives shall thus +speak and thus vote. "The price of liberty is eternal vigilance." If we +sleep now, all is lost; for on this one question of the negro hangs the +future of our republic. + +Since the firing of the first gun of the rebellion there has been no +hour fraught with so much danger as is the present. To have been +vanquished on the field of battle would have involved much of misery; +but to be foiled now in gathering up the fruits of our blood-bought +victories, and to re-enthrone slavery under the new guise of negro +disfranchisement, negro serfdom, would be a defeat and disaster, a +cruelty and crime, which would surely bequeath to coming generations a +legacy of wars and rumors of wars, equalled only by that which the +Revolutionary fathers entailed upon their descendants by their fatal +compromises with slavery. It would leave the final triumph of the great +principles of republicanism, universal freedom and equality, "taxation +and representation inseparable," the "consent of the governed," to be +worked out and established in each of those old slave States, through a +fearful re-enactment of the early struggles which you of Kansas so well +remember. + +If Congress shall admit the rebel representatives on the basis of white +suffrage, those States will have added to their old representation the +other two-fifths of what used to be "all other persons," which will give +them an increase of fourteen votes in the House as a reward for their +four years of fire and sword against the government. With this added +power on the floor of Congress united to their political aiders and +abettors from the Northern States, there is scarcely any project they +may not be able to carry through in their own time and way. Nor is there +room for a doubt, that it is the spirit and purpose of the slave +oligarchy, whipped and cowed as they say by force of might, not right, +to make a most desperate political fight to regain their old supremacy +in the legislation of the country. + +I base my estimate of the nature and intentions of the to-be-restored +representation of the South, on the results of the elections already +held in several of the rebel States, and from the efforts everywhere +among the old planters again to reduce the black freedmen, as nearly as +possible, to the status of slavery. In Virginia, the elections gave a +legislature largely secession and almost wholly anti-negro. The planters +have solemnly leagued themselves together to pay only five dollars per +month to able field hands, each laborer to furnish his own clothes and +pay his own doctor bills. This, too, when these same planters used to +pay or receive for the hire of these same laborers, the sum of fifteen +dollars and upwards. In South Carolina, Gen. Rufus Saxton reports that +the old planters are actually driving the freedmen to work in the fields +in chain gangs, and that the woods are strewn with the bodies of negroes +shot dead in their efforts to escape the cruel torture. In Murfreesboro, +Tennessee, the city election resulted in a secession mayor and common +council. The only Union success I have noticed is that of Fernandina, +Florida, and there the negroes were allowed to vote. Even the loyal +State of Missouri saved her free constitution by less than two thousand +votes. + +The result of white suffrage can not be other than the election of large +majorities of anti-negro, if not absolutely secession State and National +representatives. Tennessee, the President's own State, of the loyalty of +whose people we have heard much, has adopted a free constitution, and +under it framed a new code of anti-negro laws; and we can hardly expect +any rebel State to do better, for these new free State law-makers are +the persecuted loyal men of Tennessee who have been outraged in their +homes, hunted to the caves and mountains, or for a time driven out of +the State altogether by the secessionists. One of these new free State +laws says, the testimony of no "free colored person shall be received in +court against any white person." By this enactment, the meanest white +man may enter the home of the bravest black soldier, or wealthiest +colored citizen, may murder his sons, ravish his wife and daughters, +pillage and burn his house, commit any and every possible crime against +him and his, and yet, if no human eye but his own, or that of his +family, or his colored friends, witness the barbarisms, that black man, +the father, the husband, the land-holder, outraged beyond measure, has +no possible legal redress in the courts of Tennessee. + +Then again, in case a free colored person is imprisoned and unable to +pay his jail fees, he may be apprenticed out to labor until the sum be +paid. And yet again, the courts may apprentice colored children as they +see proper. The law does not even say friendless or orphan children. Is +not that slavery under a new form? Thus, to leave those devoted black +men's lives, liberties and property to be protected by white men, whose +loyalty to the government is because it is a means to secure power to +themselves, not from any love of its republican principles, is to doom +them to all the ignominies and cruelties of slavery itself. + +Let us not be deceived by the wicked wiles of politicians who tell us +that President Johnson can not give the right to the ballot to the black +loyalists of the South; for it is but the new "refuge of lies" to which +slavery resorts. The same men told us that Lincoln had not the power to +emancipate the slaves; that the government had no right to arm the +negro, etc. If President Johnson has constitutional authority, either +civil or military, to take away a man's right to vote, as a punishment +for disloyalty, he must have power to give a man the same right, as a +reward for loyalty; if the President may disfranchise a rebel soldier in +order to enable the loyal people of a State to organize a republican +form of government, he may also enfranchise a Union soldier to +accomplish the same purpose. If the President has not the right nor the +power to give the ballot to any person not entitled to it under the old +order of slavery, how will he organize South Carolina, by whose old +constitution no person was allowed to vote unless he owned ten slaves or +was worth ten thousand dollars? Of course nobody owns ten slaves, and +how many men, think you, who remained loyal at home, or how many +returned soldiers or amnestied civilians have the requisite ten thousand +dollars? In South Carolina, therefore, the President will be compelled +to create voters; and, if he shall enfranchise any of the white +non-voters, can he not also enfranchise the loyal black non-voters? + +Let us watch and pray without ceasing. Let us hope that the day will +dawn, and that soon, when law shall be found on the side of justice to +the black race. These objectors never questioned McClellan's military +right to put down slave insurrections with an "iron hand," or Halleck's +infamous Order No. 3 to drive all negroes outside the military lines. It +was only when Generals Fremont, Hunter and others declared the slaves +free, that they might cripple the rebel armies and add them to our Union +forces, that the cry of no law, no power was raised. Thus it is clear +that the blindness and inability to find rightful authority, civil or +military, first to emancipate, then to arm, and now to enfranchise the +negroes, have the one source. Slavery perpetrated the "sum of all +villainies" on the negroes, and then, to justify its wickedness, filled +the whole land with atrocious lies of their depraved and degraded +nature. The American people consented to the outrage; and their +continued prejudice against that oppressed race but proves the adage, +"we hate those whom we have injured." + +Last of all comes the objection that the old masters will influence the +vote of the negroes, and that, therefore, to enfranchise them will but +give increased power to the old lords of the lash. Do not believe such +nonsense. Think you, men who for four years have withstood every +possible temptation and torture to induce them to fight for the slave +oligarchy, can now be wheedled into voting for it? No, no. Those loyal, +brave, black men who have known enough to fight on the right side will +know enough to vote on the right side; and it is because the aiders and +abettors of the old slave power believe and know that the negroes will +be an invincible host on the side of equality, that they thus fear them. + +We never from the beginning have had a genuine republican form of +government in any State in the Union; for in no State have "the people" +ever been permitted to elect their representatives. Even in +Massachusetts and Vermont, the States nearest republican, only one-half +of the people, the "male inhabitants," are allowed to vote. In other +States it is only all "free white male persons," and in others still, +all "free white male inhabitants owning so many slaves or so much +property." It is not true therefore that _the people_ have ever +exercised the right to prescribe the qualifications of voters or +officers. From the beginning, Congress always has settled the question +in its organic act. That of your own Territory read, "Every free, white, +male inhabitant shall vote at the first election, and be eligible to any +office within the Territory." Thus you see Congress, not you, the +people, decided who should and who should not vote in Kansas. And when +the delegates of the prescribed "free, white, male" order met in +convention, they proved themselves nothing above human, very like the +so-elected conventions of other States, and retained all legislative +power within the limits of the original congressional permit. The same +is true of the rebel States, in which the President now finds the people +destitute of all civil government; when he specifies who may vote, when +he excludes any class from the ballot-box, he makes it impossible for +"the people" to form a republican government. + +When the loyal black men are not allowed their right to vote in the +first election of the rebel States, their governments are thrown into +the hands of a very small minority, and that too of very doubtful +loyalty. The President by adhering to the old slave definition of "the +people," rules that all our brave black Union soldiers and our best +friends and allies, without whose aid we should still be struggling with +rebels in arms, shall be subjects, not citizens, of the government they +have rescued from the Confederate usurpers. It is not in human nature +that a people fanatically believing themselves a superior race, and +thereby rightful legislators over another and inferior race, shall +execute justice and equality toward those whom they decree shall be +"hewers of wood and drawers of water." No, the black man's guarantee to +the protection of his inalienable rights to "life, liberty and +property," is bound up in his right to the ballot. + +When I speak of the inalienable rights of the negro, I do not forget +that these belong equally to woman. Though the government shall be +reconstructed on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, it yet will +not be a true republic. Still one-half of the people will be in +subjection to the other half, and the time will surely come when the +whole question will have to be reopened and an accounting made with this +other subject class. There will have to be virtually another +reconstruction, based on the duty of the national government to +guarantee to every citizen the right of self-protection, and this right, +for woman as for man, is vested in the ballot. + +That this superior "white male" class may not be trusted even to +legislate for their own mothers, sisters, wives and daughters, the cruel +statutes in nearly all the States, both slave and free, give ample +proof. In scarcely a State has a married woman the legal right to the +control of her person, to the earnings of her hands or brain, to the +guardianship of her children, to sue or be sued, or to testify in the +courts, and by these laws women have suffered wrongs and outrages second +only to those of chattel slavery itself. If this be true, that this +so-called superior class can not legislate justice even to those nearest +and dearest in their own hearts and homes, is it not a crime to place a +separate race, one hated and despised, wholly at the will of that +governing class? + +It must not be; and the one great work for the people at this hour, and +every hour, between this and next December, is to agitate this question +until the entire nation shall speak in tones not to be mistaken, which +shall compel the coming Congress to refuse admission to every +representative from the rebel States, who is sent there by the so-called +"loyal white male" people. + +"_No reorganization without Negro Suffrage_" is the word to send back to +every rebel State. Until Congress shall define and settle this question, +it can not in the future, as it has not in the past, perform its +duty--guarantee a republican form of government in each of the States. +When Congress shall thus decide, there will be work to do in most of the +loyal States. Let us all labor to that end. + +Men and women of Kansas, what say you, shall new loyal States or old +rebel States be admitted into the Union until they present constitutions +and laws truly republican, until they send representatives to Washington +elected by a majority of all the people--white and black, men and women? +You say No; your blood-enriched prairies, your battle-fought ravines, +your sacked and burned cities, say No; your martyred dead, your own +immortal John Brown, their freed souls all gloriously marching on, say +No! + +My friends, there is one word more I must leave with you. There is yet +another danger. The reverence, the almost idolatry of the American +people for their martyred President, is being used and abused by the +political managers at Washington, and over all the country. The people +are lulled to sleep over the most startling propositions, by insidious +whisperings that President Lincoln originated or approved them. Almost +every reconstruction plan is sent over the wires "sugar-coated" with, +"President Johnson, in this, is but carrying out the spirit and purpose +of Mr. Lincoln!" And there is no disguising or denying the fact, that +the people are today accepting, and that too without questioning, the +anti-negro reorganization plans already inaugurated, because of these +wily, insinuating appeals to their reverence for the memory of their +sacred dead. + +If the four years' administration of Abraham Lincoln taught the American +people any one lesson above another, it was that they must think and +speak and proclaim, and that he, as President, was bound to execute +their will, not his own. And if Lincoln were alive today, he would say +as he did four years ago, "I wait the voice of the people." The stern +logic of the events of today would guide him, not those of yesterday. +Therefore let us not be thrown off our watch by any of these appeals to +our reverence for the opinions and plans of our departed President. If +his freed spirit is permitted today to hover over each and all of the +vast gatherings of the loyal people throughout the nation, it is +beckoning every soul upward and onward in the path of equal justice to +all; it is urging the great heart of the nation to plant our new Union +on the everlasting rock of republicanism--universal freedom and +universal suffrage. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[134] Sidney Clark, of Lawrence. + +[135] S. C. Pomeroy. + +[136] James H. Lane. + + +CHAPTER XVI--PAGE 259. + +ADDRESS TO CONGRESS. + +_Adopted by the Eleventh National Woman's Rights Convention, held in New +York City, Thursday, May 10, 1866._ + +Prepared by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. + +_To the Senate and House of Representatives:_ + +We already have presented to your honorable body during this session +many petitions asking the enfranchisement of women; and now, from our +national convention, we again make our appeal and urge you to lay no +hand on that "pyramid of rights," the Constitution of the Fathers, +unless to add glory to its height and strength to its foundation. + +We will not rehearse the oft-repeated arguments on the natural rights of +every citizen, pressed as they have been on the nation's conscience for +the last thirty years in securing freedom for the black race, and so +grandly echoed on the floor of Congress during the past winter. We can +not add one line or precept to the comprehensive speech recently made by +Charles Sumner in the Senate, to prove that "no just government can be +formed without the consent of the governed;" to prove the dignity, the +education, the power, the necessity, the salvation of the ballot in the +hand of every man and woman; to prove that a just government and a true +church rest alike on the sacred rights of the individual. + +As you are familiar with Sumner's speech on "Equal Rights to All," so +convincing in facts, so clear in philosophy, and so elaborate in +quotations from the great minds of the past, without reproducing the +chain of argument, permit us to call your attention to a few of its +unanswerable assertions regarding the ballot: + + I plead now for the ballot, as the great guarantee, and the only + sufficient guarantee--being in itself peacemaker, reconciler, + schoolmaster and protector--to which we are bound by every + necessity and every reason; and I speak also for the good of the + States lately in rebellion, as well as for the glory and safety of + the republic, that it may be an example to mankind. + + Ay, sir, the ballot is the Columbiad of our political life, and + every citizen who has it is a full-armed Monitor. + + The ballot is schoolmaster. Reading and writing are of inestimable + value, but the ballot teaches what these can not teach. + + Plutarch records that the wise man of Athens charmed the people by + saying that equality causes no war, and "both the rich and the poor + repeated it." + + The ballot is like charity, which never faileth, and without which + man is only as sounding brass or a tinkling cymbal. The ballot is + the one thing needful, without which rights of testimony and all + other rights will be no better than cobwebs which the master will + break through with impunity. To him who has the ballot all other + things shall be given--protection, opportunity, education, a + homestead. The ballot is like the horn of abundance, out of which + overflow rights of every kind, with corn, cotton, rice and all the + fruits of the earth. Or, better still, it is like the hand of the + body, without which man, who is now only a little lower than the + angels, must have continued only a little above the brutes. They + are fearfully and wonderfully made; but as is the hand in the work + of civilization, so is the ballot in the work of government. "Give + me the ballot, and I can move the world." + + Do you wish to see harmony truly prevail, so that industry, + society, government, civilization, may all prosper, and the + republic may wear a crown of true greatness? Then do not neglect + the ballot. + + Lamartine said, "Universal suffrage is the first truth and only + basis of every national republic." + +In regard to "taxation without representation," Mr. Sumner quotes from +Lord Coke: + + The supreme power can not take from any man any part of his + property without consent in person or by representation. + + Taxes are not to be laid on the people, but by their consent in + person or by representation. + + I can see no reason to doubt but that the imposition of taxes, + whether on trade, or on land or houses or ships, or real or + personal, fixed or floating property in the colonies, is absolutely + irreconcilable with the rights of the colonies, as British subjects + and as men. I say men, for in a state of nature no man can take any + property from me without my consent. If he does, he deprives me of + my liberty and makes me a slave. The very act of taxing, exercised + over those who are not represented, appears to me to deprive them + of one of their most essential rights as freemen, and if continued + seems to be in effect an entire disfranchisement of every civil + right. For what one civil right is worth a rush, after a man's + property is subject to be taken from him at pleasure without his + consent? + +In demanding suffrage for the black man you recognize the fact that, as +a freedman, he is no longer a "part of the family," and that therefore +his master is no longer his representative; hence, as he will now be +liable to taxation, he must also have representation. Woman, on the +contrary, has never been such a "part of the family" as to escape +taxation. Although there has been no formal proclamation giving her an +individual existence, the single woman always has had the right to +property and wages, the right to make contracts and do business in her +own name. And even married women, by recent legislation, have been +secured in these civil rights. Woman now holds a vast amount of the +property in the country and pays her full proportion of taxes, revenue +included. On what principle, then, do you deny her representation? By +what process of reasoning was Charles Sumner able to stand up in the +Senate, a few days after these sublime utterances, and rebuke 15,000,000 +disfranchised tax-payers for the exercise of their mere right of +petition? If he felt that this was not the time for woman even to +mention her right to representation, why did he not, in some of his +splendid sentences, propose to release the wage-earning and +property-owning women from the tyranny of taxation? + +We propose no new theories. We simply ask that you secure the practical +application of the immutable principles of our government to all, +without distinction of race, color or sex. And we urge our demand now, +because you have now the opportunity and the power to take this onward +step in legislation. The nations of the earth stand watching and waiting +to see if our Revolutionary idea, "all men are created equal," can be +realized in government. Crush not, we pray you, the myriad hopes which +hang on our success. Peril not this nation with another bloody war. Men +and parties must pass away, but justice is eternal; and only they who +work in harmony with its laws are immortal. All who have carefully +contrasted the speeches of this Congress with those made under the old +regime of slavery, must have seen the added power and eloquence which +greater freedom gives. But still you propose no action on your grand +ideas. Your joint resolutions, your reconstruction reports, do not +reflect your highest thought. + +The Constitution, as it stands, in basing representation on "respective +numbers" covers a broader ground than any you have yet proposed. Is not +the only amendment needed to Article 1, Section 3, to strike out the +exceptions which follow "respective numbers?" And is it not your duty, +by securing a republican form of government to every State, to see that +these "respective numbers" are made up of enfranchised citizens, thus +bringing your legislation up to the Constitution--not the Constitution +down to your party possibilities? The only tenable ground of +representation is universal suffrage, as it is only through universal +suffrage that the principle of "equal rights to all" can be realized. +All prohibitions based on race, color, sex, property or education are +violations of the republican idea; and the various qualifications now +proposed are but so many plausible pretexts to debar new classes from +the ballot-box. The limitations of property and intelligence, though +unfair, can be met; as with freedom must come the repeal of statute laws +that deny schools and wages to the negro, and time will make him a +voter. But color and sex! Neither time nor statutes can make black, +white, or woman, man! You assume to be the representatives of 15,000,000 +women--American citizens--who already possess every attainable +qualification for the ballot. Women read and write, hold many offices +under government, pay taxes and suffer the penalties of crime, and yet +are denied individual representation. + +For twenty years we have labored to bring the statute-laws of the +several States into harmony with the broad principles of the +Constitution, and have been so far successful that in many of them +little remains to be done except to secure the right of suffrage. Hence, +our prompt protest against the propositions before Congress to introduce +the word "male" into the Federal Constitution, which, if successful, +would sanction all State action in withholding the ballot from woman. As +the only way in which disfranchised citizens can appear before you, we +availed ourselves of the sacred right of petition; and, as our +representatives, it was your duty to give those petitions a respectful +reading and a serious consideration. How a Republican Senate failed in +that duty, is already inscribed on the page of history. Some tell us it +is not judicious to press the claims of women now; that this is not the +time. Time? When you propose legislation so fatal to the best interests +of woman and the nation, shall we be silent until after the deed is +done? No! As we love justice, we must resist tyranny. As we honor the +position of American senator, we must appeal from the politician to the +man. + +With man, woman shared the dangers of the Mayflower on a stormy sea, the +dreary landing on Plymouth Rock, the rigors of New England winters and +the privations of a seven years' war. With him she bravely threw off the +British yoke, felt every pulsation of his heart for freedom, and +inspired the glowing eloquence which maintained it through the century. +With you, we have just passed through the agony and death, the +resurrection and triumph of another revolution, doing all in our power +to mitigate its horrors and gild its glories. And now, think you, we +have no souls to fire, no brains to weigh your arguments; that, after +education such as this, we can stand silent witnesses while you sell our +birthright of liberty to save from a timely death an effete political +organization? No, as we respect womanhood, we must protest against this +desecration of the magna charta of American liberties; and with an +importunity not to be repelled, our demand must ever be, "No compromise +of human rights"--"No admission to the Constitution of inequality of +rights or disfranchisement on account of color or sex." + +In the oft-repeated experiments of class and caste, who can number the +nations that have risen but to fall? Do not imagine you come one line +nearer the demand of justice by enfranchising but another shade of +manhood; for, in denying representation to woman, you still cling to the +same false principle on which all the governments of the past have been +wrecked. The right way, the safe way, is so clear, the path of duty is +so straight and simple, that we who are equally interested with +yourselves in the result, conjure you to act not for the passing hour, +not with reference to transient benefits, but to do now the one grand +deed which shall mark the zenith of the century--proclaim Equal Eights +to All. We press our demand for the ballot at this time in no narrow, +captions or selfish spirit; from no contempt of the black man's claims, +nor antagonism to you who, in the progress of civilization, are now the +privileged order; but from the purest patriotism, for the highest good +of every citizen, for the safety of the republic, and as a glorious +example to the nations of the earth. + + +CHAPTER XX--PAGE 342. + +MISS ANTHONY'S FIFTIETH BIRTHDAY. + +_February 15, 1870._ + +Careful readers of the Tribune have probably succeeded in discovering +that we have not always been able to applaud the course of Miss Susan B. +Anthony. Indeed, we have often felt, and sometimes said, that her +methods were as unwise as we thought her aims undesirable. But through +these years of disputation and struggling, she has thoroughly impressed +friends and enemies alike with the sincerity and earnestness of her +purposes.... + +Fifty years ago the full moon of suffrage rose in the small, red and +wrinkled countenance of the infant Susan B. Anthony. "Agitation is the +word," says Miss Anthony, in these her later years. Agitation was +probably the word then, as a happy family surrounded the cradle of the +boisterous phenomenon. Miss Anthony has compressed into her half-century +a deal of work, talk, hurry and resolution. Beginning with the women's +temperance conventions in 1848, she has strewn the gliding years with +organizations, societies, conventions innumerable, to the wonderment, if +not always to the admiration, of an observant world. "Through all these +years," remarks Mrs. Henry B. Stanton, "Miss Anthony was the connecting +link between me and the outer world--the reform scout who went to see +what was going on in the enemy's camp, and returned with maps and +observations to plan the mode of attack." It has been intimated that +Miss Anthony has not remained sweet Dian's votary, in maiden meditation +fancy free, because nobody asked her to change her name and station. +Many victims, we are told, are carrying crushed hearts and blighted +hopes through life, and all because of the unrelenting cruelty exercised +by this usually good-humored woman towards the whole male sex.--The +Tribune. + + * * * * * + +Miss Anthony bears her fifty summers lightly. Whatever our sentiments +may be as to the cause she advocates, we do full justice to her +resistless energy and activity and unswerving fidelity to her +principles. Charming and cordial in her manners, with kind words for +all, she welcomed every guest last evening and made them at ease.--The +Times. + + * * * * * + +It was regarded last night, and was a topic of conversation, that the +public announcement that Miss Anthony was fifty years old was one more +of the courageous things for which her life has been distinguished. +Battling with the wrong and striving for the right has not left so rigid +a mark of the progress of time upon her features as to prevent her +keeping up a little fiction about being fair and forty. Miss Anthony +prefers the truth, and she says that the register in the family Bible +supports the assertion that a half-century of rolling years have passed +before her.--The Herald. + + * * * * * + +Miss Anthony looked her very best last night, and let the truth be said, +even should it be followed by persecuting proposals from the bachelors, +she didn't look much more than five-and-twenty. The genial salutations +and happy surroundings of the hour effaced for the time those lines +which care and labor and fifty years will make, however pure the soul +within. Miss Anthony was happy and she looked it.... She wears her years +and honors well. May we live till the celebration of her centenary, and +she read the report thereof next day in the columns of the Evening +Mail.--The Mail. + + * * * * * + +In these latter days the aspirations and activities of woman are greatly +quickened, and her day of pure and perfect freedom seems near at hand. +When the year of jubilee shall at last ring in, no name will be more +highly honored than that of Miss Susan B. Anthony; and her honors have +been well deserved. Early and late, in season and out, in places high +and low, all over this broad land, by voice and pen, has she labored +with unflagging zeal for the exalted liberty of woman.... Men who have +honored mothers, pure sisters, devoted wives and loving daughters, owe +to Miss Anthony a heavy debt of gratitude for her life-work in behalf of +women.--The Globe. + + * * * * * + +Miss Anthony's reception has been one of the events of the week.... Men +who have expended about half of the time and half of the energy in the +business of money-making which Miss Anthony has expended in benefiting +the race, have become millionaires, and have been held up to the rising +generation as examples of energy and industry worthy of imitation. +Bronzes have been erected and numerous biographies written to do them +honor. Had Miss Anthony labored for herself as devotedly as she has for +others, she would no doubt have received the usual reward in greenbacks; +and but for the fact of her being a woman, might have had a bronze +erected in her honor.--The Courier. + + * * * * * + +It is not always true that "the good die young," for Miss Susan B. +Anthony has lived to celebrate her fiftieth birthday.... Right glad are +we that the anniversary was observed with due pomp and circumstance. No +kindly tribute to great moral worth is too good for this good woman. As +one of the chief heroines of our generation, she abundantly deserves all +the honors which were paid her on that festal night. There are many +public-spirited workers in our busy land; many noble souls who have +devoted their life-long energies to the elevation of their +fellow-beings; many moral pioneers, who, when they die, will leave the +world better than they found it; and conspicuous among these is the +staunch, unwearied and indomitable woman who, at the end of half a +century of life, can remember but few idle or wasted days. If Miss +Anthony's persevering efforts in behalf of her sex are not worthy of +generous praise, then there is no just fame due to a brave career. If +her methods have sometimes lacked soundness of judgment, they have never +lacked nobility of purpose. There exists a peculiar, invaluable and +time-honored class of plain and substantial women who are said to be "as +honest as the day is long;" and Susan B. Anthony is the queen of this +royal race. Dauntless and tireless as the sterner sex, sympathetic and +tender as the gentler, we sometimes think that she is both man and woman +in one. She is one of the sterling characters of our day. The whole +people ought to rejoice that such a woman was born, has lived and still +toils.--The Independent. + + * * * * * + +Out of scores of letters received space allows the reproduction of but a +few: + + * * * * * + +I shall always be present in sympathy with any number of people who will +express their admiration of the sterling traits which adorn the life and +character of the lady who now passes the fiftieth anniversary of her +most devoted and unselfish life. I am glad to tender the legal +representative of a dollar for each of these years, with the confident +assurance of the early triumph of that cause to which her life has been +singularly devoted. This greenback is no surer of being redeemed in gold +than is my confidence in the golden era of legal enfranchisement for +woman!... Long before Miss Anthony sees her "threescore and ten," the +political equality of all American citizens will be fully established. +With sentiments of the highest esteem, I am, very cordially and truly, + + S. C. POMEROY. + + * * * * * + +... God bless her, and may she live many happy, joyous years! That she +and her noble co-workers are soon to see the complete triumph of the +woman's cause I firmly believe. And when in after years the great +benefactors of this century are sought for, Susan B. Anthony's name will +be found occupying one of the highest niches in the temple of honest +fame. Truly yours, + + J. P. ROOT. [Lieutenant-Governor of Kansas.] + + * * * * * + +... Enclosed is a check for $50, one for each year of your life. Will +agree to give you the same pro rata sum on your one hundredth, birthday. +With love, your brother, + + D. R. ANTHONY. + + * * * * * + +There will be among those who sympathize with and rejoice in your +labors, no lack of testimony tonight to their persistency and value; but +from one who deplores both, you will perhaps be willing to hear a +hearty, cordial, admiring expression of the regard he is nevertheless +forced to cherish for the sincerity and the unmistakably disinterested +devotion which has marked your long and hopeful work in the cause you +hold so dear and serve so faithfully. I can not wish you the success you +seek--let me give you this better wish, that the anniversary your +friends celebrate tonight may never bring fewer tokens of regard than +now, and never find you seeming less the faithful worker "of cheerful +yesterdays and confident tomorrows." With renewed congratulations I am, +very cordially yours, + + WHITELAW REID. + + * * * * * + +I could not be where I longed to be last evening, where I could look +upon the toilworn face of the true, tried and never found wanting--the +one of all others who has borne the heat of the day, and that without +wilting or complaining ever hopeful and ever pursuing "the even tenor of +her way." Absence shall not keep from thee my mite, and how I wish it +were ten, yes, twenty times as much, but here it is with my love, +respect and genuine friendship. Be of brave heart and believe that I am +thy fast friend, + + ABBY HOPPER GIBBONS. + + * * * * * + +Yours is a "golden wedding" indeed--for the fiftieth anniversary of a +life that has been wedded to a great cause is a far more glorious golden +wedding than those which generally go by that name. Accept my heartiest +wishes for your welfare and for the success of your novel celebration. +Heretofore the privilege of growing old and possessing common sense has +belonged exclusively to the other sex. Sincerely yours, + + FRANCES ELLEN BURR. + + * * * * * + +Please accept the enclosed check of $50, as a slight token of regard +from our absent trio. As I hardly need tell you, the lion's share of +this birthday gift is sent by my father, but neither mother nor I will +admit that in the unsubstantial, and yet I hope not valueless part of +the offering, the personal regard and appreciation of your noble work +for woman which accompany it, our contribution is any less than his. I +remain yours very truly, + + LAURA CURTIS BULLARD. + + * * * * * + +You have worked for the slave and for woman. Your fifty years shine +about you and rest like a halo of glory around your head.... Fifty years +today! When that half-century again rolls around, you and I will be in +our graves and our names and work will stand back of us to all time. But +into that future I look with prophetic eye to see woman no longer +enslaved, and to find, not only on this continent, but over the world, +as benefactor of the race, the name of Susan B. Anthony. Your +affectionate friend, + + MATILDA JOSLYN GAGE. + + * * * * * + +My good husband in writing from Toledo says: "Tell Susan that all the +newspaper accounts taken together could not increase the pride which I +have long felt in her pertinacious, obstinate, fault-finding, raspish, +strong-minded, dogmatic and grand career. God bless her!" To all of +which I subscribe most affectionately, + + ELIZABETH R. TILTON. + + * * * * * + +... If your Bible says you are fifty, I will try to be as reverential as +possible when next we meet. I wish you similar health and strength when +you are seventy-five--you'll find no change in me. I send you by express +today Whittier's poems. Ever affectionately, + + ELLEN WRIGHT GARRISON. + + * * * * * + +All the people who know you and who don't know you were given +opportunity to utter their good wishes, and poor me, wandering across +these western spaces, quite left out in the cold! Please ma'am, why did +I know nothing of your reception till it was all over? I should have +sent you what I now send--a gray silk gown, wherein you are to make +yourself fine and grand, and a draft for $200 as a little nest-egg. + +If I only had a happy ease with my pen, how glad I would have been to +put on paper in glowing words just what I think of the faithful, +unselfish, earnest, single-minded, courageous years, which my dear old +Susan has given to the service of humanity. How, through poverty and +persecution, evil tongues and slanderous words, ridicule and reproach, +she has said, "Nothing shall daunt me; 'tis God's service;" and so +speaking, has held fast the profession of her faith without wavering.... +God bless her! God bless her! The tears come to my eyes as I write that +benediction, and think how gently and earnestly men and women alike in +time to come will repeat it when her name is mentioned; when those same +men and women shall see her life and her work, not as now "through a +glass darkly," but as those who gaze through the sunshine of truth. +Good-by, dear friend--many happy years for you, prays your loving + + ANNA E. DICKINSON. + + * * * * * + +Accept the enclosed check for $50, not as a present, merely, but as a +debt, honestly due, for "services rendered." Had there been no +"agitation" for the last twenty years, resulting in so complete a +"Revolution," we teachers might still be working for $1 per week and +"boarding 'round." But thanks to your unfailing "persistency," and the +faithfulness of your co-workers in speaking for a class, the majority of +whom dare not speak for themselves through fear of losing the little +already gained, the salaries of all workingwomen have been largely +increased.... So, if need be, fight as valiantly, dear sister, for the +next twenty years as for the last, or at least till woman's right to a +voice in the laws by which she is governed shall be acknowledged in +every State and Territory of our country. Affectionately your sister, + + MARY S. ANTHONY. + + * * * * * + +On this, your fiftieth birthday, permit me to present you my check for +$50, as a slight and very inadequate expression of admiring gratitude on +my part for your twenty years of arduous and self-sacrificing labor in +the cause of woman. What woman has gained already, and it is much, what +I and others have been able to achieve in professional life, must be +mainly ascribed to you, and such as you.... Your faithful friend and +co-worker, + + CLEMENCE S. LOZIER. + + * * * * * + +Although away here in Rome, I have kept track of your goings-on through +The Revolution, which comes regularly.... I wish I could have been there +to assist at the merrymaking. Miss Manning has kindly offered to take a +little remembrance [an Etruscan gold and garnet pin] to you when she +goes home, which you are to wear with that new silk dress. You see how +selfish I am. I wish to compel you not only to think of me, but to +associate me in your mind with our peerless Anna, God bless the dear +child! Ever affectionately, + + KATE N. DOGGETT. + + * * * * * + +The presents received were too numerous to mention. From Mr. and Mrs. +Cheney, South Manchester, Conn., $50; Erie Co. (N. Y.) Suffrage +Association, $50; Henry Ward Beecher, the Tiltons, Frank D. Moulton, +Mrs. Hooker, Mrs. S. C. Pomeroy, $25 each; Mr. and Mrs. Samuel E. +Sewall, $20; and from other friends, sums of ten, fifteen and twenty +dollars, amounting in all to $1,000. In addition were a broché shawl +from Mrs. Stanton, gold watch, chain and pin from Miss Sarah Johnston, +pen-and-ink sketch from Eliza Greatorex, point and duchesse lace collars +and handkerchiefs, sets of books, engravings, gold pens, pocket-books, +travelling case, and floral offerings. + + +CHAPTER XXV--PAGE 435. + +CONSTITUTIONAL ARGUMENT. + +_Delivered in twenty-nine of the post-office districts of Monroe, and +twenty-one of Ontario, in Miss Anthony's canvass of those counties prior +to her trial in June, 1873._ + +_Friends and Fellow-Citizens:_--I stand before you under indictment for +the alleged crime of having voted at the last presidential election, +without having a lawful right to vote. It shall be my work this evening +to prove to you that in thus doing, I not only committed no crime, but +instead simply exercised my citizen's right, guaranteed to me and all +United States citizens by the National Constitution beyond the power of +any State to deny. + +Our democratic-republican government is based on the idea of the natural +right of every individual member thereof to a voice and a vote in making +and executing the laws. We assert the province of government to be to +secure the people in the enjoyment of their inalienable rights. We throw +to the winds the old dogma that government can give rights. No one +denies that before governments were organized each individual possessed +the right to protect his own life, liberty and property. When 100 or +1,000,000 people enter into a free government, they do not barter away +their natural rights; they simply pledge themselves to protect each +other in the enjoyment of them through prescribed judicial and +legislative tribunals. They agree to abandon the methods of brute force +in the adjustment of their differences and adopt those of civilization. +Nor can you find a word in any of the grand documents left us by the +fathers which assumes for government the power to create or to confer +rights. The Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, +the constitutions of the several States and the organic laws of the +Territories, all alike propose to _protect_ the people in the exercise +of their God-given rights. Not one of them pretends to bestow rights. + + All men are created equal, and endowed by their Creator with + certain inalienable rights. Among these are life, liberty and the + pursuit of happiness. To secure these, governments are instituted + among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the + governed. + +Here is no shadow of government authority over rights, or exclusion of +any class from their full and equal enjoyment. Here is pronounced the +right of all men, and "consequently," as the Quaker preacher said, "of +all women," to a voice in the government. And here, in this first +paragraph of the Declaration, is the assertion of the natural right of +all to the ballot; for how can "the consent of the governed" be given, +if the right to vote be denied? Again: + + Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, + it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to + institute a new government, laying its foundations on such + principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them + shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. + +Surely the right of the whole people to vote is here clearly implied; +for however destructive to their happiness this government might become, +a disfranchised class could neither alter nor abolish it, nor institute +a new one, except by the old brute force method of insurrection and +rebellion. One-half of the people of this nation today are utterly +powerless to blot from the statute books an unjust law, or to write +there a new and a just one. The women, dissatisfied as they are with +this form of government, that enforces taxation without +representation--that compels them to obey laws to which they never have +given their consent--that imprisons and hangs them without a trial by a +jury of their peers--that robs them, in marriage, of the custody of +their own persons, wages and children--are this half of the people who +are left wholly at the mercy of the other half, in direct violation of +the spirit and letter of the declarations of the framers of this +government, every one of which was based on the immutable principle of +equal rights to all. By these declarations, kings, popes, priests, +aristocrats, all were alike dethroned and placed on a common level, +politically, with the lowliest born subject or serf. By them, too, men, +as such, were deprived of their divine right to rule and placed on a +political level with women. By the practice of these declarations all +class and caste distinctions would be abolished, and slave, serf, +plebeian, wife, woman, all alike rise from their subject position to the +broader platform of equality. + +The preamble of the Federal Constitution says: + + We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more + perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, + provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare and + secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do + ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of + America. + +It was we, the people, not we, the white male citizens, nor we, the male +citizens; but we, the whole people, who formed this Union. We formed it +not to give the blessings of liberty but to secure them; not to the half +of ourselves and the half of our posterity, but to the whole +people--women as well as men. It is downright mockery to talk to women +of their enjoyment of the blessings of liberty while they are denied the +only means of securing them provided by this democratic-republican +government--the ballot. + +The early journals of Congress show that, when the committee reported to +that body the original articles of confederation, the very first one +which became the subject of discussion was that respecting equality of +suffrage. Article IV said: + + The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and + intercourse between the people of the different States of this + Union, the free inhabitants of each of the States (paupers, + vagabonds and fugitives from justice excepted) shall be entitled to + all the privileges and immunities of the free citizens of the + several States. + +Thus, at the very beginning, did the fathers see the necessity of the +universal application of the great principle of equal rights to all, in +order to produce the desired result--a harmonious union and a +homogeneous people. + +Luther Martin, attorney-general of Maryland, in his report to the +legislature of that State of the convention which framed the United +States Constitution, said: + + Those who advocated the equality of suffrage took the matter up on + the original principles of government: that the reason why each + individual man in forming a State government should have an equal + vote, is because each individual, before he enters into government, + is equally free and equally independent. + +James Madison said: + + Under every view of the subject, it seems indispensable that the + mass of the citizens should not be without a voice in making the + laws which they are to obey, and in choosing the magistrates who + are to administer them.... Let it be remembered, finally, that it + has ever been the pride and the boast of America that the rights + for which she contended were the rights of human nature. + +These assertions by the framers of the United States Constitution of the +equal and natural right of all the people to a voice in the government, +have been affirmed and reaffirmed by the leading statesmen of the nation +throughout the entire history of our government. Thaddeus Stevens, of +Pennsylvania, said in 1866: "I have made up my mind that the elective +franchise is one of the inalienable rights meant to be secured by the +Declaration of Independence." B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, in the three +days' discussion in the United States Senate in 1866, on Senator Cowan's +motion to strike "male" from the District of Columbia suffrage bill, +said: + + Mr. President, I say here on the floor of the American Senate, I + stand for universal suffrage and as a matter of fundamental + principle, do not recognize the right of society to limit it on any + ground of race or sex. I will go farther and say that I recognize + the right of franchise as being intrinsically a natural right. I do + not believe that society is authorized to impose any limitations + upon it that do not spring out of the necessities of the social + state itself. Sir, I have been shocked, in the course of this + debate, to hear senators declare this right only a conventional and + political arrangement, a privilege yielded to you and me and + others; not a right in any sense, only a concession! Mr. President, + I do not hold my liberties by any such tenure. On the contrary, I + believe that whenever you establish that doctrine, whenever you + crystallize that idea in the public mind of this country, you ring + the death-knell of American liberties. + +Charles Sumner, in his brave protests against the Fourteenth and +Fifteenth Amendments, insisted that so soon as by the Thirteenth +Amendment the slaves became free men, the original powers of the United +States Constitution guaranteed to them equal rights--the right to vote +and to be voted for. In closing one of his great speeches he said: + + I do not hesitate to say that when the slaves of our country became + "citizens" they took their place in the body politic as a component + part of the "people," entitled to equal rights and under the + protection of these two guardian principles: First, that all just + governments stand on the consent of the governed; and second, that + taxation without representation is tyranny; and these rights it is + the duty of Congress to guarantee as essential to the idea of a + republic. + +The preamble of the constitution of the State of New York declares the +same purpose. It says: "We, the people of the State of New York, +grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, in order to secure its +blessings, do establish this constitution." Here is not the slightest +intimation either of receiving freedom from the United States +Constitution, or of the State's conferring the blessings of liberty upon +the people; and the same is true of every other State constitution. Each +and all declare rights God-given, and that to secure the people in the +enjoyment of their inalienable rights is their one and only object in +ordaining and establishing government. All of the State constitutions +are equally emphatic in their recognition of the ballot as the means of +securing the people in the enjoyment of these rights. Article I of the +New York State constitution says: + + No member of this State shall be disfranchised or deprived of the + rights or privileges secured to any citizen thereof, unless by the + law of the land, or the judgment of his peers. + +So carefully guarded is the citizen's right to vote, that the +constitution makes special mention of all who may be excluded. It says: +"Laws may be passed excluding from the right of suffrage all persons who +have been or may be convicted of bribery, larceny or any infamous +crime." + +In naming the various employments which shall not affect the residence +of voters, Section 3, Article II, says "that neither being kept in any +almshouse, or other asylum, at public expense, nor being confined in any +public prison, shall deprive a person of his residence," and hence of +his vote. Thus is the right of voting most sacredly hedged about. The +only seeming permission in the New York State constitution for the +disfranchisement of women is in Section 1, Article II, which says: +"Every male citizen of the age of twenty-one years, etc., shall be +entitled to vote." + +But I submit that in view of the explicit assertions of the equal right +of the whole people, both in the preamble and previous article of the +constitution, this omission of the adjective "female" should not be +construed into a denial; but instead should be considered as of no +effect. Mark the direct prohibition, "No member of this State shall be +disfranchised, unless by the law of the land, or the judgment of his +peers." "The law of the land" is the United States Constitution; and +there is no provision in that document which can be fairly construed +into a permission to the States to deprive any class of citizens of +their right to vote. Hence New York can get no power from that source to +disfranchise one entire half of her members. Nor has "the judgment of +their peers" been pronounced against women exercising their right to +vote; no disfranchised person is allowed to be judge or juror--and none +but disfranchised persons can be women's peers. Nor has the legislature +passed laws excluding women as a class on account of idiocy or lunacy; +nor have the courts convicted them of bribery, larceny or any infamous +crime. Clearly, then, there is no constitutional ground for the +exclusion of women from the ballot-box in the State of New York. No +barriers whatever stand today between women and the exercise of their +right to vote save those of precedent and prejudice, which refuse to +expunge the word "male" from the constitution. + +The clauses of the United States Constitution cited by our opponents as +giving power to the States to disfranchise any classes of citizens they +please, are contained in Sections 2 and 4, Article I. The second says: + + The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen + every second year by the people of the several States; and the + electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for + electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. + +This can not be construed into a concession to the States of the power +to destroy the right to become an elector, but simply to prescribe what +shall be the qualifications, such as competency of intellect, maturity +of age, length of residence, that shall be deemed necessary to enable +them to make an intelligent choice of candidates. If, as our opponents +assert, it is the duty of the United States to protect citizens in the +several States against higher or different qualifications for electors +for representatives in Congress than for members of the Assembly, then +it must be equally imperative for the national government to interfere +with the States, and forbid them from arbitrarily cutting off the right +of one-half the people to become electors altogether. Section 4 says: + + The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and + representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the + legislature thereof; but Congress may at any time, by law, make or + alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing + senators. + +Here is conceded to the States only the power to prescribe times, places +and manner of holding the elections; and even with these Congress may +interfere in all excepting the mere place of choosing senators. Thus, +you see, there is not the slightest permission for the States to +discriminate against the right of any class of citizens to vote. Surely, +to regulate can not be to annihilate; to qualify can not be wholly to +deprive. To this principle every true Democrat and Republican said amen, +when applied to black men by Senator Sumner in his great speeches from +1865 to 1869 for equal rights to all; and when, in 1871, I asked that +senator to declare the power of the United States Constitution to +protect women in their right to vote--as he had done for black men--he +handed me a copy of all his speeches during that reconstruction period, +and said: + + Put "sex" where I have "race" or "color," and you have here the + best and strongest argument I can make for woman. There is not a + doubt but women have the constitutional right to vote, and I will + never vote for a Sixteenth Amendment to guarantee it to them. I + voted for both the Fourteenth and Fifteenth under protest; would + never have done it but for the pressing emergency of that hour; + would have insisted that the power of the original Constitution to + protect all citizens in the equal enjoyment of their rights should + have been vindicated through the courts. But the newly-made + freedmen had neither the intelligence, wealth nor time to await + that slow process. Women do possess all these in an eminent degree, + and I insist that they shall appeal to the courts, and through them + establish the powers of our American magna charta to protect every + citizen of the republic. + +But, friends, when in accordance with Senator Sumner's counsel I went to +the ballot-box, last November, and exercised my citizen's right to vote, +the courts did not wait for me to appeal to them--they appealed to me, +and indicted me on the charge of having voted illegally. Putting sex +where he did color, Senator Sumner would have said: + + Qualifications can not be in their nature permanent or + insurmountable. Sex can not be a qualification any more than size, + race, color or previous condition of servitude. A permanent or + insurmountable qualification is equivalent to a deprivation of the + suffrage. In other words, it is the tyranny of taxation without + representation, against which our Revolutionary mothers, as well as + fathers, rebelled. + +For any State to make sex a qualification, which must ever result in the +disfranchisement of one entire half of the people, is to pass a bill of +attainder, an ex post facto law, and is therefore a violation of the +supreme law of the land. By it the blessings of liberty are forever +withheld from women and their female posterity. For them, this +government has no just powers derived from the consent of the governed. +For them this government is not a democracy; it is not a republic. It is +the most odious aristocracy ever established on the face of the globe. +An oligarchy of wealth, where the rich govern the poor; an oligarchy of +learning, where the educated govern the ignorant; or even an oligarchy +of race, where the Saxon rules the African, might be endured; but this +oligarchy of sex which makes father, brothers, husband, sons, the +oligarchs over the mother and sisters, the wife and daughters of every +household; which ordains all men sovereigns, all women subjects--carries +discord and rebellion into every home of the nation. This most odious +aristocracy exists, too, in the face of Section 4, Article IV, which +says: "The United States shall guarantee to every State in the Union a +republican form of government." + +What, I ask you, is the distinctive difference between the inhabitants +of a monarchical and those of a republican form of government, save that +in the monarchical the people are subjects, helpless, powerless, bound +to obey laws made by political superiors; while in the republican the +people are citizens, individual sovereigns, all clothed with equal power +to make and unmake both their laws and law-makers? The moment you +deprive a person of his right to a voice in the government, you degrade +him from the status of a citizen of the republic to that of a subject. +It matters very little to him whether his monarch be an individual +tyrant, as is the Czar of Russia, or a 15,000,000 headed monster, as +here in the United States; he is a powerless subject, serf or slave; not +in any sense a free and independent citizen. + +It is urged that the use of the masculine pronouns _he, his_ and _him_ +in all the constitutions and laws, is proof that only men were meant to +be included in their provisions. If you insist on this version of the +letter of the law, we shall insist that you be consistent and accept the +other horn of the dilemma, which would compel you to exempt women from +taxation for the support of the government and from penalties for the +violation of laws. There is no _she_ or _her_ or _hers_ in the tax laws, +and this is equally true of all the criminal laws. + +Take for example the civil rights law which I am charged with having +violated; not only are all the pronouns in it masculine, but everybody +knows that it was intended expressly to hinder the rebel men from +voting. It reads, "If any person shall knowingly vote without _his_ +having a lawful right." It was precisely so with all the papers served +on me the United States marshal's warrant, the bail-bond, the petition +for habeas corpus, the bill of indictment--not one of them had a +feminine pronoun; but to make them applicable to me, the clerk of the +court prefixed an "s" to the "he" and made "her" out of "his" and "him;" +and I insist if government officials may thus manipulate the pronouns to +tax, fine, imprison and hang women, it is their duty to thus change them +in order to protect us in our right to vote. + +So long as any classes of men were denied this right, the government +made a show of consistency by exempting them from taxation. When a +property qualification of $250 was required of black men in New York, +they were not compelled to pay taxes so long as they were content to +report themselves worth less than that sum; but the moment the black +man died and his property fell to his widow or daughter, the black +woman's name was put on the assessor's list and she was compelled to pay +taxes on this same property. This also is true of ministers in New York. +So long as the minister lives, he is exempted from taxation on $1,500 of +property, but the moment the breath leaves his body, his widow's name +goes on the assessor's list and she has to pay taxes on the $1,500. So +much for special legislation in favor of women! + +In all the penalties and burdens of government (except the military) +women are reckoned as citizens, equally with men. Also, in all the +privileges and immunities, save those of the jury and the ballot-box, +the foundation on which rest all the others. The United States +government not only taxes, fines, imprisons and hangs women, but it +allows them to pre-empt lands, register ships and take out passports and +naturalization papers. Not only does the law permit single women and +widows the right of naturalization, but Section 2 says, "A married woman +may be naturalized without the concurrence of her husband;" (I wonder +the fathers were not afraid of creating discord in the families of +foreigners;) and again: + + When an alien, having complied with the law and declared his + intention to become a citizen, dies before he is actually + naturalized, his widow and children shall be considered citizens, + entitled to all rights and privileges as such, on taking the + required oath. + +If a foreign born woman by becoming a naturalized citizen is entitled to +all the rights and privileges of citizenship, do not these include the +ballot which would have belonged to her husband? If this is true of a +naturalized woman, is it not equally true of one who is native born? + +The question of the masculine pronouns--yes, and nouns too--was settled +by the United States Supreme Court, in the case of Silver _versus_ Ladd, +December, 1868. The court said: + + In construing a benevolent statute of the government, made for the + benefit of its own citizens, inviting and encouraging them to + settle on its distant public lands, the words "single man" and + "unmarried man" may, especially if aided by the context and other + parts of the statute, be taken in a generic sense. Held, + accordingly, that the Fourth Section of the Act of Congress, of + September 21, 1850, granting by way of donation lands in Oregon + Territory to every white settler or occupant, American half-breed + Indians included, embraced within the term single man an unmarried + woman. + +Though the words persons, people, inhabitants, electors, citizens, are +all used indiscriminately in the national and State constitutions, there +was always a conflict of opinion, prior to the war, as to whether they +were synonymous terms, but whatever room there was for doubt, under the +old regime, the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment settled that +question forever in its first sentence: + + All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject + to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and + of the State wherein they reside. + +The second settles the equal status of all citizens: + + No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the + privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor + shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property + without due process of law, or deny to any person within its + jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. + +The only question left to be settled now is: Are women persons? I +scarcely believe any of our opponents will have the hardihood to say +they are not. Being persons, then, women are citizens, and no State has +a right to make any new law, or to enforce any old law, which shall +abridge their privileges or immunities. Hence, every discrimination +against women in the constitutions and laws of the several States is +today null and void, precisely as is every one against negroes. + +Is the right to vote one of the privileges or immunities of citizens? I +think the disfranchised ex-rebels and ex-State prisoners all will agree +that it is not only one of them, but the one without which all the +others are nothing. Seek first the kingdom of the ballot and all things +else shall be added, is the political injunction. + +Webster, Worcester and Bouvier all define citizen to be a person, in the +United States, entitled to vote and hold office. Prior to the adoption +of the Thirteenth Amendment, by which slavery was forever abolished and +black men transformed from property to persons, the judicial opinions of +the country had always been in harmony with this definition: In order to +be a citizen one must be a voter. Associate-Justice Washington, in +defining the privileges and immunities of the citizen, more than fifty +years ago, said: "They include all such privileges as are fundamental in +their nature; and among them is the right to exercise the elective +franchise, and to hold office." Even the Dred Scott decision, pronounced +by the Abolitionists and Republicans infamous because it virtually +declared "black men had no rights white men were bound to respect," gave +this true and logical conclusion, that to be one of the people was to be +a citizen and a voter. + +Chief-Justice Daniels said: + + There is not, it is believed, to be found in the theories of + writers on government, or in any actual experiment heretofore made, + an exposition of the term citizen which has not been considered as + conferring the actual possession and enjoyment of an entire + equality of privileges, civil and political. + +Associate-Justice Taney said: + + The words "people of the United States" and "citizens" are + synonymous terms, and mean the same thing. They both describe the + political body, who, according to our republican institutions, form + the sovereignty, and who hold the power and conduct the government + through their representatives. They are what we familiarly call + "the sovereign people," and every citizen is one of this people, + and a constituent member of this sovereignty. + +Thus does Judge Taney's decision, which was so terrible a ban to the +black man while he was a slave, now that he is a person and no longer +property, pronounce him a citizen, possessed of entire equality of +privileges, civil and political; and not only the black man, but the +black woman, and all women. It was not until after the abolition of +slavery, by which the negroes became free men and hence citizens, that +any contrary opinion was rendered. U. S. Attorney-General Bates then +said: + + The Constitution uses the word "citizen" only to express the + political quality, [not equality, mark,] of the individual in his + relation to the nation; to declare that he is a member of the body + politic, and bound to it by the reciprocal obligations of + allegiance on the one side and protection on the other. The + phrase, "a citizen of the United States," without addition or + qualification, means neither more nor less than a member of the + nation. + +Then, to be a citizen of this republic is no more than to be a subject +of an empire. You and I, and all true and patriotic citizens, must +repudiate this base conclusion. We all know that American citizenship, +without addition or qualification, means the possession of equal rights, +civil and political. We all know that the crowning glory of every +citizen of the United States is that he can either give or withhold his +vote from every law and every legislator under the government. + +Did "I am a Roman citizen" mean nothing more than that I am a "member" +of the body politic of the republic of Rome, bound to it by the +reciprocal obligations of allegiance on the one side and protection on +the other? When you, young man, shall travel abroad, among the +monarchies of the old world, and there proudly boast yourself an +"American citizen," will you thereby declare yourself neither more nor +less than a "member" of the American nation? + +This opinion of Attorney-General Bates, that a black citizen was not a +voter, given merely to suit the political exigency of the Republican +party in that transition hour between emancipation and enfranchisement, +was no less infamous, in spirit or purpose, than was the decision of +Judge Taney, that a black man was not one of the people, rendered in the +interest and at the behest of the old Democratic party in its darkest +hour of subjection to the slave power. Nevertheless, all of the adverse +arguments, congressional reports and judicial opinions, thus far, have +been based on this purely partisan, time-serving decision of General +Bates, that the normal condition of the citizen of the United States is +that of disfranchisement; that only such classes of citizens as have had +special legislative guarantee have a legal right to vote. + +If this decision of Attorney-General Bates was infamous, as against +black men, but yesterday plantation slaves, what shall we pronounce upon +Judge Bingham, in the House of Representatives, and Carpenter, in the +Senate of the United States, for citing it against the women of the +entire nation, vast numbers of whom are the peers of those honorable +gentlemen themselves in morals, intellect, culture, wealth, family, +paying taxes on large estates, and contributing equally with them and +their sex, in every direction, to the growth, prosperity and well-being +of the republic? And what shall be said of the judicial opinions of +Judges Cartter, Jameson, McKay and Sharswood, all based upon this +aristocratic, monarchial idea of the right of one class to govern +another? + +I am proud to mention the names of the two United States judges who have +given opinions honorable to our republican idea, and honorable to +themselves--Judge Howe, of Wyoming Territory, and Judge Underwood, of +Virginia. The former gave it as his opinion a year ago, when the +legislature seemed likely to revoke the law enfranchising the women of +that Territory that, in case they succeeded, the women would still +possess the right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment. The latter, in +noticing the recent decision of Judge Cartter, of the Supreme Court of +the District of Columbia, denying to women the right to vote under the +Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, says: + + If the people of the United States, by amendment of their + Constitution, could expunge, without any explanatory or assisting + legislation, an adjective of five letters from all State and local + constitutions, and thereby raise millions of our most ignorant + fellow-citizens to all of the rights and privileges of electors, + why should not the same people, by the same amendment, expunge an + adjective of four letters from the same State and local + constitutions, and thereby raise other millions of more educated + and better informed citizens to equal rights and privileges, + without explanatory or assisting legislation? + +If the Fourteenth Amendment does not secure to all citizens the right to +vote, for what purpose was that grand old charter of the fathers +lumbered with its unwieldy proportions? The Republican party, and Judges +Howard and Bingham, who drafted the document, pretended it was to do +something for black men; and if that something were not to secure them +in their right to vote and hold office, what could it have been? For by +the Thirteenth Amendment black men had become people, and hence were +entitled to all the privileges and immunities of the government, +precisely as were the women of the country and foreign men not +naturalized. According to Associate-Justice Washington, they already +had: + + Protection of the government, the enjoyment of life and liberty, + with the right to acquire and possess property of every kind, and + to pursue and obtain happiness and safety, subject to such + restraints as the government may justly prescribe for the general + welfare of the whole; the right of a citizen of one State to pass + through or to reside in any other State for the purpose of trade, + agriculture, professional pursuit, or otherwise; to claim the + benefit of the writ of habeas corpus, to institute and maintain + actions of any kind in the courts of the State; to take, hold, and + dispose of property, either real or personal, and an exemption from + higher taxes or impositions than are paid by the other citizens of + the State. + +Thus, you see, those newly-freed men were in possession of every +possible right, privilege and immunity of the government, except that of +suffrage, and hence needed no constitutional amendment for any other +purpose. What right in this country has the Irishman the day after he +receives his naturalization papers that he did not possess the day +before, save the right to vote and hold office? The Chinamen now +crowding our Pacific coast are in precisely the same position. What +privilege or immunity has California or Oregon the right to deny them, +save that of the ballot? Clearly, then, if the Fourteenth Amendment was +not to secure to black men their right to vote it did nothing for them, +since they possessed everything else before. But if it was intended to +prohibit the States from denying or abridging their right to vote, then +it did the same for all persons, white women included, born or +naturalized in the United States; for the amendment does not say that +all male persons of African descent, but that all persons are citizens. + +The second section is simply a threat to punish the States by reducing +their representation on the floor of Congress, should they disfranchise +any of their male citizens, and can not be construed into a sanction to +disfranchise female citizens, nor does it in any wise weaken or +invalidate the universal guarantee of the first section. + +However much the doctors of the law may disagree as to whether people +and citizens, in the original Constitution, were one and the same, or +whether the privileges and immunities in the Fourteenth Amendment +include the right of suffrage, the question of the citizen's right to +vote is forever settled by the Fifteenth Amendment. "The right of +citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged +by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color or +previous condition of servitude." How can the State deny or abridge the +right of the citizen, if the citizen does not possess it? There is no +escape from the conclusion that to vote is the citizen's right, and the +specifications of race, color or previous condition of servitude can in +no way impair the force of that emphatic assertion that the citizen's +right to vote shall not be denied or abridged. + +The political strategy of the second section of the Fourteenth Amendment +failing to coerce the rebel States into enfranchising their negroes, and +the necessities of the Republican party demanding their votes throughout +the South to ensure the re-election of Grant in 1872, that party was +compelled to place this positive prohibition of the Fifteenth Amendment +upon the United States and all the States thereof. + +If once we establish the false principle that United States citizenship +does not carry with it the right to vote in every State in this Union, +there is no end to the petty tricks and cunning devices which will be +attempted to exclude one and another class of citizens from the right of +suffrage. It will not always be the men combining to disfranchise all +women; native born men combining to abridge the rights of all +naturalized citizens, as in Rhode Island. It will not always be the rich +and educated who may combine to cut off the poor and ignorant; but we +may live to see the hard-working, uncultivated day laborers, foreign and +native born, learning the power of the ballot and their vast majority of +numbers, combine and amend State constitutions so as to disfranchise the +Vanderbilts, the Stewarts, the Conklings and the Fentons. It is a poor +rule that won't work more ways than one. Establish this precedent, admit +the State's right to deny suffrage, and there is no limit to the +confusion, discord and disruption that may await us. There is and can be +but one safe principle of government--equal rights to all. +Discrimination against any class on account of color, race, nativity, +sex, property, culture, can but embitter and disaffect that class, and +thereby endanger the safety of the whole people. Clearly, then, the +national government not only must define the rights of citizens, but +must stretch out its powerful hand and protect them in every State in +this Union. + +If, however, you will insist that the Fifteenth Amendment's emphatic +interdiction against robbing United States citizens of their suffrage +"on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude," is a +recognition of the right of either the United States or any State to +deprive them of the ballot for any or all other reasons, I will prove to +you that the class of citizens for whom I now plead are, by all the +principles of our government and many of the laws of the States, +included under the term "previous condition of servitude." + +Consider first married women and their legal status. What is servitude? +"The condition of a slave." What is a slave? "A person who is robbed of +the proceeds of his labor; a person who is subject to the will of +another." By the laws of Georgia, South Carolina and all the States of +the South, the negro had no right to the custody and control of his +person. He belonged to his master. If he were disobedient, the master +had the right to use correction. If the negro did not like the +correction and ran away, the master had the right to use coercion to +bring him back. By the laws of almost every State in this Union today, +North as well as South, the married woman has no right to the custody +and control of her person. The wife belongs to the husband; and if she +refuse obedience he may use moderate correction, and if she do not like +his moderate correction and leave his "bed and board," the husband may +use moderate coercion to bring her back. The little word "moderate," you +see, is the saving clause for the wife, and would doubtless be +overstepped should her offended husband administer his correction with +the "cat-o'-nine-tails," or accomplish his coercion with blood-hounds. + +Again the slave had no right to the earnings of his hands, they belonged +to his master; no right to the custody of his children, they belonged to +his master; no right to sue or be sued, or to testify in the courts. If +he committed a crime, it was the master who must sue or be sued. In many +of the States there has been special legislation, giving married women +the right to property inherited or received by bequest, or earned by the +pursuit of any avocation outside the home; also giving them the right to +sue and be sued in matters pertaining to such separate property; but not +a single State of this Union has ever secured the wife in the enjoyment +of her right to equal ownership of the joint earnings of the marriage +copartnership. And since, in the nature of things, the vast majority of +married women never earn a dollar by work outside their families, or +inherit a dollar from their fathers, it follows that from the day of +their marriage to the day of the death of their husbands not one of them +ever has a dollar, except it shall please her husband to let her have +it. + +In some of the States, also, laws have been passed giving to the mother +a joint right with the father in the guardianship of the children. +Twenty-five years ago, when our woman's rights movement commenced, by +the laws of all the States the father had the sole custody and control +of the children. No matter if he were a brutal, drunken libertine, he +had the legal right, without the mother's consent, to apprentice her +sons to rumsellers or her daughters to brothel-keepers. He even could +will away an unborn child from the mother. In most of the States this +law still prevails, and the mothers are utterly powerless. + +I doubt if there is, today, a State in this Union where a married woman +can sue or be sued for slander of character, and until recently there +was not one where she could sue or be sued for injury of person. However +damaging to the wife's reputation any slander may be, she is wholly +powerless to institute legal proceedings against her accuser unless her +husband shall join with her; and how often have we heard of the husband +conspiring with some outside barbarian to blast the good name of his +wife? A married woman can not testify in courts in cases of joint +interest with her husband. + +A good farmer's wife in Illinois, who had all the rights she wanted, had +had made for herself a full set of false teeth. The dentist pronounced +them an admirable fit, and the wife declared it gave her fits to wear +them. The dentist sued the husband for his bill; his counsel brought the +wife as witness; the judge ruled her off the stand, saying, "A married +woman can not be a witness in matters of joint interest between herself +and her husband." Think of it, ye good wives, the false teeth in your +mouths are a joint interest with your husbands, about which you are +legally incompetent to speak! If a married woman is injured by +accident, in nearly all of the States it is her husband who must sue, +and it is to him that the damages will be awarded. In Massachusetts a +married woman was severely injured by a defective sidewalk. Her husband +sued the corporation and recovered $13,000 damages, which belong to him +absolutely, and whenever that unfortunate wife wishes a dollar of that +money she must ask her husband for it; and if he be of a niggardly +nature, she will hear him say, every time, "What have you done with the +twenty-five cents I gave you yesterday?" Isn't such a position +humiliating enough to be called "servitude?" That husband sued and +obtained damages for the loss of the services of his wife, precisely as +he would have done had it been his ox, cow or horse; and exactly as the +master, under the old regime, would have recovered for the services of +his slave. + +I submit the question, if the deprivation by law of the ownership of +one's own person, wages, property, children, the denial of the right as +an individual to sue and be sued and testify in the courts, is not a +condition of servitude most bitter and absolute, even though under the +sacred name of marriage? Does any lawyer doubt my statement of the legal +status of married women? I will remind him of the fact that the common +law of England prevails in every State but two in this Union, except +where the legislature has enacted special laws annulling it. I am +ashamed that not one of the States yet has blotted from its statute +books the old law of marriage, which, summed up in the fewest words +possible, is in effect "husband and wife are one, and that one the +husband." + +Thus may all married women and widows, by the laws of the several +States, be technically included in the Fifteenth Amendment's +specification of "condition of servitude," present or previous. The +facts also prove that, by all the great fundamental principles of our +free government, not only married women but the entire womanhood of the +nation are in a "condition of servitude" as surely as were our +Revolutionary fathers when they rebelled against King George. Women are +taxed without representation, governed without their consent, tried, +convicted and punished without a jury of their peers. Is all this +tyranny any less humiliating and degrading to women under our +democratic-republican government today than it was to men under their +aristocratic, monarchial government one hundred years ago? There is not +an utterance of John Adams, John Hancock or Patrick Henry, but finds a +living response in the soul of every intelligent, patriotic woman of the +nation. Show me a justice-loving woman property-holder, and I will show +you one whose soul is fired with all the indignation of 1776 every time +the tax-collector presents himself at her door. You will not find one +such but feels her condition of servitude as galling as did James Otis +when he said: + + The very act of taxing exercised over those who are not represented + appears to me to be depriving them of one of their most essential + rights, and if continued seems to be in effect an entire + disfranchisement of every civil right. For what one civil right is + worth a rush after a man's property is subject to be taken from him + at pleasure without his consent? If a man is not his own assessor + in person, or by deputy, his liberty is gone, for he is wholly at + the mercy of others. + +What was the three-penny tax on tea or the paltry tax on paper and sugar +to which our Revolutionary fathers were subjected, when compared with +the taxation of the women of this republic? And again, to show that +disfranchisement was precisely the slavery of which the fathers +complained, allow me to cite Benjamin Franklin, who in those olden times +was admitted to be good authority, not merely in domestic but also in +political economy: + + Every man of the commonalty, except infants, insane persons and + criminals, is, of common right and the law of God, a freeman and + entitled to the free enjoyment of liberty. That liberty or freedom + consists in having an actual share in the appointment of those who + are to frame the laws, and who are to be the guardians of every + man's life, property and peace. For the all of one man is as dear + to him as the all of another; and the poor man has an equal right, + but more need, to have representatives in the legislature than the + rich one. They who have no voice or vote in the electing of + representatives do not enjoy liberty, but are absolutely enslaved + to those who have votes and to their representatives; for to be + enslaved is to have governors whom other men have set over us, and + to be subject to laws made by the representatives of others, + without having had representatives of our own to give consent in + our behalf. + +Suppose I read it with the feminine gender: + + Women who have no voice or vote in the electing of representatives + do not enjoy liberty, but are absolutely enslaved to men who have + votes and to their representatives; for to be enslaved is to have + governors whom men have set over us, and to be subject to the laws + made by the representatives of men, without having representatives + of our own to give consent in our behalf. + +And yet one more authority, that of Thomas Paine, than whom not one of +the Revolutionary patriots more ably vindicated the principles upon +which our government is founded: + + The right of voting for representatives is the primary right by + which other rights are protected. To take away this right is to + reduce man to a state of slavery; for slavery consists in being + subject to the will of another; and he that has not a vote in the + election of representatives is in this case. The proposal, + therefore, to disfranchise any class of men is as criminal as the + proposal to take away property. + +Is anything further needed to prove woman's condition of servitude +sufficient to entitle her to the guarantees of the Fifteenth Amendment? +Is there a man who will not agree with me that to talk of freedom +without the ballot is mockery to the women of this republic, precisely +as New England's orator, Wendell Phillips, at the close of the late war +declared it to be to the newly emancipated black man? I admit that, +prior to the rebellion, by common consent, the right to enslave, as well +as to disfranchise both native and foreign born persons, was conceded to +the States. But the one grand principle settled by the war and the +reconstruction legislation, is the supremacy of the national government +to protect the citizens of the United States in their right to freedom +and the elective franchise, against any and every interference on the +part of the several States; and again and again have the American people +asserted the triumph of this principle by their overwhelming majorities +for Lincoln and Grant. + +The one issue of the last two presidential elections was whether the +Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments should be considered the irrevocable +will of the people; and the decision was that they should be, and that +it is not only the right, but the duty of the national government to +protect all United States citizens in the full enjoyment and free +exercise of their privileges and immunities against the attempt of any +State to deny or abridge. In this conclusion Republicans and Democrats +alike agree. Senator Frelinghuysen said: "The heresy of State rights has +been completely buried in these amendments, and as amended, the +Constitution confers not only National but State citizenship upon all +persons born or naturalized within our limits." + +The call for the National Republican Convention of 1872 said: "Equal +suffrage has been engrafted on the National Constitution; the privileges +and immunities of American citizenship have become a part of the organic +law." The National Republican platform said: "Complete liberty and exact +equality in the enjoyment of all civil, political and public rights, +should be established and maintained throughout the Union by efficient +and appropriate State and Federal legislation." + +If that means anything it is that Congress should pass a law to protect +women in their equal political rights, and that the States should enact +laws making it the duty of inspectors of elections to receive the votes +of women on precisely the same conditions as they do those of men. + +Judge Stanley Matthews, a substantial Ohio Democrat, in his preliminary +speech at the Cincinnati Liberal Convention, said most emphatically: +"The constitutional amendments have established the political equality +of all citizens before the law." + +President Grant, in his message to Congress, March 30, 1870, on the +adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment, said, "A measure which makes at +once four millions of people voters, is indeed a measure of greater +importance than any act of the kind from the foundation of the +government to the present time." + +How could _four_ million negroes be made voters if two million out of +the four were women? + +The California Republican platform of 1872 said: + + Among the many practical and substantial triumphs of the principles + achieved by the Republican party during the past twelve years, it + enumerates with pride and pleasure the prohibiting of any State + from abridging the privileges of any citizen of the republic, the + declaring the civil and political equality of every citizen, and + the establishing all these principles in the Federal Constitution, + by amendments thereto, as the permanent law. + +Benjamin F. Butler, in a recent letter to me, said: "I do not believe +anybody in Congress doubts that the Constitution authorizes the right of +women to vote, precisely as it authorizes trial by jury and many other +like rights guaranteed to citizens." + +It is upon this just interpretation of the United States Constitution +that our National Woman Suffrage Association, which celebrates the +twenty-fifth anniversary of the woman's rights movement next May in New +York City, has based all its arguments and action since the passage of +these amendments. We no longer petition legislature or Congress to give +us the right to vote, but appeal to women everywhere to exercise their +too long neglected "citizen's right." We appeal to the inspectors of +election to receive the votes of all United States citizens, as it is +their duty to do. We appeal to United States commissioners and marshals +to arrest, as is their duty, the inspectors who reject the votes of +United States citizens, and leave alone those who perform their duties +and accept these votes. We ask the juries to return verdicts of "not +guilty" in the cases of law-abiding United States citizens who cast +their votes, and inspectors of election who receive and count them. + +We ask the judges to render unprejudiced opinions of the law, and +whereever there is room for doubt to give the benefit to the side of +liberty and equal rights for women, remembering that, as Sumner says, +"The true rule of interpretation under our National Constitution, +especially since its amendments, is that anything _for_ human rights is +constitutional, everything _against_ human rights unconstitutional." It +is on this line that we propose to fight our battle for the +ballot--peaceably but nevertheless persistently--until we achieve +complete triumph and all United States citizens, men and women alike, +are recognized as equals in the government. + + +CHAPTER XXV--PAGE 436 + +NEWSPAPER COMMENT ON MISS ANTHONY'S TRIAL. + +It is perhaps needless to say that whoever listens candidly to Susan B. +Anthony, no matter how he previously regarded her and her sentiments, is +certain to respect her and them afterwards.--Geneva Courier. + + * * * * * + +Miss Susan B. Anthony is sharp enough for a successful politician. She +is under arrest in Rochester for voting illegally, and is conducting her +case in a way which beats even lawyers. She stumped the county of Monroe +and spoke in every post-office district so powerfully that she has +actually converted nearly the entire male population to the woman +suffrage doctrine. The sentiment is so universal that the United States +district-attorney dare not trust his case to a jury drawn from that +county, and has changed the venue to Ontario. Now Miss Anthony proposes +to stump Ontario immediately, and has procured the services of Matilda +Joslyn Gage, of Fayetteville, to assist her. By the time the case comes +on, Miss Anthony will have Ontario county converted to her +doctrine.--Syracuse Standard. + + * * * * * + +If Miss Anthony has converted every man in Monroe county to her views of +the suffrage question, as the district-attorney intimates in his recent +efforts to have her case adjourned, it is pretty good evidence--unless +every man in Monroe county is a fool--that the lady has done no wrong. +"Her case," remarks the Auburn Bulletin, "will probably be carried over +to another term, and all she has to do is to canvass and convert another +county. A shrewd woman that! Again we say she ought to vote."--Rochester +Democrat and Chronicle. + + * * * * * + +There is perplexity in the northern district of New York. It was in that +jurisdiction that Miss Susan B. Anthony and sundry "erring sisters" +voted at the November election. For this they were arrested and +indicted. The venue was laid in Monroe county and there the trial was to +take place. Miss Anthony then proceeded to stump Monroe county and every +town and village thereof, asking her bucolic hearers the solemn +conundrum, "Is it a crime for a United States citizen to vote?" The +answer is supposed generally to be in the negative, and so convincing is +Sister Anthony's rhetoric regarded that it is supposed no jury can be +found to convict her. Her case has gone to the jurymen of Monroe, in her +own persuasive pleadings, before they are summoned. The +district-attorney has, therefore, postponed the trial to another term of +the court, and changed the place thereof to Ontario county; whereupon +the brave Susan takes the stump in Ontario, and personally makes known +her woes and wants. It is a regular St. Anthony's dance she leads the +district-attorney; and, in spite of winter cold or summer heat, she +will carry her case from county to county precisely as fast as the venue +is changed. One must rise very early in the morning to get the start of +this active apostle of the sisterhood.--New York Commercial Advertiser. + + * * * * * + +It seems likely that the decision of the court will be in Miss Anthony's +favor. If such be the result the advocates of woman suffrage will change +places with the public. They will no longer be forced to obtain hearings +from congressional and legislative committees for their claims, but will +exercise their right to vote by the authority of a legal precedent +against which positive laws forbidding them from voting will be the only +remedy. It is a question whether such laws can be passed in this +country. A careful examination of the subject must precede any such +legislation, and the inference from the result of Judge Selden's +investigation is that the more the subject is studied the less likely +will any legislative body be to forbid those women who want to vote from +so doing.--New York Evening Post. + + * * * * * + +Miss Susan B. Anthony, whatever else she may be, is evidently of the +right stuff for a reformer. Of all the woman suffragists she has the +most courage and resource, and fights her own and her sisters' battle +with the most wonderful energy, resolution and hopefulness. It is well +known that she is now under indictment for voting illegally in Rochester +last November. Voting illegally in her case means simply voting, for it +is held that women can not lawfully vote at all. She is to be tried +soon, but in the meantime, while at large on bail, she has devoted her +time to missionary work on behalf of woman suffrage, and has spoken, it +is said, in every post-office district in Monroe county, where her trial +would have been held in the natural course of things. She has argued her +cause so well that almost all the male population of the county have +been converted to her views on this subject. The district-attorney is +afraid to trust the case to a jury from that county, and has obtained a +change of venue to Ontario on the ground that a fair trial can not be +had in Monroe. + +Miss Anthony, rather cheered than discouraged by this unwilling +testimony to the strength of her cause and her powers of persuasion, has +made arrangements to canvass Ontario county as thoroughly as Monroe. +Some foolish and bigoted people who edit newspapers are complaining that +Miss Anthony's proceedings are highly improper, inasmuch as they are +intended to influence the decision of a cause pending in the courts. +They even talk about contempt of court, and declare that Miss Anthony +should be compelled to desist from making these invidious harangues. We +suspect that the courts will not venture to interfere with this lady's +speech-making tour, but will be of the opinion that she has the same +right which other people, male or female, have to explain her political +views and make converts to them if she can. We have never known it +claimed before that a person accused of an offense was thereby deprived +of the common right of free speech on political and other +questions.--Worcester Spy. + + * * * * * + +The vapid efforts of a part of the newspaper press to entertain the +public, of late, by descriptions, criticisms and comments, founded upon +pretended interviews with Miss Anthony, reveal a standard of courtesy +and truth discreditable to the American press, and a meagerness of +interesting matter suggesting the propriety of the suspension of such +sheets altogether. The Pittsburg Leader, among others, disgraces itself +by a scurrilous report of what "the gay old girl said to a reporter;" +and the New York World, of course, waxed very funny in its account of +the late convention. These gibes at Miss Anthony's personal appearance, +unwillingness to tell her age, "fishy eyes," etc., are read by her +friends in Rochester with indignation and with contempt for the press +which will publish such misrepresentations as truth. + +All Rochester will assert--at least all of it worth heeding--that Miss +Anthony holds here the position of a refined and estimable woman, +thoroughly respected and beloved by the large circle of staunch friends +who swear by her common sense and loyalty, if not by her peculiar views. +As for her age, she tells it often enough unsolicited, whenever the +famous silk dress is alluded to; the dear old dress that a New York +reporter held up as such perfection of taste and fashion! Anna Dickinson +gave that dress to Miss Anthony upon her fiftieth birthday a number of +years ago, and the news was in all the papers. That dress is going into +history with Commissioner Storrs, Judge Selden and the illustrious rest. +It has always been worn by a lady--a genuine lady--no pretense nor +sham--but good Quaker metal. She is no "sour old maid," our Miss +Anthony, nor are the young men shy of her when she can find time to +accept an invitation out; genial, cheery, warm-hearted, overflowing with +stories and reminiscences, utterly fearless and regardless of mere +public opinion, yet having a woman's delicate sensitiveness as to +anything outre in dress or appearance. + +Our Susan B. Anthony will work up into a charming bit of biography some +day without a dull page within the covers, providing, of course, +stupidity does not have the writing of it. Never mind what she has been +fighting for, and will fight for till the victory is sure, we must all +own hers a brave record, and she has already accomplished for her sex +much that their scorn and contumely did not prevent her striving for. We +heard a lady remark after attending the suffrage convention: "No, I am +not converted to what these women advocate, I am too cowardly for that; +but I am converted to Susan B. Anthony."--Rochester Evening Express. + + +CHAPTER XXVII--PAGE 472. + +WOMAN WANTS BREAD, NOT THE BALLOT! + +_Delivered in most of the large cities of the United States, between +1870 and 1880. The speech never was written, and this abstract was +prepared from scattered notes and newspaper reports._ + +My purpose tonight is to demonstrate the great historical fact that +disfranchisement is not only political degradation, but also moral, +social, educational and industrial degradation; and that it does not +matter whether the disfranchised class live under a monarchial or a +republican form of government, or whether it be white workingmen of +England, negroes on our southern plantations, serfs of Russia, Chinamen +on our Pacific coast, or native born, tax-paying women of this republic. +Wherever, on the face of the globe or on the page of history, you show +me a disfranchised class, I will show you a degraded class of labor. +Disfranchisement means inability to make, shape or control one's own +circumstances. The disfranchised must always do the work, accept the +wages, occupy the position the enfranchised assign to them. The +disfranchised are in the position of the pauper. You remember the old +adage, "Beggars must not be choosers;" they must take what they can get +or nothing! That is exactly the position of women in the world of work +today; they can not choose. If they could, do you for a moment believe +they would take the subordinate places and the inferior pay? Nor is it a +"new thing under the sun" for the disfranchised, the inferior classes +weighed down with wrongs, to declare they "do not want to vote." The +rank and file are not philosophers, they are not educated to think for +themselves, but simply to accept, unquestioned, whatever comes. + +Years ago in England when the workingmen, starving in the mines and +factories, gathered in mobs and took bread wherever they could get it, +their friends tried to educate them into a knowledge of the causes of +their poverty and degradation. At one of these "monster bread meetings," +held in Manchester, John Bright said to them, "Workingmen, what you need +to bring to you cheap bread and plenty of it, is the franchise;" but +those ignorant men shouted back to Mr. Bright, precisely as the women of +America do to us today, "It is not the vote we want, it is bread;" and +they broke up the meeting, refusing to allow him, their best friend, to +explain to them the powers of the franchise. The condition of those +workingmen was very little above that of slavery. Some of you may +remember when George Thompson came over to this country and rebuked us +for our crime and our curse of slavery, how the slaveholders and their +abettors shouted back to Mr. Thompson, "Look at home, look into your +mines and your factories, you have slavery in England." + +You recollect a book published at that time entitled, "The Glory and +Shame of England." Her glory was the emancipation of slaves in the +British West Indies, and her shame the degraded and outraged condition +of those very miners and factory men. In their desperation, they +organized trades unions, went on strike, fought terrible battles, often +destroying property and sometimes even killing their employers. Those +who have read Charles Reade's novel, "Put Yourself in his Place," have +not forgotten the terrible scenes depicted. While those starving men +sometimes bettered their condition financially, they never made a ripple +on the surface of political thought. No member ever championed their +cause on the floor of Parliament. If spoken of at all, it was as our +politicians used to speak of the negroes before the war, or as they +speak of the Chinese today--as nuisances that ought to be suppressed. + +But at length, through the persistent demands of a little handful of +reformers, there was introduced into the British Parliament the +"household suffrage" bill of 1867. John Stuart Mill not only championed +that bill as it was presented, but moved an amendment to strike out the +word "man" and substitute therefor the word "person," so that the bill +should read, "every person who shall pay a seven-pound rental per annum +shall be entitled to the franchise." You will see that Mr. Mill's motive +was to extend the suffrage to women as well as men. But when the vote +was taken, only seventy-four, out of the nearly seven hundred members of +the British Parliament, voted in its favor. + +During the discussion of the original bill, the opposition was +championed by Robert Lowe, who presented all the stock objections to the +extension of the franchise to "those ignorant, degraded workingmen," as +he called them, that ever were presented in this country against giving +the ballot to the negroes, and that are today being urged against the +enfranchisement of women. Is it not a little remarkable that no matter +who the class may be that it is proposed to enfranchise, the objections +are always the same? "The ballot in the hands of this new class will +make their condition worse than before, and the introduction of this new +class into the political arena will degrade politics to a lower level." +But notwithstanding Mr. Lowe's persistent opposition, the bill became a +law; and before the session closed, that same individual moved that +Parliament, having enfranchised these men, should now make an +appropriation for the establishment and support of schools for the +education of them and their sons. Now, mark you his reason why! "Unless +they are educated," said he, "they will be the means of overturning the +throne of England." So long as these poor men in the mines and factories +had not the right to vote, the power to make and unmake the laws and +law-makers, to help or hurt the government, no measure ever had been +proposed for their benefit although they were ground under the heel of +the capitalist to a condition of abject slavery. But the moment this +power is placed in their hands, before they have used it even once, this +bitterest enemy to their possessing it is the first man to spring to his +feet and make this motion for the most beneficent measure possible in +their behalf--public schools for the education of themselves and their +children. + +From that day to this, there never has been a session of the British +Parliament that has not had before it some measure for the benefit of +the working classes. Parliament has enacted laws compelling employers +to cut down the number of hours for a day's work, to pay better wages, +to build decent houses for their employes, and has prohibited the +employment of very young children in the mines and factories. The +history of those olden times records that not infrequently children were +born in the mines and passed their lives there, scarcely seeing the +sunlight from the day of their birth to the day of their death. + +Sad as is the condition of the workingmen of England today, it is +infinitely better than it was twenty years ago. At first the votes of +the workingmen were given to the Liberal party, because it was the +leaders of that party who secured their enfranchisement; but soon the +leaders of the Conservative party, seeing the power the workingmen had, +began to vie with the Liberals by going into their meetings and pledging +that if they would vote the Tory ticket and bring that party into +control, it would give them more and better laws even than the Liberals. +In 1874 enough workingmen did go over to bring that party to the front, +with Disraeli at its head, where it stood till 1880 when the rank and +file of the workingmen of England, dissatisfied with Disraeli's policy, +both domestic and foreign, turned and again voted the Liberal ticket, +putting that party in power with Gladstone as its leader. This is the +way in which the ballot in the hands of the masses of wage-earners, even +under a monarchial form of government, makes of them a tremendous +balance of power whose wants and wishes the instinct of self-interest +compels the political leaders to study and obey. + +The great distinctive advantage possessed by the workingmen of this +republic is that the son of the humblest citizen, black or white, has +equal chances with the son of the richest in the land if he take +advantage of the public schools, the colleges and the many opportunities +freely offered. It is this equality of rights which makes our nation a +home for the oppressed of all the monarchies of the old world. + +And yet, notwithstanding the declaration of our Revolutionary fathers, +"all men created equal," "governments derive their just powers from +the consent of the governed," "taxation and representation +inseparable"--notwithstanding all these grand enunciations, our +government was founded upon the blood and bones of half a million human +beings, bought and sold as chattels in the market. Nearly all the +original thirteen States had property qualifications which disfranchised +poor white men as well as women and negroes. Thomas Jefferson, at the +head of the old Democratic party, took the lead in advocating the +removal of all property qualifications, as so many violations of the +fundamental principle of our government--"the right of consent." In New +York the qualification was $250. Martin Van Buren, the chief of the +Democracy, was a member of the Constitutional Convention held in Buffalo +in 1821, which wiped out that qualification so far as white men were +concerned. He declared, "The poor man has as good a right to a voice in +the government as the rich man, and a vastly greater need to possess it +as a means of protection to himself and his family." It was because the +Democrats enfranchised poor white men, both native and foreign, that +that strong old party held absolute sway in this country for almost +forty years, with only now and then a one-term Whig administration. + +In those olden days Horace Greeley, at the head of the Whig party and +his glorious New York Tribune, used to write long editorials showing the +workingmen that they had a mistaken idea about the Democratic party; +that it was not so much the friend of the poor man as was the Whig, and +if they would but vote the Whig ticket and put that party in power, they +would find that it would give them better laws than the Democrats had +done. At length, after many, many years of such education and +persuasion, the workingmen's vote, native and foreign, was divided, and +in 1860 there came to the front a new party which, though not called +Whig, was largely made up of the old Whig elements. In its turn this new +party enfranchised another degraded class of labor. Because the +Republicans gave the ballot to negroes, they have been allied to that +party and have held it solid in power from the ratification of the +Fifteenth Amendment, in 1870, to the present day. Until the Democrats +convince them that they will do more and better for them than the +Republicans are doing, there will be no appreciable division of the +negro vote. + +The vast numbers of wage-earning men coming from Europe to this country, +where manhood suffrage prevails with no limitations, find themselves +invested at once with immense political power. They organize their +trades unions, but not being able to use the franchise intelligently, +they continue to strike and to fight their battles with the capitalists +just as they did in the old countries. Neither press nor politicians +dare to condemn these strikes or to demand their suppression because the +workingmen hold the balance of power and can use it for the success or +defeat of either party. + + [Miss Anthony here related various timely instances of strikes + where force was used to prevent non-union men from taking the + places of the strikers, and neither the newspapers nor political + leaders ventured to sustain the officials in the necessary steps to + preserve law and order, or if they did they were defeated at the + next election.] + +It is said women do not need the ballot for their protection because +they are supported by men. Statistics show that there are 3,000,000 +women in this nation supporting themselves. In the crowded cities of the +East they are compelled to work in shops, stores and factories for the +merest pittance. In New York alone, there are over 50,000 of these women +receiving less than fifty cents a day. Women wage-earners in different +occupations have organized themselves into trades unions, from time to +time, and made their strikes to get justice at the hands of their +employers just as men have done, but I have yet to learn of a successful +strike of any body of women. The best organized one I ever knew was that +of the collar laundry women of the city of Troy, N. Y., the great +emporium for the manufacture of shirts, collars and cuffs. They formed a +trades union of several hundred members and demanded an increase of +wages. It was refused. So one May morning in 1867, each woman threw down +her scissors and her needle, her starch-pan and flat-iron, and for three +long months not one returned to the factories. At the end of that time +they were literally starved out, and the majority of them were compelled +to go back, but not at their old wages, for their employers cut them +down to even a lower figure. + +In the winter following I met the president of this union, a bright +young Irish girl, and asked her, "Do you not think if you had been 500 +carpenters or 500 masons, you would have succeeded?" "Certainly," she +said, and then she told me of 200 bricklayers who had the year before +been on strike and gained every point with their employers. "What could +have made the difference? Their 200 were but a fraction of that trade, +while your 500 absolutely controlled yours." Finally she said, "It was +because the editors ridiculed and denounced us." "Did they ridicule and +denounce the bricklayers?" "No." "What did they say about you?" "Why, +that our wages were good enough now, better than those of any other +workingwomen except teachers; and if we weren't satisfied, we had better +go and get married." "What then do you think made this difference?" +After studying over the question awhile she concluded, "It must have +been because our employers bribed the editors." "Couldn't the employers +of the bricklayers have bribed the editors?" She had never thought of +that. Most people never do think; they see one thing totally unlike +another, but the person who stops to inquire into the cause that +produces the one or the other is the exception. So this young Irish girl +was simply not an exception, but followed the general rule of people, +whether men or women; she hadn't thought. In the case of the +bricklayers, no editor, either Democrat or Republican, would have +accepted the proffer of a bribe, because he would have known that if he +denounced or ridiculed those men, not only they but all the trades union +men of the city at the next election would vote solidly against the +nominees advocated by that editor. If those collar laundry women had +been voters, they would have held, in that little city of Troy, the +"balance of political power" and the editor or the politician who +ignored or insulted them would have turned that balance over to the +opposing party. + +My friends, the condition of those collar laundry women but represents +the utter helplessness of disfranchisement. The question with you, as +men, is not whether you want your wives and daughters to vote, nor with +you, as women, whether you yourselves want to vote; but whether you will +help to put this power of the ballot into the hands of the 3,000,000 +wage-earning women, so that they may be able to compel politicians to +legislate in their favor and employers to grant them justice. + +The law of capital is to extort the greatest amount of work for the +least amount of money; the rule of labor is to do the smallest amount of +work for the largest amount of money. Hence there is, and in the nature +of things must continue to be, antagonism between the two classes; +therefore, neither should be left wholly at the mercy of the other. + +It was cruel, under the old regime, to give rich men the right to rule +poor men. It was wicked to allow white men absolute power over black +men. It is vastly more cruel, more wicked to give to all men--rich and +poor, white and black, native and foreign, educated and ignorant, +virtuous and vicious--this absolute control over women. Men talk of the +injustice of monopolies. There never was, there never can be, a monopoly +so fraught with injustice, tyranny and degradation as this monopoly of +sex, of all men over all women. Therefore I not only agree with Abraham +Lincoln that, "No man is good enough to govern another man without his +consent;" but I say also that no man is good enough to govern a woman +without her consent, and still further, that all men combined in +government are not good enough to govern all women without their +consent. There might have been some plausible excuse for the rich +governing the poor, the educated governing the ignorant, the Saxon +governing the African; but there can be none for making the husband the +ruler of the wife, the brother of the sister, the man of the woman, his +peer in birth, in education, in social position, in all that stands for +the best and highest in humanity. + +I believe that by nature men are no more unjust than women. If from the +beginning women had maintained the right to rule not only themselves but +men also, the latter today doubtless would be occupying the subordinate +places with inferior pay in the world of work; women would be holding +the higher positions with the big salaries; widowers would be doomed to +a "life interest of one-third of the family estate;" husbands would "owe +service" to their wives, so that every one of you men would be begging +your good wives, "Please be so kind as to 'give me' ten cents for a +cigar." The principle of self-government can not be violated with +impunity. The individual's right to it is sacred--regardless of class, +caste, race, color, sex or any other accident or incident of birth. What +we ask is that you shall cease to imagine that women are outside this +law, and that you shall come into the knowledge that disfranchisement +means the same degradation to your daughters as to your sons. + +Governments can not afford to ignore the rights of those holding the +ballot, who make and unmake every law and law-maker. It is not because +the members of Congress are tyrants that women receive only half pay and +are admitted only to inferior positions in the departments. It is simply +in obedience to a law of political economy which makes it impossible for +a government to do as much for the disfranchised as for the +enfranchised. Women are no exception to the general rule. As +disfranchisement always has degraded men, socially, morally and +industrially, so today it is disfranchisement that degrades women in the +same spheres. + +Again men say it is not votes, but the law of supply and demand which +regulates wages. The law of gravity is that water shall run down hill, +but when men build a dam across the stream, the force of gravity is +stopped and the water held back. The law of supply and demand regulates +free and enfranchised labor, but disfranchisement estops its operation. +What we ask is the removal of the dam, that women, like men, may reap +the benefit of the law. Did the law of supply and demand regulate work +and wages in the olden days of slavery? This law can no more reach the +disfranchised than it did the enslaved. There is scarcely a place where +a woman can earn a single dollar without a man's consent. + +There are many women equally well qualified with men for principals and +superintendents of schools, and yet, while three-fourths of the teachers +are women, nearly all of them are relegated to subordinate positions on +half or at most two-thirds the salaries paid to men. The law of supply +and demand is ignored, and that of sex alone settles the question. If a +business man should advertise for a book-keeper and ten young men, +equally well qualified, should present themselves and, after looking +them over, he should say, "To you who have red hair, we will pay full +wages, while to you with black hair we will pay half the regular price;" +that would not be a more flagrant violation of the law of supply and +demand than is that now perpetrated upon women because of their sex. + +And then again you say, "Capital, not the vote, regulates labor." +Granted, for the sake of the argument, that capital does control the +labor of women, Chinamen and slaves; but no one with eyes to see and +ears to hear, will concede for a moment that capital absolutely +dominates the work and wages of the free and enfranchised men of this +republic. It is in order to lift the millions of our wage-earning women +into a position of as much power over their own labor as men possess +that they should be invested with the franchise. This ought to be done +not only for the sake of justice to the women, but to the men with whom +they compete; for, just so long as there is a degraded class of labor in +the market, it always will be used by the capitalists to checkmate and +undermine the superior classes. + +Now that as a result of the agitation for equality of chances, and +through the invention of machinery, there has come a great revolution in +the world of economics, so that wherever a man may go to earn an honest +dollar a woman may go also, there is no escape from the conclusion that +she must be clothed with equal power to protect herself. That power is +the ballot, the symbol of freedom and equality, without which no citizen +is sure of keeping even that which he hath, much less of getting that +which he hath not. Women are today the peers of men in education, in the +arts and sciences, in the industries and professions, and there is no +escape from the conclusion that the next step must be to make them the +peers of men in the government--city, State and national--to give them +an equal voice in the framing, interpreting and administering of the +codes and constitutions. + +We recognize that the ballot is a two-edged, nay, a many-edged sword, +which may be made to cut in every direction. If wily politicians and +sordid capitalists may wield it for mere party and personal greed; if +oppressed wage-earners may invoke it to wring justice from legislators +and extort material advantages from employers; if the lowest and most +degraded classes of men may use it to open wide the sluice-ways of vice +and crime; if it may be the instrumentality by which the narrow, +selfish, corrupt and corrupting men and measures rule--it is quite as +true that noble-minded statesmen, philanthropists and reformers may make +it the weapon with which to reverse the above order of things, as soon +as they can have added to their now small numbers the immensely larger +ratio of what men so love to call "the better half of the people." When +women vote, they will make a new balance of power that must be weighed +and measured and calculated in its effect upon every social and moral +question which goes to the arbitrament of the ballot-box. Who can doubt +that when the representative women of thought and culture, who are today +the moral backbone of our nation, sit in counsel with the best men of +the country, higher conditions will be the result? + +Insurrectionary and revolutionary methods of righting wrongs, imaginary +or real, are pardonable only in the enslaved and disfranchised. The +moment any class of men possess the ballot, it is their weapon and their +shield. Men with a vote have no valid excuse for resorting to the use of +illegal means to fight their battles. When the masses of wage-earning +men are educated into a knowledge of their own rights and of their +duties to others, so that they are able to vote intelligently, they can +carry their measures through the ballot-box and will have no need to +resort to force. But so long as they remain in ignorance and are +manipulated by the political bosses they will continue to vote against +their own interests and turn again to violence to right their wrongs. + +If men possessing the power of the ballot are driven to desperate means +to gain their ends, what shall be done by disfranchised women? There are +grave questions of moral, as well as of material interest in which women +are most deeply concerned. Denied the ballot, the legitimate means with +which to exert their influence, and, as a rule, being lovers of peace, +they have recourse to prayers and tears, those potent weapons of women +and children, and, when they fail, must tamely submit to wrong or rise +in rebellion against the powers that be. Women's crusades against +saloons, brothels and gambling-dens, emptying kegs and bottles into the +streets, breaking doors and windows and burning houses, all go to prove +that disfranchisement, the denial of lawful means to gain desired ends, +may drive even women to violations of law and order. Hence to secure +both national and "domestic tranquillity," to "establish justice," to +carry out the spirit of our Constitution, put into the hands of all +women, as you have into those of all men, the ballot, that symbol of +perfect equality, that right protective of all other rights. + + +CHAPTER XXVII--PAGE 468. + +SOCIAL PURITY. + +_First delivered at Chicago in the Spring of 1875, in the Sunday +afternoon Dime lecture course._ + +Though women, as a class, are much less addicted to drunkenness and +licentiousness than men, it is universally conceded that they are by far +the greater sufferers from these evils. Compelled by their position in +society to depend on men for subsistence, for food, clothes, shelter, +for every chance even to earn a dollar, they have no way of escape from +the besotted victims of appetite and passion with whom their lot is +cast. They must endure, if not endorse, these twin vices, embodied, as +they so often are, in the person of father, brother, husband, son, +employer. No one can doubt that the sufferings of the sober, virtuous +woman, in legal subjection to the mastership of a drunken, immoral +husband and father over herself and children, not only from physical +abuse, but from spiritual shame and humiliation, must be such as the man +himself can not possibly comprehend. + +It is not my purpose to harrow your feelings by any attempt at depicting +the horrible agonies of mind and body that grow out of these monster +social evils. They are already but too well known. Scarce a family +throughout our broad land but has had its peace and happiness marred by +one or the other, or both. That these evils exist, we all know; that +something must be done, we as well know; that the old methods have +failed, that man, alone, has proved himself incompetent to eradicate, or +even regulate them, is equally evident. It shall be my endeavor, +therefore, to prove to you that we must now adopt new measures and bring +to our aid new forces to accomplish the desired end. + +Forty years' efforts by men alone to suppress the evil of intemperance +give us the following appalling figures: 600,000 common drunkards! +Which, reckoning our population to be 40,000,000, gives us one drunkard +to every seventeen moderate drinking and total-abstinence men. Granting +to each of these 600,000 drunkards a wife and four children, we have +3,000,000 of the women and children of this nation helplessly, +hopelessly bound to this vast army of irresponsible victims of appetite. + + [Reference was here made to woman's helplessness under the laws.] + +The roots of the giant evil, intemperance, are not merely moral and +social; they extend deep and wide into the financial and political +structure of the government; and whenever women, or men, shall +intelligently and seriously set themselves about the work of uprooting +the liquor traffic, they will find something more than tears and prayers +needful to the task. Financial and political power must be combined +with moral and social influence, all bound together in one earnest, +energetic, persistent force. + + [Statistics given of pauperism, lunacy, idiocy and crime growing + out of intemperance.] + +The prosecutions in our courts for breach of promise, divorce, adultery, +bigamy, seduction, rape; the newspaper reports every day of every year +of scandals and outrages, of wife murders and paramour shootings, of +abortions and infanticides, are perpetual reminders of men's incapacity +to cope successfully with this monster evil of society. + +The statistics of New York show the number of professional prostitutes +in that city to be over twenty thousand. Add to these the thousands and +tens of thousands of Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, New Orleans, St. +Louis, Chicago, San Francisco, and all our cities, great and small, from +ocean to ocean, and what a holocaust of the womanhood of this nation is +sacrificed to the insatiate Moloch of lust. And yet more: those myriads +of wretched women, publicly known as prostitutes, constitute but a small +portion of the numbers who actually tread the paths of vice and crime. +For, as the oft-broken ranks of the vast army of common drunkards are +steadily filled by the boasted moderate drinkers, so are the ranks of +professional prostitution continually replenished by discouraged, +seduced, deserted unfortunates, who can no longer hide the terrible +secret of their lives. + +The Albany Law Journal, of December, 1876, says: "The laws of +infanticide must be a dead letter in the District of Columbia. According +to the reports of the local officials, the dead bodies of infants, +still-born and murdered, which have been found during the past year, +scattered over parks and vacant lots in the city of Washington, are to +be numbered by hundreds." + +In 1869 the Catholics established a Foundling Hospital in New York City. +At the close of the first six months Sister Irene reported thirteen +hundred little waifs laid in the basket at her door. That meant thirteen +hundred of the daughters of New York, with trembling hands and breaking +hearts, trying to bury their sorrow and their shame from the world's +cruel gaze. That meant thirteen hundred mothers' hopes blighted and +blasted. Thirteen hundred Rachels weeping for their children because +they were not! + +Nor is it womanhood alone that is thus fearfully sacrificed. For every +betrayed woman, there is always the betrayer, man. For every abandoned +woman, there is always _one_ abandoned man and oftener many more. It is +estimated that there are 50,000 professional prostitutes in London, and +Dr. Ryan calculates that there are 400,000 men in that city directly or +indirectly connected with them, and that this vice causes the city an +annual expenditure of $40,000,000. + +All attempts to describe the loathsome and contagious disease which it +engenders defy human language. The Rev. Wm. G. Eliot, of St. Louis, says +of it: "Few know of the terrible nature of the disease in question and +its fearful ravages, not only among the guilty, but the innocent. Since +its first recognized appearance in Europe in the fifteenth century, it +has been a desolation and a scourge. In its worst forms it is so subtle, +that its course can with difficulty be traced. It poisons the +constitution, and may be imparted to others by those who have no outward +or distinguishable marks of it themselves. It may be propagated months +and years after it seems to have been cured. The purity of womanhood and +the helplessness of infancy afford no certainty of escape." + + [Medical testimony given from cities in Europe.] + +Man's legislative attempts to set back this fearful tide of social +corruption have proved even more futile and disastrous than have those +for the suppression of intemperance--as witness the Contagious Diseases +Acts of England and the St. Louis experiment. And yet efforts to +establish similar laws are constantly made in our large cities, New York +and Washington barely escaping last winter. + +To license certain persons to keep brothels and saloons is but to throw +around them and their traffic the shield of law, and thereby to blunt +the edge of all moral and social efforts against them. Nevertheless, in +every large city, brothels are virtually licensed. When "Maggie Smith" +is made to appear before the police court at the close of each quarter, +to pay her fine of $10, $25 or $100, as an inmate or a keeper of a +brothel, and allowed to continue her vocation, so long as she pays her +fine, _that is license_. When a grand jury fails to find cause for +indictment against a well-known keeper of a house of ill-fame, that, +too, is _permission_ for her and all of her class to follow their trade, +against the statute laws of the State, and that with impunity. + +The work of woman is not to lessen the severity or the certainty of the +penalty for the violation of the moral law, but to prevent this +violation by the removal of the causes which lead to it. These causes +are said to be wholly different with the sexes. The acknowledged +incentive to this vice on the part of man is his own abnormal passion; +while on the part of woman, in the great majority of cases, it is +conceded to be destitution--absolute want of the necessaries of life. +Lecky, the famous historian of European morals, says: "The statistics of +prostitution show that a great proportion of those women who have fallen +into it have been impelled by the most extreme poverty, in many +instances verging on starvation." All other conscientious students of +this terrible problem, on both continents, agree with Mr. Lecky. Hence, +there is no escape from the conclusion that, while woman's want of bread +induces her to pursue this vice, man's love of the vice itself leads him +into it and holds him there. While statistics show no lessening of the +passional demand on the part of man, they reveal a most frightful +increase of the temptations, the necessities, on the part of woman. + +In the olden times, when the daughters of the family, as well as the +wife, were occupied with useful and profitable work in the household, +getting the meals and washing the dishes three times in every day of +every year, doing the baking, the brewing, the washing and the ironing, +the whitewashing, the butter and cheese and soap making, the mending and +the making of clothes for the entire family, the carding, spinning and +weaving of the cloth--when everything to eat, to drink and to wear was +manufactured in the home, almost no young women "went out to work." But +now, when nearly all these handicrafts are turned over to men and to +machinery, tens of thousands, nay, millions, of the women of both +hemispheres are thrust into the world's outer market of work to earn +their own subsistence. Society, ever slow to change its conditions, +presents to these millions but few and meager chances. Only the barest +necessaries, and oftentimes not even those, can be purchased with the +proceeds of the most excessive and exhausting labor. + +Hence, the reward of virtue for the homeless, friendless, penniless +woman is ever a scanty larder, a pinched, patched, faded wardrobe, a +dank basement or rickety garret, with the colder, shabbier scorn and +neglect of the more fortunate of her sex. Nightly, as weary and worn +from her day's toil she wends her way through the dark alleys toward her +still darker abode, where only cold and hunger await her, she sees on +every side and at every turn the gilded hand of vice and crime +outstretched, beckoning her to food and clothes and shelter; hears the +whisper in softest accents, "Come with me and I will give you all the +comforts, pleasures and luxuries that love and wealth can bestow." Since +the vast multitudes of human beings, women like men, are not born to the +courage or conscience of the martyr, can we wonder that so many poor +girls fall, that so many accept material ease and comfort at the expense +of spiritual purity and peace? Should we not wonder, rather, that so +many escape the sad fate? + +Clearly, then, the first step toward solving this problem is to lift +this vast army of poverty-stricken women who now crowd our cities, above +the temptation, the necessity, to sell themselves, in marriage or out, +for bread and shelter. To do that, girls, like boys, must be educated to +some lucrative employment; women, like men, must have equal chances to +earn a living. If the plea that poverty is the cause of woman's +prostitution be not true, perfect equality of chances to earn honest +bread will demonstrate the falsehood by removing that pretext and +placing her on the same plane with man. Then, if she is found in the +ranks of vice and crime, she will be there for the same reason that man +is and, from an object of pity, she, like him, will become a fit subject +of contempt. From being the party sinned against, she will become an +equal sinner, if not the greater of the two. Women, like men, must not +only have "fair play" in the world of work and self-support, but, like +men, must be eligible to all the honors and emoluments of society and +government. Marriage, to women as to men, must be a luxury, not a +necessity; an incident of life, not all of it. And the only possible way +to accomplish this great change is to accord to women equal power in the +making, shaping and controlling of the circumstances of life. That +equality of rights and privileges is vested in the ballot, the symbol of +power in a republic. Hence, our first and most urgent demand--that women +shall be protected in the exercise of their inherent, personal, +citizen's right to a voice in the government, municipal, state, +national. + +Alexander Hamilton said one hundred years ago, "Give to a man the right +over my subsistence, and he has power over my whole moral being." No one +doubts the truth of this assertion as between man and man; while, as +between man and woman, not only does almost no one believe it, but the +masses of people deny it. And yet it is the fact of man's possession of +this right over woman's subsistence which gives to him the power to +dictate to her a moral code vastly higher and purer than the one he +chooses for himself. Not less true is it, that the fact of woman's +dependence on man for her subsistence renders her utterly powerless to +exact from him the same high moral code she chooses for herself. + +Of the 8,000,000 women over twenty-one years of age in the United +States, 800,000, one out of every ten, are unmarried, and fully one-half +of the entire number, or 4,000,000, support themselves wholly or in part +by the industry of their own hands and brains. All of these, married or +single, have to ask man, as an individual, a corporation, or a +government, to grant to them even the privilege of hard work and small +pay. The tens of thousands of poor but respectable young girls +soliciting copying, clerkships, shop work, teaching, must ask of men, +and not seldom receive in response, "Why work for a living? There are +other ways!" + +Whoever controls work and wages, controls morals. Therefore, we must +have women employers, superintendents, committees, legislators; wherever +girls go to seek the means of subsistence, there must be some woman. +Nay, more; we must have women preachers, lawyers, doctors--that wherever +women go to seek counsel--spiritual, legal, physical--there, too, they +will be sure to find the best and noblest of their own sex to minister +to them. + +Independence is happiness. "No man should depend upon another; not even +upon his own father. By depend I mean, obey without examination--to the +will of any one whomsoever." This is the conclusion to which Pierre, the +hero of Madame Sand's "Monsieur Sylvestre," arrives, after running away +from the uncle who had determined to marry him to a woman he did not +choose to wed. In freedom he discovers that, though deprived of all the +luxuries to which he had been accustomed, he is happy, and writes his +friend that "without having realized it, he had been unhappy all his +life; had suffered from his dependent condition; that nothing in his +life, his pleasures, his occupations, had been of his own choice." And +is not this the precise condition of what men call the "better half" of +the human family? + +In one of our western cities I once met a beautiful young woman, a +successful teacher in its public schools, an only daughter who had left +her New England home and all its comforts and luxuries and culture. Her +father was a member of Congress and could bring to her all the +attractions of Washington society. That young girl said to me, "The +happiest moment of my life was when I received into my hand my first +month's salary for teaching." Not long after, I met her father in +Washington, spoke to him of his noble daughter, and he said: "Yes, you +woman's rights people have robbed me of my only child and left the home +of my old age sad and desolate. Would to God that the notion of +supporting herself had never entered her head!" Had that same lovely, +cultured, energetic young girl left the love, the luxury, the protection +of that New England home for marriage, instead of self-support; had she +gone out to be the light and joy of a husband's life, instead of her +own; had she but chosen another man, instead of her father, to decide +for her all her pleasures and occupations; had she but taken another +position of dependence, instead of one of independence, neither her +father nor the world would have felt the change one to be condemned.... + +Fathers should be most particular about the men who visit their +daughters, and, to further this reform, pure women not only must refuse +to meet intimately and to marry impure men, but, finding themselves +deceived in their husbands, they must refuse to continue in the +marriage relation with them. We have had quite enough of the sickly +sentimentalism which counts the woman a heroine and a saint for +remaining the wife of a drunken, immoral husband, incurring the risk of +her own health and poisoning the life-blood of the young beings that +result from this unholy alliance. Such company as ye keep, such ye are! +must be the maxim of married, as well as unmarried, women.... + + [Numerous instances cited of the unjust discrimination against + women where men were equally guilty.] + +So long as the wife is held innocent in continuing to live with a +libertine, and every girl whom he inveigles and betrays becomes an +outcast whom no other wife will tolerate in her house, there is, there +can be, no hope of solving the problem of prostitution. As long +experience has shown, these poor, homeless girls of the world can not be +relied on, as a police force, to hold all husbands true to their +marriage vows. Here and there, they will fail and, where they do, wives +must make not the girls alone, but their husbands also suffer for their +infidelity, as husbands never fail to do when their wives weakly or +wickedly yield to the blandishments of other men. + + [Examples given to prove this point.] + +In a western city the wives conspired to burn down a house of ill-fame +in which their husbands had placed a half-dozen of the demi-monde. Would +it not have shown much more womanly wisdom and virtue for those legal +wives to have refused to recognize their husbands, instead of wreaking +their vengeance on the heads of those wretched women? But how could they +without finding themselves, as a result, penniless and homeless? The +person, the services, the children, the subsistence, of each and every +one of those women belonged by law, not to herself, but to her +unfaithful husband. + +Now, why is it that man can hold woman to this high code of morals, like +Cćsar's wife--not only pure but above suspicion--and so surely and +severely punish her for every departure, while she is so helpless, so +powerless to check him in his license, or to extricate herself from his +presence and control? His power grows out of his right over her +subsistence. Her lack of power grows out of her dependence on him for +her food, her clothes, her shelter. + +Marriage never will cease to be a wholly unequal partnership until the +law recognizes the equal ownership in the joint earnings and +possessions. The true relation of the sexes never can be attained until +woman is free and equal with man. Neither in the making nor executing of +the laws regulating these relations has woman ever had the slightest +voice. The statutes for marriage and divorce, for adultery, breach of +promise, seduction, rape, bigamy, abortion, infanticide--all were made +by men. They, alone, decide who are guilty of violating these laws and +what shall be their punishment, with judge, jury and advocate all men, +with no woman's voice heard in our courts, save as accused or witness, +and in many cases the married woman is denied the poor privilege of +testifying as to her own guilt or innocence of the crime charged against +her. + +Since the days of Moses and the prophets, men and ministers have +preached the law of "visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the +children and the children's children, to the third and fourth +generations." But with absolute power over woman and all the conditions +of life for the whole 6,000 years, man has proved his utter inability +either to put away his own iniquities, or to cease to hand them down +from generation to generation; hence, the only hope of reform is in +sharing this absolute power with some other than himself, and that other +must be woman. When no longer a subject, but an equal--a free and +independent sovereign, believing herself created primarily for her own +individual happiness and development and secondarily for man's, +precisely as man believes himself created first for his own enjoyment +and second for that of woman--she will constitute herself sole umpire in +the sacred domain of motherhood. Then, instead of feeling it her +Christian duty to live with a drunken, profligate husband, handing down +to her children his depraved appetites and passions, she will _know_ +that God's curse will be upon her and her children if she flee not from +him as from a pestilence. + +It is worse than folly, it is madness, for women to delude themselves +with the idea that their children will escape the terrible penalty of +the law. The taint of their birth will surely follow them. For pure +women to continue to devote themselves to their man-appointed mission of +visiting the dark purlieus of society and struggling to reclaim the +myriads of badly-born human beings swarming there, is as hopeless as +would be an attempt to ladle the ocean with a teaspoon; as +unphilosophical as was the undertaking of the old American Colonization +Society, which, with great labor and pains and money, redeemed from +slavery and transported to Liberia annually 400 negroes; or the Fugitive +Slave Societies, which succeeded in running off to Canada, on their +"under-ground railroads," some 40,000 in a whole quarter of a century. +While those good men were thus toiling to rescue the 400 or the 40,000 +individual victims of slavery, each day saw hundreds and each year +thousands of human beings born into the terrible condition of +chattelism. All see and admit now what none but the Abolitionists saw +then, that the only effectual work was the entire overthrow of the +system of slavery; the abrogation of the law which sanctioned the right +of property in man. + +In answer to my proposal to speak in one of the cities of Iowa, an +earnest woman replied, "It is impossible to get you an audience; all of +our best women are at present engaged in an effort to establish a 'Home +for the Friendless.' All the churches are calling for the entire time of +their members to get up fairs, dinners, concerts, etc., to raise money. +In fact, even our woman suffragists are losing themselves in devotion to +some institution." + +Thus, wherever you go, you find the best women, in and out of the +churches, all absorbed in establishing or maintaining benevolent or +reform institutions; charitable societies, soup-houses, ragged schools, +industrial schools, mite societies, mission schools--at home and +abroad--homes and hospitals for the sick, the aged, the friendless, the +foundling, the fallen; asylums for the orphans, the blind, the deaf and +dumb, the insane, the inebriate, the idiot. The women of this century +are neither idle nor indifferent. They are working with might and main +to mitigate the evils which stare them in the face on every side, but +much of their work is without knowledge. It is aimed at the effects, not +the cause; it is plucking the spoiled fruit; it is lopping off the +poisonous branches of the deadly upas tree, which but makes the root +more vigorous in sending out new shoots in every direction. A right +understanding of physiological law teaches us that the cause must be +removed; the tree must be girdled; the tap-root must be severed. + +The tap-root of our social upas lies deep down at the very foundations +of society. It is woman's dependence. It is woman's subjection. Hence, +the first and only efficient work must be to emancipate woman from her +enslavement. The wife must no longer echo the poet Milton's ideal Eve, +when she adoringly said to Adam, "God, thy law; thou, mine!" She must +feel herself accountable to God alone for every act, fearing and obeying +no man, save where his will is in line with her own highest idea of +divine law. + +The president of the Howard Mission School, New York, said, "Miss +Anthony, it is a marvel to me that, with so much brain and common sense, +you should always devote yourself to mere abstractions. Why is it that +you never set yourself about some practical work?" + +"Like the Howard Mission?" said I. "How many less children have you now +than ten years ago?" + +"Oh, no less, but many, many more." + +"Would it not be a practical work, then, to make it possible for every +mother to support her own children? That is my aim and my work; while +yours is simply to pick up the poor children, leaving every girl-child +to the mother's heritage of helpless poverty and vice. My aim is to +change the condition of women to self-help; yours, simply to ameliorate +the ills that must inevitably grow out of dependence. My work is to +lessen the numbers of the poor; yours, merely to lessen the sufferings +of their tenfold increase." + +If the divine law visits the sins of the fathers upon the children, +equally so does it transmit to them their virtues. Therefore, if it is +through woman's ignorant subjection to the tyranny of man's appetites +and passions that the life-current of the race is corrupted, then must +it be through her intelligent emancipation that the race shall be +redeemed from the curse, and her children and children's children rise +up to call her blessed. When the mother of Christ shall be made the true +model of womanhood and motherhood, when the office of maternity shall be +held sacred and the mother shall consecrate herself, as did Mary, to the +one idea of bringing forth the Christ-child, then, and not till then, +will this earth see a new order of men and women, prone to good rather +than evil. + +I am a full and firm believer in the revelation that it is through woman +that the race is to be redeemed. And it is because of this faith that I +ask for her immediate and unconditional emancipation from all political, +industrial, social and religious subjection. + +"What is most needed to ensure the future greatness of the empire?" +inquired Madame Campan of the great Napoleon. "Mothers!" was the terse +and suggestive reply. Ralph Waldo Emerson says, "Men are what their +mothers made them." But I say, to hold mothers responsible for the +character of their sons while you deny them any control over the +surroundings of their lives, is worse than mockery, it is cruelty! +Responsibilities grow out of rights and powers. Therefore, before +mothers can be held responsible for the vices and crimes, the wholesale +demoralization of men, they must possess all possible rights and powers +to control the conditions and circumstances of their own and their +children's lives. + +A minister of Chicago sums up the infamies of that great metropolis of +the West as follows: 3,000 licensed dram-shops and myriad patrons; 300 +gambling houses and countless frequenters, many of them young men from +the best families of the city; 79 obscene theatres, with their thousands +of degraded men and boys nightly in attendance; 500 brothels, with their +thousands of poor girls, bodies and souls sacrificed to the 20,000 or +30,000 depraved men--young and old, married and single--who visit them. +While all the participants in all these forms of iniquity, victims and +victimizers alike--the women excepted--may go to the polls on every +election day and vote for the mayor and members of the common council, +who will either continue to license these places, or fail to enforce the +laws which would practically close them--not a single woman in that city +may record her vote against those wretched blots on civilization. The +profane, tobacco-chewing, whiskey-drinking, gambling libertines may +vote, but not their virtuous, intelligent, sober, law-abiding wives and +mothers! + +You remember the petition of 18,000 of the best women of Chicago, a year +ago, asking the common council not to repeal the Sunday Liquor Law? Why +were they treated with ridicule and contempt? Why was their prayer +unheeded? Was it because the honorable gentlemen had no respect for +those women or their demand? No; on the contrary, many of them, +doubtless, were men possessed of high regard for women, who would have +been glad to aid them in their noble efforts; but the power that placed +those men in office, the representatives of the saloons, brothels and +obscene shows, crowded the council chamber and its corridors, +threatening political death to the man who should dare give his voice or +his vote for the maintenance of that law. Could those 18,000 women, with +the tens of thousands whom they represented, have gone to the ballot-box +at the next election and voted to re-elect the men who championed their +petition, and defeat those who opposed it, does any one doubt that it +would have been heeded by the common council? + +As the fountain can rise no higher than the spring that feeds it, so a +legislative body will enact or enforce no law above the average +sentiment of the people who created it. Any and every reform work is +sure to lead women to the ballot-box. It is idle for them to hope to +battle successfully against the monster evils of society until they +shall be armed with weapons equal to those of the enemy--votes and +money. Archimedes said, "Give to me a fulcrum on which to plant my +lever, and I will move the world." And I say, give to woman the ballot, +the political fulcrum, on which to plant her moral lever, and she will +lift the world into a nobler and purer atmosphere. + +Two great necessities forced this nation to extend justice and equality +to the negro: + +First, Military necessity, which compelled the abolition of the crime +and curse of slavery, before the rebellion could be overcome. + +Second, Political necessity, which required the enfranchisement of the +newly-freed men, before the work of reconstruction could begin. + +The third is now pressing, Moral necessity--to emancipate woman, before +Social Purity, the nation's safeguard, ever can be established. + + +CHAPTER XXXV--PAGE 642. + +OPEN LETTER TO BENJAMIN HARRISON, + +_Republican Nominee for President._ + + INDIANAPOLIS, IND., June 30, 1888. + +DEAR SIR: We, representatives of the National Woman Suffrage +Association, respectfully ask you to consider the following facts: + +The first plank in the platform adopted by the Republican convention +recently held in Chicago, entitled "The Purity of the Ballot," reaffirms +the unswerving devotion of the Republican party to the personal rights +and liberties of citizens in all the States and Territories of the +Union, and especially to "the supreme and sovereign right of every +lawful citizen, rich or poor, native or foreign, white or black, to cast +one free ballot in public elections and to have that ballot duly +counted." And again the platform says: "We hold the free and honest +popular ballot, and the just and equal representation of all the people, +to be the foundation of our republican government." + +These declarations place the Republican party in its original attitude +as the defender of the personal freedom and political liberties of all +citizens of the United States. These sentiments, even the phraseology in +which they are here expressed, may be found in every series of +resolutions adopted by the National Woman Suffrage Association since its +organization. + +The advocates of woman suffrage would have been glad to see the phrase +"male or female" inserted after the phrase "white or black" in the +resolution above quoted, because this would be a fitting conclusion to +the enumeration by antithesis of the classes into which citizens are +divided. However, no enumeration of classes was necessary to explain or +to enforce the declaration of the party's devotion to "the supreme and +sovereign right of every lawful citizen to cast one free ballot in +public elections and to have that ballot duly counted." It is the +unimpeded exercise of this "supreme and sovereign right of every lawful +citizen" which the women we represent demand. + +That women are "lawful citizens" is undeniable, since the law recognizes +them as such through the visits of the assessor and tax-gatherer; since +it recognizes them as such in the police stations, the jails, the courts +and the prisons. Only at the ballot-box is the lawful citizenship of +women challenged! Only at the ballot-box, which is declared to be the +sole safe-guard of the citizen's liberty--only there is the liberty of +the female citizen denied. + +But reverting to the first resolution in the Republican platform, so +satisfactory in its sentiments, we beg to suggest that its value will +depend solely upon its interpretation, and that its authoritative +interpretation must be given by the leaders of the Republican party. +Therefore to you, the chosen head of that party, we address ourselves, +asking that your letter of acceptance of the nomination to the +presidency of the United States be so framed as to indicate clearly your +recognition of the fact that the Republican party has pledged itself to +protect _every citizen_ in the free exercise of "the supreme and +sovereign right" to vote at public elections. + +It appears to us that the application of Republican principles which we +seek must be in harmony with your own inherited tendencies. One familiar +with the history of the English-speaking people, during the last two and +a half centuries, with their struggles for conscience, and freedom's +sake, must deem it a matter of course that by this time the sense of +individual responsibility has become strong even in the hearts of women; +and the descendant of one who in the name of individual liberty stood +with Cromwell against the "divine right of kings" and the tyranny +consequent upon that obnoxious doctrine, can not be surprised to find +himself appealed to by his country-women, in that same sacred name, to +stand with the most enlightened portion of his party--with such men as +Morton, Sumner and Lincoln--against the divine right of sex and the +political tyranny involved in this doctrine, which in a republic +presents such an anomaly. + +Hoping that the question suggested by this appeal will command from you +the attention which its importance merits, we subscribe ourselves, + + Yours with high esteem, + SUSAN B. ANTHONY, + _Vice-President-at-Large N. W. S. A._ + + MAY WRIGHT SEWALL, + _Chairman Executive Committee N. W. S. A._ + + +CHAPTER XLIII--PAGE 785. + +DEMAND FOR PARTY RECOGNITION. + +_Delivered in Kansas City at the opening of the campaign, May 4, 1894._ + +I come to you tonight not as a stranger, not as an outsider but, in +spirit and in every sense, as one of you. I have been connected with you +by the ties of relationship for nearly forty years. Twenty-seven years +ago I canvassed this entire State of Kansas in your first woman suffrage +campaign. During the last decade I have made a speaking tour of your +congressional districts over and over again. Now I come once more to +appeal to you for justice to the women of your State. + +To preface, I want to say that when the rebellion broke out in this +country, we of the woman suffrage movement postponed our meetings, and +organized ourselves into a great National Women's Loyal League with +headquarters in the city of New York. We sent out thousands of petitions +praying Congress to abolish slavery, as a war measure, and to these +petitions we obtained 365,000 signatures. They were presented by Charles +Sumner, that noblest Republican of them all, and it took two stalwart +negroes to carry them into the Senate chamber. We did our work +faithfully all those years. Other women scraped lint, made jellies, +ministered to sick and suffering soldiers and in every way worked for +the help of the government in putting down that rebellion. No man, no +Republican leader, worked more faithfully or loyally than did the women +of this nation in every city and county of the North to aid the +government. + +In 1865 I made my first visit to Kansas and, on the 2d of July, went by +stage from Leavenworth to Topeka. O, how I remember those first acres +and miles of cornfields I ever had seen; how I remember that ride to +Topeka and from there in an open mail wagon to Ottumwa, where I was one +of the speakers at the Fourth of July celebration. Those were the days, +as you recollect, just after the murder of Lincoln and the accession to +the presidential chair of Andrew Johnson, who had issued his +proclamation for the reconstruction of Mississippi. So the question of +the negro's enfranchisement was uppermost in the minds of leading +Republicans, though no one save Charles Sumner had dared to speak it +aloud. In that speech, I clearly stated that the government never would +be reconstructed, that peace never would reign and justice never be +uppermost until not only the black men were enfranchised but also the +women of the entire nation. The men congratulated me upon my speech, the +first part of it, every word I said about negro suffrage, but declared +that I should not have mentioned woman suffrage at so critical an hour. + +A little later the Associated Press dispatch came that motions had been +made on the floor of the House of Representatives at Washington to +insert the word "male" in the second clause of the Fourteenth +Amendment. You remember the first clause, "All persons born or +naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction +thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they +reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the +privileges and immunities of citizens." That was magnificent. Every +woman of us saw that it included the women of the nation as well as +black men. The second section, as Thaddeus Stevens drew it, said, "If +any State shall disfranchise any of its citizens on account of color, +all that class shall be counted out of the basis of representation;" but +at once the enemy asked, "Do you mean that if any State shall +disfranchise its negro women, you are going to count all of the black +race out of the basis of representation?" And weak-kneed Republicans, +after having fought such a glorious battle, surrendered; they could not +stand the taunt. Charles Sumner said he wrote over nineteen pages of +foolscap in order to keep the word "male" out of the Constitution; but +he could not do it so he with the rest subscribed to the amendment: "If +any State shall disfranchise any of its MALE citizens all of that class +shall be counted out of the basis of representation." + +There was the first great surrender and, in all those years of +reconstruction, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the great leader of our woman +suffrage movement, declared that because the Republicans were willing to +sacrifice the enfranchisement of the women of the nation they would lose +eventually the power to protect the black man in his right to vote. But +the leaders of the Republican party shouted back to us, "Keep silence, +this is the negro's hour." Even our glorious Wendell Phillips, who said, +"To talk to a black man of freedom without the ballot is mockery," +joined in the cry, "This is the negro's hour;" but we never yielded the +point that, "To talk to women of freedom without the ballot is mockery +also." But timidity, cowardice and want of principle carried forward the +reconstruction of the government with the women left out. + +Then came in 1867 the submission by your Kansas legislature of three +amendments to your constitution: That all men who had served in the +rebel army should be disfranchised; that all black men should be +enfranchised; and that all women should be enfranchised. The Democrats +held their State convention and resolved they would have nothing to do +with that "modern fanaticism of woman's rights." The Germans held a +meeting in Lawrence, and denounced this "new-fangled idea." The +Republicans held their State convention and resolved to be "neutral." +And they were neutral precisely as England was neutral in the rebellion. +While England declared neutrality, she allowed the _Shenandoah_, the +_Alabama_ and other pirate ships to be fitted up in her ports to maraud +the seas and capture American vessels. The fact was not a single stump +speaker appointed by the Republican committee advocated the woman +suffrage amendment and, more than this, all spoke against it. + +Then, of course, we had to make a woman suffrage campaign through the +months of September and October. We did our best. Everywhere we had +splendid audiences and I think we had a larger ratio of men in those +olden times than we have nowadays. Election day came, that 5th day of +November, 1867, when 9,070 men voted yes, and over 18,000 voted no. On +the negro suffrage amendment, 10,500 voted yes and the remainder voted +no. Both amendments were lost. All the political power of the national +and State Republican party was brought to bear to induce every man to +vote for negro suffrage; on the other hand, all the enginery and power +of the Republican, as well as of the Democratic party, were against us; +and many were so ignorant they absolutely believed that to vote for +woman suffrage was to vote against the negro. It was exactly like +declaring here tonight that if every woman in this house should fill her +lungs with oxygen, she would rob all you men of enough to fill yours. +Nobody is robbed by letting everybody have equal rights. + +Since 1867 seven other States have submitted the question. Let me run +them over. + + [Miss Anthony then gave a graphic description of the campaigns in + Michigan, 1874; Colorado, 1877; Nebraska, 1882; Oregon, 1884; Rhode + Island, 1886; Washington, 1889; South Dakota, 1890; all of which + failed for lack of support from the political platforms, editors + and speakers.] + +But at last in Colorado, in the second campaign, we won by the popular +vote, _gained through party endorsement_, the enfranchisement of women. +During the summer of 1893 nearly every Republican and Populist and not a +few Democratic county conventions put approving planks in their +platforms. When the fall campaign opened every stump orator was +authorized to speak favorably upon the subject; no man could oppose it +unless he ran counter to the principles laid down in his party platform. +That made it a truly educational campaign to all the voters of the +State. A word to the wise is sufficient. Let every man who wants the +suffrage amendment carried, demand a full and hearty endorsement of the +measure by his political party, be it Democrat, Republican, Populist or +Prohibition, so that Kansas shall win as did her neighbor State, +Colorado. + +The Republicans of Kansas made the Prohibition amendment a party measure +in 1880. After they secured the law they had planks in their platform +for its enforcement from year to year, until they were tired of fighting +the liquor dealers, backed by the Democrats in the State and on the +borders. They wearied of being taunted with the fact that they had not +the power to enforce the law. Then in 1887 they gave municipal suffrage +to women as a sheer party necessity. Just as much as it was a necessity +of the Republicans in reconstruction days to enfranchise the negroes, so +was it a political necessity in the State of Kansas to enfranchise the +women, because they needed a new balance of power to help them elect and +re-elect officers who would enforce the law. Where else could they go to +get that balance? Every man in the State, native and foreign, drunk and +sober, outside of the penitentiary, the idiot and lunatic asylums, +already had the right to vote. They had nobody left but the women. As a +last resort the Republicans, by a straight party vote, extended +municipal suffrage to women. + +This political power was put into the hands of the women of this State +by the old Republican party with its magnificent majorities--82,000, you +remember, the last time you bragged. It was before you had the quarrel +and division in the family; it was by that grand old party, solid as it +was in those bygone days! + +Last year, and two years ago, after the People's party was organized, +when their State convention was held, and also when the Republican +convention was held, each put a plank in its platform declaring that the +time had come for the submission of a proposition for full suffrage to +women. What then could the women infer but that such action meant +political help in carrying this amendment? If I had not believed this I +never would have come to the State and given my voice in twenty-five or +thirty political meetings, reminding the Republicans what a grand and +glorious record they had made, not only in the enfranchisement of the +black men but in furnishing all the votes on the floor of Congress ever +given for women's enfranchisement there, and in extending municipal +suffrage to the women of Kansas. I have vowed, from the time I began to +see that woman suffrage could be carried only through party help, that I +never would lend my influence to either of the two dominant parties that +did not have a woman suffrage plank in its platform. + +I consider, by every pledge of the past, by the passage of the +resolution through the legislature when the representatives of the two +parties, the People's and Republican, vied with each other to see who +would give the largest majority, that both promised to make this a party +measure and I speak tonight to the two parties as the old Republican +party. You are not the same men altogether, but you are the descendants, +the children, of that party; and I am here tonight, and have come all +the way from my home, to beg you to stand by the principles which have +made you great and strong, and to finish the work you have so nobly +begun. + +The Republicans are to have their State convention the 6th of June. I +shall be ashamed if the telegraph wires flash the word over the country, +"No pledge for the amendment," as was flashed from the Republican League +the other day. Should this happen, as I have heard intimated, and there +is a woman in the State of Kansas who has any affiliation with the +Republican party, any sympathy with it, who will float its banner after +it shall have thus failed to redeem its pledge, I will disown her; she +is not one of my sort. + +The Populist convention is to be held the 12th of June. If it should +shirk its responsibility, and not put a strong suffrage plank in its +platform, pledging itself to use all its educational powers and all its +party machinery to carry the amendment, then I shall have no respect for +any woman who will speak or work for its success. + +The Democrats have declared their purpose. They are going to fight us. +What does the good Book say? "He that is not for me is against me." We +know where the Democratic party is, it is against us. If the Republican +and People's parties say nothing for us, they say and do everything +against us. No plank will be equivalent to saying to every woman +suffrage Republican and Populist speaker, "You must not advocate this +amendment, for to do so will lose us the whisky vote, it will lose us +the foreign vote." Hence, no plank means no word for us, and no word for +us means no vote for us. But while no word can be spoken in favor, every +campaign orator, as in 1867, is free to speak in opposition. + +Men of the Republican party, it comes your time first to choose whom +you will have for your future constituents, to make up the bone and +sinew of your party; whether you will have the most ignorant foreigners, +just landed on our shores, who have not learned a single principle of +free government--or the women of your own households; whether you will +lose to-day a few votes of the high license or the low license +Republicans, foreign or native, black or white, as the case may be, and +gain to yourselves hereafter the votes of the women of the State. These +are the alternatives. It has been stated that you can not have a +suffrage plank in the Republican platform in Saline county because it +would lose the votes of the Scandinavians. Will those 1,000 Scandinavian +men be of more value to the Republicans than will be the votes of their +own wives, mothers, daughters and sisters in all the years to come? + +The crucial moment is upon you now, and I say unto you, men of both +parties, you will have driven the last nail in the coffin of this +amendment and banished all hope of carrying it at the ballot-box if you +do not incorporate woman suffrage in your platforms. I know what the +party managers will say, I have talked with and heard from many of them. +I read Mr. Morrill's statement that "this question should go to the +ballot-box on its merits and should not be spoken of in the political +meetings or made a party measure." + +The masses are rooted and grounded in the old beliefs in the inferiority +and subjection of women, and consider them born merely to help man carry +out his plans and not to have any of their own. Now, friends, because +this is true, because no man believes in political equality for woman, +except he is educated out of every bigotry, every prejudice and every +usage that he was born into, in the family, in the church and in the +state, so there can be no hope of the rank and file of men voting for +this amendment, until they are taught the principles of justice and +right; and there is no possibility that these men can be reached, can be +educated, through any other instrumentality than that of the campaign +meetings and campaign papers of the political parties. Therefore, when +you say this is not to be a political question, not to be in your +platform, not to be discussed in your meetings, not to be advocated in +your papers, you make it impossible for its merits to be brought before +the voters. + +Who are the men that come to our women's meetings? We have just finished +the tour of the sixty counties in the State of New York. We had +magnificent gatherings, composed of people from the farthest townships +in the county, and in many of them from every township, with the largest +opera houses packed, hundreds going away who could not get in. Our +audiences have been five-sixths women, and the one man out of the six, +who was he? A man who already believed there was but one means of +salvation for the race or the country, and that was through the +political equality of women, making them the peers of men in every +department of life. How are we going to reach the other five-sixths of +the men who never come to women's meetings? There is no way except +through the political rallies which are attended by all men. Now if you +shut out of these the discussion of this question, then I say the fate +of this amendment is sealed. + +Even if it were possible to reach the men through separate meetings, +the women of Kansas can not carry on a fall campaign. They can not get +the money to do it unless you men furnish it. Our eastern friends have +already contributed to the extent of their ability to hold these spring +meetings, and you very well know that after the husbands shall have paid +their party assessments there will be nothing left for them to "give to +their wives" to defray the expenses of a woman suffrage campaign. +Therefore, no discussion in the regular political meetings means no +discussion anywhere. But suppose there were plenty of money, and there +could be a most thorough fall campaign, what then? Why, the same old +story of "women talking to women," not one of whom can vote on the +question. + +Again, with what decency can either of the parties ask women to come to +their political meetings to expound Populist or Republican doctrines +after they have set their heels on the amendment? Do you not see that if +it will lose votes to the parties to have the plank, it will lose votes +to allow women to advocate the amendment on their platforms? And what a +spectacle it would be to see women pleading with men to vote for the one +or the other party, while their tongues were tied on the question of +their own right to vote! Heaven and the Republican and Populist State +Conventions spare us such a dire humiliation! + +But should the Republicans refuse to insert the plank on June 6 and the +Populists put a good solid one in their platform on June 12, what then? +Do you suppose all the women in the State would shout for the +Republicans and against the Populists? Would they pack the Republican +meetings, where no word could be spoken for their liberty, and leave the +benches empty in the Populist meetings where at every one hearty appeals +were made to vote for woman's enfranchisement? My dear friends, woman +surely will be able to see that her highest interest, her liberty, her +right to a voice in government, is the great issue of this campaign, and +overtops, outweighs, all material questions which are now pending +between the parties. + +I know you think your Kansas men are going to vote on this amendment +independently of party endorsement. You are no more sanguine today than +were the men and women, myself included, in 1867, that those Free State +men, who had given up every comfort which human beings prize for the +sake of liberty, who had fought not only through the border ruffian +warfare but through the four years of the rebellion, would vote freedom +to the heroic women of Kansas. Where would you ever expect to find a +majority more ready to grant to women equal rights than among those old +Free State men? You have not as glorious a generation of men in Kansas +today as you had in 1867. I do not wish to speak disparagingly, but in +the nature of things there can not be another race of men as brave as +those. If you had told me then that a majority of those men would have +gone to the ballot-box and voted against equal rights for women, I +should have defended them with all my power; but they did it, two to +one. + +Do you mean to repeat the experiment of 1867? If so, do not put a plank +in your platform; just have a "still hunt." Think of a "still hunt" when +it must be necessarily a work of education! My friends, I know enough of +this State, to feel that it is worth saving. I have given more time and +money and effort to Kansas than to any other State in the Union, because +I wanted it to be the first to make its women free. Women of Kansas, +all is lost if you sit down and supinely listen to politicians and +candidates. Both reckon what they will lose or what they will gain. They +study expediency rather than principle. I appeal to you, men and women, +make the demand imperative: "The amendment must be endorsed by the +parties and advocated on the platform and in the press." Let me propose +a resolution: + + WHEREAS, From the standpoint of justice, political expediency and + grateful appreciation of their wise and practical use of school + suffrage from the organization of the State, and of municipal + suffrage for the past eight years, we, Republicans and Populists, + descendants of that grand old party of splendid majorities which + extended these rights to the women of Kansas, in mass meeting + assembled do hereby + + _Resolve_, That we urgently request our delegates in their + approaching State conventions to endorse the woman suffrage + amendment in their respective platforms. + + [The resolution was adopted by a unanimous vote.] + +That vote fills my soul with joy and hope. Now I want to say to you, my +good friends, I never would have made a 1,500 mile journey hither to +appeal to the thinking, justice-loving men of Kansas. They already are +converted, but they are a minority. We have to consider those whose +votes can be obtained only by that party influence and machinery which +politicians alone know how to use. This hearty response is a pledge that +you will demand of your State conventions that the full power of this +political machinery shall be used to carry the woman suffrage amendment +to victory. + + + + +INDEX.[137] + + AARON, RABBI, addresses suff. con., 762. + + ABBE, MRS. ROBT., petit. for wom. suff., 764. + + ABBOTT, REV. LYMAN, opp. wom. suff., 766. + + ABBOTT, MRS. LYMAN, remonstrant agnst. wom. suff., 766. + + ADAMS, ABIGAIL, demands ballot, 475. + + ALBRO, ATTILIA, 71. + + ALCOTT, A. BRONSON, approves wom. suff., 251; + at A.'s lect. in Chicago, 468; + sends A. compli. ticket to Concord School Philos., 510; + spks. at suff. con., 533; 563; + death, 645. + + ALCOTT, LOUISA MAY, 645. + + ALDRIDGE, GEO. W., orders A.'s face carved in Capitol at Albany, 949. + + ALFORD, MR., signs minority res. for wom. suff., 873. + + ALLEN, MR. and MRS., 404. + + ALLEN, ETHAN, 4. + + ALLEN, JOHN B., SEN., introd. suff. res., 718. + + ALMY, MARTHA R., work for wom. suff. amend., 760. + + AMES, BLANCHE BUTLER, 381. + + AMES, REV. CHARLES G., 394; + welcomes suff. con. Phil., 541; 547. + + AMES, MRS. CHAS. G., 394. + + AMES, OAKES, endorses suffrage, 284. + + AMES, SARAH FISHER, 342. + + ANDERSON, MARY, 733. + + ANDERSON, PRESIDENT M. B., tribute to A., 471; 558. + + ANDERSON, NAOMI, spks. for wom. suff., 875. + + ANDREWS, STEPHEN PEARL, res. at con., 384. + + ANGLE, JAMES L., favors legal rights for women, 110. + + ANNEKE, MME. MATHILDE, first appearance in suff. work, 103; 327; 446. + + ANTHONY, ALBERT, 940. + + ANTHONY, ANCESTORS, William, Derrick, Francis, John, John, Jr., + Abraham, William, William, Jr., David, 3. + + ANTHONY, ANNA O., 552. + + ANTHONY, CHARLES, 71. + + ANTHONY, D., father of Susan B., born, 4; + sent to "Nine Partners'" school, testimonials, 8; + teaches home school, 9; + falls in love, 10; + marries, Quakers forgive, wedding trip, builds home and cotton + factory, 11; + removes to Battenville, N. Y., 17; + refuses to sell liquor or allow employes to use it, 18; + looks after welfare of employes, 19; + criticised by Quakers for dress, 20; + liberal family discipline, 21; + objects to music, 23; + wealth, 24; + advises daughters to teach, 24; + postmaster, 25; + letters on financ. panic, VanBuren, Wash., New York, agony over + business failure, 33; + removes to Hardscrabble (Center Falls), strug. for existence, 35; + allows dancing school to meet in his house, 36; + turned out of Quaker Soc., grows more liberal, refuses to pay taxes, + supports the Union, 37; + cuts timber in mountains, wife stays with him, goes to Virginia, + Mich., N. Y., looking for new location, buys farm near Roch., 45; + arrives in Roch., takes family out to farm, house put in order, 47; + neighbors, abolition meet., Sunday morning work, farm work, goes + into N. Y. Life Ins. Co., 48; + did not vote till 1860, 61; + signs call for wom. temp. con., 67; + on woman's need of ballot, 85; + advises A. to preserve press notices, 125; + sustains A. in defending wronged mother, 204; + death, love of family, character, 223; + belonged to Henry Clay sch. of protect., 793; + site of old mill, 947. + + ANTHONY, D. R., born, 12; + clerking at Lenox, 46; + makes first speech, 121; + letters from Kan. in 1857, 157; + elect. mayor Leav., 231; + marriage, 235; + on plat, at G. F. Train's sp. in Leav., 287; + praises Train, 290; + offers to assist Revolution, but urges A. to provide for own + future, 355; + shot, 470; + strug. for life, 471; + gives A. R. R. passes, 492; + schoolmate Pres. Arthur, 538; + farewell tele. to A. on depart. for Europe, 548; + loses children, nominated for mayor, 649; + defeat, 650; 672; + present to A., 707; 711; + demands wom. suff. pl. in Kan. Rep. plat., 786; + furnishes passes to A. 30 yrs., 796; + at Berk. Hist, meet., grandmother stopped cotton looms by rinsing + mop, 944; + Anthony reunion, 946; + to A. on 50th birthday, 974. + + ANTHONY, MRS. D. R., 649; 711. + + ANTHONY, D. R., JR., describes A. in Ann Arbor, 658; + A. sends tele. on wed. day, 923. + + ANTHONY, ELIZA TEFFT, 12; 23. + + ANTHONY, GUELMA (see McLean). + + ANTHONY, HANNAH, 1st (see Hoxie). + + ANTHONY, HANNAH, 2d (see Mosher). + + ANTHONY, HANNAH LAPHAM, 4; + religion, dowry, dress, 6; + domestic qualities, 7. + + ANTHONY, SENATOR HENRY B., reports in favor wom. suff., 543; + reports in favor wom. suff., 590, 591; + praises Hist. Wom. Suff., 614. + + ANTHONY, HUMPHREY, business ambition, 4; + objects to brother's taking father away, 7; + thinks higher education unnecessary, 8; + at A.'s lecture, 129. + + ANTHONY, J. MERRITT, born, 12; + A. advises shd. have own money, 133; + fights at Osawatomie, 144; + nurses brother, 471; + Anthony reunion, 946. + + ANTHONY, JUDITH HICKS, 3. + + ANTHONY, LOTTIE B., registers and votes, 424. + + ANTHONY, LUCY E., childhood, 214; + lives in home of A., 513; 552; 659; + present to A., 812; + Miss Shaw's sec., arranges county cons. in Calif. campn., 863; + successful results, 864; + at wom. suff. headqrs., 875; 916. + + ANTHONY, LUCY READ, mother of Susan B., born, 4; + early training, 6; + playmate and pupil of Daniel Anthony, 9; + hesitates to marry Quaker, fond of music, learns to love Friends' + religion, 10; + birth of children, life's realities, modesty, 12; + entertains Quaker preachers, boards employes, 19; + shut out of Quaker business meet., 20; + cares for father and mother, 23; + grief at losing child, parents and home, 35; + sorrow over sale of farm home, 231; + lends A. money for Rev., 355; + death, 512; + characteristics, 513: + old spin. wheel and wed. furniture, 934; + site of childhood home, 948. + + ANTHONY, MARY LUTHER, 122. + + ANTHONY, MARY S., born, 12; + attends first W. R. Con., 59; + let. on raspberry experiment, 159; + stands for wom. rights in schools, 191, 192; + lends A. money for Revolution, 355; + helps on paper, urges A. to abandon it, 356; + upholds A. in defending Laura D. Fair, 392; + registers and votes, 424; + tends mother, 459; + educates nieces, 513; + devotion to mother and sister, 517; + sees A. start for Europe, 550; + let. from A. 562; + only one left, 623; 672; + stays with Mrs. Avery, 678; + realized A.'s age, 696; + prep. home for self and A., 706; + Roch. Pol. Eq. Club present desk, 707; + com. of ways and means in new home, 711; + work for wom. suff. amend. in N. Y. campn., declines salary, 760; + canvasses, Roch., entertains speak., 761; 812; + urges A. to stand by her post, 855; + opposes res. agnst. Wom. Bible, 854; 896; + goes to Des Moines con. 901; + 70th birthday, 914; + acct. Roch. Herald, suff. pioneer, teacher, pres. Pol. Equal. Club, + helper to sister, Chron. description recep., 915; + presents, trib. Rev. W. C. Gannett, 916; + financial respons. of household, 933; 934; 935; + Anthony reunion, 946; + let. to A. on 50th birthday, 976. + + ANTHONY, MAUDE, 552; + trip with A., 653. + + ANTHONY, SARAH (see Burtis). + + ANTHONY, MAJOR SCOTT, 247. + + ANTHONY, SUSAN B., born, 12; + precocity, 13; + childish recollections, 14; + works two weeks in father's factory, 20; + attacked by dog, 21; + early schooling, fine needlework, 22; + teaches home school, 23; + teaches at Easton and Reid's Corners, goes to boarding-school, 24; + stilted literary style, 25; + boarding-school lets., 25, 26, 27; + extracts from diary, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31; + leaves school, teaches in Union Village, sorrow at leaving home, 34; + last schooldays, 35; + housework, criticises worldly dress, 36; + trip by boat, 37; + shocked at slavery discussion, enjoys debate on religion, beaux, + dreams of marriage, objects to poem on love, dislikes bachelors, + 38; + girls marry lunatics, teaches in boarding-school at New Rochelle, + tells of severe medical methods, defends colored people, objects + to their treatment by Friends, 39; + likes women preachers, criticises uncle for drinking, describes + medical practice, 40; + criticises reception to Pres. Van Buren and scores him, 41; + silkworm culture, remembrances to family, 42; + school closes, small wages, school "bully," excursions of olden + times, first proposal, studies algebra, can make biscuits also, + 43; + teaches in Cambridge and Ft. Edward, let. to mother, Whig con., + first knowledge of Unitarianism, 44; + lends wages to father, sees injustice to wom. teachers, 45; + second proposal of marriage, removes to Rochester, 46; + teaches at Canajoharie, 49; + love of dress, beaux, first quarterly examination, costume, great + success, 50; + visits sisters at Easton, fashionable career, another "exhibition," + first circus, last dance, liquor controls election, tired of + teaching, 51; + fine clothes, Margaret's headache, illness, death, A.'s + discouragement, longs to go to California, 52; + sec. Daughters of Temp., opposed by women, describes temp. supper, + first public address, 53; + returns home, revels in peaches, takes charge of farm, supply + teacher, leaves schoolroom forever, 55; + reasons for adopting public life, 57; + friendship of May and Channing, 58; + calls on F. Douglass, 59; + not quite in favor of wom. suff., 61; + manages temp. festival, offers toasts, 62; + meets S. S. and A. K. Foster, 63; + first meets H. Greeley, G. Thompson, Mrs. Stn., L. Stone, Mrs. + Bloomer, 64; + snubbed at men's temp. meet. at Albany, arranges one for women, 65; + calls first Woman's State Temp. Con., 66; + opens con. in Rochester, elected sec., 67; + appointed State temp, agent, 68; + delegate to Syracuse Temp. Con., 69; + tries to speak but silenced, sees work for women, 70; + appeals to mothers and declares for wom. suff., 71; + resolves to attend State Teachers' Con., objects to decollete dress, + sec. Syracuse W. R. Con., 72; + urges women to speak louder, 75; + shows up young ministers, 76; + fine voice, 77; + convinced of great need of wom. suff., losing interest in temp. + work, arranges hearing before N. Y. legis., 81; + presides over temp. meet. in Albany, 82: + resolves to make woman's name on petition equal to man's, speaks in + New York and Brooklyn on temp, and makes tour of State, attack of + Utica Telegraph, 83; + delegate to Brick Church temp. meet., 87; + refused place on business com., 88; + presides at W. R. meet. in Broadway Tabernacle, 89; + attack of N. Y. Commercial-Advertiser, 90; + approves men as members of temp. soc., learns mistake, refuses to + serve as sec., leaves soc., 95; + never again member of temp. soc., works up Whole World's Temp. Con., + urges L. Stone to assist, 96; + demands woman's right to speak at teachers' cons., grief at + indifference of wom. teachers, 98; + first speech at teachers' con., insulted by women, 99; + women find their voices, proposes to invite Hugo and H. Martineau to + temp. con., 100; + vows women shall have right to speak in public, shows difference + between men's and women's wages, 102; + at Cleveland W. R. Con., temp, addresses in southern N. Y., 103; + women's need of pecuniary independence, 104; + arranges State Suff. Con. at Albany, 105; + development, consecration of life to freedom of women, 107; + carrying petitions, snubbed by women, insulted by minister, prints + and circulates Mrs. Stn.'s address before legis., 108; + ad. legis. com. at Albany on legal, civil and polit. rights of + women, 109; + named "Napoleon" by Channing, appointed gen. agent for N. Y., no + funds provided, 110; + canvasses State for W. R., uses own money, great moral and physical + courage, 111; + adopts Bloomer costume, 113; + martyrdom, of wearing it, doubts as to good results, 116; + states objections to Bloomers or any conspicuous dress, 117; + spks. in Washington for first time, goes to Alexandria and + Baltimore, criticises shiftless management and effect of slavery + on labor, 118; + debates existence after death, treatment by ministers, 119; + teachers con. at Oswego, demands women shall hold office in assn. + and position of principal, compli. by papers, all speakers + disappoint her at Saratoga con., no faith in own powers, 120; + purse stolen, attends anti-Neb. con. at Saratoga, Methodist trustees + at Canajoharie refuse church, 121; + guest with Garrison at Lucretia Mott's, Greeley refuses to take + money, Phillips lends $50, she starts out alone to canvass N. Y., + 122; + at Mayville, Sherman, 123; + posters amuse people, smart editors refer to Mark Antony, Rondout + Courier compliments, 124; + begins scrap-books by father's advice, at Olean, Angelica, Corning, + Elmira, T. K. Beecher's theology, presents petitions to N. Y. + legis., 125; + proposal of marriage, Schroon Lake country, tries "water cure" for + injured foot, 126; + results at Riverhead, 127; + women afraid to come to lecture, ends campn. and returns Phillips' + money but he refuses it, husbands eat warm meals, wives cold ones, + regrets marriages of L. Stone and A. Brown, 128; + thinks women soon will have their rights, grandfather sits on her + platform at Adams, she throws away medicine, 129; + arranges con. at Saratoga, appointed at Utica State Teachers' Con. + to read paper on co-education, 130; + goes to Worcester Hydropathic Institute, let. describing Mass. W. R. + Con., social courtesies, distinguished people met, 131; + visits baby show, thinks Apocrypha inspired, 132; + hears Hale, Wilson, Sumner, Burlingame, longs to join Garrisonians, + urges young brother be given his own money, 133; + woman must stand or fall by own strength, sends sister Mary to + Cincinnati W. R. Con. in her place, describes new bonnet, future + wives will have time for culture, treatment at water cure, 134; + reads and enjoys herself, 135; + takes out life insurance, 136; + invited by Am. A. S. Soc. to act as agent, 137; + second canvass of N. Y., lets. describing hardships, snowdrifts, + hard life of wives, 138; + they do work, husbands rec. money, asks release from A. S. Com., + 139; + begs Mrs. Wright to speak, finishes meetings alone, labors for + wage-earning women, entertains Garrison, presents petit. to + N. Y. legis., 140; + shows wife she fails to appreciate husband, 141; + trying to prepare paper on co-education, 142; + holds meet. alone at Saratoga, 143; + let. to brother on raid at Osawatomie, 144; + renews engagement with A. S. Com., given control of N. Y., 148; + begins Garrisonian meet., 149; + disheartening experiences as manager, 150; + economies in dress, sympathetic lets., no faith in own power as + speaker, 151; + describes Remond's speech, 152; + abandons written addresses, notes of speeches, 153; + spks. in Me., newspaper comment, 154; + res. in favor of colored pupils and of co-education, State Teachers + Con. in Binghamton, 155; + defended by Republican, 156; + resumes A. S. meet., 157; + on soul-communing, longing for sympathy, 158; + raspberry experiment, 159; + out-door life for women, "good old days," 160; + "health food cranks," glad to reach home, 161; + on com. to arrange A. S. Annivers. and W. R. Con., no one else for + common work, on large families, 162; + unterrified by mob, rebukes teachers at Lockport con., 163; + demands equal pay for women, not frightened by fogies, 164; + calls meet. to oppose capital punishment, hissed by mob, trustee of + Jackson fund, 165; + desire for Free church, 167; + persists in lecture courses for Rochester, shrinks from active work, + feels spiritual loneliness, 168; + exhorts women to be discontented, no freedom without pecuniary + independence, outrage of denying to woman right of self-govt., + married woman sinks individuality, 169; + true woman will have purpose, married women can not be relied on for + public work, 170; + distrusts own power to resist marriage, though it blots out freedom, + would use Hovey fund for wom. suff. propaganda, 171; + spicy extracts from diary, criticises Curtis' lecture, 172; + at Albany working for Personal Liberty Bill, member of lobby, + arranges lect. for Cheever, finishes lect. on True Woman, love of + gardening, 173; + presides over suff. con. in Mozart Hall, 174; + prepares Memorial to legis., goes to picnic, escort lacks moral + spine, opens canvass at Niagara Falls, 175; + speaks at N. Y. watering places, lectures teachers en route to + Poughkeepsie, waiter at hotel refuses to take order, 176; + rebukes young Quaker preacher, drains millpond too low, need of + souls baptized into work, women keep her in suspense, 177; + disapproves women's neglecting households, makes canvass alone, + carefully kept expenses, assists Mrs. Nichols and Mrs. Wattles to + plan Kan. campn., 178; + too busy to see humorous features, ignores complaints, incident at + Gerrit Smith's when Mrs. Blackwell preached, 179; + we dwell in solitude, arranges John Brown meet., 180; + no one to assist, 181; + urged to resume A. S. work, 182; + speaks to southerners at Ft. Wm. Henry, meets Judge Ormond of Ala., + sends memorial to him and urges his daughters to take up serious + work in life, his two replies, 183; + right of suff. underlying principle, 185; + urges Mrs. Stn. to address legis. at Albany, 186; + distaste for writing, power as critic, joint work with Mrs. Stn., + caring for children, 187; + speeches in appendix her own work, 188; + gives radical bill to legis. com., 189; + carrying petit. in face of insult and ridicule, debt owed by women, + arranges course of lectures for Rochester, 190; + rec. vote of thanks at W. R. Con. in Cooper Instit., "better have + been at home," 193; + marriage one sided contract, favors divorce res., 194; + regrets Phillips' action, rec. lets. of approval, no desire to + dictate platform, 195; + writes Phillips for money, he praises her, tilt with Rev. Mayo, 196; + fights Mrs. Stn.'s battles, on the skirmish line, looks after + "externals," domestic work, 197; + extracts from journal, demands equal pay for women at State + Teacher's Con., Syracuse, writes from birthplace of women's hard + work there, 198; + climbs "Greylock," describes visit to old home, receives invitation + to give agricultural ad. at Dundee Fair, 199; + describes fair, speech contains modern ideas on farming, takes up + cause of wronged mother, 200; + goes with mother and child to New York, refused admission to hotels, + rejected by landlady at boarding-house, 201; + declines to leave hotel, places charges with Mrs. Gibbons, welcomed + home by Lydia Mott, persecuted by family of mother, 202; + defies brothers, 203; + refuses to yield to Garrison's and Phillips' requests, sustained by + her father, 204; + arranges Garrisonian meet., mobbed at Buffalo, 208; + hissed at Rochester, will not give up meet., 209; + encounter with mayor of Utica, mob at Rome, 210; + declines to abandon meet. at Syracuse, mobbed and burned in effigy, + goes to Albany, 211; + agrees to adjourn meet. there, 212; + begged to give up W. R. Annivers. because of war, refuses, rearing + children a profession, offers to care for Mrs. Stn.'s, 213; + attitude of Abolits. towards War, 214; + takes charge of farm and does housework, 215; + sharp points from diary, Douglass, negroes shd. be enlisted, slavery + must be blotted out, loneliness, opinion of "Adam Bede," 216; + A. S. meet, at Albany, sends Phillips money for lecture which he + returns, sends Tilton check, he defines her "sphere," 217; + compelled to give up W. R. Annivers., leaves "Abrahamic bosom of + home" for A. S. lecture field, visits Adams and censures men for + not furnishing kitchen properly, visits Hoosac Tunnel, speaks on + summit of Green Mts., 218; + let. on work of E. B. Browning, H. Hosmer, R. Bonheur, cares for + Mrs. Stn.'s boys, visits New York, Boston, Framingham, at the + Garrisons', 219; + anger at N. Y. legis. for repealing laws in favor of women, 220; + let. on private schools, her last teachers' con., results gained, + teachers' debt to her, 221; + speaking extemporaneously, support of Lydia Mott, complimented at + Mecklinburg, honored by teacher's con. after War, death of father, + 222; + great bereavement, returns to work, 224; + disbelieves War will lead to wom. suff., continues work for slave, + 225; + issues call for Women's Loyal League, 226; + calls meet. to order in Church of Puritans, nominates L. Stone for + pres., makes spirited ad., criticises Lincoln, demands + emancipation, appeals to women, 227; + no peace without wom. suff., presides at business meet., 229; + let. urging women to petit. for emancipation of slaves, opens + headqrs. in Cooper Instit., describes Draft Riots, 230; + let. on brother D. R.'s election and joy it wd. have given father, + longs for mother and father, regrets sale of home, tribute to + mother, 231; + efforts to raise money for league, 232; + goes to Thirtieth Anniversary of Am. A. S. Soc. at Phila., pushes + petition work for emancipation, economical lunches, appeals to + Beecher, pays deficit out of own pocket, 234; + helps at brother's "infare," in communication with Sumner and Robt. + Dale Owen, 235; + gets Mrs. Stn. to invite Phillips to speak, rec. proposal from + former sweetheart, speaks at annivers. of Loyal League, 237; + Sumner and Wilson acknowledge indebtedness, only old arm-chair as + reminder of League, humiliated at refusal of govt. to recognize + women, 238; + attends wedding of W. L. Garrison, Jr., and Ellen Wright, death of + niece Ann Eliza McLean, sunset at cemetery, faith in progress in + hereafter, 241; + too apt to criticise in home circle, starts to Kan. to visit brother + D. R., detained in Chicago, describes journey West during war + times, 242; + enjoys novel sights in Leavenworth, wins gloves on wager, the + "little clothes," work among colored people, colored printer in + composing-room, meets Hiram Revels, 243; + urged to return East and longs to do so, sees momentous questions + demanding settlement, 244; + protests against disbanding A. S. Soc., 245; + letter on division, 246; + trip over prairies, among first to declare for negro suff., spks. at + Ottumwa on Reconstruction, 247; + unpleasant night, spks. at Leavenworth to colored people, Repubs. + object to her mention of wom. suff., learns "male" is to be put in + Fed. Constit. and starts eastward, speaking at Atchison, St. + Joseph, Chillicothe and Macon City, 248; + in old slave church at St. Louis, "soul-sharks," catches wom. + pickpocket, visits board of trade in Chicago, stops at many + places, maps out plan of campn. with Mrs. Stn., 249; + starts on thirty years' work, makes first demand for cong. action, + 250; + speaks at Concord, Mrs. Emerson agrees with her as do the "sages of + Concord," untiring work for wom. suff., 251; + many visits, 252; + praise of N. Y. Independent, 253; + at Boston A. S. meet., finds Phillips and others opposed to uniting + with W. R. Soc., believes they will yield, 256; + eloquent demand for wom. suff., 257; + reads address to Congress at W. R. Annivers. in Church of Puritans + and offers res. for an Equal Rights Assn., 259; + speech in favor of ballot for negro and woman, 260; + indignant at proposal of Phillips and Tilton to work for enfranchis. + of negro but not of woman, points out degradation of it to Mrs. + Stn., 261; + never influenced by magnetic speeches, does not recognize + expediency, 262; + after her work for Standard it refuses to help women, much labor to + arrange E. R. meet. for Albany, speech on injustice to + working-women, 263; + abused by N. Y. World, presides at Cooper Instit. suff. meet., 264; + holds meet. in western N. Y., Repubs. led by Sumner refuse to + champion wom. suff., 265; + at A. S. meet. in Phila. begs Phillips to stand by women, also + Stevens chmn. Com. on Reconstruction, 267; + shows injustice of Standard, 268; + will not suffer in silence negro placed in power over woman, 269; + deserted by old leaders, 270; + N. Y. meet. to secure representation of women in Constit. Con., + Buffalo Commercial ridicules A. and Mrs. Stn., 271; + praise from Troy Times, at Fairfield, N. Y., scores wife of + principal of academy, 272; + assumes burdens of meet. and too tired to prepare speech and appear + at best, protests to Folger agnst. bill to license houses of + ill-repute, 273; + threatens to have women discuss it throughout State, urges L. Stone + to make canvass of Kan., 274; 275; + manhood suff. continuation of class legislation, 276; + Memorial to Cong. asking removal of all discriminations of sex or + color, 277; + hearing before N. Y. Constit. Con., tilt with Greeley, can fight + with goosequill as he did, suff. inalienable right, 278; + Rochester people some time be glad to know her, 279; + lets. from G. W. Curtis and A. Dickinson, snubbed by Greeley at A. + Gary's, 280; + solicits advertisements on Broadway to raise money for Kan. campn., + appeals to Mrs. Wright and other friends, 282; + starts for Kan. and opens campn., 283; + peculiar nightly experience, 284; + complains of slipshod ways, speaks in cabins, etc., suff. advocates + shd. go earlier into new settlements, 285; + negroes oppose wom. suff., 286; + accepts assistance of G. F. Train, lays out route for him, 287; + holds him to offer of help, will go alone if necessary, starts with + Train, lost in river bottoms, hard experiences, 288; + goes before audience hungry and tired, hears Gen. Blunt attack wom. + suff., mails Train's speeches, 289; + Train's announcement of new woman's paper, 290; + at Atchison, crosses ferry to complete arrangements with Train, + visits polling places in Leav., 291; + praised by Commercial, respect for Train, 292; + accepts his offer for extended lecture tour with herself and Mrs. + Stn., every comfort provided, Demo. papers approve, 293; + Repub. papers censure, old associates repudiate connection with + Train, claims right to accept aid from all sources, eventful year, + 294; + begins The Revolution, comment of N. Y. Times, 295; + praise of N. Y. Independent, 296; + secures Pres. A. Johnson and other distinguished subscribers, 297; + refuses to vacate com. room of E. R. Assn., dismayed at Train's + departure for Europe, 298; + persecuted by friends, financial anxiety, 299; + wanted L. Stone to edit paper, founding of Revolution unexpected, + 300; + lets. from Mrs. Wright and Ellen W. Garrison, 301; + office and editors described by Nellie Hutchinson, 302; + at Am. E. R. Assn., insists Mrs. Stn. shall preside, 303; + H. B. Blackwell praises work in Kan., independent com. formed, 304; + attends Demo. mass. con., comment of N. Y. Sun, meets pres. Natl. + Labor Union at Melliss' breakfast, 305; + attends Nat'l Demo. Con. in Tammany Hall, memorial received with + jeers, Chicago Republican describes insults, 306; + at Natl. Labor Union Cong. in New York, made chmn. com. on female + labor, wom. suff. repudiated, efforts for working women, advice to + women typesetters, 307; + struggle to maintain Revolution, 308; + takes up case of Hester Vaughan, calls meet. in Cooper Instit., + offers res. demanding women be tried by their peers, have voice in + laws, and for abolit. of capital punishment, 309; + appeals to Gov. Geary, 310; + arranges first wom. suff. hearing before Cong. Com., described by + Grace Greenwood, 314; + tour of western cities, addresses Ill. legis., in speech at Chicago + declares she stands outside Repub. party but has laid no straw in + way of negro, 315; + tribute by Mrs. Livermore, at New York Press Club speaks on "Why + don't women propose?" 316; 317; + almost alone in demanding word "sex" in Amend. XV, 318; + climbs seven flights of stairs many times daily, prepares for E. R. + Con., 320; + advised by S. S. Foster to withdraw from assn., 322; + protests against Amend. XV and clashes swords with Douglass, + defended by Wm. Winter, 323; + scores those who cry "free love," 325; + let. from Mrs. Livermore on Natl. Assn., 327; + invited by her to join in western lect. tour, 328; + secures testimonial for Mrs. Rose, 329; + speaks at Westchester, indignant note to tax collector, at Western + Wom. Suff. Con. in Chicago, 330; + at Dayton reviews laws for married women, wives object, Herald + compliments, 331; + at Mrs. Davis' meets Mrs. Hooker and they become firm friends, 332; + she arranges con. at Hartford and begs A. not to "flunk," 333; + speech at Hartford con., description by Post, praise from Mrs. + Hooker; forgetfulness of self, 334; + Dansville Sanitarium, let. from Dr. Kate Jackson, 335; + Mrs. Fremont's question, 337; + speech before cong. com. for Amend. XVI, 338; + descriptions of Hartford Courant and Hearth and Home, "the + Bismarck," 339; + trib. of Mary Clemmer, nothing can stop suff. movement, 340; + friends rally around, invitation to fiftieth birthday party, N. Y. + World describes occasion and A.'s appearance, 341; + compli. of press, gifts, lets., poems by P. Cary, J. Hooker, etc., + 342; + response, can speak only to rouse people to action, sympathetic note + to mother, luncheon with Cary sisters, disappointed Mrs. Stn., cd. + not share happiness, 343; + entry in journal on fiftieth birthday, "If I were dead," distrusts + power as orator, 344; + begins with Lyceum Bureau, A. Dickinson's devotion, at Peoria, Ill., + Col. Ingersoll supplements her speech, debates with Rev. Fulton at + Detroit, attack in Free Press, 345; + tribute of Legal News, people quarrel to entertain her, hears + Beecher on "Sins of Parents," 346; + telegraphs suff. conference in New York that West desires union, + urges it in Revolution, 347; + younger women want her at head, 348; + votes to unite E. R. Assn. and Union Suff. Soc., 349; + calls mass meet. to consider McFarland-Richardson case, 351; + petit. governor to put McFarland in insane asylum, censured by + press, thanks of unhappy wives, prepares to give up Revolution, + 353; + condition of Revolution, her work upon it, no salary, touching + appeals for money, 354; + terrible struggle, 355; + still hopeful, stock company projected, 356; + refuses to change name of Revolution, 358; + visits A. Cary and secures story, 359; + warns Mrs. Phelps that Revolution will hurt Woman's Bureau, 360; + strain increases, sells Revolution for one dollar after sinking + $35,000, 361; + grief over giving up paper, let. refuting charge of financial + recklessness, 362; + if she had known power as lecturer cd. have sustained paper, 363; + love for old volumes of Revolution, starts out to pay $10,000 debt, + Yankee bargain, 364; + "squelches" little professor, social courtesies, receives $100 at + Saratoga con. for first time, fine summing up of status wom. + suff., 365; + Natl. Labor Cong. at Phila., 366; + hostility because she advised women to take strikers' places, + credentials rejected, attack of Utica Herald, 367; + goes to New York to help Mrs. Davis with Twentieth Suff. Annivers. + diary shows her energy, makes great success, 368; + urges women not to identify themselves with polit. parties, resumes + lect. tour, death of nephew Thomas King McLean, starts out night + of funeral, 369; + lectures in Va., Wash., Phila., on "The False Theory," introduced by + venerable Lucretia Mott, first meet. with Phillips since + difference of opinion on Amend. XIV, 370; + Mrs. Stn. wants her for pres. of assn., 371; + as does Mrs. Wright, 372; + declines to be snubbed, lectures Mrs. Stn. on giving up the ship, + 373; + Mrs. Hooker appeals for help, cancels lecture engagements to go to + her aid, 374; + learns Mrs. Woodhull will address cong. com., goes with Mrs. Hooker + and others to hear her, 375; + addresses cong. com. and begs consideration, described by Wash. + Daily Patriot, 376; + speaks on petit. of Mrs. Dahlgren and others against suff., + presents resolution declaring women enfranchised by Amend. XIV, + 377; + if this fail, go back to Amend. XVI, placed on educational com., + 378; + lectures throughout western cities, 379; + fatigue of trip, different bed every night for three months, compli. + by pres. of Antioch College, 380; + The New Situation, argument on woman's right to vote under Amend. + XIV, 381; + life strongest testimony against cry of "free love," 383; + compliments by N. Y. Standard, Tribune, Democrat, let. to Revolution + on single standard for men and women, 384; + visits Mrs. Hooker, starts for Calif., reception by Chicago Suff. + Club, entertained at Denver by governor, comments of western + press, 387; + letter describing journey, "love makes home heaven," Wy. land of + free, guest of Salt Lake dignitaries, dedication new Liberal + Institute, 388; + problems of polygamy, woman must have independent bread, missionary + work but not for priests, 389; + polygamy in East as well as West, declines to accept "man-visions," + 390; + visits Mrs. Fair in jail, first speech in San Francisco, "men do not + protect women," hissed by audience, 391; + denounced by press, her distress, sister Mary upholds her, goes to + Yosemite, 392; + describes trip, riding horseback, Mirror Lake, etc., 393; + speaks at San Jose, goes to geysers, sits with driver, visits old + teacher, 394; + enjoys getting away from reform talk, enjoys getting back into it, + en route by boat to Ore., first let. from Portland, 395; + enjoys not being Mrs. Stn's shadow, wishes she had said more on Mrs. + Fair's case in San Francisco, first lect. in Portland, 396; + accounts of Oregonian and Herald, insults of Bulletin, 397; + praise by New Northwest, let. on Chinese, 398; + Mrs. Duniway's compliment, at Walla Walla, Salem, Olympia, ride over + corduroy road, sunrise at Seattle, 399; + again at Portland, offer of marriage, incident at Umatilla, a sip of + wine and its results, 400; + addresses Wash. legis., sacrificed by others, praise by Olympia + Standard, misrepresented by Despatch, 401; + no women present in British Columbia audiences, abusive "cards" in + Victoria press, 402; + husband objects to entertaining her, peculiar marriage conditions, + stage ride southward, deep mud, bed-room next to bar-room, at + Yreka, 403; + Mt. Shasta, at Chico, Marysville, etc., discusses Holland Social + Evil Bill in San Francisco, 404; + at Mayfield, banquet at Grand Hotel, San Francisco, Chronicle + report, lect. arranged by L. de F. Gordon, at Nevada City, 405; + Virginia City in rainy season, guest of Sen. Sargent's family on + trip eastward, graphic account of snowbound journey, 406; + carries tea to mothers on train, 407; + hangs jury at mock trial, prefers to check own baggage, stops at + aunt's in Chicago, reaches Wash. in time for con., "not at all + tired," 408; + addresses Senate com. showing record of Repubs. on wom. suff., 410; + presented with $50 at Rochester, how friends have helped all the + years, 412; + sees in Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly call for new party under + auspices of Natl. Suff. Assn., rushes to New York, previous letter + forbidding use of her name, objects to influence of "men spirits," + 413; + thwarts efforts of Woodhull faction to obtain control of New York + Suff. Con., censured by Mrs. Stn. and Mrs. Hooker, elected pres. + of assn., 414; + carries on meet., deserted by friends, "ship almost lost," at Natl. + Liberal Repub. Con. in Cincinnati, rec. no consideration, compares + cause of wom. suff. to that of A. S., 415; + at Natl. Repub. Conv. in Philadelphia, calls on Demo. to stand by + women, corresponds with H. B. Blackwell relative to women's working + for Repub. party, 416; + at Dem. Natl. Con. in Baltimore, interview with Jas. R. Doolittle, + 417; + no hope for women here, urges women to work for Repub. party, 418; + her political position, cares only for woman's interests, joy over + action of Repubs., rallying cry to Mrs. Bloomer, 419; + "Ft. Sumter gun of our war fired," congratulat. note from Henry + Wilson, 420; + Natl. Com. invites her to Washington, gives her $500 and N. Y. Com. + gives $500 for campaign meet., 421; + holds rallies at Rochester and New York, insists that women shall + speak only on wom. suff. plank, objects to hounding of Greeley, + 422; + advocates no party that does not stand for wom. suff., is registered + to vote, 423; + comments of press, tells Mrs. Stn. about it, 424; + Judge Selden advises that she has right to vote under Amend. XIV, + 425; + assures inspectors she will bear expenses if they are arrested, is + herself arrested, refuses to take herself to court, the warrant, + 426; + examination before U. S. officers, does not want trial to interfere + with lecture engagements, 427; + sad anniversary, second hearing, speaks in behalf of inspectors, + refuses to give bail, trib. from Rochester Express, her own + defense, 428; + at Wash. con., opening speech on methods of securing wom. suff., + 431; + res. declare her arrest a blow at liberty, speakers defend her, + appears with counsel before Judge Hall at Albany, bail increased, + 432; + refuses bail, overruled by Judge Selden, indictment of grand jury, + delivers "Constitutional Argument" in western cities, 433; + becomes unconscious on platform at Ft. Wayne, rallies and lectures + at Marion, votes again, issues call for May Anniversary in New + York, tells of arrest, 434; + res. of endorsement, speaks in twenty-nine post office districts of + Monroe Co., Dist.-Atty. threatens to move case to another county, + tells him she will canvass that, speech a masterpiece, her + appearance, 435; + speaks in twenty-one places in Ontario Co. on "Is it a crime for a + U. S. citizen to vote?" Rochester Union and Advertiser calls her + a "corruptionist," newspaper comment, trial opens, 436; + refused permission to testify, 437; + believed she had a right to vote, 438; + counsel demands jury be polled, refused and new trial denied, + encounter of words with Judge Hunt, dramatic scene, 439; + fined $100, 440; + declares she never will pay it, believes Conkling influenced judge, + trial a farce, extended newspaper comment, 441; + advised by Albany Law Journal to emigrate, attends trial of + inspectors, another tilt with Judge Hunt, 443; + Mr. Van Voorhis' opinion of her case after twenty-four years, 444; + heavy debts, 445; + sympathy and financial help, has Selden's speech and report of trial + printed, lect. in Rochester for benefit of inspectors, omitted as + charter member of Assn. for Advancement of Women, 446; + death of sister Guelma, let. to mother, love of family, "shall we + meet the dead?" tries to vote but finds name struck from register, + 447; + Anson Lapham returns her notes for $4,000, 448; + decides to appeal to Cong., 449; + takes appeal to Washington, asks remission of fine, case presented + by Sargent and Loughridge, Tremaine reports adversely, 450; + says president has pardoned her, Butler presents minority report in + favor, Sen. Edmunds presents insulting report, Sen. Carpenter + reports favorably, 451; + writes Pres. Grant and Gen. Butler in behalf of inspectors, urges + them not to pay fine, breakfasts with them in jail, presented with + purse at Dansville Sanitarium, Sargent and Butler telegraph + inspectors are pardoned, 452; + fine still stands against A., 453; + returns to work of securing amends. to Federal and State constit., + invites Vice-Pres. Wilson speak on suff. platform, Gen. Butler in + favor of wom. suff., 454; + conversation with Pres. Grant, 455; + tour of Conn. with Mrs. Hooker, Sumner's death, helps women organize + temp. crusade, 456; + tells them they can not succeed without ballot, anecdote of Douglass, + writes to Leavenworth Times on this subject, tells Industrial Cong. + women are a millstone around their necks, criticises Dio Lewis, 457; + writes one hundred lets. for May meet., telegram saying she smoked on + platform, etc., 458; + slips home often to see mother, writes fiftieth anniversary let. to + brother D. R., honesty best policy in home and society, 459; + canvassed Mich., larger audiences than Sen. Chandler, small profits, + suff. first, money afterwards, 460; + efforts to compel disclosures in regard to Beecher-Tilton trouble, + 461; + complimented on silence by Chicago Tribune, J. Hooker, N. Y. Sun, + Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, refutes belief in "free love," + 462; + does not believe in second marriage or platonic friendship, love + for Mr. and Mrs. Tilton, 463; + in latter's praise for Beecher, A. saw only friendship, 464; + death of Gerrit Smith and Martha Wright, struggle to hold + Washington conv., 467; + advances funds and works without ceasing, Anson Lapham gives her + $1,000, lectures on Social Purity at Chicago, 468; + eulogized by St. Louis Democrat, condemned by country papers, + addresses Normal School at Carbondale on marrying for love, sixty + lectures in Iowa, trying experiences, 469; + telegram announcing brother shot, works all night on con. accounts, + journey to Kan., 470; + nine weeks by brother's bedside, skill and tenderness in sickroom, + takes niece Susie B. home with her, 471; + first hears F. E. Willard, refuses to compromise her by sitting on + platform, lectures in Rochester on Social Purity, misses + Washington con. for first time, lectures in Chicago, Bread and + Ballot, pays last dollar of Revolution debt, 472; + beautiful recognition of press, 473; + at New York Suff. Anniversary, chmn. Centennial Campn. Com., 474; + offers Hist. of Wom. Suff. as premium and fulfills pledges, opens + headquarters at Philadelphia and assumes financial + responsibility, 475; + besieges natl. polit. cons., "the golden hour," prepares Woman's + Declaration of Independence, 476; + obtains seat on platform as reporter, 477; + presents Declaration at Centennial Celebration, reads it on + Independence square, 478; + and in con., Luc. Mott's tea-pot, 479; + contibu. to Centennial Headqrs., Mrs. Mott sends tea, A. does not + work for financ. reward, begins Hist. Wom. Suff., 480; + dislike of the work, spks. at Mrs. Davis' funeral, sorrow at her + death and that of Anson Lapham, writes wom. suff. article for + encyclop., 481; + grief at absence from home, 482; + appeal for Amend. XVI, 483; + on floor of House of Repres., 485; + circular of Slayton Bureau, 486; + cancels engagements to be with sister Hannah, 487; + her death, takes orphan daughter home, gift of Helen Potter, Mrs. + Stn.'s let. on their friendship, misses May Annivers. first time, + 488; + friendship for Mrs. Stn., love of her children for A., trib. of + Annie McDowell, offers services to Col., 489; + accepted, hard campn. experiences, 65 mile stage-ride, 490; + how husbands represent wives, spks. in saloons, no locks on doors, + Gov. Routt stands by her, 491; + insulting placards, receipts less than expenses, gifts of Mr. and + Mrs. Hall, Mrs. Knox Goodrich, at Denver meets Miss Hindman, Mrs. + Campbell, Abby S. Richardson, her memory of sister Hannah, 492; + at Dr. Avery's writing "Homes of Single Women," spks. at Boulder and + Denver, lect. tour of Neb., longs for sister Mary, fears mother + may die, man wants credit for holding children, 493; + sends $100 to Washington con., friends urge not to miss another + con., 494; + compli. by Phillips, by P. Couzins, arranges 30th Annivers. at + Rochester, 495; + comment of Roch. Demo. and Chronicle, remains with invalid mother, + declines Kan. invitations, writes Hayford regarding wom. suff. + in Wy., 496; + let. to L. Stone on attitude of women toward polit. parties, 497; + strong res. at Natl. Con., 499; + address to Pres. Hayes, 500; + lect. in New England, personal notices in scrap-books, change in + attitude of press, 502; + compli. by Ind. papers, 503; + attack of Richmond, Ky., and Grand Rapids papers, 504; + St. Paul lady acknowledges conversion, wom. needs ballot for temp. + legis., 505; + men fear wom. suff., trib. of Globe-Demo., 506; + response to floral offering, "used to stones," made + vice-pres.-at-large, friendship of Sargents, 507; + death of Garrison, has now a bank account, generosity, 508; + never fails to keep engagements, friends anxious she shd. save + money, desirous of woman's paper, efforts for one, helps edit + Ballot-Box, 509; + need of woman's work and opinion in daily papers, press work shd. + be feature of Natl. Assn., invited to Concord School of Philos., + 510; + new friends, at Washington con., compli. by Edmunds, 511; + Mrs. Spofford's hospitality, sees Luc. Mott last time, death of + mother, 512; + starts out again, 513; + carries point for series of cons., rallying cry for mass meet. in + Chicago, 515; + all send ideas to Mrs. Stn., watching legislators, on death of + sister, doubts of future life, 516; + apprecia. of sister Mary, presides at Indianapolis con., suff. + women married and number of children, 517; + ten minutes at Natl. Repub. Con., ad. Greenback-Labor Con., 518; + trib. of Cin'ti Commercial, 519; + calls on Gen. Garfield, 520; + official let. to president. candidates, 521; + let. to Garfield on Repub. party, 522; + blames women for rushing into campn., defends Garfield, criticises + Hancock, 523; + hopes for help from Repubs., continues work on History, Eliz. + Thomson gives $1,000, 524; + hates the work, calls on Whittier, death of Luc. Mott, persuades + Mrs. Stn. to vote, 525; + suggests Natl. Con. be omitted, owns Mrs. Stn. persuaded her, 526; + trib. to Luc. Mott, day at her home, her hosts in Philadelphia, + ridiculous account of Skye terrier, 527; + N. Y. Graphic on terrier, her disgust, 528; + love for Mrs. Nichols, wd. not spare parents for children's sake, + 529; + did not carry out theory, pushing the history, bound to have Rose + and Nichol's pictures, 530; + valuable work done by Hist. Wom. Suff., 531; + starts for Mass. taking Mrs. Stn., 532; + tells Gov. Long women are weary, rec. gold medal from Phila. Suff. + Assn., entertained by Bird Club, Boston Globe pays trib., 534; + relief to roll burden on young shoulders, entertained by Pillsburys, + compli. let. from Mrs. Pillsbury, Mrs. Harbert, trib. of Mrs. + Wallace, 535; + death of Phebe Jones, no home in Albany, death of Garfield, no will, + his religion, 536; + Mrs. Stn.'s work for women kept her young, A. goes to Natl. + W. C. T. U. Con. in Washington, introduced by Miss Willard, + delegate declares she does not recognize God, sees wom. suff. + adopted by con., 537; + delegates announce A. did not influence con., souvenir from Childs, + writes Phillips on his seventieth birthday, his reply, 538; + attacks her work with courage, Phillips announces Eddy legacy, her + joy and gratitude, 539; + suit to break will, appeals from public for money, at Wash. con., + 540; + delight at appointment of cong. com. on rights of woman, presents + each member with Hist. Wom. Suff., con. at Phila., luncheon with + Hannah W. Smith, at N. Y. State Con., appeals to House Com. to + abolish "male" from Constit. of Dak., 541; + restive under history work, trib. of Elmira Free Press and Wash. + Republic, 542; + reads proof of Vol. II of Hist., influential friends in Cong., trib. + of Harriot Stanton, 543; + goes into Neb. campn., "not a white-haired woman on plat., not sure + of younger ones, 544; + gives time and $1,000, speaks in forty counties, debates with Edward + Rosewater, students make effigy, 545; + at St. Louis, ad. Lincoln Club in Rochester, confers with Cong. Com. + in Wash., decides to go abroad, birthday recep. in Phila., dislike + of "Aunt Susan," 546; + Times account of recep., ad. of Purvis, A. gives credit to other + workers, wd. have worked for man's freedom, Mrs. Sewall's + description of farewell honors, testimonial from Rochester + citizens and Natl. Assn., song dedicated, 547; + point lace, India shawl, trib. of Chicago Tribune, A. has "no peer," + 549; + farewell from Kan. City Journal, N. Y. Times' description of + departure, flag in stateroom, 550; + own description of tour abroad, on shipboard, stuck in mud, + recollect. of those left, 551; + rough sea, three falls, thoughts of nieces, talks suff. with + passengers, 552; + invited to Sargent's at Berlin, Mrs. Stn.'s welcome, at Liverpool, + Hist. of Wom. Suff. not in library, visit to Mrs. Rose, 554; + sees Irving and Terry, objects to lovemaking, at Contag. Dis. Act. + Meet., crossing channel, en route to Rome, no sleeper, bedrooms at + Milan, 555; + painting of Christ in railway station, Easter Sunday in Rome, at + Naples, Herculaneum, John Bright's address, 556; + invited to write for Italian Times, climbs Vesuvius, dishonest + tradesmen, Palermo, the dead Christ, Lake Avernus, streets of + Naples, interest in suff. work and friends at home, 557; + Vatican, no hope for freedom in old world, mother's knowledge of + history, too many languages, hears Ristori, at Milan, + disadvantages of compartment travel, 558; + at Zurich, at Munich, every girl shd. go abroad, at Sargents' in + Berlin, at Worms, Luther's statue at Cologne, lets. sent back from + post-office, 559; + up the Rhine, Heidelberg, Potsdam, emperors' tombs and palaces, + degradation of masses, at Strasburg, 560; + Alsace and Lorraine, in Paris, guest of Mme. de Barron, breakfast + in bed, calls on friends, Communists in Pere la Chaise, funeral + of Laboulaye, Le Soir wishes interview, 561; + calls on Hubertine Auclert and Leon Richer, disadvantage of not + speaking French, longs to be fighting battle for women in America, + Miss Foster's presentation at court, tomb of Napoleon, homesick, + begs sister Mary to come to Europe, 562; + shall we accept religious teaching of young, strong intellects or + old, weakened ones? 563; + Stopford Brooke on temp., talks to ladies under trees, visits + Albemarle and Somerville Clubs, prepares speeches, nights all + days, 564; + goes to Poor Law Guardian meet., spks. at Prince's Hall, Conway + delighted, 565; + St. James' Hall, 4th of July recep. at Mrs. Mellen's, 566; + at many dinners, recep., suff. meet., clubs, etc., calls from + factory women, velvet dress and India shawl, hears Canon + Wilberforce on temp., indignation, sees Bernhardt, 567; + bound to get all possible good, refuses to interfere in suff. work + in England, platonic friendship, goes to Edinburgh, at Mrs. + Nichol's, 568; + let. from Priscilla B. McLaren, celebrated places in Scotland, + outside of stage, home of Queen Mary, 569; + converts Prof. Blackie to wom. suff., he "seals it with a kiss," + loses trunk, criticises English check system, drives among lakes, + visits Dr. Jex-Blake, 570; + at Ambleside, compares hills with those of America, home of H. + Martineau, 571; + class and caste ideas, urges discontent, in Belfast, men can not + vote on temp. question, meets old abolits., rides in third-class + car, at Cork, 472; + drunken men and women, filth, visits convent, incident at Killarney, + 573; + woman with twins, sad spectacles, to Galway in rain, butter in + tobacco smoke, 574; + in Dublin, meets Davitt, Youghal, reads Children of Abbey, Belfast, + buys linen, Rugby, Kenilworth Castle, "Americans never see leg of + mutton," Stratford, Oxford, back in London, extracts from diary, + London fog, 575; + at Leeds, home of Brontë sisters, dreads trip home, 576; + hears John Bright forget to mention wom. suff. at Bristol, at Jacob + Bright's, let. from Mrs. Bright on little son's admiration for A., + 577; + urges sister to continue work if she never reach home, especial + interest in England on account of suff. movement, efforts to + secure co-operation between Eng. and Amer. women, 578; + recep. in Liverpool, com. formed to promote organizat., friends come + from London to say good-bye, safe landing in New York, 579; + welcome home, interview, did not see Queen, social idea more + important, trib. of N. Y. Evening Telegram, 581; + Cleveland Leader, woman of the future, Cin'ti Times-Star's + criticism, 582; + kindness to reporters, conferring with congressmen, agony of it, + 583; + begs Kelley to take up suff. question, Repubs. in favor, 584; + writes to 112 congressmen, heads off injudicious women, 585; + on Douglass' marriage, everybody's burden on her shoulders, 586; + helpless women wear her out, always writes cheerful lets., death of + Phillips, 587; + goes to funeral, at Washington con., speech before Cong. Com. urging + Amend. XVI, 588; + goes to Conn., hastens back to watch congressmen, how she follows + them up, 591; + report of suff. con. fails, she and Mrs. Stn. get out report, wants + everybody to have credit, begins Vol. III of Hist. Wom. Suff., + anxiety over Ore. election, sends Mrs. Duniway $100, restive under + historical work, 592; + criticises Gladstone, 593; + advises women to work for Repub. party, decides it was unwise, + criticises Miss Willard for favoring State Rights, Prohib. party + will repudiate wom. suff., prophecy fulfilled, 594; + at Wash. con., death of Mrs. Nichols, opposes res. denouncing dogmas, + answers St. Paul, 595; + rebukes Rev. Patton for sermon, regrets it, Mrs. Stn. approves, 596; + sends out Palmer's speech, goes to Mass., then to New Orleans Expo., + guest of Mrs. Merrick, many addresses, trib. of Picayune, 597; + cordial recep., at Bishop's University, at St. Louis, message of J. + Ellen Foster, death of Grant, goes to Boston to rec. Eddy legacy, + fright on sleeper, 598; + appeals to share money, friends who repudiated come flocking back, + determined to finish Hist. Wom. Suff., agreement with Fowler and + Wells, 599; + buys out their rights, begins work again at Tenafly, assumes all + financ. responsibil., grief at not being a writer, good critic, + keeps Mrs. Stn. keyed up, applies lash to own back, 600; + meets Miss Eddy, they go to Mrs. Stn.'s, A. commends her, drudgery + on Hist., women complain of Mrs. Stn.'s blue pencil, between two + fires, 601; + refuses appeals for speeches, dislike of literary work, Mrs. Stn.'s + 70th birthday, trib. from H. Stn. Blatch., 602; + comforts Julia and Rachel Foster at death of mother, 603; + starts to Wash. with light heart, taste in dress, holds members of + Cong. to their word, 605; + humorous note from Sen. Blair, A. directly connected with all cong. + action on wom. suff., 606; + at Wash. con., rec. $100 from Childs, looking after congressmen, + extracts from diary, Stanford, Dolph, 607; + Eustis, lets. from Mrs. Merrick, O. Brown, sends P. Couzins $100, + Vol. III of Hist. completed, visits in Kan., 608; + speaks at Salina for W. C. T. U., at Lake Bluff, Ill., camp meet., + at Lake Geneva accompanied by Susie B., at Miss Willard's, at + Racine, at St. Louis, at Leav., spks. in cong. dists. of Kan., 609; + splendid audiences, mother brings baby for her to take in arms, + Baptist minister refuses church and then blesses meet., 610; + "spirit wd. not always soar," Municipal Suff. Bill signed on 67th + birthday, Chief-Justice Horton congratulates her, at Racine, 611; + canvasses Wis., eloquence in State House, lively let. to Mrs. + Spofford, get orthodox church for con., 612; + immense amount of money put into Hist. Wom. Suff., years of careful + collecting and saving of material, resumé of the work, 613; + world indebted to her for it, in over 1,000 libraries, commendatory + lets., 614; + from Mary L. Booth, 615; + D. W. Wilder, Sarah B. Cooper, hopes to publish Vol. IV, goes to + Neb., 616; + at Chicago, Lansing, Wash. con., yellow dog, 617; + denounces Sen. Ingalls, he asks interview, 621; + proposes truce, she declines, refuses to go to Conn., "feels + guilty," visits Maria Mitchell at Vassar, ad. Constit. Con. at + Albany, back to Wash. "year after year," lying reports from + Leavenworth, corres. with Miss Willard regarding suff. plank in + Prohib. plat., 622; + opposes Third Party, will not fight Repubs., dreads starting out, + State Cons. at Indpls. and Cleveland, "only sister Mary left," + rebukes conserv. women, faith in Repub. party, 623; + seminary graduates' essays, at Cape May, at childhood home, at + Magnolia, advises O. Brown and A. Gray not to bring suit under + school suff. law, 624; + tries to arrange old lets., etc., Mrs. Stn. advises to burn, in + Wis., campn. in Kan., scores Ingalls, 625; + at Mrs. Ingalls' luncheon, senator "will not argue with woman," Ind. + campn. in Wash., Blair's little joke, 626; + on com. for union of two assns., 627; + meets L. Stone and A. S. Blackwell in Boston, receives plan of union + from Mrs. Stone, advised not to take pres. of united assns., + approves and urges union, 628; + "the way to unite is to unite," impatient of "red tape," exacts and + makes no pledges, chmn. com. on conference, 629; + makes no pledges, chmn. com. on conference, 629; + carries meet. in favor of union, willing to decline pres., lets. + declare she must take it, 630; + sp. in favor of Mrs. Stn., Natl. suff. platform means individ. + freedom, 631; + elected vice-pres.-at-large, co-operates with Mrs. Sewall in + securing union, always ready to sink personal feeling, 632; + dream of internatl. suff. assn., results in Internatl. Council, + her part in arranging it, 633; + "can't allow apologetic invitat.," women not ordained shall preach, + wants affirmations, not negations, glad L. Stone and A. Blackwell + are to be on plat., 634; + Mrs. Stn. expresses friendship and is coming back to Amer. to do + best work, later writes can not cross ocean, 635; + A. cables, she comes, A. shuts her up to write sp., presides over + Council, 636; + at receptions, pres. delegates to Pres. Cleveland, compli. from + Baltimore Sun and N. Y. World, her way of presiding, 637; + sp. and let. of Miss Willard, 638; + speakers acknowledge pers. indebtedness to A., chmn. of meet. to + form permanent councils, made Vice-Pres. Natl. Council, 639; + ad. Senate Com., praise from Mrs. S. E. Sewall, Mr. Blackwell, no + desire for rest, at Boston festival, 640; + in Central Music Hall at Chicago, recep. by Woman's Club, at Natl. + Repub. Con., Chicago, urges women to go to these cons., calls on + Gen. Harrison, 641; + open letter to him on "free ballot" plank, makes four years' financ. + rep. of Natl. Assn., 642; + publishes without authority of assn., restive under "red tape," + "Andrew Jackson responsibility," poorest women want report, vast + amount of work, at W. C. T. U., Centennial, Columbus O., not well + recd., no little graves in speech, 643; + begins again with Slayton Bureau, Rachel Foster's marriage, young + workers throw away all plans when they marry, A.'s disappoint., + 644; + forms friendship with Rev. A. H. Shaw, old friends pass away, new + ones come, 645; + in Wash. preparing for con., little speeches, Six O'clock Club, 647; + on "Rbt. Elsmere," spks. in Cin'ti, Commercial-Gazette compli., + guest of Burnet House, "more calls than Mrs. Hayes," namesake + Susie B. drowned, 648; + hastens to Leav., spks. in Ark., Jefferson City, recep. in St. + Louis, not able to ad. Catholics, vicar-gen. favors, spks. in + Leav. municipal campn., 649; + brother defeated for mayor, grief over death of Susie B., hurt of + breaking branch from tree, urges no heartbreak when she dies, + spirits of loved ones will forgive, at Indpls. Classical School, + 650; + at Adaline Thomson's, recep. at Park Hotel, New York, newspapers + criticise velvet dress and point lace, spks. in Rochester and + Warren, 651, and Akron, O., denies report that she had renounced + wom, suff., attends wedding of niece Helen Louise Mosher, rec. + let. from Maria Deraismes, 652; + at Mt. McGregor, Grant relics condemned, waiter at Ft. Wm. Henry, + trip with niece Maude, ad. Seidl Club, Coney Island, 653; + "Broadbrim" pays trib., visits Mrs. Stn. at Hempstead, M. Louise + Thomas, legacy of $500 from Mrs. Hamilton, Ft. Wayne, tells Mrs. + Avery not to work during husband's vacation, 654; + at Wichita con., objects to God in suff. plat., at Ind. Suff. Con. + uncertain how women wd. vote on liquor question, visit with H. + Hosmer, 655; + "Bethany Homes," at Duluth, goes to S. Dak., lets. of invitat., 656; + minister explains to Almighty evils of orig. packages, A. canvasses + State, ad. Farmers' Alliance, Prohibs. keep wom. suff. in + background, presents Hist. Wom. Suff. to every town, 657; + plans winter's work in S. Dak., nephew describes her lecture in Ann + Arbor, at Toronto, spks. every night for three months, 658; + "Andrew Jackson-like" action in engaging hall at Wash., immense work + for S. Dak., makes eight women life members of Natl. Assn., 659; + Justice Fuller fails to discover women, work for Columbian Expo., + death of friends, Mrs. Mendenhall leaves her $1,000, Washington + Star compli., 660; + at Riggs House, objects to having tickets sold for birthday banquet, + 663; + wd. use money for S. Dak., wants everybody to have compli. ticket + and be invited to speak, description of banquet, 664; + accts. Wash. Star and N. Y. Sun, toasts by Couzins, Shaw, 665; + Gage, Colby, Chant, Parker, Hinckley, Rbt. Purvis, Mrs. Lawrence, + Mrs. Blatch, J. A. Pickler, 666, Mrs. Stn., 667; + poems by H. Hosmer, A. W. Brotherton, E. B. Harbert, I. B. Hooker, + her response, cd. have accomplished little alone, obligations to + Mrs. Stn., to family and friends, lets., etc., from L. Stone, 668; + Whittier, F. E. Willard, Curtis, Garrison, Hoar, Reed, 669; + O. Brown, Logan, Gannett, Palmer, Nordhoff, Carpenter, Dow, 670; + Dawes, Mr. and Mrs. Powderly, Barry, Colby, Johns, Cummings, 671; + dinner to relatives at Riggs House, presents, trib. of Boston + Traveller, A.'s theory of life, distinguished contemporaries, + gift to P. Couzins, 672; + trib. of Roch. Dem. and Chronicle, allied with all good causes, 673; + urges friends to come to union of assns., keep platform broad, not + annex to W. C. T. U., struggle to secure Mrs. Stn.'s presence, + arranges hearing before Cong. Coms., 674; + presides at Natl.-Am. Con., pride in H. Stanton Blatch, pledges + money and work for S. Dak., made chmn. com., 675; + remains in Wash, looking after Cong. Coms., incorporating assn., + paying bills, sees Wy. admitted, Mary Grew congratulates, L. Stone + authorizes to settle bills, Mrs. Livermore says A. wd. give a + million to suff., 676; + her winters in Wash. help wom. suff., entertained by McLean's, + attends Cobweb Club, Mrs. Hearst approves speech, wd. rather face + audience than reception, Ad. Johnson makes bust, dreads to start + out, 677; + orthodox not careful about feelings of liberals, pre-natal + influence, joy at birth of Mrs. Avery's daughter, mother's + gratitude, 678; + attends nephew's wedding, reaches S. Dak., lets. begging her to + come, homesick for Washington, but duty first, 679; + ability to raise money, 680; + sends $300 for prelim. work, offers Miss Shaw's services, com. does + not answer, makes out her routes, writes for plan of campn, + refuses to put natl. funds into State treasury, can be used only + for suff. work, 681; + ready to co-operate, cd. not wait longer, again refuses to turn over + money, people anxious for her to come, 682; + will antagonize neither W. C. T. U. nor license advocates, measures + all by wom. suff. yardstick, sustained in her position, Mrs. + Wallace will work only under her direction, 683; + com. send plan after she has started, cordially recd., Loucks and + Wardall pledge support of Farmers' Alliance, 684; + Farmers' Alliance and Knights of Labor form new party and ignore + wom. suff., A.'s appeals, Mrs. Wallace's appreciation, 685; + res. adopted few months before, candidate Loucks, does not mention + wom. suff., dead issue in campn., A.'s hard journey, 686; + Russians wear brewers' badges "against S. B. A.," no seat for her in + Repub. State Con., 687; + lets. full of hope, can bear hardships better than young women, + buoyed up by friends, 688; + not cast down though voted down, sympathy from J. Hooker, C. Barton + sends love, A. Shaw feels her inspiration, A. sleeps in sod + houses, 689; + Cong. shd. appropriate money to irrigate, instead of sending com., + twenty miles between meet., stampeded by cyclones, Russian sheriff + wants to help her, rides in old stage, 690; + "humanity at low ebb," gets into poor hotel, "laughs like other + people," at Madison telegram announces admission of Wyo., makes + great speech, 691; + "better lose me than lose State," experience with crying child, + woman insulted on account of motherhood, 692; + drunken man illustrates men's govt., 693; + at Deadwood, 694; + contributes services, draws from own bank account, Mrs. Catt's trib. + to her unselfishness, endorsed by S. Dak. W. C. T. U., 695; + and Suff. Assn., aged many years by campn., 696; + accepts defeat philosophically, at Neb. and Kan. Suff. Cons., in + Leav. and Ft. Scott, urged by Rev. Mann to visit Omaha, 697; + at Mrs. Sewall's planning Wash, con., Wom. Council and World's Fair + work, at Rochester, recep. by P. E. Club, State Suff. Con., goes + to Wash., 698; + requests women to celebrate admission of Wy., 699; + anxious for suff. headqrs. in Wash., assists Wimodaughsis, loss of + friends, 700; + ill in Boston, taken to Garrisons', let. from L. Stone and + invitation to attend Mass. Suff. Annivers., 701; + invitations from Pillsbury and Mrs. White, hastens to Wash., + vice-pres. Triennial of Wom. Council, reads Mrs. Stn.'s paper, 702; + Miss Willard introduces A. as one of the double stars, too happy to + speak, anxious all shd. be heard, presides at natl. suff. con., + reads Mrs. Stn.'s paper, presents L. Stone, trib. of M. Bottome, + 703; + unanimously elect. vice-pres.-at-large, determined let. from English + Suff. Soc. shall be read in Senate, succeeds through Sen. Blair, + breakfast by Sorosis, gives recep. for A. Besant, lets, from + ex-Sec. McCulloch, F. Balgarnie, 704; + dines with McCulloch, recep. by Mrs. Avery, leaves Riggs House + forever as home, at Warren and Painesville, O., at Hartford with + Mrs. Hooker, entertained by Whitings, describes log cabin, 705; + Mt. Holyoke, old homestead at Adams, arrives home, goes to + housekeeping, decides to direct natl. work from home, Mrs. Stn. + approves, 706; + P. E. Club and friends furnish house, Roch. Herald describes recep., + cousin Charles Dickinson presents $300, 707; + describes visit to Mrs. Banker in Adirondacks, trip to John Brown's + cabin and grave, condemns his execution, Wom. Suff. Day at + Chautauqua, 708; + guest of Ignorance Club, ad. W. C. T. U., opposed to third parties, + suggests ministers be disfranchised, prayer by action, at + Chautauqua, "Arnold Winkelreid among wom." Miss Willard congrat., + at Hooker golden wedding, "no speeches," 709; + at Lily Dale, beautiful camp, love of domestic life, hospitality, + 710; + how friends were entertained in new home, at Warsaw, at West. N. Y. + Fair, woman's opinion will not be respected until counted at + ballot-box, generosity to young speakers, 711; + urges Mrs. Stn. to share her new home and put her own writings in + shape, A "has no writings," 712; + entertains Mrs. Stn. for month, has Ad. Johnson make bust, + entertains P. E. Club, demands Roch. Univers. be opened to women, + cartoon in Utica Herald. A. and Mrs. Stn. always stir up + controversy, 713; + visits E. W. Osborne, joins Emerson and Browning classes, forgets + invitations, compli. of Auburn Advertiser, spks. at Thanksgiving + service in Unitarian ch., Roch., 714; + not easy to remain home, Mrs. Johns urges to come to Kan., will get + no wounds there, Mrs. Avery joins in plea, A. agrees, 715; + keeps eye on Cong. Coms., encouraging lets. from Dolph, Reed, + Warren, 716; + stops for Mrs. Stn. on way to Wash. con., elected pres. natl. assn., + 717; + presid. over con., ad. Cong. Coms., first hearing before Demo. com., + recep. in Wash., no home in city, does not linger, 718; + renewed appeals from Kan. friends, precious days at home, insists + she has no literary ability, refers all eds. to Mrs. Stn., Anthony + lot in cemetery, ad. N. Y. legis., 719; + opening World's Fair on Sunday, at Bradford, Penn., at Ketcham silver + wedding, at biennial Wom. Fed. Clubs, Chicago, popularity + with audience, 720; + business com. Wom. Council, sits for bust by L. Taft, amusing corres. + between A., Miss Willard and Taft, shd. be made by woman, 721; + her bust shall be in Senate and White House, it pleases Miss W., at + Salem, O., reads Emily Robinson's paper, approves South. Wom. + Council, 722; + each section shd. have con., at Minneapolis Natl. Repub. Con., + writes plank, kept waiting till 9 o'clock, Foraker refuses to hear + her, Sen. Jones comes to relief, 723; + ad. com. as Abolitionist and loyal woman, com. assure they believe + in her cause but party can not carry load, 724; + at Demo. Natl. Con., Chicago, presents plank, bowed out, Miss + Willard describes her at cons., one day all women will call her + blessed, 725; + not necessary to go to Prohib. Con., at Kan. Repub. Con., wom. suff. + amend. endorsed, at Omaha Popu. Con., at working wom. meet., 726; + Popu. Con. refuse to allow women to ad. them, but declare for equal + rights, at Beatrice, Dr. Vincent invites to speak at Chautauqua, + declines, goes later to hear debate between A. Shaw and Dr. + Buckley, 727; + sits on plat., at Miss. Valley Conf. at Des Moines, ad. Neb. Norm. + Sch. in Peru, begins tour of Kan. on Repub. plat., speaking for + wom. suff., 728; + at N. Y. Con., Syracuse, shows how some women now compli. by press + were formerly abused by it, farewell telegram from F. Willard and + Lady Somerset, 729; + ministers at thanksgiving serv. forget to recog. women, "hard work + to keep her peace," ad. ladies' acad. at Buffalo, law giving wom. + school suff. a failure, appointed on Board of Managers, St. Indus. + Sch. by Gov. Flower, 730; + reappointed by Gov. Morton, Democrat and Chronicle describes her + pride, ad. people of Roch. on new charter, reasons why women shd. + have municipal suff., 731; + effect in other places, defeated by close vote, Mrs. Greenleaf + expresses indignation, 732; + ad. Monroe Co. teachers, lets. from New Zealand and other foreign + countries, face carved on theatre, Dowagiac, J. B. Thacher asks + father's record, 733; + N. Y. Art Assn. desires to make statue of A., represent. reform., + Phil. Schuyler objects to placing stepmother by side of A., 734; + declares it outrage on her memory, Justice Peckham decides agnst. + Schuyler and pays trib. to character of A., 735; + overwhelmed with work, at Wash. con., reads trib. to dead, 737; + opposes holding natl. con, outside of Wash., defeated, 738; + re-elected pres., receps. by Mrs. Greenleaf, Mrs. Waite, visits Mrs. + Stn., at Warsaw, birthday recep. at Rev. Gannett's, gift of + Thurlow Weed's granddaughter, writes Mrs. Avery, "just ten years + since we went gypsying," Blaine shd. have been Repub. leader, 739; + arranges meet. for Mrs. Sewall, tour of Mich., newspaper comment, + ad. House of Rep., vote on municipal suff. for women, lets. from + South, from Italy, from wage-earning women, wide range of + invitat., 740; + never had writing desk or stenog., can say with Gladstone, have + helped humanity, spks. for wom. World's Fair Com., Cinti., urges + women to organize, work or contribute money, gifts from pers. + friends "to keep pot boiling," 741; + opening of Columbian Expo., compli. Mrs. Palmer's ad., A.'s part in + World's Fair, 742; + determined women shd. participate, stands behind wom. coms., + prepares petit. to Cong., Board of Lady Manag., 743; + her prompt action secured board, careful not to embarrass Mrs. + Palmer, latter's courtesy, 744; + in full sympathy, 745; + central fig. at Woman's Cong., audiences insist on her speaking, + post of honor assigned her, Mrs. Sewall's testimony, 746; + no woman so honored on acct. of personal work, tribs. of F. Willard, + Lady Somerset, 747; + suff. at Wom. Cong., lets. from Mr. Bonney, Mrs. Palmer, Mrs. + Henrotin, asked to spk. in many Congs., takes no part in dissens. + of women, seconds all Mrs. Palmer's efforts, 748; + spks. at noon-hour meet., can not furnish writ. report, spks. on + Relig. Press, managers uneasy, 749; + speech causes sensation, chmn. apologizes, audience leaves with A., + welcomes Gov't Cong. on behalf Civ. Serv. Com., visits Mesdames + Coonley, Sewall, Gross, 750; + luncheon to Internat. Council, at Harvey, Bloomington, Ill., Topeka, + Rochester, Hempstead, reads Mrs. Stn.'s paper before Educat. + Cong., last sight of White City, gifts from Mrs. Gross, Mrs. + Coonley, farewell from Inter-Ocean, 751; + most honored of all women, ready to go to Col. if needed, 752; + rec. tele. announcing wom. suff. amend. carried in that State, N. Y. + con. in Brooklyn, ad. New Century Club, at Penn. con., + Foremothers' dinner, Ethical Wom. Conf., New York, arranges two + State campns., scope of invitations, 753; + lets. from Tourgee, Helen Webster, advice to Kan. wom, as to work + for coming campn., prepares for N. Y. campn., 754; + Wash. cons, run like thread through life, at Ann Arbor, hospitality + of Mrs. Hall, 755; + 25th annivers. at Toledo, in Baltimore, in Wash., 756; + acknowl. present of silk flag from wom. of Wyo. and Col., birthday + flowers, advantage of northern and southern women coming together + at natl. cons., no politics, no creed, 757; + Chicago Jour. comments on re-elect. as pres. "most remark., product + of century," at suff. hearing, a new member asks why wom. have not + gone to cong. coms. before, 758; + Repubs. wd. not nominate wom. dele. to N. Y. Consti. Con., 759; + her home devoted to campn. work, interview with Dana on number of + women who shd. petit. for ballot, 760; + maps outroutes and spks. in every county in N. Y., 761; + mass meet. in Rochester, A.'s happiness, at Syracuse, Buffalo, + remarkable tour of meet. in four States at 74, 762; + travels 100 mi. a day, spks. six nights a week, very chain-gang + influence Consti. Con., rec. bequest Eliza J. Clapp, applies all + to suff. work, ad. to N. Y. woman, 763; + opinion of remonstrants agnst. wom. suff., wd. make govt. an + aristocracy, 766; + ad. suff. com. N. Y. Constit. Con., opposed by Mr. Choate, 767; + on platform, 768; + gave serv. even travelling expenses, trib. of Mrs. Greenleaf, + outwitted by politicians, 772; + not crushed but plans another campn. when coming out of con., + congrat. lets. from Isa. Charles Davis, H. B. Blackwell, guest of + Howlands in Catskills, calls on F. Willard and Lady Somerset at + Eagle's Nest, at Keuka College, Cassadaga Lake, suff. people fear + to thank Spiritualists, 773; + incorrect report in Buffalo Express, appeals to polit. State cons., + five min. before resolu. com. at Repub. con., Saratoga. Miss + Willard's description, 774; + at Demo. con., women not wanted, continues work thro. hot weather, + Col. women invite to their first 4th of July, 775; + ad. Girl's Norm. Sch., Phila, starts to Kan., 776; + urged to come, sends Mrs. Johns a plan of campn., necessity for + party endorse., 777; + suspects Kan. politicians trying to influence women, objects to Mrs. + Johns being pres. Repub. club, 778; + scores Repubs. for proposing to leave wom. suff. plank out of plat., + 779; + sends official let. to Kan. Wom. Suff. Com. showing trickery of + politicians and uselessness of trying to secure wom. suff. without + party help, woman must not surrender, 781, 782; + received 300 lets. during Kan. campn., shows Repub. leaders wom. + suff. wd. give them new lease of life, 783; + women who yield help sell Kan. back to whiskey power, leaves N. Y. + for Kan., opens campn. at Kansas City, demands Repub. and Popu. + endorsement, both children of grand old party, 784; + opposit. of women, speaks at Leav., and Topeka, returns to N. Y., at + Kansas City, Mo., returns to Kan., Rep. Wom. Con. compelled to ask + State con. for plank, 785; + refused permis. to address Repub. State Con., pleads cause of wom. + before res. com., rejected, candidates admit alliance with whiskey + ring, will sink State on moral issues, 786; + ad. suff. mass meet. in Topeka, tries for endorse. by Popu. Con., + 787; + ad. that body, asked if she will support Popu. party, replies "Yes," + wild scene in con., rest of sentence not heard, 788; 789; + shakes hands with delegates, soldier pins Popu. badge on her dress, + Prohib. con. telegraphs wom. suff. adopted, she sends greeting, + 790; + storm of denunciation for endorsing Popu., prefers justice to women + to financial wisdom, explains posit, in Roch. Demo. and Chron., + stands only on suff. plank, Popu. make honest protest, 791; + difference in treatment of women by Kan. Repubs. and Popu., 792; + comfort from Wm. Lloyd Garrison, A. believes in protecting home + products, all creeds and politics insignificant compared to + principle of equal rights, defends Popu. of Kan. and shows + treachery and corruption of Repubs., 793; + Repub. chmn. Cyrus Leland declines offer to speak, she asks Popu. + chmn. Breidenthal to announce she will speak only on suff. plank, + 794; + Mrs. Diggs says Popu. want her to speak on suff. plank in Kan., 795; + makes tour of State, sees no hope for amend., donates year's work to + Kan., brother D. R. furnishes passes, 796; + suff. defeated, keen disappoint., hopes for Kan., 797; + confirmed in belief partial suff. hinders full suff., 798; + makes strong speech Neb. con., leaves for East, New Century Club + recep. in Philadelphia, 799; + ad. N. Y. con. at Ithaca, visits Cornell, speaks to girls Sage + College, close of two hard campns., full of hope and cheer, + introduced by F. Willard to W. C. T. U., gospel meet, in + Cleveland, "ordained of God," 800; + material outweigh moral interests, men in reforms handicapped by + disfranchis. women, might as well be dogs baying moon, Natl. Amer. + Bus. Com. entertained by Mrs. Southworth, her friendship and + generosity, goes to New York to prepare call with Mrs. Stn., 801; + and revise article for cycloped., guest of Mrs. Lapham, walk thro. + Central Park, lunch with Dr. Jacobi, opera with Lauterbachs, Uncut + Leaves Club, hears Robt. Collyer, visits Orange, Philadelphia, + Somerton, guest Foremother's Dinner, home for Christmas, 802; + Mrs. Minor leaves legacy $1,000, Mrs. Gross makes present $1.000, + velvet cloak, many invitations, requests for lectures, articles, + woman's edition favor, 803; + wd. have more interest in Y. M. C. A. if they stood for wom. suff., + manager of printing house writes verse, let. Mary B. Willard, + invited by Revs. Jenkyn Lloyd Jones, H. W. Thomas to take part in + Lib. Relig. Cong., 804; + Dr. Thomas compares to Christ, urged to come as Geo. Washington went + into first Continent. Cong., relieved of part of work by younger + women, confidence in "body guard," 805; + urges old workers to consult with young ones, strictness in financ. + accts., alarm lest contribs. be omitted, entertains friends New + Year's, starts on south. tour taking Mrs. Catt, at the Clays in + Lexington, 806; + entertained at Memphis, spks. to col'd people in Tabernacle, at New + Orleans, Picayune's descrip. of lect., 807; + at Shreveport, floral offerings, trib. of Times, misses connect. for + Jackson, 808; + too "oozed-out" to speak, goes to Birmingham, trib. of News, at New + Decatur, Huntsville, compli. of Tribune, 809; + in Atlanta, 810; + presides over con., reads Mrs. Stn.'s paper, takes charge mass + meet., compli. of Constitution, Mrs. Stn.'s thanks for reading her + papers, 811; + ad. Atlanta Univers., etc., visits Howards in Columbus, spks. in + Aiken, guest Martha Schofield, in Columbia, Pine Tree State obj. + to Abolitionism, in Culpepper, in Wash., 812; + 75th birthday banquet, Mrs. Avery presents annuity from friends, + A.'s surprise, freed from financ. anxiety, at Wom. Council, 813; + represents Govt. Reform, recep. by Mrs. McLean, spks. at funeral F. + Douglass, at Travel Club, lect. Lincoln, Va., death Adaline + Thomson, gave A. $1,000, sends thanks to contribs. to annuity + fund, 814; + at Drexel Instit., visits Mrs. Stn., goes to Police Court in + Rochester to have boys punished same as girls, at lect. on + lynching, tells audience col'd people treated no better in north + than south, takes Miss Wells home with her, 815; + discharges her stenog. because she refuses to write Miss Wells' + lets., impossible to refuse calls for help in suff. work, resigns + from Board St. Indus. Sch., her work for School, 816; + gratitude of girls, arrang. for long journey, 817; + invitations follow World's Fair, declines one but later accepts from + Calif. Wom. Cong., delight of exec, board, 819; + A. asks permis. to bring Anna Shaw, Mrs. Cooper sends money for + both, writes A. many loving lets., western towns want lect., + starts for Calif., 820; + at Chicago, meets H. Hosmer, many interviews, at St. Louis, Missis. + Valley Cong., ovation, "75 roses," banquet, at Denver, misses + recep. com., at Boulder, 821; + recep. by Wom. Club, tribute Rocky Mountain News, Col. women owe + suffrage to her, trib. Times, all women under obligat. to her, 822; + knows not what to say to enfranchised women, lect. in Broadway + Theatre, ovation, compliments men, at Sen. Carey's, Cheyenne, 823; + distinguished aud. in Mrs. Stanford's private car, advises her to + watch case before Sup. Court, breakfast at Templeton, Salt Lake, + 824; + guest of honor at Inter-Mountain Suff. Con., trib. Gov. West, + receps., banquet at Ogden, State Univers., Reno, 825; + spks. in opera house, Wom. Club recep., in lovely Calif., friends at + Oakland ferry, entertained by Rev. McLean, 826; + with Miss Shaw in pulpit, happiness at cordial recep., beautiful + scene at Wom. Cong., great ovation, 827; + spks. every day of Cong., "princess blood royal," 828; + immense audiences, guest of Mrs. Sargent, helps women organize suff. + campn., 829; + ad. Congregat. ministers' meet., spks. at Unit. Club dinner, teach. + institute, societies, Pres. Jordan invites to Stanford Univers., + Mrs. Stanford sends passes and invites graduates' recep., 830; + social courtesies, Ebell Club, Alameda Co. Wom. Cong., in Yosemite, + big tree named for her, 831; + lect. in San Jose, guest Mrs. Knox Goodrich, ovation in Los Angeles, + at Riverside, Pasadena, Pomona, Whittiers, San Diego, 832; + recep. Hotel Florence, floral offerings, picnic at Olivewood, day at + Santa Monica, recep. Mrs. Severance, suff. meet., 833; + attitude of press, entertained by Emma Shafter Howard, spks. in + Oakland, in San Fr. Zion's Church to col'd people, at ministers' + meet., 834; + tells why they shd. favor wom, suff., at Calif. Suff. Assn., invited + to take part in 4th of July celebra., 835; + rides in procession, makes short speech, 836; + goes with Miss Shaw to Oakland, can not find audience, beautiful + farewell, 200 pages newspaper notices, 837; + apprecia. lets. from Calif. women, 838; + suff. res. at Topeka, throws eds. into hysterics, Chicago Herald + compares to Pope, 839; + reaches home daybreak, at Lakeside has nervous prostrat., 840; + papers prepare obit., friends and press show sympathy, trib. Wichita + Eagle, lets. from May, 841; + Pillsbury, Stanton, Cooper, 842; + no idea of giving up work, employs stenog., lect. bureau offer $100 + a night, determ. to stay home, secret of vitality, 843; + suff. will lessen unfortunate mothers, men can not be just to each + other while unjust to women, money enough if justly distributed, + on "bloomers," men troubled about woman's dress, had to dress to + escape being old maids, 844; + women must cease to be subject class, recovers, goes to Ashtabula + con., papers put obit. notices away, at Mrs. Stn.'s 80th birthday, + 845; + urged to be chmn. com. arrange., Mrs. Blake insists, A. shows + greater honor to have Wom. Council undertake it, 846; + Mrs. Sewall and Mrs. Avery obj., she shows suff. elephant must not + frighten outsiders, writes hundreds of lets. to assist Mrs. + Dickinson, criticises Mrs. Stn.'s speech on church, 847; + pays trib. to pioneers, reads lets. and teleg., N. Y. Sun compli., + Tilton's testimonial, 848; + recep. by Mrs. Henry Villard, Mrs. Stn.'s birthday celebrated in + Anthony home, gives all workers full meed, trib. to Mrs. Dietrick, + mother's birthday, 849; + And. D. White presents wife, to Mrs. Sewall on death of husband, + trib. to Mrs. Dickinson, Mrs. Stanford, 850; + Wash, con., Utah admitted with wom. suff., 851; + Wom.'s Bible condemned, 852; + her indignat., speech for freedom of thought, 853; + vote for relig. liberty, 854; + contemplates resigning pres., agony of soul, no worse to criticise + Bible than statute laws, 855; + penitent lets. from Mrs. Avery and Mrs. Upton, position in regard to + Bible, regrets Mrs. Stn. shd. give time to commentary, talking + down to people, 856; + women wd. be no more superstit. than men if had broad life, polit. + rights lessen relig. bigotry, refuses to put prohib. or Bible + literature into Calif. campn., claims freedom of belief for all, + 857; + at Mrs Grant's 70th birthday, "Nelly Bly" interview in N. Y. World, + Cuba, 858; + immortality, eternity, prayer, marriage, flowers, music, art, + favorite motto, bicycling, 859; + new woman needs common sense, cd. not give up freedom for marriage, + 76th birthday celebrat. by Roch. P. E. Club, ad. col'd people at + Bath, arrang. to write biog., 860; + appeals for help in Calif. campn., lets. from Mrs. Sargent, Mrs. + Cooper, accepts, Harriet Cooper sends money, 861; + Rev. and Mrs. Gannett raise money to send her sec. with her, starts + for Calif., stops Ann Arbor, Chicago, statuette by Bessie Potter, + at Wom. Club, San Diego, Friday Morning Club, Los Angeles, praise + from Alice Moore McComas, at San Francisco, directs campn. from + Sargent residence, 862; + on St. Central Com., 863; + makes lists of all towns to have cons., in Sargent home, 864; + visits eds. of all San Francisco dailies with Mrs. Harper, cordial + recep., 866; + Examiner offers column on ed. page, A. fills it during campn., + pleads with ed. Hearst to bring paper out for wom. suff., 867; + ed. Monitor will not see her, 868; + refuses to remain for campn. unless polit. part, endorse suff. + amend., at Repub. State Con., 869; + interviews in Examiner, before res. com., 870; + trib. from Mrs. Duniway, Mrs. McCann, prepares for Popu. con., 871; + enthusiastic recep. at con., at Prohib. con., at Demo. con., 872; + ad. res. com. for two minutes, 873; + rebukes con. for action on wom. suff. plank, at ratificat. meet. in + San Fr., 874, 875; + immense amt. of labor during campn., Cent. Club breakfast, social + courtesies, Ebell Club, Oakland, Fabiola Fete, 876; + other invitat., up Mt. Tamalpais, hardships of campn., no complaint, + at Wom. Cong., Portland, social events in Seattle, 877; + ad. Repub., Popu., and Demo. ratificat. meet. in San Fr., + homesickness, longs to help Idaho, 878; + objects to "still hunt," people can not understand her on all + platforms, needs Mrs. Stn.'s help, sends res. to Natl. Repub. + Con., 879; + indignat. and contempt at plank adopted, holds her peace, 880; + triumphal tour of South. Calif., spks. from car plat., urges Miss + Willard not to hold W. C. T. U. con. in Calif., 881; + let. to Mrs. Peet on subject, shd. offend no voters, honors rec. + from W. C. T. U., 882; + no considera. from Repub. Cent. Com. "too many bonnets," 883; + at "Tom Reed" rally, 885; + photo. given for pledges, 889; + scenes witnessed in elect. booths, sympathy for Calif. wom., 891; + donates own services and those of sec., trib. to Calif. wom., their + remembrances, meets with State Assn., 892; + ovation, leaves for East, 893; + at Reno, Kansas City, perfect physical condit., banq. by Roch. P. E. + Club, N. Y. State Con., Natl. Wom. Council, Boston, visits in that + locality, 895; + Mrs. Chace's 90th birthday, ad. R. I. Suff. Con., in Eddy homestead + tells Mrs. Stn. of Calif. campn., funeral Maria Porter, securing + reminis. for biog., hon. member Chi. Wom. Club, Maj. Pond's + compli., offers $100 for lecture, 896; + never denies charges, urges women not to scramble for office, Book + of Prov. not much help in securing justice to women, constancy of + purpose, 897; + with ballot women wd. be vital force, women can not help polit. + parties, objects to calling God author of civil gov., cd. better + do God's work if had money, 898; + men trying to lift themselves by bootstraps, no time to speculate on + future life, opposed to educat. and property suff., think of dead + as when at best in life, 899; + trib. of Dr. H. W. Thomas, at Geneva, gifts from Mrs. Orr, Mrs. + Gross, Mrs. Hussey, greet. from Mrs. Henrotin, John W. + Hutchinson, 900; + Mrs. Dickinson, F. Willard invites to visit at Castile, ad. patients + Green sanitar., at lunch, ex. com. St. Fed. Clubs, arranges lect. + for Mrs. Stetson, starts for natl. con, at Des Moines, thinks + longingly of Wash., 901; + sleeps on $6,000 bed, compli. Chi. Wom. Club, at Callanan home, + pres. at natl. suff. con., victories in Utah and Idaho, 902; + reporter dresses her in royal purple and diamonds, advantage of + holding natl. cons. in Wash., Mrs. Sewall gives recep. to legis. + in her honor, 903; + ad. the guests, lunch, with Mrs. Wallace and G. W. Julian, recep. by + Mr. and Mrs. Dean, ad. Ind. Legislature, arrives home, friendship + for reporters, at Douglass birthday service, 904; + women's clubs of Rochester arrange 77th birthday recep. for A., + comment of papers, 905; + trib. Post Express, Herald descrip. of recep., 906; + at the recep., day in Anthony home, greetings from individs. and + assns., trib. Mrs. Catt, at meet. Cuban League, 907; + hopes Cubans will remember their women, eulogy at funeral of Mrs. + Humphrey, urged not to delay biog., 908; + while in Calif. asks Mrs. Harper to write it, thinks will be little + to say, immense amt. of material, 909; + all sorted and arranged, 910; + in attic workrooms, 911; + difficult to remain home, rec. callers Monday evenings, dislikes + role of society or literary woman, 913; + chafes under old records, "living with the dead," lect. at Auburn + for Tuskegee Instit., ad. legis. com. at Albany, resolves never to + do it again, wants to celebrate sister's 70th birthday, finds + friends arranging for it, 914; + interview in Rochester Herald, trib. to life of sister Mary, + personal obligations, 915; + happiness over party, Sargent golden wedding, 916; + visits Mrs. Osborne, evenings of reminis. with Mrs. Stn., reading of + biog., lets. from all parts of world, greatest compli., medallion + and souvenir spoon, 917; + women can not rise in revolt agnst. fathers and sons, Mrs. Besant + and Theosophy, busy with work on this planet, 918; + thanks Sup. Judges of Idaho for decision on wom. suff., advises Ky. + Daught. of Rev. to commemorate deeds of women, hardships of + pioneer women, shd. demand rights Rev. fathers fought for, + honorary member Roch. D. A. R., 919; + woman's dependence on man does not win his respect, every dollar + helps wom. suff., women's sympathy easily aroused, do not strike + at root of public evils, urges women to work only for full suff., + begin with voting precincts, 920; + opinion on poetry, God does not "punish" people, good men form third + parties and play into hands of enemy, 921; + week days sacred as Sunday, women shd. not ask for educat. and + property suff., objects to idea of pers. God, 922; + he is not respons. for human ills, can not influence voters by + prayer, telegram to nephew on wedding day, let. to F. Willard on + yellow journalism and prize fight, 923; + objects to threatening voters with woman's ballot, Miss Willard + sends conciliatory reply, urges her to come to World's and Natl. + W. C. T. U. Cons., no end of invitations, 924; + requests for opinions, amusing questions from county offic., A.'s + answer, hon. mem. Cuban League, Roch. Hist. Soc., Ladies of + Maccabees, etc., never recd. one dollar salary from Natl. Suff. + Assn., 925; + nor have any of offic., visits Thousand Islands, beautiful scenes, + starts for Adams, Mass., 926; + at Geneva, at O. St. Con., Alliance, ad. students Mt. Union Coll., + S. J. May's Centennial, at Nashville Expo., spks. in Wom. Bldg., + hearty greeting, 927; + recep. by pres. of Expo., compli. of American, entertained by pres. + Board of Lady Managers, ad. Lib. Cong. Relig., Fiske Univers., + N. Y. Suff. Con., Geneva, criticises women for going into partisan + politics, defends "rings," 928; + "adroit statesman lost to world," gold. wed. Dr. and Mrs. E. M. + Moore, spks. Minneap., Madison, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, Toledo, + ad. students Minn. Univers., contrast bet. first canvass of N. Y. + and present ovations, 929; + daily life and habits, 931; + great amt. of exercise, not dwelling on ills, work, dress, 932; + toilet, religion, medical practice, few visits, harmonious life with + sister, home in Rochester, 933; + A. enjoys kitchen, mother's wed. furniture, old pictures, 934; + bedroom, study, daily mail, 935; + work as pres. Natl. Suff. Assn., requests from men, women and + children, schools, clubs, libraries, authors, eds., 936; + poets, "cranks," adventurers, 937; + let. from child, slave to correspond., "if young women fail, + octogenarian will work harder," 938; + trib. to obscure women, devoting closing yrs. to permanent fund for + wom. suff. and Press Bureau, Hist. Soc. invites to Berkshire, 939; + official and pressing invit., she invites natl. suff. com. and other + friends, arrang. for family reunion, "Old Hive" swarms, 940; + pres. suff. com. meet. in rooms where played as child, 941; + lunch in Plunkett's Pavilion, Adams, pres. Hist, meet., pride and + happiness, trib. of Mrs. Catt, 942; + Mrs. Avery, Mrs. Upton, compared to Galileo, wd. turn Roman palaces + into orphan asylums, future pilgrimages to birth-place, 943; + trib. Mrs. Sewall, Mrs. Colby, love of justice, of home, 944; + trib. of Anna Shaw, tenderness, charity, love, great, ideal life, + 945; + pres. Anthony reunion, New Eng. dinner, silent blessing, 946; + trip to Mt. Greylock, A. gayest of party, takes friends to all loved + spots, Quaker meet. house, 947; + own old home, room where born, worthy descendant noble race, task for + half-century to secure equal rights for women, 948; + contrast in condit. at begin. and end, her part, receives med. of + apprecia., face carved in capitol at Albany, 949; + trib. of women, Mrs. Sewall's analysis, "never forgets," F. + Willard's testimonial, 950; + Mrs. Stn. describes grand life, dedicates Reminiscences to A., 951; + "steadfast friend," A. not martyr, enjoyed work, retained + self-respect, always in good company, gov. by philos. rather than + emotion, compared to Napoleon, Gladstone, Lincoln, 952; + Garrison, own individuality, life's serene evening, 953; + ad. to Lincoln, "free women as you have slaves," 957; + ad. on Reconstruct. in 1865, Johnson's proclam. to Miss., ballot in + hand of every loyal citizen, 960; + ad. to Cong., eloquent demand for woman's enfranchis., 968; + newspaper trib. on 50th birthday, 972; + lets. and gifts, 974; + constitut. argu. deliv. in Monroe and Ontario counties, previous to + trial for voting, 1873, proving from Fed. and State constits., + statutes and eminent men, right of women to franchise, 977; + newspaper comment on trial, 993; + scurrilous reports, famous silk dress, will make charming biog., 995; + Bread and Ballot speech deliv. 1870-1880, 996; + lect. on Social Purity deliv. in Chicago, 1875, 1004; + open let. to Benj. Harrison asking to interpret "free ballot" plank + in Repub. plat, as including women, 1013; + Demand for Party Recognition, deliv. in Kan., 1894, 1015. + + ANTHONY, SUSIE B., 471, 552; + goes to Roch. with A., 609; + drowned, 648. + + ANTHONY, WILLIAM, 947. + + ARCHER, STEPHEN, A. hears preach, 39. + + ARKELL, JAMES, writes play, 51. + + ARKELL, WILLIAM J., 51. + + ARNOLD, EDWIN, 554. + + ARTHUR, CHESTER A., grants interview to A., 538; + rec. suff. delegates, 588. + + ASHLEY, REV. MR., preaches agnst. equality for women, 79. + + ATKINSON, MRS. WM. Y., reception to suff. con., 810. + + AUCLERT, HUBERTINE, A. calls on, 562. + + AVERY, DR. ALIDA C., accepts A.'s services for Colorado, 489; + hospitality, 493, 548; + work for S. Dak., 685. + + AVERY, CYRUS MILLER, marries Rachel Foster, 644; + present to A., 707. + + AVERY, ROSE FOSTER, 678. + + AVERY, RACHEL FOSTER, 511; + arrang. lect. tour for A., 512; 527; + cor. sec. Natl. Assn., arrang. N. E. cons., 535; 538; 541; + manages Neb. campn., 545; + to accompany A. abroad, adopts name "Aunt Susan," 546; + starts for Europe with A., 550; + on shipboard, 552; 553; 555; 556; 558; + presented at court, 562; 564; 565; 566; + at Somerville club, 567; + death of mother, 603; + in Kansas, 625; + meets Stone in Boston, rec. plan of union of two soc. and list of + com., sec. of com., 628; + rec. list of Am. com., let. from A. urging union, 629; + cor. sec. unit, assns., 632; + arr. internat. council, 633; + marries, public work, 644; + continues after marriage, 645; 664; + arranges birthday banq. for A., 664; 676; + A. on pre-natal influ., birth of daught., gratitude to A., 678; + sends A. sister's furniture, 701; + gives recep. for A., 705; 707; + urges A. to go to Kan., 715; + in Kan. campn., gives $1,000, 719; 721; + at Chautauqua, 727; + gift to A., 741; + at opening World's Fair, 742; + sec. com. org. Wom. Cong., magnitude of work, respons. for success, + A.'s pride, 745; 753; 802; + secures annuity for A., 813; + wants A. to manage Stn. birthday, 847; + favors res. against Wom. Bible, 854; + asks A.'s forgiveness, 856; 895; + at Des Moines con., 902; + present to Mary Anthony, 916; + at Anthony homestead, 940; + at Berkshire Hist. meet., 943. + + AVERY, SUSAN LOOK, entertains A., 654; 711; + A. at bien. Fed. of Clubs, 720. + + + BAKER, CHARLES S., M.C., favors admis. of Wy., 698; 713. + + BAKER, ELLEN S., registers and votes, 424. + + BAKER, MRS. GEORGE L., 832. + + BAKER, GULA, 552. + + BAKER, DR. HENRY A., Yosemite with A., 831. + + BAKER, MRS. P. C., 832. + + BALDWIN, ISABEL A., meets A. at ferry, 826; + pres. Alameda Co. suff. soc., 865. + + BALGARNIE, FLORENCE, at Int'l. Council, let. 704; + in Kan. campn., 719. + + BALLARD, ADELAIDE, 902. + + BANGS, JUDGE, for wom. suff. in S. Dak., 687. + + BANKER, HENRIETTA M., 708. + + BANNISTER COUNTY SUPT., 288. + + BARKER, RACHEL, A. hears preach., 40. + + BARKER, MRS. H. M., nat'l ass'n funds keep up work in S. Dak., 680. + + BARKER, REV. M., suff. amend. will go by default unless nat'l ass'n + helps, 680; 681. + + BARNARD, HELEN, edits campn. paper, 509. + + BARRON, MME. DE, entertains A., 561. + + BARROWS, ISABEL, 793. + + BARRY, LEONORA M., on A.'s birthday, 671; + in Col. campn., 752. + + BARSTOW, HON. A. C., 87. + + BARTLETT, REV. CAROLINE J., 702. + + BARTOL, EMMA J., 548. + + BARTON, CLARA, unrecognized by govt., 239; 276; + first appears at wom. suff. meet., 313; 314; 496; + at A.'s birthday banq., 665; + to A. in S. Dak., will help, 689. + + BASCOM, EMMA C., 548; 612. + + BASCOM, PRES., friendship for A., 612. + + BATES, U. S., Atty.-Gen. Edw., citizen of U. S. means memb. of nation, + 984; + infamous decis., 985. + + BATES, FANNIE, 940. + + BAYNE, JULIA TAFT, poem on Greylock, 13. + + BEACH, REV. AND MRS. J. C., 288. + + BEALE, GENERAL, 677. + + BEATIE, MRS. ---- ----, 824. + + BECK, JAMES B., SENATOR, opp. com. on rights of wom., 541. + + BECKER, LYDIA E., 360; + A. meets in Eng., 553. + + BECKWITH, P. D., for equal. of wom., 733. + + BEECHER, CATHARINE, on divorce, 332; + agnst. wom. suff., 372; + points out Mrs. Woodhull's errors, 378; + wishes she had not, 379. + + BEECHER, H. W., praise of Berkshire, 2; + W. R. sp. at Cooper Insti., 192; + assists Wom. Loyal League, 234; + agrees to lect. for wom. suff. movement, 252; 259; + on hay fever, 263; + describes manifold duties, can not work in organizations, 274; + sp. on pressing woman's claims at once, 276; 279; + endorses wom. suff., 284; 290; 308; + pres. Am. Suff. Assn., 328; + how to make audience laugh and cry, 334; 346; 347; + marriage of Richardson and Mrs. McFarland, 351; 373; 422; + magnetism, like elder brother to Tilton, devotion to Mrs. Tilton, + 464; + birthday gift to A., 976. + + BEECHER, REV. THOMAS K., theology, 125; + grants church for suff. meet., 178; + anecdote of, 373. + + BELFORD, JAMES B., M. C., for wom. suff., 585. + + BELL, JOHN C., M. C., ad. suff. con., 756. + + BENNETT, JAMES GORDON, opp. wom. suff., 78. + + BENNETT, SALLIE CLAY, 511; 607. + + BEMIS, JULIA BROWN, 368. + + BERNHARDT, SARAH., A. hears, 567; 733. + + BERRY, MR. AND MRS. W. W., recep. to Woman's Council, 928. + + BESANT, ANNIE, 577; + A. entertains, 704; + A. can not accept her ideas, 918. + + BIDWELL, GEN. J. C., 404. + + BIDWELL, ANNIE K., tries to secure suff. amend. from Calif. legis., + 863. + + BIGELOW, JOHN, for wom. suff., 767. + + BIGGS, CAROLINE ASHURST, 554. + + BINGHAM, ANSON, in favor of wom. rights, 186. + + BINGHAM, JOHN A., agnst. wom. suff., 382; 985; 986. + + BIRD, FRANCIS W., speaks at suff. con., 533. + + BISBEE, M. C., 590. + + BLACKIE, PROF. JOHN STUART, converted by A. to wom. suff.; kisses her + hand, 570. + + BLACKWELL, ALICE STONE, arrang. union of two assns., 628; + sends list of com., 629; + influence in favor of union, 630; + rec. sec. unit. assns., 632; + on S. Dak. com. 675; 676; + let. from A. on S. Dak. 683; + favors res. agnst. Wom. Bible, 854; + at Anthony homestead, 940. + + BLACKWELL, REV. ANTOINETTE BROWN, Vice Pres. Wom. Temp. Con., 67; + demands equal rights, 74; + Bible enjoins no subjection of woman, 76; + urges A. to speak, 82; 83; 90; 93; 94; + refused right to speak at World's Temp. Con., 101; + marries, 128; 131; + jokes A. about bachelor, 142; + preaches in Rochester, 167; + biog. in cycloped., 170; + wd. use Hovey fund for church work, 171; + con. at Niagara, 175; + anecdote of A.'s trying to order breakfast, 176; + demands of married life, 178; + teasing let. on A.'s obtuseness, disappoint. when preaching at + Peterboro, 179; + opp. divorce res., 193; + patriotic ad. Wom. Loyal League, 229; 253; + woman's paper for Mrs. Stn.'s benefit, 299; + A. writes regard. wom. preachers and sermons, 634; 636. + + BLACKWELL, ELLEN, 131; 132. + + BLACKWELL, DR. ELIZ., originates Sanitary Commission, 239. + + BLACKWELL, HENRY B., marries Lucy Stone, 130; + rec. sec. Equal Rights Assn., 260; + accompanies wife to Kan., criticises Greeley and Repubs., 275; + for defeat of wom. suff. in Kan., 304; + rec. sec. Am. Suff. Assn., 328; + offers res. that Am. Equal Rights Assn. be dissolved, 348; + votes for it, 349; + bus. man. Wom. Journal, 361; + writes A. to stand by Repub. party, 416; + cor. sec. Am. W. S. A., 627; + sec. com. on union, 629; 640; 675; + contrib. serv. to S. Dak., 695; + spks. at Chautauqua, 727; + congrat. A. on N. Y. campn., 773; + must have endors. of Repubs. and Popu. in Kan., 780; + Mrs. Johns must stand by her guns, 781; + urges A. to be Repub. or non-partis., 793; + favors res. against Wom. Bible, 854. + + BLAINE, JAS. G., tyranny to count citizens in represent. while denying + ballot, 499; + not friend of wom. suff., 594; + death, Repub. leader, 739. + + BLAIR, SEN. HENRY W., 500; + rep. in favor wom. suff., 543; + same, 590; 591; + humorous note to A., 606; 607; + secures vote in senate on 16th Amend, 617; + spks. for it, 620; + A. must "fight for life," 626; + ad. suff. con., 647; + at A.'s birthday banq., 664; 665; + by "pious fraud" reads let. from Eng. Suff. Soc., 704; + rep. in favor wom. suff., 718. + + BLAKE, LILLIE DEVEREUX, 377; + defends A. in voting, 432; 446; + presents Wom. Dec. of Ind., 478; + on trial by jury, 479; 511; + in Neb. campn., 545; + interviews Gen. Hancock, 520; 628; 629; + in N. Y. campn., 761; + ad. N. Y. Consti. Con., 768; + at N. Y. Demo. Con., 775; + pres. Foremothers' dinner, 802; + A. must manage Stn. birthday, 846; + opp. res. agnst. Wom. Bible, 854. + + BLATCH, ALICE, 553. + + BLATCH, HARRIOT STANTON, trib. to A., 543; + A. visits, 554; 564; + apprec. let. to A. and Mrs. Stn., 602; + at A.'s birthday banq., 666; + ad. Nat'l Con., 675; + at Geneva, N. Y., 900. + + BLINN, NELLIE HOLBROOK, pres. Calif. suff. assn., tries to sec. suff. + amend. from legis., on St. Suff. Com., 863; + at Rep. St. Con., 869. + + BLOOMER, AMELIA, Sec. Wom. Temp. Con., 67; + dele. Syr. Tem. Con., 69; 83; 93; + gave name to Bloomer costume, let. defending it, 114; 380; + death, 803. + + BLOSS, WM. C., 165. + + BLUE, HON. RICHARD W., introduces municipal wom. suff. bill in Kan. + Senate, 611; 647. + + BLUNT, GEN., 289. + + "BLY, NELLIE," interview with A., 858. + + BOGELOT, ISABELLE, ad. Sen. Com., 640. + + BOND, MRS. CHARLES W., Recep. To Wom. Council, 895. + + BOND, ELIZ. POWELL, 152. + + BONNEY, C. C., pres. Wom. Cong. Aux., appoints coms., 745; + places A. on advis. com. of various congs., 748; + requests her to spk. for Civil Serv. Com., at Govt. Cong., 750. + + BOOTH, MARY L., first pub. appearance, 131; + shows injustice to wom. teachers, 143; + longs to help suff., 146; 155; 316; + love for A., 458; + praises A. and Hist. Wom. Suff., declares belief in wom. suff., 615; + death, 660. + + BOTTOME, MARGARET, 702; + tribute to A., 703. + + BOWEN, THOS. B., SENATOR, 607. + + BOWEN, "UNCLE SAM," 5. + + BOWLES, REV. ADA C., at suff. con., 533; 636. + + BOWMAN, BISHOP THOS., for wom. suff., 588. + + BOYNTON, ELIZABETH, 360. (see Harbert.) + + BOYNTON, H. V., 608. + + BRADFORD, MARY C. C., invites A. to Colorado women's 4th of July, 775. + + BRADLAUGH, CHARLES, 577. + + BRADLEY, MR. AND MRS. BENJ., 652. + + BRADWELL, JUDGE, 315; + urges measures to unite two suff. org., 350. + + BRADWELL, MYRA W., tribute to A., 315; 346; + defends A. for voting, 443; + death, 757. + + BRAYTON, HELEN, 812. + + BREEDEN, REV. H. O., welc. natl. suff. con., 902. + + BREIDENTHAL, JOHN W., ch. Kan. Popu. Com. will leave it with A. as to + her speeches, 794; + confident suff. amend. will carry, 796. + + BRICE, MRS. CALVIN, 814. + + BRICKNER, MAX, 731. + + BRIGHAM, PROF., 76. + + BRIGHT, ALBERT, 576. + + BRIGHT, JACOB, endorses wom. suff., 368; 564; + presides over wom. suff. meet., 566; + advocates wom. suff. in Parliament, 567. + + BRIGHT, JOHN, Lord Rector's ad., 556; 565; 575; 577; + workingmen need franchise, 996. + + BRIGHT, URSULA M., demands franchise for married women, 563; 564; 565; + A. visits, son's admiration for her, 577. + + BROADHEAD, M. C., 590. + + BRODERICK, CASE, M. C., ad. suff. con., 756; + suggests wom. suff. plank for Kan. Repubs., 778; + tries to have it in plat., 779. + + BRONTE, ANNE, CHARLOTTE AND EMILY, home and life, 576. + + BROOKE, STOPFORD, discouraging attempts at temp. work, 564. + + BROOKS, D. C., sustains suff. meet., 544. + + BROOKS, JAMES, M. C., franks women's petitions, 268, 295; + thanked by women, 422. + + BROOKS, BISHOP PHILLIPS, for wom. suff., 757. + + BROOMALL, J. W., endorses wom. suff., 284. + + BROTHERTON, ALICE WILLIAMS, 668. + + BROWN, REV. ANTOINETTE L. (see Blackwell). + + BROWN, B. GRATZ, argues for wom. suff., 266; 318; 415; + franchise a natural right, 979. + + BROWN, BERIAH, misrepresents A., 401. + + BROWN, CHARLOTTE EMERSON, 720. + + BROWN, ELIZABETH, 369. + + BROWN, MRS. H. B., 697. + + BROWN, JOHN, sleeps in cabin of Merritt Anthony, 144; + memorial meet. in Rochester, 181; 184; + A. visits home and grave, defends his memory, 708. + + BROWN, COL. JOHN, 4. + + BROWN, REV. JOHN, on Kan. suff. com., 287. + + BROWN, SEN. JOS. A., opp. wom. suff., 590; + speech in opp. to wom. suff., 617; + phys. strength nec. for voting, 620. + + BROWN, MATTIE GRIFFITH, 234; 260; 327; 350. + + BROWN, MAY BELLEVILLE, 726. + + BROWN, REV. OLYMPIA, work in Kan., 286; + ballot for woman as well as negro, 304; 387; + on Repub. plat., 422; + defends A. in voting, 432; + A. is North Star, 608; 612; + suit under Wis. sch. suff. law, 624; 628; 629; 659; + A.'s birthday, 670; + in S. Dak., 684; 702. + + BROWN, SARAH, 287. + + BROWN, SUSAN ANTHONY, 942. + + BROWNE, THOS. M., M. C., rep. in fav. wom. suff. 590; + has it printed, A. praises, 591. + + BRUCE, SENATOR BLANCHE K., ad. suff. con., 756. + + BRYANT, WM. CULLEN, trib. to Berkshire, 13; + condemns mob, 103; + favors wom. suff., 267; + ed. N. Y. Post favored wom. suff., 771. + + BUCHANAN, JAMES, 150. + + BUCKLEY, PROF. J. W., opp. co-educat., 156. + + BUCKLEY, REV. JOHN H., Anna Shaw answers obj. to wom. suff., 710; + deb. suff. with A. Shaw, 727; + cold recep. from audience, 728. + + BUDD, GOV. JAMES H., signs bill for suff. amend., 863; + places last on ticket, 889. + + BUFFUM, JAS., 131. + + BULLARD, LAURA CURTIS, 327; 350; + buys Revolution, 361; + gives it up, 363; 564; + let. and gift to A. on 50th birthday, 975. + + BUNNELL, MRS. G. W., pres. Ebell Club, 876. + + BURDETTE, ROBT. J., 862. + + BURLEIGH, CELIA, 353. + + BURLEIGH, WM. H., 69. + + BURNETT, ASSEMBLYMAN, spks. agnst. wom. rights, 109. + + BURNSIDE, GEN. AMBROSE E., 959. + + BURR, FRANCES ELLEN, let. A.'s 50th birthday, 975. + + BURT, MARY T., ad. N. Y. Consti. Con., 769. + + BURTIS, SARAH ANTHONY, teach. in Anthony family, 22; + sec. first W. R. Con., 59; + reminis., 896. + + BURTON, CAPTAIN, 552. + + BUSH, COL. J. W., introduces A., 809. + + BUSHNELL, DR. KATE, spks. at Central Music Hall, Chicago, 640. + + BUTLER, GEN. BENJ. F., fine rep. in favor of wom. suff., 382; + let. on wom. right to vote under Constit., 429; + rep. in favor of remit. A.'s fine for voting, 451; + intercedes for inspectors, 452; + in favor of wom. suff., 454; + retained in Eddy will case, 540; + pres. candidate, 594; + fees in Eddy case, 598; + death, 737; + in New Orleans, 959; + Constit. authoriz. right of women to vote, 991. + + BUTLER, JOSEPHINE E., writes A., 458; + A. hears speak, 576. + + BUTLER, SENATOR AND MRS. MATT. C., 677. + + BYRD, PROF. C. E., 808. + + BUTLER, DAVID, GOV. (Of Neb.), introduces A., 380. + + + CADY, MARGARET LIVINGSTON, 279. + + CAIRD, MONA, 577. + + CALLANAN, JAMES AND MARTHA C., 676; 902. + + CAMERON, SENATOR ANGUS, reports in favor wom. suff., 502. + + CAMERON, SENATOR DON, grants ten seats to wom. in Repub. con., 518. + + CAMP, HERMAN, agnst. wom. delegates, 70. + + CAMPBELL, GOV. JOHN A., vetoes bill repealing wom. suff. in Wyoming, + 407; 408. + + CAMPBELL, MARGARET, in Col. campn, 492. + + CAMPBELL, MARY GRAFTON, 830. + + CANNON, HON. GEO. Q., 825. + + CANTINE, EMMA, 927. + + CAREY, JOSEPH M., SENATOR, ad. suff. con., 617; 756; + ad. N. Y. Consti. Con. in favor wom. suff., 769. + + CAREY, MRS. JOSEPH M., 617; 823. + + CARLISLE, JOHN G., Senator, 718. + + CARPENTER, FRANK G., let. on A.'s birthday, 670. + + CARPENTER, SEN. MATT. H., 337; 410; + U. S. has no well ordered system of jurisprudence, 451; + favors wom. suff., 500. + + CARROLL, ANNA ELLA, plans Tenn. campn., 239. + + CARTTER, SUP. JUDGE, agnst. wom. suff., 985. + + CARY, ALICE, 316; 343; + writes for Revolution, home and receptions, 358; + cd. not write heart's deepest thoughts, prepares "Born Thrall" for + Rev., dies before finishing it, 359; 360; 368. + + CARY, PHOEBE, 316; + poem on A.'s 50th birthday, 342; 343; + tries to unite suff. assns., 346; + proposed ed. of Revolution, 357; + writes for Revolution, home and receptions, 358; + note to A., 359; 360; 368. + + CARY, SAMUEL F., declines to assist wom. temp, con., 97; + opp. woman's speaking, 101. + + CASEMENT, GEN. J. S. AND MRS. FRANCES M., hospitality to A., 705. + + CASWELL, L. B., M. C., reports in favor of wom. suff., 699. + + CATT, CARRIE CHAPMAN, 675; + in S. Dak., 685; + shows no hope of success, 693; + "lonesome movement," 694; + A.'s unselfishness, 695; + illness acc't work in S. D., 696; + at Kan. con., 697; + in Col. campaign, 752; + entertains A., 753; + elect. nat'l organizer, 758; + in N. Y. campn., 761; + no hope of suff. in Kan. without party endors., 780; + opens campn. in Kan. City, 784; + ad. Popu. St. Con., 789; + situation in Kan., 792; + amendment will win., 795; + with A. on south. lect. tour, 806; + entertained by Memphis clubs, 807; + at New Or., Greenville, Jackson, 808; + New Decatur, Huntsville, trib. of News, 809; + favors res. against Wom. Bible, 854; + work in Calif. campn., 875; + first app. at Natl. Con., 878; 883; + entertains natl. com., 895; + birthday trib. to A., 907; + ad. N. Y. legis., 914; + western conferences, 929; + at Anthony homestead, 940; + trib. to A. at Berk. Hist. meet. compares to Galileo, future + pilgrimages to birthplace, 942. + + CHACE, ELIZ. BUFFUM, 90th birthday, 896. + + CHACE, JONATHAN, SENATOR, for suff., 621. + + CHADWICK, REV. JOHN, 346. + + CHAMBERS, REV. JOHN, calls wom. deleg. "scum of con.," 89; + insults Miss Brown on platform, 101. + + CHANDLER, SENATOR, ZACH., 460. + + CHANLER, MARGARET LIVINGSTONE, ad. N. Y. Consti. Con. in favor wom. + suff., 768. + + CHANNING, W M. H., begin. of friendship for A., 58; + visits Anthony home, 60; 93; + defends Antoinette Brown at temp. con., 102; + prep. call for W. R. con. and leads it, 104; + audience at Albany refuses to hear, 108; + writes appeal for wom. suff., 110; + corporal awkward squad, 112; + opp. bloomer dress, 115; + compli. Hist. Wom. Suff. 531; + loves America, 554; + returns to early beliefs, 563; + death, 595. + + CHANT, LAURA ORMISTON, ad. Sen. Com., spks. Central Music Hall, + Chicago, 640; + at A.'s birthday banq., 666; 672. + + CHAPIN, REV. EDWIN H., 192. + + CHAPMAN, MARIA WESTON, compli. A., 154. + + CHAPMAN, MARIANA W., in N. Y. campn., 761; + pres. N. Y. Suff. Ass'n sends birthday greet. to A., 907; + ad. N. Y. legis., 914. + + CHAPMAN, NANCY M., registers and votes, 424. + + CHATFIELD, HANNAH, regis. and votes, 424. + + CHEEVER, REV. GEO. B., 173; 174; + approves A.'s work, 182; 192. + + CHENEY BROS., present to A., 549. + + CHENEY, EDNAH D., at Fed. clubs, 721. + + CHENEY, MR. AND MRS., gift to A., 976. + + CHILD, LYDIA MARIA, 253; first ed. A. S. Standard, petit, for suff. + declared "inopportune" by Sumner, 265; 276; 549; 935. + + CHILDS, GEO. W., 480; + gives A. money and souvenir, 538; + sends A. $100, 607; + death, 756. + + CHOATE, JOSEPH H., pres. N. Y. Consti. Con., uses influence agnst. + wom. suff., 767; + votes agnst. suff. amend., fears to injure polit. prospects, 771. + + CHOATE, MRS. JOSEPH H., petit, for suff., 764; + not represented by husb., 771. + + CHURCHILL, MRS. JEROME, 404. + + CLAFLIN, TENNIE C., 376. + + CLAPP, ELIZA J., leaves A. $1,000, 763. + + CLAPP, HANNAH H., introd. A. in '71, '95, 826. + + CLARK, EMILY, temp. speaker, travels with A., 71; 87; + at Brick church meet., 90. + + CLARK, HELEN BRIGHT, 576. + + CLARK, JAMES G., 200. + + CLARK, NANCY HOWE, Teacher's Trib. To Mr. and Mrs. A., 22; 47. + + CLARK, SIDNEY M. C., 247; + endorses wom. suff. 284; + A. compliments, 960; 962. + + CLARKSON, THOMAS, A. visits old home, 569. + + CLAY, HENRY, preaches liberty attended by a slave, 42. + + CLAY, LAURA, 511; 806; 807; + at Atlanta con., 811; + favors res. agnst. Wom. Bible, 854; 940. + + CLAY, MARY B., 511; 628. + + CLAY, MARY J. WARFIELD, 511; 806. + + CLAY-KLOPTON, MRS., 809. + + CLAYTON, COL. V. P., 812. + + CLEMMER, MARY, describes con., trib. to A., 340; 360; + scene in senate when petits. were pres. 485; + scores Sen. Wadleigh, strong argument for wom. suff., 501; 548. + + CLEVELAND, GROVER, 594; + rec. Wom. Intl. Council, 637; + signs bill admit. Utah, 851. + + CLEVELAND, MRS. GROVER, rec. Wom. Intl. Council, 637. + + CLYMER, ELLA DEITZ, 704. + + COATES, SARAH CHANDLER, 895. + + COBBE, FRANCES POWER, 368; 566; 577. + + COBDEN, JANE, 565; 576. + + COCHRAN, HON. JOHN, how to fool the women, 418. + + COCKRELL, SEN. FRANCIS M., opp. wom. suff., 590; 591; 608; 677. + + COFFEEN, HENEY A., M. C., ad. suff. con., 756. + + COKE, LORD, on taxation without representation, 969. + + COGSWELL, MR. ----, compli. A., 535. + + COLBY, CLARA B., first meets A., 493; 511; 541; + manages Neb. campn., 541; + in Kan. campn., 609; + A.'s eloquence at Madison, 612; 628; 629; + council issue of Wom. Trib., 633; + at A.'s birthday banq., 666; + compli. in Wom. Trib., 671; 672; + on S. Dak. com., 675; + in campn., 685; + at Neb. and Kan. cons., 697; + in Atlanta, 811; + objects to res. agnst. Wom. Bible, 852; 857; + at Anthony homestead, 940; + at Berk. Hist. meet., trib. to A., love of justice, home, + life-work, 944; + Anthony homestead shd. be purchased, 945. + + COLE, HON. A. N., sustains wom. delegates, 70. + + "COLE, CATHARINE," 597. + + COLEMAN, LUCY N., 178; 216; 229. + + COLLINS, JENNIE, at Natl. Con., 337; 349. + + COLLYER, RBT., endorses wom. suff., 284; 371; 372; 373; + beautiful pict. in pulpit, 802. + + COLLYER, ROBT. LAIRD, spks. agnst. wom. suff., 316. + + COLVIN, HON. ANDREW J., champions woman's rights, 189. + + CONDIT, REV., opp. woman's rights, 88. + + CONKLING, ROSCOE, 410; A.'s trial for voting, 441; 485; + defeats com. on wom. rights, 527. + + CONWAY, MONCURE D., A. visits, 563; + delighted with A.'s speech, 565. + + CONWAY, MRS. MONCURE D., 563. + + CONWAY, MILDRED, 566. + + COONLEY, LYDIA AVERY, 711; 720; + entertains A. dur. World's Fair, 750; + gift, 751; 841. + + COOPER, HARRIET, affect, let. to A., 820; + meets A. at ferry, 826; + sends money for A. to come Calif, to help in suff. campn., 861; + meets A., 862; + rec. sec. campn. com., 863. + + COOPER, PETER, 422. + + COOPER, SARAH B., On Hist. Wom. Suff., 616; + pres. Calif. Wom. Cong., 819; + sends A. money to come to Calif., loving letters, 820; + meets A. and Miss Shaw at ferry, 826; + at Congreg. church, San Fr.; + pres. Woman's Cong., 827; + gives A. and Miss Shaw freedom of speech; + trib. to A., 828; + chmn. campn. com., consecrates herself to suff., 829; + takes A. to minister's meet., 830; + chmn. 4th July wom. com., refused permission for A. Shaw to speak, + gains her point, rides in procession, 836; + sympathy for A., 842; + appeals to A. for help in Calif. campn., 861; + meets at ferry, 862; 863; + suff. plank in Repub. platform, 871; + at Demo. St. Con., 872; + at Portland Wom. Cong., 877. + + CORLISS, DR. HIRAM, 45; 902. + + COUDERT, FREDERICK, for wom. suff., 764. + + COUZINS, PHOEBE, 322; 327; 349; 360; + urges A. and Mrs. Stn. to resume head of Natl. Assn., 382; + presents Wom. Dec. of Ind. at Centennial, 478; 479; + compli. A.'s management of Wash. cons., 495; + welcomes suff. con. to St. Louis, recep. to A., 506; + ad. Cong. Com., 511; 517; + dele. to Natl. Prohib. Con., 520; + at Mott memorial serv., 527; + in Neb. campn., 545; + A. sends $100, 608; + meets A. at station, 609; + A. makes her life memb. of Natl. Assn., 659; + at A.'s birthday banq., 665; + A. gives money, 672. + + COWAN, SEN. EDGAR, moves to strike "male" from D. C. Suff. Bill, + 266; 422. + + CRAMER, MRS., 381. + + CRAMPTON, REV. R. C., 87. + + CRAVATH, PRES. ERASTUS M., invites A. to ad. students Mt. Union Coll., + 928. + + CRAWFORD, S. G., endorses wom. suff., 284. + + CRITTENDEN, A. P., 390. + + CROLY, "JENNY JUNE," 353; 720. + + CROMWELL, OLIVER, 1014. + + CROSBY, ABBY BURTON, 327. + + CROWELL, EX-MAYOR, 248. + + CROWLEY, RICHARD, U. S. Dist. Atty., examines A. for having voted, 427; + threatens to move trial into another county, 435; + does so, 436; + two hrs. speech in prosecut. A., 438; + says A. had fair trial by jury, 450. + + CULVER, PRES. & MRS., 598. + + CULVER, JUDGE E. D., 330. + + CULVER, MARY, registers and votes, 424. + + CUMMINGS, ---- ---- MISS, A.'s Birthday, 671. + + CUNNINGHAM, STEPHEN M., 393. + + CURTIS, ELIZ. BURRILL, ad. N. Y. legis., 914. + + CURTIS, EUGENE T., spks. for suff., 762. + + CURTIS FAMILY, 395. + + CURTIS, GEO. WM., hissed at W. R. con., 163; + lect. on Fair Play for Women, dislikes term, "woman's rights," 167; + objects to Ernestine L. Rose, replies to A.'s criticism, + 172; 233; 270; + stands by women, presents Mrs. Greeley's petit., 279; + argu. for wom. suff. bef. N. Y. Constit. Con., real support comes + from Repubs., 280; + endorses suff., 284; 373; + let. on A.'s birthday, 669; + death, 737; + ed. Harper's Weekly fav. wom. suff., 771; + daught. Eliz. Burrill ad. N. Y. legis., 914. + + CURTIS, MARY B. F., votes, 447. + + CURTIS, NEWTON M., ad. suff. con., 756. + + CUTLER, HANNAH M. TRACY, lectures with A., 178; 629; 902. + + + DAHLGREN, MRS. ADMIRAL, 372; + petit. agnst. wom. suff., 377. + + DALL, CAROLINE H., 131; + conservative con., 196; 253. + + DALLAS, MARY KYLE, 316. + + DANA, CHAS. A., not enough women ask for suff., 760. + + DANA, RICHARD H., lect. against women, 59. + + DANFORTH, JUDGE GEO. F., presides suff. meet., 762; + invites A. to meet Justices Appellate Court, 896. + + DANIELS, ASSO. JUSTICE, P. V. citizenship means entire equality, 984. + + DANIELS, HATTIE, 553. + + DARLING, ANNA B., 341. + + DAVIES, CHARLES, LL.D., Pres. State Teach. Con., 98; + agnst. woman's right to speak, 99; + agnst. co-educa., 155; + reads first cable, 163. + + DAVIS, EDWARD M., wants woman to wait till negro is enfranchised, 314; + pres. Cit. Suff. Assn. tenders A. recep., 546; 550; + death, 645. + + DAVIS, MRS. EDWARD M., A. visits, 895. + + DAVIS, ISABELLA CHARLES, letter to A., 773. + + DAVIS, JOHN, M. C., ad. suff. con., 756. + + DAVIS, OLIVE, 905. + + DAVIS, PAULINA WRIGHT, at Syracuse W. R. Con., 72; + pres. cons., 1850-1851, 75; + work in 1840-48, 82; + discouraged with women, 130; 253; 327; + entertains A., Mrs. Stan, and Mrs. Hooker, 332; 349; + gives $500 to Rev., 356; 358; + arranges 20th suff. annivers., 367; + ill and sends for A., 368; + 20 yrs. Hist. of W. R. movement, her early work, 369; 372; 375; 376; + at N. Y. con., 384; + death, 481. + + DAVIS, WILLIAM H., invites A. to 4th of July celebration, rejoices in + her work, 835. + + DAVITT, MICHAEL, asks all for wom., 575; 775. + + DAWES, H. L., SENATOR, for suff., 621; + on A.'s birthday, 671. + + DEAN, JOHN C. AND LILLIAN WRIGHT, 904. + + DEBS, EUGENE V., invites A. to lecture, 503. + + DE GARMO, RHODA, votes, 424; + death, 447. + + DELAVAN, MRS. E. C., Wom. Temp. Con., 67. + + DELIVERGE, DORIS AND HULDAH, employ A. as teacher, 24. + + DE LONG, JAS. C., A. S. assn. formed at house, 210. + + DEMOREST (MME.), LOUISE, 282. + + DEPEW, CHAUNCEY M. for wom. suff., 764. + + DEPUY, MARIA WILDER, 615. + + DERAISMES, MARIA, 652. + + D'ESTRIA, DORA (see Koltzoff Massalsky). + + DETCHON, ADELAIDE, 566. + + DEVOE, EMMA SMITH, 657; + offers services to A., 684. + + DEVOE, J. H., invites A. to S. Dak., 657. + + DEYO, REV. AMANDA, 702. + + D'HERICOURT MME., 322. + + DICKINSON, ALBERT, criticises A.'s style of let. writing, 40; 242. + + DICKINSON, ANN ELIZA, 408. + + DICKINSON, ANNA, her work, let. on war, 220; + aid to Union, 239; 246; + will work for wom. suff, 258; + first speech for W. R., 262; 276; + indignat. over refusal of N. Y. Constit. Con. to adopt wom, suff., + 280; + described by Nellie Hutchinson, criticises Phillips, declares + emancipated black woman no better off than slave, 303; 304; 309; + replies to Robt. Laird Collyer, 316; + first to suggest Amend. XV, wd. be needed, 317; + enthusiastic let., 320; + sp. "Nothing Unreasonable," 327; + tired of lecturing, devoted to A., 345; + gives Mrs. Phelps $1,000 through friendship for A., 360; + talks of editing Rev., 361; 370; + criticised for lect. on social questions, 469; 859; + let. and gifts to A. on 50th birthday, 975; 995. + + DICKINSON, CHARLES, 575; + $300 to A, 707. + + DICKINSON, DR. FRANCES, 575; + arranges Social Purity meet., 640; + Isabella Mem., 655. + + DICKINSON, MARY LOWE, ad. suff. con., 756; + needs A.'s face at Sherry meet., 773; + pres. Wom. Council, 815; + urges A. to manage Stn. birthday, 846; + makes it a success, 847; 848; + trib. to A., 850; + New Years greet. to A., suff. cause most important, 901. + + DIETRICK, ELLEN BATTELLE, death, trib. of A., 849. + + DIGGS, ANNIE L., on Kan. wom. suff. com., 781; + pres. suff. mass meet. in Topeka, 787; + demands wom. suff. plank from Kan. Popu. con., 789; + shakes hands with delegates, 790; + writes A. glad Popu. con. endorses wom. suff., audiences in favor, + urges her to take part in campn., 795; + fav. res. agnst. Wom. Bible, 854. + + DILKE, MRS. ASHTON, 651. + + DINGEE, MARTHA PARKER, A., 609. + + DIX, DOROTHEA, work in war, 239. + + DOANE, BISHOP WM. CROSWELL, organizes remonstrants agnst. wom. suff. + 765. + + DODGE, MARY MAPES, 799. + + DOGGETT, KATE N., 327; + entertains A., 330; + let. and gift to A. on 50th birthday, 976. + + DOLLEY, DR. SARAH C., 446; + A. visits, 653. + + DOLPH, SEN. JOSEPH N., on admis. Wash. Ter. with wom. suff., 607; 608; + speech in favor wom. suff., 618; + sympathy with wom. suff., 716. + + DOLPH, MRS. JOSEPH N., 607. + + DOUGLASS, FREDERICK, moves to Roch. and estab. North Star, 59; + visits Anthony home, 60; 93; + favors A. as sec. of temp. soc., 95; 163; + silenced by mob, 165; + flees to Eng., 181; 198; + on death of Stephen A. Douglas, 215; 216; + at funeral D. Anthony, 224; 233; 260; + brands Demo. help to women a trick, 263; + ridiculed by N. Y. World, 264; 270; + asks women to take back seat, 304; + deserts wom. for negro suff., 317; + forces indorse. Amend. XV, encounter with A., 323; 350; + at welcomes bolt from heaven or hell, 381; + Natl. Wom. Suff. Con., 377; + prayed with heels, 457; 527; 548; + ad. 30th suff. annivers., 495; + second marriage, 586; + let. on wom. suff. and first W. R. con., 634; + death, A. spks. funeral, 814; 904; 934. + + DONLEVEY, ALICE, sec. Art Ass'n. desires to make A.'s statue, 734. + + DOOLITTLE, HON. JAS. R., A. and Mrs. Hooker interview, 417. + + DOSTER, JUDGE FRANK, for women suff. pl. in Kan. Popu. con., 789. + + DOUGLAS, STEPHEN A., "King of Compromise," 215. + + DOW, NEAL, pres. temp, con., 101; + society shd. control liquor traffic, 93; + on A.'s birthday, 670. + + DOWNER, EZRA, leads mob, 211. + + DOWNING, GEORGE, opp. wom. suff., 314. + + DRAKE, GOV. FRANCIS M., welcomes Natl. Suff. con., 902. + + DRAPER, MR. AND MRS. E. D., 282. + + DU BOSE, MIRIAM HOWARD, arr. suff. con., 810; + A. visits, 812. + + DUFFIELD, REV. GEO., 87. + + DUNIWAY, ABIGAIL SCOTT, manages A.'s lecture tour, 395; 397; 398; + writes of A.'s success, 399; + comment on Repub. plank, 476; + A. sends $100, 592; 629; + congrat. A. on triumph in Cal., 871; + pres. Wom. Cong. invites A. to Portland, 877. + + DUNSMORE, J. M., at Kan. Popu. con., 790. + + + EAGLE, GOV. JAS. B., introd. A. to aud., 649. + + EAGLE, MRS. JAMES B., chmn. World's Fair com., urges A. to furnish + stenog. rep. of address, 749. + + EASTMAN, MARY F., spks. at suff. con., 533; 607; 628; + rec. sec. Natl. Council, 639. + + EATON, MR. (KAN.), 519. + + EDDY, ELIZA JACKSON, A. visits, 131; + leaves large sum to A., 539; + legacy paid to A. and Lucy Stone, 598; + bequest used for Hist. Wom. Suff., 614. + + EDDY, THE MISSES, determined to carry out mother's wishes, 540. + + EDDY, SARAH J., meets A. first time, strong friendship, 601. + + EDMUNDS, SENATOR GEO. F., presents petit. agnst. wom. suff., 377; + insult. report agnst. remitting A.'s fine for voting, 451; + compliments A., 511. + + ELDER, P. P., opp. wom. suff. plank in Kan. Popu. plat., 788. + + ELIOT, CHAS. W., Pres., remonstrates agnst. wom. suff., 620. + + ELIOT, GEO., 733. + + ELIOT, SENATOR THOMAS D., 236. + + ELIOT, REV. T. L., 395. + + ELIOT, MRS. T. L., 400. + + ELIOT, REV. WM. G., 395; + soc. purity, on contagious diseases, 1005. + + ELLET, E. F., cares for wronged mother and child, 202. + + ELLIOTT, MAJOR, 407. + + EMERSON, RALPH WALDO, accepts A.'s inv. to lecture, flowery + description women voting, 132; + not enough freedom under lyceum bureau, 190; + defers to wife, 251; 563; + "thorn in side of friend," 667; + "wholesome discontent," 714; + "men what mothers made," 1011. + + EMERSON, MRS. RALPH WALDO, approves wom. suff., 251. + + ERSKINE, HON. AND MRS. M. B., 611. + + ESKRIDGE, C. V., opp. wom. suff., 281; + res. agnst., 283; + opp. wom. suff. at Kan. Repub. Con., 785. + + ESTEE, MORRIS M., citizen's right to free ballot does not include + women, 642. + + ESTLIN, MARY, 577. + + EUSTIS, SENATOR, agnst. wom. suff., 608; + "nursing mother" argument, 618. + + EVERHARD, CAROLINE MCCULLOUGH, woman governed more by principle and + less by prej., 854. + + FAIR, SENATOR JAS. G., reports agnst. wom. suff., 543; + opp. wom. suff., 590. + + FAIR, LAURA D., 391. + + FAIRMAN, COL. HENRY CLAY, advocates wom. suff., 810. + + FAITHFULL, EMILY, 368; 564. + + FANNING, J. D., sustains A. at Teach. Con., 100. + + FARNHAM, G. L., stands by A. at Teach. Con., 164; + invites A. to ad. Neb. Normal Sch., 728. + + FARNHAM, ELIZA W., 252; + early work, 369. + + FARWELL, CHAS. B., SENATOR, in favor wom. suff., 621. + + FASSETT, MRS. J. SLOAT, 803. + + FAWCETT, HENRY, 577. + + FAWCETT, MILLICENT GARRETT, 577. + + FENTON, MRS. REUBEN E., entertains A., 642. + + FERGUSON. MRS. J. M., 808. + + FERRY, SENATOR THOMAS W., pres. Centennial celebra. refuses + recognition to women, 477; 478; + presents wom. petit., 500; + introduces bill for 16th amend., 511; + reports in favor wom. suff., 543. + + FIELD, JUSTICE AND MRS. STEPH. J., 677. + + FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY, legal status of women, 185. + + FIELD, KATE, ad. suff. con., 756; + scores A. for affiliating with Populists, 791. + + FIELDS, ADELE M., petit, for wom. suff., 764. + + FIERO, J. NEWTON, opp. to wom. suff., 769; 770. + + FILLMORE, MILLARD, 329; present at A.'s trial, 436. + + FISHER, P. M., chmn. 4th July com. inv. Miss Shaw to spk., 836. + + FITCH, CHAS. E., trib. to A., 673. + + FLOWER, GOV. ROSWELL P., appoints A. trustee St. Industrial School, + 730; + recommends wom. in N. Y. Constit. Con., 758. + + FOLGER, CHARLES J., women must not discuss social evil, 273. + + FOLTZ, CLARA, tries to secure suff. amend. from Calif. legis., 863. + + FOOTE, DR. E. B., 446. + + FOOTE, HON. SAMUEL G., contemptuous report on wom. petit., 140. + + FOOTE, W. W., opposes wom. suff. in Calif. Demo. Con., 874. + + FORAKER, J. B., refuses to hear A. on wom. suff., 723. + + FORD, ----, MR., composes music for song to A., 548. + + FORD, HANNAH, A. visits, 576. + + FORNEY, COL. JOHN W., fights under banner of A., 487. + + FOSS (DRIVER), 394. + + FOSTER, ABBY KELLY, first meets A., 63; 87; 88; 91; + A. center and soul of temp. cause, 93; 132; 150; + compli. A.'s anti-slav. work, 182; + encourages A., 222; 253; + early work, 369; 935. + + FOSTER, J. ELLEN, 511; 525; + invites A. to ad. W. C. T. U. Con., 537; + loving message to A., 598; 723; + cares more for Repub. party than for suff., 785; + presents claims of wom. at Kan. Repub. Con., 786. + + FOSTER, J. HERON, 527. + + FOSTER, MRS. J. HERON, 527; + contrib. $500 to Neb., 545; + present, to A., 549; + death, 603. + + FOSTER, JULIA T., 511; 527; 550; 701. + + FOSTER, RACHEL G. (See AVERY). + + FOSTER, STEPHEN S., first meets A., 63; + lect. under A.'s management, 138; 150; 208; 246; + loyal to women, 270; + suggests A. and Mrs. Stn. withdraw from E. R. Assn., 322. + + FOULKE, WM. DUDLEY, 629; + ad. Natl. Am. con., 675; + chmn. Govt. Cong. World's Fair, women took more interest than men, + 750. + + FOWLER & WELLS, publish Hist. Wom. Suff., 530; + agreement with A., 599; + sell rights to A., 600. + + FOWLER, PROFESSOR L. N., 83. + + FOWLER, REV., opp. wom. rights, 70; + condemns women workers in reform, 89. + + FOWLER, LYDIA F., at wom. temp. meet., 65; + entertains A., 83. + + FOX, GEORGE, 569. + + FOX, SISTERS, 58. + + FRANCIS & LOUTREL, present A. with receipted bill, 468. + + FRANKLIN, BENJ., in what freedom consists, poor need votes more than + rich, 990. + + FREDERICK THE GREAT, 560. + + FREDERICK, WILLIAM, 560. + + FRELINGHUYSEN, SEN. F. F., 410; State Rights, 991. + + FREMONT, JESSIE BENTON, 234; beautiful women at suff. con., 337. + + FREMONT, GEN. JOHN C., proclaimed freedom to negroes, 959. + + FROTHINGHAM, REV. O. B., 192; 322; 351; 563. + + FULLER, MARGARET, 131; + early work, 369. + + FULLER, CHIEF-JUSTICE MELVILLE W., 660. + + FULTON, REV. JUSTIN, debates with A. at Detroit, 345. + + FURNESS, REV. WM. H., 478. + + + GADEN, MINNA V., delight at A.'s visit to Calif., 819. + + GAGE, FRANCIS D., 102; + holds W. R. meet. with A., 138; + at N. Y. con., 163; 178; + spks. for Wom. Loyal League, 233; + compli. of N. Y. Independ., 253; + Vice-pres. E. R. Assn., 260; + death, 595. + + GAGE, MATILDA J., first appearance at W. R. con., 75; + answers Rev. Sunderland, 79; + spks. at Saratoga, 121; 327; 360; + pays A. $100, 365; + call for forming new party, 413; + urges wom. to work for Repub. party, 418; + speaks for Repub. platform, 422; + defends A. for voting, 432; + issues call for con., 434; + spks. in 16 places on "The U. S. on trial, not S. B. A.," present + at trial, 436; + manages Wash. con., 472; + opens Centennial headqrs., 475; + prepares Wom. Dec. of Ind., 476; + presents it, 478; + on habeas corpus, 479; + appeal for 16th Amend., 483; 495; + ad. to Pres. Hayes, 500; + edits Ballot-Box, 510; 511; + ad. Greenback Labor Con., 518; + work on Hist. of Wom. Suff., 531; 601; + sells Hist. rights to A., 613; 628; 659; + at A.'s birthday banq., 666; + let. to A. on 50th birthday, 975; 993. + + GALILEO, A., born on his birthday, 943. + + GANNETT. REV. W. C., let. on A.'s birthday, 670; + on Lowell, 712; + invites A. to spk. at Thanks, serv., 714; + sermons, 719; 730; + birthday recep. to A., 739; 806; + raises money for A. to take secy. to Calif., 862; + trib. to Mary Anthony, 916. + + GANNETT, MARY LEWIS, let. on A.'s birthday, 670; 739; 806; + ad. on A.'s birthday, 860; 862; + presides at banq. to A., 895. + + GARDNER, REV. C. B., does not favor wom. suff., 709. + + GARFIELD, JAMES A., favors civil equality of women, not polit. equal, + 520; + not ready for wom. suff., 521; + death, made no will, religion, 536. + + GARRISON, ELLEN WRIGHT, marriage, 241; + "unchristian to sit in judgment," 301; + cares for A. while ill, 701; 895; + to A. on 50th birthday, 975. + + GARRISON, WM. L., visits Anthony home, 60; 73; + scores temp. con. treatment of wom., 101; 102; + opposes bloomer dress, 115; + at home, 131; + thanks A. for hospitality, 141; + message to A., 151; + characteristic let., Mason, of Virginia, on Bunker Hill, 152; + abolit. without backbone, 161; 162; 182; 185; 192; + favors divorce res., 194; + urges A. to restore child to father, 203; + yields to A.'s logic, 204; + last W. R. meet. Albany, before war, 212; + people wait his word on war, 214; + A. hoped wd. redeem pledge to woman, 225; + believes Anti-Slav. Soc. shd. be disbanded, 245; + declines re-elect, as pres., 246; 259; 270; 284; + deserts woman for negro suff., 317; + too soon for 16th Amend., 484; 495; + death, 508; 529; 549; + fath. Mrs. H. Villard, 849; 935; + A. compared to, 953. + + GARRISON,. MRS. W. L., at home, 131; + goes with A. to visit Mrs. Phillips, 219. + + GARRISON, WM. L., JR., marriage, 241; + let. on A.'s birthday, 669; 675; + A. as guest while ill, 701; + sympathet. let. to A., 793; 895. + + GEARY, GOV. JOHN W., favors women at ballot-box, 310. + + GEORGE, SENATOR J. Z., reports agnst. wom. suff., 543; 718. + + GIBBONS, ABBY HOPPER, 83; opp. divorce res., 194; + cares for wronged mother and child, 202; 304; + death, 737; + to A. on birthday, 974. + + GILBERT, MARY F., 234. + + GLADSTONE, WILLIAM E., 553; + act on wom. suff. bill, 593; 741; + A. compared to, 952. + + GODSE, MR. AND MRS. W. S., 388. + + GODDARD, MRS. J. WARREN, 764. + + GOEG, MME. MARIE, 360. + + GOODALE, DORA, Berkshire poem, 2. + + GOODALE, ELAINE, 1. + + GOODELLE, WM. P., opp. wom. suff., 771. + + GOODRICH, SARAH L. KNOX, 405; + gift to A., 492; + asks Estee if "free ballot" plank includes women, 642; + work for S. Dak., 685; + entertains A., 831; 832; 863; + at Repub. St. Con., 869; + donat. to Calif. suff. campn., 888. + + GORDON, ANNA, 609; + joy over A.'s laurels, 747. + + GORDON, LAURA DE FORCE, 404; + arrang. lectures for A., 405; + at Natl. Lib. Con., 415; + tries to sec. suff. amend. from Calif. Legis., 863. + + GORHAM, MRS. E. J., 833. + + GOTTHEIL, RABBI, for wom. suff., 764. + + GOUGAR, HELEN M., 541; 545; 626; 628; 629. + + GOUGH, JOHN B., 60. + + GOULD, FRANK, smothers wom. suff. plank, 873; 874. + + GOVE, MARY S., early work, 369. + + GRAHAM, JOHN, 352. + + GRANT, U. S., 377; + recognition of citizen's rights, 417; + first to appoint women postmasters, 418; + pardons inspectors who recd. A.'s vote, 452; + appointed 5,000 wom. postmasters, 455; + did not protect negro's ballot, 522; + four million people made voters by Amend. XV., 991. + + GRANT, MRS. U. S., 381; + 70th birthday luncheon, A. rec. with her, 858. + + GRAY, ALMEDIA, suit under Wis. school suff. law. 624. + + GREATOREX, ELIZA, birthday gift to A., 976. + + GREELEY, HORACE, advocates co-educat. at People's College, 64; + tells women how to manage con., 66; 83; + as host, 86; + shows up action of men at Brick church meeting, 89; + temp. tracts, church matters, 97; + condemns mob at W. R. con., 103; + pub. A.'s program without charge, 122; + favors woman in politics, believes she shd. judge for herself, 125; + disgruntled with suff. advocates, 146; + recog. rights of women, 147; 192; + thunders agnst. divorce, 194; + emancip. of negroes, 221; + A. hoped wd. redeem pledge to women, 225; 263; + ridicules ballot for woman, 267; 270; + encounter with A., 278; + chmn. suff. com. in N. Y. Constitut. Con., 279; + anger over wife's petit., forbids Mrs. Stn.'s name in Tribune, 280; + favors wom. suff. in May, opp. in Oct., 281; 290; + bids women stand aside, 300; + pres. Hester Vaughan meet., 309; + deserts wom. suff., 317; + at McFarland-Richardson marriage, 351; + does not desire help of women in campn., 420; + Repubs. fear his election, 421; + death, 428; + opp. wom. suff. in Constitut. Con. of 1867, 771; + urges workingmen to vote Whig ticket, 999. + + GREELEY, MRS. H., 83; + as hostess, 86; + choice of husband, 87; + gets suff. petit. in own county, 279; 280; 304; + not represent. by husband, 771. + + GREELEY, IDA, 279; 327. + + GREEN, REV. BERIAH, 193; 208; + attitude of abolit. toward war, 214. + + GREEN, DR. CORDELIA, 901. + + GREEN, MRS. NEWTON, 642. + + GREENLEAF, HALBERT S., friend of suff., 583; 713; + introd. res. for 16th Amend. in House, 718; 772; 806. + + GREENLEAF, JEAN BROOKS, 711; 729; + indignation at omission of women in charter, 732; + recep. to A., 739; + nominated dele. to Consti. Con., 759; + work for wom. suff. amend. in N. Y., 760; + trib. to Mary S. Anthony, 761; + at suff. rally, 762; + before N. Y. Consti. Con., 768; + trib. to A., 772; + before res. Com. at Rep. con., 774; + at N. Y. Dem. con., 775; 806; + on Wom. Bible res. 856; + ad. on A.'s birthday, 860; + at Mary Anthony's recep., 816. + + GREENWOOD, GRACE, describes women at suff. con., 314; 561; 566; + at A.'s recep., 739. + + GREW, MARY, first meets A., 122; 193; 251; + congrat. A. on Wyoming, 676; 902. + + GRIFFING, JOSEPHINE S., founds Freedmen's Bureau, 239; 260; + pres. D. C. Suff. Assn., 313; 327; 350; 372; 377; + suff. headqrs. at Capitol, encouraging signs, 381; 383; 387. + + GRIFFITH, MRS., yields time to A., 609. + + GRIFFITH, MATTIE, (See BROWN). + + GRIMKE, ANGELINA. (See WELD). + + GRIMKE, SARAH, early work, 369. + + GRIPENBERG, BARONESS ALEXANDRA, 641. + + GROSS, SAMUEL E., 750; 841. + + GROSS, MRS. SAMUEL E., entertains A. during World's Fair, 750; + let. and gift to A., 751; + gift, 757; + presents A. $1,000, velvet cloak, etc., 803; + entertains A. in Chi. and St. Louis, 821; + gift to A., 841; + statuette with A.,862; + New Yrs. gift to A., 900; + present to Mary Anthony, 916. + + GROTH, SOPHIA MAGELSSON, ad. Sen. Com., 640. + + GROVER, A. J., at A.'s lecture in Chi., 468. + + GULLEN, DR. AUGUSTA S., 658. + + + HAGAR, DANIEL B., principal Canajoharie Acad., girls' high school, + Salem, Mass., 49. + + HAIR, MINETTE CHESHIRE, descrip. of rooms where biog. was writ., 910. + + HALDERMAN, MAYOR JOHN A., 287. + + HALE, JOHN P., 226. + + HALE, HON. MATTHEW, opp. to wom. suff., 769; 770. + + HALL, ISRAEL, gift to A., 492. + + HALL, N. K., U. S. Dist. Judge, hears argu. in A.'s case, 428; + denies writ of hab. corp. and increases bail, 432; + present at A.'s trial but refuses to assist, 437. + + HALL, OLIVIA B., gift to A., 492; 658; + hospitality and generos. to A., 755; + at Toledo, 756; 862. + + HALL, DR. SARAH C., 697. + + HALL, WM. B., election inspector, 423; + tried without being brought into court, 444. + + HALLOCK, FRANCES V., 234. + + HALLOCK, SARAH, 159. + + HALLOWELL, WM. R., signs call for woman's temp, con., 67. + + HALLOWELL, WILLIAM AND MARY, their home A.'s Mecca, 104; 446. + + HALLOWELL, MARY, 177; Phillips' lunch, 217; 711; 806. + + HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, right over subsistence, power over moral being, + 385; 1007. + + HAMILTON, EMERINE J., leaves $500 to A., 654. + + HAMILTON, GAIL, bright let., 322. + + HAMILTON, MARGARET V., 654. + + HAMLIN, HANNIBAL, 339. + + HAMMOND, NATH. J., St. Sen., 189. + + HAMMOND, DR. WM. A., pres. Six O'clock Club, 648. + + HAMPTON, WADE, pres. Demo. Natl. Con., 519. + + HANAFORD, REV. PHEBE A., 322; 636. + + HANCOCK, GEN., favors wom. claims, 520. + + HARBERT, ELIZABETH BOYNTON, 360; 511; + welcomes suff. con., 517; + let. to A., 535; + first to suggest natl. celebrat. A.'s birthday, 542; + A. visits, 609; 628; 668. + + HARLAN, SENATOR JAMES, grants wom. hearing before Senate com., 314. + + HARPER, IDA H., State sec. Ind. arranges cons., 626; + cor. sec. campn. com. in Calif., 863; + chmn. Press com. visits with A., eds. daily papers in San Fr., 866; + work on papers, 867; 868; + at Rep. St. Con., 869; + descrip. of A. and Miss Shaw bef. res. com., 870; + scene in Dem. con., 873; + A. invites to write her biog., work begins, 909; + writing of book, 910; + in attic workrooms, 911; + visits with A. at Mrs. Osborne's, 917; + goes with A. to Sargent home, Thousand Islands, 926; + at Anthony homestead, 940. + + HARPER, WINNIFRED, edits suff. dept. San Fr. Report, 866. + + HARRIS, SENATOR, presents Woodhull petit., 375. + + HARRISON, BENJAMIN, A. and Mrs. Sewall write open let., 642; + open let. from them on "free ballot" plank in Repub. plat., 1013. + + HARRISON, MRS. BENJ., 660; + rec. Wom. Council, 703. + + HARRISON, CARTER, escorts A. to plat. of Demo. Natl. Con., 519. + + HASKELL, ASST. ATTY.-GEN. ELLA KNOWLES, at Wash. con., 851. + + HASLAM, MRS., 572. + + HATCH, REV. JUNIUS, indecent speech agnst. women, 76. + + HAVEN, BISHOP GILBERT, spks. at suff. con., 322; + favors wom. suff., 588. + + HAVENS, MR. AND MRS. F. C., entertain A., 877. + + HAWLEY, GENEVIEVE LEL, priv. sec. to A., assists in biog., 909. + + HAWLEY, GEN. JOSEPH R., refuses women permis. to read their Dec. of + Ind., 477; 478. + + HAWTHORNE, REV. J. B., preaches agnst. wom. suff., 810. + + HAY, MARY G., manag. meet, in N. Y. campn., 761; + ch. St. Cent. Com. Calif. campn., 863; + manages county cons., 864; + at Repub. St. Con., 869; + takes charge headqrs. in San Fr., 875. + + HAY, JUDGE WM., helps A. at Saratoga con., 120; + assists A., dedicates and wills novel to her, 144; 157. + + HAYES, RUTHERFORD B., 499; + forgets women, 500; + can not protect negro's ballot, 522; + friend of wom. suff., 757. + + HAYES, MRS. RUTHERFORD B., at Luc. Mott memorial, 526. + + HAYFORD, J. H., history of suff. law in Wyoming, 407; + on its working, 497. + + HAZELTINE, L., rebukes A. for speaking in public, 143. + + HAZEN, J. T., wd. not count votes of women, 70. + + HEARST, PHOEBE A., compli. A., 677; + gives $1,000 to Calif, wom. suff. campn., 888; + respect for A., 889. + + HEARST, WM. R., A. begs to bring Examiner out for wom. suff., 867. + + HEBARD, MARY L., registers and votes, 424; + votes again, 434. + + HEDENBERG, ISABELLA, 676. + + HEMPHILL, GEN. ROBT. R., at suff. con., 811. + + HEMPHILL, MRS. W. A., recep. to con., 810. + + HENDERSON, MARY FOOTE, Vice-pres. Natl. Suff. Assn., 327. + + HENDRICKS, THOMAS A., 594. + + HENNESSY LADY, 575. + + HENROTIN, ELLEN M., 702; + inv. natl. suff. assn. to Wom. Cong., 704; + vice-pres. Wom. Cong. Aux., 745; + asks A.'s advice and help, 748; + New Year's greeting to A., 900. + + HENRY, JUDGE, introduces A., 492. + + HENRY, PROF. JOSEPH, refuses Smithsonian Hall to women, 118. + + HENRY, JOSEPHINE K., at Atlanta con., 811. + + HEWITT, REV., condemns women's work in reforms, 89. + + HEWITT, HON. ABRAM S., objects to wom. suff., 770. + + HIGGINSON, REV. THOS. WENT., stands by women at Brick church meet., 88; + doubts propriety of hold. wom. temp. con., 96; 130; 132; + sermon on True Greatness, 133; 163; 270; 275; + endorses wom. suff., 284; + wants Lucy Stone to preside at con., 303; 328. + + HILDRETH, MRS. E. S., 809. + + HILL, DAVID B., recommends women in N. Y. Constit. Con., 758. + + HILL, DAVID J., pres. Roch. Univers., favors admit. women, 713. + + HILLS, MR. AND MRS. WM. HENRY, 571. + + HINDMAN, MATILDA, in Col. campn., 492; + in Neb., 545; + in S. Dak., 685. + + HINCKLEY, REV. FREDERICK W., ad. suff. con., 541; 632; + response at A.'s birthday banq., 666. + + HINSON, EX-JUSTICE GEO., leads mob, 208. + + HIRST, REV. A. C., 830. + + HOAR, SENATOR GEO. F., hopes to see A. member of House, 485; + reports in favor wom. suff. and wom. to prac. bef. Sup. Court, 502; + champions wom. rights com., 540; 620; + let. on A.'s birthday, 669; + favorable report on wom. suff., 718. + + HOCH, E. W., 778. + + HOFFMAN, GOV. JOHN T., 353. + + HOLLISTER, MRS. GEORGE, gift to A., 739. + + HOLLOWAY, LAURA C., invites A. to ad. Seidl Club, 653. + + HOLLOWAY, COL. WM. R., favors wom. suff., 547. + + HOLMES, KATE TURNER, 878. + + HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, Berkshire people, 2. + + HOOKER, ISABELLA BEECHER, comes into suff. work, 331; + visits with A. and Mrs. Stn. at Mrs. Davis', greatly pleased, pays + trib. to both, 332; + optimist, view of suff. cause, own humility, praise for A., 334; + works 30 yrs. for wom. suff., tries to unite two wings of suff. + party, 335; 337; + writes of Sumner, 339; + reads husband's poem A.'s birthday, 342; 343; 350; + devises schemes for Rev., 356; + agrees to help edit, wishes name of paper changed, wants Mrs. Tilton + at Wash. con., 357; + urged by friends not to help Rev., declines, 358; + offers to take charge Wash. con., writes Mrs. Stan., 371; + "need not have another suff. con.," can get on without Mrs. Stan., + 372; + prominent speakers fail, 373; + devotion to cause, con. a success, valuable worker, 374; + refuses to hear Mrs. Woodhull, reconsiders, 375; + ad. Cong. Com., 376; + writes declaration and pledge, gives sister Catherine let. to Mrs. + Woodhull, 378; + result, 379; + hopes for woman's deliverance thro. Repub. party, 381; + repudiates Repub. and looks to Demo. for support, 382; + ad. Sen. Com., 410; + call for forming new party, 413; criticises A., 414; + interview with Doolittle at Natl. Demo. Con., 417; + lect. tour of Conn. with A., 456; + describes A.'s pathetic sp., 534; 628; 629; + at Natl. Rep. Con., Chic., 641; 664; + genius and intellect, 665; + A.'s birthday banq., 668; 705; + golden wed., 709; + ad. Cong. Coms., 718; + at Demo. Natl. Con. Chic., ad. com., remains in con. till morn. + hoping for chance to spk., 725; + A. wd. love to visit self and husb., 898; + birthday gift to A., 976. + + HOOKER JOHN, poem on A.'s birthday, 342; + confidence in A., 462; + sympathy for A. in S. Dak., 689; + golden wed. 709; 899. + + HOPPER, ISAAC T., 304. + + HORTON, CHIEF-JUSTICE, A. H., congrat. A. on munic. suff. in Kan., 611; + opp. to suff. pl. in Rep. plat., 779; + begs wom. not to demand it, 782. + + HOSMER, PRESIDENT, compli. A., 380. + + HOSMER, HARRIET, wants Natl. Art. Assn. of women, 655; 656; 668; + work on statue Lincoln, 821. + + HOUGH, SUSAN M., registers and votes, 424. + + HOVEY, CHARLES F., 131; 132; + legacy for reform work, 182; 251; + after slavery was abolished intended his legacy for wom. suff., 269. + + HOWARD, EMMA SHAFTER, 834; 877. + + HOWARD, H. AUGUSTA, arranges suff. con., 810; + A. visits, 812. + + HOWARD, GEN. O. O., 249. + + HOWE, JUDGE ISAAC, introduces A., 657. + + HOWE, JULIA WARD, 328; + chmn. com. for unit. two assns., 629; 638; + ad. Sen. com., 640; 675; + at Fed. Clubs, 720. + + HOWE, MELINTHA, 47. + + HOWE, NANCY (see CLARK.) + + HOWELL, MARY SEYMOUR, in S. Dak., 685; + anec. of A., 690; + experience in poor hotel, landlady's comments, A.'s speech at + Madison on admis. of Wyoming, 691; + dramatic scene, 692; + in Kan. campn., 719; + sees gov. about appointing women, 730; + in N. Y. campn. 761; + speaks in Rochester, 762; + addresses N. Y. Constitut. Con., 769; + A.'s birthday, 860. + + HOWELLS, WM. DEAN, for wom. suff., 764. + + HOWLAND, EMILY, 676; 772; + A.'s love, 773; + spks. in Atlanta, 811; + opp. res. agnst. wom. Bible, 854; + visits Mrs. Osborne, 917. + + HOWLAND, FANNIE, describes women at cong. hearing, 338. + + HOWLAND, ISABEL, work in N. Y. campn., 773. + + HOXIE, HANNAH ANTHONY, famous Quaker preacher, 6; + should come back to old homestead, 941; + in old Quaker church, 947. + + HUBBELL, MR. AND MRS., recep. to con., 903. + + HUBERWALD, FLORENCE, 808. + + HUDSON, ELIZA, minority report wom. suff. plank at Kan. Popu. con., + 789. + + HUGHES, MRS. (Gov.), dele. Wash, con., 851. + + HUGO, VICTOR, telegram to suff. con., 496. + + HULTIN, REV. IDA C., 702. + + HUME, MRS. MILTON, 809. + + HUMPHREY, L. H., St. Sen., asks A. to spk. at wife's funeral, 908. + + HUMPHREY, MAUDE, entertains A., 739; + A.'s tribute at funeral, 908. + + HUNT, DR. HARRIOT K., 131; + ready to work for wom. suff., 252. + + HUNT, ASSOCIATE JUSTICE WARD, presides at A.'s trial, 436; + refuses to allow A. to testify but admits her testimony before + Com'r., 437; + delivers writ. opin. without leaving bench, 438; + directs jury to bring in verdict of guilty, refuses to poll jury, + denies new trial, spirited encounter with A., 439; + fines her $100, 440; + influenced by Conkling, condemned by newspapers, 441; + Van Voorhis' opinion of, 444; + few apologists, 449. + + HUNTER, GEN. DAVID, freed million slaves, 959. + + HUSSEY, CORNELIA COLLINS, on shipboard with A., 579; + New Yrs. gift to A., 900. + + HUSTON, JOSEPH W., Sup. Judge, Idaho, decides in favor wom. suff., 919. + + HUTCHINGS, ----, 393. + + HUTCHINSON, ABBY, sings for women, 162; + death, 737; + (see Hutch. Family). + + HUTCHINSON, ASA, favors wom. suff., 145. + + HUTCHINSON FAMILY, sing for Loyal League, 227; + sing at wom. Centennial, 479. + + HUTCHINSON, HENRY, in Kan. campn., 286; 291. + + HUTCHINSON, JOHN, favors wom. suff., 146; + in Kan. campn., 286; 291; 665; + A.'s birthday banq., 668; + New Yrs. greet. to A., 900; + (see Hutchinson Family). + + HUTCHINSON, NELLIE, describes Rev. office and editors, 301. + + HUTCHINSON, VIOLA, in Kan. campn., 286; 291. + + HYACINTHE, PERE, 369. + + INGALLS, MRS. E. B., 821. + + INGALLS, SENATOR JOHN J., farewell let. to A., 547; + votes agnst. wom. suff., 608; + votes agnst. 16th Amend., asks interview with A., 621; + proposes truce, 622; + Abilene speech agnst. suff., 625; + will not argue with a woman, 626; + willing to stand on wom. suff. plank, "obscene dogma," 726. + + INGALLS, MRS. JOHN J., entertains A., 626. + + INGERSOLL, ROBT. G., shows injustice of laws and declares for wom. + suff., 345; 764. + + IRENE, SISTER, 391; + foundling hospital in N. Y., 1005. + + IRISH, COL. JOHN P., introd. A., 834; + asks permis. for A. to ad. Calif. Demo. Con., 874. + + IRVING, HENRY, A. hears. + + IVENS, MRS. C. H., 833. + + + JACKSON, FRANCIS, 131; + gift to wom. rights cause, 166; + father of Mrs. Eddy, 539. + + JACKSON, SENATOR HOWELL E., reports agnst. wom. suff., 543. + + JACKSON, JAMES, 132; 539. + + JACKSON, DR. KATE, let. to A., 335. + + JACOBI, MARY PUTNAM, petit. for wom. suff., 764; + ad. N. Y. Consti. Con., 768; 802; + ad. N. Y. legis., 914. + + JAMES, ALVAN, marries A.'s niece, 652. + + JAMES, HELEN LOUISE MOSHER, 488; + lives in home of A., 513; 552; + marries, family spirit, 652; 659; + present to Mary S. Anthony, 916. + + JAMESON, JUDGE, agnst. wom. suff., 985. + + JEFFERSON, THOMAS, urged ballot for workingmen, 998. + + JENKINS, DEAN M., four workers instead of one, 176. + + JENKINS, HELEN PHILLEO, stands by A. at teachers' convs., 176. + + JENKINS, THERESE, pres. A.'s lect., 823; 824. + + JENNEY, MRS. E. S., 762. + + JEWELL, POSTMASTER-GEN., 334. + + JEWELL, MRS., 357. + + JEX-BLAKE, DR. SOPHIA, A. visits, 570; 575. + + JOHNS, LAURA M., in Kan. campn., 609; 625; 628; 629; + ad. Wash. con., 647; + trib. to A., 671; + in S. Dak. 685; + begs A. to come to Kan., she shall get no wounds there, 715; + renews appeals, 719; + at Kan. Repub. Con., 726; + makes Repub. speeches, 728; + Repubs. and Popu. pledg. to suff. planks, 777; + president Repub. Wom. St. Assn., puts wom. suff. first, 778; + Repubs. trying to influ., worried about asking for planks, 779; + officers of natl. assn. write no hope without planks, bad advisers, + Mr. Blackwell urges to go before Repub. res. com., 780; + Anna Shaw writes will not spk. unless polit. parties endorse, 781; + efficient campn. manager, tries to secure pl., but will work for + Repubs. anyhow, 783; + A. writes not to listen to siren tongues, 784; + angry at A.'s Kan. City speech, president Repub. Wom. Con., + criticises res. com. for not demand. pl., 785; + presents claims of wom. to Repub. Con., 786; + Repub. per se., 793; 794; + thinks suff. amend. will win, 795; + favors res. agnst. Wom. Bible, 854. + + JOHNSON, ADELAIDE, makes bust of A., 677; + makes busts of Mrs. Stn., Mrs. Mott, 713; 722. + + JOHNSON, ANDREW, southern in sympathy, 255; + subscribes for Rev., 297; + trial not so important as A.'s, 444; + proclam. to Mississippi, 960; + puts power in hands of rebels, 961; + claims to carry out purpose of Lincoln, 967. + + JOHNSON, GEORGE G., 49. + + JOHNSON, GEORGE W., vigorous sentiments + on W. R., 73. + + JOHNSON, MARY H., 676. + + JOHNSON, OLIVER, 161; 162; + resigns editorship A. S. Standard, 246; 349. + + JOHNSON, PHILENA, inv. A. to S. Dak., 656; + A. sends $100, 695. + + JOHNSTON, SUP. JUDGE, opp. to suff. pl. in Kan. Rep. plat., 779; + begs wom. not to demand it, 782. + + JOHNSTON, R. J., faithful to A. and Revolution, 360. + + JOHNSTON, SARAH, gift to A., 976. + + JONES, BENJ., Garrisonian speaker, 150. + + JONES, BEVERLY W., inspector who registered A., 423. + + JONES, FERNANDO, 380. + + JONES, MRS. FERNANDO, 380; 446. + + JONES, J. ELIZABETH, Garrisonian speaker, 150; 178; 902. + + JONES, JANE GRAHAM, 541. + + JONES, REV. JENKIN LLOYD, invites A. to take part in Lib. Relig. + Cong., 804; + as Geo. Wash. went into Continent. Cong., 805. + + JONES, SEN. JOHN P., arranges interview for A. with Pres. Arthur, 538; + assists A. at Repub. con., 723; 833. + + JONES, DR. JONAS, 730. + + JONES, PHEBE HOAG, 446; + death, last Abolit. in Albany, 536. + + JORDAN, PRES. DAVID S., invites A. to Stanford Univers., 830. + + JUDAH, MARY JAMESON, recep. for A., 807. + + JULIAN, GEO. W., endorses wom. suff., 284; + offers amend. to Consti. enfranchising wom., 310; + bill enfranchising wom. in D. C., 311; 313; 317; 318; 375; 415; 904. + + + KALLOCH, I. S., opposes wom. suff., 281. + + KEARTLAND, FANNY, 553. + + KEARNEY, DENNIS, opp. wom. suff., 518; + refuses to hear A. spk., 519. + + KEEFER, BESSIE STARR, ad. Sen. Com., 640. + + KEENEY, E. J., marshal who arrested A. for voting, 426. + + KEIFER, WARREN, M. C., for wom. suff., 584. + + KEITH, ELIZA D., suff. dept. in San Fr. Bulletin, 866. + + KEITH, WM. A., presents A. with painting of Yosemite, 934. + + KEITH, MRS. WM. A., entertains A., 877. + + KELLEY, FLORENCE, 564. + + KELLEY, WM. D., M. C., endorses wom. suff. 233; 564; + A. begs to take up suff. ques., 584; + ad. suff. con., 647. + + KELLOGG, ST. SEN. AND MRS. (Kan.), 644. + + KENYON, EUNICE, boarding school, 39. + + KETCHAM, SMITH G. AND EMILY B., 720. + + KEYSER, HARRIET A., ad. N. Y. Consti. Con. 768. + + KIMBALL, FLORA M., 833. + + KIMBALL, MARY ROGERS, let. to A., 616. + + KING, THOMAS STARR, 191; 834. + + KINGSLEY, CHARLES, for wom. suff., 368. + + KIRK, ELEANOR, visits Moyamensing prison, 309; 349; 353. + + KIRKMAN, MRS. VAN LEER, recep. Wom. Council, 928. + + KOLLOCK, REV. FLORENCE, 640. + + KOLSOM, MAYOR JACOB C., welcomes suff. con., 626. + + KOLTZOFF, MASSALSKY PRINCESS, 558. + + KORANY, HANNAH K., ad. suff. con., 756. + + KROUT, MARY H., A. at World's Fair, 751. + + KUICHLING, MRS. EMIL, 730. + + + LABOULAYE, funeral, 561. + + LAKE, LEONORA BARRY (see Barry). + + LAPHAM, ANSON, loans A. $4,000 for Revolution, 354; + presents A. with her notes, 448; + gives A. $1,000, 468; + death, 481. + + LAPHAM, ELBRIDGE G., believes in wom. suff., no man wd. sell right to + vote, 455; + prints women's addresses, 512; + report in favor wom. suff., 543; 590; 591. + + LAPHAM, SEMANTHA VAIL, 772; 802; 847. + + LAMARTINE, ALPHONSE DE, "universal suff. only basis," 969. + + LANE, SENATOR JAMES H., wd. "colonize" negroes, 962. + + LANE, MRS. JAMES H., 287. + + LANGSTON, CHAS., negro orator against wom. suff., 286. + + LANGSTON, JOHN M., A.'s kindness to, 286. + + LANGSBERG, RABBI MAX, 714; 730. + + LANGSBERG, MRS. MAX, 730. + + LATTIMORE, PROF. AND MRS., entertain F. E. Willard and A., 472. + + LAUTERBACH, EDWARD, has ad. on wom. suff. printed, 768; + ad. N. Y. Consti. Con. in favor wom. suff., 770; + ad. res. com. Rep. con. in favor, 774; 802. + + LAWRENCE, MARG. STN., 302; + at A.'s birthday banq., 666; 917. + + LEASE, MARY E., advocates suff. pl. in Kan. Popu. plat., 781. + + LECKY, W. E. H., 1006. + + LEE, Ex-Gov., Wyoming, 533. + + LEE, KATE BECKWITH, A.'s face carv. in memory of father, 733. + + LEE, REV. LUTHER, assists wom. delegates at temp. con., 70. + + LEE, RICHARD HENRY, 478. + + LELAND, CYRUS, refuses A.'s offer to speak during Kan. campn.,794; + thinks suff. amend. will carry, 796. + + LEMON, GEORGE C., 676. + + LEONARD, CLARA T., office-holder opp. wom. suff., 620. + + LEWELLING, GOV. L. D., opp. to wom. suff. pl. in Kan. Popu. plat., 787; + speaks for wom. suff., 795. + + LEWIS, DIO., women must only coax, 457; 282. + + LEWIS, SYLVESTER, challenges A.'s vote, 426. + + LEYDEN, MARGARET, registers and votes, 424. + + LIBERTIUS, FRAU DR., 559. + + LINCOLN, ABRAHAM, too conservative, 207; + calls for troops, 213; + Loyal League sends address, 229; 255; 900; + A. compared to, 952; + always waited for voice of the people, 967. + + LINCOLN, FRANK, 566. + + LINN, DR. AND MRS. S. A., 860. + + LIPPINCOTT, ANNIE, 566. + + LIVERMORE, MARY A., 276; 315; + trib. to A., 316; + advises N. E. friends to forget differences, will write articles for + Rev., 320; 322; + res. condemning "free love," 324; + asks if Natl. Assn. was organized, 327; + and if A. will join her in west. lect. tour, 328; + merges Agitator into Wom. Jour. and is ed.-in-chief, 361; + A. wd. give million to suff., 676. + + LOCKWOOD, BELVA A., defends A. in voting, 432; 479. + + LOCKWOOD, MARY S., 814. + + LOGAN, SENATOR JOHN A., champions wom. rights com., 540; + friend of wom. suff., 594. + + LOGAN, MRS. JOHN A., on A.'s birthday, 670. + + LOGAN, OLIVE, 316; 322; 326; 360. + + LOGAN, MILLIE BURTIS, 917. + + LONG, JOHN D., receives con., favors wom. suff., 533. + + LONGFELLOW, REV. SAMUEL, advocates wom. suff., 193. + + LONGLEY, MRS. M. B., 327. + + LORD, FRANCES, 566. + + LORING, GEO. B., M. C., introd. bill for 16th Amend., 511. + + LOUCKS, H. L., pledges A. support Farmer's Alliance for wom. suff., + 684; + candidate for gov., does not mention wom. suff., 686. + + LOUGHRIDGE, WM., M. C., endorses wom. suff., 284; + reports in favor wom. suff., 382; + pres. A.'s appeal for remis. of fine for voting, 450. + + LOWE, ROBT., M.P., opp. suff. for workingmen, and then proposes to + educate them, 997. + + LOWELL, JOSEPHINE SHAW, petit. for wom. suff., 764; 802. + + LOZIER, DR. CLEMENCE S., 234; + visits Moyamensing prison, 309; 349; 368; + faithfulness and generosity to A., 435; 446; 480; 495; + death, 645; + A. wears ring, 932; + let. and gift to A., on 50th birthday, 976. + + LOZIER, DR. JENNIE DE LA M., 704. + + LUCAS, MARGARET BRIGHT, 564; 565; 567; 576; 577; + on com. for internat. organization, 579. + + LUCE, GOV. CYRUS G., introduces A., 617. + + LUNDY, BENJAMIN, 935. + + LUTHER, MARTIN, 559. + + LYON, MARY, 706. + + + MACOMBER, MRS., greets natl. con. Iowa, 902. + + MADISON, JAMES, voice in making laws, right of human nature, 979. + + MAINE, HENRY C., spks. for suff., 762. + + MAGUIRE, JAMES G., M. C., spks. for wom. suff. in Calif. campn., 874. + + MANDERSON, MRS. CHAS. F., 660. + + MANDEVILLE, REV., insults wom. delegates, 69. + + MANN, CHARLES, pub. Vol. III Hist. Wom. Suff., 600. + + MANN, REV. N. M., Garfield's relig., 536; 697. + + MARSH, PRESIDENT, inv. A. to ad. Mt. Union Coll., 927. + + MARSH, EDWIN F., inspector who reg. A., 423. + + MARSH, HON. LUTHER R., pres. Repub. meet., 422. + + MARTIN, GOV. JOHN A., signs Kan. munic. wom. suff. bill, 611. + + MARTIN, GEORGE, ferries A. across Missouri river, 291. + + MARTIN, ATTORNEY-GEN. LUTHER, each individ. equally free, 979. + + MARTINEAU, HARRIET, A. visits home, 571. + + MARVIN, WM., stands by A. at Teach. Con., 157. + + MASON, MRS., in Neb., 545. + + MASON, HUGH, M.P., presents wom. suff. bill in Parliament, 567. + + MASON, REV. JOSEPH K., ad. suff. con., 762. + + MASSON, PROF. DAVID, champions co-education, 570. + + MATTHEWS, JUDGE STANLEY, constit. amendts. established polit. equal. + of all citizens, 991. + + MAXWELL, CLAUDIA HOWARD, arr. suff. con., 810; + A. visits, 812. + + MAY, REV. JOSEPH, 478. + + MAY, SAMUEL J., friend of A., 58; + assists temp. women, 65; + encourages wom. dele. at Syracuse con., 69; + helps wom. meet., 70; + on wom. weak voices, 75; + audience at Albany refuses to hear, 108; + opp. Bloomer dress, 115; + comforting let. to A., 151; + congrat. A. on ad. on coëduca., 164; 208; + hissed at Roch., 209; + opp. Garrison meet. at Syracuse, 210; + but gives assistance, mobbed and burned in effigy, 211; + conducts funeral serv. D. Anthony, 224; + loyal to women, 270; 337; 350; + centennial birth. celebra., 927. + + MAY, SAMUEL, JR., 132; + appoints A. agent for Am. Anti. Slav. Soc., 137; + recog. her ability, 148; + let. sympathy to A. when ill, 841. + + MAYER, MRS. D. W., writes A. come to S. Dak., 682. + + MAYNARD, COL. J. B., editorial in favor of wom. suff., 517. + + MAYO, REV. A. D., on wom. rights, 73; 190; + tilt with A., 196. + + MCADOW, CLARA L., 675. + + MCBURNEY, REV. S. E., opp. wom. suff., 283. + + MCCALL, JOHN A., let. to A., 136. + + MCCANN, LUCY UNDERWOOD, indebtedness of women to A., 871. + + MCCLINTOCK, MARY ANN, called first W. R. Con., 369. + + MCCOID, MOSES A., rep. favor wom. suff., 590. + + MCCOMAS, ALICE MOORE, praise for A., 862; + spks. for wom. suff. in Calif. campn., 875. + + MCCOOK, GOV. AND MRS., of Colo., entertain A., 387. + + MCCREADY, MRS., 131. + + MCCULLOCH, CATHARINE WAUGH, 940. + + MCCULLOCH, EX-SEC. HUGH, writes A., 704; + endors. wom. suff., 705. + + MCDOWELL, ANNIE, trib. to A., 489; + dedicates song to her, 548. + + MCDONALD, SEN. JOS. E., favors admit. woman to prac. before Sup. + Court, 502; + advocates com. on wom. rights, 527. + + MCFARLAND, DANIEL, kills Richardson, acquitted on ground of insanity, + 351; 353. + + MCKAY, JUDGE, agnst. wom. suff., 985. + + MCKEE, MRS., 405. + + MCKENNA, LUKE, leads mob, 211. + + MCLAREN, DR. AGNES, A. praises, 568. + + MCLAREN, PRISCILLA BRIGHT, 565; 567; + loving let. to A., 569; + com. for internatl. organiza., 579. + + MCLAREN, EVA MULLER, spks. at wom. suff. meet., 566. + + MCLAUGHLIN, MAJOR FRANK, ch. Cal., Repub. Cent. Com. refuses wom. + suff. speakers place on Repub. plat. "too many bonnets," 883; + writes county chmn. to refuse them place, 884. + + MCLEAN, AARON, takes Anthony family to Battenville, 17; + criticises A. for abolitionism, 39; + defends Van Buren, condemns Clay and Webster, 42; + marries A.'s sister, 43; + humorous letter on raspberry exper., 159. + + MCLEAN, ANN ELIZA, trip with A., 218; + death, 241. + + MCLEAN, GUELMA ANTHONY, born, 12; + marries Aaron McLean, 43; + registers and votes, 324; + death, 447. + + MCLEAN, JUDGE JOHN, offers partnership to Mr. A., 17; + on rum drinking, 18. + + MCLEAN, REV. JOHN K., 370; + in Yosemite, 393; + at Mirror Lake, 394; + invites A. and Miss Shaw into pulpit, 826. + + MCLEAN, JOHN R., entertains A., 677. + + MCLEAN, MRS. JOHN R., entertains A., 677; + recep. to A., 814; + 70th birthday luncheon for Mrs. Grant, 858. + + MCLEAN, THOMAS KING, death, 369. + + MCLENDON, MRS. M. L., Atlanta Club, 811. + + MCRAE, EMMA MONT, ad. Cong. Com., 511. + + MCVICAR, MAYOR JOHN, welcomes natl. suff. con. Des Moines, 902. + + MCVICKER, MRS., 824, + + MEDILL, JOSEPH, trib. to A. in Chi. Tribune, 549; 572. + + MEEKER, HON. EZRA V., 676. + + MELLEN, MRS., 564; 565; + recep. to A. and Mrs. Stn., 566. + + MELLEN, NATHANIEL, 566. + + MELLISS, DAVID M., furnishes funds for The Revolution, 295; + stands by the paper, 299; + breakfast to A. and Mrs. Stn., 305; 308; + put $7,000 in Rev., 354. + + MELLISS, ERNEST AND NORMAN, 407. + + MENDENHALL, DINAH, death, leaves $1,000 to A., heirs refuse payment, + 660. + + MEREDITH, VIRGINIA C., 702. + + MERIMAN, EMELIE J., 369. + + MERIWETHER, ELIZABETH A., first appearance on Natl. plat., 607; + pres. Memphis Suff. Club, 807; + spks. Atlanta con., 811. + + MERRIAM, MRS. A. B., 519. + + MERRICK, JUDGE E. T., 597; + praise for A., 608; 807; 902. + + MERRICK, CAROLINE E., 597; + ashamed of Sen. Eustis, let. to A., 608; + ad. suff. con., 639; + introd. A. in N. Orleans, 808. + + MERRITT, MRS. JOHN J., 349. + + MILBURN, REV. WM. HENRY, refuses represent. chamber to women, 118. + + MILL, JOHN STUART, 337; + champions univers. suff. bill., 997. + + MILLER, CAROLINE HALLOWELL, opp. res. agnst. Wom. Bible, 854. + + MILLER, E. W., insulting sp. on wom. suff., 686; + disgraces Democ., 687. + + MILLER, ELIZ. SMITH, first to wear Bloomer costume, 113; 304; + goes to Gov. Geary, 310; 327; 462; + visits Mrs. Osborne with A., 714; 762; 900; 918; + entertains A. and Mrs. Stn., 927. + + MILLER, FLORENCE FENWICK, 564; + trib. to A. at World's Fair, 747. + + MILLER, MR. AND MRS. LEWIS, 652. + + MILLS, C. D. B., aids Garrison, meet., 211. + + MILLS, HARRIET MAY, in N. Y. campn., 761; 773; + manages cons. in Calif., 864. + + MILLS, W. H., 685. + + MINOR, FRANCIS, first to claim wom. right to vote under Amend. XIV, + 331; 338; 383; + argues before Sup. Court on woman's right to vote under Amend. XIV, + 453; + death, 737. + + MINOR, VIRGINIA L., pres. Mo. Assn., 315; 327; + claims wom. right to vote under Amend. XIV, 331; 383; + votes and carries case to Sup. Court, 453; 483; + gives A. compli. from W. Phillips, 494; + pres. suff. con., entertains A., 506; + in Neb. campn., 545; 546; 629; + tries to arr. for A. to ad. Catholics, 649; 659; + death, leaves A. $1,000, 803. + + MITCHELL, SENATOR JOHN H., 406; 407; + mock trial on snow bound train, 408; + rep. in favor wom. suff., 502. + + MITCHELL, MARIA, A. visits at Vassar, 622; + "too old to dare do nothing," 635; + death, 660. + + MIXER, CAROLYN LOUISE, 679. + + MOFFETT, MRS. P. A., 742. + + MOORE, MRS. AND MRS. A. A., 877. + + MOORE, E. M., fav. admit. wom. Roch. Univers., "boys are breadwinner," + 713; + gives A. medical certificate, 136; + spks. for suff., 762; + A. attends golden wedding, 929. + + MOORE, REBECCA, 355; + Eng. corres. for Rev., 359; 560; 566; 567; + goes with A. to Edinburgh, 568. + + MORGAN, GOV. E. D., signs Married Woman's Property Bill, 189. + + MORGAN, JOHN T., SUP. JUDGE, Idaho, decides in favor wom. suff., 919. + + MORGAN, JOHN T., SENATOR, opp. com. on wom. rights, 541. + + MORSE, MRS. S. B., 349. + + MORRILL, REV., 729. + + MORRILL, GOV. E. N., 796; 797. + + MORRIS, JUDGE, ESTHER, 479; + first wom. judge, 823. + + MORRIS, HELEN LEWIS, 811. + + MORRIS, DR. SARAH, 762. + + MORTON, GOV. LEVI P., 561; + reappoints A. on board St. Indus. Sch., 731. + + MORTON, SENATOR OLIVER P., argument for wom. suff., 500; + spks. on wom. suff., death, 501; 1014. + + MOSHER, ARTHUR A., 598. + + MOSHER, MRS. ARTHUR A., 598; 672. + + MOSHER, EUGENE, marries A.'s sister, 46. + + MOSHER, ANTHONY HANNAH, born, 12; + marries Eugene Mosher, 46; + registers and votes, 424; + recep. to inspect. of election, 453; + failing health, 487; + death, 488. + + MOSHER, HELEN LOUISE (see James). + + MOSHER, WENDELL PHILLIPS, marriage, 679. + + MOTT, ABIGAIL, explains Unitarianism, 44; 58. + + MOTT, ANNA C., friendship for A., 756. + + MOTT, JAMES, at Syracuse W. R. Con., 72; + arranges suff. meet. in Phila., 119; + stands by women, 251; 756. + + MOTT, LUCRETIA, Discourse on Women, 59; + pres. Syr. W. R. Con., opp. to woman as pres., first W. R. Con., + 72; + as mother, 76; + invites A. to visit, washes dishes and entertains guests, 122; + cheering let. to A., 130; 163; + confidence in A. and Mrs. Stn., 195; + Garrisonian and W. R. meet. at Albany, 212; + spks. Wom. Loyal League, 237; + opp. to disband. Anti-Slav. Soc., 246; 251; + trib. of Independent, 253; + parting words to con. in New York, 260; + true to woman's cause, 268; 303; + pres. first Wash. con., 313; 314; + A.'s unselfishness, 329; + adheres to Natl. Assn., 335; + Geo. Downing decl. man shd. dominate woman, 340; + goes to N. Y. conf. to unite suff. org., 346; 347; 348; + called first W. R. Con., 369; + gift to A., 370; 434; + sends A. money for law suit, 446; + pres. and spks. at wom. centennial meet. in Phila., drinks tea at + headqrs., 479; + sends tea and thanks to A., 480; + at 30th wom. rights annivers., 495; + attends last con., 496; + A.'s last sight of, 512; + death, character, 525; + memorial serv. at Wash. con., 526; + A.'s trib., 527; + suff. pioneer, 547; 549; + bust. by Ad. Johnson, 713; 854; 895; 915; + sentiment to bride and groom, 923; 934. + + MOTT, LYDIA, 58; advises women to hold separate temp. meet., 65; + work in 1840-48, 82; + denies woman loses individuality in marriage, 170; + entertains reformers, 173; + in charge "depository," 199; + defends wronged mother, 200; + ministers to A., 202; + refuses to give up mother and child, 205; + old fraternity no more, 244; 246; + comforts A., 415; + dying, A. visits, 470; + death, A.'s tribute, 471; 536. + + MOTT, REBECCA W., 260. + + MOTT, RICHARD, staunch support of A., 756. + + MOTT, RICHARD F., teacher Nine Partner's School, 8. + + MOULSON, DEBORAH, school circular, 24; + school discipline, 28; 29; 30; + death, 31. + + MOULTON, FRANK D., birthday gift to A., 976. + + MULLIGAN, CHARLOTTE, 730. + + MULLINOR, MR., on shipboard, 552. + + MULLINOR, MR. AND MRS., entertain A., 575. + + MULLER, MRS., meeting at house of, 555. + + MULLER, HENRIETTA, 564; 565; 566; + takes A. to see Bernhardt, 567; + A. and Mrs. Stn's. visit, 576; + recep. for A., 577. + + + NAPOLEON I, A. thinks wd. have stood for freedom of women, 562; + A. compared to, 952; + "empire needs mothers," 1011. + + NEBLETT, A. VIOLA, at Atlanta con., 811. + + NELSON, JULIA B., in S. Dak. campn., 685; + at Neb. con., 697. + + NEW, MRS. JOHN C., recep. for A., 517. + + NEWMAN, BISHOP JOHN P., fav. wom. suff., 588. + + NEWTON, REV. HEBER, favors wom. suff., 764 + + NEYMANN, MME. CLARA, in Neb. campn., 545; + first appearance on Natl. plat., 607; 628. + + NICHOL, ELIZ. PEASE, A. visits, 568; 569; 570. + + NICHOLS, CLARINA HOWARD, prophecy for A., 66; + injustice to wom. in divorce, 74; 93; 102; 178; + debt of Kan. women to, 480; + work on Hist. Wom. Suff., 529; + Kan. wom. give pict. to Hist., 530; + death, 595. + + NICHOLS, SARAH HYATT, 720. + + NICHOLSON, ELIZA J., 597. + + NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE, 239. + + NOBLE, MRS. JOHN W., gives recep. in honor A., Mrs. Stn., L. Stone, + 718. + + NORDHOFF, CHAS., let. on A.'s birthday, 670. + + NORTHROP, MRS., supports A.'s res. in Teach. Con., 100. + + NORTHROP, PRES. CYRUS, introd. A. students Minnesota Univers., 929. + + NYE, SENATOR JAS. W., endorses wom. suff., 284; + presides over suff. con., 377. + + + O'CONNOR, JOSEPH, 766. + + OGLESBY, SENATOR R. J., insults women's petitions, 485. + + OLIVER, REV. ANNA, 737. + + OPDYKE, GEORGE, 329. + + ORDWAY, EVELYN B., 808. + + ORME, ELIZA, entertains A., England's first wom. lawyer, 564. + + ORMOND, JUDGE JOHN J., offers to present suff. memorial in Ala. legis. + favors civil but not polit. rights for women, 183; + after raid on Harper's Ferry declares enmity, 184. + + ORTH, G. S., M. C., ad. suff. con., 541. + + ORR, ELDA A., pres. Nev. Assn. entertains A., 825; + New Years gift to A., 900. + + OSBORNE, ELIZA WRIGHT, entertains A. and Eliz. Smith Miller, 714; + entertains A. and Mrs. Stn., 917. + + OSCAR, PRINCE OF SWEDEN, 477. + + OSGOOD, JULIA, travels with A., 569; 570; 573. + + OTIS, BINA M., on Kan. wom. suff. com., 781. + + OTIS, HARRISON G., disrespectful to A. and Miss Shaw, 834. + + OTIS, JAMES, man without representation is without liberty, 989. + + OWEN, J. J., ed. San Jose Mercury, compli. A., 394. + + OWEN, RBT. DALE, supports Wom. Loyal League, chmn. Freedmen's Inquiry + Com., 235; 529. + + OWEN, MRS. RBT. DALE, 349; 353. + + OWEN, ROSAMOND DALE, 529. + + + PACKARD, HON. JASPER A., presents A. to Ind. Legis., 904. + + PAINE, THOMAS, right of voting is primary right, 990. + + PALMER, GEN. (Colorado), 564. + + PALMER, GOV. (Ill.), 315. + + PALMER, BERTHA HONORE, at Wom. Council, 702; + ad. at opening World's Fair, 742; + fine qualif. for pres. board lady manag., remark. record, courtesy + to A., 744; + in sympathy with wom. suff., pres. Wom. Cong. Auxil.,745; + asks A. for suggestions, 748; + thanks her for fair mindedness, 749. + + PALMER, SENATOR T. W., rep. in favor wom. suff., 590; 591; + urges A. to keep up suff. agitation, 593; + masterly sp. on 16th Amend., 596; 637; + let. on A.'s birthday, 670. + + PALMER, SENATOR AND MRS., recep. for Wom. Council, 637. + + PARKER, JANE MARSH, at A.'s birthday banq., 666; + organizes club agnst. suff., 766. + + PARKER, JULIA SMITH, ad. Cong. Com., 446; 511; + at Lucretia Mott's, 512. + + PARKER, MARGARET E., at Phila. Centennial, 479; 565; + A. visits, 577; + com. for internatl. organization, 579. + + PARKER, THEO., A. visits him in study, 131; + "only noise and dust of wagon," 195. + + PATTERSON, MR. AND MRS. THOMAS M., entertain A. friends of wom. + suff., 821. + + PATTON, ABBY HUTCHINSON (see Htchis'n.). + + PATTON, LUDLOW, 260. + + PATTON, REV. W. W., preaches agnst. wom. suff., 596. + + PAYNE, SENATOR AND MRS., 677. + + PEABODY, ELIZ., 131; 756. + + PEASE, DR. R. W. AND HANNAH F., 211. + + PECKHAM, LILIE, 327. + + PECKHAM, JUSTICE, RUFUS W., pays fine trib. to charac. of A., 735. + + PEDRO, DOM, 477. + + PEFFER, SENATOR WILLIAM A., ad. suff. con., 756. + + PEET, MRS. B. STURTEVANT, tries to sec. suff. amend. from Calif. + Legis., 863; + A. writes obj. to Natl. W. C. T. U. Con. in San Fr., 882. + + PELLET, SARAH, at Saratoga con., 121. + + PENCE, LAF., M. C., addresses suff. con., 756. + + PENNOCK, DEBORAH, 601. + + PERKINS, GEO. C., 685. + + PERKINS, MARY (see Randall). + + PERKINS, SARAH M., 628; 629. + + PERRY, A. L., invites A. to Berkshire Hist. Soc. meet, 939. + + PETERS, JUDGE, advoc. suff amend., 796. + + PETERS, O. G. AND ALICE, 676. + + PETTINGELL, ABBY L., 772. + + PETTIGREW, SENATOR R. F., 676. + + PHELPS, ELIZ. B., establishes Wom. Bureau, 320; 327; 341; 349; + gives up Wom. Bureau, 360; 480. + + PHILLEO HELEN (see Jenkins). + + PHILLIPS, WENDELL, visits Anthony home, 60; + goes with Antoinette Brown to World's Temp. Con., 101; 102; + opp. Bloomer dress, 115; + gives A. $50 for first canvass of N. Y., 122; + refuses to let her pay it back, 128; 131; 132; + spks. at N. Y. wom. rights con., 147; 162; + on gift of Jackson to wom. rights cause, 165; + approves A.'s N. Y. canvass, 171; + lashes the mob, 174; + prepares suff. memorial to legis., 175; 182; 185; 192; 193; + opp. divorce resolutions, 194; + attitude grieves A. and Mrs. Stn., 195; + praises A., 196; 197; + urges A. to restore child to father, 203; + can not feel for woman, 204; + declares for war, 214; + refuses check for lect., 217; + A. hoped wd. redeem pledge to woman, 225; + A. "salt of earth," 226; 233; + lively let. on A.'s getting Mrs. Stn. to invite him to speak, 237; + urges A. to return East, 244; + on disbanding Anti. Slav. Soc., 245; + elected pres. A. S. Soc., 246; + no freedom without ballot, objects to union of A. S. and W. R. Soc., + 256; + prevents the union, 259; + argues against trying to strike "male" from N. Y. consti., 261; + declines to sustain demands of women, 270; + refuses to give money from Jackson fund, 275; + endorses wom. suff., 284; 290; + bids woman stand aside, 300; + and wait for negro, 304; + gives preference to negro suff., 317; + wom. suff. intellectual theory, 323; + first meet. with A. since dif. of opinion on Amend. XIV, 370; 373; + will help toward Amend. XVI; + A. stands at head of suff. movement, 495; + replies to A.'s 70th birthday greet., faith in her, 538; + announces Eddy legacy to A., 539; + tells of suit to break will, 540; 548; 549; + Harvard ad., 557; 568; 577; death, 587; 593; 859; 985; + freedom without ballot is mockery, 990. + + PHILLIPS, MRS. WENDELL, 219. + + PICKLER, ALICE M., presents claims S. Dak., suff., 675; + works for wom. 688; + at Wash. con., 851. + + PICKLER, J. A., M. C., response A.'s birthday banq., 666; 675; + stands by wom. suff., 688. + + PILLSBURY, PARKER, visits Anthony home, 60; + facetious let. to L. Mott on A.'s work, 105; 150; + great eloquence, 152; + men's rights, 157; 162; + preaches in Rochester, 167; + on John Brown execution, 180; + spks. at John Brown meet., 181; + on divorce, 195; + ridicules Dall con., 196; 198; + let. of sympathy to A., 224; + urges A. to return East, 244; + on div. in Anti-Slav. Soc., 246; + resigns editorship of Standard, 262; + abused by N. Y. World, 264; + refuses to edit Standard unless it declares for women, 269; + loyal to women, 270; + Susan cd. extinguish argu. with thimble, 273; 290; + editor Revolution, 296; 297; 299; 301; 302; 309; + offers res. that Equal Rights Assn. be transferred to Union Suff. + Soc., 349; + work on Rev., 354; + "A. works like plantation of slaves," 356; 357; + faithful to Rev., 360; + "your meed of praise be sung over your grave," 363; 380; + at A.'s lect. in Chicago, 468; 535; 587; + urges A. to visit his home, 702; + symp. for A. when ill, 842; + A. visits, 895. + + PILLSBURY, PARKER MRS., praises A., 535; + urges A. to visit her, 702; 895. + + POMEROY, SENATOR S. C., 248; + contrib. money and franking privilege, 283: + endorses wom. suff., 284; + offers amend. to Fed. Constit. enfranchising women, 310; + opens first Wash. suff. con., 313; 317; + tells ladies they must accept every help in politics, 375; + pres. candidate, 594; + ballot for negro, 962; + gift and let. to A. on 50th birthday, 974. + + POMEROY, MRS. S. C., birthday gift to A., 976. + + POND, ASST. U. S. DIST. ATTY., examines A. for having voted, 427. + + POND, MAJOR JAMES B., compli. A. and offers $100 for parlor lect., 896. + + PORTER, MARIA G., A.'s friend, 104; 711; + 90th birthday, 845; + death, 896. + + PORTER, SAM. D., Pillsbury's adjectives, 181. + + POST, AMALIA, secures suff. bill in Wyoming, 408; + suff. pioneer, 823. + + POST, AMY, 195; + testimonial to A., 412; + at 30th suff. annivers., 495; + death, 660. + + POST, ISAAC, home rendezvous for runaway slaves, 61. + + POTTER, BISHOP H. C., for wom. suff., 764. + + POTTER, BESSIE, makes statuette of A. and Mrs. Gross, 862. + + POTTER, HELEN, famous impersonator, gift to A., 488; 548; + present to A., 549. + + POWDERLY, HANNAH, on A.'s birthday, 671. + + POWDERLY, TERENCE V., on A.'s birthday, 671; + invites A. to spk. at Omaha, 726. + + POWELL, AARON, in Garrisonian meet., 150; 161; + mobbed, 165; + tries to give A.'s breakfast order, 177; 208; + deputized to give notice of union A. S. and W. R. Soc., 256; + refrains from doing so, 259; + editorial revision in Standard feared, 262; + full adv. rates for women's notices, 268. + + POWELL, ELIZ. (see Bond). + + POWELL, MAUDE, 566. + + PLATT, SENATOR ORVILLE H., 699. + + PLUMB, SENATOR P. B., opp. wom. suff., 281; + for wom. suff., 621. + + PLUTARCH, "equality causes no war," 968. + + PRIESTMAN, THE MISSES, A. visits, 577. + + PRINCE, MAYOR (BOSTON), 519; + receives suff. con., 534. + + PROUDFIT, ELIZABETH FORD, 612. + + PRUYN, MRS. JOHN V. L., pres. remonstrants agnst. wom. suff., presents + res., 765. + + PRYN, REV. ABRAM, ad. John Brown meet., 181. + + PUGH, SARAH, first meets A., 122; 131; 246; 251; + appreciates A. and the Rev., 335; 340; 350; + sends gift to A., 412; + present to A., 416; 496; 527; + death, 595. + + PULVER, MARY, registers and votes, 424; + votes again, 434. + + PURINTON, MR. AND MRS. JAS. W., 624. + + PURVIS, HARRIETT, 527. + + PURVIS, ROBERT, 246; + demands equal rights for women, 257; 260; + willing to postpone own enfranch. in favor of women, 269; + loyal to women, 270; + rebukes son for opp. wom. suff., 314; 420; 527; + ad. at A.'s birthday recep. in Phila., 547; + presents testimonial from Natl. Suff. Assn., 548; + gift to A., 549; + A. writes on death of Phillips, 587; 664; + at A.'s birthday banq., 666; + let. from A. on Gladstone, 741. + + PUTNAM, REBECCA SHEPARD, 234; 802. + + + QUARLES, RALPH P., SUP. JUDGE, Idaho, decides in favor wom. suff., 919. + + QUAY, SENATOR MATTHEW S., 718. + + QUINCY, EDWARD, 162. + + + RAINES, JUDGE THOMAS, for wom. suff., 762. + + RAINSFORD, REV. W. S., signs petit. for wom. suff., 764. + + RAMSEY, S. A., help of natl. assn. gives hope to S. Dak., 679. + + RAMSEY, STATE SENATOR (N. Y.), 189. + + RANDALL, SUPERINTENDENT, encourages A. in pub. speak., 143. + + RANDALL, ANNA T., 342. + + RANDALL, MARY PERKINS, teacher in Anthony home, 22; 394. + + RANSOM, C. R., executor Eddy will, 539. + + RAPER, J. H.,479. + + READ, DANIEL, grandfather Susan B., ancestry, marriage, military + service, 4; + political record, religious belief, 5; + literary taste, business matters, 6; + sideboard well supplied, 15; + military rec. makes A. Daught. of Rev., 919. + + READ, JOSHUA, rescues Mr. Anthony's goods from sheriff, 35; + protects sister's inheritance and pays for farm, 45; + invites A. to teach in Canajoharie, 49; 121. + + READ, LUCY, (See Anthony). + + READ, SUSANNAH RICHARDSON, grandmother Susan B., born, 4; + business qualities, 6. + + REAGAN, JOHN H., M. C., opp. wom. suff., 585. + + REASON, CHAS. L., 157. + + REED, CHARLES WESLEY, brings in minor. rep. in fav. wom. suff. pl. + and makes fight for it in Calif. Demo. Con., 873. + + REED, KITTY, let. greet. natl. suff. con., 902. + + REED, THOS. B., champions wom. rights com., 540; + rep. favoring wom. suff., 590; 677; + let. on A.'s 70th birthday, 669; + "at 11th hr. all will flock in," 716; + fails to spk. for wom. suff. in Calif. campn., 885; 902; 677. + + REID, WHITELAW, A.'s 50th birthday, 974. + + REMOND, CHARLES LENOX, A. drives with, 131; + in Garrisonian meet., 150; + A. describes sp., 152; 246. + + REMOND, SARAH, in Garrisonian meet., 150. + + RESSE, COUNTESS DE, 558. + + REVELS, SENATOR HIRAM, 243. + + REYNOLDS, MRS., 780. + + REYNOLDS, MARK W., invites Train to Kan., 287; + takes to woods, 288. + + REYNOLDS, WM. A., 167; 279. + + RICE, VICTOR M., stands by A. in St. Teach. Con., 120. + + RICH, GOV. AND MRS. (WYOMING), 823. + + RICHARDS, BISHOP (UTAH), 824. + + RICHARDS, MR. AND MRS. F. S., 825. + + RICHARDRON, MISS, 564. + + RICHARDSON, ABBY SAGE, unhappy married life, ability, marries A. D. + Richardson, 351; + persecuted, public sentiment in her favor, 352; + meets A. in Denver, 492. + + RICHARDSON, ALBERT D., killed by McFarland, married on his deathbed, + 351. + + RICHARDSON, MR. AND MRS. F. M., 832. + + RICHARDSON, MAYOR SAMUEL, presides at temp. festival, Rochester, 62. + + RICHARDSON, SUSANNAH (see Read). + + RICHER, LEON, 562. + + RIDDLE, JUDGE A. G., 337; + ad. House Com. for wom. suff., 376; + ad. Wash. Con. 377; + chief drawbacks to wom. suff., 455; 647; 660. + + RIPLEY, GEO., 563. + + RISTORI, A. hears, 558. + + ROBINSON, GOV. CHARLES, 273; + endorses wom. suff., 284; 285; + takes Mrs. Stn. on speaking tour of Kan., 286; 287; 290. + + ROBINSON, EMILY, wom. suff. pioneer, 722. + + ROBINSON, HARRIET H., welcomes suff. con. to Boston, 533; 534. + + ROBINSON, MARIUS, ed. Anti-Slav. Bugle, 722. + + ROCHAMBEAU, COUNT, 477. + + ROCKEFELLER, JOHN D., for wom. suff., 764. + + ROGERS, NATHANIEL P., 616. + + ROGERS, DR. SETH, Worcester Hydro. Institute, 131; 132; + let. agnst. individ. annihilat. in marriage, 135. + + ROOT, EHIHU, opp. wom. suff. amend. in N. Y. Consti. Con., 767; + presents petit. agnst., 769; + supports it, 771. + + ROOT, LIEUT.-GOV. J. P., let. A.'s 50th birthday, 974. + + ROOT, FRANCIS T., responds for Ind. legis. at recep. for A., 904. + + ROSE, ERNESTINE L., justice of wom. suff., 75; + interpretation of Bible, 77; + work in 1840-48, 82; + prejudice agnst. on acct. of religious beliefs, 117; + president suff. con., 121; 163; 185; 193; + favors divorce res., 194; + at Albany, 212; + patriotic speech Wom. Loyal League, 229; 237; 309; + repudiates "free love" res., 325; 327; + leaves for Eng., 329; + early work, 369; + back from Eng., 458; 530; + delight to see A. in Eng., 553; 554: 563; + death, 737; + never banished from suff. ass'n. because of religious belief, 853; + 935. + + ROSECRANS, MAJOR-GEN. WM. S., 233. + + ROSEWATER, EDWARD, deb. suff. with A., 545. + + ROSS, SENATOR E. G., franks wom. suff. documents, 283. + + ROSS, JOHN W., welcomes suff. con., D. C., 756. + + ROUTT, GOV. JOHN L., speaks for wom. suff., 491; 821. + + ROUTT, MRS. JOHN L., entertains A. and Miss Shaw, 821. + + ROWAN, ST. SENATOR, ad. natl. suff. con., 902. + + RUSSELL. FRANCES E., assists Loyal League, 234; + writes for Rev., 359. + + RYE, MISS, 555. + + + SAGE, RUSSELL, signs petit. for wom. suff., 764. + + SAGE, MRS. RUSSELL, A. guest at Emma Willard dinner, 753. + + ST. JOHN, COL. JOHN P., 496. + + SALVADOR, A., ed. Le Soir, wishes to interview A., 561. + + SANBORN, FRANK, approves wom. suff., 251; + speaks at suff. con., 533. + + SANFORD, DR. AND MRS. J. E., 802; 806; + 70th birthday recep. to Mary Anthony, 916. + + SAND, GEORGE, 733; + "independence is happiness," 1008. + + SANDERS, MRS. HENRY M., petit. for wom. suff., 764; 802. + + SARGENT, A. A., declares for woman's rights, 405; 406; 407; 408; + presents A.'s appeal for remission of fine for voting, 450; + intercedes for inspectors, 452; + defends woman's petitions, 486; 495; + arg. for wom. suff., 500; 501; + favors admit. wom. to practice before Supreme Court, 502; + returns to Calif., friend of wom. suff., 507; + U. S. Minister to Berlin, 553; + genuine Repub., 559. + + SARGENT, ELLA, 560. + + SARGENT, ELLEN CLARK, entertains A. as guest, 405; + while snow bound on eastward journey, 406; 407; 480; + urges A. not to be troubled, 494; 495; + returns to Calif., personal characteris., 507; 509; 512; 553; + genuine Repub., 559; + asks Estee Chairman Natl. Repub. Con. if "free ballot" plank + includes women, 642; + work for S. Dak., 685; + entertains A. during Wom. Cong., 829; + gift to A. and Miss Shaw, 832; + made pres. Calif. Suff. Assn., 835; + asks A. to help in campn., 861; + directs it with A., 862; + on committees, 863; + entertains A. and Miss Shaw during campn., 864; + gives up entire home to work, her services and money, 865; + at Repub. St. Con., 869; + at Popu., Prohib. and Demo. Cons., 872; 888; + scenes in election booths, 891; + trib. to A.'s services in Calif., 892. + + SARGENT, DR. ELIZ., A. visits in Zurich, 559; + in Yosemite with A., 831; + arrang. county cons. in Calif, campn., successful results, 864; + head of literary com. and petit. work, contributes money, 865; + suff. work on San Fr. Post, 866. + + SARGENT, GEORGE, 408. + + SARGENT, MR. AND MRS. JAMES, 772; + A. assists at golden wedding, 916; + entertain A. at Thous. Is., 926. + + SAUNDERS, ALVIN, SENATOR, ad. suff. con., 541. + + SAXE, REV. ASA, spks. for wom. suff., 762. + + SAXON, ELIZABETH LYLE, ad. Cong. Com., 511; + in Neb. campn., 545; + in Kan. campn., 609; 808. + + SAXTON, GEN. RUFUS, approves equal rights for women, 272; + negroes still enslaved, 964. + + SCATCHERD, ALICE, secures admission wom. dele. to Lib. Con., 576; + com. for internatl. organizat., 579; + ad. Senate Com., 640. + + SCHENCK, ELIZ. B., 327. + + SCHIEFFELIN BROTHERS, 234. + + SCHOFIELD, MARTHA, A. visits industrial school, 812. + + SCHUMACHER, MR. AND MRS. ADOLPH, entertain A., 652. + + SCHURMAN, PRES. JACOB GOULD, welcomes suff. con., invites to visit + Cornell, 800. + + SCHURZ, CARL, opponent wom. suff., 415. + + SCHUYLER, MARY M. HAMILTON, Art. Assn. desire to make statue rep. + Philanthropy, 734; + stepson obj. to having name coupled with A.'s, 735. + + SCHUYLER, PHILIP, obj. to stepmother's statue by side of A., 734; + enjoins Art Assn., she wd. resent attempt to couple name with A.'s, + defeat in court of appeals, 735. + + SCOTT, CHARLES F., urg. Mrs. Johns to call off women, 778. + + SCOTT, FRANCIS M., ad. N. Y. Consti. Con. in opp. wom. suff., 769. + + SEARS, JUDGE T. C., assails wom. suff., 281; + res. agnst. it, 283. + + SEDGWICK, CATHARINE MARIA, born in Berkshire, 1. + + SELDEN, HENRY. R., women have valid claim to vote, 425; + assures A. of this, 424; + tells her she has committed no crime, 426; 427; + appears for A. before U. S. Commiss., 428; + argues for writ of habeas corpus, gives bail for A., 432; + wishes he had heard her argument first, 433; + defends her at trial, 436; + argument before jury, 437; + demands jury be polled and moves for new trial, 439; + Judge Hunt's action indefensible, 441; + Van Voorhis' trib., 445; + A. has argument printed, 446; + prepares appeal to Cong. in A.'s case; + Hunt's action judicial outrage, 449; 994. + + SENEY, GEO. E., M. C., opp. wom. suff., 590. + + SEVERANCE, CAROLINE M., 131; 252; 260; + signs call for Am. Suff. Assn., 328; + entertains A., 832. + + SEVERANCE, MRS. MARK SIBLEY, recep. for A., 833. + + SEVERANCE, SARAH M., work for S. Dak., 685; + spks. for wom. suff. in Calif. campn., 875. + + SEWALL, MAY WRIGHT, first app. on natl. suff. plat., 495; + presents flowers to A. at St. Louis, 507; 511; + arranges suff. con. Indpls., 517; 527; + presentation speech to A., 534; + chmn. natl. ex. com., 535; + appears bef. House Com., 541; 545; + description of honors paid A. on departure for Europe, 547; + A. at New Orleans Expo., 597; + applies lash to own back, 600; + entertains A., 623; 626; + chmn. com. on union of two assns., 628; 629; + skill as pres. offic., 632; + arranges internat. council, 633; + originates idea of permanent Councils, 639; + made cor. sec., 641; + open let. to Gen. Harrison, 642; + introduces A. to Classical School, 650; + arranges birthday banq. for A., 664; + presides, 665; 676; + A. visits, 698; + present to A., 707; + at Fed. of Clubs, 720; 721; + spks. at Rochester, 740; + at opening World's Fair, 742; + ch. com. org. Wom. Cong., A. glories in her work, 745; + A.'s popularity at World's Fair, 746; + entertains A. during World's Fair, 750; + presides at lunch to Internat. Council, 751; 821; 841; + wants A. to manage Stn.'s birthday, 847; + death of husband, A.'s sympathy, 850; + receives State officials in honor of A., 903; + at Anthony homestead, 940; + at Berk. Hist, meet., 944; + A.'s character, 950; + open let. to Gen. Harrison on "free ballot" pl. in Repub. plat., + 1013. + + SEWALL, SAMUEL E., endorses wom. suff., 284; 373; + birthday gift to A., 976. + + SEWALL, MRS. SAMUEL E., congratulat. let. to A., 640; + birthday gift to A., 976. + + SEWALL, THEODORE L., at World's Fair, 750; + death, 850. + + SEWARD, MRS. W. H., favors divorce, 195. + + SEYMOUR, GOV. HORATIO, heads opposit. to A. S. meet., 210; + ad. Demo. mass meet. N. Y., 305; + pres. Natl. Demo. Con., 306. + + SEYMOUR, HORATIO, JR., leads disturbance at A. S. meet., 208. + + SEYMOUR, MARY F., reports wom. council, 637; + death, 757. + + SHAFROTH, MRS. JOHN F., at Wash. con., 851. + + SHARKEY, WM. L., Provis. Gov. Miss., 961. + + SHARSWOOD, JUDGE, agnst. wom. suff., 985. + + SHATTUCK, HARRIETTE ROBINSON, spks. at suff. con. Boston, 533; 541; + in Neb. campn., 545; 628. + + SHAW, REV. ANNA HOWARD, in Kan., 625; 629; + accepts proposals for union, 630; 636; + beginning of friendship with A., 645; + first appears on Natl. plat., 647; 652; + at A.'s birthday banq., 665; + appeal for S. Dak., 675; 676; + must not attack Christian relig., 678; + goes to S. Dak., 681; + writes A. people anxious for her to come, 682; + scores State com., better not cut loose from A., 683; 684; + at Repub. con. seats for Indians, none for wom., 687; + rebukes con., in Black Hills, 688; + gets courage from A., longs for mother, 689; + A.'s experience with crying baby, 692; + her own experience, A.'s retort in case of drunken man, 693; + at Deadwood, 694; + hardest campn. ever known, 696; + at Rochester, 698; + first pres. Wimodaughsis, 700; + at Wom. Council, 702; + christens Avery baby, 705; + present to A., 707; + in Adirondacks, 708; at Chautauqua, 709; + J. H. Buckley's obj. to wom. suff. from relig. standpoint, 710; + at West. N. Y. Fair, 711; + vice-pres.-at-large Natl. Am. Assn., 717; + in Kan. campn., 719; + shut out of churches bec. spoke at spiritual meet., will speak on + suff. anywhere, 720; + at Kan. Repub. con., at Omaha Popu. con., 726; + deb. suff. with Dr. Buckley at Chau., 727; + recep. at Hall of Philos., 728; + spks. in N. Y. campn., 761; + will not work for wom. suff. in Kan. unless politic. part. endorse + it, weakness of wom., 781; + opens campn. in Kan. City, 784; + demands Repub. Wom. con., ask for suff. plank, 785; + ad. res. com. at Repub. St. con., 786; + ad. suff. mass. meet. in Topeka, 787; + ad. Popu. St. con., 789; + shakes hands with dele., telegram Kan. Prohib. con. adopts wom. suff. + plank, 790; + finishes Kan. engagements, 792; 793; + Mrs. Diggs urges return to Kan., 795; + in Atlanta, 811; + in Columbus, 812; + invit. to Calif. Wom. Cong., 820; + at Chi. St. Louis, Denver, entertained by Gov. and Mrs. Routt, 821; + enthusiastic greet. in Broadway Thea., 823; + preaches Tabernacle, Salt Lake, "politic. sermon," 824; + preaches in theater; at Inter-Mount. Suff. Assn., receptions, banq. + in Ogden, at Reno, Nev., 825; + spks. in theat., in Calif., at Oakland ferry, in Dr. McLean's + pulpit, 826; + in Congreg. church San Fr., at Wom. Cong., 827; + spks. every day, royal welcome, 828; + all in love with, preaches in synagogue, helps org. suff. campn., + 829; + ad. Congreg. ministers' meet., Unit. Club dinner, Stanford Univers., + 830; + social courtesies, Yosemite, names big tree S. B. A., at San Jose, + 831; + Los Angeles, Riverside, Pasadena, Pomona, San Diego, 832; + Olivewood, Santa Monica, Los Angeles, 833; + spks. in Oakland, in Method. ch., San Fr., at ministers' meet., 834; + meets with Calif. Suff. Assn., 835; + 4th July com. refuse to let spk., reconsider, she rides in proces. + and makes sp., 836; + goes to Oakland, can not find audience, starts homeward, 837; + goes to Chicago, 839; + stricken with fever, 840; + favors res. agnst. Wom. Bible, 854; + spks. at county cons. in Calif., in Sargent residence, 864; + at Repub. St. Con., 869; + bef. res. com., 871; + ad. Dem. res. com. for two min., 873; + scores con. for action on wom. suff. pl., at ratificat. meet. in San + Fr., 874; + spks. every night dur. campn. and donates serv. of sec., 875; 883; + at "Tom Reed" rally, Oakland, 885; + photo. given for pledges, 889; + at Salt Lake, Kan. City, banq. at Roch., 895; + R. I. suff. con., 896; + A's 77th birthday, 907; + present to Mary Anthony, 916; + visits Mrs. Osborne, 917; + A.'s letters like Paul's Epistles, 924; + spks. at western conferences, 929; + at Anthony homestead, 940; + at A.'s right hand, 942; + at Berk. Hist. meet., trib. to A., her belief in men and women, + great, ideal life, 945. + + SHAW, FRANCIS G., gives A. $100 for Rev., 355. + + SHAW, SARAH B., 282. + + SHELDON, ELLEN H., serv. for Natl. Assn., 700. + + SHIPPEN, REV. RUSH R., ad. suff. con., 607. + + SHERMAN, GEN. WM. T., 249. + + SHERMAN, MRS. GEN., agnst. wom. suff., 377. + + SIMONTON, J. W., at press dinner, 316. + + SIMPSON, JERRY, M. C., ad. suff. con. 756. + + SIMPSON, BISHOP MATTHEW, 337; favors wom. suff., 588. + + SIZER, NELSON, phrenolog. chart of A., 85. + + SKIDMORE, MR. AND MRS. THOS. J., hospitality, love of liberty, 710. + + SLAYTON (Lect. Bureau), tells A. she has ruined lect. prospects, 468; + cempli. circular of A.'s lect., 486. + + SLOCUM, MRS., interviews Gen. Hancock, 520. + + SMALLEY, GEO. W., 246. + + SMITH, ABBY, 446. + + SMITH, MRS. E. O., at Calif. Dem. Con., 872. + + SMITH, ELIZ. OAKES, at Syracuse W. R. Con., 72; 316; + death, 756. + + SMITH, MR. AND MRS. FRANK M., entertain A., 877. + + SMITH, JUDGE G. W., agnst. wom. suff., 283. + + SMITH, GERRIT, suff. greatest of all rights, 75; + one standard of morals, 93; + advocates Bloomer costume, 113; + in Cong., 118; + wom. must get rid of poverty and disabling dress, 147; + sleeps in church, 179; + insane, 181; + Garrison. meet. at Albany, 212; + donation Loyal League, 234; 270; 279; + endorses wom. suff., 284; + bids wom. stand aside for negro, 300; + "nothing to fear from women," 301; 350; + helps A. pay expenses of trial, 446; + death, 467; + gave land to negroes, 708; 935. + + SMITH, MRS. GERRIT, vice-pres. Wom. Temp. Con., 67. + + SMITH, GOLDWIN, opp. wom. suff., 698. + + SMITH, HANNAH WHITALL, 541. + + SMITH, JULIA (see Parker). + + SMITH, LEWIA C., testimonial to Judge Selden, 446; + testimonial and gift for A., 558. + + SMITH, MRS. M. F., 808. + + SMITH, MRS. NICHOLAS, 327. + + SOLOMONS, SELINA, poem to A., 881. + + SOMERSET, LADY HENRY, approves A.'s bust, 722; + farewell teleg. to A., 729; + A. has true sign of greatness, endorses her sp. on temp. at World's + Fair, 747; + in Twilight Park, 773; + at Repub. Con., Saratoga, 774. + + SOMERVILLE, MARY, endorses wom. suff., 368. + + SORBIER, MADAME, tries to sec. suff. amend. from Calif. Legis., 863. + + SOULE, REV. DR., 550. + + SOUTHWICK, SARAH, 902. + + SOUTHWORTH, LOUISA, 623; + entertains bus. com. natl. suff. assn., leading suff. rep., + friendship and generosity to A. and to assn., 801; + cares for A. in illness, 840. + + SPENCE, CATHERINE H., ad. suff. con., 756. + + SPENCER (JUDGE) MRS., tries to sec. suff. amend. from Calif. Legis., + 863. + + SPENCER, REV. ANNA GARLIN, speaks at suff. con., 533, 702. + + SPENCER, SARA ANDREWS, engrosses Wom. Dec. of Ind., 478; 479; + petit. work, 484; 495; + strong res. at Natl. Con., 499. + + SPERRY, GEORGE B., 831. + + SPERRY, MRS. AUSTIN, treas. wom. suff. campn., com. in Calif., 863; + at Repub. St. Con., 869; + treas. Suff. Assn., valuable assistance, 888. + + SPOFFORD, MR. AND MRS., welcome A., 701; + leave Riggs House, 705. + + SPOFFORD, JANE S., elect. treas. Natl. Suff. Assn., 407; + hospitality to A., 512; + A. writes to give up con., 526; 527; + Albany people shd. take A. in their arms, 536; + A.'s let. on shipboard, 551; + let. from A., 562; 629; 632; 633; 643; + thoughtfulness for A., 672; 676; 679; + pays S. Dak. bills, 680; + recep. to Wom. Council, 702; + valu. assist. to A., 743. + + SQUIER, ELLEN HOXIE, 653; 802. + + SQUIER, LUCIEN, 653. + + SPRAGUE, HOMER B., 337. + + SPRAKER, LIVINGSTON, 49. + + SPRINGER, WM. M., M. C., obj. to admit. Wy. with wom. suff., 698. + + STAMBACH, DR. IDA, entertains A., 881. + + STAFFORD, COL., 4. + + STAFFORD, BROWN, 121. + + STAFFORD, JOHN, 121. + + STANFORD, JANE L., 607; 660; + A. in private car, case before Supreme Court, 824; + sends passes to A. and Miss Shaw, and invites to first graduates' + reception, 830; + trib. of self and husb. to A. and Mrs. Stn., 850; 851; + belief in wom. suff. 876; + assist. in Calif. wom. suff. campn., 888. + + STANFORD, SENATOR LELAND, sends A. and Mrs. Stn. passes, 390; + keen perceptions, 607; + in favor Amend. XVI, 621; + contrib. S. Dak., 676; + death, 756; + appreciates A. and Mrs. Stn., predicts advancement of woman, 851. + + STANFORD, SENATOR AND MRS., recep. to Wom. Council, 637. + + STANSBURY, L. M., 780. + + STANTON, ELIZABETH CADY, first impression of A., 64; + advice to pub. speakers, writes to please self, 66; + elected pres. State Temp. Con., 67; + divorce and practical relig., 68; + opp. to woman as pres. of first con., 72; + co-education, bondage of relig., 73; + as mother, 76; + work in 1840-'48, 82; + woman's right to speak in public, 92; + admit men to Woman's Temp. Soc., 94; + objected to as pres. of society, 95; + ad. N. Y. Legis., 108; + appeal for rights of women, 110; + Bloomer costume, 113; + renounces it, 115; + drawbacks to her efforts for women, 130; + takes turns with A. in writing and baby-tending, 142; + congrat. A. on stirring up teachers, 157; + appeals for equal rights, 175; + martyrdom of John Brown, what she will say to St. Peter, 181; 185; + will obey Napoleon, 187; + describes A. and self working together, 188; + ad. N. Y. legis., 189; + declares for divorce, 193; + replies to Greeley, Luc. Mott approves, 195; + blows struck at men's stronghold, 196; + on divorce at Friends' meet., 197; + offers to help A. on agricult. sp., 199; 208; + hissed at Roch. anti-slav. meet., 209; + Garrisonian meet at Albany, 212; + on "Adam Bede," prepares anti-slav. ad., 217; 221; + call for Loyal League, 226; + spks. for League, 227; + pres. League, 229; 234; + lively let. from Phillips, 237; + humiliation of women at seeing negro placed above their heads, 239; + love for A., 244; 246; 249; + petit. Cong. for wom. suff., 250; + urges women to work for suff., 251; 253; + sounds alarm when men show signs of treachery, 256; + eloquent demand for wom. suff., 257; 259; + last moments of con., 260; + influenced by eloquence of Phillips and Tilton but repudiates it, + 261; + easily psychologized, 262; + compliments Democrats, 263; + ridiculed by N. Y. World, 264; 265; + will sign every petit. if necessary, scores "old guard," 268; + protests agnst. negro's receiv. rights denied women, 269; + comes to meetings rested and refreshed, ad. joint coms. of N. Y. + legis. on new constit., 273; + memorial to Cong., 277; + before N. Y. Consti. Con., 278; 279; + encounter with Greeley, name forbidden in Tribune, 280; 282; + goes into Kansas campn., 283; + unpleasant nights, 284; + homage for her talents, 285; + tour of Kan. with ex-Gov. Robinson, 286; + invites Train to assist, 287; 290; + arranges lect. tour with Train, at polls, 291; + praised by Leav. Commercial, 292; + admiration of Mr. Train, defers to A.'s judgment, tour with A. and + Train, 293; + censured and repudiated by friends for alliance with Train, claims + right to accept his aid for wom. suff., 294; + begins The Revolution, abuse of N. Y. Times, 295; + comment N. Y. Independent, Cin'ti Enquirer, 296; + descrip. of Revolution, wom. have lost self-respect, 297; + defends The Revolution, 298; + on desire to edit paper, 299; + objects to treatment by Equal Rights Assn., Revolution an individ. + matter, 300; + described by Nellie Hutchinson, 302; + presides at Equal Rights Assn., 303; + Blackwell praises work in Kan., independent com. formed, 304; + attends Demo. mass meet. in N. Y., comment of Sun, 305; + attends Natl. Demo. Con. in Tammany Hall, 306; + finishes home at Tenafly, 308; 309; + goes to Gov. Geary in behalf of Hester Vaughan, 310; 314; + western tour, 315; 316; + almost alone in demanding word "sex" in Fifteenth Amend., 318; + writes old friends to ignore the past, 320; + presides Equal Rights Assn., 322; + presides Natl. Suff. Assn., 327; 328; + describes Newport con., 329; 330; + forms friendship with Mrs. Hooker, 332; 337; + ad. Cong. com., 338; 339; + described by Mary Clemmer, 340; 343; 344; + urges union of suff. orgz'tns and offers to resign office, 347; + forbids use of name for pres., women protest, at Apollo Hall con., + at dissolut. of Equal Rights Assn., 348; 349; + mass meeting in McFarland-Richardson case, 352; + beautiful appearance, 353; + no salary on Revolution, 354; + objects to change name of Rev., "Rosebud" will not answer, 357; 358; + declines to serve longer as editor, 360; + urges A. to roll load off her shoulders, 361; 362; 366; 368; + work in 1845, called first W. R. con., 369; + wants A. for pres. of assn. but willing to exalt Mrs. Hooker, 371; + sends $100 to Wash. con., 372; + bet. two fires, 374; + answers men who object to Mrs. Woodhull, 379; + no faith in Repub. party, 382; + supports Mrs Woodhull, 383; + chmn. Natl. com., 384; + starts to Calif., 387; + bliss in marriage if both equals, 388; + first sp. in San Fr., visits Mrs. Fair in jail, 390; + sympathizes with her, goes to Yosemite, 392; + can not mount pony, hard trip, 393; 396; + ad. Sen. com., 410; + call for forming new party, 413; + criticises A., 414; + let. to N. Y. World urging Demo. to stand by women, 416; + let. from Cochran, 418; + not grateful to Repubs., "white mules turn long ears," 420; + spks. on Repub. plat. in N. Y., 422; + defends A. in voting, 432; 434; + annual protest agnst. Wash. con., 467; + objects to A.'s lecture on Social Purity, 468; + opens Centennial headqrs., 475; + prepares wom. Dec. of Ind., 476; + refused permis. to read Dec., 477; + evils of manhood suff., 479; + begins Hist. of Wom. Suff., 480; + at Mrs. Davis' funeral, 481; + appeal for 16th Amend., 483; + hates lecturing, thankful for abuse, friendship for A., 488; + her children's love for A., 489; + prayer-meet. in Cap. at Wash., 494; 495; + re-elect. pres. Natl. Assn., 496; + strong res. at Natl. Con., 499; + ad. to Pres. Hayes, 500; 507; + corres. editor Ballot-Box, 510; + writes res. and ad., 516; + work on Hist., 524; + tries to vote, 525; + A. compels to attend cons., pres. at Wash. con., 526; + eulogy on Luc. Mott, 527; 528; + valuable work on Hist. Wom. Suff., 531; + present is time to write history, 532; + entertainment by Bird Club, Boston, 534; + illness, fears of not finish. history, 537; 540; 541; + sails for Europe, 543; + always strength to A., 544; + urges A. to come to Eng., 546; 547; 549; 553; + calls on Channing in Eng., 554; 564; + spks. at Prince's Hall, 565; + spks. at St. James Hall, 566; + advises suff. for married women, 568; + Mrs. McLaren appreciates, 569; 575; 576; 577; + confidence of Eng. women, 579; + open let. on Douglass marriage, 585; + prepares natl. con. report, begins work on Vol. III Hist. of Wom. + Suff., 592; + advises women to work for Rep. party, 594; + res. denounc. dogmas and creeds, 595; + rebukes Rev. Patton for sermon agnst. woman suff., upholds A.'s + remarks, 596; + work on Hist. Wom. Suff., 599; + ease-loving nature, A. urges to work, Mrs. Sewall pities, + "exercises by lying down," 600; + women complain of use of "blue pencil," 601; + 70th birthday, "Pleasures of old age," let. H. Stanton Blatch., 602; + ćsthetic cons., 605; + revises History proofs, sells rights to A., fine ability, 613; + adv. A. to burn old letters, 625; + advised not to take presidency united assns., 628; 629; + willing to decline, but lets. insist she shall take presidency, 630; + A. spks. in her favor, 631; + elect. pres., 632; 633; + friendship for A., coming back to Amer. to do best work, 635; + dreads ocean trip, can not come to Council, A. brings her and shuts + her up to write sp., 636; + at recep. for Wom. Council, 637; + trib. of Fr. Willard, 638; + ad. Sen. com., 640; 642; 654; 659; 664; + looks like Lord Chief. Just., 665; + response at A.'s birthday banq., thorn in side, meets A. in London, + oblig. to her, 667; + inspiration to A., 668; + A. will have her under thumb, ad. Cong. Coms., presides Natl. Am. + Assn., 674; + honored to go abroad as its represent., farewell, 675; + The Matriarchate, 702; 703; + re-elect. pres. natl. assn., 704; + keep home and be cremat. in own oven, 707; + returns to Amer., A. urges to make home with her and prepare + writings for posterity, 712; + goes for month's visit to A., sits for bust by Ad. Johnson, sp. in + favor opening Roch. Univers. to women, cartoon in Utica paper, 713; + settled in N. Y., children urge to give up work, paper on Solitude + of Self, ovation at con., begs scepter be transfer. to A., elect. + hon. pres. natl. assn., last app. at Wash. con., 717; + ad. Cong. Coms., recep. in Wash., 718; 719; 729; + trib. to disting. dead, 737; + natl. com. sends greet. to, 739; + paper for Educat. Cong. World's Fair, 751; + ad. to N. Y. women contrib. to Sun, 763; + prep. call for natl. con., 801; + cosy home, 802; + thanks A. for read. her papers, 811; + memorial to Fred. Douglass, 814; + A. visits to tell about cons., etc., 815; + portrait at Utah Con., 825; + let. sympathy to A., 842; + 80th birthday, 845; + all wom. shd. pay tribute, 846; + birthday sp., 847; + magnific. fęte, Tilton's testimonial, 848; + recep. by Mrs. H. Villard, birthday celebrat. in Roch., 849; + extolled by Sen. Stanford, 851; + prepares Woman's Bible, res. agnst. introd. in natl. suff. con., 852; + always announc. to be her individ. work, 853; + always in advance of times, A. defends her, 854; + urges that she and A. resign office, 855; + A. tells her she is talking down to people in her Bible commentary, + 856; + and says suff. wd. take women out of relig. bigotry, urges not to + send Bible literature to Calif., 857; + women only class left to fight battles alone, 879; + A. wishes she were young and strong, 880; 896; 915; + at Mrs. Osborne's, 917; + A. writes of Mrs. Besant and Theosophy, 918; + at Geneva, 927; pict. in Anthony parlor, 934; + A.'s magnanimity, honesty, heroism, tenderness, "to be wedded to an + idea may be holiest and happiest of marriages," dedicates + Reminiscences, 951; + to "my steadfast friend.," 952; + ad. to Pres. Lincoln, "free women as you have slaves," 957; + ad. to Cong., eloquent demand for woman's enfranchisement, 968; + birthday gift to A., 976; + Repubs. will lose power to protect black men in right to vote, 1016. + + STANTON, MR. AND MRS. GERRIT, 654. + + STANTON, HARRIOT, (See Blatch). + + STANTON, HENRY B., on condition of country, urges A. to gird on armor, + 226. + + STANTON, MRS. HENRY B., Greeley's revenge, 280; 972. + + STANTON, THEODORE AND MARGUERITE, 532; + take A. to Chamber of Deputies, to St. Cloud, to station, 561. + + STARRETT, HELEN EKIN, compares A. and Mrs. S. when in Kan., 273; + how A. won all hearts, 285; 287. + + STARRETT, REV. WM., 287. + + STEARNS, JUDGE J. B., introd. A., 656; 902. + + STEARNS, SARAH BURGER, 656. + + STEBBINS, GILES AND CATHARINE F., old friends of A., 658; + visit A., 711; + golden wed., 896. + + STEBBINS, REV. H. H., for wom. suff., 762. + + STEBBINS, DR. HORATIO, 830. + + STEPHENS, PROF. KATE, in Germany, 560. + + STETSON, CHARLOTTE PERKINS, opp. res. agnst. Wom. Bible, 854; + visits A. and spks. in Rochester, 901. + + STERN, JUDGE, ad. wom. suff. con., 762. + + STEVENS, THADDEUS, tries to have women included in Amend. XIV, 250; + bids women stand aside for negro, 267; 318; + elective franchise inalienable right, 979; + Amendment XIV, 1016. + + STEVENSON, DR. SARAH HACKETT, at Fed. Clubs, 720; + let. from A. on maternity hospital, 843. + + STILLMAN, JAS. W., 350. + + STEWART, SEN. WM., favors wom. suff., 500. + + STOCKER, ALICE M., Calif. Dem. Con., 872. + + STONE, LUCINDA HINSDALE, 379. + + STONE, LUCY, first meets A., 64; + unjust laws for women, 73; + does not favor Maine law, 81; 87; 90; + on divorce, 93; + assists Whole World Temp. Con., 96; + commends A., praises Channing, 111; + writes A. regarding Bloomers, 115; + defends costume, but abandons it, 116; + marries, 128; + playful letter on marriage, 130; + will retire from public work, 135; 139; + encourages A. to speak in public, 145; + shows legal posit. of women, has faith in A., 146; + pres. N. Y. con., 147; + sympathetic let., 151; + care of children, 162; + trustee of Jackson fund, 165; + wd. use Hovey fund for test cases, 171; 185; + opp. divorce res., 195; + pres. Loyal League meet., 229; 234; + petit. for Cong. action, 250; 253; + favors union of A. S. and W. R. Soc., 256; + abused by N. Y. World, 264; + campn. in Kan., money from Jackson fund for it, treachery of Repub. + Com., censures Tribune and Independent, 275; 281; + wants Mrs. Stn. to edit paper, 299; + A. desires her to edit paper, 300; 303; + Repub. party false unless it protects woman, 304; + repudiates "free love" res., 325; 328; + chmn. ex. com. Am. Suff. Assn., 329; + for dissolution of E. R. Assn., 349; + asst. ed. Wom. Jour., 361; + early work, 369; + asks A.'s attitude toward parties, 497; + Eddy legacy, 539; 540; + on com. for union of two assns., 627; + meets A. in Boston, submits plan, 628; + appoints conf. com., 629; 630; + chmn. ex. com. united assns., 632; 634; + at recep. for Wom. Council, 637; + trib. of Fr. Willard, 638; + let. on A. birthday, 668; + let. greet. Natl. Am. Con., 675; + authoriz. A. to sign name, 676; + requests women celebrate admiss. Wyoming, 699; + invites A. to Mass. suff. annivers., sympathizes with illness, 701; + at Wom. Council, had stood beside A. on many a battlefield, 703; + hon. pres. Natl. Am. Assn., 717; + at recep. in Wash., 718; 729; + last let. to natl. con., greeting sent her, 738; + memorial serv. at Wash. con., 756; 935. + + STORRS, WM. C., U. S. Commissr., 426; + examines A. for having voted, 427. + + STOUT, IRA, 164. + + STOWE, CALVIN E., endorses wom. suff., 284. + + STOWE, DR. EMILY H., 658. + + STOWE, HARRIET BEECHER, will help Revolution, 356; + gives name as ed., later declines, 358; 360; 548; 902; 935. + + STRATTON, SEN. AND MRS. FRED., entertain A., 877. + + STRONG, HARRIET R., 832. + + STUDWELL, EDWIN A., 349; 368. + + STUDWELL, MRS. EDWIN A., 349. + + SULLIVAN, ISAAC N., _Sup. Judge_, Idaho, decides in favor wom. suff., + 919. + + SULLIVAN, MARGARET B., on shipboard with A., 579. + + SUMNER, CHAS., work for emancip., 226; + presents petit. for emancip. in Senate, 235; + writes A. must "blast idea of property in man," 236; + acknowl. indebtedness to A., 238; + efforts to omit "male" in Amend. XIV, 256; + L. M. Child's petit. "inopportune," 265; + concedes right to disfranchise taxpayers, 269; + bids women stand aside, 300; 317; + interested in suff. hearing, 339; 373; + did not realize women felt degredat. of disfranchise, 411; + never a public word for woman, 456; + ext. from great sp., 968; + all citizens entitled to equal rights, 979; + no doubt but women have constit. right to vote, 981; 1014; + negro enfranchisement, 1015; + wrote 19 pp. foolscap to keep "male" out of Amend. XIV, 1016. + + SUNDERLAND, REV. BYRON S., attacks W. R. women, 79. + + SUTRO, MAYOR ADOLPH, welcomes Wom. Cong., San Fr., 827. + + SWEET, ADA C., 607. + + SWEET, EMMA B., priv. sec. to A., 843; + goes with her to Calif., 862; + in the campn., 892. + + SWIFT, JOHN F., 892. + + SWIFT, MARY WOOD, on Calif. wom. suff. + campn. coms., 863; + at Repub. St. Con., 869; + pres. Century Club, entertains A., 876; + elect. pres. Calif. Suff. Assn., 892; + valuable services, 893. + + SWIFT, RICHARD L., mob at A. S. meet., 209. + + SWING, DAVID, quotation from, 667. + + + TAFT, LORADO, bust of A., sex nothing to do with art, 721; + Miss Willard's compli. 722. + + TANEY, CHIEF JUSTICE ROGER B., decision in Dred Scott case, 454; + citizens those who conduct govt. through representatives, 984; + infamous decision, 985. + + TANNER, MARY PRIESTMAN, 576; 577. + + TAYLOR, ALBERTA CHAPMAN, 810. + + TAYLOR, EZRA B., M. C., rep. in favor wom. suff., 590; + conducts fight for wom. suff., 607; 651; + secures Cong. rep. in favor wom. suff., 699; + gives credit to Mrs. Upton, 700; 705. + + TAYLOR, HELEN, 337; 565; 577. + + TAYLOR, MR. AND MRS. LANSING G., A. teaches in family of, 44. + + TAYLOR, MENEIA (MRS. PETER), 555; 577. + + TAYLOR, HON. T. T., introd. munic. wom. suff. bill in Kan. legis., 611. + + TELLER, SENATOR HENRY M., ad. suff. con., 756. + + TELLER, MRS. HENRY M., at Wash, con., 851. + + TERRY, ELLEN, A. hears, 555. + + THACHER, MAYOR GEO. H., declares for free speech, 211; + protects Garrison meet., 212; 733. + + THACHER, JOHN BOYD, asks record of father, fails to put suff. wom. on + N. Y. Board Lady Manag., 733. + + THATCHER, JUDGE, 287. + + THAYER, JOHN M., ad. on Mary Anthony's birthday, 916; + poem to A. at Berkshire Hist. meet., 944; + ad. on A.'s birthday, 860. + + THOMAS, REV. H. W., introd. A. in Chicago, 617; + her great heart like Christ, 805; + trib. to A. "saint of liberty," 900; + introd. A. at Lib. Cong. Relig. Nashville, 928. + + THOMAS, MR. AND MRS. JOHN W., recep. to Wom. Council, 928. + + THOMAS, M. LOUISE, 511; 550; + treas. Natl. Council, 639; + A. visits, 654. + + THOMAS, MARY F., 629. + + THOMASSON, MRS. J. P., 563; + recep. for A. and Mrs. Stn., 565; 567. + + THOMPSON, ELIZABETH, gives A. $1,000 for History, 524; + pres. Art. Assn. desiring to make A.'s statute, 734. + + THOMPSON, GEO., 63; + encourages Wom. Loyal League, 233; + spks. at first annivers. 237; + rebukes America for slavery, 996. + + THOMSON, ADELINE, first meets A., 122; 327; 527; 538; + present to A., 549; 550; + entertains A. at Cape May, 624; + love for A., 651; + gift to A., 741; + death, gives A. $1,000, 814. + + THOMSON, ANNIE, first meets A., 122; 527; + present to A., 549; 814. + + THURMAN, SENATOR ALLEN G., insults wom. petit., 485; 486. + + THURSTON, SARAH A., on Kan. wom. suff. com., 781. + + TIFFANY & CO., 278. + + TILTON, ELIZ. R., funeral of baby, 308; 346; + demure, motherly, sweetness needed, 357; + selects poetry for Rev., 359; 360; + during Beecher-Tilton trouble, 461; + beautiful character, not wicked, 463; + love and veneration for pastor, 464; + born into Plymouth church, pitiable condition, crushed, 465; + let. to A. on 50th birthday, 975; + gift, 976. + + TILTON, THEODORE, "noise-making twain," A. and Mrs. Stn., 188; + gets Beecher's sp. in Independent, 192; + A.'s "sphere," 217; + on Emancip. Proclam., millenium on the way, 225; + announces birth of son, 232; + supports A.'s plan, proposes E. R. Assn., strong ed. in N. Y. + Independent, 252; + favors union of A. S. and W. R. Soc., 256; 259; 260; + argues agnst. trying to strike "male" from N. Y. constit., 261; 264; + 270; + refuses to champion wom. suff. in 1867, 281; 290; + res. to send A. to Natl. Demo. Con., 305; + deserts wom. suff. for negro suff., 317; + wom. suff. presented as "intellect. theory," 323; + tries to unite suff. assns., 346; + made pres. Union Society, 348; 349; + sends com. to Am. Suff. Assn. proposing union, 350; 357; + assists Mrs. Bullard in ed. Rev., 361; 368; + at Lib. Repub. Con., 415; + derides women, 419; + A.'s affection for, 463; + brilliant and attractive, Beecher's love for, 464; + respect for wife, 465; + testimonial to A. and Mrs. Stn., 848; + let. on A.'s 50th birthday, 975; + gift, 976. + + TOD, ISABELLA M. S., entertains A., 572; 573. + + TOWNS, MIRABEAU L., has ad. on wom. suff. printed, 768. + + TOWNSEND, HARRIET A., 741. + + TOWNSEND, S. P., arranges temp. meet, for A. and others, 83. + + TOURGEE, ALBION W., 754. + + TRAIN, GEO. FRANCIS, offers assist. to wom. suff. campn. in Kan., 286; + first sp. at Leav., 287; + obj. to hard route, says A. knows how to make man ashamed, speaking + tour, 288; + dons evening dress before speaking, attacks Gen. Blunt, advice to + sick people, 289; + will furnish money for wom. suff. paper, A. proprietor, praised by + D. R. Anthony, 290; + fails to reach Atchison, makes final arrange. with A. at St. Joe for + paper and lect. trip, 291; + method of speaking, personal descript., 292; + pays all expenses for lect. tour of himself, A. and Mrs. Stn., 293; + scored by suff. advocates, 294; + furnishes funds for The Revolution and reserves space for his own + opinions, 295; + comment N. Y. Independ., 296; + defended by Mrs. Stn., 297; + goes abroad, is put into Dublin jail, 298; + not able to meet all financ. obligat. to Rev., 299; 301; 308; + withdraws from paper, 319; + put in $3,000, 354; 408. + + TRALL, DR., 88. + + TREMAINE, LYMAN, rep. agnst. A.'s appeal + for remission of fine, shows ignorance of matter, 450. + + TRUESDALE, SARAH, registers and votes, 424. + + TRUMAN, COMMISSIONER, 597. + + TRUMBULL, SENATOR LYMAN, 410. + + TRUTH, SOJOURNER, at W. R. con., 103. + + TRYGG, ALLI, ad. Senate Com., 640. + + TUCKER, GIDEON J., for wom. suff., 767. + + TUCKER, JOHN RANDOLPH, M. C., opp. wom. suff., 590; + rep. agnst. wom. suff., 607. + + TUDOR, MRS. FENNO, 534. + + TUPPER, REV. MILA (Maynard), at Wash. Wom. Council, 702; + in Calif. campn., 875. + + TURNER, BISHOP HENRY M., favors wom. suff., 588; + spks. with A., 812. + + TUTTLE, REV. J. H., 165. + + TYNG, REV. STEPHEN H., 233. + + + UNDERWOOD, Judge, women have right to vote, 985. + + UPTON, HARRIET TAYLOR, 652; + influ. Cong. Com. report, 700; 705; 812; 820; + on Wom. Bible res., 856; + at Anthony homestead, 940; + at Berkshire Hist. Meet., 943. + + + VAIL, MOSES, teaches A. algebra, 43. + + VAN BUREN, MARTIN, at Tarrytown, New York, his habits, 41; + at Saratoga, 42; + urged ballot for workingmen, 998. + + VANCE, SENATOR ZEBULON B., rep. agnst. wom. suff., 718. + + VAN DYCK, HENRY H., ST. SUPT., opposes co-education, 156. + + VAN PELT, ADA, 826. + + VAN VOORHIS, JOHN, M. C., retained in A.'s case, 428; + shows mistake of giving bail, 433; + defends her in trial at Canandaigua, 436; + defends inspectors, refused permiss. to ad. jury, opinion of case + after 24 years, 444; + trib. to Judge Selden, 445; + prepares appeal to Cong., declares trial by jury annihilated, 449; + favors wom. suff., 543. + + VAUGHAN, HESTER, accused of murdering child, 309; + pardoned and sent back to Eng., 310. + + VAUGHN, MARY C., pres. temp. meet., 65; 82; 95. + + VEST, GEORGE G., SENATOR, opposes com. on wom. rights, 540; + speech in opp. to wom. suff., 619; + harrowing picture, too much "gush," 620. + + VIBBERT, GEORGE H., 328. + + VILLARD, MRS. HENRY, daught. W. L. Garrison, recep. to A. and Mrs. + Stn., 849. + + VINCENT, JOHN H., learn law of love from God's women, 708; + invites A. to Chautauqua, 727. + + VOSBURG, MRS. J. R., stands by A. in Teach. Con., 100. + + VROOMAN, MRS. HENRY, entertains A., 877. + + + WADE, SENATOR BENJAMIN F., encourages Wom. Loyal League, 233; + argues for wom. suff., 266; 317. + + WADLEIGH, SENATOR BAINBRIDGE, insults wom. petit., 485; + opp. wom. suff., scored by Mary Clemmer, 501. + + WAGENER, MR., agnst. wom. suff. pl. in Kan. Repub. plat., 780. + + WAGNER, SILAS J., advises inspect. not to register women, 426. + + WAIT, ANNA C., in Kan. campn., 609. + + WAITE, JUDGE C. B., 315; + compli. Hist. Wom. Suff., 531. + + WAITE, CHIEF-JUSTICE MORRISON R., decides agnst. woman's right to vote + under Amend. XIV, 453. + + WAITE, MRS. MORRISON R., recep. to A. in Wash., 739. + + WALKER, MR. AND MRS. T. B., entertain A., 723. + + WALLACE, CELIA WHIPPLE, 641. + + WALLACE, ZERELDA G., ad. Cong. com., 511; + trib. to A., "Christ-like," 535; 617; + pres. petit. for wom. suff., 620; 626; + let. urg. A. for. pres. united assns., 631; 652; + will work in S. Dak. only under A.'s direction, 683; + detained by illness, apprecia. of A., 685; 708; + at Chautauqua, 709; + at Mrs. Sewall's with A., 904. + + WALLIS, JUDGE AND SARAH B., 405. + + WALTERS, BISHOP, favors wom. suff., 588. + + WALWORTH, REV. CLARENCE A., ad. N. Y. Constit. Con. in opp. to wom. + suff., 769; 770. + + WASHINGTON, BOOKER, A. spks. with for Tuskeegee Instit., 914. + + WASHINGTON, ASSOC.-JUST. BUSHROD, citizens have right to franchise and + office, 984; 986. + + WASHINGTON, GEORGE, 805; 900. + + WASSON, REV. D. A., sermons and presence inspire A., 133. + + WATKINS, LETITIA V., canvasses Kan., 625. + + WATSON, ELIZABETH LOWE, 405; + entertains A., 831. + + WATTERSON, HENRY, favors wom. suff. 519; 725. + + WATTLES, SUSAN E., suff. work in Kan., 178. + + WARD, ELIZA T., 632. + + WARDALL, POPU. CHMN., in Calif, campn., 883. + + WARDALL, ALONZO, inv. A. to S. Dak., 657; + pres. claims of State at Wash, con., 675; + urges A. to come S. Dak., 679; + at Minneap., pledges A. supp. of Farm. Alli. for wom. suff., 684; + at Kan. Popu. Con., 790. + + WARDALL, ELIZABETH M., let. to A., 679; + campn. report, 694; + A. sends $100, 695. + + WARNER, SEN. WILLARD, presides at wom. suff. con., 377. + + WARNER, CHAS. DUDLEY, praises A., 334. + + WARNER, DANIEL J., advises women to be registered, 426. + + WARREN, SEN. FRANCIS E., working of wom. suff. in Wy., 716; + fav. com. rep. on wom. suff., 718; 823. + + WARREN, MRS. FRANCIS E., 823. + + WARREN, BISHOP HENRY W., favors wom. suff., 588. + + WAY, REV. AMANDA M., 328. + + WAYMIRE, JUDGE AND MRS. J. A., entertain A., 877. + + WEBB, ALFRED, 572; 575. + + WEBB, RICHARD D., 572. + + WEBB, THOMAS, 575. + + WEBSTER, DANIEL, 593. + + WEBSTER, PROF. HELEN L., wants Wom. Suff. Hist. for Wellesley, 754. + + WEED, THURLOW, assists temp. women, 65; 329. + + WELD, ANGELINA GRIMKE, 73; + spks. for Loyal League, 227; + for wom. suff., 229; + early work, 369. + + WELD, THEODORE D., 233. + + WELLMAN, ALICE H., entertains A., 877. + + WELLS, MAYOR (SALT LAKE), 388. + + WELLS, EMMELINE B., pres. Utah assn., 825; + at natl. suff. con., 902. + + WELLS, IDA B., lect. in Roch., interrupt. by theolog. stu., A. comes + to defense, takes her home, 815; + stenographer refuses to work for her, 816. + + WELLSTOOD, JESSIE M., 568. + + WENTWORTH, "LONG JOHN," 468. + + WEST, GOVERNOR (UTAH), recep. to A., 825. + + WHALEY, J. C. C., 307. + + WHEELER, VICE-PRES. WILLIAM A., presents wom. petit., 500. + + WHELPLEY, A. W., arrang. lect. for A., 648. + + WHIPPLE, REV. A. B., invites A. to annual meet. Berkshire Hist. Soc., + 940; + places meet. in her charge, 942. + + WHIPPLE, EDWIN P., lectures for Loyal League, 233. + + WHITE, PRES. ANDREW D., compli. Hist. Wom. Suff., 531; + wife one of A.'s kind, 850. + + WHITE, ARMENIA S., urges A. to visit her, 702; 895. + + WHITE, BETSEY DUNNELL, A.'s aunt, talks politics, 57. + + WHITE, JOHN D., M. C., champions wom. rights com., 540; + rep. in favor wom. suff., 543; + tries to get wom. suff. com., 585. + + WHITE, MRS. LOVELL, arrang. trip for A. to Mt. Tamalpais, 877. + + WHITE, PHILIP S., 60. + + WHITING, JOHN H., 676. + + WHITING, LILLIAN, trib. to A., 672; 673. + + WHITING, MR. AND MRS. WM., A, visits, 705. + + WHITNEY, BISHOP, 824. + + WHITNEY, ADELINE D. T., opp. wom. suff., 620. + + WHITTIER, JOHN G., A. calls on, 525; + let. on A.'s birthday, 669; + death, 737. + + WHITTLE, DR. EWING, recep. to A. and Mrs. Stn., 579. + + WHYTE, SENATOR PINKNEY, 485. + + WILBERFORCE, CANON, A. hears on temp., 567. + + WILBOUR, CHARLOTTE B., 234; 327; + ad. Wash. con., 337; + arrang. 50th birthday recep. for A., 341; 349; + for union of two suff. assns., 350; 368; 561. + + WILBUR, JULIA A., stands by A. in Teach. Con., 155. + + WILCOX, BIRDSEYE, heads pro-slavery mob, 208. + + WILDE, LADY, 565. + + WILDER, MAYOR CARTER, pres. Repub. meet., 422; + friendship for A., 615. + + WILDER, D. WEBSTER, praises Hist. Wom. Suff. and A., 615. + + WILDER, SAMUEL, friendship for A., 615. + + WIGHAM, ELIZA, 568; 570. + + WIGHAM, MR. AND MRS. HENRY, 572. + + WIGHAM, JANE SMEALE, 570. + + WILKES, REV. ELIZA TUPPER, 831. + + WILLCOX, ALBERT O., 676. + + WILLCOX, HAMILTON, 313. + + WILLARD, FRANCES E., asks A. to sit on plat. at lect. in Roch., + 472; 496; + A. does not coincide with views, 505; + has lever but no fulcrum, 506; 511; + introd. A. at Natl. W. C. T. U. con. in Wash., 537; + favors State rights on suff. ques., A. criticises and tells her + Prohib. party will throw wom. suff. overboard, prophecy + fulfilled, 594; + A. visits, 609; + corres. with A. regard. suff. plank in Prohib. plat., 622; 631; + sp. and let. about A. at Wom. Council, 638; + presents constit. for Councils of Women, 639; + ad. Sen. com., presides Central Music Hall, Chicago, 640; + let. on A.'s birthday, 669; 685; + presides trienni. meet. Woman's Council, introd. A. as one of double + stars, 702; + suff. day at Chautauqua, 709; + at Fed. Clubs, 720; + urges A. to visit her and have bust made by L. Taft; "wom. wd. not + allow male grasshop. on lawn," 721; + will have A.'s bust in Senate and White House, one man has seen her + great soul, 722; + describes A. at two natl. polit. cons., "such souls meet God," 725; + farewell teleg. to A., 729; + delight over A.'s laurels at World's Fair, Lady Henry's compli., 747; + in Twilight Park, 773; + at Repub. con., Saratoga, describes A. before res. com., 774; + century's foremost figure, 775; + introd. A. to W. C. T. U. gospel meet., Cleveland, as ordained of + God, declares for wom. suff., 800; + A. begs to withdraw W. C. T. U. con. from Calif., 857; + A. repeats the entreaty, 881; + accedes to request, 882; + depart. for Europe, 883; + sends tele. of greet. on A.'s return from Calif., invites her to + sanitarium in Castile., 901; + sends roses for A.'s birthday, 906; + asks A. to join in protest agnst. yellow journal. and prize fight., + 923; + when she refuses, writes affect. let., urges to come to World's and + Natl. W. C. T. U. Cons., 924; + testimonial to A's character, courage, self-sacrifice, integrity, + personal kindness, in next world women will stand on plane of + perfect equality, 950. + + WILLARD, MARY B., let. to A., 804. + + WILLIAM, EMPEROR, 559. + + WILLIAMS, HARRIET W., 400. + + WILLIAMS, MARY HAMILTON, 434. + + WILLIAMS, SARAH L., editor Ballot-Box, 509; 510. + + WILLIS, SARAH L., birthday gift to A., 672; 711; + contrib. N. Y. suff. campn., 772; 806. + + WILSON, VICE-PRES. HENRY, acknowledges indebtedness to A., 238; + wd. keep wom. suff. separate from negro suff., 266; + bill to enfranchise women in D. C., 311; 317; + spks. for wom. suff., 322; + pres. at suff. con., 377; + advocates wom. suff., 417; + Repubs. ought to recognize women, 418; + appreciates A.'s suggestions, 420; 454. + + WINCHESTER, MARGARET E., 348; 349; 368. + + WINDEYER, MISS, ad. natl. suff. con., 756. + + WING, JUDGE HALSEY, 44. + + WINSLOW, DR. CAROLINE B., 902. + + WINTER, WILLIAM, pays trib. to A., 323. + + WOLF, HON. SIMON, ad. Wash. suff. con., 756. + + WOLLSTONECRAFT, MARY, 934. + + WOOD, HON. B. R., opp. wom. delegates, 88. + + WOOD, HON. D. P., advocates wom. rights, 109. + + WOOD, DR. RUTH M., suff. work in Leavenworth, 609. + + WOOD, SAMUEL N., urges wom. suff. be discussed + in Kan., 274; + plans meet., 283; 287. + + WOODALL, WM., M.P., pres. at wom. suff. meet., 566; + amends suff. bill, 593. + + WOODRUFF, PRESIDENT (Utah), 825. + + WOODHULL, VICTORIA C., goes before Cong. Com. with memorial, fine + presence, 375; + first app. on suff. plat., scene described, 376; + "veins contain ice," 377; + advent creates commotion, 378; + vanquishes Cath. Beecher, defended by Mrs. Stn., 379; + at suff. con. in N. Y., papers use this as reproach to movement, + makes strong argument, 383; + issues call for con. to form new party, 413; + tries to secure control of suff. con., 413; 414; 596. + + WOODS, MRS. M. C., 902. + + WORDEN, MRS., 195; 249. + + WORTHINGTON, MRS., 44. + + WRIGHT, DANIEL, teacher of A., 35. + + WRIGHT, DAVID, at wom. temp. meet., 65. + + WRIGHT, FRANCES, early work, 369; 935. + + WRIGHT, MARTHA C., sec. wom. rights' con., 72; + pres. wom. rights' con., 131; + Garrison. meet. at Albany, 212; 249; 260; + let. of friendship to A., 301; 368; + called first W. R. Con., 369; + sarcasm regard. Cath. Beecher, comments on Wash. politicians, 372; + comforts A., 415; + only hope for suff. movement lies in A., elected pres. of assn., + 458; + death, A.'s grief, 467; 917. + + + YATES, EDMUND, 422. + + YATES, ELIZ. UPHAM, spks. at Atlanta con., 811; + favors res. agnst. Wom. Bible, 854; + in Calif. campn., 864; + at Rep. St. Con., 869; + makes 100 speeches, 875. + + YOUNG, PROF. C. HOWARD, 920. + + YOUNG, JOHN RUSSELL, compli. A., 384. + + YOUNG, VIRGINIA D., 757. + + + ZAHNER, REV. LOUIS, pays trib. to Anthony family, 942. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[137] Lists of names not included in index will be found in footnotes on +pp. 284, 327, 353, 566, 590, 621, 772. + + + + +INDEX TO SUBJECTS. + + + ABOLITIONISTS, 39, 40, 44, 59; + meetings, in Anthony home, 48, 60, 61; + A.'s first meeting with, 60, 63; 78, 198; + attitude in 1861, 207; + canvass under A.'s management, 208; + at beginning of War, 214; + need of in 1863, 226; + dissensions among, 244-247; + one wing demands negro suff., 256; + refuse to stand for woman suff., 265; + almost all desert women, 268, 270; + Lucy Stone on, 275; 311, 498; + Robert Purvis on A.'s services to, 547; 567; + in Scotland, 568, 570; + in Ireland, 572, 575; 724; + Southern prej. against A., 740; + same, 812; 924; + A. speaks on at Fiske Univers., 928; + pictures in A.'s home, 934, 935; + foresight of, 1010. + + ADDRESSES, APPEALS, TESTIMONIALS, etc., A.'s for temp. and woman + suff., 71; + for better laws in N. Y., 110; + memorial to all Legislatures in 1859, 175; + first to Cong. for Woman Suff. in 1865, 250; + Woman's Rights Soc. to Cong. in 1866, 259, 968; + A. and Mrs. Stanton to Cong. for woman suff. in 1867, 277; + to women on polit. parties in 1872, 418; + A.'s to Cong. to remit her fine for voting, 450; + Natl. Wom. Suff. Assn. at Centennial in 1876, 475; 483; + Wom. Natl. Loyal League to President Lincoln, 957; + Natl. Wom. Rights Conv. to Cong. in 1866, 968. + + AMENDMENTS to U. S. Constitution, 13th, 238; + dif. of opinion on A.'s attitude, 245; + 14th, "male" first used, protest of A., Mrs. Stanton and Lucy Stone, + 250; + _Independent_ criticises, 252; + Sumner would avoid "male," 256; + women implore not to be excluded, 267; + campaign for woman suff. in Kansas, 274; + same, 281 et seq.; + efforts for in N. Y., 278-280; + Pomeroy, Julian and Wilson present resolutions for woman suff. in + 1868, 310, 311, 317; + first effort to secure woman suff. in U. S. Constn., 313; + 15th adopted, first suggested by Anna Dickinson, 317; + dispute over in Equal Rights Assn., A. demands it shall include + women, 323, 324; + Francis Minor on woman's right to vote under 14th, 331; + A. on same, 338; + A. will never cease working for 16th, 343; + Natl. Wom. Suff. Assn. on right of women to vote under 14th, 377; + attempt to make 14th and 15th enfranch. women, 409-411; + A. and other women vote in 1872, 423-453; + women vote again, 434; + woman's right to vote under 14th, 431, 432; + Mrs. Minor attempts to vote under 14th, 453; + it does not confer suffrage, 454; + for woman suff. submitted in Mich., 459; + defeated, 461; + beginning of systematic efforts for 16th, 483; + war amends. will fail to protect black men, 500; + Mrs. Stanton on same, 1016; + for woman suff. submitted in Neb., 544, 545; + in Ore., 592; + A.'s argument for 16th before Congressl. Coms. in 1884, 588; + defeat of woman suff. in Ore., 592; + Palmer in U. S. Senate, on 16th, 596; + first vote in Senate on, 617, 621; + for woman suff. in S. Dak., A. canvasses for, 656; + urged to assist, 679; + Natl. Assn. contributes to, 675; + campaign for, 679 et seq.; + 16th in Cong. in 1891, 718; + for woman suff. in charter of Rochester, 731; + woman suff. carried in Col., 753; + Kas. Legis. submits, 754; + campaign for, 777; + Calif. Legis. submits, 820; + campaign for, 863; + causes of its defeat, 886 et seq.; + Secy. of State breaks his word, 890; + Idaho Sup. Court decides only majority of votes cast on amend. + necessary to carry, 918; + war amends. and woman suff., 979-984; + 16th not necessary, Sumner on, 981; + Grant on 15th, 991; + A. on efforts to keep "male" out of 14th, 1016; + A.'s speech in Kas. for woman suff., 1015-1021. + + AMERICA, her women envied, viii; position of woman compared to Gr. + Brit., 257; + Europe compared to, 558; + Sargent's love of, 559; + A. longs for, hope of women, 562; + public schools, 564; + mountains, 571; + institutions compared, 571; + railroads, 572; + A. steps on shore, 579; + U. S. an oligarchy, not a republic, 982. + + AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION, formed, 328; + efforts at union with Natl. Assn., 346, 347; + concluded, 627-632; 674. + + AMUSEMENTS, early dances, 36; + theatre, 41; + school exhibition, circus, ball, 51; + A.'s festival in Rochester, 62; + picnic, 175; + Irving and Terry, 555; + Ristori, 558; + opera in Paris, 561; + Court Theater in London, 564; + Bernhardt, 567; 802; + see Receptions. + + ANCESTRY, 3, 4. + + ANECDOTES, A. on grandmother's cooking, 14; + Susan and the elders, 21; + in boarding school, 29, 30; + the dancing school, 36; + on women's voices, 75; + at Greeley home, 86; + A. at Teachers' Conv., 98; + the minister's advice to A., 108; + Bloomers, 113; + church at Canajoharie, 121; + water cure, 126; + women afraid of A., 127; + cold dinners for wives, 128; + man's horror of woman's speaking, 143; + A.'s raspberry experiment, 159; + waiter refuses A.'s order, 176; + effect of Mrs. Blackwell's sermon on Gerrit Smith, 179; + Mayo on Marriage, 196; + A. on ownership of slaves and children, 204; + a Kansas experience, 248; + encounter in _Standard_ office bet. A. and Phillips, Tilton and Mrs. + Stanton, 261; + why Mrs. Stanton looked fresh and A. tired, 273; + A. and Greeley on ballot and bullet, 278; + Mrs. Greeley's petition, 279; + Greeley's revenge, 280; + Geo. Francis Train in Kas. campaign, 289; + women in penitentiary, 309; + of Beecher family, 373; + of Catharine Beecher and Mrs. Woodhull, 378; + A.'s first taste of wine, 400; + Douglass prayed with heels, 457; + man and his children in Neb., 493; + Dennis Kearney and the suffragists, 518; + A. and Skye terrier, 527; + Edinburgh professor, 570; + Killarney babies, 573; + Jacob Bright's son, 577; + A. and St. Paul, 595; + Dr. Patton, 596; + Mrs. Stanton "exercising," 600; + the yellow dog, 617; + Sen. Blair's little jokes, 606, 626; + women and Indians in Repub. conv., 687; + A. and cyclone, 690; + low ebb of humanity, 690; + hotel in S. Dak., 691; + children and motherhood in S. Dak., 692; + A. and drunkard, 693; + co-education in Rochester Univers., 713; + A. and her bust carved by a man, 721; + A. and Miss Shaw at Kas. Popu. Conv., 788, 790; + Dem. delegates in Calif., 874; + A. and Mrs. Sargent on election night, 891; + A. and the palace, 943; + mother's mop stops mill, 944; + the wife's false teeth, 988; + Howard Mission, 1011. + + ANNUITY presented to A., 813; + writes to contributors, 814. + + ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY, A. attends first meeting, 63; 70, 101, 129; + Bazar in 1855, 132; + A. invited to act as agent, 137; + arrangements made, 148; + canvass, 150 et seq.; + Bazar money lost, 172; 173; + suffrage needs spirit of, 177; + A.'s efforts for appreciated, 182; + close connect. with Woman's Rights in Southern mind, 183; + depot of supplies at Albany, 199; 217; + dissensions, Phillips' attitude, A.'s, Pillsbury's, Garrison's, + 244-246; + at time of Reconstruction, 256-270; + same, 281, 304, 322-326; + meet. in Phila., 267; + compared to woman's cause, 415 + (see Abolitionists, Negroes, Slavery). + + ANTI-SUFFRAGISTS, in 1852, 76-80; + first move in Washtn., 377; + petition from New Eng., 620; + in S. Dak. campaign, 695; + protest against admis. of Wy., 698; + alliance with liquor dealers in Col., 753; + organization and work in N. Y. woman suff. campaign, 765; + amusing instance in Rochester, A.'s and newspaper comment, 766; + size of petitions, 769; + alliance with liquor dealers in N. Y., 770; + friendship of Joseph H. Choate, 767, 771; + lone represent. in Calif. campaign, 873; + charge suff. will destroy womanly instincts, 944, 945; + Miss Shaw denies their theory that man is the head, woman the heart, + 945. + + ART, A. at N. Y. Acad. of Design, productions of women, 219; + in Europe, 557-561; + Harriet Hosmer on Natl. Assn., 655; + A.'s portrait, 677; + New York Assn., 734; + A.'s feeling towards art, 859 + (see Sculpture). + + ASSOCIATION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN, objects to A., 446. + + "AUNT" SUSAN, A. objects to name, 546. + + + BIBLE, in boarding school, 29, 30; + favors woman's equality, 76; + interpretation of, 77; + used against women, 78; 79; + relation to matrimony, 109; + teaches women should stay at home, 119; + A. on Apocrypha, 132; + A. quotes it on peace, 177; + read by A.'s mother, 513, 558; + miracles, 563; + different interpret. of, 595; + A. objects to discussion on, confutes St. Paul, 595; 616; + Bible and woman suff., 617-619; + A. on Proverbs, 897. + + BIBLE WOMAN'S, res. against of Natl. Wom. Suff. conv., discussion and + vote, 852-854; + A.'s indignation, 853; + letter to Mrs. Stanton on resigning presidency, 855; + to her cabinet on their "methods of the inquisition," 855; + interview regarding matter, 856; + Mrs. Stanton's work on Bible not needed, 856; + objects to mixing woman suff. with religious doctrine, 857; + Mrs. Greenleaf's view, 856. + + BICYCLE, costume for, 844; + A.'s opinion of, 859. + + BILLS, see Laws and Legislatures. + + BIOGRAPHY, reasons for writing during lifetime of subject, v, vi; + methods of writing, vi-ix; + Mrs. Blatch would write, 544; + A. thinks she will leave nothing for posterity, 712; + preparations for writing, 860; + writer selected, immense amount of material, work begun, 909; + the "attic workrooms," 910; + A.'s restiveness over literary work, 913; + chapters read to Mrs. Stanton, 917; + work suspended for summer, 926; + A. will make charming one, 995. + + BIRTHDAYS, birth of A., 13; + 18th birthday, 29; + celebrat. of 50th, 341; + A. congrat. Phillips on 70th, 538; + celebrat. of A.'s first suggested, 542; + A.'s 73d celebrated in Phila., 546; + Mrs. Stanton's 70th, 602; + Kas. grants Munic. Suff. on A.'s 67th, 611; + A.'s 70th, her distress over charging for banquet tickets, 663; + amusing letters on same, 664; + the banquet, gifts, toasts, letters, newspaper comment, etc., + 664-674; + her contemporaries, 672; + 73d, in Rochester, 739; + 74th, flag presented, 757; + 75th, banquet, "annuity" presented, 813; + Maria Porter's, 845; + Mrs. Stanton's 80th, 845-849; + A. celebrates her mother's, 850; + A. assists at Mrs. Grant's 70th, 858; + A.'s 76th in Roch., 860; + 90th of Eliz. Buffam Chace, 896; + Frederick Douglass' in Rochester, 904; + reception in Rochester on A.'s 77th, 905; + Mary S. Anthony's 70th, 914; + 100th of Saml. J. May, 927; + newspaper comment on A.'s 50th, 972; + letters from eminent people on same, 974. + + BISHOPS, in favor of woman suff., 588; + Vincent, 708, 727; + Phillips Brooks, 757; + Doane organizes anti-suff. soc., 765; + Turner, 812. + + BLOOMERS, 84; 91; + description of, 112; + by whom worn, ridicule of public, 113; + arguments for, 114; + letters on, 114-116; + final abandonment, 117; 844. + + BOARDS, women on in Eng., 564, 565; + N. Y. World's Fair, 734; + of Lady Managers for Columb. Expos., 744, 748; + Woman's of Tenn. Expos., 927. + + BREAD AND BALLOT, A.'s lecture on, 472, 546, 996. + + BUSTS. See Sculpture. + + + CALLS, for first Wom. St. Temp. Conv., 66, 67; + for second, 92; + for Women's World's, 96; + for Wom. Rights Conv. in Rochester, 104; + for forming Loyal League, 226; + for first W. R. Conv. after War, 256; + for Natl. Wom. Suff. Conv. of 1872, 410; + of women to form new party, A. repudiates, 413; + for Natl. Wom. Suff. Conv. in New York in 1873, 434; + A. on omission of woman suff. from Call for Intl. Council of Women, + 634; + of prominent New York women in suff. campaign of 1894, 764; + A. prepares for Natl. Suff. Conv. of 1895, 801. + + CAMPAIGNS, first St. campaign for woman suff., in N. Y. in 1867, 271 + et seq.; + for woman suff. amend. in Kansas, 274 et seq.; + discomforts of, 284, 285; + Geo. Francis Train's part in, 286 et seq.; + close in Leavenworth, 291; + A. in Col. in 1877, hard and pleasant experiences, difference in + women, 489-492; + in Neb. in 1882, work of A. and assistants, 544, 545; + in S. Dak., perplexities, hardships, humorous features, treachery + of polit. parties, insults, etc., 679-696; + in Kas. in 1892, 728; + A.'s advice on Kansas, every woman can help, 742; + same, 754; + in Col. in 1893, woman suff. granted, 752; + great campaign for woman suff. in N. Y. in 1894, 755 et seq.; + same in Kas., 777 et seq.; + A. reviews history of, 799; + objects to Bible or Prohib. in Calif., 857; + A. begged to assist in Calif., consents, 861; + greeted by South. Calif., arrives in San Fr., 862; + great campaign for woman suff. in 1896, 863 et seq.; + in Kas. in 1867, 1016; + in other States, 1017. + + CANVASSES, A. and others in N. Y. for temp., 71; + same, 103; + for Woman's Rights, 105; + unpleasant experience, 108; + A.'s long work, 111; + first of N. Y. for woman suff., 122 et seq.; + for Woman's Rights in 1856, 138 et seq.; + for Anti-Slavery, graphic pictures, 150 et seq.; + for rights of women in 1860, 175, 178; + for Anti-Slavery in 1861, 208 et seq.; + for Equal Rights in 1866, 265; + A. bore all the burdens, 273; + of Conn. in 1874, 456; + of Mich. for suff. amend. in 1874, 460; + of Iowa in 1875, hard conditions, 470; + of Kas. in 1886, 609-611; + of Wis., 612; + of Kas. in 1887, 625; + of Ind., 626; + of S. Dak. in 1890, 656; + same, 679-696; + of Kas. in 1892, 719; + same, 728; + of N. Y. in 1894, 759-763; + of Kas. in 1894, 784, 785, 796; + only women come to meetings, 1019 + (see Campaigns). + + CAPITAL PUNISHMENT, A. organizes meeting in protest, ends in mob, 164. + + CASES (see Trials). + + CHARACTERISTICS,[138] clear-sightedness, 141, 182, 185, 261, 519, 758, + 929; + courage, moral and physical, 43, 72, 111, 156, 158, 163, 164, 181, + 190, 197, 202, 208-212, 272, 291, 292, 391, 396, 412, 428, 436, + 468, 469, 534-542, 549, 583, 656, 689, 692, 773, 782, 783, 786, + 799, 854, 855, 857, 901, 952, 974, 994; + duty and principle, devotion to, 116, 117, 218, 222, 224, 482, 542, + 679, 907; + energy and perseverance, 36, 55, 105, 127, 148, 157, 179, 188, 190, + 213, 221, 251, 288, 314, 414, 496, 581, 667, 772, 944, 973, 974, + 994; + executive ability, 62, 110, 154, 323, 473; + expediency, disdain for, 95, 214, 262, 953; + generosity, 20, 217, 329, 494, 508, 545, 592, 599, 608, 659, 695, + 707, 711, 763, 796, 849, 892, 925; + injustice, sense of, viii, 29, 30, 81, 107, 844; + judgment, 150, 225, 293, 425, 638, 654, 857, 871, 882; + justice, love of, 134, 169, 270, 592, 919, 944; + kindness of manner, 285, 550, 597, 674, 838, 946, 972; + optimism and cheerfulness, 587, 638, 660, 688, 773, 800, 877, 898, + 938, 953; + philosophy and logic, 185, 380, 511, 644, 648, 666, 672, 714; + presiding, gift for, 163, 174, 637; + self-sacrifice, viii, 127, 190, 273, 316, 323, 335, 396, 460, 480, + 489, 504, 550, 615, 667, 671, 744, 772, 846, 891, 892, 944, 950; + sense of humiliation and insult, 238, 268, 269, 584; + sensitiveness, 28, 29, 30, 120, 168, 542, 583, 584; + unselfishness, 384, 535, 695, 731, 735, 975 + (see chart of head, 85; Domestic Traits, Love of Family, Newspapers, + Tributes). + + CHILDREN, hardships of A.'s mother, 12, 19; + severity of early days, 31; 52; + Mrs. Mott's and Mrs. Stanton's, 76; + Mrs. Greeley's, 86, 97; + A.'s answer to minister, 108; + A. on "baby show," 132; + mothers' trials, 139; + Mrs. Stanton on, 142; + maternity and conventions, 158, 162; + Lucy Stone and Mrs. Stanton on, 162; + A.'s care of Mrs. Stanton's, 142, 187, 213, 219; + woman's immortal product, 193; + mother no right to, sad story, 200; + care of is a profession, 213; + A.'s care of, 213; + illegitimate, 216, 656, 844; + A. would educate in public schools, 221; + baby panacea for woman suff., 267; + woman's right to have, 296; + _The Revolution_, A.'s child, 362; + Mrs. Stanton's belong to A., 489; + Neb. man wants credit, 493; + alleged effect of woman suff. in regard to, 504; + A.'s care of nieces, 513; + great number among suffragists, 517; + impudent advice, 517; + must suffer disgrace of parents' hostility to woman suff., 529; + A.'s experience with woman and babies in Killarney, 573; + God held responsible, 574; + brought for A. to take in arms, 610; + A. on pre-natal influence, 678; + men suckle babies, 687; 690; + trying experiences with in S. Dak. campaign, 692; + Mrs. Stanton's, 713, 717; + A. would turn palace into orphan asylum, 943 + (see Guardianship). + + CHINESE, A. compares status with women, 398; 986. + + CHURCHES, St. Bartholomew the Great, 3; + A.'s maternal grandparents members of Baptist, 5; + later Universalist, 5; + paternal, Quakers, 6; + record Anthony and Read families, 5, 6, 7, 11, 21; + father disciplined by Quakers, 10, 20, 36; + A. on Lord's Supper, 36; 38; + attitude toward colored people, 39; + on a woman's preaching in 1839, 40; + first knowledge of Unitarianism, 44; + attends that church, 58; 65; + Mrs. Stanton on in 1852, 67, 68; 70; + bondage for women, relation to woman's rights, 73, 79, 90; + Brick Ch. (N. Y.), 87, 96; + Mrs. Stanton demands women in councils of, 92; + Greeley on, 97; + effort to secure for women's meetings, 119, 121;[139] + A. on preaching, 133; + efforts for Free Church in Rochester, 167; + Beecher's at Elmira, 178; + Free Church at Peterboro, Antoinette Blackwell's sermon and Gerrit + Smith's nap, 179; + Zion's colored, 209; + attitude toward slavery, 228; 248; + relation to negroes, 249; + Ch. of Puritans, 227, 259, 276; + last woman suff. conv. in, 278; + fear of woman suff., 506; + relig. of Garfield, 536; + sectarianism in England, 554; + in Italy, 556-558; + in Cologne, 559; + in London, 564; + waning intellects return to childish teachings, 563; + Stopford Brooke's, 564; + in Ireland, 572; + convent at Kenmare, 573; + Natl. Assn. discusses creeds and dogmas, 595; + A. and Mrs. Stanton's encounter with Dr. Patton, 596; + orthodox preferred for suff. convs., 612; + A. demands all creeds shall be recd. on natl. woman suff. platform, + 631; + objects to creeds and negations, 634; + Catholic in St. Louis, 649; + A. protests against theology in suff. platform, 655; + orthodox indifferent to feelings of liberals, 678; + on prohibition and woman suff. in S. Dak., 693; + proportion of women in, 710; + Unit. in Roch., 712, 714; + boycott Miss Shaw for speaking to Spiritualists, her answer, 720; + no creed in Natl. Suff. Assn., 757; + in Calif., 826, 831-834; + A. objects to Mrs. Stanton's attack on, 847; + A. on bigotry and religious freedom, 854; + woman suff. destroys superstition, 857; + open to suff. speakers in Calif., 876, 877, 886; + in Des Moines, 902; 927; + A. attends Unit. in Rochester, 933; + absorbs work of women, 1010 (see Bible, God, Ministers). + + CITIZENSHIP, must be basis for suff., 310; + established by 14th amend., 317; + decis. in Dred Scott case, 454; + Sumner on rights conferred by, 979; + according to U. S. Constitu., 983-987. + + _Clubs_, of men or of men and women, Press (N. Y.) gives dinner to + women in 1869, 316; + Albemarle (London), 564; + Six O'clock (Washtn.), 647; + Seidl (N. Y.), 653; + Authors' Uncut Leaves (N. Y.), 802; + Practical Progress (Columbia), 812; + Travel (Washtn.), 814; + Mercantile (St. Louis), 821; + Unitarian (San Fr.), 830; + addressed by A. in Calif., 876; + Men's Club (Auburn, N. Y.), 914; + Historical Soc. (Berkshire, Mass.), 939-946 + (see Organizations of Women). + + COEDUCATION, first efforts for, 64; + Mrs. Stanton demands, 73; 130; + A.'s effort to prepare paper on, 142; + its reception, 143; + resolution for in 1857, leads to social evil, 155; + to Mormonism and amalgamation, 156; 164. + + COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, beginning of A.'s work for women in, 660; 676; + A. would open gates on Sunday, 720; + A.'s bust made for, 721, 722; + N. Y. woman's board, 734; 737, 740, 741; + A. on Mrs. Palmer's dedication sp., 742; + A.'s part in securing recog. of women, 742-744; + Board of Lady Managers, 744, 748; + Woman's Congress, 745-748; + wonderful ovation to A., 746-748; + same, 752; + Temp. Congress, 747; + pre-eminence of woman suff., 748; + A.'s part in many Congresses, 748-750; + Press Congress, A.'s sp., 749; + Educatl. Cong., 751; + effect on Calif., 819. + + COMMITTEE ON WOMAN SUFFRAGE, effort to secure from Congress, 527; + debate on among Senators in 1880, 540; + fight for in 1884, 584. + + COMMITTEES, attempt to put A. on temp. in 1853, 88; + on union of two suff. assns., 627-629; + in N. Y. Constitl. Conv., on woman suff., 767, 768; + amend. campaign in Kas., 781; + for Calif. woman suff. campaign, 863, 865; + res. coms. of the polit. convs., 870, 872, 873 + (see Campaigns, Congress). + + COMPARISONS, A. to Napoleon, 110; + to Christ, 703; + to Christ, to Washington, 805; + to Pope Leo, 840; + to Niagara, 892; + to Washington and Lincoln, 900; + to St. Paul, 924; + to Galileo, 943; + Napoleon, Gladstone, Lincoln, 952; + Garrison, 953. + + CONGRESS, U. S., N. Y. _Herald_ on women in, 79; + Wom. Loyal League petitions for emancip. of slaves, 226-238; + first appealed to for Wom. Suff., 250; + N. Y. _Indpt._ on, 253; + address of Wom. Rights Soc. in 1866, 259; + debates woman suff. in 1866, 266; + A. and Mrs. Stanton send address to, 277; + bills for Wom. Suff. in 1868, 310; + appeal sent by women in 1869, 314; + A. urges to enfranchise women of D. C., 338; + Act under which A. was indicted, 437; + A. appeals to remit her fine for voting, 449; + majority and minority reports, 450-452; + treatment by Senate of petits. for woman suff. in 1877, 485; + Sen. Hoar hopes to see A. there, 485; + condemned for treatment of women, 499-501; + A. watches and distrusts, 516; + members attend mem. serv. to Lucretia Mott, 526; + opposed to Wom. Suff. Com., 540; + attitude of members on woman suff., 250, 256, 266, 310, 317, 337, + 375, 377, 405, 410, 411, 454, 455, 457, 477, 485, 500, 501, 502, + 507, 543, 583, 584, 590, 596, 617-621, 688, 698, 699, 716, 718, + 778, 969, 985; + A. dislikes to interview members, 583; + vote on Wom. Suff. Com. in 1884, 585; + A. watches, 591, 603; + persistence with, 605-608; + same, 622; + Sen. Blair's humor, 606, 626; + action on admission of Wy. with woman suff., 698, 699; + A.'s constant watchfulness, 716; + efforts to secure recog. of women at Columb. Expos., 743, 744; + admits Utah with woman suff., 851; + A. demands no members be admitted unless elected by a maj. of all + voters, black and white, 963, 967; + power to create voters, 966; + address of Natl. Wom. Rights Conv. in 1866, 968; + fails in its highest duty, 970; + as representatives of women, 970; + right to control suff., 981; + Repub. record on wom. suff., 1018. + + CONGRESSES, Woman's, in Paris, 434, 496, 652; + Woman's, Miss. Valley, 728, 821; + Woman's at Columb. Expos., 745-748, 750, 751; + Liberal Religious, 804, 805; + Woman's Calif. in 1895, 819, 827-829, 831; + in 1896, 871; + in Ore., 877. + + CONSTITUTION, U. S., protects slavery, 149, 184, 207; + Sumner on, 235; 248; + A. begins 30-years' war to amend, 249; + "male" first introduced, protest of A., Mrs. Stanton and Lucy Stone, + 250; + _Independent_ speaks, 253; 257; + first effort to amend for woman suff., 313; + B. F. Butler on its power over woman suff., 429; + A. asks for broad interpret., 440; + does not confer suffrage on any one, 453; + arguments for right of women to vote under its provisions, 483; + compact with slavery broken, 958; + base use of it by President Johnson, 961; + bring legislation up to Constitu., 970; + protest against introd. word "male," 970; + A.'s sp. on woman's right to vote under its provisions, 977-992; + distinguished testimony for, 979-991. + + CONSTITUTIONS, STATE, Phillips, Tilton, A. and Mrs. Stanton on + striking out "male" from N. Y., 261; + woman suff. in Utah, 825, 851; + while "male" remains women should not help men, 839; + of N. Y. guarantees woman suff., 979 + (see Amendments). + + CONSTITUTIONAL ARGUMENT, on right of women to vote, delivered by A. + previous to her trial for voting, 977-992; + newspaper comment, 993. + + CONVENTIONS, first Woman's Rights, 59; + in Worcester, 61, 75; + Men's Temp. silence women in 1852, 64; + first Wom. St. Temp., 66; + Greeley's advice, 66; + Men's Temp. reject women delegates, 68; + Teachers' at Elmira, 71; + Woman's Rights at Syracuse, 72; + Mrs. Mott and Mrs. Stanton had objected + to woman pres., 72; + lofty character of first Wom. Rights Convs., 80; + World's Temperance in New York, 1853, 87; + women rejected, hold own meeting, abuse, 88-92; + second Woman's St. Temp., 92; + men gain control, 94; + Women's Whole World's, 96, 100; + A.'s first address to St. Teachers', 98; + not supported by women, 98, 99, 100; + Davies' sp., 99; + sustained by a few, 100; + Men's Whole World's Temp., Antoinette Brown rejected, 101; + Woman's Rights in 1853, 102; + in Cleveland, 103; + in Rochester, 105; + before the War, 107; + in Albany, 108; + A. again goes to Teachers' for rights of women, 120; + Wom. Rights in Phila., 121; + Teachers' in Utica, 130; + Wom. Rights in Boston, 131; + Teachers' in Troy, 143; + Wom. Rights in New York, 147; + Teachers' in Binghamton, 155; + Wom. Rights in New York in 1858, under mob rule, 162; + A. stirs up Teachers' in Lockport, 163, 164; + Anti-Slavery in Albany in 1859, 173; + Wom. Rights in New York, the mob, 174; + Wom. Rights in Albany in 1860, 186; + Conservatives' in Boston, 196; + A. and Pillsbury on, 197; + Wom. Rights, last before War, 212; + A.'s dislike of giving up, 213, 215, 218; + results of A.'s labors in Teachers', 221, 222; + Anti-Slavery in Phila., 234; + first Wom. Rights after War, 256 et seq.; + N. Y. Constitl., A. arranges to present petitions, tilt with + Greeley, 278; + latter checkmated, 279; + his anger, 280; + first for woman suff. held in Washtn., 313; + woman suff. at Hartford, 333; + second of Natl. Wom. Suff. Assn., 337; + woman suff. in New York in 1870, 368; + third of Natl. Wom. Suff. Assn. in Washtn., managed by Mrs. Hooker, + 371 et seq.; + appearance of Mrs. Woodhull, 375; + woman suff. in New York in 1871, excitement over Mrs. Woodhull, 383; + Natl. Wom. Suff. in 1872, struggle to secure woman suff. under 14th + amend., 409-411; + woman suff. in New York, A. thwarts scheme for alliance with + Woodhull party, 414; + women attend Natl. Liberal in 1872, 415; + Natl. Repub. in 1872, woman's plank, 416; + Natl. Wom. Suff. in Washtn. in 1873, 431; + woman suff. in New York in 1873, 434; + Natl. Woman Suff. of 1874, 453; + in New York, adverse accounts, 458; + Natl. Wom. Suff. of 1875, A. conquers all objections to, 467; + A. misses Natl. Suff. for first time, 472; + Natl. Wom. Suff. of 1876 arranges to celebrate Centennial, 474; + Natl. Wom. Suff. Assn. in 1877, 484 et seq.; + A. misses May Anniv. first time, 488; + of Natl. Wom. Suff. Assn. in 1878, need of A.'s management and Mrs. + Stanton's presence, prayer meet. in Capitol, 494; + 30th annivers. celebr. in Rochester, 495; + last attended by Lucretia Mott, 496; + Natl. Wom. Suff. of 1879, 499-501; + Natl. Suff. Assn. in 1880, 511; + A. plans great series in 1880 and overcomes opposition, 515; + begins at Indpls., 517; + mass meet. in Chicago, 517; + other cities, 519; + Natl. polit. convs. appealed to by women in 1880, 518-520; + A.'s amusing attempt to postpone Natl. Suff. of 1881, compels Mrs. + Stanton's attendance, 526; + same, 532; + Natl. Assn. In New England, 533; + W. C. T. U. in 1881 adopts franchise dept. but repudiates influence + of A., 537, 538; + Natl. Wom. Suff. of 1882, 540; + in Phila., 541; + in Nebraska in 1882, 544, 545; + Natl. Wom. Suff. of 1883, 546; + Liberal in Eng., 575, 576, 577; + A.'s efforts for Intl. Wom. Suff., 578; + Natl. Wom. Suff. in 1884, 588; + holiday refused dept. women to attend, 588; + Natl. polit. in 1884 appealed to by women, 594; + Natl. Wom. Suff. in 1885, 595; + Mrs. Stanton's satire on esthetic convs., 605; + Natl. Suff. in 1886, 607; + in Kas. in 1886, 609-611; + in Wis. and Ills., 611; + in Mich., 617; + Natl. Wom. Suff. in 1887, 617; + in Indiana, 623; + in Kansas in 1887, 625; + in Indiana, 626; + Fred. Douglass on first Woman's Rights, 634; + Natl. Wom. Suff. of 1888, 639; + Natl. polit. in 1888 appealed to by suffragists, 641, 642; + in Iowa, Kas., Neb., 644; + of 1889, 647; + in New York, 651; + Akron, O., 652; + in Kas., Ind., Wis., 655; + Minn., 656; + of Natl. Amer. Wom. Suff. Assn. in 1890, 674; + Farmers' Alliance and Knights of Labor in S. Dak., act. on woman + suff., 685, 686; + same of Democrats, 686; + of Repubs. 687; + in Neb., in Kas., in Iowa, 697; + in N. Y., 698; + in Mass., 701; + Natl. Wom. Suff. of 1891, 703; + in Ohio, Conn., 705; + Natl. Suff. of 1892, Mrs. Stanton's last appear., A. made pres., 717; + in Mich., 720; + A. urges Southern women to hold, 722; + Natl. polit. for 1892, 723-727; + Kas. St. Repub. adopts woman suff. plank, 726; + Miss. Valley, 728; + N. Y. State in 1892, pioneers and modern workers contrasted, 729; + Natl. Wom. Suff. of 1893, 737; + the conv. taken from Washtn., A.'s opposition, 738; + in N. Y., Penn., 753; + in Mich., 755; + in O., 756; + Natl. Wom. Suff. of 1894, 756; + Constitl. of N. Y. in 1894, treatment of woman suff. amend., 767-771; + N. Y. St. Repub., A. and others ask woman suff. plank, Miss + Willard describes scene, 774; + Democratic, asked for same, 775; + Kas. Repub. refuses woman suff. plank, 785-787; + Popu. adopts, 787-790; + Prohib., 790; + Dem. anti-plank, 796; + Neb. St. Suff., 799; + N. Y. same, 800; + Natl. Woman. Suff. of 1895 in Atlanta, 810-812; + in St. Louis, 821; + in Utah, 825; + in Calif., 835; + in O., 845; + Natl. Wom. Suff. in 1896, 851; + at beginning of Calif. suff. campaign, 864; + Repub. St. in Calif. adopts woman suff. plank, 871; + Popu. and Prohib., same, 872; + Dem. refuses, 872; + efforts of women with delegates, 869-874; + Idaho polit. convs. on woman suff., 879; + W. C. T. U. withdrawn from Calif. in 1896, 881, 882; + Calif. St. Suff. of 1896, 892; + Natl. Wom. Suff. of 1897, 901; + A. opposed to holding outside of Washtn., 903; + A. begged to come to O., 927; + N. Y. St. Suff., A. speaks on "rings" and women in politics, 928; + round of convs. in Middle West, contrast between past and present, + 929; + Natl. Wom. Rights in 1866 sends memorial to Congress, 968; + Natl. Repub. of 1872 on equal rights, Natl. Liberal, same, Calif. + Repub., same, 991. + + COOPER INSTITUTE, Beecher's sp. in 1860, 192; + meet. of Wom. Loyal League, 229; + headqrs. of same, 230; 264, 274, 303; + meeting in Hester Vaughan case, 309; + Anna Dickinson speaks for woman suff., 327; + polit. meet. of women in 1872, 422. + + DEATHS, of Deborah Moulson, 31; + maternal grandparents and baby sister, 35; + cousin Margaret, 52; + of father, 222; + niece, 241; + nephew, 369; + Greeley, 428; + sister Guelma, 447; + Sumner, 456; + Gerrit Smith, Mrs. Wright, 467; + Lydia Mott, 471; + Mrs. Davis, Anson Lapham, 481; + sister Hannah, 488; + Garrison, A.'s tribute, 508; + of mother, 512; + Lucretia Mott, A.'s great loss, 525; + memorial service, 526; + Phoebe Jones, 536; + Garfleld, A.'s comment, 536; + Wendell Phillips, 587; + Wm. Henry Channing, Sarah Pugh, Frances D. Gage, Mrs. Nichols, 595; + General Grant, 598; + Mrs. Julia Foster, 603; + Dr. Lozler, E. M. Davis, A. Bronson and Louisa M. Alcott, 645; + niece Susie B., 648; + Emerine J. Hamilton, 654; + Mrs. Riddle, Amy Post, Mary L. Booth, Maria Mitchell, Dinah + Mendenhall, 660; + Ellen Sheldon, 700; + Julia T. Foster, 701; + A. on Blaine's, 739; + distinguished suffragists in 1893, 737; + same in 1894, 756; + Mrs. Bloomer, Mrs. Minor, 803; + Frederick Douglass, Adeline Thompson, 814; + Mrs. Dietrick, 849; + Mr. Sewall, 850; + Maria Porter, 896; + how to remember the dead, 899; + in 1896, 902; + Mrs. Humphrey's, 908. + + DEBATES, on Divorce in Wom. Rights Conv. of 1860, 194; + on Wom. Suff. in Cong., 1866, 266; + in U. S. Senate on creating Wom. Suff. Com., 540; + same on 16th amend., 617-621; + Sen. Ingalls refuses to debate with woman, 626; + in Cong. on admission of Wy. with woman suff., 698, 699; + Rev. Miss Shaw and Dr. Buckley at Chautauqua, 727; + on woman suff. in N. Y. Constitl. Conv., 770; + in Kas. St. Popu. Conv. on woman suff., 789; + on Woman's Bible in Natl. Suff. Conv., 853. + + DECISIONS, of Judge Hunt on A.'s voting, 438; + U. S. Sup. Ct. on women's voting under 14th amend., 453; 735; + Mich. Sup. Ct. on Munic. Suff. for women, 740; + Idaho Sup. Court only majority of votes cast on amend. necessary to + carry, 918; + U. S. Sup. Ct. on women's entering public lands, 983; + Dred Scott, 454, 984; + others, 985. + + DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 253, 475; + women's in 1876, 476-479; + Sen. Morton on, 500; + compared to Emancip. Proc., 957; 960; + should protect rights of women, 977; + gives women right to vote, 977, 978. + + DEMOCRATS, 59, 149, 211; + would not fear to act, 216; 263, 264; + embarrass Repubs. by approving woman suff., 265, 266, 267; + in Kas. campaign for woman suff., 284, 287, 291; + press comment, 293; + A. and Mrs. Stanton attend Natl. Conv. of 1868, 305; + insulted by it, 306; 311; + nothing expected from, 365; + Mrs. Hooker on, 381, 382; + in Wyoming, 407, 411; + women attend Natl. Conv. in 1872, 417, 418; 419, 420; + A.'s attitude toward, 422; + on A.'s registering to vote, 426; + Natl. Conv. of 1876 on wom. suff., 476; + Natl. Conv. of 1880, 519; + A. criticises women for helping, 523; + opposed to Wom. Suff. Com. in Congress, 585; + Natl. Conv. of 1888, 641; + disgraceful treatment of woman suff. in S. Dak., 686; + Natl. Conv. of 1892 grants hearing to women, Miss Willard describes, + 725; + on woman suff. in Col., 753; + in N. Y. refuse to make women delegates, 758; + one exception, 759; + N. Y. St. Conv. refuses woman suff. plank, 775; + action in Kas. toward woman suff., 796; + scene on night of conv. in Calif., 874; + Maguire stands by women, 874; + invite A. to address ratif. meeting, 878; + in Idaho, 879; + attitude toward woman suff. speakers, 884; + abolish property qualif. for voting, 998; + Greeley on, 999; + in Kas. in 1867, oppose woman suff., 1016, 1017; + in Col. in 1893, 1017; + on Prohibition, 1017; + op. woman suff. in Kas., 1018. + + DISFRANCHISEMENT, degradation of, 318, 382, 584; + A. points out disadvantages of to Pres. Garfield, 523; + Mrs. Stanton's speech, 703; + A.'s view, 711, 712; 801; + way for women to be free from, 918, 996 et seq.; + attempt to disfranchise negroes, 960 et seq. + + DISSENSIONS, objections to recording, vii, 245, 336, 530. + + DIVORCE, 61; + Mrs. Stanton demands intemperance should be cause for, 67; + law against wife, 74; + Mrs. Stanton again demands, 92; + debate in Wom. Rights Conv. of 1860, 193; + Phillips on, 194, 196; + A. on, 194; aftermath, 194 et seq.; + Mrs. Stanton's sp. at meet. of Progressive Friends, 197; + Catharine Beecher on, 352; 854. + + DOMESTIC SPHERE, women should stay at home, 76, 78, 119; + wife of present and future, 134; + Willits on, 172; 178, 193; + N. Y. _Times_' opinion, 295; + effect of woman suff. on, 504, 505; + U. S. Senators on, 617-620; + in S. Dak., 686 (see Marriage). + + DOMESTIC TRAITS, of mother, 6; + of grandmothers, 7, 14; + hard work of mother and daughters, 12, 19; + A.'s needlework, 22; 30, 36, 42; + biscuits and algebra, 43; 45; + A. as nurse, 52; + on the farm, 55; + as cook, 60; + suffragists declared to be without, 76; + Lucretia Mott's, 122; + A.'s love of young brother, 133; + housekeeping too exacting, 134; + wife's work in early days, 139; + A. assists Mrs. Stanton with children, 142, 187, 213, 219; + her work at home, 197; + her farming, 215; 216, 218; + helps at brother's "infare," 235; 243; + nursing of brother D. R., 470; + other instances, 471; + Rochester paper on, 476; + poor housekeeping unpardonable sin, 491; + buys linen in Belfast, 575; + goes to housekeeping, remembrance of friends, gifts, etc., 706, 707; + her delight, 710; + her hospitality and her cooking, 711; + sends for Mrs. Stanton, 712; + enjoyment of home, 719 (see Journals). + + DRESS, of grandmother, 6; + of mother, 11; + of children lent, 14; + of father, 20; + A.'s plaid cloak, 21; 22; + A.'s criticism, 36; + her early love of, 50, 51, 52; + Mrs. Stanton on, 66; + A. on low-necks, 72; 84; + A. opposes mixing dress reform with suff., 117; + A.'s in 1855, 124, 134; + wife and breeches, 141; + Gerrit Smith on, 147; 151; + A.'s in 1860, 197; 252; + of suff. advocates, 337; + of A. at 50th birthday party, 342; + Mrs. Stanton's, 353; + A.'s in 1873, 435; + shameful account of A.'s in 1874, 458; + true description, 459; + gifts on starting to Europe, 549; + A.'s on board steamer, 550, 552; + shopping in Italy, 557; + Lewia Smith's lace, 558; + Rachel Foster's court costume, 562; + A.'s garnet velvet, 567; + her taste in, Mrs. Stanton's satire, 605; + A.'s clothes after a campaign, 612; + Miss Willard describes A.'s, 638; + amusing newspaper comment, 651; + Rev. Anna Shaw's in pulpit, 826; + women had to dress to please men, 844; + A.'s at 75, 858; + according to reporters, 903; + Mary S. Anthony on 70th birthday, 916; + A.'s fastidiousness and love of beautiful things, 932; + A.'s clothes "worn by a lady," 995. + + EDUCATION, demand for women, 73; + A. on public schools, 221; + of women, 582; + qualif. for suff., 899, 922 (see Co-education). + + EMANCIPATION, attitude of Republicans and Abolitionists in 1857, 148, + 149; + Judge Ormond on, 184; 207; + Greeley on, 221; + A.'s speeches on, 222; + Tilton on proclamation, 225; + H. B. Stanton on same, 226; + efforts of Repubs. for, 226, 235; + of Woman's Natl. Loyal League, 226 et seq., 230; + Sumner on, 235; + Phillips believes ballot necessary for, A. same, Garrison differs, + 245; + Pillsbury's attitude, 246; + Wom. Natl. Loyal League prays Lincoln to grant, 957-959 (see + Petitions, Wom. Natl. Loyal League). + + ENCYCLOPEDIA, treatment of women, 170; + A. writes for Johnson's, 481, 802. + + EQUAL RIGHTS ASSOCIATION, movement for in 1866, 256; + Phillips objects to including women, 256, 259, 267; + A. presents resolution for, 259; + formed, 260; + first meet. in Boston, attitude of _Standard_, 262; + meet. in Albany, polit. differences arise, 263; + meet. in Cooper Institute, 264; + abuse of _World_, 264; + first annivers. in New York, 276 et seq.; + committee objects to _The Revolution_ in its headqrs., 298; + persecutions, 299; + not responsible for _The Revolution_, 300; + second annivers., women insulted, 303; + abandoned for negro, 304; + form independent com., which memorializes Repub. Conv., Tilton + advises they go to Democratic, 304, 305; + third annivers., attacks on A. and Mrs. Stanton, 322; + tilt between A. and Douglass, 323, 324; + discussion on "free love," 325; + platform too broad, "cranks" take advantage, 326; + Mrs. Livermore on, 327; + merged into Union Wom. Suff. Society, 348, 349. + + EXPEDIENCY, A. objects to word, 95, 214; 262; + Beecher on, 276; + Republican cry, 409; 415; 953. + + EXPOSITIONS, first World's Fair, 101; + Centennial of 1876, women open headqrs., 474; + attempt to secure recognition, 476-480; + hold their own celebr., 478; + visits of Lucretia Mott, 479, 480; + New Orleans, 597; + Atlanta, 845; + Tennessee, 927 (see Columbian Exposition). + + + FACTORY, first cotton factory of father, 11, 15; + moved to Battenville, 17; + temperance rules, 18; + treatment of employes, 19; + A.'s experience in, 20; + prosperity, 23; + financial crash, 33-35; + vain struggle to maintain, 45; + after 60 years, 944, 947. + + FARMERS' ALLIANCE, of S. Dak., record on woman suff., 657; + agree to support, 684; + false to pledges, 685, 686. + + FINANCE, A.'s accounts used in writing Biog., vii; ambition of + grandfather, 6; + prosperity in 1837, 15; + panic of 1838, 33; + hard struggle, 45; + A. raises money in 1852, 68; + in 1853, 92; + ability to raise money, 92, 103, 120; + never waited for money in hand, 111; + for canvass of N. Y. in 1855, 122 et seq.; + receipts for first St. canvass, 128; + in 1857, Maria Weston Chapman on A.'s worth, 154; + A. almost discouraged, 168; 173; + Anti-Slavery lectures, 178; + raising money for Wom. Loyal League, 232, 234, 237; + for Kas. campaign, 282; + A.'s struggle to support _The Revolution_, 298, 299, 308, 319, 354 + et seq.; + cost of publishing, 354; + A. shows efforts to meet expenses, 362; + status at the end, 363; + A.'s lecture receipts, 364; + heavy cost of trial for voting, help of friends, 446; + willing to lose money to speak on suff., 460, 461; + always assumes expenses, 468; + last debt of _The Revolution_ paid, 472; + comments of press, 473; + Centennial headqrs., 475, 480; + in Col. campaign of 1877, 492; + proceeds of two lecture seasons, 508; + for woman's paper, 509; 595; + connected with Hist. of Wom. Suff., 599, 600, 613, 616; + cost of first Intl. Council of Women, 633; + A.'s financial Natl. Conv. reports, 642; + expenses of 70th birthday banquet, 663, 664; + in S. Dak. campaign, 675. 676, 680-685; + of Natl. Conv. in 1891, 703; + Rachel Foster for Kas. work, 719; + A. lectures to "keep pot boiling," 741; + for Kas. campaign, 742; + A.'s joy over contributions, 742; + in N. Y. campaign, 759, 760, 763, 772; + in Kas. campaign, 780, 785, 796; + A. urges strict accounts, 806; + gives all she earns to suff., 813; + for Calif. Woman's Cong., 820; + in Calif. campaign, 861, 864; + same, 865, 888; + pathetic incidents, 889; + A.'s contribution, bills all paid, 892; + A.'s lack of funds, 898; + services contributed, 925; + in Anthony home, 933 (see Funds). + + FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE, A.'s father believed in, 23; + A. thinks women must have, 104; + right over subsistence enslaves will, 169; 324; + evils resulting from lack of, 385; + same, 389; 653; + its relation to virtue, 844; + same, 1007, 1008; + pleasure of, 1008; + parents prefer marriage for daughters, 1008; + lack of it in marriage, 1009; + mothers of poor should be taught self-help, 1011. + + FLAG, 550, 665; + presented to A. by women of Col. and Wy., 757; + A.'s hope for five suff. stars, 879. + + FLOWERS, 53, 198; + from workingwoman in Calif., 405; 464; + A.'s response in St. Louis, more used to stones, 507; + had more thorns, 536; + on 70th birthday, 670, 671; 675, 707, 757; + 75 roses, 821; + in San Fr., 827; + in South. Calif., 832, 833; 848; + kind A. likes, 859; + on A.'s train, 881; 892, 893; + sent by Miss Willard, 906; 907. + + FOOD, grandmother's cooking, 7, 14; + mother's, 18, 19, 42, 45, 47; + the goose, 27; 43; + A.'s love of fruit, 55; + cooking, 60; + at Greeley's, 87; + women eat cold victuals, 128; + eating in early days, 139; + peaches in home orchard, 145; + in good, old time, 160; + "cranks" on, 161; 172; + A. and the bill of fare, 176; 200; + Phillips' lunch, 217; + A.'s lunches in 1863, 234; + "real coffee" in 1865, 242; + in Kansas in pioneer days, 284; + diet prescribed by Geo. Francis Train, 289; + Beecher's before speaking, 334; + while snowed in Rocky Mts., 407; + while campaigning in Col., 491; + fruit in England, 554; + in Italy, 556; + milk in Naples, 557; + dinner at Zurich, 559; + breakfast in bed, 561; + strawberries in Scotland, 569; + luncheons and breakfasts, 571; + two Irish scenes, 574; + no mutton in America, 575; + experiences in S. Dak., 691; + at Mt. Holyoke, 706; + A.'s cooking, 711; + her dietary, 931; + at the Anthony Reunion, 946. + + FOURTH OF JULY, 330; + in Salt Lake City, 389; + women celebrate at Centennial of 1876, 475; + in London, 566; + in Kas., 609; + in S. Dak., 690; + women celebr. admis. of Wy., 699; + A. invited to Col., 775; + in San Fr., struggle for Miss Shaw to speak, 835-837. + + FREE LOVE, first discussed by Equal Rights Assn., indignant protest + and repudiation, 325; + charges of N. Y. _Tribune_, attitude of Natl. Wom. Suff. Assn., 383; + resolutions, 384; + A.'s view, 390; 402; + A.'s condemnation, 462, 463; + insulting placards in Col., 492. + + FUNDS, Jackson, 166, 171, 175, 178, 275, 539; + Hovey, 182, 196, 199, 234, 251, 269, 275, 282; + A. desires Standing Fund, 939. + + + GARRISONIANS, 133; + A. begins campaign with, 149 (see Abolitionists). + + GENEALOGY, Anthony and Read families, 3, 4, 12. + + GIFTS, on A.'s 50th birthday, 342, 974-976; + to _The Revolution_, 354-356; 370, 416; + for costs of A.'s trial, 446; + Anson Lapham, 448, 468; + Dansville Sanitarium, 452; + of brother, 459; + Francis and Loutrel, 468; + to Centennial headqrs., 475, 479, 480; + Helen Potter, 488; + Mrs. Hall and Mrs. Goodrich, 492; + A.'s to others, 508; + Mrs. Thompson to Hist. of Wom. Suff., 524; + Phila. Assn. to A., 534; + G. W. Childs, 538, 607; + on going abroad, 547-550; + A. to Oregon campaign, 592; + Mrs. Mendenhall, 660; + on A.'s 70th birthday, 671, 672; + to A. on going to housekeeping, 707; + on A.'s 73d birthday, 739; + from Phila. friends, 741; + from Chicago friends, 751; + Mrs. Hall, 756; + on 74th birthday, 757; + Mrs. Southworth to A. and Natl. Assn., 801; + Mrs. Gross, 803; + "annuity" to A., 813; + during illness in 1895, 841; + to take secy, to Calif., 862; + A. to Calif. campaign, Calif. women to her, 892; + New Year's, 1897, 900; + on 77th birthday, 907; + on Mary S. Anthony's 70th, 916; + A. mourns that small gifts cannot be recorded, 938 (see Finance, + Funds). + + GOD, JESUS, etc., 68, 77; + blessing asked on conv., 87; + Creator's intentions, 109; + Christ an agitator, 177; + God will bless woman suff., 272; + Christ on Divorce, 352; + improve upon Christ's methods, 373; + A.'s unselfishness next to Christ's, 535; + God recognizes A.'s work, 537; + pictures of Christ in Italy, 556, 557; 563; + Lord and temp. movement, 567; + God sends children, 574; + wife compared to Christ, 595; + Creator's intentions toward women, 617; 620; + A. objects to mention of in woman suff. platform, 655; + Christ-like spirit of A., 703, 805; + A. on people who know God's wishes, 853; + women live in air with Jesus and angels, 857; + A. on God in Govt., 898; + needs money to do God's work, 898; + on God's special interference, 921; + on personal God, 923; + on miraculous intervention, 923; + God divided head and heart equally, 945; + woman accountable to God only, 1011 (see Church). + + GRANGE, 652; + petition for woman suff., 767; + in Calif., 886. + + GUARDIANSHIP, EQUAL, drunkard keeps children, 74; + A. secures petitions for in 1853, 105, 108; + rejected by Legis. with insult, 109; + A.'s sp. for, 110; + laws in 1860, 186; + granted by N. Y. Legis., 190; + repealed, 219; + example from Mass., 200 et seq.; 988. + + + HALLS, Albany, _Association_, 104, 186, 212; + _Tweddle_, 263; + Ann Arbor, _University_, 755; + Boston, _Music Hall_, 214; + Chicago, _Farwell_, 515, 517; + Denver, _Broadway Theater_, 823; + Duluth, _Masonic Temple_, 656; + Leavenworth, _Chickering_, 649; + Memphis, _Young Men's Hebrew Assn._, 807; + New Orleans, _Tulane_, 597; + New York, _Apollo_, 348, 352, 368, 383, 434; + _Broadway Tabernacle_, 89, 102, 147; + _Metropolitan_, 101; + _Mozart_, 174; + _Steinway_, 322; + _Tammany_, 305 (see _Cooper Institute_); + Oakland, _Tabernacle_, 837; + Rochester, _Corinthian_, 67, 92, 98, 105, 167, 180, 209; + San Francisco, _Golden Gate_, 827, 829, 830, 835, 892; + _Metropolitan Temple_, 834, 874, 878, 893; + _Platt's_, 390; + _Woodward's Pavilion_, 836; + Saratoga, _St. Nicholas_, 121; + St. Louis, _Memorial_, 649; + _Mercantile Library_, 469; + Syracuse, _Convention_, 211; + Troy, _Rand's_, 143; + Utica, _Mechanics'_, 210; + Washington, _Lincoln_, 337, 484, 511, 526, 546, 659; + _Smithsonian Institute_, 118. + + HARDSHIPS (see Campaigns, Canvasses, Lecture Bureaus, Persecutions). + + HEADQUARTERS, of Wom. Natl. Loyal League, 230; + Centennial of Natl. Wom. Suff. Assn., 475 et seq.; + Natl. Suff. Assn. in Washtn., 700; + Mrs. Southworth's contrib. to, 801; + in Calif., 862, 864, 875. + + HEALTH, Mrs. Stanton on in 1852, 66; + effect of fashions, 112; + A.'s cold bath, 125; + convert to water cure, 126; + results of, 129; + at sanitarium, 134; + medical certificate, 136; + men speakers break down, 161; + effect of hard work on A., 168, 169; + powers of endurance, 408; + prostrated in Ft. Wayne in 1873, 433; + physical condition in 1877, 486; + Mrs. Stanton's illness not due to work for suff., 537; + effects of S. Dak. campaign, 696; + A.'s illness in Boston, 701; + illness in 1895, 840; + secret of health, 843; + after Calif, campaign, 895; + of A. and Mrs. Stanton after 50 yrs.' work, 917; + dependent on natural, not supernatural laws, 923; + laws observed by A., 931; + does not think of bodily ills or disagreeable things, 932; + medicine and physicians, 933. + + HEARINGS, first granted to women by Congressl. Com., 314; + second, 338; + Sumner on, 339; + Mary Clemmer on, 340; + of Mrs. Woodhull and others, 375; + in 1872, on right of women to vote under 14th and 15th Amends., 410; + in 1880, 511; + in 1882, 541; + in 1884, A.'s address, 588; + A. has speeches printed, 591; + in 1886, 607; + in 1888, 640; + in 1890, 674; + in 1892, 718; + at Natl, Repub. Conv. of 1892, 723; + at Dem., 725; + Congressl. in 1894, member asks why never held before, 758; + in 1896, 851. + + HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE, first move towards writing, 475; + beginning, 480; + financial help recd., 524; + A.'s restiveness, 525; + Mrs. Nichols' assistance, A. orders names of opponents to be + published, 529; + 1st Vol. published, cost of pictures, favorable comment of press and + prominent people, imperfections, services of the three authors, + Mrs. Stanton replies to critics, rest of material stored, 530-532; + Mrs. Stanton's fears, may not live to finish, 537; + presented to Senators, 541; + A.'s longing to be through, 542; + 2d Vol. finished, 543; + A. looks for in Rome, 553; 565; + work on 3d Vol., A.'s restiveness, 592; 595; + financial status, 599; + serious and amusing difficulties, 601; + A.'s dislike of it all, 602; + 3d Vol. finished, 603; 608; + immense outlay, 612; + tribute to authors, synopsis of work, extensive donations, 613, 614; + commendation, 614-616; + sales, desire for 4th Vol., 616; + A. begs Mrs. Stanton to write, 712; 754; + Miss Willard's estimate, 951. + + HOME LIFE, in Adams, 5-15; + in Battenville, 17-35; + in Center Falls (Hardscrabble), 35-46; + near Rochester, 47 et seq.; + in Rochester, beginning, 231; 706; + in 1897, 913, 931-939; + A. on beautifying country homes, 200; + Abrahamic bosom, 218 (see Domestic Traits, Love of Family). + + HOMES FOR SINGLE WOMEN, A.'s lecture, visit to Alice Cary, 359; + A. writes it in Denver, 493. + + HONORARY MEMBERSHIP, Chicago Woman's Club, 896; + Rochester D. A. R., 919; + other organizations, 925. + + HOUSE OF COMMONS, A. visits, 553, 563, 567. + + HUMANITIES, CHARITIES, etc., A.'s interest in, 60; + women fail to lay ax at root of difficulty, 920; 1004 et seq. + + + IMMIGRATION AND IMMIGRANTS, 59; + in S. Dak., 687, 690, 694, 695; + efforts to secure votes of, 887 (see Citizenship, Naturalization). + + IMMORTALITY, A.'s ideas of, 119, 242, 508, 516, 650, 859, 899. + + INDIANS, in Repub. conv. in S. Dak., 687; + preferred to white women, 762. + + INDIFFERENCE OF WOMEN, 73, 98, 130, 251; + should be shocked into action, 366; + Mrs. Stanton on, 382; 456; + A.'s strong statement, 641; + in Calif, suff. campaign, 866. + + INDIRECT INFLUENCE, dangers of, 590. + + INDUSTRIES, PROFESSIONS, etc., demand for woman's admission to, 73; + to law, 74; 79; + Greeley on woman's right to enter, 147; + A. urges agriculture for women, 160; + on status of workingwomen, 333; + women may practice bef. Sup. Ct., 502; + dentistry in Berlin, 559; + law in Gr. Brit., 564; + medicine in, 570; + indebtedness to woman suff. advocates, 80, 740, 822, 848, 949, 973, + 976 (see Labor). + + INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, N. Y. St., A. appointed trustee, 730; + her work, 733, 737, 816; + recognizes girls, need of women on boards, resigns, 817. + + INFIDELITY, woman suff. advocates charged with, 77-79, 91; + Mrs. Rose's, 118, 121; 147, 311; + woman suff. leads to, 401; + suff. advocates and Dr. Patton, 596; + A. stands for infidel's rights, 631; + same, 655, 854. + + INSURANCE, N. Y. Life, father connected with, 49, 55; + A. insures in, 136. + + INTEMPERANCE, in early days, 15, 18, 19; + A.'s tilt with uncle, 40; + on Martin Van Buren, 41; + Whig festivals, 42; + no disgrace, 61; + Mrs. Stanton demands shall be cause for divorce, 67; + wives and drunken husbands, 74, 84; + in London, 564; + in Ireland, 573; + A. on woman's vote, 655; + specimen of man's govt. in S. Dak., 693; + women greatest sufferers from, statistics, root of the evil, 1004; + effects of, 1005; + in Chicago, women's petition spurned, 1012 (see Laws, Liquor + Dealers). + + INTERNATIONAL, COUNCIL OF WOMEN, its conception, carrying forward, + first great meeting in Washtn., newspaper comment, speeches, + permanent organization, 633-639; + during Columb. Expos., 745. + + INTERVIEWS, A. on Beecher-Tilton case, 461; + effect of woman suff. on saloons, 505; + source of the opposition, 506; + Mrs. Blake with Gen. Hancock on woman suffrage, 520; + requested of A. by editor of _Le Soir_ in Paris, 561; + impressions of Gr. Brit., 581; + change in public men, and on woman of the future, 582; + contrast between pioneer and modern suffragists, 729; + on N. Y. anti-suftragists, 766; + on her alliance with Popu. party, 791; + in Chicago in 1895, 821; + in Denver, 823; + on the Bible and the Woman's Bible, 856; + of "Nelly Bly" in N. Y. _World_, 858; + in San Fr. _Examiner_, 870; + on Sister Mary's 70th birthday and early life, 915; + on "rings" and "bosses," 928. + + INVITATIONS, specimens of, 740, 753, 803, 924. + + + JOURNALS, MISS ANTHONY'S, used in writing Biog., vii; + in boarding school, 24 et seq.; + in 1838, 34; + in girlhood days, 35, 36, 38, 39; + woman's financ. independ., 104; + first St. canvass for Wom. Rights, 125 et seq.; + in 1856, 138; + almost discouraged, 151; + daily doings in 1859, 172, 173; + life at home and abroad in 1860, 197, 198; + in 1862, 216; + public work in 1865, 252; + on Chas. Sumner, 269; + on 50th birthday, 344; + in 1870, 346; 362; + work for woman suff. conv. in New York, 368; + on treatment in San Francisco, 392; + stage driver, 394; + the "reform world," 395; + trip by boat in 1871, 395; + Calif. experiences, 404; + snowed in in the Rocky Mts., 406-408; + our ship nearly lost, 415; + joy over Repub. action in 1872, 419; + on death of Greeley, 428; + on outrage of her trial, 441; + on death of Sumner, 456; + on degraded labor of women and "coaxing" women, 457; + on Beecher-Tilton case, 463; + on death of Martha C. Wright, 467; + of Lydia Mott, 471; + on Frances Willard, 472; + on writing the History, 480, 525, 542; + on Anson Lapham, 481; 532, 535; + on W. C. T. U., 537; 541; + while in Europe, 560; + in Scotland, 569; + in Ireland, 575; + in England, 577; + shrinks from pleading with politicians, 583; + on inefficient women, 586; + no blame for any one, 587; + on Miss Eddy, 601; + on literary "style," 601; + racy comments on writing the History, 602; + work in Congress, 607, 608; + on Phoebe Couzins, 608; + in Chicago, St. Louis, Leavenworth, 609; 623; + on Mrs. Stanton's refusal to come to Intl. Council, 636; + tricks of saloon element, 649; + Grant mementoes at Mt. McGregor, 653; + unmarried mothers, 656; + on Chief Just. Fuller, 660; + on Harriot Stanton Blatch, 675; + first housekeeping experiences, 711; + amusing bits in 1891, 714; + on Popu. party, 727; + on divinely-appointed male head of family, 730; + overwhelmed with work, 737, 739; + on death of Blaine, 739; 785; + "alliance" with Populists, 791; + on Robt. Collyer, 802; 843; + the $6,000 bed, 902; + on thinking of past, 914. + + JURIES, men judge women, 74; + A. demands women have one of their peers, 309; + Gov. Geary declares need of women on, 310; + right to trial by under Constitu., 429; + Judge refuses to have polled in A.'s trial, 439; + A. pleads for jury of her peers, 440; + opinions of press, 441-443; + of John Van Voorhis, 444; + same, 449; + of Judge Selden, 449; + A.'s appeal to Congress, 449; + majority and minority reports, 450-453; + mothers with infants, 618, 619; + A. accused of trying to influence by speeches before her trial, + 993-995. + + + LABOR, the wife's wages, 74, 108, 110; + proceeds of wife's work, 139; + A. demands vote for workingwomen, 263; + rebuke to married ex-teacher, 272; + workingmen's influence compared to women's, 306; + _The Revolution's_ efforts for wage-earning women, assn. formed, 307; + Labor Congress for women's rights, but not for suff., 307; + A. teaches workingwomen to organize, 307; + A. to women typesetters, 308; + on women wage-earners, 333; + rejected as delegate to Labor Cong, in Phila., 366; + gratitude of workingwomen, 405; + women a millstone, 457; + Greenback-Labor party on woman suff., 518; + workingwoman's need of ballot, 523; + farmers enfranchised in Gr. Brit., 593; + workingwomen welcomed in N. O., 597; + telegrams to A. from leaders, 671; + action of Knights of Labor on woman suff. in S. Dak., 685, 686; + A. addresses workingwomen in Omaha, 726; + organizations petition for woman suff., 766; + press in Calif, in favor of, 868; + debt of wage-earn, women to A., 740, 976; + on workingwoman's need of suff., 996-1003; + wage-earning men in England wanted bread, not ballot, 996; + ballot granted, 997; + excellent results, 997, 998; + political preferences, 998; + political power behind strikes, 999; + statistics of women's wages, 999; + why their strikes fail, 999, 1000; + women's great need of franchise, 1000; + wages not regulated by supply and demand, 1001; + give women same power as men, 1002; + effect of taking work from home to factory, 1006; + reward of virtue, 1007; + women must be self-supporting and enfranchised, 1007; + temptations to wage earners, 1007, 1008 (see Industries). + + LAWS, women's property rights, adopted, 58; + Fugitive Slave, License repealed, husband's rights under, 61; + Maine Law, 70, 71; + Lucy Stone on, 81; + nobody wants but women, 83; + Common Law on women, 74; + conv. to secure better ones, 104; + A. canvasses for, 105, 108; + petitions presented and petitioners abused, 109; + A. argues for, 110; + arranges series of convs. for, 110; + hard work of canvass, 111; + for women, in 1860, 185; + for equal guardianship repealed in N. Y., 219; + A.'s scathing review of laws and wives' protest, 331; + Ingersoll shows injustice to women, 345; + for remitting fines, 449; + women admitted to practice before U. S. Sup. Ct., 502; + A. criticises Garfield's saying just to women, 536; + School Suff. in N. Y. partial failure, 730; + show men cannot be trusted to legislate for women, 966; + use of masculine pronouns, 982, 983, 990; + for married women, 987; + can't own false teeth, 988; + all made by men, women cannot testify in court, 1009 (see + Guardianship, Property Rights). + + LECTURE BUREAUS, hardships under, 154; + conservatism of, 191; + first estab., A. and Mrs. Stanton employed, 344; + in 1871, 380; + Iowa experiences, 470; 472; + Slayton's circular on A.'s speeches, her endurance, 486; + Mrs. Stanton's dislike, 488; + hardships of tours, 490, 493; + in 1878, 495; + A.'s proceeds under, 508; 595, 598, 602; + in 1888, 644; + A. declines $100 per night, 843. + + LECTURES, A. arranges course in Roch., 167, 190, 217; + tour under Train's manage., 293; + work in 1870, 364; + newspaper comment, 387; + general results of, 502; + tour of Mich, in 1893, wide range of invitations to speak, 740, 753; + in N. Y., 741; + in Cinti., 741; + in Kas. and Ills., 751; + in N. Y., 753; + in Ann Arbor, 755; + in Baltimore, 756; + in Phila., 776; + A. and Mrs. Catt in South. States, 806-810; + A. in S. C. and Va., 812, 814; + at Drexel Ins., 815; + power to draw audiences, 816; + thro' the West to Calif., 821-826; + offer from Major Pond, 896; + man asks A. how many she has given, 925 (see Speeches). + + LEGACIES, Francis Jackson's for Woman's Rights, 165; + opinions as to expenditure, 171; + Charles F. Hovey's for various reforms, 182; + Mrs. Eddy's to A. and Lucy Stone, 539; + litigation, appeals for the money, 540; + legacy paid, only instance, 598; + A. besieged, 599; + use of, 600; + of Emerine J. Hamilton to A., 654; + of Mrs. Mendenhall, 660; + of Eliza J. Clapp, 763; + of Mrs. Minor, 803; + of Adeline Thompson, 814 (see Funds). + + LEGISLATURES, A.'s grandfather member of Mass., 4; + women first address N. Y., 81; + action on Wom. Rights petitions, 109; + contemptuous report, 140; + A.'s efforts for Personal Liberty Bill, 173; + Mrs. Stanton addresses N. Y. in 1860, 186; + N. Y. repeals equal guard. law, 219; + need of women in, 220; + in South at close of War, 255; + Mrs. Stanton at Albany in 1867, 273; + Ills. addressed by women in 1869, 315; + Mich. submits woman suff. amend., 459; + Col. same in 1877, 489; + A. watches and distrusts, 516; + Neb. submits woman suff. amend. in 1882, 544; + action on negro suff., A.'s appeal that woman suff. be submitted to, + 589; + Kas. grants Munic. Suff., 611; + A. addresses N. Y. in 1887, 622; + Wy. on woman suff., 699; + A. addresses N. Y. in 1891, 719; + A. addresses Mich., it confers Munic. Suff. on women, 740; + Col. submits woman suff. amend. in 1893, 752; + Kas. same, 754; + N. Y. orders constitl. conv., makes women eligible as delegates, 758; + Calif. submits woman suff. amend., 820; + same, 863; + A. addresses Indiana, 904; + A. addresses N. Y. for last time, 914; + Kas. voted against negro suff. 963; + submitted three suff. amends. in 1867, 1016. + + LETTERS OF MISS ANTHONY, used in writing Biog., vii; + from boarding school, 24 et seq.; + on Lord's Supper, 36; + colored people, 39, 40; + women preachers, 40; + Van Buren and wine-drinking, 41; + silk worms, 42; + family love, 44; + first temp. meet., 53; + growing ambition, 70; + Bloomer costume, 116; + ministers and churches, 119, 121; 122; + numbers of, 131; + the wife's existence, 134; + canvass of 1856, 138; + begging for help, 140; + to brother Merritt on Kas., 144; + woman's dependence, 146; + Remond's and Pillsbury's speeches, 152; + large families, 162; + will rout old fogies, 164; + on spiritual loneliness, 168; + urges women to discontent, 169; + right of self-representation, 169; + loss of individuality in marriage, 170; + wife's annihilation, 171; + criticises Curtis, 172; + suff. needs consecrated souls, 177; + trouble with women lecturers, 177; + no time for humor, 179; + salvation of women depends on Mrs. Stanton, 186; + conservative people, 197; + from birthplace, 198; + describes mobs, 210; + children, 213; + approaching war, 214; + Adam Bede, 216; + sculpture and painting, 219; + repeal of equal guard. law in N. Y., 220; + public schools, 221; + her power of speaking, 222; + love for father, mother and home, 231; + on death, 241; + tenderness in family, 242; + trip to Kansas in 1865, 242; + negro suffrage, 245; + church and negroes, 249; + treatment of _Anti-Slavery Standard_, 268; + hearing before N. Y. Constitl. Conv., heresies and orthodoxies, 279; + struggle to raise money for Kas. campaign, 282; + hardships of, 284, 285; + protest against taxes, 330; + to mother about 50th birthday, 343; + on uniting two suff. assns., 347; + funds for _The Revolution_, 354, 355; + sorrow at giving it up, heavy debts incurred, 362; + résumé of situation as to woman suff. in 1870, 365; + criticising Mrs. Stanton's readiness to give up, 373; + Natl. Suff. Conv. of 1871, 373; + Social Purity, double standard of morals and woman's dependence, 384; + love in marriage, Wyoming, 388; + polygamy, 388-390; + man-visions, 390; + trip to Yosemite, 392; + interest in reforms, 394; + Mrs. Stanton's overshadowing, 396; + lecturing in Oregon, 395-399; + abuse in San Francisco, Fair case, regret at not speaking more + boldly, 396; + Chinese and women, 398; 399; + beauties of Ore. and Washtn., 399; + stage riding, 399, 403; + devotion of friends, 412; + Mrs. Woodhull and attempt to form new party, 413; + Repub. plank in 1872, 419, 420; + attitude toward political parties, 422; + account of her voting in 1872, 424; + of her arrest and examination, 428; + to mother on death, 447; + women's temperance crusade, 457; + marriage, honesty best policy, and no outsiders in family life, 459; + no rest, canvass of Mich. in 1874, 460; + not working for personal reward, 480; + to mother on love and duty, 482; + to Lucy Stone on partisanship, 497, 498; + on death of Garrison, 508; + on death of mother, 513; + specimen of A.'s stirring appeals to workers, preparing to influence + polit. convs., 515, 516; + to presidential candidates, 521; + to Garfield, 522; + criticises women for supporting either pres. candidate, 523; + hopes Repubs. may help women, 524; + compelling Mrs. Stanton to attend convs., 526; + children must bear parents' record, 529; + death of Garfield, 536; + Mrs. Stanton's work and health, 537; + to Phillips on 70th birthday, 538; + appreciation of Mrs. Eddy's legacy, 539; + passing of old workers, 544; + revolutionary letters returned in Germany, 559; + letters from Europe, 551-578; + converts Edinburgh prof., 570; + to Wm. D. Kelley to push woman suff. in Cong., 584; + to Mrs. Stanton on Douglass marriage and amalgamation, 586; + death of Wendell Phillips, 587; + close watch on Congress, 591; + Gladstone's action, 593; + to Frances Willard on refusal of woman plank by Prohibs. in 1884, + 594; + on inability to write, Mrs. Stanton's love of ease, 600; + Miss Eddy, 601; + on Kas. meetings in 1887, 609; + heterodox and orthodox churches for conv., 612; + advises Wis. women to avoid legal decisions, 624; + union of two suff. assns., 628, 629; + declining presidency and urging elect. of Mrs. Stanton, 631; + ordained and non-ordained women ministers, 634; + lack of concerted action by women, 641; + open letter to Gen. Harrison in 1888, 642, 1013; + dislike of "red tape," immense correspondence, 643; + death and immortality, 650; + best campaign methods, 657, 658, 659; + Prohibition and woman suff., 657; + "Andrew Jackson-like methods," 659; + immense circulation of literature, 659; + on selling tickets for her birthday banquet, 663, 664; + union of two assns., 674; + value of social functions, 677; + disregard of orthodox Christians for feelings of liberals, 678; + pre-natal influence, 678; + love for Washtn. City, 679; + on financial management of S. Dak. campaign, 681, 682; + W. C. T. U. and suff. campaign in S. Dak., 683; + hardships of, 688; + criticises commission to S. Dak., 690; + visits to Holyoke and Cheshire, 705; + to John Brown's grave, 708; + meeting at Lily Dale, Miss Shaw answers Dr. Buckley, 710; 711; + begging Mrs. Stanton to end her days in Rochester, 712; + agrees to help in Kas., 715; + objects to male sculptor for her bust, 721; + urges Southern women to organize, 722; + first trip to Europe, 739; + never dreamed of stenographer, 741; + joy of having worked for liberty, 741; + on situation in Kas., 741; + women make burden heavy for others, 742; 745; + Kas. campaign, 754; + lack of organization, votes of drunkards, 763; + corrects report of sp. on orthodoxy, 774; + scores Repub. party in Kas., 779; + to Kas. Woman's Campaign Com. on plank, 781; + to Repub. leader, same, 783; + to Mrs. Johns, 784; + joy over Populist plank, 792; + repudiates Kas. Repubs., 793, 794; + on speaking in Kas., 794; + Y. M. C. A. and wom. suff., 804; + majority rule, financial mistake, 806; + to contribs. to annuity, 814; + first serv. of stenographer, 843; + virtue and financial independence, 844; + "trusts" and woman suff., dress, 844; + all organizns. should celebrate Stanton birthday, 846; + suff. elephant and horned head must stand back, 847; + objects to Mrs. Stanton's attack on church, 847; + desire to give all an opportunity, 849; + tribute to Mrs. Dietrick, 849; + to Mr. Sewall, 850; + grief at action of Natl. Suff. Assn. on Woman's Bible, 855; + Spanish inquisition methods, 855; + Mrs. Stanton writes down instead of up in Woman's Bible, 856; + religious superstition, refuses to mix relig. or temp. discuss. in + Calif. suff. campaign, 857; + begging W. R. Hearst to favor woman suff. in _Examiner_, 867; + longing for home, 878; + to Idaho women, 878; + to Mrs. Stanton, 879; + woman plank of Natl. Repub. Conv. of 1896, 880; + urging Miss Willard to withdraw Natl. W. C. T. U. Conv. from Calif, + in 1896, 881; + to Mrs. Sturtevant Peet on same, 882; + opposed to public denial of charges, 897; + urging women not to scramble for office, 897; + prefers her own wisdom to Solomon's, 897; + secret of her success, 897; + declines alliance with political parties, 898; + objects to making God author of Govt., 898; + need of money for her work, 898; + on educated and property suffrage, 899; + same, 922; + think of dead as in vigor of life, 899; + holding Natl. Convs. in Washtn., 903; + the writing of her Biog., 909; + dislike of groping in past, 914; + greatest compliment, 917; + impossibility of "insurrection" of women, 918; + Theosophy, Christian Science, etc., 918; + to Sup. Court of Idaho thanking for broad decision, 919; + to D. A. R. on Revolutionary mothers, 919; + every dollar given helps woman suff., 920; + suffrage great need of women working in charities and reforms, 920; + objects to asking for partial suff., 920; + on poetry, 921; + God's special interference, 921; + Sunday no more sacred than other days, 922; + personal God, 922; + miraculous intervention, 923; + compared to St. Paul's, 924; + foolishness of women's attacking public evils until they get suff., + 924; + number of cities visited, 925; + giving her services, 925; + to man asking how many times she had lectured, 925; + toil of correspondence, 935; + endless requests, 936; + amusing instances, 937; + loving messages, 938. + + LETTERS OF OTHERS, number used in writing Biog., vii; + Anthony family life in 1836, 22; + father on daughter's teaching, 24; + to A. in boarding school, 27; + panic of 1838, 33, 34; + Washtn. City, 33; + Aaron McLean on negroes, 39; + Uncle Albert scores A., 40; + Van Buren, drinking and dancing, 42; + to woman's temp. meet, in 1852, 65; + Greeley on Wom. Temp. Conv., 66; + Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Nichols encourage A.'s temp. work, 66; + Mayo and Geo. W. Johnson on woman's rights, 73; + Gerrit Smith, same, 75; + Lucy Stone on Maine Law, 81; + A.'s father on woman suff. in 1853, 85; + Neal Dow, 93; + Abby Kelly Foster on A., 93; + Lucy Stone on Divorce, 93; + Gerrit Smith on female modesty, 93; + Saml. F. Cary on Wom. Temp. Conv., 96; + Greeley on Temp. Conv. and Church, 97; + Pillsbury on A.'s industry, 105; + Lucy Stone, 111; + Bloomers, 114-116; + Mrs. Mott, 122; + Greeley's offer, 122; + father advises to save newspaper clippings, 125; + Greeley on Woman's Rights, 125; + father on same, 129; + Lucy Stone on her marriage, 130, 139; + T. W. Higginson, Mrs. Stanton, Paulina Wright Davis, 130; + freedom in marriage, 135; + Lucy Stone on retiring from work, 135; + John A. McCall, 136; + Anti-Slav. Com., 137; + Mrs. Stanton on children and work, 142; + Mary L. Booth on teachers, 143; + on woman's sad position, 146; + the Hutchinsons, 146; + Lucy Stone on wife's position, 146; + Greeley on free speech, 146; + Gerrit Smith on woman's dress, 147; + Samuel May, 148; + and Lucy Stone encouraging A., 151; + Wm. Lloyd Garrison, 152, 161; + Mrs. Stanton on Teachers' Conv., 157; + Lucy Stone and Abby H. Patton, 162; + Phillips on Jackson legacy, 165; + Curtis on Woman's Rights, 167, 172; + Lydia Mott on loss of individuality in marriage, 170; + Phillips, 171; + Thos. K. Beecher, 178; + Pillsbury on execution of John Brown, 180; + Mrs. Stanton on white manhood, 181; + Abby Kelly Foster, Geo. B. Cheever, 182; + Judge Ormond on Wom. Rights and Anti-Slavery, 183, 184; + Mrs. Stanton will cross the Alps, 187; + A. J. Colvin, 189; + Mary S. Anthony on injustice to teachers, 191, 192; + on Divorce, from noted people, 195-197; + Pillsbury on Boston conv., 197; + Mrs. Stanton will dress A.'s thoughts, 199; + Garrison and Phillips on returning child to mother, 203; + Beriah Green on Abolitionists, 214; + Phillips and Tilton on lectures in Rochester, 217; + Anna Dickinson on War, 220; + Greeley on Lincoln, 221; + Tilton and Stanton on Emancip. Proclam., 226; + mother on sale of home, 231; + Tilton on birth of child, 232; + noted men on Wom. Loyal League, 233; + Sumner on slavery, 236; + Phillips on A.'s cleverness, 237; + Mrs. Stanton and others urge A. to return East, 244; + Pillsbury on negro suffrage, 246; + Mrs. Stanton on women's first appeal to Cong. for suff., 251; + Purvis approving woman suff., 258; + Anna Dickinson on speaking for suff., 258; + Beecher on "hay fever," 263; + Mrs. Stanton on petitions for woman suff. in 1866, 268; + Lucretia Mott on same, 268; + Purvis on negro suff., 269; + Gen. Rufus Saxton for rights of women, 272; + Beecher on dislike of working in organizations, 274; + Lucy Stone on woman and negro suff. in Kas. and on Hovey Fund, 275; + Anna Dickinson on adverse suff. rep. of N. Y. Constitl. Conv., 280; + Mrs. Starrett describes A. in 1867, 285; + Mrs. Stanton on A.'s judgment, 293; + on Train and _The Revolution_, 297, 298; + Lucy Stone and others on woman's paper, 299; + Mrs. Stanton on treatment of herself and A. by Equal Rights Assn., 300; + on _The Revolution_, 301; + Grace Greenwood on A. and her associates, 314; + Mrs. Livermore in appreciation of A., 316; + Train withdraws from _The Revolution_, 319; + Mrs. Stanton on forgiveness, 320; + Mrs. Livermore on _The Revolution_, 321; + Anna Dickinson to A., 321; + Gail Hamilton, same, 322; + Mrs. Livermore on Equal Rights Assn., A.'s lectures and Natl. Wom. + Suff. Assn., 328; + Mrs. Mott on A.'s labor for others, 329; + Mrs. Hooker on admiration for A. and Mrs. Stanton, 332; + on A. and other pioneers, 334; + Dr. Kate Jackson, Sarah Pugh on _The Revolution_, 335; + Mary Clemmer on Natl. Suff. Conv. of 1870, 340; + Mrs. Stanton on anything for peace, 347; + Catharine Beecher on Divorce, 352; + Mary S. Anthony urges A. to give up _The Revolution_, 356; + Mrs. Hooker on taking the paper, 357, 358; + Mrs. Stanton opposed to changing name, 357; + get rid of paper, 361; + Pillsbury on giving it up, 363; + Mrs. Hooker, Mrs. Stanton and others on the Natl. Suff. Conv. of + 1871, 371-374; + Mrs. Hooker asks noted men to speak, 373; + on Sister Catharine and Mrs. Woodhull, 378; + Mrs. Stanton on Social Purity, 379; + interest in woman suff. felt in Washtn., 381; + encouraging signs in Congress, 381; + Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Hooker on Repub. party, 382; + Phoebe Couzins on Natl. Assn., 383; + Mary S. Anthony on case of Mrs. Fair, 392; + Mrs. Duniway on A.'s lectures in Ore., 399; + indignant husbands and wives in Victoria, B. C., 402; + Blackwell urges women to support Repub. party, 416; + Cochran to Mrs. Stanton, 418; + Henry Wilson to A., 420; + Mrs. Stanton's bitterness against polit. parties, 420; + B. F. Butler on woman's right to vote under U. S. Constn., 429; + same, favoring woman suff., Senator Lapham, same, 455; + A. G. Riddle on great strength and little working power of woman + suff. cause, 455; + lets. of faith in A., 458; + Lucretia Mott, 480; + Garrison opposed to 16th amend., Phillips in favor, 484; + Mary Clemmer on treatment of woman suff. petits. by U. S. Senate, + 485; + Mrs. Stanton on friendship for A., 488; + Annie McDowell tribute to A. in Phila. _Press_, 489; + Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Sargent, Mrs. Minor and Miss Couzins on prayer + meet. in Capitol, need of A.'s management of natl. convs., 494; + to 30th annivers. in Rochester, 495; + Mary Clemmer on woman suffrage, 501; + lady asking forgiveness, 505; + Sens. and Reps. ask seats for women, 518; + Garfield to A. on woman suffrage, 521; + Mrs. Stanton on A.'s "dragooning," 526; + on Hist. of Wom. Suff., 532; + Mrs. Pillsbury to A., 535; + Mrs. Harbert on her love and Zerelda G. Wallace's, 535; + Phillips' cordial letter, 538; + Mrs. Eddy's legacy, 539; + lawsuit, 540; + Mrs. Blatch on writing Biog., 544; + Sen. Ingalls, 547; + Rochester people to A. when starting abroad, 548; + Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Sargent welcome her, 553; + editors of _Italian Times_ ask A. to write, 557; + to A. from editor of _Le Soir_, 561; + Mrs. McLaren on A.'s visit, 569; + Mrs. Bright on A.'s impression on son, 577; + Bishop Simpson on woman suff., 588; + eminent foreigners, 588; + Sen. Palmer urges agitation for woman suff., 593; + J. Ellen Foster, 598; + Mrs. Sewall on A.'s energy, 600; + Mrs. Blatch on friendship of mother and A., 602; + Mrs. Stanton on esthetic convs., 605; + Sen. Blair on A.'s persistence, 606; + G. W. Childs, 607; + Mrs. Merrick, 608; + Olympia Brown, 608; + Sen. Anthony, Mary L. Booth, D. W. Wilder, Sarah B. Cooper on Hist. + of Wom. Suff., 614-616; + Miss Booth on woman suff., 615; + Mary Rogers Kimball, 616; + Sen. Ingalls, 622; + Mrs. Stanton advises A. to destroy letters, 625; + Lucy Stone on union of two suff. assns., 628; + Alice Stone Blackwell on same, 628; + Zerelda G. Wallace and others on A. or Mrs. Stanton for pres., 630, + 631; + Fred. Douglass on first Woman's Rights Conv., 634; + Maria Mitchell on work, 635; + Mrs. Stanton's friendship for A. but she won't come to Intl. + Council, 635; + Miss Willard on A. at Council, 638; + tribute from Mrs. S. E. Sewall, 640; + Miss Shaw's first let. to A., 645; + Adeline Thompson's love for A., 651; + Marie Deraismes, 652; + Laura C. Holloway, 653; + Harriet Hosmer, 655; + from S. Dak., 656; + nephew D. R. on his aunt Susan, 658; + Mrs. Sewall, Mrs. Avery on A.'s 70th birthday banquet, 664; + on 70th birthday from Lucy Stone, Whittier, Miss Willard, Curtis, + Garrison, Hoar, Reed, Olympia Brown, Mrs. Logan, Mr. and Mrs. + Gannet, T. W. Palmer, Nordhoff, F. G. Carpenter, Mrs. Johns, etc., + 668-671; + Lillian Whiting on A.'s contemporaries, 672; + Mrs. Livermore, Mary Grew, Lucy Stone, 676; + Mrs. Avery on woman's gratitude to A., 678; + to A. regarding S. Dak. campaign in 1890, 679, 680; + Miss Shaw on financial management of, 683; + Mrs. Wallace on A.'s leadership, 683, 685; + Miss Shaw's account of treatment by S. Dak. Repub. Conv., 687; + John Hooker, Clara Barton, Anna Shaw on campaign, 689; + Mrs. Howell's account of A.'s and her experiences, 690, 691; + same by Miss Shaw, 692, 693; + Mrs. Catt's summing up, 693; + her tribute to A., 695; + N. M. Mann, 697; + E. B. Taylor, 700; + Lucy Stone inviting A. to Mass. Conv., on A.'s illness, 701; + from the Pillsburys, 702; + Mrs. Bottome, on A.'s "Christ-like spirit," 703; + Sen. Blair's "pious fraud," 704; + Secy. McCulloch, Miss Balgarnie, 704; + Charles Dickinson, 707; + Mrs. Stanton on home of one's own, 707; + Miss Willard on Chautauqua, 709; + Mrs. Johns begs A.'s help for Kas., 715, 719; + members of Cong. on woman suff., 716; + Mrs. Stanton, 717; + Mrs. Susan Look Avery on A.'s popularity, 720; + A. objects to male sculptor for her bust, Miss Willard protests, Mr. + Taft's apology, Lady Somerset's approval, 721, 722; + Miss Willard on loneliness of great spirits, 725; + Bishop Vincent, 727; + Mrs. Greenleaf on taxation without representation, 732; + on carving A.'s face on theatre in Mich., 733; + John Boyd Thacher, 733; + last message from Lucy Stone, 738; + wide range of letters to A., 740; + Mrs. Sewall on A. during Columb. Expos., 746; + Frances Willard, Lady Somerset, Florence Fenwick Miller on same, 747; + to A. during Columb. Expos., 748; + Mrs. Palmer, 748, 749; + Mrs. Eagle, 749; + Mary H. Krout on A. at World's Fair, 751; + A. W. Tourgee, 754; + to A. on N. Y. campaign in 1894, 773; + Miss Willard on A. before N. Y. Repub. Conv., 774; + Col. women invite A., 775; + Mrs. Johns on party action, 777, 778; + Case Broderick and others on woman suff. in Kas. campaign, 778; + Mrs. Johns on planks, 779; + Mrs. Catt, same, 780; + Mr. Blackwell, same, 780; + Rev. Anna Shaw, same, 781; + to A. on alliance with Popu. party, 791; + Mrs. Catt on attitude of polit. parties in Kas., 792; + Garrison on life of reformer, 793; + Mr. Breidenthal, 794, 796; + Mrs. Diggs to A. on campaign, 795; + Mrs. Johns, Mrs. Catt on same, 795; + Mary B. Willard, Jenkyn Lloyd Jones, 804, 805; + H. W. Thomas, 805; + Mrs. Stanton on A.'s reading her speeches, 811; + invitation to Calif., 819; + Mrs. Cooper's welcome, 820; + to A. from Fourth of July Com., 835; + from Calif. friends, 838; + Samuel May urging A. to rest, 841; + Parker Pillsbury, Mrs. Cooper, Mrs. Stanton, same, 842; + Mrs. Blake on Mrs. Stanton's 80th birthday celebr., 846; + Tilton on same and debt of women to her and A., 848; + Mary Lowe Dickinson's tribute to A., 850; + Mrs. Stanford, same, 850; + Mrs. Greenleaf on Woman's Bible, 856; + begging A. to assist In Calif. suff. campaign, 861, 862; + Mrs. McComas on A.'s coming, 862; + Mrs. Harper in San Fr. _Call_ on appearance of women before Repub. + St. Com., 870; + Mrs. Duniway, Mrs. McCann on A. in campaign, 871; + Mrs. Harper in _Call_ on action of Dem. St. Conv., 873; + Mrs. Stanton longs to help in campaign, women left to fight alone, + 879; + sent out by Calif. liquor dealers, 886; + Major Pond, 896; + H. W. Thomas on crowning woman, 900; + Mrs. Henrotin, 900; + John W. Hutchinson, 900; + Mary Lowe Dickinson, 901; + Mrs. Catt on A.'s 77th birthday, 907; + "the attic work-room," 910; + Miss Willard to A. on agreeing to differ, 924; + from N. Y. county official, 925; + extent and variety of A.'s correspond., 935-938; + Berkshire Hist. Soc. to A., 939, 940; + Mrs. Stanton on her book and A.'s, 951; + on A.'s 50th birthday, Sen. S. C. Pomeroy, Lieut.-Gov. J. P. Root, + D. R. Anthony, Whitelaw Reid, Abby Hopper Gibbons, 974; + Frances Ellen Burr, Laura Curtis Bullard, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Eliz. + R. Tilton, Ellen Wright Garrison, Anna E. Dickinson, 975; + Mary S. Anthony, Dr. Clemence S. Lozier, Kate N. Doggett, 976; + Mrs. Sewall to Gen. Harrison in 1888, 1013. + + LIQUOR DEALERS, 17, 51, 71, 650; + in S. Dak. campaign, 695; + in Col. campaign, 753; + in Kas. campaign, 779; + same, 784; + same, 786; 835; + in Calif., 882, 886, 887 (see Intemperance). + + LOVE AFFAIRS, 38; + in 1840, 43; + in 1845, 46; + in 1846, 50; + in 1855, 126; 142, 175; + Tilton on, 218; + in 1863, 237; + in Oregon, 400; + opinions of on and off stage, 555; + if A. had married, 860; 972, 973. + + LOVE OF FAMILY, 20, 31, 42, 45; + letter to brother Merritt in Kas., 144; + to sister, 158; 161; + longs to stay at home, 168; + affection between father and mother, 223; + A.'s love of father, mother and home, 231; 242, 279; + A. in Yosemite, 394; + mother's birthday, 403; 434, 447; + devotion during brother D. R.'s illness, 470, 471; 482, 492, 493; + affection of A.'s mother, 512; + A.'s letter to sister, 516; + A.'s thought for nieces and nephews, 552; 557; + memory of mother, 558; + longing for sister, 562; + recognizes her powers, 578; + family helped A., 668; + Miss Shaw's love for mother, 689; 916, 944. + + + MARRIAGE, of grandparents, 4, 6; + of parents, 10; + A.'s comment as girl, 30, 39; + of Sister Guelma, 43; + of Hannah, 46; + drawbacks to, 52; + under Common Law, 74; + intemperance and, 84; + Mrs. Greeley on, 87; + Lucy Stone, 91; + effect on women's public work, 128, 151, 158, 178; + A.'s answer to minister, 108; + N. Y. legislator's idea of, 109; + degeneracy in, 135; + picture of early days, 139; + great privileges of wives, 140; + different temperaments, 141; + A. objects to twaddle about wives, 163; + woman's position compared to man's, 169; + wife's loss of name, 170, 183; + A. protests against wife's loss of individuality and + self-annihilation, 170; + true woman not dwarfed by, 170, 171; + Lydia Mott disagrees, 171; + good effect on suff., 176; + moments of solitude, 180; + wife's name on tombstone, 183; + why women marry, 186; + wife should be supreme, 193; + Mrs. Stanton on, 193; + one-sided contract, 194; + A.'s tilt with Mayo, 196; + A. the picket, married women the army, 197; + rights of husbands, 204; + in Adam Bede, 216; + married life of A.'s parents, 223; + A. scores wife for advocating low wages for women, 272; + how husbands represent wives, 279, 491, 771; + A. on women's proposing, 316; + wives object to A.'s statements, 331; + Catharine Beecher and Mrs. Woodhull on, 378; + A. on love in, 388; + in Victoria, B. C., 402; + incidents in Washtn. Ty., 403; + A. on mistake of outside confidences, 459; + opposed to second, wives should not live with unfaithful husbands, + 463, 1009; + should be only for love, 469; + women should travel first, 559; + Platonic friendship, 568; + of Frederick Douglass, A.'s view, 586; + objects to crucifying wives according to St. Paul, 595; + U. S. Sens. on effect of woman suff., 618-620; + Rachel Foster's, A.'s feelings, 644, 645; + of "Robert Elsmere," 648; + of niece Helen Louise Mosher, 652; + A. on mutual love, 654; + of nephew Wendell Mosher, 679; + Hooker golden wedding, "no speeches," 709; + anti-suffragists put forward by husbands, 766; + A. on Mrs. Sewall's, 850; + idea of true marriage, 859; + woman a doll or a drudge, 860; + golden wedding of Sargents, 916; + sentiment for nephew's, 923; + golden wedding of Dr. and Mrs. E. M. Moore, 929; + woes confided to A., 936; + wedded to a principle holiest of marriages, 951; + A.'s golden wedding, 975; + legal slavery in, 987; + must be luxury not necessity for women, 1007; + statistics, 1008; + parents rather daughters marry than work, 1008; + laws must be same for husbands and wives, 1009; + God will curse mothers for endowing children with father's sins, + 1010; + God thy law, thou mine, 1011. + + MEDALLION, A.'s made in 1897, 917. + + MEDICAL PRACTICE in early times, 30, 39, 40, 49; + "water cure," 91, 112, 126; 129; + at Worcester Institute, 131; + its methods, 134. + + MINISTERS, Murray (Univ.), 5; + Quaker preachers, 6, 15, 19; + A. on women in 1838, 40; + first ordained, 74; + women educate, 68, 76; + S. J. May, 65, 69, 151, 270, 927; + Luther Lee, 70; + Channing, 73, 102, 104, 110, 112; + Higginson, 88; + treatment of women speakers in early days, 69-80, 87-92, 101, 102, + 119, 121, 125;[140] 133; 165; + Quaker preacher at Easton, 177; 181; + Beecher's power, 464; + Stopford Brooke, 564; + Dr. Patton in Washtn., 596; + Baptist in Kas., 610; + sign anti-suff. petition, 620; + A. on ordained and non-ordained women, 634; + conduct Intl. Council services, 636; + in S. Dak. on "original packages," 657; + N. M. Mann, 697; + women at Natl. Council, 702; + A. asks one if willing to be disfranchised, 709; + Miss Shaw answers Dr. Buckley, 710; + W. C. Gannett, 712, 714, 719, 916; + Dr. J. M. Buckley deb. woman suff., 727; + A. comments on Thanksgiving sermons, 729; + Robert Collyer, 802; + Jenkyn Lloyd Jones, 804, 805; + H. W. Thomas, 805, 900; + J. B. Hawthorne attacks woman suff., 810; + in Salt Lake City on Rev. Anna Shaw's address, 824; + A. addresses in San Francisco, 830, 834; + why they have no polit. influence, 834; + coming to aid of woman suff., 856; + Louis Zahner (Adams), 942 (see Church). + + MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 121, 149. + + MOBS, in New York in 1853, 101-103, 163; + against Bloomer costume, 113; + in Rochester, 165; + Phillips' power over, 174; + throughout N. Y., 208, et seq.; + A.'s account, 210; 217; + N. Y. draft riots, 230. + + MT. HOPE CEMETERY, Anthony burial place, 218, 241, 445, 719. + + MUSIC, mother's voice, 10; + Quaker ideas, 11; + in Anthony family, 23; + the Hutchinson's in 1867, 286, 291; + Ristori's, 558; + A.'s feeling towards, 859. + + + NATIONAL COUNCIL. OF WOMEN, organized in 1888, 639; + first triennial, 702; + work for Columb. Expos., 745; + second triennial, 812-814; + manage celebr. of Mrs. Stanton's 80th birthday, 845-848; + in Boston, 895; 901; + at Nashville Expos., not a suff. meeting, 927 (see International + Council). + + NATIONAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION, founded, officers, 327; + Mrs. Livermore on, 328; + meetings in Saratoga and Newport, 329; + annual conv. in Washtn. in 1870, 337; + efforts to unite with American Assn., 346-350; + conv. in 1871, managed by Mrs. Hooker, 371 et seq.; + conv. of 1872, struggle over 14th amend., 409; + A. objects to connection with Mrs. Woodhull's new party, 413; + saves meeting from disgrace, 414; + conv. of 1873, 431; + in New York, 434; + conv. of 1874, 453; + of 1875, 467; + action relating to Centennial of 1876, 474; + conv. of 1877, 483 et seq.; + of 1878, distress over A.'s absence, prayer meet. in Capitol, 494; + conv. of 1879, 499-501; + in St. Louis, 506; + conv. of 1880, 511; + of 1881, 526; + Mrs. Mott's adherence, 527; + first conv. in New England, 533-535; + conv. of 1882, 540; + of 1883, 546; + of 1884, 588; + of 1885, 595; + of 1886, 607; + unites with American, 627-632; + A. describes its liberal platform, 631; + responsible for Intl. Council of Women, 633 et seq.; + conv. of 1888, 639; + sends delegates to polit. convs. of 1888, 641; + natl. conv. of 1889, 647; + of 1890, 674; + incorporation, 676; + contributes to South Dakota campaign, 675, 676, 680-685; + conv. of 1891, 703; + conv. of 1892, Mrs. Stanton's last appearance, A. made pres., 717; + conv. of 1893, 737; + successful effort to take annual conv. from Washtn., A.'s oppositn., + 738; + connection with Columb. Expos., 748; + conv. of 1894, 756; + no section, creed or politics, 757; + help in Kas. campaign, 780; + sends greetings to Prohib. Conv., 790; + old workers rebel against "red tape," 805; + A.'s advice, 806; + conv. of 1895 in Atlanta, 810-812; + turns Mrs. Stanton's birthday celebr. over to Woman's Council, + 845-847; + conv. of 1896, 851, 858; + Woman's Bible res., 852; + A.'s sp. against, 853; + conv. of 1897 in Des Moines, 901; + sends greeting on A.'s birthday, 907; + an officer 55 yrs. without salary, 925. + + NATURALIZATION, as applied to men and to women, 983; + what rights it confers, 986 (see Citizenship, Immigrants). + + NEGROES, A. first sees, 17; + objects to treatment in church, 39; + takes tea with, 40; + inferiority declared, 78; + comments on in Washtn. in 1854, 118; + humiliation of, 152; + resolutions on at Teachers' Conv., 155; + efforts to free by emancipation, 226 et seq.; + placed above women, 240; + A.'s work for in Kas., 243; + A. addresses in Kansas and Mo., 248, 249; + their relation to church, 249; + after the War, 255; + Purvis on "negro's hour," 258; + Phillips and Tilton declare their rights paramount to women's, 261; + women sacrificed to, 266; + "the negro's hour," 267-270; + Lucretia Mott on, 268; + Purvis refuses to put negroes before women, 269; + oppose suff. for women, 275; + women sacrificed for, 284; + treachery to women, 286; + leading men declare this is negro's hour, 300; + women abandoned for, 304; + position of black woman, 304; + oppose women on own platform, 314; + A.'s attitude toward, 315; + effect of suffrage on, will lead to outrages, 318; + placed above women, 323; + A. on "the negro's hour," 498; + amends. will fail to protect, 500; + Repubs. can not protect in use of ballot, 522; + A. on Douglass marriage and amalgamation, 586; + A. addresses in Atlanta and S. C., 812; + no better treated in North than South, 815; + discharges stenog. who refuses to serve, 816; + in Calif. campaign, 868, 875; + A. addresses church in San Fr., 834; + speaks at church fair, 860; + Pres. Johnson's proclam. disfranchising, 960; + A. protests, 961 et seq.; + "colonization" proposed, 962; + efforts of States to disfranchise, testimony refused in courts, + imprisoned for debt, 964; + long-continued misrepresentations of, 965; + ballot only guarantee of freedom, 966; + rights as citizens, 979; + discussion of right to vote, 979 et seq.; + status compared to married white women, 987; + failure of attempts to deport, 1010; + Repubs. approve A.'s demand for negro but not for woman suff., 1015; + Mrs. Stanton declares 14th amend. will not protect in right to vote, + 1016 (see Anti-Slavery, Slavery). + + NEWSPAPERS, list used in writ. Biog., vii; treatment of early demand + for Woman's Rights, 61, 77-83, 89-92, 264, 267, 271, 272, 367, 504; + comment on A.'s voting, 424; + on her trial, 441; + on paying debts of _The Revolution_, 473; + wide notice of A., 502; + changed tone of press, 503, 752, 929; + her apprec. of its power, 510, 904; + efforts for woman's paper, 509; + kindness to reporters, 583, 904; + papers emphasize trivial things, 617; + on dress and woman suff., 651; + reporters of early days, 654; + endless requests for A.'s opinions, 740, 753, 803, 925; + to write for "women's editions," 803; + hysterical editors, 839; + on A.'s illness in 1895, 841; + A. on "yellow journals," 923; + desire for Wom. Suff. Press Bureau, 939; + at Anthony Reunion, 942; + birthday comment, 972; + on A.'s sp. before trial, 993 (see Interviews, _The Revolution_). + + ALABAMA, Birmingham, _News_, 809; + Huntsville, _Evening Tribune_, 809. + + ARKANSAS, Little Rock, _The Woman's Chronicle_, 722. + + CALIFORNIA, on A.'s first visit in 1871, 392, 404, 405; + of South. Calif. in 1895, 834; + in woman suff. campaign of 1896, 866-869; + 9,000 clippings, 868; + Alameda, 868, 891; + Berkeley, 868; + Oakland, _Enquirer_, 834; 868; + Los Angeles, 868; + _Times_, unfriendly to women, 834; + caricatures A., 868; + Sacramento, _Record-Union_, 868; + San Diego, _Union_, 833; 868; + San Jose, _Mercury_, 394; 868; + San Francisco, _Bulletin_, 829; + has suff. dept., 866; + _Call_, 829, 866; + work for woman suff. in St. Repub. Conv., 869; + women delegates before com., 870; + report smothered in Dem. Conv., 873; + women's mass meet., 878; + ceases support, 885; + _Chronicle_, A.'s banquet in 1871, 405; + Woman's Cong., 828, 829; + action in woman suff. campaign, 867; + _Examiner_, Woman's Cong., 829; + action in woman suff. campaign, 867; + work for woman suff. in Dem. St. Conv., 872; + _Monitor_, 867; + _Post_, 829; + assists woman suff. campaign, 866; + _Report_, same, 866; + _Star_, 868; + _Voice of Labor_, 868. + + COLORADO, press supports woman suff. in 1893, 753; + Denver, _News_, trib. to A., 388; 821; + Colorado women indebted to, 822; + rep. of lecture, 823; + _Times_, 822; + _Tribune_, 388. + + CONNECTICUT, Hartford, _Courant_, 339; + _Post_, 333. + + DAKOTA, SOUTH, 688. + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington, _Capital_, 486; + _Daily Patriot_, 376; + _Kate Field's Washington_, 791; + _National Republican_, Wom. Suff. Conv. of 1871, 377; + petits. for woman suff., 485; + _Republic_, 542; + _Star_, A.'s meet, in 1854, 118; + petits. for woman suff., 1877, 485; + descript. of A. in 1889, 660; + 70th birthday, 665; + _Union_, 130; + _Woman's Campaign_, 509; + _Woman's Tribune_, Intl. Council numbers, 633; 641; + A.'s 70th birthday number, 671. + + GEORGIA, Atlanta, _Constitution_, Natl. Suff. Conv., 810; + A.'s and Miss Shaw's sp., 811; + _Sunny South_, 810. + + ILLINOIS, country press on A.'s Social Purity lect., 469; + Chicago, _Agitator_, 321, 361; + _Daily News_, A. and _The Revolution_, 473; + the Skye terrier, 527; 531; + _Herald_, 651; + A. like Pope, 840; + _Inter-Ocean_, Mary H. Krout on A. at Columb. Expos., 751; + _Journal_, 757; + _Legal News_, trib. to A., 346; + A.'s trial, 443, 757; + _Republican_, 306; + _Tribune_, A.'s reticence and truthfulness, 462; + interview with, 505; + fine tribute to, 549; + sp. at Press Cong., 750; + _Union Signal_, Miss Willard's trib. to A., 638; + grandeur of loneliness, 725; + _Voice_, 844; + Springfield, _Republic_, 517. + + INDIANA, Indianapolis, _News_, 866; + _Sentinel_, 517; + _Times_, 547; + Terre Haute, _Express_, 503. + + IOWA, Sioux City, _Daily Times_, 387. + + KANSAS, Iola, _Register_, 778; + Kansas City, _Journal_, 550; + Leavenworth, _Commercial_, 292; + _Times_, 787; + Topeka, _State Journal_, 789; + Wichita, _Eagle_, 841. + + KENTUCKY, Richmond, _Herald_, 504. + + LOUISIANA, New Orleans, _Daily States_, 598; + _Picayune_, trib. to A., 597; + on her lectures, 807; + _Times-Democrat_, 598; + Shreveport, _Times_, 808. + + MAINE, Bangor, _Jeffersonian_, 154; + Ellsworth, _American_, 154. + + MARYLAND, Baltimore, _Sun_, interview bet. A. and Doolittle, 417; + A.'s presiding, 637. + + MASSACHUSETTS, Adams, _Freeman_, 942; + Boston, _Anti-Slavery Standard_, 174, 188, 214, 233, 245; + Pillsbury made editor, 246; 251, 252, 261; + attitude toward woman suff., 262; + same, 265, 268, 269; + A.'s assistance, 263; 275; + women aid, 297; + _Commonwealth_, 297; + _Congregationalist_, 198; + _Globe_, trib. to A., 534; + a woman President, 725; + _Liberator_, 174, 188, 214, 233, 251; + _Traveller_, Natl. Suff. Conv., 533; + Lillian Whiting on A.'s birthday, 672; + _Woman's Journal_, 361, 419; + Worcester, _Spy_, 994. + + NEWSPAPERS--_Continued._ + MICHIGAN, press on A.'s speeches in 1874, 460; + in 1893, 740; + Bay City, _Tribune_, 740; + Detroit, _Free Press_, 345; + Grand Rapids, _Times_, 504. + + MISSOURI, + St. Louis, _Globe-Democrat_, A.'s personality, 469; + same, 506; + her sp. when flowers were presented, 507; + _Post_, 495; + _Republic_, 925. + + NEBRASKA, Omaha, _Bee_, 544; + _Herald_, 544; + _Republican_, 544. + + NEW YORK, press on woman suff. in campaign of 1894, 763; + Albany, _Journal_, 65; + _Law Journal_, 443; + _Register_, 141; + Auburn, _Bulletin_, 993; + _Daily Advertiser_, 714; + Binghamton, _Republican_, 156; + Brooklyn, _Times_, 651; + Buffalo, _Commercial_ 271; + _Express_, trib. to A., 473; + A. and Spiritualists, 773; + Canandaigua, _Times_, 441; + Dundee, _Record_, 200; + Elmira, _Advertiser_, 803; + _Free Press_, 542; + Fayetteville, _National Citizen_, 510, 530; + Geneva, _Courier_, 993; + New York City, _Business Women's Journal_, 757; + _Christian Advocate_, 727; + _Democrat_, 384; + _Commercial Advertiser_, abuses temp. women in 1853, 90; + on A.'s voting, 425; + same, 994; + _Courier_, abuses temp. women in 1853, 91; + trib. to A., 973; + _Evening Mail_, 973; + _Evening Post_, 83, 103, 195; + op. woman suff., 267; + same, 771; + A.'s trial, 994; + _Evening Telegram_, 581; + _Globe_, 973; + _Graphic_, cartoons A., 424; + trib. to A., 473; + absurd comment, 528; + _Harper's Weekly_, 771; + _Hearth and Home_, 339; + _Herald_, attacks suff. advocates, 78, 306; + trib. to A. and suff. conv., 458; + A.'s birthday, 973; + _Home Journal_, 297; + _Independent_, 192; + "the spider crab," 252; 275; + fails the women, 281; + _The Revolution_ and its editors, 296; + Mary Clemmer's trib. to A., 340; + on Senators receiving women's petitions, 485; + A.'s birthday, 974; + _Organ_, 91, 97; + _Outlook_, 766; + _Recorder_, 771; + _Standard_, 384; + _Sun_, abuses temp. women in 1853, 90; + Democrats and woman suff. plank, 305; + A.'s voting, 425; + her trial, 442, 462; 530, 651; + birthday banq., 665; + on petit. for woman suff., 760; + Mrs. Stanton's articles, 763; 848; + _Times_, 157; + _The Revolution_ and editors, 295; + A.'s depart. for Europe, 550; + birthday, 972; + _Tribune_, 61; + rep. of first woman's temp. conv., 66; 83; + sustains woman's right to speak, 89, 101, 102; 103; + assists A., 122; 147, 157; + Wom. Rights Conv., mob rule, 1859, 174; 195; + ridicules woman suff., 267; 275; + refuses to print Mrs. Stanton's name, 280; + woman suff. in Kas., 281; + Wm. Winter's trib. to A., 323; + charges "free love," 383; + compliments A., 384; + on birthday, 972; + _Whig_, 131; + _World_, abuses suff. pioneers, 264, 306; + A.'s birthday, 341; + art. against woman suff., 497; + on A.'s presiding, 637; + N. Y. City women in 1894, 764; + Nelly Bly interview with A., 858; + A.'s trial, 995; + Rochester, _Democrat and Chronicle_, 145, 423; + A.'s trial, 442; + truthfulness, 462; + trib. to A., 473; + 30th Wom. Rights Anniv., 496; + A.'s lect. on Bread and Ballot, 546; + her impressions of Europe, 581; + 70th birthday, 673; + appoint. to office and Chamber of Commerce sp., 731; + favors woman suff., 762; + A. and Popu. party, 791; + 77th birthday, 905; + Mary A.'s birthday, 915; + A.'s sp. before trial, 993; + _Herald_, 542; + A.'s housewarming, 707; + A.'s birthday, 906; + Mary A.'s birthday, 915; + _North Star_, 59; + _Post-Express_, A.'s voting, 424, 425; + trib. to A., 428; + on paying debts of _Revolution_, 473; + on "quality and quantity," 766; + on 77th birthday celebr., 906; + Rochester's opinion of A., 995; + _Union and Advertiser_, before the War, 145; + on women's voting in 1872, 424; + calls A. corruptionist, 436; + Rondout, _Courier_, 124; + Seneca Falls, _Lily_, 114, 188; + Syracuse, _Journal_, 77; + _Standard_, 72, 77, 729; + _Star_, abuses suffragists, 77; + same, 79; + other papers, 729; + Troy, _Times_, 272; + Utica, _Herald_, 367; + _Observer_, A.'s trial, 443; + trib. to A., 473; + _Evening Telegraph_, 83. + + OHIO, Cincinnati, _Commercial_, _The Revolution_ and its editors, + 301; + trib. to A., 519; + _Enquirer_, on _The Revolution_, 296; + A.'s paying debts, 473; + _Times-Star_, 582; + Cleveland, _Leader_, A. and woman of future, 582; + sp. to W. C. T. U., 800; + Dayton, _Herald_, 331; + Toledo, _Ballot Box_, 509; + _Blade_, on A.'s voting, 425; 509. + + OREGON, Portland, _Bulletin_, 397; + _Herald_, 397; + _New Northwest_, 398; + _Oregonian_, 397. + + PENNSYLVANIA, Philadelphia, _Press_, Grace Greenwood on first suff. + conv. in Washtn., 314; + A.'s appeal to Congressl. Com., 376; + Mrs. Woodhull, 377; + Forney on woman suff., 487; + _Sunday Republic_, 489; + _Times_, 547; + Pittsburg, _Leader_, 995. + RHODE ISLAND, Providence, _Una_, 188. + SOUTH CAROLINA, Columbia, _The Pine Tree State_, 812. + TENNESSEE, Memphis, _Appeal_, 807; + _Avalanche_, A.'s dress, 651; 807; + _Scimitar_, 807; + Nashville, _American_, 928. + WASHINGTON, Olympia, _Standard_, 401; + Seattle, _Despatch_, 401. + WYOMING, Cheyenne, _Tribune_, 387. + BRITISH COLUMBIA, Victoria, _Colonist_, 402. + FRANCE, _La Citoyenne, La Femme_, 562; + _Le Soir_, 561. + ITALY, Rome, _Italian Times_, 561. + + NON-PARTISANSHIP, A. declares for in 1869, 315; + in 1872, 416, 419, 422; + in 1878, 497, 498; + in 1880, 523; + on importance of, 657, 683; + of Natl. Wom. Suff. Assn., 757; + A.'s in Calif, campaign, 879; + scores N. Y. women for going into partisan politics, 928. + + + ORGANIZATIONS OF WOMEN, Daught. of Temp. in Canajoharie, 53; + in Rochester, 62; + snubbed at Albany, hold own meet., 64, 65; + N. Y. Wom. St. Temp. Soc., 68, 69, 87, 92, 95; + N. Y. Working-woman's Assn. in 1868, 307; + meet. at Cooper's Institute for Hester Vaughan, 309, 310; + Assn. for Advance. of Women, 446; + Harriet Hosmer on women's clubs, 655; + Genl. Fed. of Wom. Clubs, 720, 877; + Daught. Am. Rev., 919; + Buffalo, Educat. and Indust. Union, 741; + Scribblers' Club, 803; + Chicago, Jewish Woman's Council, 921; + Woman's Club, 821, 896, 902; + Denver, Woman's Club, 822; + Des Moines, Woman's Club, 903; + Los Angeles, Friday Morn. Club, 862; + Memphis, 807; + Minneapolis, Woman's Council, 929; + New Orleans, Woman's Club, 597; + Portia, 807; + Arena, 808; + New York, Woman's Suff. League, 802; + Press Club, 924; + Sorosis, 307, 654, 704, 924; + Oakland, Ebell, 831, 876; + Orange, Woman's Club, 924; + Philadelphia, New Century, 705, 753, 799; + Portland (Ore.), Woman's Club, Woman's Union, 877; + Rochester, Educat. and Indust. Union, 901; + Ignorance, 709; + Political Equality, 651, 658, 698, 707, 739, 849, 860, 895, 915, 917; + clubs in Roch. give recep. to A., 905, 906; + San Diego, 833, 862; + San Francisco, 830; + Century and others, 876; + Seattle, Woman's Century, 877; + Shreveport, Hypatia, 808; + Syracuse, Political Equality, 762; + Topeka, Equal Suff., 786; + Washington, Wimodaughsis, 700, 718; + London (Eng.), Somerville, 564, 567; + Natl. Wom. Suff. Soc., 564 + (see those specially mentioned). + + + PASSES, R. R., furnished by Senator Stanford, 390; + by D. R. Anthony, 796; + by Mrs. Stanford, 830, 888. + + PERSECUTIONS, viii, 190, 299, 301, 929 + (see Mobs, Newspapers, Pioneers, Temperance). + + PERSONAL APPEARANCE, of grandmother, 6; + of mother, 9; + of A. in 1846, 50; + in 1851, 64; 113; + in 1855, 124; + in 1857, 154; 264, 273; + in 1869, 302, 316; 333, 342, 346; + in 1876, 469; 504, 505, 506; + child's opinion, 577; 582, 583; + in 1886, 605; 637, 638, 660, 714, 729, 751; + in 1896, 858; 928, 933, 973. + + PETITIONS, for Maine Law, 70, 71; + presented to Legis., 81; + for property rights, guard. of children and suff., 105, 108; + presented, 109; + continued, 111; + insulting recep. in 1856, 140; + Mrs. Stanton and A. for civil and polit. rights of women, in 1860, + 175; + A.'s sacrifices for, 190; + to emancipate slaves, 230 et seq.; + to N. Y. Constl. Conv. for woman suff., 262, 263, 264; + to Cong. to include women in 14th Amend., 265; + for woman suff. to N. Y. Constitl. Conv., 278; + Greeley checkmated, 279; + of 80,000 women to vote in 1871, 378, 431; + A.'s to Cong. to remit fine for voting, 449, 450; + in 1876-7 for 16th Amend., dif. of opinion, 483-485; + Mary Clemmer describes recep. in Cong., 485; + in 1879, 500; + comments of Mary Clemmer, 501; + great number in 1880, 511; + to Natl. Repub. Conv. of 1880, 517; + preserved by Chicago Hist. Soc., 518; + to Greenback-Labor, 518; + to Democratic, 519; + to Prohib., 520; + vast number of women for suff., 589; + for and against suff. in 1887, 620; + for represent. of women at Columb. Expos., 743, 744; + in N. Y. campaign of 1894, 760; + eminent signers, 764; + vast numbers, 766, 767, 773; + of antis, 766; + for woman suff. in Calif., 873, 888; + for woman suff. ignored in Cong., 970; + of Chicago women for Liquor Law, 1012. + + PHRENOLOGY, A. in 1837, 30; + chart of head, 85. + + PICKPOCKETS, A.'s pocket picked at Saratoga, 121; + at Chicago by woman, 249. + + PIONEERS, persecution and abuse, viii, 69 et seq., 76 et seq., 83 et + seq., 88 et seq., 101, 107; 138; + A.'s pioneer work, 190; + life in Kas., 247, 248, 284; + Mrs. Hooker's tribute to, 334; + first speakers for woman suff., 369; 384; + Mary L. Booth on, 615; + Sarah B. Cooper, 616; + Miss Willard, 638; + A. in temperance, 643; + products of, 765, 822, 848; 944, 973. + + PLANKS, woman suff. refused by Natl. Liberal Conv. in 1872, 415; + Natl. Repub. adopts, 416; + Natl. Dem. refuses, 417, 418; + in natl. polit. convs. of 1876, 476; + convs. of 1880, 518, 519; + adopted by Prohib., 520; + in 1884, 594; + in Repub. Natl. platform of 1888 not intended for women, 642; + the one presented by Natl. Suff. Assn. to Rep. Conv. of 1892 for + adoption, 723; + the one adopted, 724; + Prohibs. have woman suff. plank, 726; + for woman suff, adopted by Kas. Repubs., 726; + action of Popu. Natl. Conv. in 1892, 727; + struggle to secure woman suff. plank from Kas. Repubs. in 1894, + 777-787; + A.'s great sp. demanding planks, 784, 785; + action of Popu. Conv., 787-790; + text of plank adopted, 789; + Prohib. Conv. adopts one, 790; + A.'s joy over, 792; + for woman suff. by St. Repub. Conv. of Calif. in 1894, 863; + action of St. polit. convs. in Calif. on woman suff. in 1896, + 869-874; + on women, adopted by Repub. Natl. Conv. of 1896, contempt of women + for it, 880; + Gen. Harrison asked to include women in that of Repub. plat. in + 1888, 1013; + planks in polit. plat. necessary for woman suff., 1015 et seq. + (see Political Parties). + + POEMS, Berkshire Hills, 1, 13; 63; + on Bloomers, 113; + Phoebe Cary on A.'s 50th birthday, 342; + "Old Gal" in Oregon, 397; 668; 804; + to A. in Calif., 881; + A.'s remarks on poetry, 921; 937, 944. + + POLITICAL PARTIES, Whigs, A.'s grandfather, 5; + in Boston, 42; 44, 59, 121, 149; + Know Nothings, 121, 149; + A. repudiates proposed party of Mrs. Woodhull and others, 413; + attitude of parties toward women, 506; + Greenback-Labor, 518; 584; + in 1884, 594; + A. on third parties, 622; + action in Col. on woman suff., 780; + action in Idaho, 879; + action in Calif., 878, 884; + A. on women's power to help reform parties, 898; + workingmen in Eng. toward, 998; + same and negroes in U. S., 999 + (see Non-Partisanship, Planks, Democrats, Republicans and other + parties). + + POLYGAMY, A.'s views on, 388-390. + + POPULISTS, natl. conv. of 1892, res. com. refuses to hear A. and Miss + Shaw, action on woman suff., 726, 727; + on woman suff. in Col., 753; + Kas. St. Conv. in 1894 on woman suff. plank, 787-790; + excitement over A.'s and Miss Shaw's endors., 788-791; + A.'s attitude toward, 788, 791, 794; + results of campaign, 796, 797; + press in Calif. in favor of woman suff., 868; + St. Conv. adopts plank, 872; + invite A. to address ratifi. meet., 878; + in Idaho, 879; + attitude toward woman speakers in Calif., 883; + silenced by Democrats, 884, 885; + in Alameda Co., 891; + for woman suff. in Col., 1017; + in Kas., 1018; + adopt res. for, 1021. + + POSTMASTERS, women, Grant appoints first, 418, 455. + + PRAYER, 44; + cannot replace votes, 457; + meet. in Natl. Capitol, Mrs. Stanton on, 494; + and politics, 643; + A.'s ideas in regard to, 709; + practice, 859; + thinks it would have little effect on voters, 923. + + PRESIDENTS, Martin Van Buren, 41, 42; + A. on woman, 119; + Buchanan's adminis., 150; + Lincoln in 1861, 207, 213; + criticised by A., 227; + delays to free slaves, 227; + address to from Wom. Loyal League, 229, 957; + Johnson's incapacity, 255; + he subscribes for _The Revolution_, 297; + Grant and Wilson, 418; + Grant remits inspectors' fines, 453; + appoints women postmasters, 455; + Hayes ignores women in message, 499; + receives delegates, 500; + Garfield on woman suff., 520, 521; + A. asks candidates' views on, 521; + urges Arthur to recommend woman suff., 538; + he receives suff. delegates, 588; + Cleveland receives Intl. Council of Women, 637; + Boston _Globe_ on women, 725; + Hayes favors woman suff., 757; + Johnson's proclam. to Miss. in 1865, 960; + A. scores him for, 961 et seq.; + power of to create voters, 965, 966; + Lincoln always governed by voice of people, 967; + Grant on 15th Amend., 991; + Harrison urged to include women in letter of acceptance, 1013. + + PROFESSIONS (see Industries). + + PROHIBITIONISTS, natl. conv. adopts woman suff. plank in 1880, 520; + Natl. Alliance invites A., 537; + A. scores for refusing woman suff. plank in 1884, 594; + Miss Willard asks A.'s advice as to plank, her answer, 622; + A.'s speech does not please, 644; + in S. Dak., 657, 681, 683; + took best men out of Congress, 709; + adopt woman suff. plank in 1892, 726; + Kas. St. Conv. adopts woman suff. plank, 790; + vote for it, 797; + woman suff. more important, 857; + St. Conv. in Calif, adopts woman suff. plank, 872; + A. objects to connecting prohibit. with woman suff. campaign, 882. + + PRONOUNS, masculine and feminine, 982, 983, 990. + + PROPERTY RIGHTS FOR WOMEN, first law for, 58; + common law, 74; + women first work for, 82; + convention and petitions for, 105; + A. canvasses for, 105, 108; + petitioners abused, 109; + A.'s argument for, 110; + arranges series of convs., 110; + hard work of canvass, 111; + bill secured from N. Y. Legis. in 1860, 189; + owed to suffragists, 549; + in England, 563 + (see Laws, Marriage). + + PUBLIC CAREER, A.'s reasons for entering, 57 et seq.; + fairly begun, 64; + gradual transformation, 107; 925. + + + QUAKERS, evolution of A., viii, 107; + Anthony family, 6; + Hicksites, 7; + "high seat," 6, 19, 57; + home schools, 9; + object to marriage of A.'s father, 10; + on music, 10, 11, 23; + discipline A.'s father for dress, 20; + for allowing dancing, 36; + attitude toward children, 21; + toward taxes, 37; + father disowned, 37; 44; + in Rochester, 48; + A. first away from, 50; + reformers, on voting, 61; + attitude toward women, 93; + toward capital punish., 165; + A. and young preacher, 177; + never fail A., 181; + meet, at Waterloo, 197; 201, 216; + John Bright, 565; + in England, 569, 571; + in Ireland, 572; + settled all questions discussed in "Robert Elsmere," 648; + Mrs. Mendenhall, 660; + view of Bible, 856; + A. member of, 933; + feelings of ancients if they could come back in 1897, 941; + old meeting house of Anthony family, 947. + + + RECEPTIONS AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONS, in 1839, 36; + temp. supper in 1849, 53; + temp. festival in Rochester in 1851, 62; + at Lydia Mott's, 173; + with Cary sisters, 343, 358; + A.'s 50th birthday, 341; + in New York in 1870, 368; + to pardoned election inspectors, 453; + in San Fran. in 1871, 405; + in New York in 1873, 435; + in Washtn., 512; + in Indpls., 517; + in Washtn. in 1881, 527; + in Boston, 535; + in Washtn., 1882, 541; + in St. Louis, 546; + A.'s 73d birthday in Phila., 546; + in London, 555, 563-568; + Rachel Foster recd. by Queen, A.'s remarks, 562; + in Edinburgh, 569; + at home of Harriet Martineau, 571; + in Ireland, 572; + in London, 577; + in Liverpool, 579; + in New Orleans, 597; + in Racine, 611; + in Indpls., 623; + Mrs. Ingalls', 626; + to Intl. Council of Women in 1888, 637; + in Chicago, 641; + in Washtn., 647; + in St. Louis, 649; + at Park Hotel, New York, 651; + Akron, O., 652; + Seidl Club at Brighton Beach, newspaper account, 653, 654; + 70th birthday dinner, 672; + in Washtn., A. appreciates value of, 677; + in Ft. Scott, 697; + in Rochester, 698; + of Natl. Council, 702; 704; + in Phila., 705; + in A.'s own home, 707; + in Washtn., 718; + in Chicago, 720; + in Senate chamber, Topeka, 726; + in Washtn., 739; + at Columb. Expos., 744, 746, 750, 751; + in New York, 753; + in Ann Arbor, 755; + in Syracuse, 752; + New Century Club, Phila., 799; + in N. Y., 802; + New year's in Roch., 806; + in Ky., 806; + in Memphis, 807; 809; + in Atlanta, 810; + in Columbia, 812; + in Washtn., 814; + in St. Louis, 821; + in Denver, 821, 822; + in Cheyenne, 823; + in Salt Lake, 824, 825; + in Calif., 830-834; + in New York, 849; + in Washtn., 858; + in San Diego and Los Angeles, 862; + in Stockton, 872; + in North. Calif., 876, 877; + in Portland, 877; + in Seattle, 878; + in Des Moines, 903; + in Indpls., 903; + in Rochester, 895; + in Boston, 895; + in Providence, 896; + in Nashville, 927, 928; + Anthony reunion in 1897, 942. + + RECONSTRUCTION, A.'s speech on in 1865, 247; + trying period, 255; + A. opposes on basis of male suff., 276; + protest against it, 277; + A.'s sp. in Kas. in 1865, 960. + + REFORMERS, A. encouraged to join, 57; + meet at Anthony home, 60; + pictures of in A.'s study, 935; + always stoned, women grow more tender, 945; + few live to succeed, 948. + + RELIGION (see Church, God, Humanities, Infidelity, Immortality, etc.) + + REMINISCENCES of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 712, 951. + + REPORTS, adverse of N. Y. Constitl. Conv. on woman suff., 280; + Anna Dickinson on, 280; + adverse Congressl. of 1871, strong minority of B. F. Butler and + others, 382; + Senate adverse, 1872, 411; + A.'s trial for voting, where found, 436, 446; + Cong. on A.'s petition to remit fine for voting, Tremaine's, + Butler's, Edmunds', Carpenter's, 450-453; + U. S. Senators in 1879 in favor of report for 16th Amend., 500, 501; + for and against in 1882 and 1883, 543; + Congressl. Coms. on woman suff. in 1884, Reed's opinion, 590; + A.'s and Mrs. Stanton's toil over report of Natl. Suff. Conv., 592; + Congressl. Coms. in 1886, 607; + coms. on union of two suff. assns., 630; + of Intl. Council of Women, 637; + A.'s financial report of 1888, 642; + Congressl., first in favor of 16th Amend., 699, 700; + on 16th Amend. in 1891, 718; + great N. Y. campaign of 1894, 760, 772; + com. in constitl. conv. on woman suff., 770, 771; + woman suff. in Calif. Dem. Conv. "smothered," but finally presented, + 873, 874; + Mrs. Sargent's, as pres. Calif. St. Suff. Assn., tribute to A., 892. + + REPRESENTATION, BASIS OF, declared by 14th Amend., 250; + but one true basis, 260; + shall be citizenship, 310; + women counted in and refused suff., 499; + Pres. Johnson's act, 961-963; + suff. should form, 970 (see Taxation). + + REPRESENTATION, INDIRECT, 74, 279, 491, 590, 771. + + REPUBLIC, how it differs from monarchy, 982. + + REPUBLICANS, birth of party, 121; + A. attends first meet., 133; + growth of party, 149; + attitude in 1861, 207, 210, 211, 212; + efforts for emancip. of slaves, 226, 235; + in Kas. in 1865, 248; 255; + for negro suff., 256; + refuse to stand for woman suff., 265; + press opposed, 266, 267; + continued refusal, 269; + oppose woman suff. amend, in Kas. in 1867, 275; 276; + Curtis defends party, 280; + its leaders sacrifice women, 281; + their record in Kas., 281; + official action to defeat woman suff. amend., 283; + a few stand by women, 284; + results, 291; + press comment, 293; 304; + Natl. Conv. snubs women, 305; 311; + A. on attitude of leaders, 315; + all believe in woman suff., 317; + position in 1870, 365, 366; + in 1871, 381; + Mrs. Stanton and Mrs. Hooker on, 382; + in Wyoming, 407, 411; + party expediency, 409; + plank of Natl. Conv. in 1872, 416; + A. urged to support and partly agrees, 416, 417; + sends out address, 418; + criticised but rejoices, 419; + Mrs. Stanton pessimistic, 420; + Henry Wilson encourages, 420; + com. sends for A., plank ignored, 421; + women speak, 422; + A. offends by sticking to suff. instead of politics, 422; + on A.'s registering to vote, 426; + woman's plank in Natl. Conv. of 1876, 476; + A. on woman's allegiance to, 497, 498; + support woman's paper, 509; + cannot fool the women, 516; + refuse women recognition at Natl. Conv. of 1880, some delegates + dissent, 518; + Garfield discusses their attitude toward woman suff., 521; + A. reviews their position and urges him to rise above party, 522; + A. hopes they will finally help women, 524; + voting record in Congress on woman suff., 584, 585; + A. and Mrs. Stanton advise women to work for, 594; + A. shows record on woman suff., 623; + suffragists appeal in vain to Natl. Conv. of 1888, 641; + ladies interview Harrison, Estee destroys their hopes, 642; + treatment of woman suff. in S. Dak., 687; + Natl. Conv. Com. of 1892 grants hearing to A., but cannot carry + plank, 723; + women delegates present, 724; + Kas. St. Conv. greets A., adopts woman suff. plank, Ingalls + endorses, 726; + on woman suff. in Col., 753; + in N. Y. refuse to elect women delegates, 758; + A.'s name refused, 759; + N. Y. St. Conv. refuses woman suff. plank, 774; + woman's connection with in Kas., 778; + attitude of Kas. politicians in 1894, 778-787; + same, 794; + same, 797; + their early record, 779; + political work with women, 778-784; + Woman's Assn. in Kas., 778, 783, 785; + A. states her attitude toward, 792; + A. repudiates in Kas., 793, 794; + their part in defeating suff. amend., 797; + favor woman suff. in Calif., 863; + St. conv. declares for it, 869-871; + invite A. to address ratification meeting, 878; + in Idaho, 879; + Natl. Conv. in 1896 rejects A.'s plank, adopts ridiculous + substitute, 879; + anger of women, 880; + treachery of Central Com. in Calif., 883, 884; + the orators silent, Thos. B. Reed fails the women, 885; + in Alameda Co., 891; + United States Senators put "male" in Constitu., 970; + Natl. Conv. of 1872 on equal rights, 991; + enfranchised negroes and received their support, 999; + Gen. Harrison asked to include women in platform adopted by Natl. + Conv. of 1888, 1013; + approve of negro but not of woman suff., 1015; + action on 14th Amend., 1016; + Mrs. Stanton tells cannot protect black men, 1016; + opp. woman suff. in Kas. in 1867, 1016, 1017; + approve in Col. in 1893, 1017; + give prohib. in Kas., 1017; + also munic. suff, for women, 1017; + for full suff., 1018; + in Congress, 1018; + Kas. League of Rep. Clubs refuses to endorse, 1018; + must choose between women and low constituents, 1019; + would drive women to Populists, 1020; + adopt res. for woman suff., 1021. + + RESOLUTIONS, on Bible, 76; + equal pay for women teachers in 1853, 100; + color question in schools, 155; + coeducation in 1857, 155; + Mrs. Stanton on Divorce, 193; + National Loyal League in 1863, 227; + women's as well as negroes' rights, 229; + for an Equal Rights Assn., 259, 260; + A. on proposed 14th Amend, in 1867, 276; + Kas. Repubs. to defeat woman suff. amend, in 1867, 283; + Equal Rights Assn. censuring A. and Mrs. Stanton, 300; + same advising them to go to Democrats, 305; + of Labor Congress in 1868, 307; + in Hester Vaughan's case, for jury of women, 309; + in Cong, in 1868 for woman suff., 310, 311; + 15th Amend, dispute in Equal Rights Assn., 323, 324; + Mrs. Livermore on "free love," 324; + on woman's right to vote under 14th Amend., 331; + Ingersoll on equal laws for women, 345; + in 1871 on right of women to vote under 14th Amend., 377; + indirectly on "free love," 384; + declaring 14th and 15th Amends, enfranchise women, 410; + attempt to secure res. from Natl. Liberal Conv. of 1872, 415; + personal rights and criminal prosecution of A. for voting, 431; + trial of A., 434; + exclusion of women from Centennial, 474; + treatment of woman's petitions by Cong., ignoring of women in Pres. + Hayes' message, tyranny of Fed. Govt. over women, etc., 499; + res. for woman suff. by Greenback party, 519; + A.'s departure for Europe, 548; + disfranch. of Utah women, 607; + Blair's on 16th Amend., 617; + Am. Wom. Suff. Assn. on union with Natl., 627; + Farmers' Alliance and Knights of Labor in S. Dak. on woman suff., + 686; + Natl. Popu. Conv. adopts woman suff., 727; + of N. Y. Anti-Suff. Society in 1894, 765; + on woman suff. proposed by Kas. politician, 778; + wom. suff. endorsed by Repub. and Popu. parties in Kas., 784; + of Kas. Wom. Repub. Assn., 785; + woman suff. res. refused by Kas. Repub. St. Conv., 786; + res. against in Dem. St. Conv., 796; + A. on women's refusing to help men while "male" is in Constitu., 839; + on Woman's Bible by Natl. Suff. Assn., 853; + on woman suff. at Dem. St. Conv. in Calif, in 1896, 874; + Repubs. and Populists in Kas. adopt res. for woman suff., 1021. + + REUNION OF ANTHONY FAMILY in Adams, Mass., in 1897, 939-947. + + REVOLUTION, woman suff. will cause, 620; + impossible for women, 918; + excusable only in enslaved, 1002; + women driven to it in temp, work, 1003. + + REVOLUTION, THE, first notice of, 290; + A.'s delight, 294; + paper started, editors and editorials, financial struggle, etc., + 295-311; + petitions for woman suff., 313; + Train withdraws from, 319; + offices moved, 320; + end of paper, 354-364; + prospectus, Alice Gary's story, its contributors, 359; + A. will pay immense debt, 362; + efforts to do so, 441, 459, 460, 468; + last dollar paid, 472; + comments of press, 473; 509, 655, 951. + + RIGGS HOUSE, home of A. for 12 winters, 512; + loses home there, 705. + + + SCHOOL LIFE, of father at "Nine Partners'," 8; + of mother, 9; + in Anthony home, 9, 19, 22, 23, 35; + A. in boarding school, 24-34. + + SCRAP BOOKS, used in writing Biog., vii, 910; + begun in 1855, 125; + of N. Y. campaign, 762; + visit to Calif., 837. + + SCULPTURE, A. will have statue in Washtn., 669; + bust of A. by Adelaide Johnson, 677; + Mrs. Stanton by same, 713; + of A. by Lorado Taft, amusing corres., 721, 722; + A.'s face carved on theater, 733; + proposed statue of Mrs. Schuyler, 734; + Harriet Hosmer's Lincoln, 821; + A.'s statuette by Bessie Potter, 862; + in N. Y. Capitol, 949; + would have bronze if not a woman, 973. + + SEASICKNESS, 395, 552, 555. + + SEX DISTINCTIONS, 69, 74. 76; + woman inferior by nature, 78; 79, 84, 89, 90, 93, 109; + let man compare woman's position with his, 169; 306, 324; + Kentucky editor's view, 504; + God intended none, 945. + + SLAVERY, in N. Y., 17; + in Washtn., 33; 38; + A.'s comments in 1839, 39; 59; + Fugitive Slave Law, underground R. R., 61; + A. on slaves in Washtn., 118; + transition period, 149; + A.'s speeches on, 153; 172, 173; + South. attitude on, 184; 204; + conditions in 1861, 207; + efforts to abolish by emancip., 226 et seq.; + A.'s appeals, 227, 230; + A. on slaveholders, 228; + Sumner on, 236; + abolished by 13th Amend., 238; + of woman, 333; 427; + for feeding fugitive slave, 440; + Purvis on A.'s part in abolishing, 547; + makes people unjust to each other, 844; + pictures in A.'s study, 934; + blighting effects on women and children, 957; + compact of U. S. Constitu. broken, 958; + under new form, 964 et seq.; + political slavery of white women, 966; + of wives and negro men, 987-989; + industrial in England, 996 + (see Anti-Slavery, Constitution, Negroes). + + SOCIAL EVIL, 53, 54; + coeducation leads to, 155; + A. blocks license of in N. Y., 273; + Mrs. Stanton on double standard, 379; + A. on same, 385; + compared to Mormonism, 390; + Fair-Crittenden case, 391; + woman suff. leads to, 401; + bill in San Fran., 404; + A.'s Social Purity lect., 468, 469; + woman's ballot needed, 500; + abroad, 555; + A. on Bethany Home, 656; + objects to punishing women and letting men go free, 815; + statistics, 1005; + ravages of disease, 1005; + attempts to license, 1006; + causes of, 1006; + poverty leads to, 1007; + in the home, 1009; + in Chicago, 1012. + + SOCIAL PURITY, A.'s strong speech in Chicago, St. Louis and other + places, distress of friends, comments of press, 468, 469, 472; + full speech, 1004. + + SOLITUDE OF SELF, wife needs, 134; + A. longs for, 168; + necessary in marriage, 179, 180; 216; + Mrs. Stanton's sp., 717. + + SOUTH, attitude before War, 184, 207; + view of Slavery and Woman's Rights, 183; 209, 210; + action of Legis. after War, 255; + Prohibitionists conciliate, 594; + A. urges its women to hold suff. conv., 722; + her interest in them, 740; + A. and Mrs. Catt make tour of, 806-810 + (see Negroes). + + SOUVENIR SPOON, 917. + + SPEECHES OF MISS ANTHONY, first ever made, 53; + Mrs. Stanton's help, 66; 77; + dislike of speaking, 82; + tour of N. Y. in 1853, 83; + in Teach. Conv., 98; + on pay of women, 102; 105; + bef. Legis. com. in 1854, 109; + first sp. in Washtn., 117; + trying exper., 119, 121; + in Oswego, Saratoga, no faith in self, 120; + first St. canvass, 123 et seq.; + at birthplace, 129; + does not speak for rich, begs help, 140; + struggle with sp. on Coeducation, 142; + different impressions made, 143; + at Saratoga in 1856, 143; + Lucy Stone encourages, 145; + feels discouraged, 151; + synopsis of Anti-Slav, sp., 153; + discards written ones, 153; + in Me., 154; + in Binghamton, 156; + Mrs. Stanton rejoices in, 157; + on Coeducation, friendly words, 164; + A.'s comp. to Mrs. Stanton's, their work together, 187; + on Marriage and Divorce, 194; + at Agr. Fair on modern farm life, 199; + sp. sometimes a failure, 216; + improves, 222; + in 1863 on Emancipation, 227; + on equal rights, 229; + on Reconstruction, 247; + to negroes, 248, 249; + demanding Equal Rights Assn., 260; + discriminations against women, 263; + inalienable right of suff., 278; + to women typesetters, 308; + at N. Y. Press Club on woman's proposing, 316; + strong sp. on 15th Amend., 323; + slavery of woman and need of ballot for wage-earners, 333; + at Congressl. hearing in 1870 on woman's right to vote under 14th + Amend., 338; + at 50th birthday recep., 343; + distrusts power to speak, 344; + appeal to Congressl. Com. in 1871, 376; + in the West, 387; + in Salt Lake City, 388-390; + in Calif., 391-394; + in Oregon, 396-400; + in Washtn. Ty., 401; + in Victoria, 402; + in Calif. again, 403-405; + woman's right to vote under 14th and 15th Amends., 410; + three ways of securing woman suff., 431; + right to vote under 14th Amend., 433; + great Constitl. Argument, 435, 436; + protest against conviction for voting, 439; + women's need to vote instead of sing and pray against liquor + traffic, 457; + on Social Purity, 468; + when flowers were presented in St. Louis, 507; + on Lucretia Mott, 527; + at 63d birthday reception on early comrades, would have worked the + same for man's enfranchis., 547; + in London, 564, 565, 566, 569; + in Edinburgh, 568; + at Congressl. hearing of 1884, for 16th Amend., 588; + injecting Bible in woman suff. discussions, 595; + at New Orleans in 1884, 597; + in Ills., 609; + in Kas., comments of press, incidents, 609-611; + spirit wouldn't soar, 611; + in Wis. Senate chamber, 612; + inconsistency of women, 623; + scores Sen. Ingalls, 625; + in Chicago in 1888, 641; + to W. C. T. U. in Columbus, O., no emotions, coldly recd., 643; + in Cincinnati, 648; + in Ark., St. Louis, Jefferson City, Leavenworth, 649; + to Seidl Club (N. Y.), 654; + nephew D. R. on sp. at Ann Arbor, 658; + at 70th birthday banquet, 668; + at Madison, S. Dak., 691; + West. N. Y. Fair, 711; + Thanksgiving services in 1891, 714; + Woman's Rights Annivers. in Salem, O., 722; + before Natl. Repub. Conv. Com., 724; + in Topeka, 726; + in Roch. Chamber of Commerce on munic. suff. for women, 731; + plea not to take annual suff. convs. from Washtn., 738; + in Mich, in 1893, 740; + great triumph at Columb. Expos., 746, 747, 748; + sensation at Press Cong., 749; + on Government, 750; + on receiving flag, on annual reunions in Washtn., 757; + in N. Y. campaign of 1894, 761-763; + in constitl. conv., 767; + Spiritualists and woman suff., 773; + opening campaign in Kansas City, 784, 785; + at Popu. St. Conv., 788; + places equal rights before creeds or politics, 793; + Gospel Temp. meet. in Cleveland, 800; + Pilgrim Mothers' Dinner, 802; + many invitations for, 803; + tour of South, 806-809; + Atlanta conv., 811; + in S. C. and Va., 812; + at Douglass memorial service, 814; + in St. Louis, 821; + in Denver on woman and franchise, 823; + audience introd. to A. in Cheyenne, 824; + in Salt Lake City, 825; + in Reno, 825; + Woman's Cong. in San Fr., 828, 829, 830; + at Palo Alto, 830; + Oakland, 831, 834, 837; + San Jose, 831; + Los Angeles, Pasadena, Pomona, 832; + San Diego, 833; + San Fran., 834; + at 4th of July celebr. in same, 836; + inspiration of, 838; + Mrs. Stanton's 80th birthday celebr., 848; + on Woman's Bible, demands religious liberty, condemns bigotry, 853; + power to draw audiences, 861; + in Calif. campaign, 864; + at Rep. St. Conv. in Calif., 870; + during campaign, at all times and places, 875-879; + at Woman's Cong. in Portland, Ore., in Seattle, 877; + her non-partisanship, 879; + in South. Calif. from rear platform of car, 881; + farewell to Calif., 893; + in Reno, Kas. City, 895; + before Ind. Legis., 904; + to Cuban League, 908; + at Mrs. Humphrey's funeral, 908; + last sp. before N. Y. Legis. Com., 914; + 100th birthday of Saml. J. May, 927; + at Fiske University, 928; + on "rings" and women in politics, 928; + contrast between ovations of present and abuse of past, 929; + on Reconstruction, in 1865, 960 et seq.; + Constitutional Argument, right of women to vote under U. S. + Constitu. delivered previous to trial for voting, 977; + Woman Wants Bread Not the Ballot, 996-1003; + on Social Purity in 1875, 1004; + Demand for Party Recognition in Kas. campaign of 1894, 1015 + (see Lectures). + + SPEECHES OF OTHERS, Mrs. Stanton on Divorce, 67; + Lucy Stone on posit. of women, 73; + Antoinette Brown, same, 74; + Mrs. Nichols on Divorce, 74; + Mrs. Rose on Woman Suff., 75; + young minister and young teacher on woman's sphere, 76; + Mrs. Rose on Bible, 77; + Mrs. Stanton on right to speak, 92; + objections to women's, 65, 69, 76, 78, 84, 88, 92, 99, 101, 119, 143 + (see Mobs); + Remond on Slavery, 152; + Davies on Coeducation a Social Evil, 155; + Curtis on Fair Play for Women, 167; + A. criticises, 172; + Phillips' power, 174, 214; + comparison between A.'s and Mrs. Stanton's and manner of writing + together, 187, 188; + Mrs. Stanton before Legis. at Albany in 1860, 189; + Henry Ward Beecher on Woman's Rights, 192; + Mrs. Stanton in N. Y. on Divorce, 193; + at Friends' Meeting in Waterloo, 197; + Sumner on Emancipation, 235; + Beecher on enfranchising women at same time as negroes, 276; + women on right to vote under 14th Amend., 432; + Mrs. Gage on A.'s arrest for voting, 436; + Judge Selden at A.'s trial for voting, 437; + Mrs. Stanton's in Eng., 565, 566; + of English women, 576, 577; + John Bright's, 577; + Warren Keifer and others for Wom. Suff. Com., 584; + Reagan opposed, 585; + on 16th Amend., Sens. Blair, Brown, 617; + Dolph, 618; + Vest, 619; + Blair, 621; + A. shuts Mrs. Stanton up to prepare sp., 636; + Miss Willard on pioneer suffragists, 638; + at A.'s 70th birthday banquet, 665; + Hinckley, Purvis, Pickler, 666; + Mrs. Stanton, 667; + Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Blatch, Mr. Foulke and others at union of two + assns., 674, 675; + at Natl. Council of Women in 1891, 702; + Lucy Stone, 703; + Sen. Ingalls on woman suff., 726; + Mrs. Palmer at Columb. Expos., 742; + in N. Y. campaign of 1894, 761; + suffragists and antis in constitl. conv., 768-771; + Mrs. Greenleaf on A.'s work in N. Y. campaign, 772; + at Kas. Popu. Conv., 789; + Mrs. Catt in South, 806-809; + Mrs. Stanton on A.'s reading hers, 811; + Miss Shaw's in St. Louis, 821; + in Denver, 823; + in Cheyenne, 823; + in Salt Lake, 824, 825; + in Reno, 825; + Gov. West of Utah, 825; + Mayor Sutro of San Fr., 827; + Miss Shaw's in Calif. in 1895, 826-837; + in 1896, 864; + before Repub. St. Com., 871; + Dem. St. Conv., 874; + ratification meeting, 874; 875; + of women during campaign, 875-884; + Mrs. Catt, 875, 878; + treatment of women speakers in Calif. campaign, 883, 884; + action of men speakers, 885; + Thos. B. Reed silenced, 885; + Mr. Gannett on Anthony sisters, 916; + at Anthony Reunion, Mrs. Catt, 942; + Mrs. Avery, 943; + Mrs. Upton, 943; + D. R. Anthony, 944; + Mrs. Sewall, 944; + Mrs. Colby, 944; + Miss Shaw, 945; + Sumner on Equal Rights to All, 968 + (see Lectures). + + SPIRITUALISM, beginning of, 58; + A.'s comments, 119, 158; + men and women spirits, 413; + A. and Miss Shaw at Lily Dale, 710; + action of churches, 720; + A. dares to thank, 773; 918. + + STATUES (see Sculpture). + + STATUS OF WOMAN, in home, church, school, society, laws, industries, + State, etc., changes wrought, A.'s part in them, viii, ix, 822, + 848, 948 (see Newspapers). + + SUFFRAGE, greatest of rights, 75; + A.'s opinion of its value, 81; + necessary for negro, 245-248; + Lucy Stone on negro, 275; + Beecher on inalienable right, 276; + A., same, 278; + attitude of _The Revolution_, 311; + secured to negroes by 15th Amend., 317; + value of the right, 455; + Sen. Dolph on, 618; + Natl. Repub. Conv. on, 642; + same, 724; + men vote simply because men, 769; + A.'s plea for negro suff., 960 et seq.; + Sumner on value of, 968; + Lord Coke on connection with taxes, 969; + distinguished testimony as to right of 979-981. + + SUFFRAGE, WOMAN,[141] A.'s doubt of its necessity, 61; + her first declaration for, 71; + her first conv., 72; + justice of, 75; + faith of early workers it would soon be granted, 82, 107, 129, 335, + 372, 381; + underlying principle of rights of women, 185; + denied at close of war, 238-240; + first appeal to Cong., 250; + noted men favor, 251, 252; + N. Y. _Independent_ demands, 252; + Purvis approves, 258; + A.'s demand that U. S. Constn. shall grant, 260; + repudiated by Repubs. and Abolits., 265; + debate in Cong., 266; + agony of leaders among women, 268-270; + Labor Congress opposes, 307; + resolutions for in Cong. in 1868, 310, 311; + denied will lead to antagonism and outrage, 318; + A.'s demand that 15th Amend, shall contain, 323; + Natl. Assn. formed, 326; + divis. of forces, 328, 336; + right to under 14th Amend., 331, 338; + A.'s plea for experiment in D. of C., 338; + thinks movement can not be stopped, 340; + Union Suffrage Society formed, 348; + friends prefer the Natl. Assn., 383; + A.'s résumé of situation in 1870, 365; + early advocates, 369; + great petition of 1871, 378; + favorable outlook, 381; + attempts to secure under 14th Amend., 409 et seq.; + compared to Anti-Slav. cause, 415; + A. and other women vote in 1872, 423 et seq.; + again, 434; + refused, 447; + power of U. S. Constn. over, 429, 453; + three ways of securing, 431; + as a right, 432; + in foreign countries, 434; + A. defends her right of, 439; + men do not need or want it, lacks working power, 456; + value in temp. work, 457, 505; + women's Centennial declaration, 477; + treatment of petitions by Cong., 485; + in Wy., 497; in proposed Ty. of Pembina, 500; + Mary Clemmer scores Congressl. report, 501; + new workers in 1880, 511; + letters of A. and Garfield on, 521, 522; + adopted by W. C. T. U., 537; + in England, 563, 567, 568, 581, 593; + Congressl. and State action compared, 589; + Mary L. Booth on, 615; + effect on family life depicted by Sens. Brown, Eustis, Vest and + others, 617-620; + A. declares platform free to all creeds, 631, 655; + campaign in S. Dak., 679; + relation to temp., 683; + debate in Cong. on Wy., 698; + at Chautauqua, 708, 709, 727; + in New Zealand, 733; + connection with Columb. Expos., 742-744; + same, 748; + A. and Lady Somerset on relation to temp., 747; + in Congresses on Govt., 750; + granted in Col., 753; + campaign for In N. Y., 758; + in Kas., 777; + exec. com. in Cleveland, Mrs. Southworth's gift, 801; + relation of suff. to home, 828, 829; + influence of ministers, 834; + relation of "trusts" to, 844; + indebtedness of all women to its advocates, 80, 740, 822, 848, 948, + 973; + in Utah and S. Australia, 852; + should not be entangled with other issues, 857; + Calif. campaign, 863; + advocates can not offend any class, 882, 924; + attitude of liquor traffic toward, 886 (see Liquor Dealers); + A. on attitude of polit. parties, 898; + her idea of property and educatl. qualifications, 899, 922; + need of for civic reform, 920; + A. objects to partial, 798, 920; + change in press and audiences, 929; + does not destroy womanly instincts, 944, 945; + gains of 50 yrs., 949; + appeal to Pres. Lincoln for, 957; + appeal to Cong. for, 968; + taxation and, 969; + necessary to preserve republic, 971; + A.'s Constitl. argument for, 977; + as guaranteed by U. S. Constitn., 977-992; + inalienable right, 979; + Sen. B. Gratz Brown on, 979; + Sumner on, 981; + wage earners' great need of, 996-1003; + will make new balance of power, 1002; + A.'s sp. on necessity of party support to carry amend. for, 1015; + contributions to (see Finance, Funds, Gifts, also Amendments, + Congress, Constitutions, Conventions, Disfranchisement, Negroes, + Newspapers, Pioneers, Planks, Resolutions, Temperance, etc.). + + SUFFRAGE, PARTIAL, municipal granted in Kas., 611; + A. on justice and need of, 731; + effects of, 732; + Mich. Legis. grants, declared unconstitl., 740; + a hindrance to full suff., 798; + School Suff., in Wis., 624; + in N. Y., 730; + objections to, 920. + + SUPREME COURT OF U. S., Dred Scott decis., 149; + applied to women, 454, 984; + on women's voting under 14th Amend., 453; + women admitted to practice before, 502; 526; + women will sit in, 582; + on women's entering public lands, 983; + 13th Amend., 986; + of N. Y., decision on Mrs. Schuyler's statue, tribute to A., 735; + of Mich. declares Munic. Suff. for women unconstitl., 740; + of Idaho decides only majority of votes cast on amend. necessary to + carry, 918; + of D. C. denies right of women to vote under 14th Amend., 985; + of Wyoming upholding it, 985. + + + TAXATION, Quaker attitude toward, 37; + women should refuse, 73; + without representation applied to women, 170; + A. and Mrs. Stanton protest against, 277; + spirited letter from A. on paying taxes, 330; + protest against without representation, 441; + Mary Clemmer on taxation without representation, 501; + of Smith sisters in Conn., 511; + A. shows conditions in Roch., N. Y., 731; + Mrs. Greenleaf on, 732; + Miss Willard on, 800; + A. on taxpayers' suff., 899, 922; + without representation, opinion of Lord Coke, 969; + of Sumner, 979; + early law in N. Y., 982; + James Otis on, 989. + + TEACHERS AND TEACHING, testimonial of Daniel Anthony's in 1814, 8; + in Anthony home sch., 9; + discipline, 22; + father wishes daughters to teach, 23, 24; + Deborah Moulson, 24 et seq.; + A.'s beginning, 23, 24; + in Union Village, 34; + in Center Falls, 37; + New Rochelle, 38, 39; + Cambridge and Ft. Edward, 44; + injustice to women, 45; + in Canajoharie, 49; + grows tired, 51, 52; + ends in Rochester, 55; + ignoring of teachers, 71; + same and A.'s speech in 1853, 98; + women do not support her, 99; + sustained by a few, 100; + difference in salaries, 102; + A. again at conv. for rights of women, 120; + conv. at Utica shows advance, 130; + at Troy, A. on Coeducation, injustice in New York, 143; + at Binghamton, 155; + at Lockport, A.'s keen thrusts, 163; + at Poughkeepsie, Antoinette Brown Blackwell's amusing account, 176; + Mary S. Anthony on injustice to, 191, 192; + conv. at Syracuse, A. still demanding rights, 198; + attends last conv., results of labors, 221, 222; + salaries of men and women, 263; + A. addresses in San Francisco, 830; + Mary S. Anthony, 915; + indebtedness to A., 976; + get only subordinate positions, 1001. + + TELEGRAMS, Train in Kas. campaign, 287; + Repubs. call A. to Washtn., 421; + inspector's fine remitted, 452; 461, 547, 548; + A. affirms belief in woman suff., 652; + on 70th birthday, 671; + on admis. of Wy., 691; + from Lady Somerset and Miss Willard, 729; + to Miss Shaw from Oakland, 837; + on Mrs. Stanton's birthday, 848; + death of Mr. Sewall, 850; + from Miss Willard, 901; + come to Ohio, 927. + + TEMPERANCE, principles of A.'s father, 17, 18, 19, 37; + Daughters' Unions, 53, 62; + A.'s first sp., 53; + organizes in Rochester, 60, 62; + insulted in meeting of Sons, holds woman's, 64, 65; + first Wom. State Society and convention, 66-68; + A. made St. organizer, 68; + women rejected and insulted at men's meeting in Syracuse, 69; + hold their own, 70; + signatures for Maine Law, A.'s appeal, demands suffrage, 70, 71; + Lucy Stone on Maine Law, 81; + first hearing of women before N. Y. Legis., 82; + tour of A. and others in 1853, 83; + World's Conv. in New York, 87; + women rejected and hold own meeting, 88-92; + reports of N. Y. papers, 89-91; + second conv. Women's St. Temp. Society, 92; + men gain control, 94; + A. and Mrs. Stanton withdraw, 95; + Women's Whole World's Conv., 96, 100; + Greeley on tracts, 97; + S. F. Cary opposed, 97, 102; + Men's Whole World's Conv., Antoinette Brown rejected, 101; + A.'s first sip of wine, 400; + A. tells "crusaders" in 1874 to work for vote instead of singing and + praying, letter on same, 457; + Stopford Brooke in Eng., 564; + meeting in Crystal Palace, 567; + in Ireland, 572, 573; + A. does not ask suff. because of temp, vote, 655; + is total abstainer, 683; + speaks at Cong. of Columb. Expos., 747; + objects to connecting temp. with woman suff., 882; + women driven to revolution in work for, 1003; + petitions spurned, 1012 + (see Intemperance, Prohibition, W. C. T. U.). + + TESTIMONIALS, of people and assns. to A. on going abroad, 547, 548. + + TRIALS AND CASES, McFarland-Richardson, 351-353; + Fair-Crittenden, 391-392, 396; + of Susan B. Anthony for voting, under 14th Amend., 425-454; + arrest, 426; + examination, 427; + B. F. Butler's opinion, 429; + denial of writ of habeas corpus, 432; + her canvass of two counties, 435; + sp. of Judge Selden, 437; + denial of trial by jury, 439; + sentence and her protest, 439; + opinions of press, 441; + trial of Inspectors, 444; + contributions of friends, 446; + appeal to Congress, 449; + majority and minority reports, 450-452; + pardon of Inspectors, 452; + newspaper comment, 993; + Election Inspectors in St. Louis for receiving vote of Mrs. Minor, + 453; + Beecher-Tilton, 461; + Schuyler statue, 734. + + TRIBUTES, of William Winter, 323; + Mary Clemmer, 340; + Phoebe Cary, 342; + Myra Bradwell, 346; + Sen. Edmunds' to speech, 512; 535; + Rochester friends, 548; + Chicago _Tribune_, 549; + Mary H. Krout in 1893, 751; + Mrs. Greenleaf in N. Y. campaign, 772; + Tilton in 1895, 848; + Mary Lowe Dickinson, Mrs. Stanford, 850; + Mrs. Sargent, 892; + Dr. H. W. Thomas, 900; + Mrs. Catt, 942; + Mrs. Colby, 944; + Miss Shaw, 945; + Mrs. Sewall, Miss Willard, 950; + Mrs. Stanton, 951; + on 50th birthday, 972 (see Birthdays, Letters, Newspapers, + Resolutions, Speeches, Traits of Character). + + + UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, SCHOOLS, etc., Nine Partners, 8; + home schools, 9, 19, 22, 35; + Mt. Holyoke, 23; + Miss Moulson's boarding school, 24; + Friends' Sch. at Tarrytown, 39; + Cornell, 64; + People's College, 64, 77; + Normal Sch. (Ills.), 469; + Neb. St. Univers., 545; + Glasgow, 556; + Coll. of France, 561; + Edinburgh, 570; + Trinity, 575; + Rugby, Oxford, Somerville, St. Margaret's, 575; + Bishops' (Tex.), 598; + weak-minded female seminary, 624; + Lincoln Institute (Kas.), 649; + Girls' Classical Sch. (Indpls.), 650; + Mich. St. Univers., 658; + Phila. Normal, 705; + Mt. Holyoke, 706; + Rochester, 713; + Wellesley Coll., 754; + Keuka College, 773; + Girls' Normal Sch. (Phila.), 776; + Cornell, Sage College, 800; + Vassar, 803; + Drexel Institute, 815; + Nevada St. Univers., 825; + Leland Stanford Jr., 830; + Normal Sch. (San Jose), 831; + Tuskeegee Institute, 914; + Mt. Union Coll. (O.), 927; + Fiske, 928; + Minn. St. Univ., 929. + + + VOICES, weak ones of women, 75; + A.'s voice, 77; + same, 153; + women's poor voices, 157; + A. on men's voices, 163; + A.'s in 1867, 272; + pioneers' and modern women's contrasted, 729; + A.'s at 75, 823; 893. + + + WAR, record of family in Revolution, 4; + in Civil, 37; + last Wom. Rights Conv. before, 212, 213; + Phillips on, 214; + Anna Dickinson on, 220; + outlook in 1863, 226; + woman's duty in, 227, 228, 230; + woman's services, 239; + lesson for women, 239; + woman's position after, 256, 280; + ravages in Europe, 562; + A.'s effort to secure results of Revolution for women, 919; + Civil, a step toward progress, 958; + work of women in, 1015. + + WEDDINGS (see Marriage). + + WIVES (see Divorce, Guardianship, Laws, Marriage, Property Rights). + + WOMAN'S BUREAU, estab. in N. Y., 320; + Natl. Wom. Suff. Assn. formed there, 326; + weekly meetings, 330; + celebr. of A.'s 50th birthday, 341; + clubs object to _The Revolution_ office, Anna Dickinson's gift, 360. + + WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION, 96; + A. addresses in Rochester, 457; + needs votes, 505; + A. attends conv. in Washtn., Miss Willard introduces, delegates + disapprove, society adopts woman suff., 537; + delegates repudiate A.'s influence, 588; + A. addresses in Kas., in Ills., 609; + petitions for woman suff. in 1887, 620; + A.'s addresses too practical for, 643; 674; + in S. Dak., 681, 683; + to A. on religious matters, 677; + A. addresses in Rochester against third party, 709; + petitions in N. Y. for woman suff., 766; + speeches in constitl. conv., 769; + Miss Willard introd. A. in Cleveland, might as well be dogs as + without a vote, 800, 801; + Cong. in St. Louis, 821; + recep. to A. in Utah, 825; + A. asks Miss Willard to withdraw conv. from Calif., 857; + request granted, its women work for suff., 882; + attitude toward A., 882, 901; + A. declines to join protest against "yellow" journalism and + prize-fighting, 923, 924. + + WOMAN OF FUTURE, A. urges outdoor life, 160; + the true woman, 170; + physical culture, 198; + her ideal of, 582; + same, 860. + + WOMEN'S NATIONAL LOYAL LEAGUE, great work in 1863, 225-240; + address to Pres. Lincoln, 957. + + WOMAN'S RIGHTS, first conv., 59; + N. Y. _Tribune_, 61; + in Worcester, 61, 75; + A. demands, 71; + her first conv., 72; + Mayo, Geo. W. Johnson, Lucy Stone on, 73; + Antoinette Brown, Mrs. Nichols, 74; + Gerrit Smith, Mrs. Rose, 75; + opposition of young minister and teacher, 76; + abuse of advocates, 76-80; + gains made, 80; 84, 90, 91, 92; + Mrs. Stanton on right to speak, 92; + Gerrit Smith on, 98; + N. Y. conv. of 1853, A.'s vow, 102; + mob rules, 103; + conv. in Rochester, 105; + courage required for early meetings, 119; + Greeley on, 126; + conv. of 1856, in New York, 147; + conv. of 1858 under mob rule, 162; + Geo. Wm. Curtis on, 167; + A.'s tilt with, 172; + conv. in New York in 1859, the mob rules, 174; + from Southern standpoint, 183, 184; + gradual merging into Suffrage, 185; + in Albany in 1860, 186; + Henry Ward Beecher on, 192; + conv. of 1860 in New York and Divorce question, 193, 194; + retarded by War, 225; + foundation of democracy, 229; + first conv. after War, 256 et seq.; + Anna Dickinson's first speech for, 262; + sacrificed to negro, woman avenges herself, 301; 304; + divisions among workers for not recorded, 336; + earliest advocates, 369; + 25th annivers. first conv., 434; + 30th anniv., 495; + Fred. Douglass recalls first conv., 634; + annivers. of first conv. in Salem, O., 722; + conv. of 1866 sends address to Congress, 968 (see Suffrage, Woman). + + + YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, 754; + A. tells should work for woman suff., 804. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[138] Superficial and inadequate grouping. + +[139] In later years churches have been so freely opened for woman +suffrage meetings that it would be impossible to tabulate them. + +[140] In later years this attitude changed, and it would be impossible +to list the instances of their helpfulness. + +[141] Only a reference to principal points is possible. Its various +phases are listed under their respective heads. + + + + +INDEX TO PLACES. + + + ALABAMA, + Birmingham, 809; + New Decatur, 809; + Tuscaloosa, 183. + + ARKANSAS, + Ft. Smith, 649; + Helena, 649; + Little Rock, 649. + + + CALIFORNIA, 52, 59, 341; + A.'s first visit, 1871, 390; + help in S. D. campaign, 685; 738; + Woman's Cong., A. visits, 819, 826; + urged to help woman suff. campaign, 861; + the campaign, 863; + results, 890; 922; + Alameda, 865; + Berkeley, 865; + Chico, 404; + Geysers, 394; + Los Angeles, first visit, 832; + second, 862; + Marysville, 404; + Mayfield, 405; + Mt. Shasta, 404; + Oakland, A.'s first visit, 394; + second, 826; 831, 834; + fails to find hall, 837; 865, 876, 885; + Palo Alto, 830; + Pasadena, 832; + Pomona, 832; + Red Bluff, 404; + Sacramento, 869-872; + San Diego, A.'s first visit, 832; + second, 862; + San Francisco, A.'s first visit, 390; 396; 405; 493; + Woman's Congress, 819, 827; + a suff. meet., 829; 834; + St. Conv., 835; + 4th of July, 835; 862; + woman suff. headqrs., 864; + same, 875; + liquor dealers, 886; + St. Suff. Conv., 892; + San Jose, 394, 405, 831; + San Luis Obispo, 881; + Santa Barbara, 881; + Santa Cruz, 831; + Santa Monica, 833; + Truckee, 826; + Whittier, 832; + Yosemite Valley, A. visits, 392; + trees named, 831; + Yreka, 403. + + COLORADO, + A. canvasses for woman suff., 489; + granted, 752; 757; + invites A. to celebr., 775; 780; + party records, 1017; + Boulder, 493; + Del Norte, 490; + Denver, A.'s first visit, 387; 492; + writes lecture, 493; + visit in 1895, 821; + Lake City, 490; + Leadville, "free love" placards, 491; + Oro City, 491; + Ouray, 491; + Wagon Wheel Gap, 490. + + CONNECTICUT, + canvass for woman suff., 456; 622; + Bridgeport, 89; + Glastonbury, 511; + Hartford, 293; + first Wom. Suff. Conv., 332; 387, 535; + Hooker golden wed., 709; + Meriden, 705; + New Haven, 535. + + + DAKOTA, 541, 666. + + SOUTH DAKOTA, + canvass for woman suff., 656; + A.'s great work, 659; + help of Natl. Assn., 675, 684; + campaign of 1890, 679; + action of polit. convs., 686, 687; + results, 694, 696; 780; + Aberdeen, 657, 686; + Brookings, 657; + De Smet, 657; + Huron, Farmers' Alliance, 657, 685; 695; + Madison, 657; + A.'s sp., 691; + Mitchell, 657, 687; + Parker, 657; + Pierre, 657, 695; + Redfield, 657; + Sioux Falls, 657; + St. Lawrence, 657; + Watertown, 657; + Yankton, 657. + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, + bill for woman suff., 266, 311; + A. argues for, 338; + Anacostia, 814; + Washington, father visits in 1838, 33; + A.'s first visit in 1854, 117; + goes for _The Revolution_, 297; + first woman suff. conv. held, 313; + in 1870, 337; 370; + conv. of 1871, 371; + suff. headqrs. in Capitol, 381; + A. comes from Calif., 408; + conv. of 1872, 410; + A. meets Natl. Rep. Com., 421; + conv. of 1873, 431; + A. takes her case for voting, 450; + conv. 1874, 453; + of 1875, 467; + of 1876, 472; + of 1877, 484; + of 1878, prayer meet. conv., 494; + of 1879, 499; + of 1880, 511; + of 1881, 526; + W. C. T. U. Conv., 537; + Natl. Suff. of 1882, 540; + of 1883, 546; 549; + of 1884, 588; + of 1885, 595; + A.'s Congressl. work, 605, 607; + conv. of 1886, 607; + A.'s amusing start for, 612; + conv. of 1887, 617; + union of suff. assns., 630; + first Intl. Council of Wom., 636; + Natl. Suff. Conv. of 1888, 639; + of 1889, 647; 660; + 70th birthday, 664; + conv. of 1890, 674; + A.'s social life, 677; + love for, 679; + Wimodaughsis, 700; + Natl. Council, 702; + Natl. Suff. Conv. of 1891, 702; + A. leaves Riggs House, 705; + Mrs. Stanton's last appearance, 1892, 717; + conv. of 1893, 737; + of 1894, 756; 778; + Natl. Council, 812; + 75th birthday, 813; + conv. of 1896, 851; + A. longs for, 901; 903, 1005. + + + GEORGIA, 757; + Atlanta, 758; + Natl. Suff. Conv., 810; + Columbus, 812. + + + IDAHO, + campaign for woman suff., 878; + granted, 902; + A. on Sup. Ct. decis., 919. + + ILLINOIS, 345, 364, 433, 469; + Batavia, 347; + Bloomington, 364, 519; + Natl. Prohib. Conv., 520; + Carbondale, 469; + Champaign, 347; + Chicago, 242; + A. visits in 1865, 249; 293, 305, 315, 316, 321, 330; + lecture bureau, 344; 361, 380, 387; + trunk lost, 408; 446, 460; + speaks on Social Purity, 468; + on Bread and Ballot, 472; 515, 608, 617, 640; + Natl. Repub. Conv., 641; 655; + Fed. of Clubs, 720, 721; + Natl. Dem. Conv., 725; + World's Fair opens, 742; + Wom. Cong., 745; 793, 799, 821, 840, 862; + $6,000 bed, 902; 929, 1004; + Elwood, 347; + Evanston, 364, 609; + Farmington, 347; + Harvey, 751; + Lake Bluff, 609; + Lake Geneva, 609; + LaSalle, 347; + Mattoon, 345; + Mendota, 347; + Peoria, 345; + Peru, 347; + Quincy, 347; + Sandwich, 611; + Springfield, 293, 315. + + INDIANA, 345, 380, 433; + canvass for wom. suff., 626; + Bloomington, 626; + Evansville, 623, 626; + Ft. Wayne, 433, 626; + Indianapolis, 516; + Natl. Suff. Conv., 517; 623; + A. calls on Gen. Harrison, 641; + at Classical Sen., 650; 698, 821; 903; + A. addresses Legis., 904; 1013; + Kokomo, 626; + Lafayette, 519, 623, 626; + Logansport, 626; + Madison, 626; + Marion, 434; + Muncie, 626; + New Albany, 626; + Richmond, 623; + Rushville, 655; + South Bend, 626; + Terre Haute, 503, 519, 626; + Vincennes, 626; + Wabash, 626. + + IOWA, + A. canvasses for woman suff., 469; 470, 493; + Ames, 644; + Burlington, 380; + Cedar Rapids, 380; + Council Bluffs, 380; + Davenport, 380; + Des Moines, 380, 698, 728; + Natl. Suff. Conv., 901; + Mt. Pleasant, 380; + Ottumwa, 380; + Sioux City, 688. + + + KANSAS, + early days, 121; + John Brown's raid, 144; 169; + A. plans campaign, 178; + first visit, 242; + pioneer discomforts, 247; + Lucy Stone canvasses, 274; + campaign of 1867, 281; + A. and Mrs. Stanton go, 283; 364, 469, 493, 496, 519; + canvass in 1887, 609; + munic. suff. for women, 611; + canvass of 1887, 625; + calls A. to assist, 715; + canvass of 1892, 719; + polit. convs., 726; + Legis. submits wom. suff., 754, 755; + campaign for in 1894, 777; 920; + patriotism, 960; + early amends., 1016; + party records, 1017, 1018; 1020; + Abilene, 611; + Ingalls' sp., 625; + Anthony, 611; + Atchison, 248, 291, 626, 697; + Burlington, 290; + Emporia, 290, 644; + Florence, 611; + Fort Scott, 289, 608, 611, 697, 840; + Humboldt, 289; + Hutchinson, 611, 796; + Independence, 611; + Junction City, 290; + Kansas City, 379, 471; + A. sp. on planks, 784, 1015; + Lawrence, 248, 285, 286, 287, 288, 379, 611; + Leavenworth A. visits in 1865, 242; 248; + woman suff. campaign 1867, 287, 290, 291; 379, 408; + A. nurses brother, 471; + sister's death, 487; 608; + false report on woman suff., 622; 644, 648; + A. in munic. campaign, 649; 697, 785, 799, 840; + Leroy, 290; + Lincoln, 610; + Mound City, 289; + Olathe, 288, 379; + Ottawa, 288; + Ottumwa, A.'s sp. in 1865, 247, 960; + Paola, 288, 379; + Salina, 609, 610; + Topeka, 274, 275, 290, 379, 785, 786; + Popu. conv., 1894, 787; + A.'s advice to women, 839; + Wichita, 611; + Repub. St. conv., 655; + Winfield, 611; + Wyandotte, 290. + + KENTUCKY, 230, 502, 806, 919; + Lexington, 806; + Louisville, 293, 806, 877; + Milan, 806; + Owensboro, 806; + Paducah, 806; + Wilmore, 806. + + + LOUISIANA, 806; + New Orleans, A.'s first visit, 597; + second, 807; + Shreveport, 808. + + + MAINE, 519; + Bangor, 154; + Portland, 535; + Skowhegan, 502. + + MARYLAND, + Baltimore, A. visits in 1854, 118; + Natl. Dem. Conv., 417; 756. + + MASSACHUSETTS, + Laws for wives, 200; 265, 459; + Adams, Anthony family settle, 3, 4; + Read family same, 5, 9; + A. born, 13; + Anthonys leave, 17; + grandfather hears A. speak, 129; + A. visits in 1860, 198; + in 1887, 624; 926; + Anthony Reunion in 1897, 939; + changed conditions, 944; + A.'s birthplace, 947; + Berkshire Hills, beauty of, 1, 2, 13; + noted people, 1, 2; + Beecher, Holmes and Goodale sisters on, 2; + Bryant, Julia Taft Bayne, 13; + A. visits in 1889, 653; + in 1897, 947; + Boston, Van Buren visits, 42; 72; + Wom. Rights Conv., 1855, 131; + Anti-Slavery Soc., 137; 182; + W. R. Conv. 1860, 196; + A. visits for anti-slav., 199; + Phillips' sp. 1861, 214; + A. visits, 219; 252, 256; + Equal Rights Assn., 262; 293, 332, 335; + lecture bureau, 344; + _Wom. Journal_ estab., 361; + Natl. Suff. Conv., 533; + Phillips' funeral, 588; 597, 598, 628; + remonstrants, 695; + A.'s illness, 701; 895; + Bowen's Corners, 5, 948; + Bunker Hill, 132, 153, 277; + Charleston, 132; + Cheshire, 4, 5, 706; + Concord, A. speaks in, 251; + invited to Sch. of Philos., 510; + Danbury, 525; + Dartmouth, 3, 4; + Framingham, 219; + Green Mts., 1, 9, 947; + Greylock Mt., 3, 9, 13, 199; + A. visits in 1897, 947; + Lenox, 1, 3, 46; + Lexington, 4; + Lynn, 131; + Magnolia, 624; + Medford, 895; + Rehobeth, 4; + Salem, 49, 131; + Scituate, 4; + Springfield, 293; + Stafford's Hill, 4, 57; + Stockbridge, 1, 3; + West Newton, 252; + Worcester, 61, 75, 88; + Hydropathic Ins., 131, 132, 133; 252, 293. + + MICHIGAN, + father visits in 1844, 45; 345; + A. canvasses in 1874, 460; + munic. suff., 740; + Ann Arbor, 380; + St. conv., 755; 862; + Battle Creek, 249, 720, 740; + Bay City, 740; + Charlotte, 740; + Detroit, 176; + A.'s lect., 1870, 345; 369, 658, 740; + Dowagiac, 733; + Grand Rapids, 379, 519, 720, 740, 929; + Hillsdale, 740; + Jackson, 380; + Jonesville, 347; + Kalamazoo, 379, 929; + Lansing, 380, 740; + Saginaw, 740; + Sturgis, 347. + + MINNESOTA, + Duluth, 656; + Minneapolis, 656; + Natl. Repub. Conv., 723; 929; + St. Paul, 505. + + MISSISSIPPI, + Johnson's Reconstruct. Proclam., 960; + Greenville, 808; + Jackson, 808. + + MISSOURI, + in 1865, 242; 469, 493, 806; + Chillicothe, 249; + Jefferson City, 649; + Kansas City, 785, 895; + Macon City, 249; + St. Louis, A. addresses negroes in 1865, 249; 286, 293, 315; + Mr. Minor's sp., 330; + Mrs. M. attempts to vote, 453; + A. speaks on Social Purity, 469; + suff. conv. 1878, 506; 546, 598, 609, 649; + A. visits in 1895, 821; + Natl. Repub. Conv., 879; + St. Joseph, 248, 291. + + + NEBRASKA, + A. canvasses for woman suff., 544; + Beatrice, 493, 727; + St. conv., 799; + Fremont, 697; + Lincoln, 380, 545; + Omaha, 286, 293, 380, 408, 544, 545, 616, 644; + Peru, 728. + + NEVADA, + Nevada City, 405; + Reno, 406, 825, 895; + Virginia City, 406. + + NEW HAMPSHIRE, + Concord, 535, 702, 895; + Dover, 535; + Keene, 535. + + NEW JERSEY, + Cape May, 624; + Orange, 802; + Tenafly, 309, 368, 502, 525, 533, 707. + + NEW YORK, + first Wom. St. Temp. Conv., 67; + convs. for better laws, 110; + A. canvasses for Woman's Rights, 123; + for Abolitionists, 148, 149; + second canvass, 208; + for woman suff. amend. in 1867, 271; 369, 459, 519; + Constitl. Conv., 758; + campaign for woman suff. in 1894, 759-773; 785; + Adirondacks, 708; + Albany, 44; + A. meets Lydia Mott, 58; + driven out of temp. meet., holds another, 64, 65; + women first appear bef. Legis., 82; 88, 105; + Wom. Rights Conv. 1854, 108; 125; + petitions presented in 1856, 140; + A. works in Legis., 173; 186; + A. and Mrs. Stanton before Legis., 189; + anti-Slav. depot, 199; + runaway mother, 200; + mayor prevents mob in 1861, 211; + last Wom. Rights Conv. before war, 212; + Anti-Slav. Conv. of 1862, 217; + Equal Rights Conv. of 1866, 263; + A. and Mrs. Stanton before Legis., 273; + before Constitl. Conv., 278; 293; + A. denied habeas corpus, 432; + addresses Constitl. Com., 433; + A. no home, 536; + bef. Legis., 622; + same, 1892, 719; + anti-suff. org., 765, 766; + Constitl. Conv. meets, women address, vote taken, 767-772; + A.'s face carved in Capitol, 949; + Angelica, 124; + Attica, 139; + Auburn, 127, 140, 241, 249, 714, 914, 917; + Avon, 176; + Ballston Spa, 176; + Battenkill, 17, 35, 37; + Battenville, Anthonys remove to, 17; 22, 24, 41, 43, 51, 119, 896; + Bensonhurst, 753; + Binghamton, A. stirs up Teach. Conv., 155; 222; + Brighton, 733; + Brighton Beach, 653; + Buffalo, 73, 83; + mob rule in 1861, 208; 271, 293, 446, 730, 741, 762; + Brockport, 845; + Brooklyn, A. first speaks in, 83; + teachers' salaries in 1856, 143; 353, 363, 464, 653; + St. Suff. Conv., 753; 761, 763; + anti-suff. org., 765; + Byron Center, 642; + Cambridge, 44; + Canajoharie, A. goes to teach in 1846, 49; 51; + gives first speech, 53; + trustee refuses church, 121; + Canandaigua, A.'s trial for voting, 436; + inspector's trial, 443; + Castile, 901; + Catskills, 773; + Center Falls, 37; + A. teaches in, 43; + family leave, 46; + Chautauqua, 708, 709; + Miss Shaw's debate with Dr. Buckley, 727; + Clifton, 176; + Corning, 124; + Dansville, 138, 446, 452; + Deerfield, 10; + Dundee, 199; + Elmira, 71, 124; + Thos. K. Beecher, 178; + Easton, 19, 24, 46, 51; + anti-slav. meet., 152; + A. and Quaker preacher, 177; + Fairfield, 272; + Farmington, 10; + Fayetteville, 601; + Fort Edward, 44; + Fort William Henry, scene at hotel, 176; + A. and Southern Judge, 183; 653; + Geneva, 900, 927; + A. defends "rings," 928; + George, Lake, attentive Quaker, 126; 176; + Gregory's Grove, 215; + Hall's Corners, 138; + Hardscrabble, 35, 37; + Hempstead, 654; + Hornellsville, 364, 448; + Hudson, 83; + Ithaca, 800; + Jamaica, 753; + Jamestown, 642; + Johnstown, 592; + Junius, 215; + Lily Dale (Cassadaga Lake), 710, 728, 773; + Lockport, 163; + A. lect. on Coeducation, 164; + Long Island, 42; + Long Pond, 653; + Lyons, 652; + Manitou Beach, 709; + Mayville, A. begins first canvass for Woman's Rights, 123; + Mecklinburg, 222; + Milton-on-the-Hudson, 252; + Mt. McGregor, 653; + Mt. Morris, 138; + Newburgh, 847; + Newport, first woman suff. meeting, 330; + New Rochelle, A. teaches in, 37, 39; + Van Buren's visit, 41; 42; + New York City, father visits in 1838, 34; + A. attends church in 1839, 40; + Rynder's mob, 63; + A. first speaks in, 83; 86; + Brick Church meet., 87; + women's meet., 89; + Whole World's Temp. Conv., 96; + same, 100; + mob rule, 101; + Wom. Rights Conv., 102; + Anti-Slav. Anniv., 129; + teachers' salaries, 1856, 143; + Wom. Rights Conv. 1856, 147; + of 1857, mob rules, 162; + same in 1859, 174; + Beecher's Wom. Rights lect., 192; + conv. of 1860, 193; + A. with runaway child, 201; + Wom. Rights Conv. of 1861 given up, 213; + again in 1862, 218; + A. in art gallery, 219; + Natl. Loyal League org., 226; + draft riots, 230; + May annivers. after War, 246; + Wom. Rights Conv., 1866, 256, 259; + again, 264; + Equal Rights Assn., 1867, 276; 293, 305, 307, 309; + Press Club dinner, 316; + Woman's Bureau, 320; + lecture bureau, 344; + Fifth Ave. Suff. Conf., 346; + Equal Rights Com. meet., 348; + McFarland-Richardson trial, 352; 356; + 20th anniv. wom. suff., 367; + Natl. Conv., 1871, 383; + foundlings, 391; + Mrs. Woodhull and suff. conv., 414; + conv. 1873, 434; 446; + in 1874, 458; 470, 474, 488, 537; + Mrs. Stanton's 70th birthday, 603; 607; + St. conv., 1889, 651; 654; + Mrs. Stanton's home, 712; 739, 753; + campaign for woman suff., 761; + prominent women in, 763; + anti-suff. soc., 766; 768, 801, 802, 815; + Mrs. Stanton's 80th birthday, 845; 895, 896, 968, 1005; + Nunda, 138; + Niagara Falls, husband fails to appreciate, 141; 175, 896; + Olean, 124; + Oneida, 39; + Ontario Beach, 223; + Oswego, A. at St. Teach. Conv., 120; + Palatine Bridge, 10, 35, 47, 49; + Penn Yan, 198; + Peterboro, 113; + Gerrit Smith's church, 179; + Plattsburg, water cure experience, 126; + Port Byron, 198, 210; + Poughkeepsie, 83; + Pillsbury's sp., 152; + A. stirs up Teach. Conv., 176; + Reid's Corners, 24; + Richmond, 753; + Riverhead, women afraid to attend lecture, 127; 753; + Rochester, parents visit on wedding tour in 1817, 10; + father buys farm in 1845, 45; + family removes to, 47; 52; + A.'s farm life, 55; + Spiritualism, 58; + first Wom. Rights Conv. meets, 59; + Fred. Douglass removes to, 59; + temperance and Abolitionism, 60, 62; 64; + first Wom. St. Temp. Conv., 67; + anti-slav. conv., 71; 83; + second St. Temp. Conv., 92; + A.'s first St. Teach. Conv., 98; + Wom. Rights Conv. of 1853, 104; + A.'s first exper. in canvass., 108; + Sunday night lect., 135; 140; + anti-capital punish. meet., mob rules, 164; + Free Church meet., 167; + John Brown meet., 180; + A.'s lect. course, 190; + mob rule in 1861, 208; + Phillips' and Tilton's lectures, 217; + A. attends last Teach. Conv., 221; 249, 264, 293, 365, 370, 380, + 387, 412; + women's Repub. meet., 422; + A. votes, 423; 446; + visits inspectors in jail, 452; 471, 472, 488; + 30th anniv. Wom. Rights Conv., 495; + death of mother, 512; + A. lect. on Bread and Ballot, 546; + publishing Hist., 601; 615, 651, 658; + St. Suff. Conv., 698; + A. goes to housekeeping, 706; + St. Fair, 711; + Mrs. Stanton's visit, 713: + Thanksgiving, 714; + Mount Hope, 719; + charter meet., 731; 740; + headqrs. suff. campaign 1894, 760; + opening meet., 762; + anti-suff. soc., 766; 791, 800, 802; + defends negroes, 815; + Mrs. Stanton's birthday, 849; + A.'s birthday, 860; + home from Calif., 895; 896, 901; + Douglass' birthday, 904; + A.'s 77th celebr., 905; + Cuban League, 907; + A.'s Biog. begun, 909; + Monday evenings, 913; + Mary Anthony's birthday, 914; + Anthony home, 933; + Rome, mob rule in 1861, 210; + Rondout, 124; + Saratoga Springs, new country, 7; + Van Buren visits, 41; + A. visits in 1840, 43; + Wom. Rights Conv. in 1854, 120; + in 1855, 130, 131; + in 1856, 143; 176; + Wom. Suff. Conv. in 1869, 329; + in 1870, 365; 653, 706; + St. polit. convs., 775, 776; + Sandy Hill, 44; + Schoharie, 124; + Seneca Falls, first Wom. Rights Conv., 59; + A. meets Mrs. Stanton and Lucy Stone, 63, 64; 181; + A. and Mrs. Stanton write speeches, 187; 219; + Sherman, 123; + Sharon, 176; + Sing Sing, 83; + Skaneateles, 354; + Stone Arabia, 4; + Syracuse, 55, 58, 63; + women silenced in temp. conv., 69; + A.'s first Wom. Rights Conv., 72; 79, 83; + A. at St. Teach. Conv., 198; + mob rule in 1861, 211; 293; + St. conv., 729; 762; + May's 100th birthday, 927; + Tarrytown, 39, 41; + Thousand Islands, 926; + Ticonderoga, 4; + Trenton Falls, 176; + Troy, 36, 37, 47, 83; + A. speaks on Coeducation in 1856, 143; 198; + Union Springs, 10; + Union Village, 34; + Utica, 47, 70, 83, 89; + A.'s lect. on Coeducation, 130; + mob rule in 1861, 210; 713, 766; + Warsaw, 138, 711, 739; + Waterloo, 197; + Watertown, 215; + Wendte's Station, 138; + Westchester, 251; + Mrs. Greeley's petition, 279; 330. + + + OHIO, 345, 364, 433; + Alliance, 927; + Akron, 652; + Ashtabula, 845; + Cincinnati, 130; + A. misses Woman's Rights Conv. of 1855, 134; 293, 331; + Natl. Lib. Conv., 415; 515; + Dem. Natl. Conv., 519; 648, 741; + Cleveland, Wom. Rights Conv. 1853, 103; 147, 293; + Am. Wom. Suff. Assn. formed, 328; + second conv., 349; 623, 679; + W. C. T. U. meet., 800; + Columbus, 380, 643; + Crestline, 380; + Dayton, 331, 380; + Lakeside, 840; + Mentor, 520; + Painesville, 380, 704; + Salem, 380, 722; + Springfield, 380; + Toledo, 315, 316, 740; + 25th suff. annivers., 756; 929; + Warren, 651, 704, 820. + + OREGON, + votes on woman suff., 592; 738; + Eugene, 403; + Oregon City, 399, 403; + Portland, A.'s first visit, 395, 400; + Woman's Cong., 877; + Roseburg, 403; + Salem, 399; + The Dalles, 399; + A.'s first taste of wine, 400. + + + PENNSYLVANIA, 345, 369; + Altoona, 408; + Bradford, 720; + Hamilton, A. attends boarding school in, 24, 26, 27; + Kennett Square, 601; + Philadelphia, 24, 26, 34, 88, 119; + Wom. Rights Conv. of 1854, 121; + at Lucretia Mott's, 122; + anti-slav. meet., 234; 251; + A. and Phillips at Anti-Slav. meet. in 1866, 267; 340; + Labor Cong., 367; + Natl. Repub. Conv. 1872, 416; + women's part in Centennial, 474; 512; + mass meet. in 1880, 517; + A.'s homes in, 527; + testimonial to A., 534; 538; + Natl. Suff. Conv., 541; + farewell recep. to A., 546, 547; + sets sail, 550; 603, 622; + conv. Am. Assn., 627; 650; + wedding of niece, 652; + 654, 660, 705, 719, 753, 776, 799, 802, 814, 858; + Somerton, 814; + Waynesburg, 516. + + + _Rhode Island_, 525; + Newport, Wom. Suff. Conv. 1869, 329; + Portsmouth, 3; + Providence, 72, 87; + A. visits, 332, 368; 535, 896; + Valley Falls, 896. + + + SOUTH CAROLINA, 757; + Aiken, 812; + Columbia, 812. + + + TENNESSEE, 806, 964; + Memphis, 807; + Nashville, A. visits, Woman's Council, 927. + + TEXAS, 59; + Marshall, 598. + + + UTAH, + bill to disfranch. women, 607; + admis. to Union, 851; + A.'s advice to women, 897; + woman suff. granted, 902; + Ogden, 406; + Salt Lake City, A.'s first visit, 388; + second, 824. + + + VERMONT, Danby, 19; + A. visits, 43; 46. + + VIRGINIA, + father visits in 1844, 44; 177, 370; + Alexandria, 118; + Culpepper, 812; + Harper's Perry, 180, 181; + Lincoln, 814. + + + WASHINGTON, 608; + Olympia, 399, 400; + Port Gamble, 400; + Port Madison, 400; + Seattle, 399; + Tacoma, 652; + Walla Walla, 399. + + WISCONSIN, 469, 493; + suit for wom. suff., 624; 625; + Eau Claire, 612; + Evansville, 612; + Grand Rapids, 612; + Green Bay, 612; + LaCrosse, 612; + Madison, 315; + A.'s sp. in St. House, 612; 929; + Milwaukee, 315, 316, 380, 446, 519, 612; + St. Conv., 655; + Oshkosh, 612; + Racine, 609, 611; + Ripon, 612; + Waukesha, 612. + + WYOMING, + A.'s tribute to, 388; + polit. record on woman suff., 407, 411; + Repubs. and woman suff., 411; + slanders on woman suff., 497; 676, 691; + debate on admission, 698; + women delegates to Natl. Repub. Conv., 724; 757; + Cheyenne, 408; + A. visits in 1895, 823; + Granite Canyon, 408; + Laramie City, 387, 407; + Medicine Bow, 407; + Sherman, 407. + + + VICTORIA, B. C., 402. + + + CANADA, 216, 703; + Montreal, 653; + Quebec, 4; + Toronto, 658. + + CUBA, 858; + A.'s sp. on, 908. + + + EUROPE, + A. visits in 1883, farewell receptions, gifts, newspaper comment, + departure, 546-550; + letters describing tour, 551-578; + compared to America, 558; + blotting out of women, 562; + interview on arrival home, 581; + Hist. of Wom. Suff. in libraries, 614; + work for Intl. Council of Wom., 633. + + ENGLAND, + London, Anthony ancestry, 3; + A. visits, 553, 554, 562; + speaks for Natl. Suff. Soc., 565; + in St. James Hall, 566; + sight-seeing, receptions, etc., 562-568, 575-578; 704; + Basingstoke, 554, 562; + Bayswater, 553; + Bedford Park, 563; + Birmingham, 576; + Cambridge, 3; + Haworth, Brontë Sisters, 576; + Hempstead, 3; + Leamington, 573, 575; + Leeds, 575, 576, 577; + Liverpool, A. arrives, 553; + departs, 579; + Manchester, 576; + Oxford, 575; + Rugby, 575; + Stratford, 575; + Tunbridge Wells, 563; + woman suff. in, 563, 567, 568, 581, 593; + farmers enfranchised, 593; + wage-earners same, results, 996-998. + + + SCOTLAND, + Ambleside, 571; + Callander, trunk lost, 570; + Edinburgh, 568-571; + Kirkstone Pass, 571; + Patterdale, 571; + Penrith, 571. + + + IRELAND, 59; + Belfast, 573; + Connemara, 574; + Cork, 572, 573; + Dublin, 575; + Galway, 574; + Killarney, mother and babies, 573; + Macroom, 573; + Youghal, 575. + + + FRANCE, + greeting to A., 652; + Basle, 555; + Calais, 555; + Paris, 561, 562. + + + GERMANY, + Cologne, Anthony ancestry, 3; + A. visits, 559; + Alsace and Lorraine, 561; + Berlin, A. visits, 559; + mail declared incendiary, 559; + Heidelberg, 560; + Mayence, 560; + Munich, 559; + Nuremberg, 559; + Potsdam, 560; + Strasburg, 560; + Worms, 559. + + + HUNGARY, 103. + + + ITALY, + Capri, 557; + Florence, 558; + Genoa, 556; + Milan, 555, 558; + Naples, 556; + Palermo, 557; + Pompeii, 556; + Rome, A. visits, 555; + Vesuvius, 557; + Vatican, 558; + palace and orphan asylum, 943. + + + SWITZERLAND, 603; + Zurich, 559. + + + POLAND, 75, 369. + + + AUSTRALIA, SOUTH, + woman suff. granted, 853. + + NEW ZEALAND, + woman suff. granted, 733. + + * * * * * + +[Transcriber's Notes: + +The transcriber made these changes to the text to correct obvious +errors: + + 1. p. 844 disfranchished --> disfranchised + 2. p. 1034 conferference --> conference + 3. p. 1035, men's govt., 393 --> men's govt., 693 + 4. p. 1043 municiipal --> municipal + 5. p. 1133 canvassses --> canvasses + 6. p. 1133 conferference --> conference + 7. Punctuation has been standardized in the Index + 8. Images and autographs located within a paragraph have been + moved to the end of the paragraph, which may be on a different page. + +Also, many occurrences of mismatched quotes remain as they were in the +original. + +End of Transcriber's Notes] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony +(Volume 2 of 2), by Ida Husted Harper + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUSAN B. ANTHONY *** + +***** This file should be named 31125-8.txt or 31125-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/1/2/31125/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Richard J. 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