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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Certain Diversities of American Life
+by Charles Dudley Warner
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Certain Diversities of American Life
+
+Author: Charles Dudley Warner
+
+Release Date: December 5, 2004 [EBook #3111]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CERTAIN DIVERSITIES OF ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+CERTAIN DIVERSITIES OF AMERICAN LIFE
+
+By Charles Dudley Warner
+
+This is a very interesting age. Within the memory of men not yet come to
+middle life the time of the trotting horse has been reduced from two
+minutes forty seconds to two minutes eight and a quarter seconds. During
+the past fifteen years a universal and wholesome pastime of boys has been
+developed into a great national industry, thoroughly organized and almost
+altogether relegated to professional hands, no longer the exercise of the
+million but a spectacle for the million, and a game which rivals the
+Stock Exchange as a means of winning money on the difference of opinion
+as to the skill of contending operators.
+
+The newspapers of the country--pretty accurate and sad indicators of the
+popular taste--devote more daily columns in a week's time to chronicling
+the news about base-ball than to any other topic that interests the
+American mind, and the most skillful player, the pitcher, often college
+bred, whose entire prowess is devoted to not doing what he seems to be
+doing, and who has become the hero of the American girl as the Olympian
+wrestler was of the Greek maiden and as the matador is of the Spanish
+senorita, receives a larger salary for a few hours' exertion each week
+than any college president is paid for a year's intellectual toil. Such
+has been the progress in the interest in education during this period
+that the larger bulk of the news, and that most looked for, printed about
+the colleges and universities, is that relating to the training, the
+prospects and achievements of the boat crews and the teams of base-ball
+and foot-ball, and the victory of any crew or team is a better means of
+attracting students to its college, a better advertisement, than success
+in any scholastic contest. A few years ago a tournament was organized in
+the North between several colleges for competition in oratory and
+scholarship; it had a couple of contests and then died of inanition and
+want of public interest.
+
+During the period I am speaking of there has been an enormous advance in
+technical education, resulting in the establishment of splendid special
+schools, essential to the development of our national resources; a growth
+of the popular idea that education should be practical,--that is, such an
+education as can be immediately applied to earning a living and acquiring
+wealth speedily,--and an increasing extension of the elective system in
+colleges,--based almost solely on the notion, having in view, of course,
+the practical education, that the inclinations of a young man of eighteen
+are a better guide as to what is best for his mental development and
+equipment for life than all the experience of his predecessors.
+
+In this period, which you will note is more distinguished by the desire
+for the accumulation of money than far the general production of wealth,
+the standard of a fortune has shifted from a fair competence to that of
+millions of money, so that he is no longer rich who has a hundred
+thousand dollars, but he only who possesses property valued at many
+millions, and the men most widely known the country through, most talked
+about, whose doings and sayings are most chronicled in the journals,
+whose example is most attractive and stimulating to the minds of youth,
+are not the scholars, the scientists, the men of, letters, not even the
+orators and statesmen, but those who, by any means, have amassed enormous
+fortunes. We judge the future of a generation by its ideals.
+
+Regarding education from the point of view of its equipment of a man to
+make money, and enjoy the luxury which money can command, it must be more
+and more practical, that is, it must be adapted not even to the higher
+aim of increasing the general wealth of the world, by increasing
+production and diminishing waste both of labor and capital, but to the
+lower aim of getting personal possession of it; so that a striking social
+feature of the period is that one-half--that is hardly an overestimate
+--one-half of the activity in America of which we speak with so much
+enthusiasm, is not directed to the production of wealth, to increasing
+its volume, but to getting the money of other people away from them. In
+barbarous ages this object was accomplished by violence; it is now
+attained by skill and adroitness. We still punish those who gain property
+by violence; those who get it by smartness and cleverness, we try to
+imitate, and sometimes we reward them with public office.
+
+It appears, therefore, that speed,-the ability to move rapidly from place
+to place,--a disproportionate reward of physical over intellectual
+science, an intense desire to be rich, which is strong enough to compel
+even education to grind in the mill of the Philistines, and an inordinate
+elevation in public consideration of rich men simply because they are
+rich, are characteristics of this little point of time on which we stand.
+They are not the only characteristics; in a reasonably optimistic view,
+the age is distinguished for unexampled achievements, and for
+opportunities for the well-being of humanity never before in all history
+attainable. But these characteristics are so prominent as to beget the
+fear that we are losing the sense of the relative value of things in this
+life.
+
+Few persons come to middle life without some conception of these relative
+values. It is in the heat and struggle that we fail to appreciate what in
+the attainment will be most satisfactory to us. After it is over we are
+apt to see that our possessions do not bring the happiness we expected;
+or that we have neglected to cultivate the powers and tastes that can
+make life enjoyable. We come to know, to use a truism, that a person's
+highest satisfaction depends not upon his exterior acquisitions, but upon
+what he himself is. There is no escape from this conclusion. The physical
+satisfactions are limited and fallacious, the intellectual and moral
+satisfactions are unlimited. In the last analysis, a man has to live with
+himself, to be his own companion, and in the last resort the question is,
+what can he get out of himself. In the end, his life is worth just what
+he has become. And I need not say that the mistake commonly made is as to
+relative values,--that the things of sense are as important as the things
+of the mind. You make that mistake when you devote your best energies to
+your possession of material substance, and neglect the enlargement, the
+training, the enrichment of the mind. You make the same mistake in a less
+degree, when you bend to the popular ignorance and conceit so far as to
+direct your college education to sordid ends. The certain end of yielding
+to this so-called practical spirit was expressed by a member of a
+Northern State legislature who said, "We don't want colleges, we want
+workshops." It was expressed in another way by a representative of the
+lower house in Washington who said, "The average ignorance of the country
+has a right to be represented here." It is not for me to say whether it
+is represented there. Naturally, I say, we ought by the time of middle
+life to come to a conception of what sort of things are of most value. By
+analogy, in the continual growth of the Republic, we ought to have a
+perception of what we have accomplished and acquired, and some clear view
+of our tendencies. We take justifiable pride in the glittering figures of
+our extension of territory, our numerical growth, in the increase of
+wealth, and in our rise to the potential position of almost the first
+nation in the world. A more pertinent inquiry is, what sort of people
+have we become? What are we intellectually and morally? For after all the
+man is the thing, the production of the right sort of men and women is
+all that gives a nation value. When I read of the establishment of a
+great industrial centre in which twenty thousand people are employed in
+the increase of the amount of steel in the world, before I decide whether
+it would be a good thing for the Republic to create another industrial
+city of the same sort, I want to know what sort of people the twenty
+thousand are, how they live, what their morals are, what intellectual
+life they have, what their enjoyment of life is, what they talk about and
+think about, and what chance they have of getting into any higher life.
+It does not seem to me a sufficient gain in this situation that we are
+immensely increasing the amount of steel in the world, or that twenty
+more people are enabled on account of this to indulge in an unexampled,
+unintellectual luxury. We want more steel, no doubt, but haven't we wit
+enough to get that and at the same time to increase among the producers
+of it the number of men and women whose horizons are extended, who are
+companionable, intelligent beings, adding something to the intellectual
+and moral force upon which the real progress of the Republic depends?
+
+There is no place where I would choose to speak more plainly of our
+national situation today than in the South, and at the University of the
+South; in the South, because it is more plainly in a transition state,
+and at the University of the South, because it is here and in similar
+institutions that the question of the higher or lower plane of life in
+the South is to be determined.
+
+To a philosophical observer of the Republic, at the end of the hundred
+years, I should say that the important facts are not its industrial
+energy, its wealth, or its population, but the stability of the federal
+power, and the integrity of the individual States. That is to say, that
+stress and trial have welded us into an indestructible nation; and not of
+less consequence is the fact that the life of the Union is in the life of
+the States. The next most encouraging augury for a great future is the
+marvelous diversity among the members of this republican body. If nothing
+would be more speedily fatal to our plan of government than increasing
+centralization, nothing would be more hopeless in our development than
+increasing monotony, the certain end of which is mediocrity.
+
+Speaking as one whose highest pride it is to be a citizen of a great and
+invincible Republic to those whose minds kindle with a like patriotism, I
+can say that I am glad there are East and North and South, and West,
+Middle, Northwest, and Southwest, with as many diversities of climate,
+temperament, habits, idiosyncrasies, genius, as these names imply. Thank
+Heaven we are not all alike; and so long as we have a common purpose in
+the Union, and mutual toleration, respect, and sympathy, the greater will
+be our achievement and the nobler our total development, if every section
+is true to the evolution of its local traits. The superficial foreign
+observer finds sameness in our different States, tiresome family likeness
+in our cities, hideous monotony in our villages, and a certain common
+atmosphere of life, which increasing facility of communication tends to
+increase. This is a view from a railway train. But as soon as you observe
+closely, you find in each city a peculiar physiognomy, and a peculiar
+spirit remarkable considering the freedom of movement and intercourse,
+and you find the organized action of each State sui generis to a degree
+surprising considering the general similarity of our laws and
+institutions. In each section differences of speech, of habits of
+thought, of temperament prevail. Massachusetts is unlike Louisiana,
+Florida unlike Tennessee, Georgia is unlike California, Pennsylvania is
+unlike Minnesota, and so on, and the unlikeness is not alone or chiefly
+in physical features. By the different style of living I can tell when I
+cross the line between Connecticut and New York as certainly as when I
+cross the line between Vermont and Canada. The Virginian expanded in
+Kentucky is not the same man he was at home, and the New England Yankee
+let loose in the West takes on proportions that would astonish his
+grandfather. Everywhere there is a variety in local sentiment, action,
+and development. Sit down in the seats of the State governments and study
+the methods of treatment of essentially the common institutions of
+government, of charity and discipline, and you will be impressed with the
+variety of local spirit and performance in the Union. And this, diversity
+is so important, this contribution of diverse elements is so necessary to
+the complex strength and prosperity of the whole, that one must view with
+alarm all federal interference and tendency to greater centralization.
+
+And not less to be dreaded than monotony from the governmental point of
+view, is the obliteration of variety in social life and in literary
+development. It is not enough for a nation to be great and strong, it
+must be interesting, and interesting it cannot be without cultivation of
+local variety. Better obtrusive peculiarities than universal sameness. It
+is out of variety as well as complexity in American life, and not in
+homogeneity and imitation, that we are to expect a civilization
+noteworthy in the progress of the human race.
+
+Let us come a little closer to our subject in details. For a hundred
+years the South was developed on its own lines, with astonishingly little
+exterior bias. This comparative isolation was due partly to the
+institution of slavery, partly to devotion to the production of two or
+three great staples. While its commercial connection with the North was
+intimate and vital, its literary relation with the North was slight. With
+few exceptions Northern authors were not read in the South, and the
+literary movement of its neighbors, such as it was, from 1820 to 1860,
+scarcely affected it. With the exception of Louisiana, which was
+absolutely ignorant of American literature and drew its inspiration and
+assumed its critical point of view almost wholly from the French, the
+South was English, but mainly English of the time of Walter Scott and
+George the Third. While Scott was read at the North for his knowledge of
+human nature, as he always will be read, the chivalric age which moves in
+his pages was taken more seriously at the South, as if it were of
+continuing importance in life. In any of its rich private libraries you
+find yourself in the age of Pope and Dryden, and the classics were
+pursued in the spirit of Oxford and Cambridge in the time of Johnson. It
+was little disturbed by the intellectual and ethical agitation of modern
+England or of modern New England. During this period, while the South
+excelled in the production of statesmen, orators, trained politicians,
+great judges, and brilliant lawyers, it produced almost no literature,
+that is, no indigenous literature, except a few poems and--a few humorous
+character-sketches; its general writing was ornately classic, and its
+fiction romantic on the lines of the foreign romances.
+
+From this isolation one thing was developed, and another thing might in
+due time be expected. The thing developed was a social life, in the
+favored class, which has an almost unique charm, a power of being
+agreeable, a sympathetic cordiality, an impulsive warmth, a frankness in
+the expression of emotion, and that delightful quality of manner which
+puts the world at ease and makes life pleasant. The Southerners are no
+more sincere than the Northerners, but they have less reserve, and in the
+social traits that charm all who come in contact with them, they have an
+element of immense value in the variety of American life.
+
+The thing that might have been expected in due time, and when the call
+came--and it is curious to note that the call and cause of any
+renaissance are always from the outside--was a literary expression fresh
+and indigenous. This expectation, in a brief period since the war, has
+been realized by a remarkable performance and is now stimulated by a
+remarkable promise. The acclaim with which the Southern literature has
+been received is partly due to its novelty, the new life it exhibited,
+but more to the recognition in it of a fresh flavor, a literary quality
+distinctly original and of permanent importance. This production, the
+first fruits of which are so engaging in quality, cannot grow and broaden
+into a stable, varied literature without scholarship and hard work, and
+without a sympathetic local audience. But the momentary concern is that
+it should develop on its own lines and in its own spirit, and not under
+the influence of London or Boston or New York. I do not mean by this that
+it should continue to attract attention by peculiarities of dialect-which
+is only an incidental, temporary phenomenon, that speedily becomes
+wearisome, whether "cracker" or negro or Yankee--but by being true to the
+essential spirit and temperament of Southern life.
+
+During this period there was at the North, and especially in the East,
+great intellectual activity and agitation, and agitation ethical and
+moral as well as intellectual. There was awakening, investigation,
+questioning, doubt. There was a great deal of froth thrown to the
+surface. In the free action of individual thought and expression grew
+eccentricities of belief and of practice, and a crop of so-called "isms,"
+more or less temporary, unprofitable, and pernicious. Public opinion
+attained an astonishing degree of freedom,--I never heard of any
+community that was altogether free of its tyranny. At least extraordinary
+latitude was permitted in the development of extreme ideas, new,
+fantastic, radical, or conservative. For instance, slavery was attacked
+and slavery was defended on the same platform, with almost equal freedom.
+Indeed, for many years, if there was any exception to the general
+toleration it was in the social ostracism of those who held and expressed
+extreme opinions in regard to immediate emancipation, and were
+stigmatized as abolitionists. There was a general ferment of new ideas,
+not always fruitful in the direction taken, but hopeful in view of the
+fact that growth and movement are better than stagnation and decay. You
+can do something with a ship that has headway; it will drift upon the
+rocks if it has not. With much foam and froth, sure to attend agitation,
+there was immense vital energy, intense life.
+
+Out of this stir and agitation came the aggressive, conquering spirit
+that carried civilization straight across the continent, that built up
+cities and States, that developed wealth, and by invention, ingenuity,
+and energy performed miracles in the way of the subjugation of nature and
+the assimilation of societies. Out of this free agitation sprang a
+literary product, great in quantity and to some degree distinguished in
+quality, groups of historians, poets, novelists, essayists, biographers,
+scientific writers. A conspicuous agency of the period was the lecture
+platform, which did something in the spread and popularization of
+information, but much more in the stimulation of independent thought and
+the awakening of the mind to use its own powers.
+
+Along with this and out of this went on the movement of popular education
+and of the high and specialized education. More remarkable than the
+achievements of the common schools has been the development of the
+colleges, both in the departments of the humanities and of science. If I
+were writing of education generally, I might have something to say of the
+measurable disappointment of the results of the common schools as at
+present conducted, both as to the diffusion of information and as to the
+discipline of the mind and the inculcation of ethical principles; which
+simply means that they need improvement. But the higher education has
+been transformed, and mainly by the application of scientific methods,
+and of the philosophic spirit, to the study of history, economics, and
+the classics. When we are called to defend the pursuit of metaphysics or
+the study of the classics, either as indispensable to the discipline or
+to the enlargement of the mind, we are not called on to defend the
+methods of a generation ago. The study of Greek is no longer an exercise
+in the study of linguistics or the inspection of specimens of an obsolete
+literature, but the acquaintance with historic thought, habits, and
+polity, with a portion of the continuous history of the human mind, which
+has a vital relation to our own life.
+
+However much or little there may be of permanent value in the vast
+production of northern literature, judged by continental or even English
+standards, the time has came when American scholarship in science, in
+language, in occidental or oriental letters, in philosophic and
+historical methods, can court comparison with any other. In some branches
+of research the peers of our scholars must be sought not in England but
+in Germany. So that in one of the best fruits of a period of intellectual
+agitation, scholarship, the restless movement has thoroughly vindicated
+itself.
+
+I have called your attention to this movement in order to say that it was
+neither accidental nor isolated. It was in the historic line, it was fed
+and stimulated by all that had gone before, and by all contemporary
+activity everywhere. New England, for instance, was alert and progressive
+because it kept its doors and windows open. It was hospitable in its
+intellectual freedom, both of trial and debate, to new ideas. It was in
+touch with the universal movement of humanity and of human thought and
+speculation. You lose some quiet by this attitude, some repose that is
+pleasant and even desirable perhaps, you entertain many errors, you may
+try many useless experiments, but you gain life and are in the way of
+better things. New England, whatever else we may say about it, was in the
+world. There was no stir of thought, of investigation, of research, of
+the recasting of old ideas into new forms of life, in Germany, in France,
+in Italy, in England, anywhere, that did not touch it and to which it did
+not respond with the sympathy that common humanity has in the universal
+progress. It kept this touch not only in the evolution and expression of
+thought and emotion which we call literature (whether original or
+imitative), but in the application of philosophic methods to education,
+in the attempted regeneration of society and the amelioration of its
+conditions by schemes of reform and discipline, relating to the
+institutions of benevolence and to the control of the vicious and
+criminal. With all these efforts go along always much false
+sentimentality and pseudo-philanthropy, but little by little gain is made
+that could not be made in a state of isolation and stagnation.
+
+In fact there is one historic stream of human thought, aspiration, and
+progress; it is practically continuous, and with all its diversity of
+local color and movement it is a unit. If you are in it, you move; if you
+are out of it, you are in an eddy. The eddy may have a provincial
+current, but it is not in the great stream, and when it has gone round
+and round for a century, it is still an eddy, and will not carry you
+anywhere in particular. The value of the modern method of teaching and
+study is that it teaches the solidarity of human history, the continuance
+of human thought, in literature, government, philosophy, the unity of the
+divine purpose, and that nothing that has anywhere befallen the human
+race is alien to us.
+
+I am not undervaluing the part, the important part, played by
+conservatism, the conservatism that holds on to what has been gained if
+it is good, that insists on discipline and heed to the plain teaching of
+experience, that refuses to go into hysterics of enthusiasm over every
+flighty suggestion, or to follow every leader simply because he proposes
+something new and strange--I do not mean the conservatism that refuses to
+try anything simply because it is new, and prefers to energetic life the
+stagnation that inevitably leads to decay. Isolation from the great
+historic stream of thought and agitation is stagnation. While this is
+true, and always has been true in history, it is also true, in regard to
+the beneficent diversity of American life, which is composed of so many
+elements and forces, as I have often thought and said, that what has been
+called the Southern conservatism in respect to beliefs and certain social
+problems, may have a very important part to play in the development of
+the life of the Republic.
+
+I shall not be misunderstood here, where the claims of the higher life
+are insisted on and the necessity of pure, accurate scholarship is
+recognized, in saying that this expectation in regard to the South
+depends upon the cultivation and diffusion of the highest scholarship in
+all its historic consciousness and critical precision. This sort of
+scholarship, of widely apprehending intellectual activity, keeping step
+with modern ideas so far as they are historically grounded, is of the
+first importance. Everywhere indeed, in our industrial age,--in a society
+inclined to materialism, scholarship, pure and simple scholarship for its
+own sake, no less in Ohio than in Tennessee, is the thing to be insisted
+on. If I may refer to an institution, which used to be midway between the
+North and the South, and which I may speak of without suspicion of bias,
+an institution where the studies of metaphysics, the philosophy of
+history, the classics and pure science are as much insisted on as the
+study of applied sciences, the College of New Jersey at Princeton, the
+question in regard to a candidate for a professorship or instructorship,
+is not whether he was born North or South, whether he served in one army
+or another or in neither, whether he is a Democrat or a Republican or a
+Mugwump, what religious denomination he belongs to, but is he a scholar
+and has he a high character? There is no provincialism in scholarship.
+
+We are not now considering the matter of the agreeableness of one society
+or another, whether life is on the whole pleasanter in certain conditions
+at the North or at the South, whether there is not a charm sometimes in
+isolation and even in provincialism. It is a fair question to ask, what
+effect upon individual lives and character is produced by an industrial
+and commercial spirit, and by one less restless and more domestic. But
+the South is now face to face with certain problems which relate her,
+inevitably, to the moving forces of the world. One of these is the
+development of her natural resources and the change and diversity of her
+industries. On the industrial side there is pressing need of institutions
+of technology, of schools of applied science, for the diffusion of
+technical information and skill in regard to mining and manufacturing,
+and also to agriculture, so that worn-out lands may be reclaimed and good
+lands be kept up to the highest point of production. Neither mines,
+forests, quarries, water-ways, nor textile fabrics can be handled to best
+advantage without scientific knowledge and skilled labor. The South is
+everywhere demanding these aids to her industrial development. But just
+in the proportion that she gets them, and because she has them, will be
+the need of higher education. The only safety against the influence of a
+rolling mill is a college, the only safety against the practical and
+materializing tendency of an industrial school is the increased study of
+whatever contributes to the higher and non-sordid life of the mind. The
+South would make a poor exchange for her former condition in any amount
+of industrial success without a corresponding development of the highest
+intellectual life.
+
+But, besides the industrial problem, there is the race problem. It is the
+most serious in the conditions under which it is presented that ever in
+all history confronted a free people. Whichever way you regard it, it is
+the nearest insoluble. Under the Constitution it is wisely left to the
+action of the individual States. The heavy responsibility is with them.
+In the nature of things it is a matter of the deepest concern to the
+whole Republic, for the prosperity of every part is vital to the
+prosperity of the whole. In working it out you are entitled, from the
+outside, to the most impartial attempt to understand its real nature, to
+the utmost patience with the facts of human nature, to the most profound
+and most helpful sympathy. It is monstrous to me that the situation
+should be made on either side a political occasion for private ambition
+or for party ends.
+
+I would speak of this subject with the utmost frankness if I knew what to
+say. It is not much of a confession to say that I do not. The more I
+study it the less I know, and those among you who give it the most
+anxious thought are the most perplexed, the subject has so many
+conflicting aspects. In the first place there is the evolution of an
+undeveloped race. Every race has a right to fair play in the world and to
+make the most of its capacities, and to the help of the more favored in
+the attempt. If the suggestion recently made of a wholesale migration to
+Mexico were carried out, the South would be relieved in many ways, though
+the labor problem would be a serious one for a long time, but the
+"elevation" would be lost sight of or relegated to a foreign missionary
+enterprise; and as for results to the colored people themselves, there is
+the example of Hayti. If another suggestion, that of abandoning certain
+States to this race, were carried out, there is the example of Hayti
+again, and, besides, an anomaly introduced into the Republic foreign to
+its traditions, spirit, aspirations, and process of assimilation, alien
+to the entire historic movement of the Aryan races, and infinitely more
+dangerous to the idea of the Republic than if solid Ireland were dumped
+down in the Mississippi valley as an independent State.
+
+On the other hand, there rests upon you the responsibility of maintaining
+a civilization--the civilization of America, not of Hayti or of Guatemala
+which we have so hardly won. It is neither to be expected nor desired
+that you should be ruled by an undeveloped race, ignorant of law,
+letters, history, politics, political economy. There is no right anywhere
+in numbers or unintelligence to rule intelligence. It is a travesty of
+civilization. No Northern State that I know of would submit to be ruled
+by an undeveloped race. And human nature is exactly in the South what it
+is in the North. That is one impregnable fact, to be taken as the basis
+of all our calculations; the whites of the South will not, cannot, be
+dominated, as matters now stand, by the colored race.
+
+But, then, there is the suffrage, the universal, unqualified suffrage.
+And here is the dilemma. Suffrage once given, cannot be suppressed or
+denied, perverted by chicane or bribery without incalculable damage to
+the whole political body. Irregular methods once indulged in for one
+purpose, and towards one class, so sap the moral sense that they come to
+be used for all purposes. The danger is ultimately as great to those who
+suppress or pervert as it is to the suppressed and corrupted. It is the
+demoralization of all sound political action and life. I know whereof I
+speak. In the North, bribery in elections and intimidation are fatal to
+public morality. The legislature elected by bribery is a bribable body.
+
+I believe that the fathers were right in making government depend upon
+the consent of the governed. I believe there has been as yet discovered
+no other basis of government so safe, so stable as popular suffrage, but
+the fathers never contemplated a suffrage without intelligence. It is a
+contradiction of terms. A proletariat without any political rights in a
+republic is no more dangerous than an unintelligent mob which can be used
+in elections by demagogues. Universal suffrage is not a universal
+panacea; it may be the best device attainable, but it is certain of abuse
+without safeguards. One of the absolutely necessary safeguards is an
+educational qualification. No one ought anywhere to exercise it who
+cannot read and write, and if I had my way, no one should cast a ballot
+who had not a fair conception of the effect of it, shown by a higher test
+of intelligence than the mere fact of ability to scrawl his name and to
+spell out a line or two in the Constitution. This much the State for its
+own protection is bound to require, for suffrage is an expediency, not a
+right belonging to universal humanity regardless of intelligence or of
+character.
+
+The charge is, with regard to this universal suffrage, that you take the
+fruits of increased representation produced by it, and then deny it to a
+portion of the voters whose action was expected to produce a different
+political result. I cannot but regard it as a blunder in statesmanship to
+give suffrage without an educational qualification, and to deem it
+possible to put ignorance over intelligence. You are not, responsible for
+the situation, but you are none the less in an illogical position before
+the law. Now, would you not gain more in a rectification of your position
+than you would lose in other ways, by making suffrage depend upon an
+educational qualification? I do not mean gain party-wise, but in
+political morals and general prosperity. Time would certainly be gained
+by this, and it is possible in this shifting world, in the growth of
+industries and the flow of populations, that before the question of
+supremacy was again upon you, foreign and industrial immigration would
+restore the race balance.
+
+We come now to education. The colored race being here, I assume that its
+education, with the probabilities this involves of its elevation, is a
+duty as well as a necessity. I speak both of the inherent justice there
+is in giving every human being the chance of bettering his condition and
+increasing his happiness that lies in education--unless our whole theory
+of modern life is wrong--and also of the political and social danger
+there is in a degraded class numerically strong. Granted integral
+membership in a body politic, education is a necessity. I am aware of the
+danger of half education, of that smattering of knowledge which only
+breeds conceit, adroitness, and a consciousness of physical power,
+without due responsibility and moral restraint. Education makes a race
+more powerful both for evil and for good. I see the danger that many
+apprehend. And the outlook, with any amount of education, would be
+hopeless, not only as regards the negro and those in neighborhood
+relations with him, if education should not bring with it thrift, sense
+of responsibility as a citizen, and virtue. What the negro race under the
+most favorable conditions is capable of remains to be shown; history does
+not help us much to determine thus far. It has always been a long pull
+for any race to rise out of primitive conditions; but I am sure for its
+own sake, and for the sake of the republic where it dwells, every
+thoughtful person must desire the most speedy intellectual and moral
+development possible of the African race. And I mean as a race.
+
+Some distinguished English writers have suggested, with approval, that
+the solution of the race problem in this country is fusion, and I have
+even heard discouraged Southerners accept it as a possibility. The result
+of their observation of the amalgamation of races and colors in Egypt, in
+Syria, and Mexico, must be very different from mine. When races of
+different color mingle there is almost invariably loss of physical
+stamina, and the lower moral qualities of each are developed in the
+combination. No race that regards its own future would desire it. The
+absorption theory as applied to America is, it seems to me, chimerical.
+
+But to return to education. It should always be fitted to the stage of
+development. It should always mean discipline, the training of the powers
+and capacities. The early pioneers who planted civilization on the
+Watauga, the Holston, the Kentucky, the Cumberland, had not much broad
+learning--they would not have been worse if they had had more but they
+had courage, they were trained in self-reliance, virile common sense, and
+good judgment, they had inherited the instinct and capacity of
+self-government, they were religious, with all their coarseness they had
+the fundamental elements of nobility, the domestic virtues, and the
+public spirit needed in the foundation of states. Their education in all
+the manly arts and crafts of the backwoodsman fitted them very well for
+the work they had to do. I should say that the education of the colored
+race in America should be fundamental. I have not much confidence in an
+ornamental top-dressing of philosophy, theology, and classic learning
+upon the foundation of an unformed and unstable mental and moral
+condition. Somehow, character must be built up, and character depends
+upon industry, upon thrift, upon morals, upon correct ethical
+perceptions. To have control of one's powers, to have skill in labor, so
+that work in any occupation shall be intelligent, to have self-respect,
+which commonly comes from trained capacity, to know how to live, to have
+a clean, orderly house, to be grounded in honesty and the domestic
+virtues,--these are the essentials of progress. I suppose that the
+education to produce these must be an elemental and practical one, one
+that fits for the duties of life and not for some imaginary sphere above
+them.
+
+To put it in a word, and not denying that there must be schools for
+teaching the teachers, with the understanding that the teachers should be
+able to teach what the mass most needs to know--what the race needs for
+its own good today, are industrial and manual training schools, with the
+varied and practical discipline and arts of life which they impart.
+
+What then? What of the 'modus vivendi' of the two races occupying the
+same soil? As I said before, I do not know. Providence works slowly. Time
+and patience only solve such enigmas. The impossible is not expected of
+man, only that he shall do today the duty nearest to him. It is easy, you
+say, for an outsider to preach waiting, patience, forbearance, sympathy,
+helpfulness. Well, these are the important lessons we get out of history.
+We struggle, and fume, and fret, and accomplish little in our brief hour,
+but somehow the world gets on. Fortunately for us, we cannot do today the
+work of tomorrow. All the gospel in the world can be boiled down into a
+single precept. Do right now. I have observed that the boy who starts in
+the morning with a determination to behave himself till bedtime, usually
+gets through the day without a thrashing.
+
+But of one thing I am sure. In the rush of industries, in the race
+problem, it is more and more incumbent upon such institutions as the
+University of the South to maintain the highest standard of pure
+scholarship, to increase the number of men and women devoted to the
+intellectual life. Long ago, in the middle of the seventeenth century,
+John Ward of Stratford-on-Avon, clergyman and physician, wrote in his
+diary: "The wealth of a nation depends upon its populousness, and its
+populousness depends upon the liberty of conscience that is granted to
+it, for this calls in strangers and promotes trading." Great is the
+attraction of a benign climate and of a fruitful soil, but a greater
+attraction is an intelligent people, that values the best things in life,
+a society hospitable, companionable, instinct with intellectual life,
+awake to the great ideas that make life interesting.
+
+As I travel through the South and become acquainted with its magnificent
+resources and opportunities, and know better and love more the admirable
+qualities of its people, I cannot but muse in a fond prophecy upon the
+brilliant part it is to play in the diversified life and the great future
+of the American Republic. But, North and South, we have a hard fight with
+materializing tendencies. God bless the University of the South!
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Certain Diversities of American Life
+by Charles Dudley Warner
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+Title: Diversities of American Life
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+Author: Charles Dudley Warner
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+
+Diversities of American Life
+
+by Charles Dudley Warner
+
+
+
+
+This is a very interesting age.  Within the memory of men not yet come to
+middle life the time of the trotting horse has been reduced from two
+minutes forty seconds to two minutes eight and a quarter seconds.  During
+the past fifteen years a universal and wholesome pastime of boys has been
+developed into a great national industry, thoroughly organized and almost
+altogether relegated to professional hands, no longer the exercise of the
+million but a spectacle for the million, and a game which rivals the
+Stock Exchange as a means of winning money on the difference of opinion
+as to the skill of contending operators.
+
+The newspapers of the country--pretty accurate and sad indicators of the
+popular taste--devote more daily columns in a week's time to chronicling
+the news about base-ball than to any other topic that interests the
+American mind, and the most skillful player, the pitcher, often college
+bred, whose entire prowess is devoted to not doing what he seems to be
+doing, and who has become the hero of the American girl as the Olympian
+wrestler was of the Greek maiden and as the matador is of the Spanish
+senorita, receives a larger salary for a few hours' exertion each week
+than any college president is paid for a year's intellectual toil.  Such
+has been the progress in the interest in education during this period
+that the larger bulk of the news, and that most looked for, printed about
+the colleges and universities, is that relating to the training, the
+prospects and achievements of the boat crews and the teams of base-ball
+and foot-ball, and the victory of any crew or team is a better means of
+attracting students to its college, a better advertisement, than success
+in any scholastic contest.  A few years ago a tournament was organized in
+the North between several colleges for competition in oratory and
+scholarship; it had a couple of contests and then died of inanition and
+want of public interest.
+
+During the period I am speaking of there has been an enormous advance in
+technical education, resulting in the establishment of splendid special
+schools, essential to the development of our national resources; a growth
+of the popular idea that education should be practical,--that is, such an
+education as can be immediately applied to earning a living and acquiring
+wealth speedily,--and an increasing extension of the elective system in
+colleges,--based almost solely on the notion, having in view, of course,
+the practical education, that the inclinations of a young man of eighteen
+are a better guide as to what is best for his mental development and
+equipment for life than all the experience of his predecessors.
+
+In this period, which you will note is more distinguished by the desire
+for the accumulation of money than far the general production of wealth,
+the standard of a fortune has shifted from a fair competence to that of
+millions of money, so that he is no longer rich who has a hundred
+thousand dollars, but he only who possesses property valued at many
+millions, and the men most widely known the country through, most talked
+about, whose doings and sayings are most chronicled in the journals,
+whose example is most attractive and stimulating to the minds of youth,
+are not the scholars, the scientists, the men of, letters, not even the
+orators and statesmen, but those who, by any means, have amassed enormous
+fortunes.  We judge the future of a generation by its ideals.
+
+Regarding education from the point of view of its equipment of a man to
+make money, and enjoy the luxury which money can command, it must be more
+and more practical, that is, it must be adapted not even to the higher
+aim of increasing the general wealth of the world, by increasing
+production and diminishing waste both of labor and capital, but to the
+lower aim of getting personal possession of it; so that a striking social
+feature of the period is that one-half--that is hardly an overestimate--
+one-half of the activity in America of which we speak with so much
+enthusiasm, is not directed to the production of wealth, to increasing
+its volume, but to getting the money of other people away from them.  In
+barbarous ages this object was accomplished by violence; it is now
+attained by skill and adroitness.  We still punish those who gain
+property by violence; those who get it by smartness and cleverness, we
+try to imitate, and sometimes we reward them with public office.
+
+It appears, therefore, that speed,-the ability to move rapidly from place
+to place,--a disproportionate reward of physical over intellectual
+science, an intense desire to be rich, which is strong enough to compel
+even education to grind in the mill of the Philistines, and an inordinate
+elevation in public consideration of rich men simply because they are
+rich, are characteristics of this little point of time on which we stand.
+They are not the only characteristics; in a reasonably optimistic view,
+the age is distinguished for unexampled achievements, and for
+opportunities for the well-being of humanity never before in all history
+attainable.  But these characteristics are so prominent as to beget the
+fear that we are losing the sense of the relative value of things in this
+life.
+
+Few persons come to middle life without some conception of these relative
+values.  It is in the heat and struggle that we fail to appreciate what
+in the attainment will be most satisfactory to us.  After it is over we
+are apt to see that our possessions do not bring the happiness we
+expected; or that we have neglected to cultivate the powers and tastes
+that can make life enjoyable.  We come to know, to use a truism, that a
+person's highest satisfaction depends not upon his exterior acquisitions,
+but upon what he himself is.  There is no escape from this conclusion.
+The physical satisfactions are limited and fallacious, the intellectual
+and moral satisfactions are unlimited.  In the last analysis, a man has
+to live with himself, to be his own companion, and in the last resort the
+question is, what can he get out of himself.  In the end, his life is
+worth just what he has become.  And I need not say that the mistake
+commonly made is as to relative values,--that the things of sense are as
+important as the things of the mind.  You make that mistake when you
+devote your best energies to your possession of material substance, and
+neglect the enlargement, the training, the enrichment of the mind.  You
+make the same mistake in a less degree, when you bend to the popular
+ignorance and conceit so far as to direct your college education to
+sordid ends.  The certain end of yielding to this so-called practical
+spirit was expressed by a member of a Northern State legislature who
+said, "We don't want colleges, we want workshops."  It was expressed in
+another way by a representative of the lower house in Washington who
+said, "The average ignorance of the country has a right to be represented
+here."  It is not for me to say whether it is represented there.
+Naturally, I say, we ought by the time of middle life to come to a
+conception of what sort of things are of most value.  By analogy, in the
+continual growth of the Republic, we ought to have a perception of what
+we have accomplished and acquired, and some clear view of our tendencies.
+We take justifiable pride in the glittering figures of our extension of
+territory, our numerical growth, in the increase of wealth, and in our
+rise to the potential position of almost the first nation in the world.
+A more pertinent inquiry is, what sort of people have we become?  What
+are we intellectually and morally?  For after all the man is the thing,
+the production of the right sort of men and women is all that gives a
+nation value.  When I read of the establishment of a great industrial
+centre in which twenty thousand people are employed in the increase of
+the amount of steel in the world, before I decide whether it would be a
+good thing for the Republic to create another industrial city of the same
+sort, I want to know what sort of people the twenty thousand are, how
+they live, what their morals are, what intellectual life they have, what
+their enjoyment of life is, what they talk about and think about, and
+what chance they have of getting into any higher life.  It does not seem
+to me a sufficient gain in this situation that we are immensely
+increasing the amount of steel in the world, or that twenty more people
+are enabled on account of this to indulge in an unexampled,
+unintellectual luxury.  We want more steel, no doubt, but haven't we wit
+enough to get that and at the same time to increase among the producers
+of it the number of men and women whose horizons are extended, who are
+companionable, intelligent beings, adding something to the intellectual
+and moral force upon which the real progress of the Republic depends?
+
+There is no place where I would choose to speak more plainly of our
+national situation today than in the South, and at the University of the
+South; in the South, because it is more plainly in a transition state,
+and at the University of the South, because it is here and in similar
+institutions that the question of the higher or lower plane of life in
+the South is to be determined.
+
+To a philosophical observer of the Republic, at the end of the hundred
+years, I should say that the important facts are not its industrial
+energy, its wealth, or its population, but the stability of the federal
+power, and the integrity of the individual States.  That is to say, that
+stress and trial have welded us into an indestructible nation; and not of
+less consequence is the fact that the life of the Union is in the life of
+the States.  The next most encouraging augury for a great future is the
+marvelous diversity among the members of this republican body.  If
+nothing would be more speedily fatal to our plan of government than
+increasing centralization, nothing would be more hopeless in our
+development than increasing monotony, the certain end of which is
+mediocrity.
+
+Speaking as one whose highest pride it is to be a citizen of a great and
+invincible Republic to those whose minds kindle with a like patriotism, I
+can say that I am glad there are East and North and South, and West,
+Middle, Northwest, and Southwest, with as many diversities of climate,
+temperament, habits, idiosyncrasies, genius, as these names imply.  Thank
+Heaven we are not all alike; and so long as we have a common purpose in
+the Union, and mutual toleration, respect, and sympathy, the greater will
+be our achievement and the nobler our total development, if every section
+is true to the evolution of its local traits.  The superficial foreign
+observer finds sameness in our different States, tiresome family likeness
+in our cities, hideous monotony in our villages, and a certain common
+atmosphere of life, which increasing facility of communication tends to
+increase.  This is a view from a railway train.  But as soon as you
+observe closely, you find in each city a peculiar physiognomy, and a
+peculiar spirit remarkable considering the freedom of movement and
+intercourse, and you find the organized action of each State sui generis
+to a degree surprising considering the general similarity of our laws and
+institutions.  In each section differences of speech, of habits of
+thought, of temperament prevail.  Massachusetts is unlike Louisiana,
+Florida unlike Tennessee, Georgia is unlike California, Pennsylvania is
+unlike Minnesota, and so on, and the unlikeness is not alone or chiefly
+in physical features.  By the different style of living I can tell when I
+cross the line between Connecticut and New York as certainly as when I
+cross the line between Vermont and Canada.  The Virginian expanded in
+Kentucky is not the same man he was at home, and the New England Yankee
+let loose in the West takes on proportions that would astonish his
+grandfather.  Everywhere there is a variety in local sentiment, action,
+and development.  Sit down in the seats of the State governments and
+study the methods of treatment of essentially the common institutions of
+government, of charity and discipline, and you will be impressed with the
+variety of local spirit and performance in the Union.  And this,
+diversity is so important, this contribution of diverse elements is so
+necessary to the complex strength and prosperity of the whole, that one
+must view with alarm all federal interference and tendency to greater
+centralization.
+
+And not less to be dreaded than monotony from the governmental point of
+view, is the obliteration of variety in social life and in literary
+development.  It is not enough for a nation to be great and strong, it
+must be interesting, and interesting it cannot be without cultivation of
+local variety.  Better obtrusive peculiarities than universal sameness.
+It is out of variety as well as complexity in American life, and not in
+homogeneity and imitation, that we are to expect a civilization
+noteworthy in the progress of the human race.
+
+Let us come a little closer to our subject in details.  For a hundred
+years the South was developed on its own lines, with astonishingly little
+exterior bias.  This comparative isolation was due partly to the
+institution of slavery, partly to devotion to the production of two or
+three great staples.  While its commercial connection with the North was
+intimate and vital, its literary relation with the North was slight.
+With few exceptions Northern authors were not read in the South, and the
+literary movement of its neighbors, such as it was, from 1820 to 1860,
+scarcely affected it.  With the exception of Louisiana, which was
+absolutely ignorant of American literature and drew its inspiration and
+assumed its critical point of view almost wholly from the French, the
+South was English, but mainly English of the time of Walter Scott and
+George the Third.  While Scott was read at the North for his knowledge of
+human nature, as he always will be read, the chivalric age which moves in
+his pages was taken more seriously at the South, as if it were of
+continuing importance in life.  In any of its rich private libraries you
+find yourself in the age of Pope and Dryden, and the classics were
+pursued in the spirit of Oxford and Cambridge in the time of Johnson.  It
+was little disturbed by the intellectual and ethical agitation of modern
+England or of modern New England.  During this period, while the South
+excelled in the production of statesmen, orators, trained politicians,
+great judges, and brilliant lawyers, it produced almost no literature,
+that is, no indigenous literature, except a few poems and--a few humorous
+character-sketches; its general writing was ornately classic, and its
+fiction romantic on the lines of the foreign romances.
+
+From this isolation one thing was developed, and another thing might in
+due time be expected.  The thing developed was a social life, in the
+favored class, which has an almost unique charm, a power of being
+agreeable, a sympathetic cordiality, an impulsive warmth, a frankness in
+the expression of emotion, and that delightful quality of manner which
+puts the world at ease and makes life pleasant.  The Southerners are no
+more sincere than the Northerners, but they have less reserve, and in the
+social traits that charm all who come in contact with them, they have an
+element of immense value in the variety of American life.
+
+The thing that might have been expected in due time, and when the call
+came--and it is curious to note that the call and cause of any
+renaissance are always from the outside--was a literary expression fresh
+and indigenous.  This expectation, in a brief period since the war, has
+been realized by a remarkable performance and is now stimulated by a
+remarkable promise.  The acclaim with which the Southern literature has
+been received is partly due to its novelty, the new life it exhibited,
+but more to the recognition in it of a fresh flavor, a literary quality
+distinctly original and of permanent importance.  This production, the
+first fruits of which are so engaging in quality, cannot grow and broaden
+into a stable, varied literature without scholarship and hard work, and
+without a sympathetic local audience.  But the momentary concern is that
+it should develop on its own lines and in its own spirit, and not under
+the influence of London or Boston or New York.  I do not mean by this
+that it should continue to attract attention by peculiarities of dialect-
+which is only an incidental, temporary phenomenon, that speedily becomes
+wearisome, whether "cracker" or negro or Yankee--but by being true to the
+essential spirit and temperament of Southern life.
+
+During this period there was at the North, and especially in the East,
+great intellectual activity and agitation, and agitation ethical and
+moral as well as intellectual.  There was awakening, investigation,
+questioning, doubt.  There was a great deal of froth thrown to the
+surface.  In the free action of individual thought and expression grew
+eccentricities of belief and of practice, and a crop of so-called "isms,"
+more or less temporary, unprofitable, and pernicious.  Public opinion
+attained an astonishing degree of freedom,--I never heard of any
+community that was altogether free of its tyranny.  At least
+extraordinary latitude was permitted in the development of extreme ideas,
+new, fantastic, radical, or conservative.  For instance, slavery was
+attacked and slavery was defended on the same platform, with almost equal
+freedom.  Indeed, for many years, if there was any exception to the
+general toleration it was in the social ostracism of those who held and
+expressed extreme opinions in regard to immediate emancipation, and were
+stigmatized as abolitionists.  There was a general ferment of new ideas,
+not always fruitful in the direction taken, but hopeful in view of the
+fact that growth and movement are better than stagnation and decay.  You
+can do something with a ship that has headway; it will drift upon the
+rocks if it has not.  With much foam and froth, sure to attend agitation,
+there was immense vital energy, intense life.
+
+Out of this stir and agitation came the aggressive, conquering spirit
+that carried civilization straight across the continent, that built up
+cities and States, that developed wealth, and by invention, ingenuity,
+and energy performed miracles in the way of the subjugation of nature and
+the assimilation of societies.  Out of this free agitation sprang a
+literary product, great in quantity and to some degree distinguished in
+quality, groups of historians, poets, novelists, essayists, biographers,
+scientific writers.  A conspicuous agency of the period was the lecture
+platform, which did something in the spread and popularization of
+information, but much more in the stimulation of independent thought and
+the awakening of the mind to use its own powers.
+
+Along with this and out of this went on the movement of popular education
+and of the high and specialized education.  More remarkable than the
+achievements of the common schools has been the development of the
+colleges, both in the departments of the humanities and of science.  If I
+were writing of education generally, I might have something to say of the
+measurable disappointment of the results of the common schools as at
+present conducted, both as to the diffusion of information and as to the
+discipline of the mind and the inculcation of ethical principles; which
+simply means that they need improvement.  But the higher education has
+been transformed, and mainly by the application of scientific methods,
+and of the philosophic spirit, to the study of history, economics, and
+the classics.  When we are called to defend the pursuit of metaphysics or
+the study of the classics, either as indispensable to the discipline or
+to the enlargement of the mind, we are not called on to defend the
+methods of a generation ago.  The study of Greek is no longer an exercise
+in the study of linguistics or the inspection of specimens of an obsolete
+literature, but the acquaintance with historic thought, habits, and
+polity, with a portion of the continuous history of the human mind, which
+has a vital relation to our own life.
+
+However much or little there may be of permanent value in the vast
+production of northern literature, judged by continental or even English
+standards, the time has came when American scholarship in science, in
+language, in occidental or oriental letters, in philosophic and
+historical methods, can court comparison with any other.  In some
+branches of research the peers of our scholars must be sought not in
+England but in Germany.  So that in one of the best fruits of a period of
+intellectual agitation, scholarship, the restless movement has thoroughly
+vindicated itself.
+
+I have called your attention to this movement in order to say that it was
+neither accidental nor isolated.  It was in the historic line, it was fed
+and stimulated by all that had gone before, and by all contemporary
+activity everywhere.  New England, for instance, was alert and
+progressive because it kept its doors and windows open.  It was
+hospitable in its intellectual freedom, both of trial and debate, to new
+ideas.  It was in touch with the universal movement of humanity and of
+human thought and speculation.  You lose some quiet by this attitude,
+some repose that is pleasant and even desirable perhaps, you entertain
+many errors, you may try many useless experiments, but you gain life and
+are in the way of better things.  New England, whatever else we may say
+about it, was in the world.  There was no stir of thought, of
+investigation, of research, of the recasting of old ideas into new forms
+of life, in Germany, in France, in Italy, in England, anywhere, that did
+not touch it and to which it did not respond with the sympathy that
+common humanity has in the universal progress.  It kept this touch not
+only in the evolution and expression of thought and emotion which we call
+literature (whether original or imitative), but in the application of
+philosophic methods to education, in the attempted regeneration of
+society and the amelioration of its conditions by schemes of reform and
+discipline, relating to the institutions of benevolence and to the
+control of the vicious and criminal.  With all these efforts go along
+always much false sentimentality and pseudo-philanthropy, but little by
+little gain is made that could not be made in a state of isolation and
+stagnation.
+
+In fact there is one historic stream of human thought, aspiration, and
+progress; it is practically continuous, and with all its diversity of
+local color and movement it is a unit.  If you are in it, you move; if
+you are out of it, you are in an eddy.  The eddy may have a provincial
+current, but it is not in the great stream, and when it has gone round
+and round for a century, it is still an eddy, and will not carry you
+anywhere in particular.  The value of the modern method of teaching and
+study is that it teaches the solidarity of human history, the continuance
+of human thought, in literature, government, philosophy, the unity of the
+divine purpose, and that nothing that has anywhere befallen the human
+race is alien to us.
+
+I am not undervaluing the part, the important part, played by
+conservatism, the conservatism that holds on to what has been gained if
+it is good, that insists on discipline and heed to the plain teaching of
+experience, that refuses to go into hysterics of enthusiasm over every
+flighty suggestion, or to follow every leader simply because he proposes
+something new and strange--I do not mean the conservatism that refuses to
+try anything simply because it is new, and prefers to energetic life the
+stagnation that inevitably leads to decay.  Isolation from the great
+historic stream of thought and agitation is stagnation.  While this is
+true, and always has been true in history, it is also true, in regard to
+the beneficent diversity of American life, which is composed of so many
+elements and forces, as I have often thought and said, that what has been
+called the Southern conservatism in respect to beliefs and certain social
+problems, may have a very important part to play in the development of
+the life of the Republic.
+
+I shall not be misunderstood here, where the claims of the higher life
+are insisted on and the necessity of pure, accurate scholarship is
+recognized, in saying that this expectation in regard to the South
+depends upon the cultivation and diffusion of the highest scholarship in
+all its historic consciousness and critical precision.  This sort of
+scholarship, of widely apprehending intellectual activity, keeping step
+with modern ideas so far as they are historically grounded, is of the
+first importance.  Everywhere indeed, in our industrial age,--in a
+society inclined to materialism, scholarship, pure and simple scholarship
+for its own sake, no less in Ohio than in Tennessee, is the thing to be
+insisted on.  If I may refer to an institution, which used to be midway
+between the North and the South, and which I may speak of without
+suspicion of bias, an institution where the studies of metaphysics, the
+philosophy of history, the classics and pure science are as much insisted
+on as the study of applied sciences, the College of New Jersey at
+Princeton, the question in regard to a candidate for a professorship or
+instructorship, is not whether he was born North or South, whether he
+served in one army or another or in neither, whether he is a Democrat or
+a Republican or a Mugwump, what religious denomination he belongs to, but
+is he a scholar and has he a high character?  There is no provincialism
+in scholarship.
+
+We are not now considering the matter of the agreeableness of one society
+or another, whether life is on the whole pleasanter in certain conditions
+at the North or at the South, whether there is not a charm sometimes in
+isolation and even in provincialism.  It is a fair question to ask, what
+effect upon individual lives and character is produced by an industrial
+and commercial spirit, and by one less restless and more domestic.  But
+the South is now face to face with certain problems which relate her,
+inevitably, to the moving forces of the world.  One of these is the
+development of her natural resources and the change and diversity of her
+industries.  On the industrial side there is pressing need of
+institutions of technology, of schools of applied science, for the
+diffusion of technical information and skill in regard to mining and
+manufacturing, and also to agriculture, so that worn-out lands may be
+reclaimed and good lands be kept up to the highest point of production.
+Neither mines, forests, quarries, water-ways, nor textile fabrics can be
+handled to best advantage without scientific knowledge and skilled labor.
+The South is everywhere demanding these aids to her industrial
+development.  But just in the proportion that she gets them, and because
+she has them, will be the need of higher education.  The only safety
+against the influence of a rolling mill is a college, the only safety
+against the practical and materializing tendency of an industrial school
+is the increased study of whatever contributes to the higher and non-
+sordid life of the mind.  The South would make a poor exchange for her
+former condition in any amount of industrial success without a
+corresponding development of the highest intellectual life.
+
+But, besides the industrial problem, there is the race problem.  It is
+the most serious in the conditions under which it is presented that ever
+in all history confronted a free people.  Whichever way you regard it, it
+is the nearest insoluble.  Under the Constitution it is wisely left to
+the action of the individual States.  The heavy responsibility is with
+them.  In the nature of things it is a matter of the deepest concern to
+the whole Republic, for the prosperity of every part is vital to the
+prosperity of the whole.  In working it out you are entitled, from the
+outside, to the most impartial attempt to understand its real nature, to
+the utmost patience with the facts of human nature, to the most profound
+and most helpful sympathy.  It is monstrous to me that the situation
+should be made on either side a political occasion for private ambition
+or for party ends.
+
+I would speak of this subject with the utmost frankness if I knew what to
+say.  It is not much of a confession to say that I do not.  The more I
+study it the less I know, and those among you who give it the most
+anxious thought are the most perplexed, the subject has so many
+conflicting aspects.  In the first place there is the evolution of an
+undeveloped race.  Every race has a right to fair play in the world and
+to make the most of its capacities, and to the help of the more favored
+in the attempt.  If the suggestion recently made of a wholesale migration
+to Mexico were carried out, the South would be relieved in many ways,
+though the labor problem would be a serious one for a long time, but the
+"elevation " would be lost sight of or relegated to a foreign missionary
+enterprise; and as for results to the colored people themselves, there is
+the example of Hayti.  If another suggestion, that of abandoning certain
+States to this race, were carried out, there is the example of Hayti
+again, and, besides, an anomaly introduced into the Republic foreign to
+its traditions, spirit, aspirations, and process of assimilation, alien
+to the entire historic movement of the Aryan races, and infinitely more
+dangerous to the idea of the Republic than if solid Ireland were dumped
+down in the Mississippi valley as an independent State.
+
+On the other hand, there rests upon you the responsibility of maintaining
+a civilization--the civilization of America, not of Hayti or of Guatemala
+which we have so hardly won.  It is neither to be expected nor desired
+that you should be ruled by an undeveloped race, ignorant of law,
+letters, history, politics, political economy.  There is no right
+anywhere in numbers or unintelligence to rule intelligence.  It is a
+travesty of civilization.  No Northern State that I know of would submit
+to be ruled by an undeveloped race.  And human nature is exactly in the
+South what it is in the North.  That is one impregnable fact, to be taken
+as the basis of all our calculations; the whites of the South will not,
+cannot, be dominated, as matters now stand, by the colored race.
+
+But, then, there is the suffrage, the universal, unqualified suffrage.
+And here is the dilemma.  Suffrage once given, cannot be suppressed or
+denied, perverted by chicane or bribery without incalculable damage to
+the whole political body.  Irregular methods once indulged in for one
+purpose, and towards one class, so sap the moral sense that they come to
+be used for all purposes.  The danger is ultimately as great to those who
+suppress or pervert as it is to the suppressed and corrupted.  It is the
+demoralization of all sound political action and life.  I know whereof I
+speak.  In the North, bribery in elections and intimidation are fatal to
+public morality.  The legislature elected by bribery is a bribable body.
+
+I believe that the fathers were right in making government depend upon
+the consent of the governed.  I believe there has been as yet discovered
+no other basis of government so safe, so stable as popular suffrage, but
+the fathers never contemplated a suffrage without intelligence.  It is a
+contradiction of terms.  A proletariat without any political rights in a
+republic is no more dangerous than an unintelligent mob which can be used
+in elections by demagogues.  Universal suffrage is not a universal
+panacea; it may be the best device attainable, but it is certain of abuse
+without safeguards.  One of the absolutely necessary safeguards is an
+educational qualification.  No one ought anywhere to exercise it who
+cannot read and write, and if I had my way, no one should cast a ballot
+who had not a fair conception of the effect of it, shown by a higher test
+of intelligence than the mere fact of ability to scrawl his name and to
+spell out a line or two in the Constitution.  This much the State for its
+own protection is bound to require, for suffrage is an expediency, not a
+right belonging to universal humanity regardless of intelligence or of
+character.
+
+The charge is, with regard to this universal suffrage, that you take the
+fruits of increased representation produced by it, and then deny it to a
+portion of the voters whose action was expected to produce a different
+political result.  I cannot but regard it as a blunder in statesmanship
+to give suffrage without an educational qualification, and to deem it
+possible to put ignorance over intelligence.  You are not, responsible
+for the situation, but you are none the less in an illogical position
+before the law.  Now, would you not gain more in a rectification of your
+position than you would lose in other ways, by making suffrage depend
+upon an educational qualification?  I do not mean gain party-wise, but in
+political morals and general prosperity.  Time would certainly be gained
+by this, and it is possible in this shifting world, in the growth of
+industries and the flow of populations, that before the question of
+supremacy was again upon you, foreign and industrial immigration would
+restore the race balance.
+
+We come now to education.  The colored race being here, I assume that its
+education, with the probabilities this involves of its elevation, is a
+duty as well as a necessity.  I speak both of the inherent justice there
+is in giving every human being the chance of bettering his condition and
+increasing his happiness that lies in education--unless our whole theory
+of modern life is wrong--and also of the political and social danger
+there is in a degraded class numerically strong.  Granted integral
+membership in a body politic, education is a necessity.  I am aware of
+the danger of half education, of that smattering of knowledge which only
+breeds conceit, adroitness, and a consciousness of physical power,
+without due responsibility and moral restraint.  Education makes a race
+more powerful both for evil and for good.  I see the danger that many
+apprehend.  And the outlook, with any amount of education, would be
+hopeless, not only as regards the negro and those in neighborhood
+relations with him, if education should not bring with it thrift, sense
+of responsibility as a citizen, and virtue.  What the negro race under
+the most favorable conditions is capable of remains to be shown; history
+does not help us much to determine thus far.  It has always been a long
+pull for any race to rise out of primitive conditions; but I am sure for
+its own sake, and for the sake of the republic where it dwells, every
+thoughtful person must desire the most speedy intellectual and moral
+development possible of the African race.  And I mean as a race.
+
+Some distinguished English writers have suggested, with approval, that
+the solution of the race problem in this country is fusion, and I have
+even heard discouraged Southerners accept it as a possibility.  The
+result of their observation of the amalgamation of races and colors in
+Egypt, in Syria, and Mexico, must be very different from mine.  When
+races of different color mingle there is almost invariably loss of
+physical stamina, and the lower moral qualities of each are developed in
+the combination.  No race that regards its own future would desire it.
+The absorption theory as applied to America is, it seems to me,
+chimerical.
+
+But to return to education.  It should always be fitted to the stage of
+development.  It should always mean discipline, the training of the
+powers and capacities.  The early pioneers who planted civilization on
+the Watauga, the Holston, the Kentucky, the Cumberland, had not much
+broad learning--they would not have been worse if they had had more but
+they had courage, they were trained in self-reliance, virile common
+sense, and good judgment, they had inherited the instinct and capacity of
+self-government, they were religious, with all their coarseness they had
+the fundamental elements of nobility, the domestic virtues, and the
+public spirit needed in the foundation of states.  Their education in all
+the manly arts and crafts of the backwoodsman fitted them very well for
+the work they had to do.  I should say that the education of the colored
+race in America should be fundamental.  I have not much confidence in an
+ornamental top-dressing of philosophy, theology, and classic learning
+upon the foundation of an unformed and unstable mental and moral
+condition.  Somehow, character must be built up, and character depends
+upon industry, upon thrift, upon morals, upon correct ethical
+perceptions.  To have control of one's powers, to have skill in labor, so
+that work in any occupation shall be intelligent, to have self-respect,
+which commonly comes from trained capacity, to know how to live, to have
+a clean, orderly house, to be grounded in honesty and the domestic
+virtues,--these are the essentials of progress.  I suppose that the
+education to produce these must be an elemental and practical one, one
+that fits for the duties of life and not for some imaginary sphere above
+them.
+
+To put it in a word, and not denying that there must be schools for
+teaching the teachers, with the understanding that the teachers should be
+able to teach what the mass most needs to know--what the race needs for
+its own good today, are industrial and manual training schools, with the
+varied and practical discipline and arts of life which they impart.
+
+What then?  What of the 'modus vivendi' of the two races occupying the
+same soil?  As I said before, I do not know.  Providence works slowly.
+Time and patience only solve such enigmas.  The impossible is not
+expected of man, only that he shall do today the duty nearest to him.
+It is easy, you say, for an outsider to preach waiting, patience,
+forbearance, sympathy, helpfulness.  Well, these are the important
+lessons we get out of history.  We struggle, and fume, and fret, and
+accomplish little in our brief hour, but somehow the world gets on.
+Fortunately for us, we cannot do today the work of tomorrow.  All the
+gospel in the world can be boiled down into a single precept.  Do right
+now.  I have observed that the boy who starts in the morning with a
+determination to behave himself till bedtime, usually gets through the
+day without a thrashing.
+
+But of one thing I am sure.  In the rush of industries, in the race
+problem, it is more and more incumbent upon such institutions as the
+University of the South to maintain the highest standard of pure
+scholarship, to increase the number of men and women devoted to the
+intellectual life.  Long ago, in the middle of the seventeenth century,
+John Ward of Stratford-on-Avon, clergyman and physician, wrote in his
+diary: "The wealth of a nation depends upon its populousness, and its
+populousness depends upon the liberty of conscience that is granted to
+it, for this calls in strangers and promotes trading."  Great is the
+attraction of a benign climate and of a fruitful soil, but a greater
+attraction is an intelligent people, that values the best things in life,
+a society hospitable, companionable, instinct with intellectual life,
+awake to the great ideas that make life interesting.
+
+As I travel through the South and become acquainted with its magnificent
+resources and opportunities, and know better and love more the admirable
+qualities of its people, I cannot but muse in a fond prophecy upon the
+brilliant part it is to play in the diversified life and the great future
+of the American Republic.  But, North and South, we have a hard fight
+with materializing tendencies.  God bless the University of the South!
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg Etext Diversities of American Life, by Warner
+
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of Diversities of American Life, by Warner
+#15 in our series by Charles Dudley Warner
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+Title: Certain Diversities of American Life
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+Author: Charles Dudley Warner
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+Release Date: March, 2002  [Etext #3111]
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+
+CERTAIN DIVERSITIES OF AMERICAN LIFE
+
+By Charles Dudley Warner
+
+
+
+This is a very interesting age.  Within the memory of men not yet come to
+middle life the time of the trotting horse has been reduced from two
+minutes forty seconds to two minutes eight and a quarter seconds.  During
+the past fifteen years a universal and wholesome pastime of boys has been
+developed into a great national industry, thoroughly organized and almost
+altogether relegated to professional hands, no longer the exercise of the
+million but a spectacle for the million, and a game which rivals the
+Stock Exchange as a means of winning money on the difference of opinion
+as to the skill of contending operators.
+
+The newspapers of the country--pretty accurate and sad indicators of the
+popular taste--devote more daily columns in a week's time to chronicling
+the news about base-ball than to any other topic that interests the
+American mind, and the most skillful player, the pitcher, often college
+bred, whose entire prowess is devoted to not doing what he seems to be
+doing, and who has become the hero of the American girl as the Olympian
+wrestler was of the Greek maiden and as the matador is of the Spanish
+senorita, receives a larger salary for a few hours' exertion each week
+than any college president is paid for a year's intellectual toil.  Such
+has been the progress in the interest in education during this period
+that the larger bulk of the news, and that most looked for, printed about
+the colleges and universities, is that relating to the training, the
+prospects and achievements of the boat crews and the teams of base-ball
+and foot-ball, and the victory of any crew or team is a better means of
+attracting students to its college, a better advertisement, than success
+in any scholastic contest.  A few years ago a tournament was organized in
+the North between several colleges for competition in oratory and
+scholarship; it had a couple of contests and then died of inanition and
+want of public interest.
+
+During the period I am speaking of there has been an enormous advance in
+technical education, resulting in the establishment of splendid special
+schools, essential to the development of our national resources; a growth
+of the popular idea that education should be practical,--that is, such an
+education as can be immediately applied to earning a living and acquiring
+wealth speedily,--and an increasing extension of the elective system in
+colleges,--based almost solely on the notion, having in view, of course,
+the practical education, that the inclinations of a young man of eighteen
+are a better guide as to what is best for his mental development and
+equipment for life than all the experience of his predecessors.
+
+In this period, which you will note is more distinguished by the desire
+for the accumulation of money than far the general production of wealth,
+the standard of a fortune has shifted from a fair competence to that of
+millions of money, so that he is no longer rich who has a hundred
+thousand dollars, but he only who possesses property valued at many
+millions, and the men most widely known the country through, most talked
+about, whose doings and sayings are most chronicled in the journals,
+whose example is most attractive and stimulating to the minds of youth,
+are not the scholars, the scientists, the men of, letters, not even the
+orators and statesmen, but those who, by any means, have amassed enormous
+fortunes.  We judge the future of a generation by its ideals.
+
+Regarding education from the point of view of its equipment of a man to
+make money, and enjoy the luxury which money can command, it must be more
+and more practical, that is, it must be adapted not even to the higher
+aim of increasing the general wealth of the world, by increasing
+production and diminishing waste both of labor and capital, but to the
+lower aim of getting personal possession of it; so that a striking social
+feature of the period is that one-half--that is hardly an overestimate--
+one-half of the activity in America of which we speak with so much
+enthusiasm, is not directed to the production of wealth, to increasing
+its volume, but to getting the money of other people away from them.  In
+barbarous ages this object was accomplished by violence; it is now
+attained by skill and adroitness.  We still punish those who gain
+property by violence; those who get it by smartness and cleverness, we
+try to imitate, and sometimes we reward them with public office.
+
+It appears, therefore, that speed,-the ability to move rapidly from place
+to place,--a disproportionate reward of physical over intellectual
+science, an intense desire to be rich, which is strong enough to compel
+even education to grind in the mill of the Philistines, and an inordinate
+elevation in public consideration of rich men simply because they are
+rich, are characteristics of this little point of time on which we stand.
+They are not the only characteristics; in a reasonably optimistic view,
+the age is distinguished for unexampled achievements, and for
+opportunities for the well-being of humanity never before in all history
+attainable.  But these characteristics are so prominent as to beget the
+fear that we are losing the sense of the relative value of things in this
+life.
+
+Few persons come to middle life without some conception of these relative
+values.  It is in the heat and struggle that we fail to appreciate what
+in the attainment will be most satisfactory to us.  After it is over we
+are apt to see that our possessions do not bring the happiness we
+expected; or that we have neglected to cultivate the powers and tastes
+that can make life enjoyable.  We come to know, to use a truism, that a
+person's highest satisfaction depends not upon his exterior acquisitions,
+but upon what he himself is.  There is no escape from this conclusion.
+The physical satisfactions are limited and fallacious, the intellectual
+and moral satisfactions are unlimited.  In the last analysis, a man has
+to live with himself, to be his own companion, and in the last resort the
+question is, what can he get out of himself.  In the end, his life is
+worth just what he has become.  And I need not say that the mistake
+commonly made is as to relative values,--that the things of sense are as
+important as the things of the mind.  You make that mistake when you
+devote your best energies to your possession of material substance, and
+neglect the enlargement, the training, the enrichment of the mind.  You
+make the same mistake in a less degree, when you bend to the popular
+ignorance and conceit so far as to direct your college education to
+sordid ends.  The certain end of yielding to this so-called practical
+spirit was expressed by a member of a Northern State legislature who
+said, "We don't want colleges, we want workshops."  It was expressed in
+another way by a representative of the lower house in Washington who
+said, "The average ignorance of the country has a right to be represented
+here."  It is not for me to say whether it is represented there.
+Naturally, I say, we ought by the time of middle life to come to a
+conception of what sort of things are of most value.  By analogy, in the
+continual growth of the Republic, we ought to have a perception of what
+we have accomplished and acquired, and some clear view of our tendencies.
+We take justifiable pride in the glittering figures of our extension of
+territory, our numerical growth, in the increase of wealth, and in our
+rise to the potential position of almost the first nation in the world.
+A more pertinent inquiry is, what sort of people have we become?  What
+are we intellectually and morally?  For after all the man is the thing,
+the production of the right sort of men and women is all that gives a
+nation value.  When I read of the establishment of a great industrial
+centre in which twenty thousand people are employed in the increase of
+the amount of steel in the world, before I decide whether it would be a
+good thing for the Republic to create another industrial city of the same
+sort, I want to know what sort of people the twenty thousand are, how
+they live, what their morals are, what intellectual life they have, what
+their enjoyment of life is, what they talk about and think about, and
+what chance they have of getting into any higher life.  It does not seem
+to me a sufficient gain in this situation that we are immensely
+increasing the amount of steel in the world, or that twenty more people
+are enabled on account of this to indulge in an unexampled,
+unintellectual luxury.  We want more steel, no doubt, but haven't we wit
+enough to get that and at the same time to increase among the producers
+of it the number of men and women whose horizons are extended, who are
+companionable, intelligent beings, adding something to the intellectual
+and moral force upon which the real progress of the Republic depends?
+
+There is no place where I would choose to speak more plainly of our
+national situation today than in the South, and at the University of the
+South; in the South, because it is more plainly in a transition state,
+and at the University of the South, because it is here and in similar
+institutions that the question of the higher or lower plane of life in
+the South is to be determined.
+
+To a philosophical observer of the Republic, at the end of the hundred
+years, I should say that the important facts are not its industrial
+energy, its wealth, or its population, but the stability of the federal
+power, and the integrity of the individual States.  That is to say, that
+stress and trial have welded us into an indestructible nation; and not of
+less consequence is the fact that the life of the Union is in the life of
+the States.  The next most encouraging augury for a great future is the
+marvelous diversity among the members of this republican body.  If
+nothing would be more speedily fatal to our plan of government than
+increasing centralization, nothing would be more hopeless in our
+development than increasing monotony, the certain end of which is
+mediocrity.
+
+Speaking as one whose highest pride it is to be a citizen of a great and
+invincible Republic to those whose minds kindle with a like patriotism, I
+can say that I am glad there are East and North and South, and West,
+Middle, Northwest, and Southwest, with as many diversities of climate,
+temperament, habits, idiosyncrasies, genius, as these names imply.  Thank
+Heaven we are not all alike; and so long as we have a common purpose in
+the Union, and mutual toleration, respect, and sympathy, the greater will
+be our achievement and the nobler our total development, if every section
+is true to the evolution of its local traits.  The superficial foreign
+observer finds sameness in our different States, tiresome family likeness
+in our cities, hideous monotony in our villages, and a certain common
+atmosphere of life, which increasing facility of communication tends to
+increase.  This is a view from a railway train.  But as soon as you
+observe closely, you find in each city a peculiar physiognomy, and a
+peculiar spirit remarkable considering the freedom of movement and
+intercourse, and you find the organized action of each State sui generis
+to a degree surprising considering the general similarity of our laws and
+institutions.  In each section differences of speech, of habits of
+thought, of temperament prevail.  Massachusetts is unlike Louisiana,
+Florida unlike Tennessee, Georgia is unlike California, Pennsylvania is
+unlike Minnesota, and so on, and the unlikeness is not alone or chiefly
+in physical features.  By the different style of living I can tell when I
+cross the line between Connecticut and New York as certainly as when I
+cross the line between Vermont and Canada.  The Virginian expanded in
+Kentucky is not the same man he was at home, and the New England Yankee
+let loose in the West takes on proportions that would astonish his
+grandfather.  Everywhere there is a variety in local sentiment, action,
+and development.  Sit down in the seats of the State governments and
+study the methods of treatment of essentially the common institutions of
+government, of charity and discipline, and you will be impressed with the
+variety of local spirit and performance in the Union.  And this,
+diversity is so important, this contribution of diverse elements is so
+necessary to the complex strength and prosperity of the whole, that one
+must view with alarm all federal interference and tendency to greater
+centralization.
+
+And not less to be dreaded than monotony from the governmental point of
+view, is the obliteration of variety in social life and in literary
+development.  It is not enough for a nation to be great and strong, it
+must be interesting, and interesting it cannot be without cultivation of
+local variety.  Better obtrusive peculiarities than universal sameness.
+It is out of variety as well as complexity in American life, and not in
+homogeneity and imitation, that we are to expect a civilization
+noteworthy in the progress of the human race.
+
+Let us come a little closer to our subject in details.  For a hundred
+years the South was developed on its own lines, with astonishingly little
+exterior bias.  This comparative isolation was due partly to the
+institution of slavery, partly to devotion to the production of two or
+three great staples.  While its commercial connection with the North was
+intimate and vital, its literary relation with the North was slight.
+With few exceptions Northern authors were not read in the South, and the
+literary movement of its neighbors, such as it was, from 1820 to 1860,
+scarcely affected it.  With the exception of Louisiana, which was
+absolutely ignorant of American literature and drew its inspiration and
+assumed its critical point of view almost wholly from the French, the
+South was English, but mainly English of the time of Walter Scott and
+George the Third.  While Scott was read at the North for his knowledge of
+human nature, as he always will be read, the chivalric age which moves in
+his pages was taken more seriously at the South, as if it were of
+continuing importance in life.  In any of its rich private libraries you
+find yourself in the age of Pope and Dryden, and the classics were
+pursued in the spirit of Oxford and Cambridge in the time of Johnson.  It
+was little disturbed by the intellectual and ethical agitation of modern
+England or of modern New England.  During this period, while the South
+excelled in the production of statesmen, orators, trained politicians,
+great judges, and brilliant lawyers, it produced almost no literature,
+that is, no indigenous literature, except a few poems and--a few humorous
+character-sketches; its general writing was ornately classic, and its
+fiction romantic on the lines of the foreign romances.
+
+From this isolation one thing was developed, and another thing might in
+due time be expected.  The thing developed was a social life, in the
+favored class, which has an almost unique charm, a power of being
+agreeable, a sympathetic cordiality, an impulsive warmth, a frankness in
+the expression of emotion, and that delightful quality of manner which
+puts the world at ease and makes life pleasant.  The Southerners are no
+more sincere than the Northerners, but they have less reserve, and in the
+social traits that charm all who come in contact with them, they have an
+element of immense value in the variety of American life.
+
+The thing that might have been expected in due time, and when the call
+came--and it is curious to note that the call and cause of any
+renaissance are always from the outside--was a literary expression fresh
+and indigenous.  This expectation, in a brief period since the war, has
+been realized by a remarkable performance and is now stimulated by a
+remarkable promise.  The acclaim with which the Southern literature has
+been received is partly due to its novelty, the new life it exhibited,
+but more to the recognition in it of a fresh flavor, a literary quality
+distinctly original and of permanent importance.  This production, the
+first fruits of which are so engaging in quality, cannot grow and broaden
+into a stable, varied literature without scholarship and hard work, and
+without a sympathetic local audience.  But the momentary concern is that
+it should develop on its own lines and in its own spirit, and not under
+the influence of London or Boston or New York.  I do not mean by this
+that it should continue to attract attention by peculiarities of dialect-
+which is only an incidental, temporary phenomenon, that speedily becomes
+wearisome, whether "cracker" or negro or Yankee--but by being true to the
+essential spirit and temperament of Southern life.
+
+During this period there was at the North, and especially in the East,
+great intellectual activity and agitation, and agitation ethical and
+moral as well as intellectual.  There was awakening, investigation,
+questioning, doubt.  There was a great deal of froth thrown to the
+surface.  In the free action of individual thought and expression grew
+eccentricities of belief and of practice, and a crop of so-called "isms,"
+more or less temporary, unprofitable, and pernicious.  Public opinion
+attained an astonishing degree of freedom,--I never heard of any
+community that was altogether free of its tyranny.  At least
+extraordinary latitude was permitted in the development of extreme ideas,
+new, fantastic, radical, or conservative.  For instance, slavery was
+attacked and slavery was defended on the same platform, with almost equal
+freedom.  Indeed, for many years, if there was any exception to the
+general toleration it was in the social ostracism of those who held and
+expressed extreme opinions in regard to immediate emancipation, and were
+stigmatized as abolitionists.  There was a general ferment of new ideas,
+not always fruitful in the direction taken, but hopeful in view of the
+fact that growth and movement are better than stagnation and decay.  You
+can do something with a ship that has headway; it will drift upon the
+rocks if it has not.  With much foam and froth, sure to attend agitation,
+there was immense vital energy, intense life.
+
+Out of this stir and agitation came the aggressive, conquering spirit
+that carried civilization straight across the continent, that built up
+cities and States, that developed wealth, and by invention, ingenuity,
+and energy performed miracles in the way of the subjugation of nature and
+the assimilation of societies.  Out of this free agitation sprang a
+literary product, great in quantity and to some degree distinguished in
+quality, groups of historians, poets, novelists, essayists, biographers,
+scientific writers.  A conspicuous agency of the period was the lecture
+platform, which did something in the spread and popularization of
+information, but much more in the stimulation of independent thought and
+the awakening of the mind to use its own powers.
+
+Along with this and out of this went on the movement of popular education
+and of the high and specialized education.  More remarkable than the
+achievements of the common schools has been the development of the
+colleges, both in the departments of the humanities and of science.  If I
+were writing of education generally, I might have something to say of the
+measurable disappointment of the results of the common schools as at
+present conducted, both as to the diffusion of information and as to the
+discipline of the mind and the inculcation of ethical principles; which
+simply means that they need improvement.  But the higher education has
+been transformed, and mainly by the application of scientific methods,
+and of the philosophic spirit, to the study of history, economics, and
+the classics.  When we are called to defend the pursuit of metaphysics or
+the study of the classics, either as indispensable to the discipline or
+to the enlargement of the mind, we are not called on to defend the
+methods of a generation ago.  The study of Greek is no longer an exercise
+in the study of linguistics or the inspection of specimens of an obsolete
+literature, but the acquaintance with historic thought, habits, and
+polity, with a portion of the continuous history of the human mind, which
+has a vital relation to our own life.
+
+However much or little there may be of permanent value in the vast
+production of northern literature, judged by continental or even English
+standards, the time has came when American scholarship in science, in
+language, in occidental or oriental letters, in philosophic and
+historical methods, can court comparison with any other.  In some
+branches of research the peers of our scholars must be sought not in
+England but in Germany.  So that in one of the best fruits of a period of
+intellectual agitation, scholarship, the restless movement has thoroughly
+vindicated itself.
+
+I have called your attention to this movement in order to say that it was
+neither accidental nor isolated.  It was in the historic line, it was fed
+and stimulated by all that had gone before, and by all contemporary
+activity everywhere.  New England, for instance, was alert and
+progressive because it kept its doors and windows open.  It was
+hospitable in its intellectual freedom, both of trial and debate, to new
+ideas.  It was in touch with the universal movement of humanity and of
+human thought and speculation.  You lose some quiet by this attitude,
+some repose that is pleasant and even desirable perhaps, you entertain
+many errors, you may try many useless experiments, but you gain life and
+are in the way of better things.  New England, whatever else we may say
+about it, was in the world.  There was no stir of thought, of
+investigation, of research, of the recasting of old ideas into new forms
+of life, in Germany, in France, in Italy, in England, anywhere, that did
+not touch it and to which it did not respond with the sympathy that
+common humanity has in the universal progress.  It kept this touch not
+only in the evolution and expression of thought and emotion which we call
+literature (whether original or imitative), but in the application of
+philosophic methods to education, in the attempted regeneration of
+society and the amelioration of its conditions by schemes of reform and
+discipline, relating to the institutions of benevolence and to the
+control of the vicious and criminal.  With all these efforts go along
+always much false sentimentality and pseudo-philanthropy, but little by
+little gain is made that could not be made in a state of isolation and
+stagnation.
+
+In fact there is one historic stream of human thought, aspiration, and
+progress; it is practically continuous, and with all its diversity of
+local color and movement it is a unit.  If you are in it, you move; if
+you are out of it, you are in an eddy.  The eddy may have a provincial
+current, but it is not in the great stream, and when it has gone round
+and round for a century, it is still an eddy, and will not carry you
+anywhere in particular.  The value of the modern method of teaching and
+study is that it teaches the solidarity of human history, the continuance
+of human thought, in literature, government, philosophy, the unity of the
+divine purpose, and that nothing that has anywhere befallen the human
+race is alien to us.
+
+I am not undervaluing the part, the important part, played by
+conservatism, the conservatism that holds on to what has been gained if
+it is good, that insists on discipline and heed to the plain teaching of
+experience, that refuses to go into hysterics of enthusiasm over every
+flighty suggestion, or to follow every leader simply because he proposes
+something new and strange--I do not mean the conservatism that refuses to
+try anything simply because it is new, and prefers to energetic life the
+stagnation that inevitably leads to decay.  Isolation from the great
+historic stream of thought and agitation is stagnation.  While this is
+true, and always has been true in history, it is also true, in regard to
+the beneficent diversity of American life, which is composed of so many
+elements and forces, as I have often thought and said, that what has been
+called the Southern conservatism in respect to beliefs and certain social
+problems, may have a very important part to play in the development of
+the life of the Republic.
+
+I shall not be misunderstood here, where the claims of the higher life
+are insisted on and the necessity of pure, accurate scholarship is
+recognized, in saying that this expectation in regard to the South
+depends upon the cultivation and diffusion of the highest scholarship in
+all its historic consciousness and critical precision.  This sort of
+scholarship, of widely apprehending intellectual activity, keeping step
+with modern ideas so far as they are historically grounded, is of the
+first importance.  Everywhere indeed, in our industrial age,--in a
+society inclined to materialism, scholarship, pure and simple scholarship
+for its own sake, no less in Ohio than in Tennessee, is the thing to be
+insisted on.  If I may refer to an institution, which used to be midway
+between the North and the South, and which I may speak of without
+suspicion of bias, an institution where the studies of metaphysics, the
+philosophy of history, the classics and pure science are as much insisted
+on as the study of applied sciences, the College of New Jersey at
+Princeton, the question in regard to a candidate for a professorship or
+instructorship, is not whether he was born North or South, whether he
+served in one army or another or in neither, whether he is a Democrat or
+a Republican or a Mugwump, what religious denomination he belongs to, but
+is he a scholar and has he a high character?  There is no provincialism
+in scholarship.
+
+We are not now considering the matter of the agreeableness of one society
+or another, whether life is on the whole pleasanter in certain conditions
+at the North or at the South, whether there is not a charm sometimes in
+isolation and even in provincialism.  It is a fair question to ask, what
+effect upon individual lives and character is produced by an industrial
+and commercial spirit, and by one less restless and more domestic.  But
+the South is now face to face with certain problems which relate her,
+inevitably, to the moving forces of the world.  One of these is the
+development of her natural resources and the change and diversity of her
+industries.  On the industrial side there is pressing need of
+institutions of technology, of schools of applied science, for the
+diffusion of technical information and skill in regard to mining and
+manufacturing, and also to agriculture, so that worn-out lands may be
+reclaimed and good lands be kept up to the highest point of production.
+Neither mines, forests, quarries, water-ways, nor textile fabrics can be
+handled to best advantage without scientific knowledge and skilled labor.
+The South is everywhere demanding these aids to her industrial
+development.  But just in the proportion that she gets them, and because
+she has them, will be the need of higher education.  The only safety
+against the influence of a rolling mill is a college, the only safety
+against the practical and materializing tendency of an industrial school
+is the increased study of whatever contributes to the higher and non-
+sordid life of the mind.  The South would make a poor exchange for her
+former condition in any amount of industrial success without a
+corresponding development of the highest intellectual life.
+
+But, besides the industrial problem, there is the race problem.  It is
+the most serious in the conditions under which it is presented that ever
+in all history confronted a free people.  Whichever way you regard it, it
+is the nearest insoluble.  Under the Constitution it is wisely left to
+the action of the individual States.  The heavy responsibility is with
+them.  In the nature of things it is a matter of the deepest concern to
+the whole Republic, for the prosperity of every part is vital to the
+prosperity of the whole.  In working it out you are entitled, from the
+outside, to the most impartial attempt to understand its real nature, to
+the utmost patience with the facts of human nature, to the most profound
+and most helpful sympathy.  It is monstrous to me that the situation
+should be made on either side a political occasion for private ambition
+or for party ends.
+
+I would speak of this subject with the utmost frankness if I knew what to
+say.  It is not much of a confession to say that I do not.  The more I
+study it the less I know, and those among you who give it the most
+anxious thought are the most perplexed, the subject has so many
+conflicting aspects.  In the first place there is the evolution of an
+undeveloped race.  Every race has a right to fair play in the world and
+to make the most of its capacities, and to the help of the more favored
+in the attempt.  If the suggestion recently made of a wholesale migration
+to Mexico were carried out, the South would be relieved in many ways,
+though the labor problem would be a serious one for a long time, but the
+"elevation" would be lost sight of or relegated to a foreign missionary
+enterprise; and as for results to the colored people themselves, there is
+the example of Hayti.  If another suggestion, that of abandoning certain
+States to this race, were carried out, there is the example of Hayti
+again, and, besides, an anomaly introduced into the Republic foreign to
+its traditions, spirit, aspirations, and process of assimilation, alien
+to the entire historic movement of the Aryan races, and infinitely more
+dangerous to the idea of the Republic than if solid Ireland were dumped
+down in the Mississippi valley as an independent State.
+
+On the other hand, there rests upon you the responsibility of maintaining
+a civilization--the civilization of America, not of Hayti or of Guatemala
+which we have so hardly won.  It is neither to be expected nor desired
+that you should be ruled by an undeveloped race, ignorant of law,
+letters, history, politics, political economy.  There is no right
+anywhere in numbers or unintelligence to rule intelligence.  It is a
+travesty of civilization.  No Northern State that I know of would submit
+to be ruled by an undeveloped race.  And human nature is exactly in the
+South what it is in the North.  That is one impregnable fact, to be taken
+as the basis of all our calculations; the whites of the South will not,
+cannot, be dominated, as matters now stand, by the colored race.
+
+But, then, there is the suffrage, the universal, unqualified suffrage.
+And here is the dilemma.  Suffrage once given, cannot be suppressed or
+denied, perverted by chicane or bribery without incalculable damage to
+the whole political body.  Irregular methods once indulged in for one
+purpose, and towards one class, so sap the moral sense that they come to
+be used for all purposes.  The danger is ultimately as great to those who
+suppress or pervert as it is to the suppressed and corrupted.  It is the
+demoralization of all sound political action and life.  I know whereof I
+speak.  In the North, bribery in elections and intimidation are fatal to
+public morality.  The legislature elected by bribery is a bribable body.
+
+I believe that the fathers were right in making government depend upon
+the consent of the governed.  I believe there has been as yet discovered
+no other basis of government so safe, so stable as popular suffrage, but
+the fathers never contemplated a suffrage without intelligence.  It is a
+contradiction of terms.  A proletariat without any political rights in a
+republic is no more dangerous than an unintelligent mob which can be used
+in elections by demagogues.  Universal suffrage is not a universal
+panacea; it may be the best device attainable, but it is certain of abuse
+without safeguards.  One of the absolutely necessary safeguards is an
+educational qualification.  No one ought anywhere to exercise it who
+cannot read and write, and if I had my way, no one should cast a ballot
+who had not a fair conception of the effect of it, shown by a higher test
+of intelligence than the mere fact of ability to scrawl his name and to
+spell out a line or two in the Constitution.  This much the State for its
+own protection is bound to require, for suffrage is an expediency, not a
+right belonging to universal humanity regardless of intelligence or of
+character.
+
+The charge is, with regard to this universal suffrage, that you take the
+fruits of increased representation produced by it, and then deny it to a
+portion of the voters whose action was expected to produce a different
+political result.  I cannot but regard it as a blunder in statesmanship
+to give suffrage without an educational qualification, and to deem it
+possible to put ignorance over intelligence.  You are not, responsible
+for the situation, but you are none the less in an illogical position
+before the law.  Now, would you not gain more in a rectification of your
+position than you would lose in other ways, by making suffrage depend
+upon an educational qualification?  I do not mean gain party-wise, but in
+political morals and general prosperity.  Time would certainly be gained
+by this, and it is possible in this shifting world, in the growth of
+industries and the flow of populations, that before the question of
+supremacy was again upon you, foreign and industrial immigration would
+restore the race balance.
+
+We come now to education.  The colored race being here, I assume that its
+education, with the probabilities this involves of its elevation, is a
+duty as well as a necessity.  I speak both of the inherent justice there
+is in giving every human being the chance of bettering his condition and
+increasing his happiness that lies in education--unless our whole theory
+of modern life is wrong--and also of the political and social danger
+there is in a degraded class numerically strong.  Granted integral
+membership in a body politic, education is a necessity.  I am aware of
+the danger of half education, of that smattering of knowledge which only
+breeds conceit, adroitness, and a consciousness of physical power,
+without due responsibility and moral restraint.  Education makes a race
+more powerful both for evil and for good.  I see the danger that many
+apprehend.  And the outlook, with any amount of education, would be
+hopeless, not only as regards the negro and those in neighborhood
+relations with him, if education should not bring with it thrift, sense
+of responsibility as a citizen, and virtue.  What the negro race under
+the most favorable conditions is capable of remains to be shown; history
+does not help us much to determine thus far.  It has always been a long
+pull for any race to rise out of primitive conditions; but I am sure for
+its own sake, and for the sake of the republic where it dwells, every
+thoughtful person must desire the most speedy intellectual and moral
+development possible of the African race.  And I mean as a race.
+
+Some distinguished English writers have suggested, with approval, that
+the solution of the race problem in this country is fusion, and I have
+even heard discouraged Southerners accept it as a possibility.  The
+result of their observation of the amalgamation of races and colors in
+Egypt, in Syria, and Mexico, must be very different from mine.  When
+races of different color mingle there is almost invariably loss of
+physical stamina, and the lower moral qualities of each are developed in
+the combination.  No race that regards its own future would desire it.
+The absorption theory as applied to America is, it seems to me,
+chimerical.
+
+But to return to education.  It should always be fitted to the stage of
+development.  It should always mean discipline, the training of the
+powers and capacities.  The early pioneers who planted civilization on
+the Watauga, the Holston, the Kentucky, the Cumberland, had not much
+broad learning--they would not have been worse if they had had more but
+they had courage, they were trained in self-reliance, virile common
+sense, and good judgment, they had inherited the instinct and capacity of
+self-government, they were religious, with all their coarseness they had
+the fundamental elements of nobility, the domestic virtues, and the
+public spirit needed in the foundation of states.  Their education in all
+the manly arts and crafts of the backwoodsman fitted them very well for
+the work they had to do.  I should say that the education of the colored
+race in America should be fundamental.  I have not much confidence in an
+ornamental top-dressing of philosophy, theology, and classic learning
+upon the foundation of an unformed and unstable mental and moral
+condition.  Somehow, character must be built up, and character depends
+upon industry, upon thrift, upon morals, upon correct ethical
+perceptions.  To have control of one's powers, to have skill in labor, so
+that work in any occupation shall be intelligent, to have self-respect,
+which commonly comes from trained capacity, to know how to live, to have
+a clean, orderly house, to be grounded in honesty and the domestic
+virtues,--these are the essentials of progress.  I suppose that the
+education to produce these must be an elemental and practical one, one
+that fits for the duties of life and not for some imaginary sphere above
+them.
+
+To put it in a word, and not denying that there must be schools for
+teaching the teachers, with the understanding that the teachers should be
+able to teach what the mass most needs to know--what the race needs for
+its own good today, are industrial and manual training schools, with the
+varied and practical discipline and arts of life which they impart.
+
+What then?  What of the 'modus vivendi' of the two races occupying the
+same soil?  As I said before, I do not know.  Providence works slowly.
+Time and patience only solve such enigmas.  The impossible is not
+expected of man, only that he shall do today the duty nearest to him.
+It is easy, you say, for an outsider to preach waiting, patience,
+forbearance, sympathy, helpfulness.  Well, these are the important
+lessons we get out of history.  We struggle, and fume, and fret, and
+accomplish little in our brief hour, but somehow the world gets on.
+Fortunately for us, we cannot do today the work of tomorrow.  All the
+gospel in the world can be boiled down into a single precept.  Do right
+now.  I have observed that the boy who starts in the morning with a
+determination to behave himself till bedtime, usually gets through the
+day without a thrashing.
+
+But of one thing I am sure.  In the rush of industries, in the race
+problem, it is more and more incumbent upon such institutions as the
+University of the South to maintain the highest standard of pure
+scholarship, to increase the number of men and women devoted to the
+intellectual life.  Long ago, in the middle of the seventeenth century,
+John Ward of Stratford-on-Avon, clergyman and physician, wrote in his
+diary: "The wealth of a nation depends upon its populousness, and its
+populousness depends upon the liberty of conscience that is granted to
+it, for this calls in strangers and promotes trading."  Great is the
+attraction of a benign climate and of a fruitful soil, but a greater
+attraction is an intelligent people, that values the best things in life,
+a society hospitable, companionable, instinct with intellectual life,
+awake to the great ideas that make life interesting.
+
+As I travel through the South and become acquainted with its magnificent
+resources and opportunities, and know better and love more the admirable
+qualities of its people, I cannot but muse in a fond prophecy upon the
+brilliant part it is to play in the diversified life and the great future
+of the American Republic.  But, North and South, we have a hard fight
+with materializing tendencies.  God bless the University of the South!
+
+
+
+
+End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of Diversities of American Life
+by Charles Dudley Warner
+
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