diff options
Diffstat (limited to '31121.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 31121.txt | 4959 |
1 files changed, 4959 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/31121.txt b/31121.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cbbb558 --- /dev/null +++ b/31121.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4959 @@ +Project Gutenberg's A Calendar of Scottish Saints, by Michael Barrett + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Calendar of Scottish Saints + +Author: Michael Barrett + +Release Date: January 29, 2010 [EBook #31121] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CALENDAR OF SCOTTISH SAINTS *** + + + + +Produced by Elaine Laizure from images generously made +available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries. + + + + + + +A CALENDAR OF SCOTTISH SAINTS + +BY DOM MICHAEL BARRETT, O.S.B. + +SECOND EDITION REVISED & AUGMENTED + + + +FORT-AUGUSTUS: + +PRINTED AT THE ABBEY PRESS + +1919 + + + +_Nihil obstat_: + +D. CUTHBERTUS ALMOND, O.S.B. +Censor Dep. + +_Imprimatur_: + ++ GEORGIUS, Ep. Aberd. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +The title of Scottish, applied to the holy ones whose names occur +in these short notices, must be understood to refer not so much to +their nationality as to the field in which, they laboured or the +localities where traces of their _cultus_ are to be found. The +Calendar here submitted does not pretend to be exhaustive; the saints +therein noted are those who appear prominently in such records as +remain to us and in the place-names which still recall their +personalities. + +In this new edition much additional information has been inserted, +and many emendations made to render the Calendar as complete as +possible. + +The chief sources relied upon in the compilation of the work are: + +_The Breviary of Aberdeen_, drawn up by Bishop Wm. Elphinstone, and +printed in 1509. + +Dr. Forbes' _Kalendars of Scottish Saints_. + +_Origines Parochiales Scotiae_. + +Dr. Skene's _Celtic Scotland_. + +Canon O'Hanlon's _Lives of Irish Saints_. + +Cardinal Moran's _Irish Saints in Great Britain_. + +_New Statistical Account of Scotland_. + +The date at the head of each notice is generally that of the death +of the saint concerned. + + + +JANUARY + +1--St. Ernan, Abbot, A.D. 640. + +The Saint whose feast is celebrated on this day was a disciple of +the great St. Columba, and is said by Colgan, the renowned Irish +scholar, to have been his nephew. What connection the saint had +with Scotland is not clear. He may have laboured for a time there +under St. Columba, but he became Abbot of Drumhome in Donegal. On +the night St. Columba went to his reward, as we are told by that +saint's biographer, St. Adamnan, Ernan was favoured with a vision +in which the saint's death was revealed to him. St. Ernan died in +his Irish monastery at an advanced age in the year 640. The church +of Killernan, in Ross-shire, is named after him. Another dedication +to this saint is thought by some to be Kilviceuen in Mull. + +4--St. Chroman or Ghronan, A.D. 641. + +On account of the destruction of so many ecclesiastical records at +the Reformation, many {2} particulars regarding some of our +Scottish saints have been irrevocably lost. This is the case with +the holy man before us. All that we know of him may be told in a +few words. He lived in the Cunningham district of Ayrshire, where +he was revered during life and venerated after death for his great +sanctity. On his deathbed we are told he kept continually repeating +those words of the 83rd Psalm, "My soul longeth and fainteth for +the courts of the Lord. My heart and my flesh have rejoiced in the +Living God." + +7--St. Kentigerna, Recluse, A.D. 733. + +Like so many holy souls whose lives drew down the grace of Heaven +upon the land, St. Kentigerna was of Irish race. Her brother, St. +Comgan, succeeded their father, a prince of Leinster, in the +government of his territory. Meeting with violent opposition from +the neighbouring princes, on account of his just and upright +Christian rule, St. Comgan was obliged to fly the country, and +together with his widowed sister, who had been married to an Irish +prince, took refuge in Scotland. St. Comgan devoted himself to +monastic life, and {3} Kentigerna retired to an island in Loch +Lomond to live as an anchoress. Here in her solitary cell, on the +hilly, wooded isle which is now called in memory of her _Innis na +Caillich_ (the Nun's Island), she spent many years of the remainder +of her life. The island became the seat of the old parish church of +Buchanan, which was dedicated to her, and in the graveyard, which +is still in use, are many tombs of the chiefs and illustrious men +of the clan MacGregor. The church has been long in ruins. St. +Kentigerna died in 733. Her feast is to be found in the Aberdeen +Breviary. + +11--St. Suibhne (Sweeney), Abbot, A.D. 656. + +This saint was an Abbot of Iona who died in the odour of sanctity +when he had been Superior of that monastery for about three years. + + +14--St. Kentigern or Mungo, Bishop, A.D. 603 or 612. + +The ancient kingdom of Cumbria or Strathclyde extended from the +Clyde to the Derwent in Cumberland. It had been evangelised by St. +Ninian, but, in the course of two centuries, through constant +warfare and strife, the Faith {4} had almost disappeared when, in +the middle of the sixth century, St. Kentigern was raised up to be +its new apostle. The saint came of a royal race, and was born about +A.D. 518. He was brought up from childhood by a holy hermit of +Culross called Serf, who out of the love he bore the boy changed +his name of Kentigern (signifying "lord and master") to that of +Mungo (the well beloved). It is under the latter name that he is +best known in Scotland. It should be noted, however, that the +benefactor of the young Kentigern, though possibly bearing the same +name, cannot be identified with the well-known St. Serf of Culross, +who, according to modern historians, must have flourished in a +later century. At the completion of his education Kentigern fixed +his abode at Cathures, now known as Glasgow, and was joined by many +disciples, who lived under his rule in a kind of monastic +discipline. His holy life caused him to be raised--much against his +will--to the episcopal state. He fixed upon Glasgow for his see, +and ruled his flock with all the ardour and holiness of an apostle. +Simple and mortified in life, he abstained entirely from {5} wine +and flesh, and often passed two days without food. He wore +haircloth next his skin, slept on a stone, and often rose in the +night to praise God. Throughout his life he preserved the purity of +his baptismal innocence. His pastoral staff was of simple wood. He +always wore his priestly stole, to be ready to perform the +functions of his sacred office. + +Driven from Glasgow by the enmity of a wicked king, the saint took +refuge with St. David in South Wales. He subsequently founded the +monastery known afterwards, from the disciple who succeeded him in +its government, as St. Asaph's, and here more than nine hundred +monks are said to have lived under his rule. Later on he was +recalled to Glasgow, and after a life of apostolic zeal he received +through an angel, on the Octave of the Epiphany, his summons to +eternal life. Fortifying himself by the Sacraments, and exhorting +his disciples to charity and peace and constant obedience to the +Holy Catholic Church, their mother, he breathed his last, being at +least 85 years old. His saintly body was laid to rest where the +magnificent under-croft of St. Mungo's Cathedral, {6} Glasgow, was +raised to his honour in after ages. + +Many old churches in Scotland bear the dedication of St. Mungo; the +chief of these is Lanark parish church. There is a parish bearing +his name in Dumfries-shire, and many holy wells are called after +him; one of these is in Glasgow Cathedral, others are in the +precincts of Glasgow, and at Huntly, Peebles, Ayr, Dumfries, +Glengairn (Aberdeenshire), also at Currie, Penicuik and Mid-Calder, +near Edinburgh. There is also St. Mungo's Isle in Loch Leven. +Besides these Scottish dedications, there are seven churches +in Cumberland which bear his name. It is noteworthy that all +of them bear the more popular title of Mungo. Within about six +miles of Carmarthen, in Wales, is the ancient parish church of +Llangendeirne--"Church of Kentigern"; this is one instance, at +least, of a dedication to the saint under his real name, and maybe +the only one. There were formerly two fairs of St. Mungo kept in +Alloa each year, where the church was dedicated to this saint. St. +Kentigern is said to have made no less than seven pilgrimages to +Rome in the course of his life. {7} His feast, which had long been +celebrated by the Benedictines of Fort-Augustus and the Passionists +of Glasgow, was extended to the whole of Scotland by Leo XIII in +1898. As he died on the Octave of the Epiphany, the feast is kept +on the following day, January 14. + +19--St. Blaithmaic, Martyr, 8th or 9th century. + +This saint was of princely birth, and a native of Ireland. In early +youth he renounced all the attractions of wealth and honour and +entered a monastery. Here for his many virtues he was chosen abbot, +and ruled his flock with wisdom and prudence. But from his youth he +had longed for martyrdom, and though he had often begged leave from +his superiors to preach the Faith to unbelievers, he could never +obtain it. Being at Iona, where he had entered the community as a +simple monk on renouncing his charge in Ireland, he announced one +day to the brethren in the spirit of prophecy that an irruption of +pagan Danes was about to take place. He exhorted those who felt +themselves too weak for martyrdom to seek safety in flight. They +concealed the shrine of St. Columba's {8} relics, and many of the +monks betook themselves to the mainland. + +Next morning, while Blaithmaic was at the altar, having just +offered the Holy Sacrifice, the pagans rushed upon him and the few +companions who remained, and slaughtered all except Blaithmaic. +They offered him life and liberty if he would show them the shrine +of St. Columba with its treasure of gold and gems. But the intrepid +martyr refused to betray his trust and was hewn down at the altar. +He was buried at Iona on the return of the monks from their place +of safety. There is some doubt about the date of his death, some +writers place it as late as A.D. 828. + +20--St. Vigean or Fechin, Hermit, A.D. 664. + +The parish of St. Vigean's, Forfarshire, derives its name from this +saint, who though called Vigean in Scotland, is no other than the +Irish abbot Fechin. He ruled three hundred monks at Fore, in +Westmeath. It is not easy to determine his precise connection with +Scotland, though from the remains which bear his name it would +appear that he spent some time in the country. A hermitage at +Conan, near Arbroath, {9} is pointed out as his residence, and the +foundations of a small chapel may still be traced. Near them is a +spring known as St. Vigean's Well. A fair called by his name was +held at Arbroath on this day up to the eighteenth century. + +Ecclefechan known in Middle Age charters as _Ecclesia Sancti +Fechani_ (Church of St. Fechan) takes its name from the same saint. +It has acquired celebrity in later times as the birthplace of Thomas +Carlyle. St. Fechin was buried in the Monastery of Fore. + +25--St. Euchadius, Monk, A.D. 597. + +This saint was one of the twelve disciples who accompanied St. +Columba from Ireland and settled with him upon the island of Iona. +He was one of the saint's helpers in the conversion of the Northern +Picts. He is said to have written the Acts of St. Columba. It seems +probable that St. Euchadius laboured at one time in Galloway, as he +received special veneration in that district. This may have been +due, however, to relics of the saint preserved there in Catholic +ages. {10} + +26--St. Conan, Bishop, A.D. 648. + +He was born in Ireland, and is said to have passed over to Iona to +join the community there, in which his virtues and talents placed +him high in the estimation of the monks. He was characterised by a +special devotion to the Mother of God, which won for him a singular +purity of soul. He was made tutor to the three sons of Eugenius IV, +King of Scotland, and brought them up carefully and wisely. Later +on he became a Bishop. St. Conan was greatly honoured in Scotland. +His name survives at Kilconan, in Fortingal, Perthshire, and at St. +Conan's Well, near Dalmally, Argyleshire. St. Conan's Fair is held +at Glenorchy, Perthshire, but this seems to relate to another saint +of like name, as its date is the third Wednesday in March and our +saint was venerated on January 26th, as the best authorities +testify. + +28--St. Nathalan or Nauchlan, Bishop, A.D. 678. + +This saint was born of a noble Scottish family at Tullich, +Aberdeenshire. From his youth he was distinguished for great piety, +and spent {11} much of his time in manual labour in the fields as a +voluntary mortification and a means of subduing the passions. Many +miracles are related of him. It is said that having given away all +his corn in time of famine, he caused the fields to be sown with +sand for lack of grain, and was rewarded by a plentiful harvest. +Having given way to murmuring in a moment of impatience he imposed +upon himself the penance of making a pilgrimage to Rome, wearing on +his leg a heavy chain; this he fastened by a padlock and threw the +key into the Dee at a place now known as "The Pool of the Key." He +is said to have bought a fish for food in Rome and to have found +the key in its stomach; this he took for a supernatural intimation +to discontinue his self-inflicted mortification. + +Being made bishop by the Pope, he returned to his native land as an +apostle of the Faith. He built in Deeside several churches at his +own expense; one of these was at his native place, Tullich, where a +huge slab of granite, sculptured with an antique cross, forms the +top lintel of one of the doors of the ancient church, and is +thought to have been a portion {12} of the saint's tomb. St. +Nathalan is said to have visited Ireland, and to have founded the +monastery of Dungiven in Ulster. He died at a very advanced age at +Tullich, on January 8th, 678. He became the patron saint of +Deeside, and traces of his _cultus_ still remain in that district. +Long after Protestants had lost sight of the reason for it, an +annual holiday was held on his feast day, no work being allowed to +be done. A market was formerly held at Old Meldrum on or near this +day, called "St. Nathalan's Fair," and another at Cowie, +Kincardineshire. The ancient name of Meldrum was Bothelney, a +corruption of Bothnethalen, which signifies "habitation of +Nathalan." Near the ruins of the old church is still to be seen +"Nauchlan's Well." A quaint local rhyme preserves his memory at +Cowie: + + "Atween the kirk and the kirk ford + There lies St. Nauchlan's hoard." + +The feast of St. Nathalan was restored by Leo XIII. + +29--St. Voloc or Macwoloc, Bishop. 5th or 6th century. + +This saint is considered by some to have been of Irish race as his +name is possibly identical {13} with the Irish name Faelchu. He is +said by the Aberdeen Breviary to have left his native land to +spread the Roman Faith in Scotland, where he was raised to the +episcopal rank. He voluntarily took upon himself a life of great +austerity to satisfy for his own sins and those of others. His +evangelical labours were devoted to the northern parts of the +country chiefly. He lived in a little house woven of reeds and +wattles, for his attraction was towards everything poor and humble. +His simple and holy life and the miracles he worked had an immense +influence in spreading the light of faith amongst the ignorant and +half-barbarous people to whose welfare he had devoted himself, and +many were converted to the Truth. + +He is said to have died in extreme old age; angels standing round +his death-bed. The old churches of Dunmeth and Logie Mar in +Aberdeenshire were dedicated to this saint. The former parish is +now included in that of Glass. Two miles below Beldorny in that +parish are St. Wallach's Baths and a ruined chapel called Wallach's +Kirk, while in the neighbourhood of the latter is St. Wallach's +Well, which up to {14} recent times was a recognised place of +pilgrim age. An annual fair was formerly held in his honour at +Logie; it is commemorated in a provincial rhyme: + + "Wala-fair in Logic Mar + The thirtieth day of Januar." + +30--St. Glascian or Maglastian, Bishop. + +Scottish calendars give short notices of this saint, who is said to +have been an illustrious and saintly bishop during the reign of +King Achaius, a Scottish king contemporaneous with Charlemagne. +Very few particulars can be ascertained as to his life. All that is +at present known of him is gathered from the traces of his _cultus_ +which remain in various districts of the country. Thus the parish +of Kinglassie, near Kirkcaldy, seems to have been named after him, +and in the neighbourhood is a spring of fine water known as St. +Glass's Well. There is another well named after him at Dundrennan +(Kirkcudbrightshire). Kilmaglas, now known as Stachur, in +Argyleshire, indicates another dedication to this saint. His feast +is noted in the Breviary of Aberdeen on this day. {15} + +31--St. Adamnan of Coldingham, A.D. (about) 686. + +In the monastery of Coldingham, over which St. Ebba presided, was a +monk of great sanctity and austerity named Adamnan. It is not +certain whether he was a native of Scotland or not. In his youth +Adamnan had led a life of great licentiousness, and being converted +by the grace of God from his evil ways was moved with a desire to +do penance for his sins. Accordingly he sought the counsel of a +certain Irish priest, to whom he made a general confession and +confided his desire of entering upon a penitential life. So deep +was his sorrow that he expressed himself ready to accept any +penance his director might impose, even to spending whole nights in +prayer, or fasting for a week continuously. The priest having +imposed upon him the penance of taking food twice only in a week +until he should see him again, departed into Ireland, and died +there before Adamnan was able to consult him a second time. Taking +this as a sign of God's Will that he was to persevere in his heroic +course of penance, Adamnan resolved to continue to the end the hard +life begun by the counsel of the Irish priest. Having become {16} a +monk at Coldingham after his conversion, he lived there for many +years, and was made one of the priests of the monastery. He died in +the odour of sanctity after being favoured with the gift of +prophecy. + +St. Mittan. + +All that is known of this saint is that a fair, called after him, +was held formerly at Kilmadock in Perthshire, on January 31st., +which must consequently have been his feast day. + + + +FEBRUARY + +1--St. Darlugdach, Virgin, A.D. 524. + +This saint was an Irish virgin who was educated to the monastic +life by the great St. Bridget, the glory of Ireland. She is said to +have visited Scotland during the reign of King Nectan and to have +presided over a community of religious women attached to a church +which that King had built at Abernethy and dedicated to the Blessed +Virgin. By some writers St. Bridget herself is said to have led the +monastic colony to Scotland, but this is by no means {17} clear. It +is true that great devotion was shown towards her, and many +Scottish churches and wells bear her name, but this may be +accounted for by the close connection with Ireland which subsisted +in those early times. Her relics, too, were venerated at Abernethy. + +St. Darlugdach did not remain in Scotland, as she succeeded her +friend and patroness St. Bridget as Abbess of Kildare, where she +died. + +3--St. Fillan or Faolan, Abbot (8th century). + +He was the son of St. Kentigerna, and consequently of Irish birth, +and is said to have taken the monastic habit at Taghmon, in +Wexford, under the rule of St. Fintan-Munnu; later on he came to +Scotland. After spending some time with his uncle St. Comgan at +Lochalsh, where Killillan (Kilfillan) bears his name, the saint +devoted himself to the evangelization of the district of Perthshire +round Strathfillan, which is called after him, and where he was +greatly venerated. The success of the Scots at Bannockburn was +attributed to the presence of the arm of St. Fillan, which was +borne by its custodian, the Abbot of Inchaffray, on the {18} field +of battle. The crozier of the saint is still in existence; it is +preserved in the National Museum, Edinburgh. This also, as one of +the sacred battle-ensigns of Scotland, is said to have been present +at Bannockburn. A small bell which formerly hung in his church in +Strathfillan is now in the museum of the Antiquarian Society in +Edinburgh. Several traces of the saint are to be found in the +district in which he preached. Killallan, or Killellen, an ancient +parish in Renfrewshire, took its name from him; it was originally +Kilfillan (Church of Fillan). Near the ruins of the old church, +situated near Houston, is a stone called Fillan's Seat, and a +spring called Fillan's Well existed there until it was filled up, +as a remnant of superstition, by a parish minister in the +eighteenth century. Other holy wells bore his name at Struan +(Perthshire), Largs and Skelmorlie (Ayrshire), Kilfillan +(Wigtonshire), Pittenweem (Fifeshire), etc. A fair used to be held +annually at Houston and another at Struan, both known as Fillan's +Fair. In Strathfillan are the ruins of St. Fillan's chapel, and +hard by is the Holy Pool, in which the insane were formerly bathed +{19} to obtain a cure by the saint's intercession. Scott refers to +it in _Marmion_ (Cant. I. xxix): + + "St. Fillan's blessed Well, + Whose spring can frenzied dreams dispel + And the crazied brain restore." + +Pope Leo XIII re-established the saint's feast in Scotland. + + +4--St. Modan, Abbot, 8th century. + +This saint, whose missionary labours benefited the west coast of +Scotland, was the son of an Irish chieftain. He crossed over from +his native land, like so many others of his countrymen, to minister +to the spiritual wants of the many Christians of Irish race who at +that time formed an important part of the population of the +district to which he came. + +A short distance from the site of the old Priory of Ardchattan, +near Loch Etive, may still be seen the remains of his first +oratory. It bears the name of Balmodhan (St. Modan's Town); a few +paces from its ruins is a clear spring called St. Modan's Well, and +hither within the memory of persons still living came many a +pilgrimage in honour of the saint. A {20} flat stone near was known +as St. Modan's Seat. It was broken up for building materials by +Presbyterians not many years ago. + +The ruins are situated amid scenery of impressive beauty, and +command a view of land and water as far as the island of Mull. The +masonry," says Dr. Story in his description of the buildings, "is +strong and rough, but little more than the gables and the outline +of two broken walls remain, overshadowed by the ash trees that have +planted themselves among the stones, the existing trees growing out +of the remains of roots, all gnarled and weather-worn, of immensely +greater age. In every crevice thorn, rowan, ivy, and fern have +fastened themselves, softening and concealing the sanctuary's +decay." ("St. Modan," by R. H. Story, D.D.) + +Another old church which claims St. Modan for its patron is that +of Roseneath, which stands near Loch Long, on the border of the +Western Highlands, in Dumbartonshire. Its name signifies "the +Promontory of the Sanctuary"; sometimes it was known as "Neveth"--the +Sanctuary--simply. Only the ancient burial ground and kirk now +remain, but formerly a {21} well existed here also, which is said +to have had miraculous properties and was resorted to by pilgrims. +Later on the site was made use of for a foundation of Canons +Regular, whose monastery was built on a plain below the sanctuary; +it is now entirely demolished. + +Kilmodan, above Loch Riddan, on the Kyles of Bute, is another of +St. Modan's foundations, as its name implies; for it signifies +Church of Modan. The modern kirk has replaced the ancient building +and occupies the same site. Other parts of Scotland also claim +connection with this saint. He is said to have preached the Faith +as far east as Falkirk, where the old church, _Eaglais Bhreac_, was +dedicated to him, as was also the High Church of Stirling. + +After a life of extreme austerity St. Modan, finding his end +approaching, retired to the solitude of Rosneath, where he died. +Devotion to him was very popular in Scotland. Scott alludes to it +in the "Lay of the Last Minstrel": + + "Some to Saint Modan made their vows, + Some to Saint Mary of the Lowes." + Canto VI. {22} + +7--St. Ronan, Bishop, A.D. 737. + +Dr. Skene, in his "Celtic Scotland," expresses the opinion that +this saint was a contemporary and associate of St. Modan. It is +remarkable that where a foundation of one saint exists, traces of +the other are found in the vicinity. Thus near Rosneath is +Kilmaronock, where is St. Maronock's Well, and on the opposite side +of Loch Etive, not far from Balmodhan, is Kilmaronog. Both names +signify "Church" or "Cell of Ronan." + +It is a common feature in the Celtic designations of saints to find +the prefix _mo_ (my) and the affix _og_ (little) added to the +simple name by way of reverent endearment. This is the case in the +names just referred to; Kilmaronog and Kilmaronock both mean +literally "Church of my little (or dear) Ronan." + +Many legends surround this saint, but very little authentic +information can be gleaned concerning the circumstances of his +life. Many dedications to him are to be found on lonely isles and +retired spots on the west coast, which seem to point to a custom of +seeking solitude from time to time. Thus a little island near {23} +Raasay is called Ronay; another sixty miles north-east of the +Lewes, possessing an ancient oratory and Celtic crosses, is called +Rona. An islet on the west coast of the mainland of Shetland is +called St. Ronan's Isle; it becomes an island at high tide only. +The parish church of Iona was called _Teampull Ronain_ and its +burial ground _Cladh Ronain_. St. Ronan is said to have been Abbot +of Kingarth, Bute, where he died in 737. Holy wells bear his name +at Strowan (Perthshire), Chapelton in Strathdon (Aberdeenshire), +and the Butt of Lewis; the latter is famed for the cure of lunacy. + +14--St. Conran. + +He was a Bishop of Orkney in the seventh century whose name was +illustrious for sanctity, zeal, and austerity of life. + +17--St. Finan, Bishop, A.D. 661. + +This saint was an Irishman who became a monk in the monastery +founded by St. Columba at Iona. During his monastic life he was +distinguished for the virtues befitting his state, especially +prudence and gravity of demeanour. {24} He was devoted to prayer +and strove zealously to live according to the Divine Will in all +things. When St. Aidan, who had been a monk of Iona, passed to his +heavenly reward, a successor in his see of Lindisfarne was again +sought in that celebrated monastery, and the choice fell upon +Finan. His first care was to erect on the island of Lindisfarne a +suitable cathedral, and in this he placed the remains of his +saintly predecessor Aidan. + +During the few years that St. Finan ruled his diocese he exhibited +all the virtues of a model bishop. His love of poverty, contempt of +the world, and zeal for preaching the Gospel, won the hearts of his +people. Under his guidance, Oswy the King was brought to realise +his crime in the barbarous murder of the saintly Oswin, King of +Deira, and the result was the foundation of monasteries and +churches as tokens of his sincere repentance and his desire to +obtain pardon from Heaven through the prayers and merits of those +who should dwell in them. + +The influence of St. Finan extended beyond his own people; for the +kings of more southern {25} nations, with their subjects, owed the +Faith to his zeal and piety. Peada, King of the Mercians, and +Sigebert, King of the East Saxons, both received Baptism at his +hands, and obtained from him missionaries to preach to their +respective peoples. + +The most famous work in which St. Finan was directly concerned was +the foundation by Oswy of the Monastery of Streaneshalch on the +precipitous headland afterwards known as Whitby. This was to become +in later years, under the rule of the first abbess, Hilda, a school +of saints and a centre of learning for the whole territory in which +it stood, and the admiration of after ages for its fervour and +strictness of discipline. + +St. Finan died after an episcopate of ten years, and was laid to +rest beside the remains of St. Aidan in the cathedral he had built +at Lindisfarne. His feast was restored to Scot land by Leo XIII. in +1898. + +18--St. Colman, Bishop, A.D. 676. + +On the death of St. Finan, another monk of Iona was chosen to +succeed him in the see of {26} Lindisfarne. This was Colman, who, +like Finan, was of Irish nationality. At the time a fierce +controversy was raging in Britain as to the correct calculation of +Easter. The Roman system of computation had undergone various +changes until it was finally fixed towards the end of the sixth +century. It was adopted gradually throughout the Church, but +Britain and Ireland still retained their ancient method. In +consequence of this it sometimes happened that when the Celtic +Church was keeping Easter, the followers of the Roman computation +were still observing Lent. This was the case in the Court of Oswy, +King of Bernicia, who followed the Celtic rite, while his Queen +Eanfleada and her chaplains, who had been accustomed to the Roman +style, kept the festival in accordance with it. + +To bring about uniformity a synod was held at Whitby to give the +advocates of either system an opportunity of stating their views. +St. Wilfrid, the great upholder of Roman customs, brought such +weighty arguments for his side that the majority of those present +were persuaded to accept the Roman computation. {27} St. Colman, +however, since the Holy See had not definitely settled the matter, +could not bring himself to give up the traditional computation +which his dear master, St. Columba, had held to. He, therefore, +resigned his see, after ruling it for three years only, and with +such of the Lindisfarne monks as held the same views retired to +Iona. + +On his way thither he seems to have founded the church of Fearn in +Forfarshire, which he dedicated to St. Aidan, placing there some of +the saint's relics brought with him from Lindisfarne. He also +founded a church in honour of the same saint at Tarbert in +Easter-Ross. This, however, was afterwards called by his own name. + +After a short stay at Iona, St. Colman re turned to Ireland and +founded a monastery at Inisbofin, an island on the west coast of +that country, peopling it with the monks who had left Lindisfarne +in his company. Later on a new foundation was made at Mayo for +Saxon monks only; it became known as "Mayo of the Saxons." The +saint ruled both monasteries till his death, which occurred at +Inisbofin, where {28} he was buried. He had translated thither the +greater part of St. Aidan's relics. The ruins of the ancient church +may still be seen on the island. St. Colman's feast has been +restored to Scotland by Pope Leo XIII. + +Protestant writers have tried to interpret St. Colman's conduct +regarding the Synod of Whitby as a manifest opposition to Roman +authority. This, however, is a mistaken conclusion. It must be +remembered that the matter was regarded by him as an open question, +and he considered himself justified in keeping to the traditional +usage until Rome declared against it. St. Bede, who had no sympathy +with his views on the Easter question, speaks highly of St. Colman +as a holy and zealous Bishop. + +There is some discrepancy between Scottish and Irish authorities as +to the precise date of the saint's death. In Scotland he was +honoured on this day, but Irish writings give the date as August 8. +There are also some slight differences in the particulars of his +life; but as no less than 130 saints of this name are mentioned in +Irish ecclesiastical records, it is conceivable that their +histories have become intermixed. {29} + +23--St. Boisil, Confessor, A.D. 664. + +The old abbey of Melrose was not the Cistercian house whose ruins +still remain, but an earlier monastery which had been founded by +St. Aidan and followed the rule of St. Columba, which was +afterwards changed for that of St. Benedict. The Roman usage +regarding Easter was adopted there, very soon after the Synod of +Whitby. Its abbot was the holy Eata, who was given the government +of Lindisfarne Abbey also, when many of its monks followed St. +Colman to Ireland. Just before these events occurred the subject of +this notice was called to his reward. He was prior of Melrose under +Eata, and it was he, who, being a monk and priest of surpassing +merit and prophetic spirit, as St. Bede says, welcomed with joy and +gave the monastic habit to a youth in whom he saw "a servant of the +Lord"--the future St. Cuthbert. The two became devoted friends, and +Boisil, who was especially learned in the Scriptures, became +Cuthbert's master in that science, as well as his example in holy +living. + +In 664 a terrible epidemic called the Yellow Plague visited +Scotland and carried off numbers {30} of the inhabitants. Boisil +and Cuthbert were both attacked by the malady, and the lives of +both were endangered. The holy prior, however, from the beginning +foretold the recovery of Cuthbert and his own death. Summoning the +latter to his bedside, he prophesied his future greatness, relating +all that was to befall him in the years to come, and especially his +elevation to the episcopal rank. Then he begged Cuthbert to assist +him during the seven days of life which remained to him to finish +the study of St. John's Gospel on which they had been engaged. In +this they occupied themselves till St. Boisil's peaceful death. + +The church of St. Boswell's was dedicated to this saint, the name +is a corruption of St. Boisil's. The old town has disappeared. An +annual fair was formerly held on July 18th, in honour of the +saint. His well also was situated there. + +25--St. Cumine, Abbot, A.D. 669. + +He was the seventh abbot of Iona, and his learning and holiness +rank him among the most illustrious monks of that renowned +monastery. The Synod of Whitby, which was instrumental {31} in +overthrowing the ancient Celtic computation of Easter and +substituting the Roman use, occurred during Cumine's occupation of +the abbacy. He wrote a life of St. Columba, probably to vindicate +his sanctity after the apparent slight offered to his memory by the +synod in setting aside the traditional usage which he had +cherished. This life seems to have been the result of St. Colman's +visit to Iona before his return to Ireland (see Feb. 18th). + +A more important work is St. Cumine's letter on the Easter +controversy, which he wrote before he became abbot, and which +shows a thorough acquaintance with the difficulties of the subject, +as well as deep knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures and writings +of the Fathers. He is often called _Cumine Ailbhe_ (Cumine the +Fair-haired). His name survives in _Kilchuimein_ (Church of St. +Cumine), the ancient designation of Fort-Augustus, and the only +name by which it is still called in Gaelic. A spot in the same +neighbourhood is known as St. Cumine's Return; it is in the +vicinity of a hill called St. Cumine's Seat. The parish church of +Glenelg also is named after this saint. + + + +MARCH + +1--St. Marnock or Marnan, Bishop, A.D. 625. + +Like so many of the Celtic saints, the name of this one has been +changed by the addition of particles expressive of reverence. The +original form was Ernin; the Scottish name is a contraction of the +Gaelic words _Mo-Ernin-og_ (my little Ernin). He is considered by +some writers to have been of Irish nationality, but this is by no +means established. St. Marnock laboured as a missionary in Moray, +being specially noted for his zeal in preaching. He died at +Aberchirder in Banffshire, and was buried in the church there. The +place after wards received the additional name of Marnock from its +connection with the saint. St. Marnock's shrine became a favourite +place of pilgrimage, and miracles were wrought through his relics, +which were religiously preserved there. The head of St. Marnock was +frequently borne in procession to obtain fair weather. It was the +custom also to have lights placed round it every Sunday and to wash +the relic with water, {33} which was afterwards used, greatly to +their benefit, by the sick. The Innes family, who chose the saint as +their patron, had a particular devotion to that relic. + +Traces of the _cultus_ of St. Marnock are to be found in many +districts of Scotland. Besides the church in which his remains +were honoured, a holy well at Aberchirder still bears his name. A +fair on the second Tuesday in March, held there annually, was known +as Marnock Fair. There was a Marnock Fair at Paisley also, which +lasted for eight days. The church of the well-known parish of +Kilmarnock, in Ayrshire, is another of his dedications. Near +Kilfinan, in Argyllshire, and not far from the sea shore, may be +seen the foundation and a fragment of the wall of a chapel with a +graveyard round it; the field in which the chapel stands is called +Ard-Marnoc. On an eminence not far off is a cell which tradition +assigns to this saint as a place of retirement for solitary +communion with God. Inchmarnock, an island near Bute, is another +place connected with him; Dalmarnock at Little Dunkeld, is +named after this saint. Other churches and parishes also show {34} +traces of the honour paid to him in Catholic ages. + +St. Monan, Martyr, 9th century. + +According to some writers, he was one of the companions of St. Adrian +(who was honoured on March 4), and preached the Gospel in Fifeshire; +his relics being afterwards translated to Abercrombie in that +county--King David II., in thanksgiving for cures obtained through +the saint's intercession, erecting there a noble church to contain +them. Dr Skene, however, is of opinion that this saint was not a +martyr, but was St. Monan, Bishop of Clonfert, known in Irish +calendars as Moinenn, and that his relics were brought to Abercrombie +by Irish who had fled from the Danes then plundering and burning +Irish monasteries about the year 841. On account of the great +devotion of the saint, Abercrombie became generally known as St. +Monan's, but has now reverted to its original title. The church was +given by James III. to the Dominicans; later on it was transferred to +the Canons Regular of St. Andrews. St. Monan's Well is near the +ancient building. {35} + +2--St. Fergna, Bishop, A.D. 622. + +This saint, a fellow-citizen and relative of St. Columba, became +eventually Abbot of Iona. During his rule many of the young nobles +who had fled from the sword of the King of Deira took shelter in the +monastery. They were instructed and converted to the Christian Faith. +St. Fergna is said to have been made a bishop in the later years of +his life, but this is called in question by some writers. He seems to +have been of partly British descent and is often styled "Fergna the +Briton." + +4--St. Adrian and Companions, A.D. 875. + +An old legend, which was long regarded as authentic, relates that +this saint was of royal birth and was a native of Hungary, and that +he came to Scotland with several companions to preach the Faith. +Modern historians identify him with the Irish St. Odhran, who was +driven from his country by the Danes and took refuge in Scotland. He +preached the Gospel to the people of Fifeshire and the eastern +counties. Eventually he founded a monastery on the Isle of May in the +Firth of Forth. Here he suffered martyrdom, together {36} with a +great number of his disciples, in an incursion of the Danes. A Priory +was built on the island by David I, and placed under the Benedictine +Abbey of Reading. Later on it was given over to the Canons Regular +of St. Andrews. The Isle of May became a famous place of pilgrimage +on account of the connection with it of other saints besides St. +Adrian and his companions. James IV visited it several times, having +evidently a great affection for the holy place. In 1503 he took the +"clerkis of the Kingis chapell to Maii to sing the Mes thair." Other +records occur in his treasurer's accounts, such as the following: "To +the preistis to say thre trentals of Messis thair"; for "the Kingis +offerand in his tua candillis in Maii." + +6--St. Baldred, Hermit, A.D. 608. + +This saint, according to a popular tradition, was a disciple of the +great St. Kentigern. He has often been styled the Apostle of East +Lothian. After his master's death St. Baldred took up his residence +upon the Bass Rock, near North Berwick, and there he devoted himself +to penance and prayer, his favourite {37} subject of meditation being +the Passion of Christ Our Lord. From time to time he would pay +missionary visits to the mainland. He died at Aldhame in Haddington, +a village which has now disappeared; St. Baldred's Cave is on the +sea-shore near its former site. Tyningham Church, in the same county, +and also that of Prestonkirk, were dedicated to him. The former was +burnt by the Danes in 941. The old parishes of Aldhame and Tyningham +are now united under the designation of Whitekirk. At Prestonkirk +there is a well which bears the saint's name, whose water, as a +Protestant writer notes, is excellent for making tea! An eddy in the +Tyne is called St. Baldred's Whirl. A century ago Prestonkirk +churchyard possessed an ancient statue of St. Baldred. The ruins of a +chapel dedicated to the saint are still discernible on the Bass Rock. + +St. Cadroe, Abbot, A.D. 937. + +He was connected with the royal family of Strathclyde. In his youth +he was sent to Ireland to be educated at Armagh. Returning to +Scotland, he devoted himself to the training and education of youths +for the priesthood. {38} + +Later on he gave himself to a life of pilgrimage and passed into +England, where Odo, Arch bishop of Canterbury, received him with +great kindness; he also visited the King, Edmund, at Winchester. +Crossing over to France, Cadroe, by the direction of St. Fursey, who +appeared to him in a vision during prayer, took the monastic habit at +the Benedictine Abbey of Fleury. But although he wished to remain +there as a simple monk, his sanctity caused him to be made abbot of +the monastery of Wassons-on-the Meuse, which he ruled for some years. +At the request of the Bishop of Metz he took up his residence in that +city in the Abbey of St. Clement, where he instituted a thorough +reform of discipline. He remained at the latter monastery till his +death at the age of seventy, which was followed by many miracles. + +8--St. Duthac, Bishop, A.D. 1068. + +This saint was of Scottish birth, but was educated, like many of his +contemporaries, in Ireland. Returning to his native land, he was +consecrated bishop, and devoted himself with zeal to the pastoral +office. He is said to have {39} especially shown this devotion in +hearing the confessions of his people. He laboured as bishop in the +districts of Moray and Ross. Both during life and after death he was +noted for many miracles. He was buried in the church of Tain, whose +Gaelic title is _Baile Dhuich_ (Duthac's Town). Seven years after +death his body was found incorrupt, and was removed to a more +honourable shrine in the same church. His resting-place became one of +the chief places of pilgrimage in the country. James IV. visited it +no less than three times, travelling thither with a large retinue. At +that date St. Duthac's Bell was treasured at Tain. St. Duthac is +patron of Kilduich, at the head of Loch Duich in Kintail. The saint +probably visited this spot, which belonged to his pastoral charge. +Kilduthie, near the Loch of Leys, Kincardineshire, and Arduthie, near +Stonehaven, in the same county, both take their names from this +saint. A chapel in the Benedictine Abbey of Arbroath bore the +dedication of St. Duthac. Two fairs called after him were held +annually at Tain--"St. Duthac in Lent" was on his feast-day; that in +{40} December probably indicated some translation of his relics. At +Tain is St. Duthac's Cairn. A holy well bears his name in the parish +of Cromarty. Leo XIII restored his feast in 1898. + +10--St. Failhbe (the second), Abbot, A.D. 745. + +This saint was one of the abbots of Iona. He ruled that monastery +for seven years, and died there at the age of seventy. + +St. Kessog or Mackessog, Bishop and Martyr, A.D. 560. + +He was a native of Ireland, but devoted himself to missionary +labours in Scotland, in the province of Lennox. He used as his +retreat _Innis a' Mhanaich_ (Monk's Island) in Loch Lomond. Tradition +says that he suffered martyrdom near Luss, in Dumbartonshire. Another +version is that being martyred in a foreign country, and his body +being conveyed to Scotland for burial, the herbs with which it was +surrounded took root and grew where he was laid to rest; hence the +name Luss (herbs) was given to the spot, and was afterwards extended +to the parish. The place of his burial is called "Carnmacheasaig." +The church of {41} Luss had the privilege of sanctuary, which +extended for three miles round it, so that no one could be molested +within that boundary for any cause; this was granted by King Robert +Bruce in 1313. The church of Auchterarder, Perthshire, was dedicated +to this saint, and he was also venerated at Callander; at both +places, as also at Comrie, Perthshire, fairs were held annually on +his feast-day. Near Callander is a conical mound bearing his name. +The bell of the saint was preserved up to the seventeenth century. At +Inverness is "Kessog Ferry." The saint's name was often used by the +Scots as a battle-cry, and he is sometimes represented as the patron +of soldiers, wearing a kind of military dress. + +11--St. Constantine, King and Martyr, A.D. 590. + +This saint was a British king who reigned in Cornwall. His early life +was stained by many crimes, but, becoming converted to piety, after +his wife's death he entered the monastery of Menevia, now known as +St. David's, that he might expiate his sins by penance. St. +Kentigern, then an exile in that same monastery, exhorted {42} him to +devote himself to preaching the Faith in Cumbria. St. Constantine +accordingly founded a monastery at Govan, in Lanarkshire, where he +became abbot, and from whence he and his disciples preached +Christianity to the people of the surrounding country. He converted +the people of Cantyre, and met his death in that district at the +hands of the enemies of his teaching. He was buried at Govan, where +the church bears his name. Kilchousland in Cantyre takes its name +from him. The ancient church of Kinnoul, near Perth, and that of +Dunnichen, Forfarshire, were also dedicated to this saint; at the +latter place was St. Cousland's (or Causnan's) Fair, and some remains +of St. Cousland's chapel are there still. The water of his well at +Garrabost, in Lewis, known as St. Cowstan's, is said never to boil +any kind of meat, however long it may be kept over a fire. The feast +of this saint was restored by Leo XIII. + +St. Libranus, Abbot. + +He was one of the many saintly abbots of Iona. {43} + +12--St. Indrecht, Abbot and Martyr, A.D. 854. + +This saint was also Abbot of Iona, being the twenty-first in order +of succession. On his way to Rome he was martyred by the Saxons. + +St. Fechno, or Fiachna, Confessor, A.D. 580. + +He was one of the twelve disciples who accompanied St. Columba to +Scotland. He was probably born in the north of Ireland, and spent +some years under St. Columba's rule. Miracles are said to have been +wrought at his tomb. + +16--St. Finan, Abbot, A.D. (about) 575. + +This saint, surnamed "The Leper," from the disease with which he was +afflicted, is mentioned in Irish calendars on the 16th of this +month. Although the dedications to St. Finan in Scotland are many, +and devotion to him must therefore have been widespread, it is +difficult to assign a cause for it. Some have thought that he was at +some time at Iona, but the authentic particulars of his life which +are now extant are so few that it is impossible to determine. To him +is attributed the evangelisation of part of Argyllshire, in the +district which still bears {44} the name of Glen-Finan. The ancient +burial-place of the district is on _Eilean Finan_, an island in Loch +Shiel, where he is said to have lived, and where is preserved one of +the few ancient bronze bells which still exist in Scot land; it is +called by the saint's name. A fair was formerly held there annually, +and was called "St. Finan's Fair." Other dedications to this saint +are at Kilfinan in the same county Kilfinan, near Invergarry, and +Mochrum in Wigtonshire. "St. Finzean's Fair" (a manner of denoting +Finyan), formerly held at Perth, is supposed to have been in honour +of the festival of this saint. + +St. Charmaig, A.D. (about) 640. + +This was a saint much honoured among the Hebrides. He is patron of +the church of Keills, Argyllshire. At Ellanmore, in that county, +there are the remains of a chapel, named after him, Kilmacharmaig, +and in a recess is a recumbent figure thought to be a representation +of the saint. Kirkcormaig, in the parish of Kelton, Kirkcudbright, +possibly refers to this saint. {45} + +St. Boniface or Curitan, Bishop, 8th century. + +An ancient legend, which modern historians have shown to be a +fanciful distortion of facts, relates that this saint, an Israelite, +came from Rome to Britain, and that after converting Nectan, King of +the Picts, and his people to Christianity, he consecrated 150 +bishops, ordained 1000 priests, founded 150 churches, and baptised +36,000 persons. The real facts of the case seem to be that this saint +is identical with Curitan, an Irish saint, who laboured in Scotland +to bring about the Roman observance of Easter. The testimony of St. +Bede that King Nectan in the year 710 adopted the Roman computation, +and the fact that St. Boniface was zealous in founding churches in +honour of St. Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, thus identifying +himself with special devotion to Rome, seem to give weight to the +supposition. This saint became a bishop, and the cathedral of the +diocese of Ross, which replaced the primitive building raised by him +at Rosemarkie (now Fortrose) and dedicated to St. Peter, was +subsequently named in his honour. A fair was formerly held there +annually on his feast-day. {46} + +In Glen-Urquhart, Inverness-shire, _Clach Churadain_, an ancient +church at Corrimony, was dedicated to this saint. _Croit Churadain_ +("Curitan's Croft") and _Tobar Churadain_ ("Curitan's Well") are hard +by. + +17--St. Patrick, Bishop, A.D. 493. + +To many it may seem strange that the name of the great Apostle of +Ireland should appear among Scottish saints; but the calendar would +be incomplete without it. According to many competent authorities St. +Patrick was born in Scotland. They fix his birthplace at Kilpatrick +on the Clyde, near Dumbarton. Even were this theory rejected, and +that one accepted which makes him a native of Gaul, still the number +of churches dedicated to the saint in Scotland, testifying to the +devotion in which he was held in Catholic ages, would justify the +mention of his feast here. About fourteen churches bore his name, and +many have given the designation to the parish in which they stand, as +Kilpatrick, Temple-Patrick, Ard-Patrick, Dalpatrick, Kirkpatrick, +etc. Fairs were held on this day--known as "Patrickmas"--at Dumbarton +and Kirkpatrick--Durham {47} (Kirkcudbrightshire). There is a sacred +well called by the saint's name, and also a small chapel in honour of +St. Patrick, at Muthill, Perthshire, and so highly was he esteemed in +that place that a general holiday from labour was observed on his +feast up to the beginning of last century. At Dalziel (Lanarkshire), +Kilpatrick (Dumbartonshire), and Port Patrick (Wigtonshire), are holy +wells bearing St. Patrick's name. + +18--St. Finian or Finan, Bishop, A.D. 660. + +This feast is noted both in the Breviary and Martyrology of Aberdeen, +as well as in other Scottish calendars. There is a wide divergence of +opinion among authorities as to the particular saint referred to, and +the Aberdeen Breviary affords no account of his life. It seems, +however, not improbable that this is the St. Finan, patron of the +churches of Migvie and Lumphanan, both in Aberdeenshire, who is +thought by Dr. Skene to have been one of St. Kentigern's Welsh +disciples, sent, together with St. Nidan (see Nov. 3), to preach the +Gospel in Deeside. "In the upper valley of the Dee, on the north side +of the river, we find a group of {48} dedications which must have +proceeded from a Welsh source. These are Glengairden, dedicated to +Mungo, Migvie and Lumphanan to Finan, the latter name being a +corruption of Llanffinan, and Midmar dedicated to Nidan; while in the +island of Anglesea we likewise find two adjacent parishes called +Llanffinan and Llannidan." ("Celtic Scotland," ii., 193.) + +A chapel at Abersnethick in the parish of Monymusk bears the name of +St. Finan, and an Aberdeen authority notes in 1703 that: "Finzean +Fair at the kirk of Migvie "was kept at that time," whiles in March +and whiles in April, on the Tuesday before Midlenton fair at +Banchrie." + +St. Comman, A.D. 688. + +He was the brother of St. Cumine, Abbot of Iona, and therefore of +Irish descent. Like him, too, he became a monk at Iona. The parish +of Kilchoman, Islay, takes its name from this saint. + + +20--St. Cuthbert, Bishop, A.D. 687. + +This saint was born of Saxon parents in Northumbria, and was early +left an orphan. {49} While tending sheep on the slopes of Lammermoor +the youth had a remarkable vision, in which he saw the heavens at +night-time all bright with supernatural splendour and choirs of +angels bearing some soul of dazzling brightness to its eternal +reward. Next day he learned that Aidan, the holy Bishop of +Lindisfarne, had passed away. Cuthbert had often before thought of +embracing the monastic state, and this vision of the blessedness of +one who was a brilliant example of that way of life decided him. He +therefore presented himself at the gates of the monastery of Melrose, +being probably in his twenty-fourth year. He was received as a +novice by St. Boisil, the Prior, who, on first beholding the youth, +said to those who stood near: "Behold a true servant of the Lord," a +prediction abundantly fulfilled in Cuthbert's life. + +For ten years the saint remained hidden at Melrose perfecting himself +by the routine of monastic observance. Then on the foundation of +Ripon he was sent there as one of the first community. After a short +stay he returned to Melrose, and on the death of St. Boisil was {50} +made Prior. To the greatest zeal for all that concerned monastic life +he added a tender charity for the souls of others, which led him to +make many missionary excursions into the surrounding territory. + +When Abbot Eata in 664 received the charge of the Abbey of +Lindisfarne in addition to Melrose, Cuthbert was sent thither as +Prior. For twelve years he was a teacher to his community, both by +word and example, of the precepts of the perfect life. Then, desiring +more strict seclusion, he retired to a solitary cell on Fame Island, +that he might give himself more completely to prayer. Here he lived +eight years, visited on great feasts by some of the Lindisfarne +monks, and at frequent intervals by pious Christians who sought his +direction and intercession. + +Having been thus prepared, like St. John Baptist in his desert, for +the work God had in store for him, he was chosen Bishop of +Lindisfarne. During the two years he exercised this office he was to +his flock a model of every virtue, and a pastor full of zeal and +charity. He preserved, notwithstanding his high dignity, {51} the +humility of heart and simplicity of garb which belonged to his +monastic state. Numerous and striking miracles attested his sanctity. + +Foreseeing his approaching end he retired to his little cell at Fame +where he passed away, strengthened by the Sacraments, with his hands +uplifted in prayer. He was buried at Lindisfarne; but incursions of +the Danes necessitated the removal of his remains, and for nearly two +hundred years his body was conveyed from place to place till it was +eventually laid to rest in the Cathedral of Durham. There it became +an object of pious pilgrimage from all the three kingdoms. More than +800 years after death the sacred body was found still incorrupt, and +there, in a secure hiding-place, it still awaits the restoration of +St. Cuthbert's shrine to its rightful custodians, the sons of St. +Benedict, the guardians of the secret. Among the churches dedicated +to St. Cuthbert in Scotland were those at Ballantrae, Hailes, Ednam, +Glencairn, Kirkcudbright, Drummelzier, Gienholm (Broughton), Malton, +Edinburgh, Prestwick, Eccles, Drysdale, Girvan, Maybole, Mauchline, +Weem, and even distant Wick. Besides Kirkcudbright (Church {52} of +St. Cuthbert), which gives the name to a whole county, Northumbria is +studded with churches built in his honour, which recall the +resting-places of his body, and witness to the devotion inspired by +those sacred remains to this great saint. Fairs were formerly held on +his feast-day at Ruthwell (Dumfries-shire), and Ordiquhill +(Banffshire)--both for eight days--and probably in other localities +also. His holy wells were at St. Boswell's and in Strathtay +(Perthshire). + +22--St. Finian, Wynnin, or Frigidian, Bishop, A.D. 579. + +In this saint we have a remarkable instance of a change of name in +accordance with the character of the language spoken in the various +countries in which he successively lived. Born in Ireland of the +royal line of the Kings of Ulster, St. Finian was sent early in the +sixth century to be educated at Candida Casa or Whithorn, where a +famous school of learning and sanctity had grown up round the tomb of +St. Ninian. Returning to his native land, Finian, by the fame of his +wonderful erudition, attracted to him numerous disciples in his {53} +monastery at Moville. Here, among others, was trained the youth who +became in after years the great St. Columba--the Apostle of the north +of Scotland. + +After a pilgrimage to Rome whence here turned with a copy of the +Sacred Scriptures--a volume rare and precious in those early +times--Finian again journeyed into Italy and came to the city of +Lucca, where his holiness procured him such regard from the people +that they succeeded in obtaining his consecration as bishop of that +city. It was during his residence there that the wonderful miracle +occurred which St. Gregory the Great, who calls the saint "a man of +rare virtue," relates in his book of Dialogues. This was the turning +of the channel of the river Serchio, which had previously given much +trouble to the citizens by overflowing its banks and spoiling +orchards and vineyards round about. The saint after prayer made a new +channel with a small rake, and commanded the river to flow in that +direction for the future, which it did. He is known in Italy as St. +Frigidian. + +At one time in his life this saint dwelt in the {54} Cunningham +district of Ayrshire, where his name survives in the Abbey of +Kilwinning (Church of Wynnin or Finian). He is said to have come +there from Ireland with a few companions and to have established +monastic life in that place, which was afterwards the site of a +famous Benedictine Abbey. A like miracle is related of him here. He +is said to have changed the course of the river Garnoch. He seems to +have preached the Faith at Dairy, in Ayrshire, also; for a hill hard +by is called Caer-winning, and there, as at Kilwinning, is a holy +well bearing the saint's name. An annual fair, still known as "St. +Wynnin," is held at Kilwinning. + +The saint departed this life at Lucca, where his body is venerated in +the church of St. Frigidian. His feast occurs in March in some +calendars, and in others in September. By some writers the names of +Finian, Wynnin, and Frigidian have been considered as representing +distinct persons; but modern research has pronounced them to be +merely different forms of the same name and to refer to the same +saint. {55} + + +30--St. Olaf or Olave, King and Martyr, A.D. 1030. + +He was the son of Harald, King of Norway, and became a Christian at +an early age. Exiled from his country after his father's death by +powerful enemies, he spent many years of his life in piratical +warfare. Having embraced the Christian Faith himself, he resolved to +deliver his country from the usurping power of the Swedes and Danes, +and establish the Christian religion, together with his own lawful +sovereignty. Success crowned his efforts, and he was enabled to +release his people not only from foreign domination but also from the +thralls of paganism, many of them embracing Christianity. His +enemies, however, proved too strong for him, and he was again exiled +and took refuge in Russia. Returning soon after, he raised an army to +recover his kingdom, but was slain by his infidel and rebellious +subjects in a battle at Drontheim. + +A just and brave ruler, zealous for the Christian religion, though +not altogether free from grievous offences against its laws, Olaf, by +his unswerving faith, his devotion and penance, {56} won the title of +saint and martyr. He was buried at Drontheim, and a magnificent +cathedral arose over his remains. His body was found incorrupt in +1098, and again in 1541 when the shrine was plundered by the +Lutherans. On that occasion the heretics treated the body with +respect, and it was afterwards re-interred. Many miracles have +attested his sanctity. + +St. Olaf's efforts for the spread of the Gospel in the Orkneys, which +at that time belonged to Norway, were doubtless the cause of the +devotion which was shown to him in Scotland. Many traces of its +existence are to be found in the dedications to him. In Orkney was +anciently St. Ollow's parish; it is now comprised in that of +Kirkwall. In the latter town is St. Ollowe's Bridge. South-west of +Girlsta, in Shetland, is Whiteness, where once stood the Church of +St. Olla. He was honoured at Grease in the Island of Lewis. Kirk of +Cruden (Aberdeenshire), where St. Ole's Fair was held annually, was +dedicated to him. The remains of the saint's ancient chapel, said to +have been founded there by Canute, were used for road metal in 1837. +St. Olla's Fair, at Kirkwall, {57} lasting for fourteen days, is +described in Scott's _Pirate_. In St. Salvator's College, St. +Andrews, was an altar to this saint. St. Olaf appears in the +Martyrology on July 29th, when his feast was kept in Norway and all +Scandinavian countries. In Scotland, however, he was honoured on this +day. + + + +APRIL + +1--St. Gilbert, Bishop, A.D. 1245. + +St. Gilbert was the last Scotsman who was honoured as a saint before +the Reformation. He belonged to the noble family of Moray, being son +of William, Lord of Dufus. Having entered the ecclesiastical state he +became in due time Archdeacon of Moray, and when the see of Caithness +became vacant he was consecrated bishop of that diocese. During the +twenty years he ruled the church of Caithness he edified all by his +zeal and by the virtues of his private life. + +The cathedral at that time was but a small, insignificant church at +Dornoch, dedicated to St. Finbar, an Irish saint of the sixth century +{58} who laboured as a missionary in Scotland. The poverty of the +diocese and the unsettled state of the times had prevented any +extension of this. Gilbert therefore resolved to provide at his own +cost a more worthy edifice for the mother-church of the diocese. The +church when completed was a beautiful Early English structure, with +aisles, transepts, and central tower and spire. The holy bishop +considered it a privilege to help with his own hands in the building +work. He would himself superintend the making of glass for the +windows in the glass works he had established at Sideray. + +When the cathedral was finished, St. Gilbert's next care was to form +a Chapter, as hitherto there had been no canons. In this important +undertaking he followed the model of Lincoln Cathedral and +established the rite of that church in the ceremonial of the +services. The dignitaries and canons were ten in number, and there +were also sufficient vicars choral, or minor ecclesiastics, to enable +the sacred offices to be celebrated with becoming solemnity. + +St. Gilbert worked many miracles during life; among them is recorded +the bestowal of {59} speech on a dumb man by means of prayer and the +sign of the cross. The saint was laid to rest under the central spire +of his cathedral, and a century after his death the dedication, which +had previously been to St. Mary, had been changed to St. Mary and St. +Gilbert. + +The relics of the saint were greatly honoured in Catholic ages. No +trace of St. Gilbert's resting-place remains now except a portion of +a broken statue which probably formed part of it; like those of so +many of our holy ones, his ashes are left unhonoured in the +desecrated church wherein they repose. St. Gilbert's Fair was +formerly held annually at Dornoch; it lasted for three days. + + +2--St. Ebba, Virgin and Abbess, and her Companions, Martyrs, A.D. 870. + +The monastery of Coldingham, in the ancient kingdom of Northumbria, +founded in the seventh century by St. Ebba, sister of the kings +Oswald and Oswy, was governed in the ninth century by another Ebba, +who presided over a band of holy virgins following the Rule of St. +Benedict. About the year 867 several thousand {60} Danish warriors, +under the command of the brothers Hinguar and Hubba, landed on the +coast of East Anglia and desolated the whole north country. When +Abbess Ebba received tidings of the near approach of the pagan +hordes, who had already wrecked vengeance upon ecclesiastics, monks, +and consecrated virgins, she summoned her nuns to Chapter, and in a +moving discourse exhorted them to preserve at any cost the treasure +of their chastity. Then seizing a razor, and calling upon her +daughters to follow her heroic example, she mutilated her face in +order to inspire the barbarian invaders with horror at the sight. The +nuns without exception courageously followed the example of their +abbess. When the Danes broke into the cloister and saw the nuns with +faces thus disfigured, they fled in panic. Their leaders, burning +with rage, sent back some of their number to set fire to the +monastery, and thus the heroic martyrs perished in the common ruin of +their house. Some chronicles give the 23rd August as the day of their +martyrdom, but Scottish writers assign this as their feast day. {61} + + +4--St. Gonval, Ring, A.D. 824. + +Some Scottish historians speak of this good king as an example of +piety and respect for the Church and her ordinances. He is said to +have received the commendation of St. Columba. His name occurs in the +ancient Litany known as that of Dunkeld, formerly in use among the +Culdees. + +11--St. Macceus or Mahew, A.D. (about) 460. + +He is said to have been a disciple of St. Patrick, and spent the +greater part of his life in retirement in the Isle of Bute. No +particulars of his life can be ascertained. St. Mahew was honoured +at Kilmahew near Dumbarton. In 1467 a new chapel and cemetery, +dedicated to this saint, were consecrated there by George, Bishop of +Argyle. + +St. Mechtilde or Matilda, Virgin, 13th century. + +According to some Scottish historians, two members of the royal +family resigned all the honours and dignities belonging to their +state and left their native country to serve God in poverty and +obscurity. These were a brother and sister, bearing the names of +Alexander and {62} Matilda, the latter being the elder. It is not +clear which of the kings of Scotland was their relative. Alexander, +having concealed his origin, became a lay-brother in the Cistercian +monastery of Foigni, in the diocese of Laon, where he died in 1229. +His sister, taking leave of him at the gates of the monastery, took +up her abode in a small hut about ten miles distant. Here she spent +a long life in dire poverty and austerity. She would refuse all alms, +working laboriously for her daily sustenance, and spending all the +time that remained in prayer and contemplation. Miracles are said to +have proved her power with God, both during her lifetime and after +her happy death, which took place some years after that of her +brother. + +16--St. Magnus, Martyr, A.D. 1116. + +The noble Cathedral of Kirkwall rose over the tomb of St. Magnus one +of the most popular of the pre-Reformation saints of Scotland. It was +founded by the nephew of the martyr, twenty years after he suffered, +and to it were translated the remains of St. Magnus, which {63} had +hitherto reposed in a more humble sanctuary at Birsay. In all +probability they still rest undisturbed in the cathedral which bears +the name of the saint. + +Like many of the early English saints, Magnus received the title of +martyr rather from the popular voice than by the decision of +ecclesiastical authority. As his story shows, he merited the title by +shedding his blood not so much in defence of the Christian Faith as +in behalf of the virtues of a Christian life, whose brilliancy +excited the jealous anger of his enemies. + +St. Magnus was the son of Erlin, Earl of Orkney. He was distinguished +from childhood by an uprightness of life which indicated his future +sanctity. Erlin was opposed by Magnus Barefoot, King of Norway, who +made him prisoner and seized his possessions, carrying off the young +Magnus to act as his personal attendant. After ravaging the Western +Isles the Norwegian king encountered, off the Island of Anglesey, the +forces of the Norman Earls of Chester and Shrewsbury, and defeated +them with much slaughter. The young Magnus {64} refused to take any +part in the unjust warfare, and remained in his ship engaged in +prayer throughout the battle. He was soon after able to escape to the +court of Malcolm III, where he remained for some time in safety. + +Magnus bitterly lamented for the rest of his days the excesses into +which he had fallen in the life of constant warfare and strife which +had been his lot with the Norwegians; whatever their guilt may have +been, it was his constant endeavour to atone for them by penance and +prayer. + +The family possessions in the Orkneys were regained on the death of +Barefoot, but fresh contests were stirred up when Haco, cousin of St. +Magnus, laid claim to them for himself. To avoid bloodshed St. Magnus +agreed to a meeting with Haco in the island of Egilshay that thus the +dispute might be settled in a friendly manner. Haco, however, was a +traitor; and caused his own forces to be drawn round the unarmed +Magnus to compass his destruction. The latter, made aware of the +treachery, and unable to make any defence, prepared for his conflict +by a night of prayer in {65} the church, and the reception of the +Sacraments. Then, when morning dawned, he advanced courageously to +confront his murderers, and met a barbarous death with Christian +fortitude. The only Catholic cathedral in Scotland which remains +entire still shelters the body of a saint. It may be that God has +spared it to restore it to Catholic worship through the merits of St. +Magnus. The feast, known in the Middle Ages as "Magnusmas," was +restored by Pope Leo XIII. His fair was formerly held at +Watten-Wester in Caithness. A holy well at Birsay, in Orkney, bears +his name. + +17--St. Donnan and Companions, Martyrs, A.D. 617. + +Like St. Columba, whose countryman he was, St. Donnan left his native +Ireland and passed over to Scotland, where he established a monastery +on the Island of Eigg, one of the Inner Hebrides. While celebrating +the Holy Mysteries on Easter morning the abbot and his monks were +surprised by a horde of pirates, possibly Danes, who had been +instigated by a malicious woman to put them to death. At F {66} the +prayer of the monks they granted them a respite till Mass was +finished, and then put them all to the sword. The martyrs numbered +fifty-three. + +Many churches, especially in the west, bore St. Donnan's dedication. +Among them were Kildonan of Eigg, Arran, South Uist, Kintyre, and +Lochbroom. On the island of his martyrdom is the saint's well. St. +Donnan's abbatial staff existed up to the Reformation; it was +treasured at Auchterless, Aberdeenshire, where "Donan Fair" was held +as late as 1851. Another fair used to be held at Kildonan, in +Sutherlandshire. The feast of these martyrs was restored to the +Scottish Calendar by Leo XIII in 1898. + +18--St. Laserian or Molios, Abbot, A.D. 639. + +This saint was of princely race in Ireland. He seems to have been +brought to Scotland at an early age, and to have been sent to Ireland +for his education. Later on he returned to Scotland for a life of +sanctity and solitude. A small island in the bay of Lamlash, off the +coast of Arran, became his abode for many {67} years. His virtues +gave it the name it still bears of Holy Island. + +St. Laserian seems to have made a pilgrimage to Rome, where he was +raised to the priest hood. Returning to Ireland, he afterwards became +abbot of the monastery of Leighlin. He is said to have espoused with +much zeal the Roman usage with regard to Easter. + +In Holy Island, which was so long his solitary abode, are still to be +seen traces of his residence. A cave scooped out of the rock bears +his name, and a rocky ledge is called "St. Molio's Bed." A spring of +clear water near the cave is also pointed out as the saint's well, +and miraculous properties have been attributed to it. The cave itself +is marked with many pilgrims crosses. + +21--St. Maelrubha, Abbot, A.D. 722. + +He was born of noble race in Ireland, and in early life began his +monastic life under the rule of his relative, St. Comgal, at Bangor. +When he reached the age of twenty-nine he passed over the sea to +Scotland, and founded at Applecross, in Ross, a monastery, over which +{68} he ruled for more than fifty years. During his residence in +Scotland he founded a church on a small island in the beautiful lake +now known as Loch Maree, which takes its name from this saint. + +St. Maelrubha acquired a great reputation for sanctity throughout the +west coast of Scot land and the islands adjacent, where he was one of +the most popular of the Irish saints in Catholic ages. An old +Scottish tradition, quoted by the Aberdeen Breviary, says that he met +his death at the hands of pagan Norwegians, at Urquhart, in the Black +Isle, on the eastern side of Ross-shire, and that he was left lying +severely wounded, but still alive, for three days, during which +angels consoled him. A bright light, hovering over the spot, is said +to have discovered the dying saint to a neighbouring priest, and thus +procured for him the participation in "the Body of the Immaculate +Lamb" before he expired. His title to martyrdom is, however, disputed +by later authorities. + +The devotion of Catholics to this saint is attested by the numerous +dedications of churches to his memory. At least twenty-one of these +{69} are enumerated by antiquarians. Chief are Applecross (where he +was laid to rest), Loch Maree, Urquhart (the reputed place of his +martyrdom), Portree, Arasaig, Forres, Fordyce, Keith, Contin and +Gairloch. In these dedications the saint's name assumes various +forms, such as Maree, Mulruy, Mury, Samareirs (St. Mareirs, at +Forres), Summaruff (St. Maruff, at Fordyce), and many others. + +Many place of interest in connection with this saint may still be +found. At Applecross, in the vicinity of the ruins of the church, is +the martyr's grave, called _Cladh Maree_, near the churchyard is +"Maelrubha's River," while two miles away is the saint's seat, called +in Gaelic _Suidhe Maree_. Several other traces of him are to be +discovered in the place-names of the neighbourhood. + +Loch Maree is the most interesting locality connected with St. +Maelrubha. A small island in the loch called _Innis Maree_ contains +an ancient chapel and a burial place. Near it is a deep well, +renowned for the efficacy of its water in the cure of lunacy. An oak +tree hard by is studded with nails, to each of which was {70} +formerly attached a shred of clothing belonging to some pilgrim +visitor. Many pennies and other coins have at various times been +driven edgewise into the bark of the tree, and it is fast closing +over them. These are the Protestant equivalents to votive offerings +at the shrine. + +At Forres, in Moray, an annual fair was held on this day, as also at +Fordyce, Pitlessie (Fife), and Lairg (Sutherland) at the latter place +under the name of St. Murie. Keith in Banffshire was formerly known +as Kethmalruf, or "Keith of Maelrubha." At Contin, near Dingwall, the +ancient church was dedicated to the saint; its annual fair called +_Feille Maree_, and familiarly known as the "August Market," was +transferred to Dingwall. Many other memorials of this saint are to be +found in Ross-shire. It is worthy of note that many dedications +formerly supposed to be in honour of Our Lady are now identified as +those of St. Maelrubha under the title of Maree; this is proved by +the traditional pronunciation of their respective names. + +St. Maelrubha is one of the Scottish saints whose _cultus_ was approved +by Rome in 1898, {71} and whose feast has been consequently restored +in many of the Scottish dioceses. It was formerly observed in +Scotland on August 27, but has been always kept in Ireland on this +day. + +21--St. Egbert, Priest and Monk, A.D. 729. + +He was an Englishman of good family, who, after some years of study +in the monastery of Lindisfarne, followed the almost universal custom +of those days and passed over to Ireland, then renowned for its +monastic schools, entering the monastery of Melfont. During his stay +there a pestilence broke out which carried off a great number of the +inmates. Egbert prayed earnestly to be spared that he might live a +life of penance, making a vow never more to return to England, to +recite daily the whole psalter in addition to the canonical hours, +and to fast from all food one day in each week for the rest of his +life. His vow was accepted and his life spared. + +After some years Egbert was raised to the priesthood, and his zeal +for souls led him to desire to preach the faith to the pagan people +of that part of Germany then known as Friesland, In this project he +was joined by some {72} of his pious companions. A vessel had been +chartered, and all things were ready, when it was revealed to Egbert +through a holy monk that God had other designs in his regard; in +obedience to this intimation the voyage was at once abandoned. + +The later life of Egbert exemplifies the way in which God chooses and +preserves the instruments for accomplishing His Will. Entering the +monastery of Iona when already advanced in years, he spent the last +thirteen years of his life in untiring efforts to induce the monks to +give up the Celtic traditions to which they clung, and to conform to +the Roman computation of Easter. His sweetness and gentleness were at +last rewarded. On Easter Day 729 he passed away at the ripe age of +ninety, "rejoicing," as St. Bede says, "that he had been detained +here long enough to see them keep the feast with him on that day, +which before they had always avoided." + +Though the monks of Iona did not then, as a body, accept the Roman +custom, yet the seeds sown by Egbert bore fruit eventually in +complete conformity with the rest of the Church, {73} St. Egbert thus +merits a high place among the saints of Scotland, although but a +short period of his life was spent in the country. He also shares +with St. Willibrord the renown of converting Friesland to the Faith; +for it was by his example and persuasion that the latter was induced +to undertake the work which terminated so successfully. On account of +his connection with the conversion of the country, the feast of St. +Egbert was formerly celebrated in the diocese of Utrecht. Some +authors maintain that St. Egbert never took monastic vows, but was a +priest living in the monastery; others say, and with good reason, +that he was a bishop. + +25--St. Cunibert, Bishop, A.D. 699. + +This saint was entrusted by his parents for his education to some +monks living in a monastery near the Tay, whose site cannot now be +identified. He became a priest, and afterwards bishop. Towards the +end of his days he retired into solitude as a hermit, and thus +finished his earthly course. + +St. Machalus, Bishop, A.D. 498. + +He was a bishop in the Isle of Man, which {74} then formed part of +Scotland. His name is variously written as Machalus, Machella, and +Mauchold. One of the parishes in the island bears his name, and in +the churchyard is the saint's holy well. A ledge of rock hard by is +called his "chair"; it used to be a favourite devotion of pilgrims +to seat themselves on this ledge while drinking the miraculous water +of the well and invoking the saint's aid. The water is said to have +been effective in preventing the action of poison. Many churches in +Scotland are called by his name. There was a chapel near Chapeltown +in Banffshire known as Kilmaichlie, which seems to refer to this +saint. A holy well is still to be found in the vicinity. + +29--St. Middan, Bishop. + +Very little is known of this saint. Some think him to be identical +with St. Madden or Medan, who was honoured at Airlie, in Angus. Near +the church of Airlie is a spring called by the name of St. Medan, +and a hillock hard by is known as "St. Medan's Knowe." The bell of +the saint was also preserved there till it was sold for old iron +during the last century. Ecclesmaldie, {75} now called Inglismaldie, +in the Mearns, has also a "Maidie Well," which may possibly be +connected with St. Middan. + +30--St. Brioc, Bishop, A.D. 500. + +This saint was British by birth. He became a disciple of St. Germanus +and devoted himself to preaching the Gospel to his fellow-country +men. Flying for his life from the fury of the pagan Saxons, he passed +over the sea to Brittany, and there built a monastery on the sea +coast which was afterwards called by his name. The town which grew up +in the vicinity became the seat of a bishop, and is still known as +St. Brieuc. + +There is no record of the saint having visited Scotland, but there +was much devotion to him among Celtic peoples, and Scottish +dedications bear witness to the honour in which he was held in that +country. He is the patron of Rothesay; the church bore the +designation of St. Mary and St. Brioc, and "St. Brock's Fair" was +held there on the first Wednesday in May. "Brux day fair," which +seems to refer to this saint, was instituted in 1585 to be {76} held +in July every year on the island of Cumbrae, but it has long ceased +to be kept. Dunrod Church, in Kirkcudbright, bears the dedication of +St. Mary and St. Brioc. The island of Inchbrayock in the Esk, near +Montrose, is called after him. The French keep his feast on May 1st, +but in Scotland it was celebrated on April 30th. + + + +MAY + +1--St. Asaph, Bishop, A.D. (about) 590. + +St. Asaph was one of the most eminent of the disciples of St. Mungo +(Kentigern). When the latter was driven from Scotland he took refuge +in Wales and there founded a monastery, which attracted a great +number of disciples desirous of placing themselves under his +guidance. It was to Asaph that St. Mungo resigned the government when +he himself was allowed to return to Glasgow. Owing to the sanctity +and renown of the new abbot the monastery eventually bore his name. +St. Asaph was consecrated Bishop about A.D. 650, and his diocese has +{77} retained the name of St. Asaph's for thirteen centuries. Some +writers have maintained that St. Asaph accompanied his master to +Scotland, but it seems more probable that Scottish devotion to him +originated in his close connection with the "beloved" saint of +Glasgow. Many traces of this devotion still survive. In the island of +Skye is a ruined chapel dedicated to him called "Asheg." In that +island is also an excellent spring of clear water known as _Tobar +Asheg_, or St. Asaph's Well. Kilassie, an old burial ground near Loch +Rannoch, also takes its name from him. + +The most interesting of these remains is a ruin in the island of +Bearnarey, in the Sound of Harris. It is evidently a chapel of the +saint and is called _Cill Aisaim_. Near it once stood an obelisk +about eight feet high, bearing sculptured symbols, and in +comparatively recent years this was surrounded by heaps of coloured +pebbles, coins, bone pins, and bronze needles, which were probably +pilgrims offerings. The obelisk was broken up some years ago and its +materials used for building, but a Scottish antiquarian managed to +gain possession of a fragment. {78} + + +3--St. Fumac. + +This was a saint specially venerated in Banffshire. He was the patron +of Botriphnie or "Fumac Kirk" in that county. According to an old MS. +of the eighteenth century, the wooden image of the saint was formerly +preserved there, and the old woman who acted as its custodian used +to wash it with all due solemnity in St. Fumac's Well on the 3rd +of May annually. This image was in existence in 1847, but a flood +of the Isla swept it away to Banff, where the parish minister +in his Protestant zeal burnt it. St. Fumac's Fair was kept on this +day at Botriphnie and also at Dinet, in Caithness, and Chapel +of Dine, Watten, in the same county. + +9--St. Comgall, Abbot, A.D. 602. + +He was a native of Ireland, and founder and ruler of the renowned +monastery of Bangor, where he is said to have governed no less than +three thousand monks. In the year 598, anxious, like so many of his +countrymen, to bring the blessing of the Christian Faith to Scotland, +he left his native land to found a {79} monastery in Tiree. He was a +great friend of St. Columba, and was one of that saint's companions +in the journey to Inverness and the miraculous conversion of King +Brude. St. Comgall did not remain permanently in Scotland; he died +in Ireland, and was laid to rest at Bangor. The date of his death is +given by Irish authorities as the 10th of May, but his feast has +always been celebrated in Scotland on the 9th. The church of Durris, +Kincardineshire, bore his name, and an annual fair, the only remains +of his festival in Protestant times, was formerly held there on this +day. + + +16--St. Brendan or Brandan, Abbot, A.D. 577. + +He was born in Ireland, and in early youth became the disciple of St. +Jarlaath, of Tuam. He afterwards crossed over to Britain, and spent +some years in the Abbey of Llancarvan, in Glamorganshire, where he is +said to have baptised Machutus, whose name (under the French form of +Malo), is cherished still as that of one of the apostles of Brittany. + +Returning to Ireland, St. Brendan founded several monasteries, the +most important of them {80} being that of Clonfert, on the Shannon. +He is said to have had as many as three thousand monks under him in +his various foundations. The saint was also closely connected with +Scotland, where he founded monasteries; it is thought that one was in +Bute and the other in Tiree. His many dedications are an indication +of Scottish devotion to him, Kilbrannan (Church of St. Brandan) in +Mull, Kilbrandon in the Isle of Seil, Boyndie in Banffshire, Birnie +in Moray and Kilbirnie in Ayrshire (where the saint's fair is held on +May 28th--16th old style) are some of these. At Kilbirnie is St. +Birnie's Well; another named after this saint is in Barra. Another +fair, granted in 1474, was held on this day at Inverary +(Argyllshire). There is a ruined chapel bearing his name on St. +Kilda. + +St. Brendan's name is associated with wonderful narratives--probably +dating long after his time--of his voyages towards the west; they +possibly contain some little truth mixed up with much that is +entirely fabulous. It is beyond doubt that St. Brendan and his +companions in their missionary voyages sailed to {81} regions +hitherto unknown to the mariners of the time; it has even been +maintained that they actually touched the American shore. However +this may be, the tradition of the discoveries of the saint, familiar +to every country in Europe, kept in mind the possibly existing +western land, and issued at last in the discovery of the American +continent by Columbus. + +A curious custom in connection with St. Brendan existed up to almost +recent times. When they wished for a favourable wind the fishermen +would cry repeatedly: _Brainuilt!_ The word seems to be a contraction +of _Breanainn-Sheoladair_ ("Brendan the Voyager"), and was originally +an invocation of the saint. The feast of St. Brendan has been +restored to the Scottish Calendar. + +17--St. Gathan, Bishop, 6th century. +This saint was probably of Irish nationality. He dwelt for the +greater part of his life in the Island of Bute. St. Blaan, whose +ruined chapel is still to be seen in Kingarth parish in that island, +was his nephew. No particulars of the life of St. Cathan remain to +us. His name G {82} survives in Kilchatten village, mill and bay, in +Kingarth parish, and a hill near is called St. Cathan's Seat. There +is another Kilchattan in Luing Island, Argyllshire, and in the same +county is Ardchattan. Churches were dedicated to the saint in the +islands of Gigha and Colonsay. The confederation of clans known as +Clan Chattan is thought to have originated in Bute, and to have taken +its name from St. Cathan. Gillichattan and Macgillichattan are +characteristic names belonging to Clan Chattan; the latter was common +in Bute in the 17th century. They signify respectively "Servant of +Cathan" and "Son of the servant of Cathan." + +18--St. Mcrolilanus, Martyr, 8th century. + +He was a holy priest, probably from Ireland, who was killed by +robbers when passing through France on a pilgrimage to Rome. His +body was buried at Rheims, and remained unknown and unhonoured +for many years. Miracles at length revealed the saint's tomb, +and his body was found on examination to be entire and fresh, +exhaling a delicious odour. The sacred remains were afterwards +translated to the {83} Church of St. Symphorien in the same city. +In 1618 the Cardinal-Archbishop of Rheims presented an arm-bone +of the saint to the Scots College in Rome. It was removed for +safety to the Vatican Treasury when the college was closed during +the French occupation of Rome. Through the good offices of the +Right Rev. Bishop Pifferi, the Papal sacristan, the relic was +restored to the college in 1893. A notable relic of this saint +was obtained from Rheims by the Abbey of Fort-Augustus and is +now honoured there. There is no other record of the saint's +connection with Scotland. + +St. Conval, Confessor, A.D. (about) 612. + +This saint was born in Ireland, but crossed over to Scotland in his +youth to become the disciple of St. Kentigern. An old legend relates +that, as no vessel could be procured for his voyage, ne was +miraculously conveyed across the channel upon a large stone, this +stone after wards becoming an instrument of healing to the sick who +touched it. St. Conval's relics were honoured at Inchinnan on the +Clyde. He was patron of the old church of Pollokshaws or {84} +_Polloc-on-the-Shaws_; with regard to the name of this parish, _Shaw_ +in old Scottish meant "a grove." The Shaws' Fair probably the +patronal feast of the church was formerly held on the last Friday in +May every year. This saint was also the patron of the churches of +Cumnock and Ochiltree, as ancient documents attest. Many miracles +have been attributed to him. It seems probable that the chapel known +as St. Conall's, at Ferrenese in Renfrewshire, whose ruins still +remain, and the holy well hard by, were named after St. Conval; the +designation (often written Conual) might easily become corrupted to +Connal in the course of centuries. The land belonging to this chapel +became in the sixteenth century part of the endowment of a collegiate +church founded at Lochwinnoch by Lord Sempill. + +23--St. William, Martyr, A.D. (about) 1201. + +It is a fact, unknown perhaps to many, that St. William, whose shrine +in Rochester Cathedral was the object of great devotion in Catholic +ages, must be reckoned among Scottish saints. He was a native of +Perth, and for many years {85} followed the trade of baker. In his +youth he fell into careless and irreligious ways; but being converted +he began to be zealous in good works. He became especially remarkable +for his charity to the poor, bestowing upon them in alms a tenth part +of all the bread he made. + +To satisfy his devotion he started on a pilgrim age to Jerusalem, +taking as his companion a youth whom he had found in the streets, as +an infant deserted by his mother, and whom he had carried home and +brought up as his own son. + +The two made their way through England, and having passed through +Rochester were on their road to Canterbury, when the youth, led by +avarice, yielded to the temptation to murder and rob his benefactor. +Striking the saint a blow on the head from behind, he afterwards +despatched him with an axe, and then made off with his booty. + +The dead body remained for some days lying off the road, when it was +discovered by a mad woman who was roaming about there. In insane +sport she crowned the head with flowers, and afterwards transferred +the wreath to her {86} own brow, when she was instantly restored to +sanity. The miracle becoming known, the sacred remains were +reverently laid to rest in Rochester Cathedral. The tomb of the saint +soon became famous on account of the numerous graces obtained there +through prayer. After his canonization by Innocent IV in 1256, +pilgrimages to Rochester grew more and more frequent, and to this day +may be seen the steps worn hollow by the constant press of pilgrims +to the shrine. So generous were their offerings that they sufficed to +rebuild the choir and transepts of the cathedral. + +This day is probably the anniversary of the finding of St. William's +relics. + +29--St. Daganus, Bishop, A.D. (about) 609. + +This saint was honoured in Galloway. St. Bede mentions him as a +zealous opponent to the introduction into the Celtic Church of the +Roman computation of Easter. This, however, does not militate against +the sanctity of his life; for the Holy See had not yet definitely set +the matter at rest, and he was therefore free to cling to the rite so +long observed in his native country. His name occurs in the Dunkeld +Litany. + + + +JUNE + +3--St. Kevin or Coivin, Abbot, A.D. 618. + +This Irish saint has been compared by ancient writers to St. Paul the +Hermit, on account of his holiness of life. He founded the celebrated +monastery of Glendalough, in Wicklow County; it became in after ages +a bishop's see. He lived to the age of 120 years. + +St. Kevin was greatly honoured in Scotland as well as in his native +country. It is said, that he lived for a time in Scotland. Traces of +a devotion to him are certainly found in the western part of the +country. In the parish of Southend, Argyllshire, are the remains of a +small building called St. Coivin's Chapel. Kilkivan (in the parish of +Campbelltown) is named after him, and a cave there is known as "St. +Kevin's Bed." + +6--St. Colmoc or Colman, Bishop, A.D. 500. + +He was an Irish saint, who became Bishop of Dromore, and was renowned +for miracles. There is no record of St. Colmoc having ever {88} lived +in Scotland, but Scottish writers number him among the saints of the +country, and the dedications still existing in his honour show that +he had some connection with that kingdom. The monastery of +Inchmahome, for instance, a priory of Austin Canons on an island in +the Lake of Monteith, Perthshire, is named after him. Another +dedication is Kilmochalmaig, the site of an ancient church on the +west coast of Bute. The remains of a pillar with a sculptured cross +may still be seen there. Portmahomack in Tarbet, Easter-Ross, refers +either to this saint or to St. Colman, patron of the church of Tarbet +(see February 18). A chapel in the burial-ground of Kirriemuir +(Forfarshire) bore the name of St. Colmoc. + +9--St. Colum Cille or Columba, Abbot, A.D. 597. + +The apostle of the northern regions of Scotland was born in Ireland +in A.D. 521. Both father and mother were of royal race. Though +offered the crown of his native province, Columba preferred rather to +enrol himself in the monastic state. He studied in the schools of +Moville, Clonard, and Glasnevin, and in course {89} of time was +ordained priest. At twenty-five years of age he founded his first +monastery at Derry; this was to be the precursor of the hundred +foundations which Ireland owed to his zeal and energy. In these +monasteries the transcription of the Holy Scriptures formed the chief +labour of the inmates, and so much did Columba love the work that he +actually wrote three hundred manuscripts of the Gospels and Psalms +with his own hand. + +But Columba was not destined to remain in Ireland. From his earliest +years he had looked forward to the time when he might devote himself +to missionary efforts for the benefit of those who knew not the +Christian faith. In the forty-second year of his age he exiled +himself voluntarily from his beloved country to preach the Gospel to +the pagan Picts. The story of his having been banished from Ireland +for using his influence to bring about a bloody conflict between +chieftains is rejected by the greatest modern historians as a fable. +Early writers speak of the saint as a man of mild and gentle nature. + +On Whit Sunday, A.D. 563, St. Columba {90} landed with twelve +companions on the bleak, unsheltered island off the coast of Argyll, +known as _Hii-Coluim-Cille_ or Iona. For thirty-four years the saint +and his helpers laboured with such success, that through their +efforts churches and centres of learning sprang up everywhere, both +on the mainland and the adjacent islands. Iona became the centre +whence the Faith was diffused throughout the country north of the +Grampians. The monastic missionaries were untiring in their efforts. +They penetrated even to Orkney and Shetland. + +On Sunday, June 9, A.D. 597, St. Columba was called to his reward. He +died in the church, kneeling before the altar and surrounded by his +religious brethren. His remains, first laid to rest at Iona, were +afterwards carried over to Ireland and enshrined in the Cathedral of +Down by the side of those of St. Patrick and St. Bridget. All these +relics perished when the cathedral was burned by Henry VIII's +soldiers. + +St. Columba was a man of singular purity of mind, boundless love for +souls, and a gentle, winning nature which drew men irresistibly to +{91} God. His labours were furthered by Divine assistance, which was +evidenced by numerous miracles. Among the saints of Scotland he takes +a foremost rank, and in Catholic ages devotion to him was widespread. +The churches dedicated to him are too numerous to mention. He himself +founded no less than fifty during his residence in the land which he +had chosen as the scene of his labours. Annual fairs were held on his +feast at Aberdour (Fife), Dunkeld each for eight days Drymen +(Stirlingshire), Largs (Argyllshire), and Fort-Augustus +(Inverness-shire). St. Columba's holy wells were very numerous, for +an old Irish record relates of him: "He blessed three hundred wells +which were constant." In Scotland they are to be traced at Birse +(Aberdeenshire), Alvah and Portsoy (Banffshire), Invermoriston +(Inverness-shire), Calaverock (Forfarshire), Cambusnethan +(Lanarkshire), Alness (Ross-shire), Kirkholm (Wigtonshire), and on +the islands of Garvelloch, Eigg and Iona. + +St. Baitan or Baithen, Abbot, A.D. 600. + +He was cousin to St. Columba, and accompanied him from Ireland to +Scotland. From {92} his childhood he had been that saint's disciple +and companion, and St. Columba had a special affection for him. He +was appointed superior of the monastery established in Tiree, but at +St. Columba's death succeeded him as Abbot of Iona. There he remained +only four years, death calling him away, as he had previously +foretold to his monks, on the anniversary of their father and +founder. St. Baitan was buried in St. Oran's Chapel on Iona. His bell +was still preserved in Donegal up to a few years since, and it was a +common practice of devotion to drink from it. In the same district is +St. Baitan's River, to which flocks and herds were brought to drink +on the saint's festival. + +St. Baitan is said to have spent his time either in reading, praying, +or serving his neighbour. Even during meals he used constantly to +implore the Divine aid in the words of the Psalmist: "O God, come to +my assistance." During labour his mind was always raised to God. So +mortified was he that it was said that the impression of his ribs +through his woollen tunic used to mark the sandy beach of Iona when +he lay down to rest himself there. {93} + +12--St. Ternan, Bishop, A.D. 431. + +This saint was born in the Mearns of noble parents. St. Palladius, +who evangelised that district, is said to have been directed to +the child by an angel, in order that he might ad minister baptism. +Ternan grew up to manhood, embraced the clerical state, and in +due time became a bishop. He is said to have fixed his residence at +Abernethy, where he died. He was buried at the place now known as +Banchory-Ternan, Kincardineshire, where a fair is still held annually +on his festival. More than a thousand years after his death the head +of the saint was venerated there by one who has testified to the +existence at the time of the skin upon the skull in the part where it +had received the episcopal consecration. Up to the Reformation two +other valuable relics of the saint were preserved in that same +church. One was the copy of St. Matthew's Gospel, which belonged to +St. Ternan, encased in a cover adorned with gold and silver; the +other was the saint's bell. This latter is thought to have been +identical with an ancient bell which was dug up near the present +railway station at Banchory in the {94} making of the line. It has +unfortunately been lost sight of. + +The churches of Slains, in Aberdeenshire, and Arbuthnott and Upper +Banchory, in the Mearns, were dedicated to St. Ternan. At Taransay, +in Harris, and at Findon, in the Mearns, were chapels of the saint; +the latter place possessed a holy well called by his name, and there +was another at Slains. + +20--St. Fillan ("The Leper"), 6th century. +This saint was a native of Ireland, and is honoured in that country +also on this day. Animated with the desire for solitude in a strange +country, or else with missionary zeal, he passed over to Scotland and +settled in the district known as Strathearn. No particulars of his +life are known. + +Several remains speak of devotion shown to this holy man. The village +of St. Fillans (Dundurn), in the parish of Comrie, was dedicated to +him, and from him took its name; his holy well is there still. In the +vicinity is a conical hill about 600 feet high, which is called +Dunfillan. At the summit is a rock which goes {95} by the name of +"St. Fillan's Chair"; from it he is said to have blessed the country +round. The old church of Aberdour, Fifeshire, now in ruins, was named +after St. Fillan. A well hard by, known as the Pilgrims Well, was +renowned as late as the eighteenth century for curing diseases of the +eye. It is thought to have been dedicated to the patron of the +church. The hospital of St. Martha, for the benefit of pilgrims, was +founded there in 1474, and was served by Sisters of the third Order +of St. Francis from 1487 up to the Reformation. + +21--St. Cormac, Abbot, 6th century. + +St. Cormac was another Irish saint. From his early youth he followed +a monastic life, and eventually became a disciple of St. Columba. In +after years he became Abbot of Dearmagh, now known as Durrow, in +King's County. This charge he resigned in order to give himself to +missionary life. He had always been of a brave and enterprising +nature, and more than once in his missionary career his zeal led him +to venture on the high seas, in quest of some pagan land where he +might preach the Faith, {96} or of some desert region where he might +live in closer communion with God. + +In one of his journeys he visited St. Columba at Iona, and afterwards +sailed as far as the Orkneys, where the pagan people were minded to +put him to death. But one of the chiefs had long before made a solemn +promise to St. Columba, who had seen in vision the coming of Cormac +to the islands and his threatened death, that no harm should happen +to him in the Orkneys. This intervention was successful. + +Neither the place nor time of St. Cormac's death is known with any +certainty, but an ancient Irish tradition asserts that he returned to +Durrow and was buried there. + +A fragment still exists of the "Crozier of Durrow", which is +considered to be the most ancient relic of its kind now extant. It +is believed to have belonged to the founder of Durrow, the great +Columba, and to have been given by him to his disciple, Cormac. + +22--St. Suibhne, Abbot, A.D. 772. + +This saint was the sixteenth Abbot of Iona. There had been before him +another abbot of {97} the same name. Suibhne, pronounced "Sweeney", +is identical with an Irish appellation not uncommon in our day. + +25--St. Moluag or Lughaidh, Bishop. A.D. 592. + +This saint was born in Ireland and became a monk in the renowned +abbey of Bangor. He was so fervent a follower of monastic life that, +as St. Bernard testifies, he founded no less than a hundred +monasteries. Fired with missionary zeal, he left his native land to +preach to the pagans of Scotland. Tradition says that the rock on +which he stood detached itself from the Irish coast and became a raft +to bear him across the waters to the island of Lismore, in Loch +Linnhe, where he landed. St. Moluag converted the people of the +island to Christianity, and then moved into Ross-shire, where he +built many churches, dedicating them to the Mother of God. + +He lived to extreme old age, and died at Rosemarkie on the Moray +Firth. Here he is said by some to have been buried, but his relics +must in that case have been afterwards translated to Lismore; for his +remains were honoured in the cathedral there, which was H {98} called +after him. + +Great devotion was shown to this saint in Catholic ages both in +Scotland and Ireland. There were many dedications to him in Scotland. +At Lismore, the cathedral of Argyll bore his name. Other churches +were dedicated to him at Clatt and Tarland, Aberdeenshire; Mortlach, +Banffshire; Alyth, Perthshire; also in Skye, Mull, Raasay, Tiree, +Pabay, Lewis and other islands. An ancient burial ground at +Auchterawe, near Fort Augustus, styled Kilmalomaig, is called after +this saint. In these dedications his name appears in various forms. +The original Celtic name Lughaidh (pronounced _Lua_) became changed, +as in many other cases, by the addition of the title of honour _mo_, +as a prefix, and the endearing suffix _ag_. + +At Clatt was held annually for eight days "St. Mallock's Fair", and +at Tarland "Luoch Fair". Others were held at Ruthven (Forfarshire) +and at Alyth; at the latter place the fair was styled "St. +Malogue's". At Mortlach, where some of the saint's relics were +preserved, an abbey was founded in 1010 by Malcolm II. in +thanksgiving for a victory obtained over the Danes in that place, +after the Scottish army {99} had invoked the aid of Our Lady and St. +Moluag. His holy well was nearby. + +The crozier of the saint is now in the pos session of the Duke +of Argyll; it was long kept by its hereditary custodians, a +family named Livingstone, on the island of Lismore. The bell +of St. Moluag was in existence up to the sixteenth century; but +disappeared at the Reformation. An ancient bell, discovered in 1814 +at Kilmichael-Glassary, Argyllshire, has been thought to be the lost +treasure. The feast of this saint was restored by Leo XIII. in 1898. + + + +JULY + +1--St. Servan or Serf, Bishop, 6th or 8th century. + +Much that is legendary has become mixed up with the history of this +saint, and it is difficult to fix upon what is authentic. + +He founded a monastery at Culross, Fifeshire, where he lived in great +veneration on {100} account of his virtues and miracles. He is said +to have befriended the mother of S. Kentigern when she was cast on +the shore near his dwelling, and to have baptised and educated her +child. A very ancient life of St. Serf, however, places him a century +later than St. Kentigern, and makes him contemporary with St. +Adamnan. + +On account of the many difficulties presented by conflicting +traditions, it has been suggested that two saints of the same name +have lived at Culross in different centuries. + +St. Serf died at Culross in extreme old age, and was buried there. +Within the grounds belonging to Lord Rosslyn at Dysart is pointed out +the cave where the saint is said to have encountered and overcome the +devil. The name Dysart (desert), which marked his place of retreat, +became afterwards extended to the town which grew up there. The cave +of the saint became a favourite place of pilgrimage. + +The churches of Monzievaird-Perthshire, and Alva-Stirlingshire, were +dedicated to this saint, and at each place is a well called by his +name. Another well of his called "St. Shear's Well" exists at +Dumbarton. All three were {101} considered miraculous. St. Serf's +Fairs were formerly held at Culross, Abercorn (Linlithgowshire) and +Aberlednock (Perthshire). + +At Culross a custom prevailed from time immemorial for the young men +to perambulate the streets in procession, carrying green boughs, on +the 1st of July each year. The Town Cross was decorated with garlands +and ribbons, and the procession would pass several times round it +before disbanding to spend the day in amusements. This was doubtless +the remains of a procession in honour of the saint. At the accession +of George III. the population, being strong Hanoverians, began to +celebrate that King's birthday on June 4th, and to avoid too many +public holidays, the procession of July 1st, the signification of +which has become lost, was transferred to the King's birthday. It +survived the accession of Queen Victoria, but has now probably fallen +into disuse. + +3--St. Killen, Abbot, A.D. 752. + +This saint was the fourteenth Abbot of Iona. The old church of +Laggan, near Loch Laggan, Inverness-shire, was dedicated to St. +Killen. {102} + +4--St. Marianus Scotus, Abbot, A.D. 1088. + +The monastery of St. James, Ratisbon, owes its first beginnings to +this saint. Most historians are now agreed in maintaining that +Marianus was a native of Ireland, which for many centuries bore the +designation of Scotia. The holy man with several companions entered a +Benedictine monastery at Bamberg. Some time afterwards, when on a +pilgrimage to Rome, they passed through Ratisbon. A holy hermit who +was living there persuaded Marianus to forego his visit to Rome and +take up his abode in Ratisbon. He obeyed the injunction, and founded +a monastery in connection with the Church of St. Peter, which the +nuns to whom it belonged made over to him. + +After the death of Marianus a larger abbey was built in honour of St. +James and St. Gertrude which eventually became peopled by Scotsmen, +and became, after the Reformation, an important seminary for the +education of clergy for mission work in Scotland. This venerable +abbey was appropriated by the Bavarian Government about the middle of +the nineteenth century, a compensation of L10,000 being paid to the +Scots College in Rome. {103} + +A valuable MS. consisting of selections from the homilies of the +Fathers of the Church, in the actual handwriting of St. Marianus +himself, was presented to the Benedictine Abbey, Fort-Augustus, by +the last survivor of the community of the Scots Monastery, Ratisbon, +and is one of the greatest treasures of the Fort-Augustus library. + +6--St. Modenna, or Medana, Virgin, A.D. 518. + +This saint was an Irish virgin, who received the monastic habit from +St. Patrick himself, and was a dear friend of St. Bridget. She took +up her abode in Scotland, where she founded many monasteries for +women. Some of these foundations were in Strathclyde, but the +greatest of them was in Galloway, at the place now styled Kirkmaiden +(formerly Kirkmedan), where St. Medan's Well and Cave may still be +seen. + +St. Modenna is said to have lived to the age of 130 years and to have +died at Longforgan, near Dundee, after having made during the course +of her long life three pilgrimages to Rome, barefoot and clad in +hair-cloth. + +Edinburgh probably takes its name from Medana. Her sanctuary, +marking, it was said, {104} one of her monastic foundations, and +known as "St. Edana's," was a place of pilgrimage long before the +time of King Edwin who was once supposed to have given the city its +designation. The discovery of the foundations of a much more ancient +building under St. Margaret's Chapel in Edinburgh Castle, in 1918, +seems to corroborate the statement in an ancient Latin life of this +Saint of the erection by her of a church on the top of Edinburgh +Rock, while it strengthens the tradition of the origin of the name, +Edana's Burgh. Maiden Castle is really Medan's (or Medana's) Castle. +A new Catholic church, situated in St. Meddan's Street, Troon, was +erected in 1911 and dedicated to this saint in conjunction with Our +Lady. + +7--St. Palladius, Bishop, A.D. (about) 430. + +St. Prosper of Aquitaine tells us that this saint was a Roman deacon +who was sent by Pope Celestine I. to those Irish who were already +Christians, that he might be their bishop. After founding several +churches in Ireland, and meeting with opposition from the pagans +there, he left that country for Scotland, where he founded churches +in the Mearns. He died at Fordun, and his relics were still preserved +there {105} in 1409, when the Archbishop of St. Andrews placed them +in a new and costly shrine adorned with gold and gems. The ruins of +his chapel are still to be seen there and a well bears his name. +"Paldy Fair" is still held at Auchinblae in the parish of Fordoun +(Kincardineshire); it formerly lasted eight days. + +Pope Leo XIII. in his Bull concerning the restoration of the Scottish +hierarchy in 1878, refers to the share of St. Palladius in the +evangelisation of the country. "St. Palladius," he says, "deacon of +the Roman Church, is said to have preached the Faith of Christ there +(in Scotland) in the fifth century." + +The same Pontiff, in 1898, restored this saint's feast to Scotland. + +11--St. Drostan, Abbot, 6th century. + +This saint was of Scottish birth, being descended from King Aidan of +Dalriada, the friend of St. Columba. He was sent over to that saint, +then in Ireland, to be educated and trained for the religious state. +He eventually became a monk at a monastery known as Dalquongal, of +which in course of time he became abbot. After some time he passed +over to {106} Scotland where he lived as a hermit near Glenesk, in +Angus. He afterwards entered the monastery of Iona, and while +dwelling under the rule of St. Columba accompanied that saint to the +district of Buchan, Aberdeenshire, and was made by him abbot of the +monastery of Deer, which St. Columba founded on land given to him by +the ruler of the district, whose son had been restored to health +during a severe illness by the saint's prayers. The name Deer is said +to have originated in the tears (_deara_) shed by Drostan when he +parted from his beloved master. + +St. Drostan preached the gospel in the district of Inverness-shire +known as Glen-Urquhart which in Catholic ages bore the name of "St. +Drostan's Urquhart." Here a plot of ground, said to have been +cultivated by the saint when he lived there as its apostle, is still +known as "St. Drostan's Croft." In St. Ninian's Chapel, in the glen, +was preserved the saint's cross, and the custodian of the relic had +the use of the "Dewar's (or keeper's) Croft" as a reward for his +services. + +St. Drostan died in his monastery of Deer and was buried at Aberdour +where miracles {107} were wrought at his tomb. Many churches in the +North of Scotland bore his name; in Caithness were Halkirk and +Cannisbay; in Angus, Edzell and Lochee; in Inverness-shire, Alvie and +Urquhart; in Banffshire, Aberlour and Rothiemay; in Aberdeenshire, +Deer and Aberdour. At Westfield in Caithness is St. Drostan's Burial +Ground; at Lochlee is "Droustie's Meadow" and "Droustie's Well." +Other wells bore his name in various districts. One was at Aberlour, +and there were five between Edzell and Aberdour. + +St. Drostan's Fairs were held each year at Rothiemay, Aberlour (for +three days) and Old Deer. The last named, which formerly lasted for +eight days, is still kept up. This is one of the few instances in +which the old fair day of Catholic times has survived. In too many +cases these remnants of Catholic ages disappeared during the last +century. Pope Leo XIII. restored the feast of this saint in 1898. It +was formerly celebrated in Scotland in December. + +12--St. Donald, Hermit, A.D. (about) 716. + +A local tradition speaks of the sojourn of this saint in the Glen of +Ogilvy, in Forfarshire, {108} where he lived a secluded life for some +years. He was not, strictly speaking, a hermit, as his nine virgin +daughters shared his solitude, and spent their time like St. Donald +in the almost constant practice of prayer and contemplation. No +reliable record remains of the course of his life or of the date and +circumstances of his death. + +18--The Nine Maidens, 8th century. + +These were the daughters of St. Donald, mentioned above. + +During the lifetime of their father, these maidens lived with him in +strict seclusion in the Glen of Ogilvy. Having devoted their youth to +the Religious Life, they were loth to return to the world when their +father's death left them without a protector. They accordingly +entered the monastery for women which St. Darlugdach, an Irish nun +and the friend of St. Bridget (or as some say St. Bridget herself), +had founded at Abernethy. Here they spent the remainder of their +lives. + +There were many dedications in Scotland to these saints. The +ancient church of Finhaven in Forfarshire, a chapel at Pitsligo, +Aberdeenshire, {109} called the "Chapel of the Nine Maidens," and +another, bearing a like designation, at Tough, in the same county, +are some of them. + +Other associations are still to be found in the many holy wells which +are called after them, at Strathmartin, Glamis and Oathlaw +(Forfarshire), Old Aberdeen and Pitsligo (Aberdeenshire), Newburgh +(Fife) and Mid-Calder (near Edinburgh). + +These saints were honoured together in Catholic ages on this day. + +St. Thenew or Thenog, A.D. 514. + +The history of the early life of this saint is involved in obscurity. +There are various legends relating to it; but recent historians +reject them as spurious. St. Thenew was the mother of St. Mungo or +Kentigern; she is said by Jocelin in his life of St. Mungo (written +in a later age) to have been befriended by St. Serf, and baptised by +him, when she was cast ashore near his dwelling. The fact, however, +is disputed by modern critics, on account of chronological +difficulties. + +At an early period a chapel dedicated to St. Thenew existed in +Glasgow; but at the {110} Reformation it was destroyed. The street +leading to this chapel was known for centuries as "St. Thenew's +Gate"; it is now called Argyll Street. The chapel had been popularly +styled "San Theneuke's Kirk," and its name still survives in the +corrupted form of "St. Enoch's"--the modern designation of an +important square in the city with its large railway station and +hotel. Close by the chapel was a holy well bearing the saint's name. + +22--St. Dabius or Bavins, Priest. + +Some historians have maintained that this saint was a native of +Ireland; but the Scottish tradition affirms that he was born in +Perthshire, and that he became a recluse in his native parish of +Weem, where he built a small chapel. + +The shelf of the great rock of Weem, upon which the chapel formerly +stood, is still called "Chapel Rock." A holy well hard by is called +after the saint. + +This well was once much frequented by pilgrims. It was a common +opinion that St. Dabius would grant any wish made there if an +offering were thrown into the water. When the well was cleaned out +some years ago a large number of coins was discovered; these were +{111} evidently offerings of the kind. There was an ancient burial +ground at Weems which bore the name of the saint, and on his +feast-day a fair was held annually there. + +The name Kildavie (Church of Davius) which is found in the parish of +Kilblane, in Bute, and also in the parish of Kilninian, in Mull, +testifies to ancient churches in honour of St. Davius in those +localities. The Church of Kippen, Stirlingshire, is also dedicated to +this saint, under the designation of "Movean." + + + +AUGUST + +3--St. Walthen or Waltheof, Abbot, A.D. 1160. + +He was the son of Simon, Earl of Hunting don, and Maud, grand-niece +of William the Conqueror. After the death of her first husband, Maud +married David, King of Scotland, one of the sons of St. Margaret. The +early life of the young Walthen was consequently spent at the +Scottish Court, where he edified all who knew him by his purity of +life and diligent practice of the Christian virtues. Desiring to +embrace the religious life, Walthen {112} left Scotland, and entered +the monastery of Nostell in Yorkshire, belonging to the Austin +Canons. His holiness, attested by miracles, procured the esteem of +his contemporaries, and led to his appointment, while still young, as +Prior of the monastery of Kirkham, in the same county. Attracted by +the reputation of the Cistercians, he resolved to pass into that +Order, and was encouraged in his purpose by St. Aelred, Cistercian +Abbot of Rievaulx, who became his attached friend. In spite of the +remonstrances of his religious brethren, and the avowed indignation +of his kindred, Walthen persevered in his resolution, and took the +Cistercian habit at Rievaulx, where he eventually made his profession +as a monk. + +He was made Abbot of the Scottish abbey of Melrose, which he ruled +till his death. In the later years of his life he was nominated +Archbishop of St. Andrew's; but his humility shrank from the burden, +and he prevailed upon his religious superiors to prevent the +election. He died at Melrose at an advanced age. Many miracles are +attributed to him, even during life, and fifty years after death his +body was found to be incorrupt. {113} + +9--St. Berchan, Bishop. + +This Irish saint spent a good part of his life in Scotland. Few +particulars of his career now remain to us, but he laboured near +Stirling as a missionary. Some traces of devotion to him are still +existing. The name of Kilbarchan, in the county of Renfrew, proves +the connection of the saint with that neighbourhood. St. Barchan's +Fair was held there annually. In the same county is to be found an +ancient Celtic cross erected in honour of St. Berchan. Another fair +was at Tain; this is evident from an ancient charter of that burgh, +in which it is stated that St. Barquhan's Fair is "held on the 3rd +day after the Feast of St. Peter ad Vincula, commonly called +Lambmes." St. Peter ad Vincula, or, as it is usually called, St. +Peter's Chains, is a feast which falls on August 1st, hence St. +Berchan's Fair, in celebration of his feast, was held on the 4th. +Lambmes or Lammas was the ancient name of this feast of St. Peter and +was derived from the Saxon _hlaf_ (loaf). It had its origin in the +offering at Mass of a loaf made from the first-fruits of the harvest. +{114} + +6--Blessed Alexander, Monk, A.D. 1229. + +In the account given of St. Matilda (April 11) allusion was made to +her brother Alexander, who, concealing his royal origin, entered the +Cistercian monastery of Foigni, in the diocese of Laon, France. He +died some years before his holy sister on May 4th, 1229. His feast is +celebrated by his Order on this day. A fair was formerly held in his +honour at Keith, in Banffshire. + +9--St. Oswald, King and Martyr, A.D. 642. + +This illustrious King was the son of a pagan. Ethelfrid, King of +Northumbria. He was compelled on the death of his father to seek +safety in the north, and took refuge with his two brothers at Iona, +where all three received baptism. Eanfrid, the eldest, obtained the +throne of Northumbria, but relapsed into paganism. He met with a +violent death at the hands of the British prince, Cadwalla, and +Oswald succeeded him as king. Cadwalla was defeated near Hexham by +Oswald's inferior army, the Christian prince having previously +erected a large wooden cross on the field of {115} battle, before +which he knelt in prayer for the success of his arms, and promised, +with the consent of his soldiers, that all would embrace Christianity +should God grant them the victory. + +On ascending the throne Oswald procured a missionary for his people +from Iona in the person of Aidan, who became eventually the first +Bishop of Lindisfarne. The saintly King did not disdain to act as +interpreter to his people of the instructions given by Aidan in the +Celtic tongue. Oswald reigned but eight years, yet they were years of +blessing for the nation The King led the way in the practice of the +Christian virtues, especially of charity to the poor. It was on the +occasion of the distribution to a hungry multitude at the palace +gates of the food prepared for the King's repast, and the division of +the costly silver dish itself amongst the poverty-stricken people, +that St. Aidan, who was about to join the King at a banquet, cried +out enthusiastically as he seized Oswald's right hand, "May this hand +never corrupt!" The utterance was prophetic, as the sequel will show. +{116} + +The saintly King met his death on the field of battle, when resisting +the invasion of his dominions by Penda, the pagan king of Mercia. His +dying words were a prayer for the souls of all who had fallen in the +battle. Many miracles were wrought by his intercession and by the use +of particles of the cross he had erected. His right hand and arm, in +accordance with St. Aidan's prophecy, remained in corrupt till the +time of the Venerable Bede, who tells us that they were honoured in +the Church of St. Peter at Bamborough. His head was taken to the +monastery of Lindisfarne; it was eventually deposited in St. +Cuthbert's shrine and was carried with the remains of that saint to +Durham Minster. + +Many monasteries and churches both in England and Scotland bore the +name of St. Oswald. Those in Northumbria and Cumbria can scarcely be +termed Scottish in these days, but Kirkoswald near Maybole and +Carluke in Lanarkshire possessed respectively a church and chapel +dedicated to the holy King. His death occurred on August 5th, but his +feast has been transferred to this day. Devotion to St. {117} Oswald +flourished greatly in Ireland as well as in Scotland and England, and +extended to the Continent. + +St. Angus. + +At Balquhidder, in Perthshire, there is a local tradition regarding a +saint of this name. He is said to have been a disciple of St. +Columba, and to have preached the Faith in that neighbourhood. His +name is preserved in the _Clach Aenais_ (Stone of Angus), a slab +bearing a representation of a priest holding a chalice. This stone +formerly stood within the old church at Balquhidder, and it was the +custom to stand or kneel upon it during the solemnization of a +baptism or marriage. As this rite seemed to Presbyterian authorities +to savour of superstition, the stone was removed to the churchyard +about a century ago. Near the church are the foundations of the +"Chapel of Angus." A hillock hard by is pointed out as the spot where +the saint preached, and it still bears his name. + +"Angus Fair" was formerly held at King's House, in the parish of +Balquhidder, on the Wednesday after the second Tuesday in August. +{118} + +This locates the saint's feast-day (which the fair doubtless +commemorated) in the early part of August, although the exact date is +uncertain. + +11--St. Blaan, Bishop, A.D. 590. + +He was born in Ireland of a noble family, and after spending seven +years under the direction of St. Comgall and St. Kenneth, passed over +to Bute, to St. Cathan, his mother's brother. He is said to have made +later a pilgrimage to Rome. The monastery he founded became the site +of the well-known Cathedral of Dunblane a place which derives its +name from the saint where the mediaeval building begun by David I. is +still to be seen. Among the many miracles attributed to the saint +is the restoration to life of a dead boy. He is also said to have +rekindled the extinguished lamps in his church during the night +office, on one occasion, by striking fire from his fingers as +from a flint; the miracle being vouchsafed by God to clear the +saint of any imputation of negligence in his duty. + +St. Blaan became eventually a bishop. After his death devotion to him +became popular, {119} and many dedications bear witness to his +callus. There was a church of St. Blaan in Dumfries and another at +Kilblane in Argyll. The ruins of the saint's church in the parish of +Kingarth, Bute, form an object of great interest to antiquarians, and +stand amid surroundings of extraordinary beauty and charm. His bell +is still preserved at Dunblane. The saint's feast was restored to the +Scottish Calendar by Leo XIII. in 1898. + +18--St. Inan, Confessor, 9th century. + +In the southern district of Scotland are to be found many traces of +the _cultus_ of a saint bearing this name, though his history is not +known. + +Some consider him a native of Ayrshire, since the greater part of the +remains connected with him are to be found in that county, where he +seems to have spent many years of his life. Others claim him as a +native of Ireland, and it has been conjectured that his name is +merely a corruption of Finan. There are no conclusive proofs in +support of either opinion. + +The chief place of residence of St. Inan {120} seems to have been at +Irvine, though many interesting remains recall his memory at Beith On +the Cuff Hill in the latter parish is a cleft in the rock which was +originally of natural formation, but has been enlarged by art; it +bears the name of "St. Inan's Chair." At a short distance from it is +a double spring of abundant and excellent water known as "St. Inan's +Well." On the day corresponding to the 18th August, old style, a fair +is annually held in the vicinity, which bears the name of "Tenant's +(probably a corruption of St. Inan's) Fair." Inchinnan (Renfrewshire) +is said to signify "Inans' Isle." + +Another well bearing the saint's name is at Lamington in Lanarkshire, +where the church was dedicated to him. At Southenan, Ayrshire, was +another church or chapel bearing the name of St. Inan; for a charter +of James IV. in 1509, confirms the donation of John, Lord Sempill, of +a perpetual Mass therein. + +24--St. Yrchard or Merchard, Bishop, 5th or 6th century. + +This saint was born of pagan parents in the district of +Kincardine-O'Neil, Aberdeenshire. {121} + +In his early youth he embraced the Christian Faith, and was ordained +priest by St. Ternan, who associated the young man with himself in +his missionary labours. In later life he journeyed to Rome, and was +there consecrated bishop. Returning to Scotland he ended his days in +Aberdeenshire. At Kincardine-O'Neil a church was erected over the +spot where the chariot which was conveying his remains to burial was +miraculously stopped. A fair was formerly held there annually on St. +Merchard's feast and during the octave. + +One of the saint's churches was in Glenmoriston. The ancient burial +ground which adjoins it is still in use, and some few stones of the +old building are yet to be seen there. The local tradition tells that +the saint when labouring as a missionary in Strathglass with two +companions, discovered, by previous revelation, three bright new +bells buried in the earth Taking one for himself, he gave the others +to his fellow-missionaries, bidding each to erect a church on the +spot where his bell should ring for the third time of its own accord; +undertaking to do the same with regard to his own. {122} One of these +companions founded a church at Glenconvinth, in Strathglass, the +other at Broadford, Isle of Skye. + +St. Merchard travelled towards Glenmoriston. His bell rang first at +_Suidh Mhercheird_ (Merchard's Seat), again at _Fuaran Mhercheird_ +(Merchard's Well), near Ballintombuie, where a spring of excellent +water treasured by both Catholics and Protestants still bears his +name, and a third time at the spot where the old churchyard, called +_Clachan Mhercheird_, close by the river Moriston, recalls his +memory. + +The bell of the saint was preserved there for centuries. After the +church fell into decay's early in the seventeenth century, the bell +remained in the churchyard. The narrow-pointed spar of granite on +which it rested still stands there. The bell, unfortunately, was +wantonly removed, by Protestant strangers about thirty years ago, to +the great indignation of the inhabitants of the glen, Protestant as +well as Catholic; it has never since been discovered. + +Tradition has it that the bell was wont to ring of its own accord +when a funeral came {123} in sight, and that whenever it was removed +from its usual position it was invariably found restored miraculously +to its place, Many persons still living in the glen have seen the +bell, and the grandparents of some of them used to relate that they +heard it ring in their youth. Devotion to this saint was very strong +in that neighbourhood in Catholic times, and he is still regarded by +Catholics as the local patron. + +25--St. Ebba, Abbess, A.D. 683. + +She was sister to St. Oswald, and to Oswy, his successor, Kings of +Northumbria. She founded a monastery at Ebchester, on the Derwent, +and another and more important one at Coldingham. It was at the +latter place that the great St. Ethelreda received her monastic +training. St. Ebba was buried at Coldingham, but portions of her +relics were afterwards placed in the tomb of St. Cuthbert at Durham. +St. Abb's Head, the well-known promontory on the coast of +Northumberland, takes its name from this saint. + +30--St. Fiacre, Hermit, 7th century. + +He was born in Ireland about the year {124} 590. A hermitage and holy +well near Kilkenny are called after him, and were frequented as late +as the beginning of this century by pilgrims who wished to pay him +honour. After labouring as a missionary in Scotland, St. Fiacre ended +his days at Breuil, near Meaux, in France, where he became famous for +miracles both before and after his death; he was invoked as the +patron saint of the province of Brie, and his shrine became a famous +place of pilgrimage. + +St. Fiacre's day was kept with devotion in Scotland. The Breviary of +Aberdeen contains the office for the saint's feast. Several Scottish +churches bore his name. Among these may be mentioned the ancient +church and burial ground of St. Fiacre, or, as he is often styled, +St. Fittack, at Nigg, Kincardineshire, on the opposite bank of the +Dee from Aberdeen. The bay in the vicinity is known as St. Picker's +Bay, and St. Fittack's Well, a clear spring near the roofless ruins +of the old church, still recalls his memory. Its existence is a +strong proof of the saint's residence in the neighbourhood at some +time in his life. The fame of this well {125} for healing powers +survived the downfall of religion, and it became necessary to prevent +recourse to it by severe penalties. Thus in the records of the Kirk +Session of Aberdeen for 1630 we read:--"Margrat Davidson, spous to +Andro Adam, fined L5 for sending her child to be washed at St. +Fiackre's Well and leaving an offering." + +The large numbers of pilgrims conveyed in hackney coaches to the +French shrine of this saint at Breuil, caused those vehicles to be +known as _fiacres_, a designation they still bear. + +31--St. Aidan, Bishop, A.D. 651. + +This saint was a native of Ireland, where, after some years of +monastic life at Inniscattery in the Shannon, he was consecrated +bishop. Later on he entered the monastery of Iona. He became the +first bishop of Lindisfarne, and the helper of St. Oswald in the +conversion of Northumbria. His life was one of great poverty and +detachment, and his example had a wonderful effect on his flock. He +used to travel about his diocese on foot, accompanied by his clergy, +spending the time occupied by {126} the journey in prayer and holy +reading. His alms were abundant, and his manner to all with whom he +came in contact kind and fatherly. His miracles, even during life, +were many and striking. + +St. Aidan was the founder of Old Melrose, which stood a short +distance from the site of the more modern Cistercian Abbey whose +ruins are familiar to travellers. He also assisted the Abbess, St. +Ebba, in the foundation of the celebrated monastery of Coldingham, +which consisted of two distinct communities of men and women. + +After ruling his see for seventeen years, he died at Bamborough in a +tent which he had caused to be erected by the wall of the church. St. +Cuthbert, then a youthful shepherd, as he kept his flock on the +hills, had a vision of the soul of St. Aidan being borne by angels to +Heaven. It was this vision which determined him to seek admission to +Melrose. Many churches bear St. Aidan's name. Among them are those of +Cambusnethan in Lanarkshire and Menmuir in Angus. At the latter place +is the saint's holy well, which was renowned for the {127} cure of +asthma and other complaints. Another holy well called after St. Aidan +is to be found at Fearn in Angus. The ancient church of Kenmore, +Perthshire, was known as Inchadin. Keltney Burn in the same +neighbourhood, is called in Gaelic "St. Aidan's Stream." + + + +SEPTEMBER + +1--St. Egidius or Giles, Abbot, A.D. 714. + +This saint never laboured in Scotland, yet the honour shown to him in +the country is sufficient reason for the mention of his name here. He +is said to have been an Athenian by birth, who fled from his native +land to escape the admiration excited by his extraordinary sanctity. +He settled in France and founded a monastery in the neighbourhood of +Nismes, where many disciples placed themselves under his guidance, +and where he died and was laid to rest. His _cultus_ extended from +France into other countries. St. Giles was honoured in Edinburgh as +early as 11 50, when a monastery existed under his invocation. He +became the {128} recognised patron saint of the city, and his figure +appeared in the armorial bearings of Edinburgh, accompanied by the +hind which is said in his legend to have attached herself to the +saint. Since the Reformation the figure of the saint has disappeared, +though that of the animal remains. + +The beautiful Church of St. Giles was re built in the 15th century, +and was erected into a collegiate church by Pope Paul II. It still +continues to be the glory of the Scottish capital. This church +possessed an arm-bone of the saint, for which a rich reliquary was +provided by the city. Fairs were formerly held in honour of St. Giles +at Moffat and also at Elgin, where the parish church bore his name. + +2--St. Murdoch, Bishop. + +No very reliable particulars can be ascertained as to the life of +this saint. Traces of the honour shown to him are to be found in +Forfarshire, the district which seems to have been the scene of his +missionary labours. At Ethie, in the parish of Inverkeilor, in that +county, are the remains of an ancient church and burial-ground {129} +which bear his name. Near Ethiebeaton, in the parish of Monifieth, +are traces of an old church which goes by the name of "Chapel +Dockie." This is believed to be another dedication in honour of St. +Murdoch. + +9--St. Queran or Kieran, Abbot, A.D. 548. + +This saint was born in Ireland and became abbot of the monastery +known as Clonmacnois. He passed over to Cornwall, and there laboured +as a missionary for some years. Many churches in that district are +known by his name, which appears there under the form of Piran. + +The saint afterwards journeyed to Scotland, where he preached the +Gospel in the western districts. He settled at Dalruadhain, near +Campbeltown, and the cave to which he was accustomed to retire for +prayer is still to be seen there. He died in A.D. 548. St. Kieran +came to be regarded eventually as the patron saint of the whole of +Kintyre. He became very popular in Scotland, on account of the great +affection with which St. Columba regarded him. Every year his +hermitage and {130} holy well were the resort of pilgrims who came to +honour his memory. A rock near the sea shore is said to have been +marked by the impress of his knees, from the frequency with which he +would kneel there to pray with arms outstretched, looking towards his +beloved Ireland. + +Several churches in Scotland are dedicated to this saint. Besides +a church in Campbeltown, others at Kilkerran in Kintyre, Kilcheran +in Lismore, Kilkeran in Islay and Barvas in Lewis were named +after him. Those of Strathmore in Caithness, Fetteresso and +Glenbervie in Kincardineshire and Dalkerran in Ayrshire are +dedicated to a saint of the same name, but whether it is this +particular St. Kieran is disputed. There is a well of "St. Jargon" +at Troqueer (Kirkcudbright), which is thought to be St. Kieran's. + +15--St. Mirin. Bishop, 6th century. + +Born in Ireland, he became a pupil of St. Comgall in the monastery of +Bangor on Belfast Lough, where no less than three thousand monks are +said to have resided together. In {131} the course of time Mirin was +made Prior of the Abbey. No authentic record relates that he left +Ireland to labour in Scotland; but Bangor, like Iona, was a great +missionary centre, from which the brethren started to evangelise the +various countries of Europe, and this fact lends credence to a +tradition that St. Mirin came to Scotland. Paisley has always claimed +the honour of possessing his remains, which became in after years an +attraction to many pilgrims. + +When in the twelfth century Walter Fitz-Alan founded a Benedictine +abbey there, he placed it under the patronage of St. Mirin, jointly +with Our Lady, St. James and St. Milburga, the patron of Wenlock, +Shropshire, whence the first community came. Lights were burnt around +St. Mirin's tomb for centuries, and a constant devotion was cherished +towards him. The seal of the abbey bore his figure, with a scroll +inscribed, "O Mirin, pray to Christ for thy servants." The chapel in +which his remains repose is popularly known as "The Sounding Aisle," +from its peculiar echo. + +A fair was formerly held at Paisley on the {132} saint's feast-day +and during the octave. Other churches in the south of Scotland were +dedicated to him. In the parish of Kelton, in Kirkcudbright, are the +remains of an ancient chapel and burial-ground known as "Kirk +Mirren." On Inch Murryn (Mirin's Island), in Loch Lomond, are the +ruins of his chapel. At Kilsyth, Stirlingshire, is "St. Mirin's +Well." There are other traces of him at Coylton, in Ayrshire, where a +farm is called "Knock Murran," and at Edzell, in Forfarshire, where +there is the "Burn of Marran." + +16--St. Ninian, Bishop. 5th century. + +He was the first bishop residing in Scotland of whom there is any +authentic record, and one of the earliest missionaries to the +country. He was born about A.D. 360, in the district now known as +Cumberland. His father was a converted British chieftain. Ninian had +a strong desire to study the Faith at its fountain-head, and +journeyed to Rome in his twenty-first year. The Pope of the time, St. +Damasus, received him very cordially, and give him special teachers +{133} to instruct him in the doctrines of the Church. After he had +spent there fifteen years, Pope St. Siricius made him priest and +bishop, and sent him to preach the Faith in his native country. +Ninian settled in the district now called Galloway. The recollection +of the churches he had seen in Rome awoke in him a desire to build +one more worthy of God's worship than the simple edifices of that +early age in these northern countries. By the help of his friend, St. +Martin of Tours, he obtained Prankish masons for this purpose, and +built the first stone church ever yet seen in Britain. It was called +_Candida Casa_, or "White House" (still the designation in Latin of +the See of Galloway). The point of land on which it stood became +known as the "White Home," from which Whithorn derives its name. + +Besides converting the people of his own neighbourhood, St. Ninian, +by his zeal, brought into the Church the Southern Picts, who +inhabited the old Roman province of Valentia, south of the Forth. He +is therefore styled their Apostle. He was more than seventy when he +died, and was laid to rest in the {134} church he had built and +dedicated to St. Martin. Later on it was called after him and became +illustrious for pilgrimages from England and Ireland, as well as from +all parts of Scotland. So many churches in Scotland bore his name +that the enumeration of them would be impossible here, while almost +every important church had an altar dedicated to him. An altar of St. +Ninian was endowed by the Scottish nation in the Carmelite Church at +Bruges in Catholic ages. There is a portion of a fresco on the wall +of Turriff Church, Aberdeenshire, which bears the figure of St. +Ninian. The burgh of Nairn was placed under his patronage. Many holy +wells bore his name: at Arbirlot, Arbroath, Mains and Menmuir +(Forfarshire); Ashkirk (Selkirkshire); Alyth, Dull (Perthshire); +Mayfield (Kirkcubrightshire); Sandwick (Orkney); Penninghame, Wigtown +(Wigtownshire); Isle of Mull. That at Dull is said by a Protestant +writer of 1845 to have been greatly frequented by invalids from far +and near, on account of its reputed healing powers. + +St. Ninian's fairs were held at Whithorn {135} (for four days), and +also at Arbroath. The saint's feast, which had previously been long +observed in the diocese of Galloway and at the Benedictine Abbey, +Fort-Augustus, was extended to the whole Scottish Church by Leo +XIII. in 1898. + +St. Laisren. Abbot, A.D. 605. + +He was a cousin of St. Columba. He ruled for some years the Abbey of +Durrow in Ireland, and afterwards that of Iona, of which he was the +third abbot. + +20--St. Marthom. + +A fair was held annually at Ordiquhill (Banffshire) for eight days +from September 20, under the name of St. Marthom's fair. Nothing is +known about the life of the saint. + +22--St. Lolan, Bishop. + +Many extraordinary miracles are related of this saint, but his real +history is involved in obscurity. + +The crozier and bell of St. Lolan were long preserved at +Kincardine-on-Forth, Perthshire, {136} and were included in the +feudal investitures of the earldom of Perth. They are alluded to in +documents of the 12th century, and the mention of the bell occurs +in one as late as 1675. Both relics have long disappeared. + +23--St. Adamnan, Abbot, A.D. 704. + +He was of Irish race, and belonged to the same family as St. Columba. +In his 55th year he was elected Abbot of Iona. He is said to have +been instrumental in obtaining the passing of "The Law of the +Innocents" in the Irish National Assembly of Tara. This statute +exempted the Irish women from serving on the battle field, which +before that time they had been bound to do. In 701 St. Adamnan was +sent on an embassy to his former pupil, Aldfrid, King of Northumbria, +to seek reparation for injuries committed by that King's subjects in +the Province of Meath. It was during this visit to England that he +conformed to the Roman usage with regard to the time for keeping +Easter, and he was afterwards successful in introducing the true +practice into the Irish Church. His efforts in this respect were +{137} not successful with his monks at Iona; though his earnest +exhortations, and the unfailing charity which he exhibited towards +those who differed from him, must have helped to dispose them to +conform to the rest of the Church, which they did about twenty years +after his death. + +St. Adamnan is most renowned for his life of St. Columba, which has +been called by a competent judge "the most complete piece of such +biography that all Europe can boast of, not only at so early a +period, but throughout the whole Middle Ages." He is also the author +of a treatise on the Holy Land, valuable as being one of the earliest +produced in Europe. + +Though the saint died at Iona, his relics were carried to Ireland; +but they must have been restored to Iona, as they were venerated +there in 1520. He was one of the most popular of the Scottish saints, +and many churches were named after him. The chief of these were at +Aboyne and Forvie (parish of Slains) in Aberdeenshire; Abriachan in +Inverness-shire; Forglen or Teunan Kirk in Banffshire; Tannadice in +Forfarshire; Kileunan (parish of Kilkerran) {138} in Kintyre; Kinneff +in Kincardineshire; the Island of Sanda; Dull, Grandtully and +Blair Athole in Perthshire--the latter place was once known as +_Kilmaveonaig_, from the quaint little chapel and burying ground of +the saint. There were chapels in his honour at Campsie in +Stirlingshire and Dalmeny in Linlithgow. At Aboyne are "Skeulan Tree" +and "Skeulan Well," at Tannadice "St. Arnold's Seat," at Campsie "St. +Adamnan's Acre," at Kinneff "St. Arnty's Cell." At Dull a fair was +formerly held on his feast-day (old style); it was called _Feille +Eonan_. Another fair at Blair Athole was known as _Feill Espic Eoin_ +("Bishop Eunan's Fair" though St. Adamnan was an abbot only); it has +been abolished in modern times. His well is still to be seen in the +Manse garden there, and down the glen a fissure in the rock is called +"St. Ennan's Footmark." There was a "St. Adamnan's Croft" in +Glenurquhart (Inverness-shire), but the site is no longer known. + +Ardeonaig, near Loch Tay; Ben Eunaich, Dalmally; and Damsey +(Adamnan's Isle) in Orkney, take their names from this saint. At +{139} Firth-on-the-Spey, near Kingussie, is a very ancient bronze +bell, long kept on a window-sill of the old church, and tradition +relates that when moved from thence it produced a sound similar to +the words, "Tom Eunan, Tom Eunan," until it was restored to its +original resting-place in the church, which stands on the hill +bearing that name. The tradition points to the dedication of the +church to this saint. Few names have passed through such various +transformations in the course of ages as that of Adamnan. It is met +under the forms of Aunan, Arnty, Eunan, Ounan, Teunan (Saint-Eunan), +Skeulan, Eonan, Ewen and even Arnold. + +St. Adamnan's feast was restored by Pope Leo XIII. in 1898. + +25--St. Barr or Finbar, Bishop, 6th century. + +He was born in Connaught and was the founder of a celebrated +monastery and school on an island in Lough Eirce (now known as +Gougane-Barra), in County Cork, and to this house, says Colgan in his +_Acta Sanctorum_, so {140} many came through zeal for a holy life +that it changed a desert into a great city. + +St. Finbar became the first Bishop of Cork, where he founded a +monastery almost as famous as the former. St. Finbar, like so many +Irish saints, made a pilgrimage to Rome. Missionary zeal led him +later on to Scotland, and for some time he laboured in Kintyre. + +Devotion to St. Barr was very great in Catholic Scotland, as numerous +dedications attest. His churches are chiefly to be found on solitary +islands, which seem to have had a special attraction for him. Thus in +the parish of Kilkerran, Kintyre, is an island now known as Davar; it +was formerly called St. Barre's Island. The island of Barra takes its +name from him; traces of his _cultus_ lingered on there long after +the Reformation. At Kilbar (sometimes called Shilbar), for example, +an image of the saint, which was long preserved, used to be clothed +with a linen robe on his feast-day in comparatively recent times. +Other curious customs also prevailed in the island in connection with +him; his holy well is there. St. Barr was the patron saint of the +churches of {141} Dornoch, and of Eddleston (Peebles-shire); at both +places a fair was annually held on his feast-day. In Ayrshire is the +parish of Barr, and in Forfarshire that of Inch bare. At Midd Genie, +in Tarbat, is Chapel Barre. + +28--St. Machan or Mahon, Bishop, about 6th century. + +St. Machan, born in Scotland, was like many of his contemporaries, +sent to Ireland, then renowned for its schools, to be educated. After +he had returned to his native land and had become a priest, he +laboured in various provinces of Scotland. + +At Rome, whither he had gone as a pilgrim, he was consecrated bishop +in spite of protestations from his humility; later he returned to +Scotland and to the apostolic ministry. After many years of fruitful +labour he died and was laid to rest at Campsie in Lennox. His name +still survives in Ecclesmachan (Church of Machan) in Linlithgow, of +which he is patron. The parish of Dalserf, Lanarkshire, formed at one +time the chapelry of St. Machan, and was known as Machanshire. It was +connected {142} with the church of Cadzow (now Hamilton). An altar in +St. Mungo's Cathedral, Glasgow, was dedicated to him. A fair in +honour of this saint was held annually at Kilmahog, Perthshire. + + + +OCTOBER + +8--St. Triduana, Virgin, 7th or 8th century. + +St. Triduana devoted herself to God in a solitary life at Rescobie in +Angus (now Forfarshire). While dwelling there, a prince of the +country having conceived an unlawful passion for her is said to have +pursued her with his unwelcome attentions. To rid herself of his +importunities, as a legend relates, Triduana bravely plucked out her +beautiful eyes, her chief attraction, and sent them to her admirer. +Her heroism, it is said, procured for her the power of curing +diseases of the eyes. Many instances are related of such miracles +worked after her death. + +St. Triduana died at Restalrig in Lothian, and her tomb became a +favourite place of {143} pilgrimage. Before the Reformation it was +the most important of the holy shrines near Edinburgh. On account of +this prominence her church was the very first to fall a victim to the +fanatical zeal of the Puritans. After being honoured for a thousand +years her relics were desecrated by the destruction of her shrine. +The General Assembly, decreed on December 21, 1560, that "the Kirk of +Restalrig, as a monument of idolatrie, be raysit and utterlie castin +downe and destroyed." An interesting discovery was made in 1907 in +connection with this church, which had long been used as a +Presbyterian place of worship after restoration. An octagonal +building, standing near, was thought to have been a Chapter House in +Catholic times; it was filled with earth and rubbish, after having +served as a burial place, and a mound of earth surmounted it on the +outside on which trees had rooted. The Earl of Moray, superior of the +village, offered to restore the church to its original state, and, +when examined by competent authorities, the supposed Chapter House +was found to be a beautiful little Gothic chapel with groined roof +supported {144} by a central pillar, similar to the building which +once covered St. Margaret's well at Restalrig. Further explorations +proved that the little octagonal building had evidently been raised +over the miraculous well of St. Triduana, so much scoffed at by +Reformation satirists. Steps led down to the water, thus covered in, +and a chapel, which must have formed an upper story above the well, +is thought to have been the "Triduana's Aisle" alluded to in ancient +documents. The building has now been thoroughly restored after its +original form and is regarded as a valuable monument of antiquity. +Thus do more enlightened ages condemn the foolish fanaticism of +bygone days! + +This saint was honoured in various parts of Scotland, and her name +has undergone so many changes in the different districts as to be +often unrecognisable. It occurs under the various forms of Traddles, +Tredwell, Tradwell, Trallew, Trallen, etc. + +Among these dedications are Kintradwell in Caithness and Trad lines +in Forfarshire. Near the island of Papa Westray in the Orkneys is St. +Tredwell's Loch, and on the east side of {145} the loch is a small +peninsula containing the ruins of a little building measuring 20 feet +in length and 22 feet in breadth, known as St. Tredwell's Chapel. At +Rescobie a fair used to be held on her feast-day, but in the +beginning of last century it was transferred to Forfar. It was known +as "St. Trodlin's Fair." Relics of this saint were honoured in +Aberdeen Cathedral in Catholic ages. Devotion to St. Triduana has +been revived in the modern Catholic church at Restalrig. + +11 St. Kenneth, Abbot, A.D. 599. + +With St. Columba, St. Bridget and St. Maelrubha, St. Kenneth ranks +among the most popular of the Irish saints honoured in Scotland. He +was the child of poor Irish parents, and was employed during his +early years in tending sheep. When he attained the years of man hood +he became a monk, and passed over to Wales, where he became the +disciple of the renowned St. Cadoc. He was one of that saint's most +beloved followers on account of his perfect obedience. After being +ordained priest he made a pilgrimage to Rome, and returning {146} to +Ireland became the disciple of St. Mobhi and St. Finnian. St. +Columba, St. Comgall and St. Kiaran lived with him as members of the +same community. + +Later on St. Kenneth visited Scotland, where he lived for some years +as a monk. He is believed to have founded a monastery at St. Andrews +and to have built churches in other parts of the country, converting +many of the pagan inhabitants to Christianity by the fervour of his +preaching. He spent some time at Iona with St. Columba, and +accompanied that saint in his visit to King Brude at Inverness, and +it was St. Kenneth who, with the sign of the Cross, caused the King's +hand to wither when he drew his sword against the missionaries. + +St. Kenneth died in Ireland. He founded the monastery of Aghaboe, and +around it grew up the town of that name, which up to the twelfth +century was the seat of the Bishops of Ossory, whose residence was +later transferred to Kilkenny. In Scotland this saint had many +dedications. Kilchenzie, in Kintyre; Kilkenneth, in Tiree; +Kilchainnech, in Iona; Kilchainie, in South Uist; Laggan in +Inverness-shire, {147} and others. The great abbey of Cambuskenneth +takes its name from him, as well as Chenzie Island, in the river of +Islay, and Kennoway (anciently Kennochi) in Fifeshire. + +13--St. Comgan or Congan, Abbot, 8th century. + +This saint was the brother of the holy recluse, Kentigerna, whose +life was given on January 7th, and was consequently the son of a +Prince of Leinster. On succeeding his father in the government of the +province he ruled his people as a true Christian prince should do; +but, meeting with violent opposition from the neighbouring chiefs, he +was forced to fly the country to save his life. Taking with him his +sister and her son, Fillan, he crossed over to Scotland, and settled +in Lochalsh, Argyllshire. Here he lived many years as a monk in great +austerity. He was far advanced in years when death came. He was +buried at Iona. + +His nephew, St. Fillan (see February 3), built a church in his honour +at Lochalsh. There were also many other dedications to this saint in +Scotland. Among them were {148} Kilchowan in Kiltearn (Ross and +Cromarty), Kilchoan or Kilcongan in the island of Seil, St. Coan in +Strath (Skye), Kilquhoan in Ardnamurchan, Kilchoan in Knoydart, etc. +The church of Turriff in Aberdeenshire was dedicated to him, and the +annual fair on his feast-day was called "Cowan Fair." A hospital of +St. Congan was founded at that place in 1272 by the Earl of Buchan, +consisting of a collegiate establishment for a warden and six +chaplains. Thirteen poor husbandmen of Buchan were maintained there. +King Robert the Bruce added to its endowment. Some of the remains of +this institution are known as "The Abbey Lands." Leo XIII. restored +St. Comgan's feast to the Scottish calendar in 1898. + +St. Fyndoca, Virgin. + +No particulars of this saint's life remain to us. Her feast occurs +in the Breviary of Aberdeen on this day. She seems to have been +specially venerated in the diocese of Dunblane. An old charter of +the thirteenth century mentions a chapel dedicated to St. Fyndoca at +Findo Cask, near Dunning, in Perthshire; a fair was {149} formerly +held there for eight days from the saint's feast. There are ruins +of an old building known as the chapel of St. Fink at Bendochy, +near Coupar Angus; this was probably one of her dedications. + +17--St. Rule, Abbot, (about) 6th century. + +An old legend, long accepted as history, but rejected altogether by +modern critics, makes this saint the bearer of the relics of St. +Andrew from Patras in Achaia to Scotland in the fourth century. The +story relates that Rule, when engaged in his duties as custodian of +the apostle's shrine, was favoured with a Heavenly vision, in which +an angel commanded him to set aside certain of the relics--among them +an arm-bone and three fingers of the Apostle--and to conceal them for +a time in a certain spot indicated. Another vision later on directed +the holy man to set sail with the relics in a north-westerly +direction "towards the ends of the earth," and when the vessel should +be in danger of shipwreck on a northern coast to recognise that as a +sign that a church should be built near that spot in honour {150} of +St. Andrew, where the relics should be enshrined. St. Rule is said to +have carried out the command in company with many fellow voyagers, +and to have founded the church of St. Andrew's, where he lived more +than thirty years after his landing. A cave on the sea coast hard by +still bears his name. He is said to have retired there for prayer. +The old church of St. Rule, with its quaint, slender tower, was the +first cathedral of the city, which formerly bore the saint's name. + +Most modern historians identify St. Rule with an Irish abbot of +similar name who is honoured on this day. He was a contemporary of +St. Kenneth, and probably ended his days at St. Andrews, after +labouring there as a missionary. St. Rule is the patron of Monifieth, +Forfarshire; of Meikle Folia, near Fyvie, Aberdeenshire; and of +Kennethmont, Aberdeenshire, where an ancient fair, held on the second +Tuesday in October as late as the beginning of last century, was +known as "Trewell Fair." There was a chapel of St. Rule at St. Cyrus +(formerly called Ecclesgreig) in Kincardineshire. {151} + +21 St. Mund or Fintan-Munnu, Abbot, A.D. 635, +He was born in Ireland, and was a contemporary of St. Columba. He +bears the character of being the most austere of all the Irish +saints, and suffered grievously from bodily infirmities with the +greatest resignation. Crossing over to Scotland, he dwelt for a time +upon an island of Loch Leven, still called after him by the title of +Eileanmunde. + +A more important foundation was afterwards made by this saint at +Kilmun, north of the Firth of Clyde, in Argyllshire. An old burial +ground still marks the site of the monastery founded by St. Mund; the +hills and wooded glens which surround the spot make up a scene of +striking beauty. A small bay in the vicinity is called "Holy Loch." +It is a matter of dispute whether the title came from its proximity +to St. Mund's foundation or from a shipload of earth from the Holy +Land, destined to form part of the foundation of a church in Glasgow, +and reputed to have been sunk in a storm near that spot. + +It is said that St. Mund made application to Baithen, St. Columba's +successor at Iona, to be {152} received as a monk of that monastery, +but that Baithen advised the saint to return to Ireland and found a +monastery there. The holy abbot gave this advice on account of a +prophecy of St. Columba, who had foreseen St. Mund's desire, and had +declared that God willed that saint to become abbot over others and +not the disciple of Baithen. + +It was owing to this advice that St. Mund returned to his native land +and founded Teach-Mun (Tagmon) in Wexford, which became famous under +his rule. + +Mediaeval documents mention the saint's pastoral staff as preserved +in Argyllshire; its hereditary custodian held a small croft at +Kilmun; it may have been in honour of this saint that a fair was held +at that place for eight days during April as alluded to in records of +1490. No trace of the above relic now remains. In Ireland this saint +is known as St. Fintan-Munnu; but Mundus or Mund is the title which +appears in Scottish records. + +26--St. Bean, Bishop, llth century. + +This saint was venerated at Fowls Wester {153} and Kinkell, both in +Perthshire. His well is pointed out at the former place, and his fair +is held there. St. Bean is inserted in the calendar of the Breviary +of Aberdeen, but few particulars of his life are known to us. +Tradition makes him Bishop of Mortlach, in Banffshire, though the +existence of such a see is not generally admitted. St. Bean, probably +resided at Morlach of which he became patron (in succession to St. +Moluag see--June 25); he is said to have ruled a monastery of Culdees +there. An ancient stone effigy, in existence in the eighteenth +century in Mortlach Church, was supposed to represent the saint; +nothing of the kind is now to be seen. Balvenie, in the +neighbourhood, is thought to be derived from _Bal-beni-mor_ +("dwelling of Bean the Great"). The feast of St. Bean was +restored to Scotland by Leo XIII. + +St. Eata, Bishop, A.D. 686. + +He was one of the boys trained by St. Aidan in the monastery of +Lindisfarne. When he grew to manhood he made his profession as a +monk of that abbey, and in after years became {154} Abbot of Old +Melrose, where St. Boisil and St. Cuthbert were among his disciples. +He became Bishop of Lindisfarne, and was afterwards translated to +the See of Hexham. He was buried in Hexham Cathedral. + +30--St. Talarican, Bishop, A.D. (about) 720. + +This saint has been claimed as one of the Irish missionaries to +Scotland, but competent authorities maintain that his name shows +him to have been of Pictish origin, and they add that the Irish +calendars do not contain a saint whose name can be identified with +that of Talarican. The saint is said to have been raised to the +episcopate by Pope Gregory (perhaps St. Gregory II.). It is +specially said of him that he was careful to offer Holy Mass +every day. His life was one of stern discipline. He laboured in +the northern districts of Scotland, and his popularity is shown +by the numerous dedications in his name. + +The large district of Kiltarlity in Invernessshire, in which +Beauly Priory was situated, takes its name from St. Talarican. +A church and burial-ground known as Ceilltarraglan once {155} +existed in the Isle of Skye; it was situated on the plain above +the rocks to the north of Loch Portree. In the island of Taransay +we find _Eaglais Tarain_, or Church of Talarican. The saint is also +associated with the church of Fordyce, in Banffshire, where a fair +was held on his feast and during the octave. There is a St. Tarkin's +Well at Fordyce and another in the parish of Kilsyth, Stirlingshire, +is thought to own this saint as patron. Leo XIII. restored St. +Talarican's feast to the Scottish Calendar. + +St. Monoch. + +At Stevenson, in Ayrshire, an annual fair was formerly held on +October 30th, which was called "Sam Maneuke's," or "St. Monk's Day"; +it has long been discontinued. An old will of the sixteenth century +points to this saint as the patron of the town. Archibald Weir, in +his testament, dated October 7th, 1547, says: "I give and bequeath my +soul to God Almighty and my body to be buried in the church of St. +Monoch, of Steynstoune." A procession once took place annually on +this day in the above locality. It was doubtless the remnant of some +{156} popular Catholic demonstration in honour of the patronal feast; +though mentioned as late as 1845 it has now disappeared. In the +parish of Sorn, in the same county, is an estate known by the +designation of Auchmannoch, which probably refers to this saint. + +31 St. Bees or Begha, Virgin, A.D. (about) 660. + +This saint was of royal Irish race. In her youth she was promised in +marriage to a Norwegian prince, but as she had vowed virginity in her +earliest years she fled from home to escape the force which might +possibly be brought to bear upon her to bring about the proposed +union. Embarking alone in a small boat, she made her way to the +opposite coast of Northumbria. Here she dwelt for some time in a +woodland retreat, after receiving the monastic habit from St. Aidan, +the bishop. She afterwards presided over a community of virgins, +whose government she eventually resigned to St. Hilda. St. Begha +founded another monastery in Strathclyde, which was known by her +name. The tongue of land on which it stood is still called St. Bee's +Head. {157} + +In this retreat she died in the odour of sanctity. Kilbagie, in +Clackmannan, is probably named after this saint, and also Kilbucho +(Church of Begha), in the parish of Broughton, Peebleshire. + + + +NOVEMBER + +3--St. Malachy, Archbishop, A.D. 1148. + +Among the Irish saints who benefited Scotland, the illustrious +contemporary and dear friend of his biographer, St. Bernard, must not +be omitted. St. Malachy, Archbishop of Armagh, twice visited +Scotland. On his return from one of his visits to Rome, he stayed +with King David I., and by his prayers restored to life the monarch's +son, Prince Henry, who was in danger of death. During this visit, St. +Malachy erected an oratory of wattles and clay on the sea-shore near +Port Patrick. St. Bernard relates that the saint not only directed +the work but laboured with his own hands in its construction. He +blessed the cemetery adjoining, which was arranged according to Irish +usage, within a deep fosse. The second visit to Scotland was shortly +before St. Malachy {158} set out on that last journey to the +continent from which he never returned, dying on November 2nd, 1148, +in St. Bernard's own Abbey of Clairvaux. He had set his heart on +founding a monastery in Scotland at a place called _Viride Stagnum_, +"The Green Lake," situated about three miles from the present town of +Stranraer. There he marked out the boundaries, and established a +community brought from one of his Irish houses. St. Bernard alludes +to a monastery in Scotland as the last founded by St. Malachy, and +this is undoubtedly the one referred to. Later on, this monastery, +which acquired the name of Soulseat (_Sedes Animarum_), was peopled +by Premonstratensian Canons, brought from St. Norbert's own house of +Premontre. It became known in after ages as Saulseat. + +St. Nidan, Bishop, about the 6th century. + +He was one of the Welsh disciples of St. Kentigern, and probably +accompanied him on his return to Scotland (see pp. 47-8). He is said +to have evangelised the part of Deeside round Midmar, of which he was +the patron. {159} + +St. Englatius, Abbot, A.D. 996. + +This saint, whose feast-day appears in the calendar of the Aberdeen +Breviary, is associated with the parish of Tarves in Aberdeenshire, +where he is known by the name of Tanglan. There is a "Tanglan's +Well" in the village, and a "Tanglan's" Ford on the river Ythan. + +St. Baya or Vey, Virgin, about the 9th century. + +She is said to have inhabited the island of Little Cumbrae, where she +lived in solitude surrounded by birds and beasts. The ruins of an +ancient chapel, called that of St. Vey, are still to be seen, and the +saint is believed to have been buried there. Tradition tells us, in +proof of her love of solitude, that when the Rector of Dunbar +attempted to carry off St. Baya's relics, a furious storm arose +through the saint's intervention, and compelled him to desist. Kilbag +Head in Lewis is probably named after a church dedicated to this +saint. + +St. Maura, Virgin, about the 9th century. + +This saint was a friend of St. Baya, and used to visit her upon her +island for spiritual converse. {160} She is said to have governed a +very austere community of virgins consecrated to God. She died at +Kilmaura (Church of Maura) in Ayrshire. + +6--St. Methven. + +There are no particulars extant concerning the life of this saint, +and it is therefore impossible to determine the time in which he +flourished. A church bearing the name of St. Methven formerly stood +in the parish of Fowlis Wester, in Perthshire. A fair used to be +held there on this day in each year, locally known as St. Methvenmas +Market. The day itself was observed as a holiday. Like most of such +remains of Catholic merry-makings, the custom has long disappeared. + +8--St. Moroc, Bishop. + +Some writers maintain that this saint was formerly Abbot of Dunkeld. +His name certainly survives in that neighbourhood in Kilmorick, +where a spring is called St. Mureach's Well. Another church named +after this saint was at Lecropt, near Stirling, and here his {161} +body is said by tradition to have been laid to rest. Kilimrack +(Beauly) has been sometimes ascribed to this saint, but the more +reliable authorities give it as one of Our Lady's dedications. The +period in which St. Moroc flourished is not known with any degree +of certainty. + +St. Gervadsus or Gernadius, Hermit, A.D. 934, + +This saint was of Irish nationality. Longing for a life of entire +seclusion from the world, he left his native land and took up his +residence in Scotland. He is said to have lived many years as a +hermit in the province of Moray, and in corroboration of the +tradition a cave was formerly pointed out in the parish of Drainie, +near Elgin, known as "Gerardin's Cave," it was situated on the height +behind the modern Station Hotel at Lossiemouth. For many centuries +this habitation was intact. It had an ancient Gothic doorway and +window-opening, but these were demolished more than a hundred years +ago by a drunken sailor. Since 1870 the whole face of the cliff known +as "Holyman's Head," including the cave, has {162} been quarried. No +trace now remains of the spring of water there, called "Gerardin's +Well," from which the anchorite drank a thousand years ago. + +It is said that a monastery was founded by this saint at Kennedar, in +the same parish of Drainie where he associated himself with many +fellow-soldiers in Christ, and built a church under the direction of +angels. The remains of Kineddar Castle, a residence of the Bishops of +Moray, may still be seen there. Tradition tells that on stormy +nights, the saint was wont to pace the beach below his cell, lantern +in hand, to warn off vessels from the dangerous rocks. This is +commemorated in the Lossiemouth Burgh seal, which represents the +saint with his lantern and bears the motto: _Per noctem lux_. A +Presbyterian church erected at Stotfield (Lossiemouth) in recent +years bears the name of "St. Gerardine." + +12--St. Machar or Mocumma, Bishop, 6th century. + +This saint was the son of Fiachna, an Irish chieftain, and was +baptised by St. Colman. In his youth he became a disciple of the +great St. {163} Columba, and when that saint went to Scotland, Machar +accompanied him, together with eleven other disciples. After some +years he was made a bishop, and was sent by St. Columba with twelve +companions to preach to the pagan Picts of Strathdon, in the +northeast of Scotland. It is said that his holy master commanded him +to found a church in the spot where he should find a river forming by +its windings the shape of a bishop's pastoral staff. Such a +configuration he found in the river Don, at the spot now known as Old +Aberdeen. Here he accordingly fixed his seat, and the cathedral that +rose from the humble beginnings of a church instituted by Machar now +bears his name. + +Besides the old Cathedral of Aberdeen, there are in the same county +two parishes, formerly joined in one, which are known as New and Old +Machar, respectively. At Kildrummie, in Aberdeenshire, is a place +called (after the saint) "Macker's Haugh." There is St. Machar's +Well, near the cathedral, at Old Aberdeen; the water used always to +be taken for baptismal purposes to the cathedral. {164} + +At Corgarff, in Strathdon, is another spring known as _Tobar Mhachar_ +(the well of St. Machar); miracles were formerly obtained there. Of +this spring the legend is related of a priest, in time of famine, +drawing from it three fine salmon which lasted him for food till +supplies came from other quarters. + +St. Machar's feast was restored to Scotland by Pope Leo XIII. in +1898. + +13--St. Devenick, about the 6th century. + +Tradition tells that this saint was a contemporary of the former, and +preached the Gospel in Caithness. A legend relates that his body was +borne for burial to Banchory Devenick, in Kincardineshire, in +accordance with his continually expressed desire to rest in the +district of St. Machar, whom he had tenderly loved during life. A +church was afterwards built over his relics, and named after him. + +Criech, in Sutherlandshire, was probably another of his churches, if +he is the saint known there as St. Teavneach. Besides a fair of great +antiquity, known as "Dennick's", held at Milton of Glenesk, +Forfarshire, another at {165} Methlick, Aberdeenshire, held in +November about this date, bore the same name; this implies that the +respective churches are dedicated to him, as fairs bearing saints +names had their origin in all instances in the concourse of people +assembled for the celebration of the patronal feast of a church. St. +Devenick's Well is near Methlick church. + +15--St. Machutus, or Malo, Bishop, A.D. 565. + +The Aberdeen Breviary gives on this day the feast of the British +saint who became one of the apostles of Brittany and is commemorated +there by the town of St. Malo. + +There is no record of this saint's residence in Scotland, but his +_cultus_ flourished there, possibly on account of his connection +with St. Brendan (see May 16). Lesmahago, the site of a Benedictine +monastery, takes its name from him, the title being a corrupt form of +_Ecclesia Sti. Machuti_ (Church of St. Machutus). Wigtown church, +also, was dedicated to this saint. + +16--St. Margaret, Queen, A.D. 1093. + +It is impossible here to say much in detail of {166} the life of the +saintly queen who is regarded as one of the heavenly patrons of the +Kingdom of Scotland; but to omit all notice of her would make our +calendar incomplete. It will be sufficient to note briefly the chief +events of her life. St. Margaret was granddaughter to Edmund +Ironside. Her father, Edward, having to fly for his life to Hungary, +married Agatha, the sister-in-law of the king. Three children were +born to them. When Edward the Confessor ascended the English throne, +Prince Edward returned with his family to his native land, but died a +few years after. When William the Conqueror obtained the crown, +Edgar, the son of Edward, thought it more prudent to retire from +England, and took refuge with his mother and sisters at the court of +Malcolm III. of Scotland, having been driven on the Scottish coast by +a tempest. Malcolm, attracted by the virtue and beauty of Margaret, +made her his bride, and for the thirty years she reigned in Scotland +she was a model queen. The historian Dr. Skene says of her: "There is +perhaps no more beautiful character recorded in history than that of +{167} Margaret. For purity of motives, for an earnest desire to +benefit the people among whom her lot was cast, for a deep sense of +religion and great personal piety, for the unselfish performance of +whatever duty lay before her, and for entire self-abnegation she is +unsurpassed, and the chroniclers of the time all bear witness to her +exalted character." Her solicitude for the nation was truly maternal. +She set herself to combat, with zeal and energy, the abuses which had +crept into the practice of religion, taking a prominent part--with +her royal husband as the interpreter of her southern speech--in many +councils summoned at her instigation. She loved and befriended clergy +and monks, and was lavish in her charity to the poor. Her own +children, through her training and example, were one and all +distinguished for piety and virtue. Her three sons, Edgar, Alexander +and David, were remarkable for their unparalleled purity of life: +David's two grandsons, Malcolm IV. and William, and William's son and +grandson, Alexander II. and III., were noble Catholic kings. Thus did +the influence of this saintly queen extend {168} over the space of +two hundred years and form monarchs of extraordinary excellence to +rule Scotland wisely and well. + +St. Margaret died on the 16th of November at the age of forty-seven. +Her body was buried with that of King Malcolm, who had been killed in +battle only four days before her own death, in the church they had +founded at Dunfermline. At the Reformation her relics were secretly +carried into Spain, together with the remains of her husband, and +placed in the Escurial. Her head, with a quantity of her long, fair +hair, was preserved for a time by the Scottish Jesuits at Douai. The +sacred relics disappeared in the French Revolution. Fairs on the +saint's feast-day, known as "Margaretmas," were held at Wick, +Closeburn (Dumfries shire) and Balquhapple (now Thornhill) in +Kincardineshire. St. Margaret's Well at Restalrig near Edinburgh, was +once covered by a graceful Gothic building, whose groined roof rested +on a central pillar; steps led down to the level of the water. It is +thought to have been erected at the same period as that covering St. +Triduana's Well in the same place. {169} + +When the North British Railway required the spot for the building of +storehouses, the well-house was removed to Queen's Park, where it +still stands, but the spring has disappeared (see October 8th). +Innocent XII. at the petition of James VII. (and II.) in 1693, placed +St. Margaret's feast on June 10th, the birthday of the King's son +James (stigmatised the "Old Pretender"), but Leo XIII., in 1898, +restored it for the Scottish calendar to the day of her death. + +18--St. Fergus, Bishop, 8th century. + +This saint, a Pict by nationality, is said to have been for many +years a bishop in Ireland. Moved by a desire to benefit the pagans of +the northern districts of Scotland, he left Ireland and returned to +his own land, accompanied by a few priests and clerics, and settled +in Strathearn. Here he founded three churches, which he dedicated to +St. Patrick. Passing north wards he visited Caithness, and after +preaching the Gospel there for some time he travelled to Buchan, +where he built a church at Lungley, a place afterwards known as St. +Fergus. Finally {170} he moved on to Glamis, in Forfarshire, where he +founded another church, and it was here that he ended his life and +was buried. + +Several dedications to this saint are to be found in the northern and +eastern parts of Scotland. The churches of Wick and Halkirk, in +Caithness; Dyce and St. Fergus, in Aberdeenshire; and his well, +called "Fergan Well," at Kirkmichael, in Banffshire, famous for its +miraculous efficacy in curing skin diseases: all these bear witness +to the devotion borne towards St. Fergus by Scottish Catholics in +past ages. An annual fair was held at Glamis on his feast-day (known +as "Fergusmas"), and continued for five days. Another fair took place +at Wick. + +Other proofs of his connection with Scotland are seen in the +traces of the three churches founded by the saint in Strathearn: +Strogeth-St.-Patrick, Blackford-St.-Patrick, and Dolpatrick. + +The head of St. Fergus was venerated in the Abbey of Scone, where +James IV. provided a silver reliquary for it. His arm was preserved +at Aberdeen, in the old cathedral. {171} + +The pastoral staff of the saint, long treasured at St. Fergus, in +Buchan, is said to have calmed a storm on that coast. No traces now +remain of it. + +An ancient image of St. Fergus existed at Wick until 1613, when it +was destroyed by a minister, who was drowned by the indignant people +for his action. The saint's holy well was honoured there. He is +thought to be the same "Fergus, the Pict, Bishop of the Scots," who +took part in a Synod in St. Peter's at Rome under Pope Gregory II. in +A.D. 721. + +Pope Leo XIII. restored the feast of St. Fergus in 1898. + +26--St. Christina, Virgin, A.D. (about) 1085. + +This saint, though brought into close connection with the country, +was not of Scottish lineage. She was the sister of St. Margaret, +and therefore the daughter of Edward the Etheling. Together with +her mother Agatha, sister to the Queen of Hungary, Christina took +the veil in the Benedictine Abbey of Romsey, in Hampshire. Here +both royal ladies became distinguished for holiness. Matilda, +daughter {172} of St. Margaret, was educated by her aunt at Romsey. +She became known as the "good Queen Maud" after she had married +Henry I. of England. St. Christina died in the odour of sanctity +about the year 1085. + +27--St. Oda or Odda, Virgin, about 8th century. + +She is said to have been a daughter of a Scottish king. Having the +misfortune to lose her sight, she made a pilgrimage to the tomb of +St. Lambert the martyr, at Liege, to implore the help of that +renowned wonder-worker. Her faith was rewarded by a cure, and Oda +resolved, in gratitude for the favour, to dedicate herself to God in +the religious state. She therefore retired to a hermitage in Brabant, +where she spent her remaining years in prayer and penance, winning +from Heaven many graces for the people of that district. After her +death her relics were enshrined in a collegiate church in the town of +Rhode, and she became the chief patron of the place. + +It is remarkable that the feast of this saint was inserted in the +calendar drawn up for the Scottish Episcopal Church by order of {173} +Charles I. St. Oda's supposed royal descent is thought to have won +for her this distinction. + +28--St. Callen. + +Nothing more is known concerning this saint than the facts that the +church of Rogart, in Sutherlandshire, was dedicated to St. Callen, +and a fair, known as "St. Callen's Fair," was formerly held there +on this day. + +30--St. Andrew, Apostle, Patron of Scotland. + +We cannot reckon St. Andrew among the national saints of Scotland, +for he lived and died far from these northern lands. Scotland cannot +even claim connection with him on the ground of having received +missionaries from him, as England can boast of her connection with +St. Gregory the Great. Yet from time immemorial so far back that +history cannot point to any precise date St. Andrew has been +venerated as the special protector of Scotland, and his feast, known +as "Andrewmas," celebrated everywhere with great rejoicing. The +legend of St. Regulus (see October 17) which attributes to that saint +the bringing of {174} the apostle's relics to the country is rejected +by modern historians. The origin of devotion to St. Andrew in +Scotland is nevertheless due to the translation of the apostle's +relics thither (probably from Hexham) during the eighth century. +These relics were undoubtedly honoured with much devotion at the +place which was afterwards known by the name of the great Apostle, +and eventually became the Primatial See of that country. + +Whatever be the true facts of the case, St. Andrew has been invoked +for more than one thousand years as the Patron of Scotland, whose +battle-cry in the ages of faith was "For God and St. Andrew." + + + +DECEMBER + +2--St. Ethernan, Bishop. + +This saint belonged to a noble Scottish family and was sent to +Ireland for his education. On returning to his native land, he +devoted himself to the work of preaching the Faith among his +countrymen in the province of Buchan, Aberdeenshire. He eventually +became a bishop. {175} + +On the east side of the hill of Mormond near Rathen, in +Aberdeenshire, is a place called "St. Ethernan's Den"; it is believed +to have been the spot chosen by the saint as his hermitage. The +neighbouring church of Rathen is dedicated to him. The church of +Kilrenny in Fifeshire, popularly known as "St. Irnie's," is probably +one of his dedications; it is a favourite landmark for mariners. St. +Ethernan's well is there. At Forfar a fair was annually held on this +day under the name of "Tuetheren's Fair." He was also honoured at +Madderty in Perthshire. + +There seems to have been a chapel of this saint in the old monastic +church on the Isle of May; as, by an ancient charter, Alexander +Cumyn, Earl of Buchan, grants a stone of wax or forty shillings +yearly to "St. Ethernan of the Isle of May, and the monks serving God +and St. Ethernan in that place." + +6--St. Constantine III., King, A.D. (about) 945. + +The life of this saint is involved in obscurity. According to the +most probable account he was a Scottish King, who resigned his crown +after a {176} reign of more than forty years, and retired, as the +_Chronicle of the Picts and Scots_ relates, "to the monastery on the +brink of the waves and died in the house of the Apostle." This +monastery was probably the Culdee establishment at St. Andrews. A +cave near Fife Ness called after the saint, and marked by many +pilgrims crosses, is supposed to have been his place of retirement +for prayer. + +7--St. Buite, Monk, A.D. 521. + +He was born in Ireland, and from his infancy was believed to possess +miraculous powers. Early writers compare him with Venerable Bede +for his virtues and mode of life. He is said to have lived many +years in a monastery in Italy, and to have returned, by Divine +admonition, to his native land, taking with him many copies of +the Holy Scriptures together with sacred vestments and numerous +holy relics. On his journey he was joined by a number of pilgrims +who desired to live under his rule; accordingly he sailed with his +company for North Britain, and landed in Pictish territory, where +he is said to have restored the king of the country to life {177} by +his prayers. Receiving as a reward the royal fort in which the +miracle had taken place, St. Buite founded a monastery there, and +remained for some time instructing the people of the country in the +Faith. Eventually he returned to Ireland. + +Dunnichen, in Angus, is thought to be the site of St. Buite's +foundation. Near it are still to be seen the remains of an ancient +fortress known as Carbuddo or _Caer Buido_ (Buite's Fort). The +saint is said to have foretold the birth of St. Columba, which +occurred on the very day upon which St. Buite himself died. + +11--St. Obert. + +All that is now known of this saint is that he was honoured in Perth +in Catholic ages as the patron saint of bakers. On December 10, known +as St. Obert's Eve, the bakers of that city were accustomed to pass +through the streets in procession by torchlight, playing pipes and +beating drums, and wearing various disguises. One of their number +used to wear a dress known as "The Devil's Coat." Another rode on a +horse shod with men's shoes. In its {178} primitive form this pastime +was probably some kind of sacred drama representing the chief +features in the life of the saint; but its character had changed in +the course of time. + +On account of their connection with the ancient faith such +performances gave great offence to the Puritans. In 1581 "an Act +against idolatrous and superstitious pastimes, especially against the +Sanct Obert's Play," was issued by the Session. It seems to have had +little effect, for again in 1587 the bakers were required "to take +order for the amendment of the blasphemous and heathenish plays of +Sanct Obert's pastime." Eventually in 1588, several "insolent young +men" were imprisoned for their "idolatrous pastime in playing of +Sanct Obert's play, to the great grief of the conscience of the +faithful and infamous slander of the haill congregation." + +17--St. Crunmael, Abbot. + +No particulars of the life of this saint are extant, beyond the +fact that he was one of the Abbots of Iona. {179} + +18--St. Flannan, Confessor. + +This saint was of Irish nationality; the precise period at which +he lived is uncertain. The group of islands to the west of Lewis +are called after him, the Flannan Islands. On the largest of these +seven islands are the remains of a chapel known as _Teampull +Beannachadh_ (St. Flannan's Chapel). This seems to indicate that +the saint resided there at some period, though no record remains +of the fact beyond the traditional designation of the ruins. The +Flannan Islands have always been regarded by the people of Lewis +with almost superstitious veneration. + +St. Manire, Bishop, A.D. 824. + +This was a saint of Scottish nationality, who laboured in Deeside. +He was especially honoured at Crathie and Balvenie. He was a +strenuous opponent of the idolatrous or superstitious practices +which the half-barbarous people to whom he preached were accustomed +to introduce into their worship of God. He is said to have mastered +the many dialects then {180} spoken in the district which he +inhabited, in order to be able to preach the Faith to all. + +22--St. Ethernascus, Confessor. + +From his retired life and spirit of recollection this Irish saint +was known as "Ethernascus, who spoke not," or "The Silent." He was +one of the chief patrons of Clane, in the county of Kildare. It is +difficult to determine what was his precise connection with Scotland, +but his office occurs with a proper prayer in the Breviary of +Aberdeen. The church of Lathrisk, in Fifeshire, was dedicated to +St. Ethernascus conjointly with St. John the Evangelist. + +23--St. Caran, Bishop, A.D. 663. + +This was an east country saint who was formerly held in honour at +Fetteresso and Drumlithie in The Mearns, and at Premnay in +Aberdeenshire. There are also traces of his _cultus_ in Strathmore, +Caithness. At Drumlithie is a spring known as St. Carran's Well. +His fair was formerly held on this day at Anstruther, Fifeshire. +Some of these dedications {181} have been, by certain writers, +accredited to another saint Kieran (September 9). No particulars +of St. Caran's life are extant. + +St. Mayota or Mazota, Virgin, 6th century. + +It is maintained by some writers that the great St. Bridget, one of +the chief glories of Ireland, visited Scotland in the beginning of +the sixth century, and founded a monastery for women at Abernethy, +which she dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. Over this house St. +Darlughdach was placed as superior; or, as some think, she was +the real foundress. St. Mayota was one of the nine virgins who +came from Ireland to form the first community at Abernethy. She +is said to have been remarkable for having wrought many striking +miracles in her lifetime. The church of Drumoak or Dulmaoak (Field +of St. Mayota), situated near the Dee, takes its name from this +saint. A spring in the neighbourhood is called "St. Maikie's Well." + +25--St. Bathan, Bishop, A.D. (about) 639. + +In a letter to the Scots from Pope John IV. mention is made of this +saint as especially {182} connected with Scotland. No particulars of +his life are now known, but his _cultus_ can be traced by the +churches dedicated to him. Abbey St. Bathans, a parish in +Berwickshire, takes its name from this saint. The ruins of an abbey +for Cistercian nuns are there, and in a wooded nook, in the vicinity +is a spring called St. Bathan's Well. In addition to a reputation +for healing diseases, it has the unusual quality of never freezing; +a mill-stream into which it flows is said to be never blocked with +ice in winter. The parish of Yester (Haddingtonshire) formerly bore +the name of St. Bathan's, and the parish of Bowden in Roxburghshire +probably takes its designation from the same saint. + +ALL YE SAINTS OF SCOTLAND, PRAY FOR US. + + + +INDEX + + + Abbey St. Bathans 182 + Abb's Head 123 + Aberchirder 33 + Abercorn 101 + Abercrombie (St. Monan's) 34 + Aberdeen 109, 163 + Aberdour 91, 95, 106, 107 + Aberlednock 101 + Aberlour 107 + Abernethy 16, 17, 93, 108, 181 + Abersnethick 48 + Abriachan 137 + Aboyne 137 + Adamnan, St. 136 + Adamnan of Coldingham 15 + Adrian (Odhran), St. 35 + Aidan, St. 125 + Airlie 74 + Aldhame 37 + Alexander, Bl. 114 + Alloa 6 + Alness 91 + Alva 100 + Alvah 91 + Alvie 107 + Alyth 98, 134 + Andrew, St. 173 + "Andrewmas" 173 + Angus, St. 117 + Anstruther 180 + Applecross 67 _seq_. + Arasaig 69 + Arbirlot 134 + Arbroath 9, 39, 134 + Arbuthnott 94 + Ardchattan 19, 82 + Ardeonaig 138 + Ard-Marnoc 33 + Ard-Patrick 46 + Arduthie 39 + Argyle Cathedral 98 + Arnold (Adamnan), St. 139 + Arnty (Adamnan), St. 139 + Arran 66 + Asaph, St. 76 + Ashkirk 134 + Auchinblae 105 + Auchterarder 41 + Auchterawe 98 + Auchterless 66 + Aunan (Adamnan), St. 139 + Ayr 6 + + Baitan (Baithen), St. 91 + Baldred, St. 36 + Ballantrae 51 + Balmodhan 19 + Balquhidder 117 + Balvenie 153, 179 + Banchory 93, 94, 164 + Bannockburn 17 + Barr 141 + Barr (Finbar), St. 139 + Barra 80, 143 + Barvas 100 + Bass Rock 36 + Bathan, St. 181 + Baya (Vey), St. 159 + Bay, St. Ficker's 124 + Bean, St. 152 + Bearnarey 77 + Bed, St. Kevin's 87 + " St. Molios' 67 + Bees (Begha), St. 156 + Beith 120 + Beldorny 13 + Bell + St. Adamnan's 139 + St. Baitan's 92 + St. Blaan's 119 + St. Duthac's 39 + St. Fillan's 18 + St. Finan's 44 + St. Kessog's 41 + St. Lolan's 136 + St. Middan's 74 + St. Moluag's 99 + St. Ternan's 93 + St. Yrchard's 122 + Bendochy 149 + Ben Eunaich 138 + Berchan, St. 113 + Birnie 80 + Birsay 63 + Birse 91 + Blaan, St. 118 + Blackford-St.-Patrick 170 + Blair Athole 138 + Blaithmaic, St. 7 + Boisil (Boswell), St. 29 + Boniface (Curitan), St. 45 + Bothelney 12 + Botriphine 78 + Bowden 182 + Boyndie 80 + Brandan (Brendan), St. 79 + Bridget, St. 16 + Brioc (Brock), St. 75 + Buchanan 3 + Buite, St. 176 + Burn of Marran (Mirin) 132 + Bute, Isle of 80, 81, 111, 118 + + Cadroe, St. 37 + Cadzow 142 + Caer-Winning 54 + Calaverock 91 + Callander 41 + Callen, St. 173 + Campbeltown 130 + Cambuskenneth 147 + Cambusnethan 91, 126 + Campsie 138, 141 + _Candida Casa_ 133 + Cannisbay 107 + Cantyre--See Kintyre + Caran, St. 180 + Carluke 116 + Carmacheasaig 40 + Cathan, St. 81 + Cave of Geradin 161 + St. Baldred 37 + St. Kevin 87 + St. Kieran 129 + St. Medana 103 + St. Molios 67 + St. Serf 100 + Ceilltarraglan (Skye) 154 + Chair of St. Fillan 95 + St. Inan 120 + St. Machalus 74 + Chapel Dockie 129 + Chapel Rock 110 + Chapelton 23 + Chapeltown 74 + Charmaig, St. 44 + Chenzie Island 147 + Christina, St. 171 + Chroman (Chronan), St. 1 + Clati Chatlan 82 + Clatt 98 + Cloeburn 168 + Coivin (Kevin), St.. 87 + Coldmgharn 16, 59, 123, 126 + Colman, St. 25 + Colmoc, St. 87 + Colonsay 82 + Columba, St. 88 + Comgall, St. 78 + Comgan (Congan), St. 2, 147 + Comman, St. 48 + Comrie 41, 94 + Conan 8 + Conan, St. 10 + Conran, St. 23 + Constantine, St. 41 + Constantine III., St. 175 + Contin 69 + Conval, St. (King) 61 + Conval, St. 83 + Corgarff 164 + Cormac, St. 95 + Commony 46 + Cowie 12 + Coylton 132 + Crathie, 79 + Criech 164 + Cromarty 40 + Cross + St. Berchan's 113 + Drostan's 106 + Crozier of + St. Cormac 96 + Donnan 66 + Fergus 171 + Fillan 18 + Lolan 135 + Moluag 99 + Mund 152 + Crunmael, St. 178 + Culross 99 _seq_. + Cumbrae 76 + Cumbrae, Little 159 + Cumine, St. 30 + Cumnock 84 + Cunibert, St. 73 + Cunningham 2, 54 + Curitan (Boniface), St. 45 + Currie 6 + Cuthbert, St. 29 _seq_, 48 + + Dabius (Davius), St. 110 + Daganus, St. 86 + Dalkerran 130 + Dalmally 10, 138 + Dalmarnock 33 + Dalmeny 138 + Dalpatrick 46 + Dalruadhain 129 + Dalry 54 + Dalserf 141 + Dalziel 47 + Damsey 138 + Darlugdach, St. 16, 108, 181 + Davar 140 + Deer 106 + Devenick, St. 164 + Dine, Chapel of 78 + Dinet 78 + Dingwall 70 + Dolpatrick 170 + Donald, St. 107, 108 + Donnan, St. and Companions 6 + Dornoch 57, 141 + Drostan, St. 105 + Drumlithie 180 + Drummelzier 51 + Drumoak 181 + Drymen 91 + Drysdale 51 + Dull 134,138 + Dunbarton 46, 61, 100 + Dumfries 6, 119 + Dunblane 118,, 148 + Dundurn 94 + Dundrennan 14 + Dunfermline 168 + Dunfillan 94 + Dunkeld 33, 91, 160 + Dunmeth 13 + Dunnichen 42, 177 + Dunrod 76 + Durris 79 + Duthae, St. 38 + Dyce 170 + Dysart 100 + + Eata, St. 153 + Ebba, St. 15, 123 + Ebba, St. and Companions 59 + Eeclefechan 9 + Eccles 51 + Ecclesmachan 141 + Eddleston 141 + Edinburgh 51, 104, 128 + Ednam 51 + Edzell 107, 132 + Egbert, St. 7 + Egilshay 64 + Eigg 66, 91 + Elgin 128 + Ellanmore 44 + Englatius, St. 159 + "Enoch's, St." 110 + Ernan, St. 1 + Ethernan, St. 174 + Ethernascus, St. 180 + Ethie 128 + Ethiebeaton 129 + Euchadins, St. 9 + Eunan (Adamnan), St. 139 + + Failhbe, St. 40 + Fair of + BI. Alexander 114 + St. Adamnan 138 + St. Angus 117 + St. Barr 141 + St. Bean 153 + St. Berchan 113 + St. Boisil 30 + St. Boniface 4 + St. Brendan So + St. Brioe 75 + St. Callen 173 + St. Caran 180 + St. Causnan (Constantine) 42 + St. Columba 91 + St. Comgall 79 + St. Comgan 148 + St. Conan 10 + St. Conval 84 + St. Cuthbert 52 + St. Devenick 164 + St. Donnan 66 + St. Drostan 107 + St. Duthae 39 + St. Ethernan 175 + St. Fergus 170 + St. Fillan 18 + St. Finan 44 + St. Finian 48 + St. Fumac 78 + St. Fyndoc 148 + St. Gilbert 59 + St. Giles 128 + St. Inan 120 + St. Kessog 41 + St. Machan 142 + St. Magnus 65 + St. Maree (Maelrubha 70 + St. Margaret 168 + St. Marnoch 33 + St. Marthom 135 + St. Merchard 121 + St. Methven 160 + St. Mirin 131 + St. Mittan 16 + St. Moluag 98 + St. Monoch 155 + St. Mund 152 + St. Mungo 6 + St. Murie (Maelrubbha) 70 + St. Nathalan 12 + St. Olaf 56 + St. Palladius 105 + St. Patrick 46 + St. Rule 150 + St. Serf 101 + St. Talarican 155 + St. Ternan 93 + St. Triduana 145 + St. Vigean 9 + St. Wynnin 54 + Falkirk 21 + Fearn 26, 127 + Fechin (Vigean), St. 8 + Fechno (Fiachna), St. 43 + Ferrenese 84 + Fergna, St. 35 + Fergus, St. 169 + "Ferusmas" 170 + Fetteresso 130, 180 + Fianchna (Fechno), St. 43 + Fiacre, St. 123 + Fifeness 160 + Fillan (Faolan), St. 17, 147 + Fillan ("The Leper"), St. 94 + Finan, St. 23 + Finan (Finian), St. 47 + Finan ("The Leper"), St. 43 + Finbar (Barr), St. 56. 139 + Findo Gask 148 + Fondon 94 + Finhaven 108 + Finian (Wynnin), St. 52 + Fintan-Munnu (Mund), St. 151 + Firth (Frith)-on-Spey 139 + Fordoun 104, 105 + Fordyce 69, 155 + Forfar 145, 175 + Forglen 137 + Forres 69 + Fort-Augustus 31, 83, 91, 98, 103 + Fortrose 45 + Forvie 137 + Fowlis Wester 153, 160 + Frigidian (Wynnin), St. 52 + Fumac, St. 78 + Fyndoca, St. 148 + + Gairloch 69 + Garrabost 42 + Garvelloch Isles 91 + Gernadius (Geradin), St. 161 + Gifford 165 + Gigha 85 + Gilbert, St. 57 + Giles, St. 127 + Girvan 51 + Glamis 109, 170 + Glascian, St. 14 + Glasgow 4, 6, 109, 142 + Glenbervie 130 + Glencairn 51 + Glenelg 31 + Glenesk 106 + Glen-Finan 44 + Glengairden 48 + Glengairn 6 + Glen of Ogilvy 108, 109 + Glenorchy 70 + Glenholm (Broughton) 51 + Glenmoriston 121 + Glen Urquhart 46, 106, 107, 138 + Govan 42 + Grandtully 138 + Grease 56 + + Hailes 51, 101, 154 + Halkirk 107, 170 + Holy Island 67 + Holy Pool 18 + Houston 18 + Huntly 6 + + Inan, St. 119 + Inchbare 141 + Inchbrayoch 76 + Inchinnan 83, 120 + Inchmahome 88 + Inchmarnock 33 + Inch Murryn 132 + Indrecht, St. 43 + Inglismaldie 75 + Inverary 80 + Invergarry 44 + Invermoriston 91 + Iona 3, 7, 9, 23, 30, 35, 40, 42, 43, 48, 90, 96, + 101, 106, 114, 125, 135, 136, 178 + Irvine 120 + + Keills 44 + Keith 69 _seq_., 114 + Kelton 44, 132 + Kenmore 127 + Kenneth, St. 145 + Kennethmont 150 + Kennoway 147 + Kentigern (Mungo), St. 3, 100, 109 + Kentigerna, St. 2 + Kessog, St. 40 + Kessock Ferry 41 + Kevin, St. 87 + Kieran, St. 129 + Kilassie 77 + Kilbag Head 159 + Kilbagie 157 + Kilbar 140 + Kilbarchan 113 + Kilbirnie 80 + Kilblane 111, 119 + Kilbrandon 80 + Kilbrannan 80 + Kilbucho 157 + Kilchainie 146 + Kilchainnech 146 + Kilchattan (2) 82 + Kilchenzie 146 + Kilcheran 130 + Kilchoan 148 + Kilchoman 48 + Kilchousland 42 + Kilchowan 148 + Kilchuimein 31 + Kilconan 10 + Kilda, Isle of St. 80 + Kildavie 111 + Kildonan 66 + Kildrummie 163 + Kilduich 39 + Kilduthie 39 + Kileunan 137 + Kilfillan 18 + Kilfinan 33, 44 + Kilkenneth 146 + Kilkerran 130, 137, 140 + Kilkivan 87 + Killallan 18 + Killen, St. 101 + Killernan 1 + Killallan 17 + Killmacharmaig 44 + Kilmadock 18 + Kilmaglas 14 + Kilmahew 61 + Kilmahog 142 + Kilmaichlie 74 + Kilmalomaig 98 + Kilmarnock 33 + Kilmaronog 22 + Kilmaronock 22 + Kilmaurs 160 + Kilmichael-Glassary 99 + Kilmochalmaig 88 + Kilmodan 21 + Kilmorack 161 + Kilmun 151 + Kilpatrick 46, 47 + Kilquhoan 148 + Kilrenny 175 + Kilsyth 132, 155 + Kiltarilty 154 + Kilviceuen 1 + Kilwinning 54 + Kincardine O'Neil 120 + Kindardine-on-Forth 135 + Kingarth 23, 81, 119 + Kinglassie 14 + Kinkell 153 + Kinneff 138 + Kinnoull 42 + Kintradwell 144 + Kintyre (Cantyre) 42, 66, 129, 140 + Kippen 111 + Kirkcormaig 44 + Kirkcudbright 51 + Kirkholm 91 + Kirkmaiden 103 + Kirkmichael 170 + Kirk Mirren 132 + Kirk of Cruden 56 + Kirkoswald 116 + Kirkpatrick (2) 46 + Kirkwall 56, 62 + Kirriemuir 88 + + Laggan 101, 146 + Lairg 70 + Laisren, St. 135 + Lamlash 66 + Lamington 120 + Lanark 6 + Largs 18, 91 + Laserian (Molios), St. 66 + Lathrisk 180 + Lecropt 160 + Lesmahago 165 + Lewis 23, 56, 98, 179 + Libranus, St. 42 + Lismore 97 + Lochalsh 17, 147 + Lochbroom 66 + Loch Duich 39 + Loch Etive 19 + Lochlee 107 + Loch Leven 6, 151 + Loch Lomond 3, 40, 132 + Loch Long 20 + Loch Maree 69 + Loch Shiel 44 + Logie Mar 13 + Lolan, St. 135 + Longforgan 103 + Lossiemouth 161 + Lua (Moluag), St. 97 + Lumphanan 47 + Luss 40 + + Macceus (Mahew), St. 61 + Machalus, St. 73 + Machan, St. 141 + Machar, St. 162 + Machutus (Malo), St. 165 + Mackessog (Kessog), St. 40 + Madden (Medana), St. 71 + Madderty 175 + Maclrubha, St. 67 + "Magnusmas" 65 + Magnus, St. 62 + Mahew, St. 61 + Mahon (Machan), St. 141 + Maiden Castle 104 + Mains 134 + Malachy, St. 157 + Manire, St. 179 + Man, Isle of 73 + Margaret, St. 165 + "Margaretmas" 168 + Marianus Scotus, St. 102 + Marnock (Marnan), St. 32 + Marnock (Aberchirder) 32 + Maree, St. 69 + Marthom, St. 135 + Matilda, St. 61 + Mauchline 51 + Mauchline 51 + Marua, St. 159 + Maybole 51, 116 + Mayfield 134 + May, Isle of 35, 175 + Mayota, St. 181 + Medana, St. 103 + Meikle Folla 150 + Meldrum, Old 12 + Melrose 112 + Melrose, Old 29, 49, 126, 154 + Menmuir 126, 134 + Merchard, St. 120 + Merolilamus, St. 82 + Methlick 165 + Methven 160 + Mid-Calder 6, 109 + Middan, St. 74 + Mid Genie 141 + Midmar 48, 158 + Migvie 47 + Milton of Glenesk 164 + Mirin, St. 130 + Mittan, St. 16 + _Mo_--Gaelic prefix 22, 32 + Mochrum 44 + Mocumma (Machar), St. 162 + Modan, St. 19 + Modenna (Medanna), St. 103 + Moffat 128 + Molios (Lascerian), St. 66 + Moluag, St. 97 + Monan, St. 34 + Monifieth 129, 150 + Monoch, St. 155 + Monymusk 48 + Monzievaird 100 + Moroc, St. 160 + Mortlach 98, 153 + Mull, Isle of 80, 98, 111, 134 + Mund, St. 151 + Mungo (Kentigern), St. 3, 109 + Murdoch, St. 128 + Mury (Maelrubba), St. 65 _seq_. + Muthill 47 + + Nathalan, St. 10 + Nairn 134 + Nauchlan (Nathalan), St. 10 + Newburgh 109 + Nidan, St. 158 + Nigg 124 + Nine Maidens, The 108 + Ninian, St. 3, 132 + + Oathlaw 109 + Obert, St. 177 + Ochiltree 84 + Oda, St. 172 + Odhran (Adrian), St. 35 + _Og_--Gaelic suffix 22, 32 + Olaf, St. 55 + Ordiquhill 52, 135 + Orkneys 56, 64, 96, 134, 144 + Oswald, St. 114 + + Pabay 98 + Paisley 33, 131 + Palladius, St. 93, 104 + Paschal Controversy 26, 31, 72, 86, 136 + Patrick, St. 46, 169 + "Patrickmas" 46 + Peebles 6 + Penicuik 6 + Penningham 134 + Perth 44, 177 + Perth, St. William of 84 + Piran (Kieran), St. 122 + Pitlessie 6, 70 + Pitsligo 109 + Pittenweem 18 + Pollokshaws 83 + Portmahomack 88 + Port Patrick 47, 157 + Portsoy 91 + Portree 69 + Premnay 180 + Prestonkirk 37 + Prestwick 51 + Procession + St. Marnock's 32 + St. Monach's 155 + St. Obert's 177 + St. Serf's 101 + + Raasay 23, 98 + Rathen 175 + Relics of + St. Aidan 28 + St. Andrew 174 + St. Columba 11, 90 + St. Conval 83 + St. Cuthbert 51 + St. Duthac 39 + St. Ebba 123 + St. Fergus 170 + St. Giles 128 + St. Gilbert 59 + St. Magnus 65 + St. Margaret 168 + St. Marnock 32 + St. Merolilanus 83 + St. Mirin 131 + St. Mungo 6 + St. Ninian 134 + St. Ternan 93 + St. Triduana 145 + Rescobie 142 _seq_. + Restalrig 142, 168 + Rochester, St. William of 84 + Rogart 173 + Rona, Isle of 23 + Ronan, St. 22 + Rosemarkie (Fortrose) 45, 97 + Roseneath 20, 22 + Rothesay 75 + Rothiemay 107 + Rule, St. 149 + Ruthven 98 + Ruthwell 52 + + St. Andrews 57, 146, 150, 176 + St. Bathans 182 + St. Boswells 30, 52 + St. Coan 148 + St. Cyrus 150 + St. Fergus (Lungley) 169 + St. Kilda 80 + St. Monans (Abercrombie) 34 + St. Mungo 6 + St. Vigeans 8 + Sanda, Isle of 138 + Sandwick 134 + Saulseat 158 + Scone Abbey 170 + Seat of + St. Adamnan 138 + St. Cathan 82 + St. Cumine 31 + St. Fillan 18 + St. Merchard 120 + St. Maelrubha 69 + St. Modan 20 + Seil, Isle of 80 + Sert, St. 4, 99, 109 + Skelmorlie 18 + Skye, Isle of 77, 98, 148, 154 + Slains 94, 137 + Sorn 156 + Southenan 120 + Southend 87 + South Uist 66 + Stachur 14 + Statue of + St. Baldred 37 + St. Barr 140 + St. Charmaig 43 + St. Fergus 171 + St. Fumac 74 + St. Gilbert 59 + Stevenson 155 + Stirling 21, 113 + Stranraer 158 + Strathclyde 3, 103, 156 + Strathdon 163 + Strathearn 94 + Strathfillan 18 + Strathmartin 109 + Strathmore 130, 180 + Strathtay 52 + Strogeth-St.-Patrick 170 + Strowan 23 + Struan 18 + Suibhne (Sweeney), St. 3 + Suibhne II., St. 96 + + Tain 39, 113 + Talarican, St. 154 + Tannadice 137 + Taransay 94, 155 + Tarbert 27, 88 + Tarland 98 + Tarves 159 + Temple-Patrick 46 + Ternan, St. 93 + Thenew (Thenog), St. 109 + Thornhill 168 + Tiree 79, 80, 92, 98 + Tough 109 + Triduana, St. 142 + Troon 104 + Troqueer 130 + Tullich 10 _seq_. + Turriff 134, 148 + Tyningham 37 + + Urquhart 68, 69, 107 + + Vey (Baya) St. 159 + Vigean (Fechin), St. 8 + Voloc (Wallach), St. 12 + + Walthen (Waltheof), St. 115 + Watten-Wester 51, 110 + Wells of + "Maidie" 75 + St. Adamnan 138 + St. Aidan 127 + St. Asaph 77 + St. Baldred 37 + St. Bathan 182 + St. Bean 153 + St. Boisil 30 + St. Boniface 46 + St. Brendan 80 + St. Carran 180 + St. Columba 91 + St. Conan 10 + St. Conval 84 + St. Constantine 42 + St. Cuthbert 52 + St. Devenick 165 + St. Donnan 66 + St. Drostan 107 + St. Duthac 40 + St. Englatius 159 + St. Ethernan 175 + St. Fergus 170 + St. Fiacre 124 + St. Fillan 18, 95 + St. Fumac 78 + St. Glascian 14 + St. Gerardin 162 + St. Inan 120 + St. Kieran ("Jargon") 130 + St. Machalus 74 + St. Machar 163 + St. Magnus 65 + St. Maree 69 + St. Margaret 144, 168 + St. Marnock 33 + St. Mayota 181 + St. Medana 103 + St. Merchard 122 + St. Middan 75 + St. Mirin 132 + St. Modan 19, 21 + St. Molios 67 + St. Moluag 99 + St. Monan 34 + St. Mungo 6 + St. Mureach 160 + St. Nathalan 12 + St. Ninian 134 + St. Palladius 105 + St. Patrick 47 + St. Ronan 22, 23 + St. Serf 100 + St. Talarican 155 + St. Ternan 94 + St. Thenew 109 + St. Triduana 144 + St. Vigean 9 + St. Voloc 13 + St. Wynnin 54 + The Nine Maidens 109 + Welsh dedications in Scotland 48 + Westfield 107 + Whitekirk 37 + Whiteness (Shetland) 56 + Whithorn 133 + Wick 51, 168, 170 + Wigtown 134, 165 + William of Perth, St. 84 + Wynnin (Finian), St. 53 + + Yester 182 + Yrchard (Merchard), St. 120 + + + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Calendar of Scottish Saints, by Michael Barrett + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CALENDAR OF SCOTTISH SAINTS *** + +***** This file should be named 31121.txt or 31121.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/1/2/31121/ + +Produced by Elaine Laizure from images generously made +available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |