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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hero Stories from American History, by 
+Albert F. Blaisdell and Francis K. Ball
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hero Stories from American History
+       For Elementary Schools
+
+Author: Albert F. Blaisdell
+        Francis K. Ball
+
+Release Date: January 26, 2010 [EBook #31092]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HERO STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ron Swanson
+
+
+
+
+
+[Frontispiece: "'Tis the star-spangled banner: O, long may it wave
+               O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!"]
+
+
+
+
+HERO STORIES
+FROM AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+_FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS_
+
+
+BY
+
+ALBERT F. BLAISDELL
+AUTHOR OF "STORIES FROM ENGLISH HISTORY," "THE STORY OF AMERICAN
+HISTORY," ETC., ETC.
+
+AND
+
+FRANCIS K. BALL
+INSTRUCTOR IN THE PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY
+
+
+
+
+GINN AND COMPANY
+BOSTON . NEW YORK . CHICAGO . LONDON
+ATLANTA . DALLAS . COLUMBUS . SAN FRANCISCO
+
+
+
+
+ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL
+COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY ALBERT F. BLAISDELL AND FRANCIS K. BALL
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+
+
+
+The Athen�um Press
+GINN AND COMPANY . PROPRIETORS . BOSTON . U.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+TO
+Edwin Ginn
+FINANCIER EDUCATOR PHILANTHROPIST
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This book is intended to be used as a supplementary historical reader
+for the sixth and seventh grades of our public schools, or for any
+other pupils from twelve to fifteen years of age. It is also designed
+for collateral reading in connection with the study of a formal
+text-book on American history.
+
+The period here included is the first fifty years of our national
+life. No attempt has been made, however, to present a connected
+account, or to furnish a bird's-eye view, of this half century.
+
+It is the universal testimony of experienced teachers that such
+materials as are pervaded with reality serve a useful purpose with
+young pupils. The reason is plain. Historical matter that is instinct
+with human life attracts and holds the attention of boys and girls,
+and whets their desire to know more of the real meaning of their
+country's history. For this reason the authors have selected rapid
+historical narratives, treating of notable and dramatic events, and
+have embellished them with more details than is feasible within the
+limits of most school-books. Free use has been made of personal
+incidents and anecdotes, which thrill us because of their human
+element, and smack of the picturesque life of our forefathers.
+
+It has seemed advisable to arrange the subjects in chronological
+order. As the various chapters have appeared in proof, they have been
+put to a practical test in the sixth grade in several grammar
+schools. In a number of instances the pupils learned that, in the
+first reading, some of the stories were less difficult than others.
+From the nature of the subject-matter this is inevitable. For
+instance, it was found easier, and doubtless more interesting, to
+read "The Patriot Spy" and "A Daring Exploit" before beginning "The
+Hero of Vincennes" and "The Crisis." "Old Ironsides" will at first
+probably appeal to more young people than "The Final Victory."
+
+An historical reader would truly be of little value if it could be
+read at a glance, like so many insipid storybooks, and then thrown
+aside.
+
+Hence, it is suggested that teachers, after becoming familiar with
+the general scope of this book and gauging with some care the
+capabilities of their pupils, should, if they find it for the best
+interests of their classes, change the order of the chapters for the
+first reading. But in the second, or review reading, they should
+follow the chronological order.
+
+The attention of teachers is called to the questions for review, the
+pronunciation of proper names, and the reference books and
+supplementary reading in American history mentioned after the
+chapters below. The index (also below) is made full for purposes of
+reference and review.
+
+In the preparation of this book, old journals, original records and
+documents, and sundry other trustworthy sources have been diligently
+consulted and freely utilized.
+
+We would acknowledge our indebtedness to Mrs. Janet Nettleton Ball,
+who has aided us materially at several stages of our work; and to Mr.
+Ralph Hartt Bowles, Instructor in English in The Phillips Exeter
+Academy, for valuable assistance in reading the manuscript and the
+proofs.
+
+  ALBERT F. BLAISDELL,
+  FRANCIS K. BALL.
+
+  BOSTON, March, 1903.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER I                                          PAGE
+THE HERO OF VINCENNES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1
+
+CHAPTER II
+A MIDWINTER CAMPAIGN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
+
+CHAPTER III
+HOW PALMETTO LOGS MAY BE USED . . . . . . . . . . .  36
+
+CHAPTER IV
+THE PATRIOT SPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
+
+CHAPTER V
+OUR GREATEST PATRIOT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
+
+CHAPTER VI
+A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
+
+CHAPTER VII
+THE DEFEAT OF THE RED DRAGOONS  . . . . . . . . . .  90
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+FROM TEAMSTER TO MAJOR GENERAL  . . . . . . . . . . 105
+
+CHAPTER IX
+THE FINAL VICTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
+
+CHAPTER X
+THE CRISIS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
+
+CHAPTER XI
+A DARING EXPLOIT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
+
+CHAPTER XII
+"OLD IRONSIDES" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+"OLD HICKORY'S" CHRISTMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+A HERO'S WELCOME  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
+
+PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES . . . . . . . . . . . 231
+
+BOOKS FOR REFERENCE AND READING IN THE STUDY OF
+  AMERICAN HISTORY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
+
+INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
+
+
+{1}
+
+
+HERO STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE HERO OF VINCENNES
+
+
+Early in 1775 Daniel Boone, the famous hunter and Indian fighter,
+with thirty other backwoodsmen, set out from the Holston settlements
+to clear the first trail, or bridle path, to what is now Kentucky. In
+the spring of the same year, George Rogers Clark, although a young
+fellow of only twenty-three years, tramped through the wilderness
+alone. When he reached the frontier settlements, he at once became
+the leader of the little band of pioneers.
+
+One evening in the autumn of 1775, Clark and his companions were
+sitting round their camp fire in the wilderness. They had just drawn
+the lines for a fort, and were busy talking about it, when a
+messenger came with tidings of the bloodshed at Lexington, in
+far-away Massachusetts. With wild cheers these hunters listened to
+the story of the minutemen, and, in honor of the event, named their
+log fort "Lexington."
+
+[Illustration: A Minuteman of 1776]
+
+{2} At the close of this eventful year, three hundred resolute men
+had gained a foothold in Kentucky. In the trackless wilderness,
+hemmed in by savage foes, these pioneers with their wives and their
+children began their struggle for a home. In one short year, this
+handful of men along the western border were drawn into the midst of
+the war of the Revolution. From now on, the East and the West had
+each its own work to do. While Washington and his "ragged
+Continentals" fought for our independence, "the rear guard of the
+Revolution," as the frontiersmen were called, were not less busy.
+
+Under their brave leaders, Boone, Clark, and Harrod, in half a dozen
+little blockhouses and settlements, they were laying the foundations
+of a great commonwealth, while between them and the nearest eastern
+settlements were two hundred miles of wilderness. The struggle became
+so desperate in the fall of 1776 that Clark tramped back to Virginia,
+to ask the governor for help and to trade for powder.
+
+Virginia was at this time straining every nerve to do her part in the
+fight against Great Britain, and could not spare men to defend her
+distant county of Kentucky; {3} but, won by Clark's earnest appeal,
+the governor lent him, on his own personal security, five hundred
+pounds of powder. After many thrilling adventures and sharp fighting
+with the Indians, Clark got the powder down the Ohio River, and
+distributed it among the settlers. The war with their savage foes was
+now carried on with greater vigor than ever.
+
+Now we must remember that the vast region north of the Ohio was at
+this time a part of Canada. In this wilderness of forests and
+prairies lived many tribes of warlike Indians. Here and there were
+clusters of French Creole villages, and forts occupied by British
+soldiers; for with the conquest of Canada these French settlements
+had passed to the English crown. When the war of the American
+Revolution broke out, the British government tried to unite all the
+tribes of Indians against its rebellious subjects in America. In this
+way the people were to be kept from going west to settle.
+
+[Illustration: Indians attacking a Stockaded Fort on the Frontier]
+
+{4} Colonel Henry Hamilton was the lieutenant governor of Canada,
+with headquarters at Detroit. It was his task to let loose the
+redskins that they might burn the cabins of the settlers on the
+border, and kill their women and children, or carry them into
+captivity. The British commander supplied the savages with rum,
+rifles, and powder; and he paid gold for the scalps which they
+brought him. The pioneers named Hamilton the "hair buyer."
+
+For the next two years Kentucky well deserved the name of "the dark
+and bloody ground." It was one long, dismal story of desperate
+fighting, in which heroic women, with tender hearts but iron muscles,
+fought side by side with their husbands and their lovers.
+
+Meanwhile, Clark was busy planning deeds never dreamed of by those
+round him. He saw that the Kentucky settlers were losing ground, and
+were doing little harm to their enemies. The French villages, guarded
+by British forts, were the headquarters for stirring up, arming, and
+guiding the savages. It seemed to Clark that the way to defend
+Kentucky was to carry the war across the Ohio, and to take these
+outposts from the British. He made up his mind that the whole region
+could be won for the United States by a bold and sudden march.
+
+In 1777, he sent two hunters as spies through the Illinois country.
+They brought back word that the French took little interest in the
+war between England {5} and her colonies; that they did not care for
+the British, and were much afraid of the pioneers. Clark was a keen
+and far-sighted soldier. He knew that it took all the wisdom and
+courage of his fellow settlers to defend their own homes. He must
+bring the main part of his force from Virginia.
+
+Two weeks before Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, he tramped through
+the woods for the third time, to lay his cause before Patrick Henry,
+who was then governor of Virginia. Henry was a fiery patriot, and he
+was deeply moved by the faith and the eloquence of the gallant young
+soldier.
+
+Virginia was at this time nearly worn out by the struggle against
+King George. A few of the leading patriots, such as Jefferson and
+Madison, listened favorably to Clark's plan of conquest, and helped
+him as much as they could. At last the governor made Clark a colonel,
+and gave him power to raise three hundred and fifty men from the
+frontier counties west of the Blue Ridge. He also gave orders on the
+state officers at Fort Pitt for boats, supplies, and powder. All this
+did not mean much except to show good will and to give the legal
+right to relieve Kentucky. {6} Everything now depended on Clark's own
+energy and influence.
+
+[Illustration: General George Rogers Clark]
+
+During the winter he succeeded in raising one hundred and fifty
+riflemen. In the spring he took his little army, and, with a few
+settlers and their families, drifted down the Ohio in flatboats to
+the place where stands to-day the city of Louisville.
+
+The young leader now weeded out of his army all who seemed to him
+unable to stand hardship and fatigue. Four companies of less than
+fifty men each, under four trusty captains, were chosen. All of these
+were familiar with frontier warfare.
+
+On the 24th of June, the little fleet shot the Falls of the Ohio amid
+the darkness of a total eclipse of the sun. Clark planned to land at
+a deserted French fort opposite the mouth of the Tennessee River, and
+from there to march across the country against Kaskaskia, the nearest
+Illinois town. He did not dare to go up the Mississippi, the usual
+way of the fur traders, for fear of discovery.
+
+At the landing place, the army was joined by a band of American
+hunters who had just come from the French settlements. These hunters
+said that the fort at Kaskaskia was in good order; and that the
+Creole militia not only were well drilled, but greatly outnumbered
+the invading force. They also said that the only chance of success
+was to surprise the town; and they offered to guide the frontier
+leader by the shortest route.
+
+{7} With these hunters as guides, Clark began his march of a hundred
+miles through the wilderness. The first fifty miles led through a
+tangled and pathless forest. On the prairies the marching was less
+difficult. Once the chief guide lost his course, and all were in
+dismay. Clark, fearing treachery, coolly told the man that he should
+shoot him in two hours if he did not find the trail. The guide was,
+however, loyal; and, marching by night and hiding by day, the party
+reached the river Kaskaskia, within three miles of the town that lay
+on the farther side.
+
+[Illustration: A Map showing the Line of Clark's March]
+
+The chances were greatly against our young leader. Only the speed and
+the silence of his march gave him hope of success. Under the cover of
+darkness, and in silence, Clark ferried his men across the river, and
+spread his little army as if to surround the town.
+
+Fortune favored him at every move. It was a hot July night; and
+through the open windows of the fort came the sound of music and
+dancing. The officers were giving a ball to the light-hearted
+Creoles. All the men of the village were there; even the sentinels
+had left their posts.
+
+{8} Leaving a few men at the entrance, Clark walked boldly into the
+great hall, and, leaning silently against the doorpost, watched the
+gay dancers as they whirled round in the light of the flaring
+torches. Suddenly an Indian lying on the floor spied the tall
+stranger, sprang to his feet, and gave a whoop. The dancing stopped.
+The young ladies screamed, and their partners rushed toward the
+doors.
+
+"Go on with your dance," said Clark, "but remember that henceforth
+you dance under the American flag, and not under that of Great
+Britain."
+
+[Illustration: Clark interrupts the Dance]
+
+The surprise was complete. Nobody had a chance to resist. The town
+and the fort were in the hands of the riflemen.
+
+Clark now began to make friends with the Creoles. He formed them into
+companies, and drilled them every day. A priest known as Father
+Gibault, a man of ability and influence, became a devoted friend to
+the Americans. He persuaded the people at Cahokia and at other Creole
+villages, and even at Vincennes, about one hundred and {9} forty
+miles away on the Wabash, to turn from the British and to raise the
+American flag. Thus, without the loss of a drop of blood, all the
+posts in the Wabash valley passed into the hands of the Americans,
+and the boundary of the rising republic was extended to the
+Mississippi.
+
+Clark soon had another chance to show what kind of man he was. With
+less than two hundred riflemen and a few Creoles, he was hemmed in by
+tribes of faithless savages, with no hope of getting help or advice
+for months; but he acted as few other men in the country would have
+dared to act. He had just conquered a territory as large as almost
+any European kingdom. If he could hold it, it would become a part of
+the new nation. Could he do it?
+
+From the Great Lakes to the Mississippi came the chiefs and the
+warriors to Cahokia to hear what the great chief of the "Long Knives"
+had to say for himself. The sullen and hideously painted warriors
+strutted to and fro in the village. At times there were enough of
+them to scalp every white man at one blow, if they had only dared.
+Clark knew exactly how to treat them.
+
+One day when it seemed as if there would be trouble at any moment,
+the fearless commander did not even shift his lodging to the fort. To
+show his contempt of the peril, he held a grand dance, and "the
+ladies and gentlemen danced nearly the whole night," while the sullen
+warriors spent the time in secret council. Clark appeared not to
+care, but at the same time he had a large {10} room near by filled
+with trusty riflemen. It was hard work, but the young Virginian did
+not give up. He won the friendship and the respect of the different
+tribes, and secured from them pledges of peace. It was little trouble
+to gain the good will of the Creoles.
+
+Let me tell you of an incident which showed Clark's boldness in
+dealing with Indians. Years after the Illinois campaign, three
+hundred Shawnee warriors came in full war paint to Fort Washington,
+the present site of Cincinnati, to meet the great "Long Knife" chief
+in council. Clark had only seventy men in the stockade. The savages
+strode into the council room with a war belt and a peace belt. Full
+of fight and ugliness, they threw the belts on the table, and told
+the great pioneer leader to take his choice.
+
+[Illustration: Fort Washington, a Stockaded Fort on the Ohio, the
+Present Site of Cincinnati]
+
+Quick as a flash, Clark rose to his feet, swept both the belts to the
+floor with his cane, stamped upon them, and thrust the savages out of
+the hall, telling them to make peace at once, or he would drive them
+off the {11} face of the earth. The Shawnees held a council which
+lasted all night, but in the morning they humbly agreed to bury the
+hatchet.
+
+Great was the wrath of Hamilton, the "hair buyer general," when he
+heard what the young Virginian had done. He at once sent out runners
+to stir up the savages; and, in the first week of October, he set out
+in person from Detroit with five hundred British regulars, French,
+and Indians. He recaptured Vincennes without any trouble. Clark had
+been able to leave only a few of the men he had sent there, and some
+of them deserted the moment they caught sight of the redcoats.
+
+If Hamilton had pushed on through the Illinois country, he could
+easily have crushed the little American force; but it was no easy
+thing to march one hundred and forty miles over snow-covered
+prairies, and so the British commander decided to wait until spring.
+
+When Clark heard of the capture of Vincennes, he knew that he had not
+enough men to meet Hamilton in open fight. What was he to do? Fortune
+again came to his aid.
+
+The last of January, he heard that Hamilton had sent most of his men
+back to Detroit; that the Indians had scattered among the villages;
+and that the British commander himself was now wintering at Vincennes
+with about a hundred men. Clark at once decided to do what Hamilton
+had failed to do. Having selected the best of his riflemen, together
+with a few Creoles, {12} one hundred and seventy men in all, he set
+out on February 7 for Vincennes.
+
+All went well for the first week. They marched rapidly. Their rifles
+supplied them with food. At night, as an old journal says, they
+"broiled their meat over the huge camp fires, and feasted like Indian
+war dancers." After a week the ice had broken up, and the thaw
+flooded everything. The branches of the Little Wabash now made one
+great river five miles wide, the water even in the shallow places
+being three feet deep.
+
+It took three days of the hardest work to ferry the little force
+across the flooded plain. All day long the men waded in the icy
+waters, and at night they slept as well as they could on some muddy
+hillock that rose above the flood. By this time they had come so near
+Vincennes that they dared not fire a gun for fear of being
+discovered.
+
+Marching at the head of his chilled and foot-sore army, Clark was the
+first to test every danger.
+
+"Come on, boys!" he would shout, as he plunged into the flood.
+
+Were the men short of food? "I am not hungry," he would say, "help
+yourself." Was some poor fellow chilled to the bone? "Take my
+blanket," said Clark, "I am glad to get rid of it."
+
+In fact, as peril and suffering increased, the courage and the
+cheerfulness of the young leader seemed to grow stronger.
+
+{13} On February 17, the tired army heard Hamilton's sunrise gun on
+the fort at Vincennes, nine miles away, boom across the muddy flood.
+
+Their food had now given out. The bravest began to lose heart, and
+wished to go back. In hastily made dugouts the men were ferried, in a
+driving rain, to the eastern bank of the Wabash; but they found no
+dry land for miles round. With Clark leading the way, the men waded
+for three miles with the water often up to their chins, and camped on
+a hillock for the night. The records tell us that a little drummer
+boy, whom some of the tallest men carried on their shoulders, made a
+deal of fun for the weary men by his pranks and jokes.
+
+Death now stared them in the face. The canoes could find no place to
+ford. Even the riflemen huddled together in despair. Clark blacked
+his face with damp gunpowder, as the Indians did when ready to die,
+gave the war whoop, and leaped into the ice-cold river. With a wild
+shout the men followed. The whole column took up their line of march,
+singing a merry song. They halted six miles from Vincennes. The night
+was bitterly cold, and the half-frozen and half-starved men tried to
+sleep on a hillock.
+
+The next morning the sun rose bright and beautiful. Clark made a
+thrilling speech and told his famished men that they would surely
+reach the fort before dark. One of the captains, however, was sent
+with twenty-five trusty riflemen to bring up the rear, with orders to
+shoot any man that tried to turn back.
+
+{14} The worst of all came when they crossed the Horseshoe Plain,
+which the floods had made a shallow lake four miles wide, with dense
+woods on the farther side. In the deep water the tall and the strong
+helped the short and the weak. The little dugouts picked up the poor
+fellows who were clinging to bushes and old logs, and ferried them to
+a spot of dry land. When they reached the farther shore, so many of
+the men were chilled that the strong ones had to seize those
+half-frozen, and run them up and down the bank until they were able
+to walk.
+
+One of the dugouts captured an Indian canoe paddled by some squaws.
+It proved a rich prize, for in it were buffalo meat and some kettles.
+Broth was soon made and served to the weakest. The strong gave up
+their share. Then amid much joking and merry songs, the column
+marched in single file through a bit of timber. Not two miles away
+was Vincennes, the goal of all their hopes.
+
+A Creole who was out shooting ducks was captured. From him it was
+learned that nobody suspected the coming of the Americans, and that
+two hundred Indians had just come into town.
+
+With the hope that the Creoles would not dare to fight, and that the
+Indians would escape, Clark boldly sent the duck hunter back to town
+with the news of his arrival. He sent warning to the Creoles to
+remain in their houses, for he came only to fight the British.
+
+{15} So great was the terror of Clark's name that the French shut
+themselves up in their houses, while most of the Indians took to the
+woods. Nobody dared give a word of warning to the British.
+
+Just after dark the riflemen marched into the streets of the village
+before the redcoats knew what was going on.
+
+Crack! crack! sharply sounded half a dozen rifles outside the fort.
+
+"That is Clark, and your time is short!" cried Captain Helm, who was
+Hamilton's prisoner at this time; "he will have this fort tumbling on
+your heads before to-morrow morning."
+
+[Illustration: Defending a Frontier Fort against the British and
+Indians]
+
+During the night the Americans threw up an intrenchment within rifle
+shot of the fort, and at daybreak opened a hot fire into the
+portholes. The men begged their leader to let them storm the fort,
+but he dared not risk their lives. A party {16} of Indians that had
+been pillaging the Kentucky settlements came marching into the
+village, and were caught red-handed with scalps hanging at their
+belts.
+
+Clark was not slow to show his power.
+
+"Think, men," he said sternly, "of the cries of the widows and the
+fatherless on our frontier. Do your duty."
+
+Six of the savages were tomahawked before the fort, where the
+garrison could see them, and their dead bodies were thrown into the
+river.
+
+The British defended their fort for a few days, but could not stand
+against the fire of the long rifles. It was sure death for a gunner
+to try to fire a cannon. Not a man dared show himself at a porthole,
+through which the rifle bullets were humming like mad hornets.
+
+Hamilton the "hair buyer" gave up the defense as a bad job, and
+surrendered the fort, defended by cannon and occupied by regular
+troops, as he says in his journal, "to a set of uncivilized Virginia
+backwoodsmen armed with rifles."
+
+Tap! tap! sounded the drums, as Clark gave the signal, and down came
+the British colors.
+
+Thirteen cannon boomed the salute over the flooded plains of the
+Wabash, and a hundred frontier soldiers shouted themselves hoarse
+when the stars and stripes went up at Vincennes, never to come down
+again.
+
+The British authority over this region was forever at an end. It only
+remained for Clark to defend what he had so gallantly won.
+
+{17} Of all the deeds done west of the Alleghanies during the war of
+the Revolution, Clark's campaign, in the region which seemed so
+remote and so strange to our forefathers, is the most remarkable. The
+vast region north of the Ohio River was wrested from the British
+crown. When peace came, a few years later, the boundary lines of the
+United States were the Great Lakes on the north, and on the west the
+Mississippi River.
+
+
+{18}
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+A MIDWINTER CAMPAIGN
+
+
+A splendid monument overlooks the battlefield of Saratoga. Heroic
+bronze statues of Schuyler, Gates, and Morgan, three of the four
+great leaders in this battle, stand each in a niche on three faces of
+the obelisk. On the south side the space is empty. The man who led
+the patriots to victory forfeited his place on this monument. What a
+sermon in stone is the empty niche on that massive granite shaft! We
+need no chiseled words to tell us of the great name so gallantly won
+by Arnold the hero, and so wretchedly lost by Arnold the traitor.
+
+Only a few months after Benedict Arnold had turned traitor, and was
+fighting against his native land, he was sent by Sir Henry Clinton,
+the British commander, to sack and plunder in Virginia. In one of
+these raids a captain of the colonial army was taken prisoner.
+
+"What will your people do with me if they catch me?" Arnold is said
+to have asked his prisoner.
+
+"They will cut off your leg that was shot at Quebec and Saratoga,"
+said the plucky and witty officer, "and bury it with the honors of
+war, and hang the rest of your body on a gibbet."
+
+{19} This bold reply of the patriot soldier showed the hatred and the
+contempt in which Arnold was held by all true Americans; it also
+hints at an earlier fame which this strange and remarkable man had
+won in fighting the battles of his country.
+
+Now that war with the mother country had begun, an attack upon Canada
+seemed to be an act of self-defense; for through the valley of the
+St. Lawrence the colonies to the south could be invaded. The "back
+door," as Canada was called, which was now open for such invasion,
+must be tightly shut. In fact it was believed that Sir Guy Carleton,
+the governor of Canada, was even now trying to get the Indians to
+sweep down the valley of the Hudson, to harry the New England
+frontier.
+
+[Illustration: The Washington Elm in Cambridge, Massachusetts, under
+which Washington took Command]
+
+Meanwhile, under the old elm in Cambridge, Washington had taken
+command of the Continental army. Shortly afterwards he met Benedict
+Arnold for the first time. The great Virginian found the young
+officer a man after his own heart. Arnold was at this time captain of
+the best-drilled and best-equipped company that the patriot army
+could boast. {20} He had already proved himself a man of energy and
+of rare personal bravery.
+
+Before his meeting with Washington, Arnold had hurried spies into
+Canada to find out the enemy's strength; and he had also sent Indians
+with wampum, to make friends with the redskins along the St.
+Lawrence. Some years before, he had been to Canada to buy horses; and
+through his friends in Quebec and in Montreal he was now able to get
+a great deal of information, which he promptly sent to Congress.
+
+Congress voted to send out an expedition. An army was to enter Canada
+by the way of the Kennebec and Chaudi�re rivers; there to unite
+forces with Montgomery, who had started from Ticonderoga; and then,
+if possible, to surprise Quebec.
+
+The patriot army of some eighteen thousand men was at this time
+engaged in the siege of Boston. During the first week in September,
+orders came to draft men for Quebec. For the purpose of carrying the
+troops up the Kennebec River, a force of carpenters was sent ahead to
+build two hundred bateaux, or flat-bottomed boats. To Arnold, as
+colonel, was given the command of the expedition. For the sake of
+avoiding any ill feeling, the officers were allowed to draw lots. So
+eager were the troops to share in the possible glories of the
+campaign that several thousand at once volunteered.
+
+About eleven hundred men were chosen, the very flower of the
+Continental army. More than one half of {21} these came from New
+England; three hundred were riflemen from Pennsylvania and from
+Virginia, among whom were Daniel Morgan and his famous riflemen from
+the west bank of the Potomac.
+
+On September 13, the little army left Cambridge and marched through
+Essex to Newburyport. The good people of this old seaport gave the
+troops an ovation, on their arrival Saturday night. They escorted
+them to the churches on Sunday, and on Tuesday morning bade them
+good-by, "with colors flying, drums and fifes playing, the hills all
+around being covered with pretty girls weeping for their departing
+swains."
+
+On the following Thursday, with a fair wind, the troops reached the
+mouth of the Kennebec, one hundred and fifty miles away. Working
+their way up the river, they came to anchor at what is now the city
+of Gardiner. Near this place, the two hundred bateaux had been
+hastily built of green pine. The little army now advanced six miles
+up the river to Fort Western, opposite the present city of Augusta.
+Here they rested for three days, and made ready for the ascent of the
+Kennebec.
+
+An old journal tells us that the people who lived near prepared a
+grand feast for the soldiers, with three bears roasted whole in
+frontier fashion, and an abundance of venison, smoked salmon, and
+huge pumpkin pies, all washed down with plenty of West India rum.
+
+Among the guests at this frontier feast was a half-breed Indian girl
+named Jacataqua, who had fallen in {22} love with a handsome young
+officer of the expedition. This officer was Aaron Burr, who
+afterwards became Vice President of the United States. When the young
+visitor found that the wives of two riflemen, James Warner and
+Sergeant Grier, were going to tramp to Canada with the troops, she,
+too, with some of her Indian friends, made up her mind to go with
+them. This trifling incident, as we shall see later, saved the lives
+of many brave men.
+
+The season was now far advanced. There must be no delay, or the early
+Canadian winter would close in upon them. The little army was divided
+into four divisions. On September 25, Daniel Morgan and his riflemen
+led the advance, with orders to go with all speed to what was called
+the Twelve Mile carrying place. The second division, under the
+command of Colonel Greene, started the next day. Then came the third
+division, under Major Meigs, while Colonel Enos brought up the rear.
+There were fourteen companies, each provided with sixteen bateaux.
+
+These boats were heavy and clumsy. When loaded, four men could hardly
+haul or push them through the shallow channels, or row them against
+the strong current of the river. It was hard and rough work. And
+those dreadful carrying places! Before they reached Lake Megantic,
+they dragged these boats, or what was left of them, round the rapids
+twenty-four times. At each carrying place, kegs of powder and of
+bullets, barrels of {23} flour and of pork, iron kettles, and all
+manner of camp baggage had to be unpacked from the boats, carried
+round on the men's backs, and reloaded again. Sometimes the "carry"
+was only a matter of a few rods, and again it was two miles long.
+
+[Illustration: A Map of Arnold's Route to Quebec]
+
+From the day the army left Norridgewock, the last outpost of
+civilization, troubles came thick and fast. Water from the leaky
+boats spoiled the dried codfish and most of the flour. The salt beef
+was found unfit for use. There was now nothing left to eat but flour
+and pork. The all-day exposure in water, the chilling river fogs at
+night, and the sleeping in uniforms which were frozen stiff even in
+front of the camp fires, all began to thin the ranks of these sturdy
+backwoodsmen.
+
+On October 12, Colonel Enos and the rear guard reached the Twelve
+Mile carrying place. The army that had set out from Fort Western with
+nearly twelve hundred men could now muster only nine hundred and
+fifty well men. And yet they were only beginning the most perilous
+stage of their journey. All about them stood the dark and silent
+wilderness, through which they were to make their way for sixteen
+miles, to reach the Dead River. In this dreaded route there were four
+carrying places. The last was three miles long, a third of which was
+a miry spruce and cedar swamp. It took {24} five days of hardest toil
+to cut their way through the unbroken wilderness. Fortunately, the
+hunters shot four moose and caught plenty of salmon trout.
+
+Now began the snail-like advance for eighty-six miles up the crooked
+course of the Dead River. Sometimes they cut their way through the
+thickets and the underbrush, but oftener they waded along the banks.
+Then came a heavy rainstorm, which grew into a hurricane during the
+night. The river overflowed its banks for a mile or more on either
+side. Many of the boats sank or were dashed to pieces. Barrels of
+pork and of flour were swept away. For the next ten days, these
+heroic men seemed to be pressing forward to a slow death by
+starvation. Each man's ration was reduced to half a pint of flour a
+day.
+
+The old adage tells us that misfortunes never come singly. The rear
+guard under Colonel Enos, with its trail hewn out for it, had carried
+the bulk of the supplies; but, after losing most of the provisions in
+the freshet, he refused any more flour for his half-starved comrades
+at the front.
+
+On October 25, the rear guard having caught up with Greene's
+division, which was in the worst plight of all, encamped at a place
+called Ledge Falls. At a council of war held in the midst of a
+driving snowstorm, Enos himself voted at first to go forward; but
+afterwards he decided to go back. So the rear guard, grudgingly
+giving up two barrels of flour, turned their backs, and, {25} in
+spite of the jeers and the threats of their comrades, started home.
+Greene and his brave fellows showed no signs of faltering, but, as a
+diary reads, "took each man his duds to his back, bid them adieu, and
+marched on."
+
+Just over the boundary between Maine and Canada there was a great
+swamp. In this bog two companies lost their way, and waded knee-deep
+in the mire for ten miles in endless circles. Reaching a little
+hillock after dark, they stood up all night long to keep from
+freezing. Each man was for himself in the struggle for life. The
+strong dared not halt to help the weak for fear they too should
+perish.
+
+"Alas! alas!" writes one soldier, "these horrid spectacles! my heart
+sickens at the recollection."
+
+That each man might fully realize how little food was left, a final
+division was made of the remaining provisions. Five pints of flour
+were given to each man! This must last him for a hundred miles
+through the pathless wilderness, a tramp of at least six days. In the
+ashes of the camp fire, each man baked his flour, Indian fashion,
+into five little cakes. Though the officers coaxed and threatened,
+some of the poor frantic fellows ate all their cakes at one meal.
+
+On November 2, our little army, scattered for more than forty miles
+along the banks of the Chaudi�re River, was still dragging out its
+weary way. Tents, boats, and camp supplies were all gone, except here
+and there a tin camp kettle or an ax. A rifleman tells us that one
+day {26} he roasted and chewed his shot pouch, and adds, "in a short
+time there was not a shot pouch to be seen among all those in my
+view." For four days this man had not eaten anything except a
+squirrel skin, which he had picked up some days before.
+
+Several dogs that had faithfully followed their masters were now
+killed and roasted; and even their feet, skin, and entrails were
+eaten. Captain Dearborn tells us how downcast he was when he was
+forced to kill and eat his fine Newfoundland dog. He writes, "we even
+pounded up the dog's bones and made broth for another meal."
+
+A dozen men, who had been left behind to die, caught a stray horse
+that had run away from some settlement. They shot it and ate heartily
+of the flesh while they rested, and at last reached the main army.
+For seven days these men had had nothing for food but roots and black
+birch bark.
+
+The Indian girl Jacataqua, with a pet dog, still followed the troops.
+She proved herself of the greatest service as a guide. She knew,
+also, about roots and herbs, and these she prepared in Indian fashion
+for the sick and the injured. The men did not dare to kill her dog,
+for she threatened to leave them to their fate if they harmed the
+faithful animal.
+
+At one place James Warner, whose wife Jemima was marching with the
+troops, lagged behind, and, before his wife knew it, sank exhausted.
+The faithful woman ran back alone, and stayed with him until he died.
+She {27} buried him with leaves; and then, taking his musket and
+girding on his cartridge belt, she hurried breathless and panting for
+twenty miles, until she caught up with the troops. And as for
+Sergeant Grier's good wife, she tramped and starved her way with the
+men. No wonder that one writer, a boy of seventeen at the time, says,
+as he saw this plucky woman wading through the rivers, "My mind was
+humbled, yet astonished at the exertions of this good woman."
+
+[Illustration: Arnold's Men marching through the Flooded Wilderness]
+
+Where was the bold commander all this time, the man who was to lead
+these sturdy riflemen to easy victory? After paddling thirteen miles
+across Lake Megantic, {28} Arnold performed one of those brilliant
+and reckless deeds for which he was noted. Perhaps no other man in
+the American army would have dared to do what he did. The remnant of
+his famishing soldiers must be saved, and the time was short.
+
+On October 28, he started down the swollen Chaudi�re River with only
+a few men and without a guide. Sartigan, the nearest French
+settlement where provisions could be bought, was nearly seventy miles
+away. The swift current carried the frail canoes down the first
+twenty miles in two hours. Here through the rapids, there over hidden
+ledges, now escaping the driftwood and the sharp-edged rocks, Arnold
+and his men wrestled with the angry river.
+
+At one place they plunged over a fall, and every canoe was capsized.
+Six of the men found themselves swimming in a large rock-bound basin,
+while the angry flood thundered thirty feet over the ledges just
+beyond them. The men swam ashore, thankful to escape death.
+
+The last twenty miles was tramped through the wilderness, but such
+was the energy of their leader that Sartigan was reached on the
+evening of the second day. Long before daybreak, cattle and bags of
+flour were ready, and, with a relief party of French Canadians on
+horseback, Arnold was on his way back to the starving army.
+
+Four days later, from the famished men in the frozen wilderness was
+heard far and wide the joyful cry, "Provisions!" "Provisions!"
+
+{29} The cry was echoed from hill to hill, and along the snow-covered
+banks of the great river. The grim fight for life was over. They had
+won. How like a pack of famished wolves did they kill, cook, and
+devour the cattle!
+
+The next day, two companies dashed through the icy waters of the Du
+Loup River, and, shortly afterwards, greeted with cheers the first
+house they had seen for thirty days. Six miles beyond, was
+Sartigan,--a half dozen log cabins and a few Indian wigwams.
+
+A snowstorm now set in, but the joyful men hastily built huts of pine
+boughs, kindled huge camp fires, and waited for the stragglers. The
+severe Canadian winter was well begun. It kept on snowing heavily. As
+Quebec might be re�nforced at any moment, every captain was ordered
+to get his men over the remaining fifty-four miles with all possible
+speed.
+
+"Quebec!" "Quebec!" was in everybody's mouth.
+
+Five days later, on November 9, the patriots reached Point Levi, a
+little French village opposite Quebec. The people looked on with
+astonishment as they straggled out of the woods, a worn-out army of
+perhaps six hundred men, with faces haggard, clothing in tatters, and
+many barefooted and bareheaded. Over eighty had died in the
+wilderness, and a hundred were on the sick list. So pitiful and so
+ludicrous was their appearance that one man wrote in his diary that
+they "resembled those animals of New Spain called {30}
+orang-outangs," and "unlike the children of Israel, whose clothes
+waxed not old in the wilderness, theirs hardly held together."
+
+With his usual bravado, Arnold planned to capture the "Gibraltar of
+America" at one stroke. He little knew that, a few days before, some
+treacherous Indians had warned the British commander of his approach.
+
+On the night of November 13, Arnold ferried five hundred of his men
+across the St. Lawrence, and climbed to the Heights of Abraham, at
+the very place where Wolfe had climbed to victory sixteen years
+before. At daybreak the walls of the city were covered with soldiers
+and with citizens. Within half a mile of the walls, which fairly
+bristled with cannon, the ragged soldiers halted and began to cheer
+lustily. The redcoats shouted back their defiance. Arnold wrote a
+letter to the governor of Quebec, demanding the surrender of the
+city. The bearer of the letter, although under a flag of truce, was
+not even allowed to come near the walls.
+
+After six days the little army slipped away one dark night, and
+tramped to a village some twenty miles to the west of Quebec. Here
+they hoped to join forces with Montgomery, who had already captured
+Montreal, and then come back to renew the siege.
+
+Ten days later, on December 1, Arnold paraded his troops in front of
+the village church to greet Montgomery with his army. The united
+forces, still less than a thousand men, now trudged their way back to
+Quebec. On {31} arriving there, Montgomery boldly demanded the
+surrender of the town.
+
+Meanwhile, on November 19, Sir Guy Carleton had left Montreal, and,
+having made his way down the river, in the disguise of a farmer,
+slipped into Quebec. This was the salvation of Canada.
+
+The British general was an able soldier. He at once took energetic
+steps for the defense of the city. At every available point he built
+blockhouses, barricades, and palisades; and mounted one hundred and
+fifty cannon. He took five hundred sailors from the war vessels to
+help man the guns, and thus increased the garrison to eighteen
+hundred fighting men.
+
+For two weeks the patriot army fired their little three-pounders, and
+threw several hundred "fire pills," as the men called them, against
+the granite ramparts and into the town. Even the women laughed at
+them, for they did no more harm than so many popguns. The redcoats
+kept up the bloodless contest by raking with their cannon the
+patriots' feeble breastworks of ice and snow.
+
+Montgomery spoke hopefully to his men, but in his heart was despair.
+How could he ever go home without taking Quebec? Washington and
+Congress expected it, and the people at home were waiting for it.
+When he bade his young wife good-by at their home on the Hudson, he
+said, "You shall never blush for your Montgomery." What was his duty
+now? Should he not make at least one desperate attempt? Did not Wolfe
+{32} take equally desperate chances and win deathless renown? At last
+it was decided to wait for a dark night, in which to attack the Lower
+Town.
+
+At midnight on the last day of 1775, came the snowstorm so long
+awaited. The word was given, and about half past three the columns
+marched to the assault. Every man pinned to his hat a piece of white
+paper, on which was written the motto of Morgan's far-famed riflemen,
+"Liberty or Death!"
+
+Arnold and Morgan, with about six hundred men, were to make the
+attack on one side of the town, and Montgomery, with three hundred
+men, on the other side.
+
+The storm had become furious. With their heads down and their guns
+under their coats, the men had enough to do to keep up with Arnold as
+he led the attack. Presently a musket ball shattered his leg and
+stretched him bleeding in the snow. Morgan at once took command, and,
+cheering on his men, carried the batteries; then, forcing his way
+into the streets of the Lower Town, he waited for the promised signal
+from Montgomery.
+
+Meantime, the precious moments slipped by, while the young Montgomery
+was forcing his way through the darkness and the huge snowdrifts,
+along the shores of the St. Lawrence. When the head of his column
+crept cautiously round a point of the steep cliff, they came face to
+face with the redcoats standing beside their cannon with lighted
+matches.
+
+{33} "On, boys, Quebec is ours!" shouted Montgomery, as he sprang
+forward.
+
+[Illustration: The Midnight Attack on Quebec]
+
+A storm of grape and canister swept the narrow pass, and the young
+general fell dead. In dismay and confusion, the column gave way. The
+command to retreat was hastily given and obeyed. Strange to say, so
+dazed were the British by the fierce attack that they, too, ran {34}
+away, but soon rallied. The driving snow quickly covered the dead and
+the wounded in a funeral shroud.
+
+The enemy were now free to close in upon Morgan and his riflemen, on
+the other side of the town. All night long, fierce hand to hand
+fighting went on in the narrow streets, amid the howling storm of
+driving snow; and the morning light broke slowly upon scenes of
+confusion and horror. Morgan and his men fought like heroes, but they
+were outnumbered, and were forced to surrender.
+
+The rest of this sad story may be briefly told. Arnold was given the
+chief command. Although he was weakened from loss of blood, and
+helpless from his shattered leg, nothing could break his dauntless
+will. Expecting the enemy at any moment to attack the hospital, he
+had his pistols and his sword placed on his bed, that he might die
+fighting. From that bedside, he kept his army of seven hundred men
+sternly to its duty. In a month he was out of doors, hobbling about
+on crutches, and hopeful as ever of success.
+
+Washington sent orders for Arnold to stand his ground, and as late as
+January 27 wrote him that "the glorious work must be accomplished
+this winter." With bulldog grip, Arnold obeyed orders, and kept up
+the hopeless siege. During the winter, more troops came to his help
+from across the lakes, but they only closed the gaps made by
+hardships and smallpox.
+
+{35} On the 14th of March, a flag of truce was again sent to the
+city, demanding its surrender.
+
+"No flag will be received," said the officer of the day, "unless it
+comes to implore the mercy of the king."
+
+A wooden horse was mounted on the walls near the famous old St.
+John's gate, with a bundle of hay before it. Upon the horse was
+tacked a placard, on which was written, "When this horse has eaten
+this bunch of hay, we will surrender."
+
+Although they were short of food, and were forced to tear down the
+houses for firewood, the garrison was safe and quite comfortable
+behind the snow-covered ramparts.
+
+The end of the coldest winter ever known in Canada save one came at
+last. The river was full of ice during the first week of May. A few
+days later, three men-of-war forced their way up the St. Lawrence
+through the floating ice, and relieved the besieged city. The salute
+of twenty-one guns fired by the fleet was joyful music to the people
+of Quebec. Amid the thundering of the guns from the citadel, the
+great bell of the Cathedral clanged the death knell to Arnold's
+hopes.
+
+The "Gibraltar of America" still remained in the possession of
+England.
+
+
+{36}
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+HOW PALMETTO LOGS MAY BE USED
+
+
+In 1775, in Virginia, the patriots forced the royal governor, Lord
+Dunmore, to take refuge on board a British man-of-war in Norfolk
+Harbor. In revenge, the town of Norfolk, the largest and the most
+important in the Old Dominion, was, on New Year's Day, 1776, shelled
+and destroyed. This bombardment, and scores of other less wanton acts
+of the men-of-war, alarmed every coastwise town from Maine to
+Georgia.
+
+Early in the fall of 1775, the British government planned to strike a
+hard blow against the Southern colonies. North Carolina was to be the
+first to receive punishment. It was the first colony, as perhaps you
+know, to take decided action in declaring its independence from the
+mother country. To carry out the intent of the British, Sir Henry
+Clinton, with two thousand troops, sailed from Boston for the Cape
+Fear River.
+
+The minutemen of the Old North State rallied from far and near, as
+they had done in Massachusetts after the battle of Lexington. Within
+ten days, there were ten thousand men ready to fight the redcoats.
+And so when Sir Henry arrived off the coast, he decided, {37} like a
+prudent man, not to land; but cruised along the shore, waiting for
+the coming of war vessels from England.
+
+This long-expected fleet was under the command of Sir Peter Parker.
+Baffled by head winds, and tossed about by storms, the ships were
+nearly three months on the voyage, and did not arrive at Cape Fear
+until the first of May. There they found Clinton.
+
+Sir Peter and Sir Henry could not agree as to what action was best.
+Clinton, with a wholesome respect for the minutemen of the Old North
+State, wished to sail to the Chesapeake; while Lord Campbell, the
+royal governor of South Carolina, who was now an officer of the
+fleet, begged that the first hard blow should fall upon Charleston.
+He declared that, as soon as the city was captured, the loyalists
+would be strong enough to restore the king's power. Campbell, it
+seems, had his way at last, and it was decided to sail south, to
+capture Charleston.
+
+Meanwhile, the people of South Carolina had received ample warning.
+So they were not surprised when, on the last day of May, a British
+fleet under a cloud of canvas was seen bearing up for Charleston. On
+the next day, Sir Peter Parker cast anchor off the bar, with upwards
+of fifty war ships and transports. Affairs looked serious for the
+people of this fair city; but they were of fighting stock, and, with
+the war thus brought to their doors, were not slow to show their
+mettle.
+
+{38} For weeks the patriots had been pushing the works of defense.
+Stores and warehouses were leveled to the ground, to give room for
+the fire of cannon and muskets from various lines of earthworks;
+seven hundred wagons belonging to loyalists were pressed into
+service, to help build redoubts; owners of houses gave the lead from
+their windows, to be cast into bullets; fire boats were made ready to
+burn the enemy's vessels, if they passed the forts. The militia came
+pouring in from the neighboring colonies until there were sixty-five
+hundred ready to defend the city.
+
+It was believed that a fort built on the southern end of Sullivan's
+Island, within point-blank shot of the channel leading into
+Charleston Harbor, might help prevent the British fleet from sailing
+up to the city. At all events it would be worth trying. So, in the
+early spring of 1776, Colonel William Moultrie, a veteran of the
+Indian wars, was ordered to build a square fort large enough to hold
+a thousand men.
+
+[Illustration: Colonel William Moultrie]
+
+The use of palmetto logs was a happy thought. Hundreds of negroes
+were set at work cutting down the trees and hauling them to the
+southern end of the island. The long straight logs were laid one upon
+another in two parallel rows sixteen feet apart, and were bound
+together with cross timbers dovetailed and bolted into the logs. The
+space between the two rows of logs was filled with sand. This made
+the walls of the fort.
+
+{39} The cannon were mounted upon platforms six feet high, which
+rested upon brick pillars. Upon these platforms the men could stand
+and fire through the openings. The rear of the fort and the eastern
+side were left unfinished, being merely built up seven feet with
+logs. Thirty-one cannon were mounted, but only twenty-five could at
+any one time be brought to bear upon the enemy.
+
+On the day of the battle, there were about four hundred and fifty men
+in the fort, only thirty of whom knew anything about handling cannon.
+But most of the garrison were expert riflemen, and it was soon found
+that their skill in small arms helped them in sighting the artillery.
+
+One day early in June, General Charles Lee, who had been sent down to
+take the chief command, went over to the island to visit the fort. As
+the old-time soldier, who had seen long service in the British army,
+looked over the rudely built affair, and saw that it was not even
+finished, he gravely shook his head.
+
+"The ships will anchor off there," said he to Moultrie, pointing to
+the channel, "and will make your fort a mere slaughter pen."
+
+{40} The weak-kneed general, who afterwards sold himself to the
+British, went back and told Governor Rutledge that the only thing to
+do was to abandon the fort. The governor, however, was made of better
+stuff, and, besides, had the greatest faith in Colonel Moultrie. But
+he did ask his old friend if he thought he really could defend the
+cob-house fort, which Lee had laughed to scorn.
+
+Moultrie was a man of few words, and replied simply, "I think I can."
+
+"General Lee wishes you to give up the fort," added Rutledge, "but
+you are not to do it without an order from me, and I will sooner cut
+off my right hand than write one."
+
+The idea of retreating seems never to have occurred to the brave
+commander.
+
+"I was never uneasy," wrote Moultrie in after years, "because I never
+thought the enemy could force me to retire."
+
+It was indeed fortunate that Colonel Moultrie was a stout-hearted
+man, for otherwise he might well have been discouraged. A few days
+before the battle, the master of a privateer, whose vessel was laid
+up in Charleston harbor, paid him a visit. As the two friends stood
+on the palmetto walls, looking at the fleet in the distance, the
+naval officer said, "Well, Colonel Moultrie, what do you think of it
+now?"
+
+Moultrie replied, "We shall beat them."
+
+{41} "Sir," exclaimed his visitor, pointing to the distant
+men-of-war, "when those ships come to lay alongside of your fort,
+they will knock it down in less than thirty minutes."
+
+"We will then fight behind the ruins," said the stubborn patriot,
+"and prevent their men from landing."
+
+The British plan of attack, to judge from all military rules, should
+have been successful. First, the redcoat regulars were to land upon
+Long Island, lying to the north, and wade across the inlet which
+separates it from Sullivan's Island. Then, after the war ships had
+silenced the guns in the fort, the land troops were to storm the
+position, and thus leave the channel clear for the combined forces to
+sail up and capture the city.
+
+If a great naval captain like Nelson or Farragut had been in command,
+probably the ships would not have waited a month, but would at once
+have made a bold dash past the fort, and straightway captured
+Charleston. Sir Peter, however, was slow, and felt sure of success.
+For over three weeks he delayed the attack, thus giving the patriots
+more time for completing their defenses.
+
+Friday morning, June 28, was hot, but bright and beautiful. Early in
+the day, Colonel Moultrie rode to the northern end of the island to
+see Colonel Thompson. The latter had charge of a little fort manned
+by sharpshooters, and it was his duty to prevent Clinton's troops
+from getting across the inlet.
+
+Suddenly the men-of-war begin to spread their topsails and raise
+their anchors. The tide is coming in. {42} The wind is fair. One
+after another, the war ships get under way and come proudly up the
+harbor, under full sail. The all-important moment of Moultrie's life
+is at hand. He puts spurs to his horse and gallops back to the
+palmetto fort.
+
+"Beat the long roll!" he shouts to his officers, Colonel Motte and
+Captain Marion.
+
+The drums beat, and each man hurries to his chosen place beside the
+cannon. The supreme test for the little cob-house fort has come. The
+men shout, as a blue flag with a crescent, the colors of South
+Carolina, is flung to the breeze.
+
+Just as a year before, the people of Boston crowded the roofs and the
+belfries, to watch the outcome of Bunker Hill; so now, the old men
+and the women and children of Charleston cluster on the wharves, the
+church towers, and the roofs, all that hot day, to watch the duel
+between the palmetto fort and the British fleet.
+
+Sir Peter Parker has a powerful fleet. He is ready to do his work.
+Two of his ships carry fifty guns each, and four carry twenty-eight
+guns each. With a strong flood tide and a favorable southwest wind,
+the stately men-of-war sweep gracefully to their positions.
+Moultrie's fighting blood is up, and his dark eyes flash with
+delight. The men of South Carolina, eager to fight for their homes,
+train their cannon upon the war ships.
+
+"Fire! fire!" shouts Moultrie, as the men-of-war come within
+point-blank shot. The low palmetto cob house begins to thunder with
+its heavy guns.
+
+{43} A bomb vessel casts anchor about a mile from the fort. Puff!
+bang! a thirteen-inch shell rises in the air with a fine curve and
+falls into the fort. It bursts and hurls up cart loads of sand, but
+hurts nobody. Four of the largest war ships are now within easy
+range. Down go the anchors, with spring ropes fastened to the cables,
+to keep the vessels broadside to the fort. The smaller men-of-war
+take their positions in a second line, in the rear. Fast and furious,
+more than one hundred and fifty cannon bang away at the little
+inclosure.
+
+But, even from the first, things did not turn out as the British
+expected. After firing some fifty shells, which buried themselves in
+the loose sand and did not explode, the bomb vessel broke down.
+
+About noon, the flagship signaled to three of the men-of-war, "Move
+down and take position southwest of the fort."
+
+Once there, the platforms inside the fort could be raked from end to
+end. As good fortune would have it, two of these vessels, in
+attempting to carry out their orders, ran afoul of each other, and
+all three stuck fast on the shoal on which is now the famed Fort
+Sumter.
+
+How goes the battle inside the fort? The men, stripped to the waist
+and with handkerchiefs bound round their heads, stand at the guns all
+that sweltering day, with the coolness and the courage of old
+soldiers. The supply of powder is scant. They take careful aim, fire
+slowly, and make almost every shot tell. The twenty-six-pound balls
+{44} splinter the masts, and make sad havoc on the decks. Crash!
+crash! strike the enemy's cannon balls against the palmetto logs. The
+wood is soft and spongy, and the huge shot either bury themselves
+without making splinters, or else bound off like rubber balls.
+
+Meanwhile, where was Sir Henry Clinton? For nearly three weeks he had
+been encamped with some two thousand men on the sand bar known as
+Long Island. The men had suffered fearfully from the heat, from lack
+of water, and from the mosquitoes.
+
+During the bombardment of Fort Sullivan, Sir Henry marched his men
+down to the end of the sand island, but could not cross; for the
+water in the inlet proved to be seven feet deep even at low tide.
+Somebody had blundered about the ford. The redcoats, however, were
+paraded on the sandy shore while some armed boats made ready to cross
+the inlet. The grapeshot from two cannon, and the bullets of Colonel
+Thompson's riflemen, so raked the decks that the men could not stay
+at their posts. Memories of Bunker Hill, perhaps, made the British
+officers a trifle timid about crossing the inlet, and marching over
+the sandy shore, to attack intrenched sharpshooters. Thus it happened
+that Clinton and his men, through stupidity, were kept prisoners on
+the sand island, mere spectators of the thrilling scene. They had to
+content themselves with fighting mosquitoes, under the sweltering
+rays of a Southern sun.
+
+{45} [Illustration: Defending the Palmetto Fort]
+
+All this time, Sir Peter was doing his best to pound the fort down.
+The fort trembled and shook, but it stood. Moultrie and his men, with
+perfect coolness and with steady aim, made havoc of the war ships.
+Colonel Moultrie prepared grog by the pailful, which, with a negro as
+helper, he dipped out to the tired men at the guns.
+
+"Take good aim, boys," he said, as he passed from gun to gun, "mind
+the big ships, and don't waste the powder."
+
+The mainmast of the flagship Bristol was hit nine times, and the
+mizzenmast was struck by seven thirty-two-pound balls, and had to be
+cut away. In short, the flagship was pierced so many times that she
+would have sunk had not the wind been light and the water smooth.
+While the battle raged in all its fury, the carpenters worked like
+beavers to keep the vessel afloat.
+
+{46} At one time a cannon ball shot off one of the cables, and the
+ship swung round with the tide.
+
+"Give it to her, boys!" shouts Moultrie, "now is your time!" and the
+cannon balls rake the decks from stem to stern.
+
+The captain of the flagship was struck twice, Lord Campbell was hurt,
+and one hundred men were either killed or wounded. Once Sir Peter was
+the only man left on the quarter-deck, and he himself was twice
+wounded.
+
+The other big ship, the Experiment, fared fully as hard as did the
+flagship. The captain lost his right arm, and nearly a hundred of his
+men were killed or wounded.
+
+In fact, these two vessels were about to be left to their fate, when
+suddenly the fire of the fort slackened.
+
+"Fire once in ten minutes," orders Colonel Moultrie, for the supply
+of powder is becoming dangerously small.
+
+An aid from General Lee came running over to the fort. "When your
+powder is gone, spike your guns and retreat," wrote the general.
+
+Moultrie was not that kind of man.
+
+Between three and five o'clock in the afternoon, the fire of the fort
+almost stopped. The British thought the guns were silenced. Not a bit
+of it! Even then a fresh supply of five hundred pounds of powder had
+nearly reached the fort. It came from Governor Rutledge with a note,
+saying, "Honor and victory, my {47} good sir, to you and your worthy
+men with you. Don't make too free with your cannon. Keep cool and do
+mischief."
+
+How those men shouted when the powder came! Bang! bang! the cannon in
+the fort thunder again. The British admiral tries to batter down the
+fort by firing several broadsides at the same moment. At times it
+seemed as if it would tumble in a heap. Once the broadsides of four
+vessels struck the fort at one time; but the palmetto logs stood
+unharmed. A gunner by the name of McDaniel was mortally wounded by a
+cannon ball. As the dying soldier was being carried away, he cried
+out to his comrades in words that will never be forgotten, "Fight on,
+brave boys, and don't let liberty die with this day!"
+
+In the hottest of the fight, the flagstaff is shot away. Down falls
+the blue banner upon the beach, outside the fort.
+
+{48} "The flag is down!" "The fort has surrendered!" cry the people
+of Charleston, with pale faces and tearful eyes.
+
+Out from one of the cannon openings leaps Sergeant William Jasper.
+Walking the whole length of the fort, he tears away the flag from the
+staff. Returning with it, he fastens it to the rammer of a cannon,
+and plants it on the ramparts, amidst the rain of shot and shell.
+
+[Illustration: Sergeant Jasper saves the Flag]
+
+With the setting of the sun, the roar of battle slackens. The victory
+is Moultrie's. Twilight and silence fall upon the smoking fort. Here
+and there lights glimmer in the city, as the joyful people of
+Charleston return to their homes. The stars look down upon the
+lapping waters of the bay, where ride at anchor the shadowy vessels
+of the British fleet. Towards midnight, when the tide begins to ebb,
+the battered war ships slip their cables and sail out into the
+darkness with their dead.
+
+The next day, hundreds came from the city to rejoice with Moultrie
+and his sturdy fighters. Governor Rutledge came down with a party of
+ladies, and presented a silk banner to the fort. Calling for Sergeant
+Jasper, he took his own short sword from his side, buckled it on him,
+and thanked him in the name of his country. He also offered him a
+lieutenant's commission, but the young hero modestly refused the
+honor, saying, "I am not fitted for an officer; I am only a
+sergeant."
+
+For several days, the crippled British fleet lay in the harbor, too
+much shattered to fight or to go to sea. In {49} fact, it was the
+first week in August before the patriots of South Carolina saw the
+last war ship and the last transport put out to sea, and fade away in
+the distance. The hated redcoats were gone.
+
+In the ten hours of active fighting, the British fleet fired
+seventeen tons of powder and nearly ten thousand shot and shell, but,
+in that little inclosure of green logs and sand, only one gun was
+silenced.
+
+The defense of Fort Sullivan ranks as one of the few complete
+American victories of the Revolution. The moral effect of the victory
+was perhaps more far-reaching than the battle of Bunker Hill. Many of
+the Southern people who had been lukewarm now openly united their
+fortunes with the patriot cause.
+
+Honors were showered upon the brave Colonel Moultrie. His services to
+his state and to his country continued through life. He died at a
+good old age, beloved by his fellow citizens.
+
+
+{50}
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE PATRIOT SPY
+
+
+It was plain that Washington was troubled. As he paced the piazza of
+the stately Murray mansion one fine autumn afternoon, he was saying
+half aloud to himself, "Shall we defend or shall we quit New York?"
+
+At this time Washington's headquarters were on Manhattan Island, at
+the home of the Quaker merchant, Robert Murray; and here, in the
+first week of September, 1776, he had asked his officers to meet him
+in council.
+
+Was it strange that Washington's heart was heavy? During the last
+week of August, the Continental army had been defeated in the battle
+of Long Island. A fourth of the army were on the sick list; a third
+were without tents. Winter was close at hand, and the men, mostly new
+recruits, were short of clothing, shoes, and blankets. Only fourteen
+thousand men were fit for duty, and they were scattered all the way
+from the Battery to Kingsbridge, a distance of a dozen miles or more.
+
+The British army, numbering about twenty-five thousand, lay encamped
+along the shores of New York Bay and the East River. The soldiers
+were veterans, and {51} they were led by veterans. A large fleet of
+war ships, lying at anchor, was ready to assist the land forces at a
+moment's notice. Scores of guard ships sailed to and fro, watching
+every movement of the patriot troops.
+
+To give up the city to the British without battle seemed a great
+pity. The effect upon the patriot cause in all the colonies would be
+bad. Still, there was no help for it. What was the use of fighting
+against such odds? Why run the risk of almost certain defeat?
+Washington always looked beyond the present, and he did not intend
+now to be shut up on Manhattan Island, perhaps to lose his entire
+army; so, with the main body, he moved north to Harlem Heights. Here
+he was soon informed by scouts that the British were getting ready to
+move at once. Whither, nobody could tell. Such was the state of
+affairs that led Washington to call his chief officers to the Murray
+mansion, on that September afternoon.
+
+Of course they talked over the situation long and calmly. After all,
+the main question was, What shall be done? Among other things, it was
+thought best to find the right sort of man, and send him in disguise
+into the British camp on Long Island, to find out just where the
+enemy were planning to attack.
+
+"Upon this, gentlemen," said Washington, "depends at this time the
+fate of our army."
+
+The commander in chief sent for Colonel Knowlton, the hero of the
+rail fence at Bunker Hill.
+
+{52} "I want you to find for me in your regiment or in some other,"
+he said, "some young officer to go at once into the British camp, to
+discover what is going on. The man must have a quick eye, a cool
+head, and nerves of steel. I wish him to make notes of the position
+of the enemy, draw plans of the forts, and listen to the talk of the
+officers. Can you find such a man for me this very afternoon?"
+
+"I will do my best, General Washington," said the colonel, as he took
+leave to go to his regiment.
+
+On arriving at his quarters that afternoon, Knowlton called together
+a number of officers. He briefly told them what Washington wanted,
+and asked for volunteers. There was a long pause, amid deep surprise.
+These soldiers were willing to serve their country; but to play the
+spy, the hated spy, was too much even for Washington to ask.
+
+One after another of the officers, as Knowlton called them by name,
+declined. His task seemed hopeless. At last, he asked a grizzled
+Frenchman, who had fought in many battles and was noted for his rash
+bravery.
+
+"No, no! Colonel Knowlton," he said, "I am ready to fight the
+redcoats at any place and at any time; but, sir, I am not willing to
+play the spy, and be hanged like a dog if I am caught."
+
+Just as Knowlton gave up hope of finding a man willing to go on the
+perilous mission, there came to him the painfully thrilling but
+cheering words, "I will undertake {53} it." It was the voice of
+Captain Nathan Hale. He had just entered Knowlton's tent. His face
+was still pale from a severe sickness. Every man was astonished. The
+whole company knew the brilliant young officer, and they loved him.
+Now they all tried to dissuade him. They spoke of his fair prospects,
+and of the fond hopes of his parents and his friends. It was all in
+vain. They could not turn him from his purpose.
+
+"I wish to be useful," he said, "and every kind of service necessary
+for the public good becomes honorable by being necessary. If my
+country needs a peculiar service, its claims upon me are imperious."
+
+These patriotic words of a man willing to give up his life, if
+necessary, for the good of his country silenced his brother officers.
+
+"Good-by, Nathan!" "Don't you let the redcoats catch you!" "Good luck
+to you!" "We never expect to see you again!" cried his nearest
+friends in camp, as, in company with Colonel Knowlton, the young
+captain rode out that same afternoon to receive his orders from
+Washington himself.
+
+[Illustration: Hale receiving his Orders from Washington]
+
+{54} Nathan Hale was born, as were his eight brothers and his three
+sisters, in an old-fashioned, two-storied house, in a little country
+village of Connecticut. His father, a man of integrity, was a stanch
+patriot. Instead of allowing his family to use the wool raised on his
+farm, he saved it to make blankets for the Continental army. The
+mother of this large family was a woman of high moral and domestic
+worth, devoted to her children, for whom she sought the highest good.
+It was a quiet, strict household, Puritan in its faith and its
+manners, where the Bible ruled, where family prayers never failed,
+nor was grace ever omitted at meals. On a Saturday night, no work was
+done after sundown.
+
+Young Nathan was a bright, active American boy. He liked his gun and
+his fishing pole. He was fond of running, leaping, wrestling, and
+playing ball. One of his pupils said that Hale would put his hand
+upon a fence as high as his head, and clear it easily at a bound. He
+liked books, and read much out of school. Like two of his brothers,
+he was to be educated for the ministry. When only sixteen, he entered
+Yale College, and was graduated two years before the battle of Bunker
+Hill. Early in the fall of 1773, the young graduate began to teach
+school, and was soon afterwards made master of a select school in New
+London, in his native state.
+
+At this time young Hale was about six feet tall, and well built. He
+had a broad chest, full face, light blue eyes, fair complexion, and
+light brown hair. He had a {55} large mole on his neck, just where
+the knot of his cravat came. At college his friends used to joke him
+about it, declaring that he was surely born to be hanged.
+
+Such was Nathan Hale when the news of the bloodshed at Lexington
+reached New London. A rousing meeting was held that evening. The
+young schoolmaster was one of the speakers.
+
+"Let us march at once," he said, "and never lay down our arms until
+we obtain our independence."
+
+The next morning, Hale called his pupils together, "gave them earnest
+counsel, prayed with them, and shaking each by the hand," took his
+leave, and during the same forenoon marched with his company for
+Cambridge.
+
+The young officer from Connecticut took an active part in the siege
+of Boston, and soon became captain of his company. Hale's diary is
+still preserved, and after all these years it is full of interest. It
+seems that he took charge of his men's clothing, rations, and money.
+Much of his time he was on picket duty, and took part in many lively
+skirmishes with the redcoats. Besides studying military tactics, he
+found time to make up wrestling matches, to play football and
+checkers, and, on Sundays, to hold religious meetings in barns.
+
+Within a few hours after bidding good-by to General Washington,
+Captain Hale, taking with him one of his own trusty soldiers, left
+the camp at Harlem, intending at the first opportunity to cross Long
+Island Sound. There were so many British guard ships on the watch
+{56} that he and his companion found no safe place to cross until
+they had reached Norwalk, fifty miles up the Sound on the Connecticut
+shore. Here a small sloop was to land Hale on the other side.
+
+Stripping off his uniform, the young captain put on a plain brown
+suit of citizen's clothes, and a broad-brimmed hat. Thus attired in
+the dress of a schoolmaster, he was landed across the Sound, and
+shortly afterwards reached the nearest British camp.
+
+The redcoats received the pretended schoolmaster cordially. A captain
+of the dragoons spoke of him long afterwards as a "jolly good
+fellow." Hale pretended that he was tired of the "rebel cause," and
+that he was in search of a place to teach school.
+
+It would be interesting to know just what the "schoolmaster" did in
+the next two weeks. Think of the poor fellow's eagerness to make the
+most of his time, drawing plans of the forts, and going rapidly from
+one point to another to watch the marching of troops, patrols, and
+guards. Think of his sleepless nights, his fearful risk, the
+ever-present dread of being recognized by some Tory. All this we know
+nothing about, but his brave and tender heart must sometimes have
+been sorely tried.
+
+From the midst of all these dangers Hale, unharmed, began his return
+trip to the American lines. He had threaded his way through the
+woods, and round all the British camps on Long Island, until he
+reached in safety the point where he had first landed. Here he had
+{57} planned for a boat to meet him early the next morning, to take
+him over to the mainland.
+
+Many a patriotic American boy has thought what he should have done if
+he could have exchanged places with Nathan Hale on this evening. Near
+by, at a place then called and still called "The Cedars," a woman by
+the name of Chichester, and nicknamed "Mother Chick," kept a tavern,
+which was the favorite resort of all the Tories in that region. Hale
+was sure that nobody would know him in his strange dress, and so he
+ventured into the tavern. A number of people were in the barroom. A
+few minutes afterwards, a man whose face seemed familiar to Hale
+suddenly left the room, and was not seen again.
+
+The pretended schoolmaster spent the night at the tavern.
+
+Early the next morning, the landlady rushed into the barroom, crying
+out to her guests, "Look out, boys! there is a strange boat close in
+shore!"
+
+The Tories scampered as if the house were on fire.
+
+"That surely is the very boat I'm looking for," thought Hale on
+leaving the tavern, and hastened towards the beach, where the boat
+had already landed.
+
+A moment more, and the young captain was amazed at the sight of six
+British marines, standing erect in the boat, with their muskets aimed
+at him. He turned to run, when a loud voice cried out, "Surrender or
+die!" He was within close range of their guns. Escape was {58} not
+possible. The poor fellow gave himself up. He was taken on board the
+British guard ship Halifax, which lay at anchor close by, hidden from
+sight by a point of land.
+
+Some have declared that the man who so suddenly left the tavern was a
+Tory cousin to Hale, and saw at once through the patriot's disguise;
+that, being quite a rascal, he hurried away to get word to the
+British camp. There seems to be no good reason, however, to believe
+that the fellow was a kinsman.
+
+However this may be, the British captured Captain Hale in disguise.
+They stripped him and searched him, and found his drawings and his
+notes. These were written in Latin, and had been tucked away between
+the soles of his shoes.
+
+"I am sorry that so fine a fellow has fallen into my hands," said the
+captain of the guard ship, "but you are my prisoner, and I think a
+spy. So to New York you must go!"
+
+General Howe's headquarters were at this time in the elegant Beekman
+mansion, situated near what is now the corner of Fifty-First Street
+and First Avenue. Calm and fearless, the captured spy stood before
+the British commander. He bravely owned that he was an American
+officer, and said that he was sorry he had not been able to serve his
+country better. No time was to be wasted in calling a court-martial.
+Without trial of any kind, Captain Hale was condemned to die the
+death of a spy. {59} The verdict was that he should be hanged by the
+neck, "to-morrow morning at daybreak."
+
+[Illustration: The Patriot Spy before the British General]
+
+That night, which was Saturday, September 21, the condemned man was
+kept under a strong guard, in the greenhouse near the Beekman
+mansion. He had been given over to the care of the brutal Cunningham,
+the infamous British provost marshal, with orders to carry out the
+sentence before sunrise the next morning.
+
+"To-morrow morning at daybreak."
+
+How cruelly brief! Nathan Hale, the patriot spy, was left to himself
+for the night.
+
+When morning came, Cunningham found his prisoner ready. While
+preparations were being made, a young officer, moved in spite of
+himself, allowed Hale to sit in his tent long enough to write brief
+letters to his parents and his friends. The letters were passed to
+Cunningham to be sent. He read them, and as he saw the noble spirit
+which breathed in every line, the wretch {60} began to curse, and
+tore the letters into bits before the face of his victim. He said
+that the rebels should never know they had a man who could die with
+such firmness.
+
+It was just before sunrise on a lovely Sabbath morning that Nathan
+Hale was led out to death. The gallows was the limb of an apple tree.
+Early as it was, a number of men and women had come to witness the
+execution.
+
+"Give us your dying speech, you young rebel!" shouted the brutal
+Cunningham.
+
+The young patriot, standing upon the fatal ladder, lifted his eyes
+toward heaven, and said, in a calm, clear voice, "I only regret that
+I have but one life to lose for my country."
+
+These were his last words. The women sobbed, and some of the men
+began to show signs of sympathy.
+
+"Swing the rebel off!" cried Cunningham, in a voice hoarse with
+anger. The order was obeyed.
+
+[Illustration: Statue of Nathan Hale, standing in City Hall Park in
+New York City]
+
+Half an hour later, the body of the patriot spy was buried, probably
+beneath the apple tree, but the grave {61} was not marked, and the
+exact spot is now unknown. A British officer was sent, under a flag
+of truce, to tell Washington of the fate of his gallant young
+captain.
+
+Thus died in the bloom of life, Captain Nathan Hale, the early martyr
+in the cause of our freedom. Gifted, educated, ambitious, he laid
+aside every thought of himself, and entered upon a service of the
+greatest risk to life and to honor, because Washington deemed it
+important to the sacred cause to which they had both given their best
+efforts.
+
+"What was to have been your reward in case you succeeded?" asked
+Major Tallmadge, Hale's classmate, of the British spy, Major Andr�,
+as his prisoner was being rowed across the Hudson River to be tried
+by court-martial.
+
+"Military glory was all I sought for," replied Andr�; "the thanks of
+my general and the approbation of my king would have been a rich
+reward."
+
+Hale did not expect, nor did he care, to be a hero. He had no thought
+of reward or of promotion. He sacrificed his life from a pure sense
+of what he thought to be his duty.
+
+
+{62}
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+OUR GREATEST PATRIOT
+
+
+If American boys and girls were asked to name the one great man in
+their country's history whom they would like to have seen and talked
+with, nine out of every ten would probably say, "Washington." Many an
+old man of our day has asked his grandfather or his great-grandfather
+how Washington looked. Indeed, so much has been said and written of
+the "Father of his Country" that we are apt to think of him as
+something more than human.
+
+Washington was truly a remarkable man, from whatever point of view we
+choose to study his life. He left, as a priceless legacy to his
+fellow citizens, an example of what a man with a pure and noble
+character can do for himself and for his country. Duty performed with
+faithfulness was the keynote to every word and every act of his life.
+
+Still, we must not overlook the fact that Washington was, after all,
+quite human. Like all the rest of us, he had his faults, his trials,
+and his failures. Knowing this, we are only drawn nearer to him, and
+find ourselves possessed of a more abiding admiration for the life he
+lived.
+
+{63} Washington was tall, and straight as an arrow. His favorite
+nephew, Lawrence Lewis, once asked him about his height. He replied,
+"In my best days, Lawrence, I stood six feet and two inches, in
+ordinary shoes."
+
+[Illustration: George Washington]
+
+During his whole life, Washington was rather spare than fleshy. Most
+of his portraits, it is said, give to his person a fullness that it
+did not have. He once said that the best weight of his best days
+never exceeded two hundred and twenty pounds. His chest was broad but
+not well rounded. His arms and his legs were long, large, and sinewy.
+His feet and his hands were especially large. Lafayette, who aided us
+in the Revolution, once said to a friend, "I never saw so large a
+hand on any human being, as the general's."
+
+Washington's eyes were of a light, grayish blue, and were so deep
+sunken that they gave him an unusually serious expression. On being
+asked why he painted these eyes of a deeper blue than life, the
+artist said, "In a hundred years they will have faded to the right
+{64} color." This painting, by Stuart, of the bust of Washington, is
+said to be wonderfully true to life.
+
+Many stories are told of the mighty power of Washington's right arm.
+It is said that he once threw a stone from the bed of the stream to
+the top of the Natural Bridge, in Virginia. Again, we are told that
+once upon a time he rounded a piece of slate to the size of a silver
+dollar, and threw it across the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, the
+slate falling at least thirty feet on the other side. Many strong men
+have since tried the same feat, but have never cleared the water.
+
+Peale, who was called the soldier artist, was once visiting
+Washington at Mount Vernon. One day, he tells us, some athletic young
+men were pitching the iron bar in the presence of their host.
+Suddenly, without taking off his coat, Washington grasped the bar and
+hurled it, with little effort, much farther than any of them had
+done. "We were indeed amazed," said one of the young men, "as we
+stood round, all stripped to the buff, and having thought ourselves
+very clever fellows, while the colonel, on retiring, pleasantly said,
+'When you beat my pitch, young gentlemen, I'll try again.'"
+
+At another time, Washington witnessed a wrestling match. The champion
+of the day challenged him, in sport, to wrestle. Washington did not
+stop to take off his coat, but grasped the "strong man of Virginia."
+{65} It was all over in a moment, for, said the wrestler, "in
+Washington's lionlike grasp, I became powerless, and was hurled to
+the ground with a force that seemed to jar the very marrow in my
+bones."
+
+In the days of the Revolution, some of the riflemen and the
+backwoodsmen were men of gigantic strength, but it was generally
+believed, by good judges, that their commander in chief was the
+strongest man in the army.
+
+During all his life, Washington was fond of dancing. He learned in
+boyhood, and danced at "balls and routs" until he was sixty-four. To
+attend a dance, he often rode to Alexandria, ten miles distant from
+Mount Vernon. The year he died he was forced, on account of his
+failing health, to give up this recreation. "Alas!" he wrote, "my
+dancing days are no more."
+
+Many and merry were the dances at the army headquarters during the
+long winter evenings. General Greene once wrote to a friend, "We had
+a little dance and His Excellency and Mrs. Greene danced upwards of
+three hours, without once sitting down." Another winter, although
+they had not a ton of hay for the horses, as Greene wrote, and the
+provisions had about given out, and for two weeks there was not cash
+enough in camp to forward the public dispatches, Washington
+subscribed to a series of dancing parties.
+
+Amid all the hardships of campaign life, Washington was ever the same
+dignified and self-contained gentleman. At one time, the headquarters
+were in an old log {66} house, in which there was only one bed. He
+alone occupied this, while the fourteen members of his staff slept on
+the floor in the same room. Food, except mush and milk, was scarce.
+At this homely but wholesome fare, the commander in chief presided
+with his usual dignity.
+
+For a man so large and so strong, Washington ate sparingly and of the
+simplest food. We are told that he "breakfasted at seven o'clock on
+three small Indian hoecakes, and as many dishes of tea." Custis, his
+adopted son, once said that the general ate for breakfast "Indian
+cakes, honey, and tea," and that "he was excessively fond of fish."
+In fact, salt codfish was at Mount Vernon the regular Sunday dinner.
+Even at the state banquets, the President generally dined on a single
+dish, and that of a very simple kind. When asked to eat some rich
+food, his courteous refusal was, "That is too good for me." People at
+a distance, hearing of the great man's liking for honey, took pride
+in sending him great quantities of it. During fast days, he
+religiously went without food the entire day.
+
+Washington was fond of rich and costly clothes. In truth, he was in
+early life a good deal of a dandy. His clothes were made in London;
+and from his long letters to his tailor we know that he was fussy
+about their quality and their fit. Even while away from home fighting
+Indians and making surveys, he did not neglect to write to London for
+"Silver Lace for a Hatt," "Ruffled Shirts;" "Waistcoat of superfine
+scarlet Cloth and gold {67} Lace," "Marble colored Silk Hose," "a
+fashionable gold lace Hat," "a superfine blue Broadcloth Coat with
+silver Trimmings," and many other costly and highly colored articles
+of apparel worn by the rich young men of that period. As he grew
+older, he wore more subdued clothing, and in old age reminded his
+nephew that "fine Cloathes do not make fine Men more than fine
+Feathers make fine Birds."
+
+You have noticed, of course, the wrong spelling of certain words
+quoted from Washington's letters and journals. These words are
+spelled as he wrote them. The truth is, the "Father of his Country"
+was all his life a poor speller. He was always sensitive over what he
+called his "defective education." His more formal letters and his
+state papers were in many instances put into shape by his aids or his
+secretaries, or by others associated with him in official life.
+
+If Washington had an amiable weakness, it was for horses. From early
+boyhood, he was a skillful and daring rider. He rode on horseback,
+year in and year out, until shortly before his death. Many were the
+stories told by the "ragged Continentals" of the superb appearance of
+their commander in chief at the head of the army or in battle. In
+speaking of the battle of Monmouth, Lafayette said, "Amid the roar
+and confusion of that conflict I took time to admire our beloved
+chief, mounted on a splendid charger, as he rode along the ranks amid
+the shouts of the soldiers. I thought then, {68} as now," continued
+he, "that never had I beheld so superb a man." Jefferson summed it
+all up in one brief sentence: "Washington was the best horseman of
+his age, and the most graceful figure that could be seen on
+horseback."
+
+[Illustration: Washington before Trenton]
+
+During all his life, Washington was thrifty, and very methodical in
+business. He grew so wealthy that when he died his estate was valued
+at half a million dollars. This large fortune for those days did not
+include his wife's estate, or the Mount Vernon property, which he
+inherited from his brother. He was the richest American of his time.
+
+[Illustration: Mount Vernon, the Home of Washington]
+
+His management of the Mount Vernon estate would make of itself an
+interesting and instructive book. Of {69} the eight thousand acres,
+nearly one half was under cultivation during the last part of its
+owner's life. We must not forget that at this time few tools and very
+little machinery were used in farming. At Mount Vernon, the negroes
+and the hired laborers numbered more than five hundred. The owner's
+orders were, "Buy nothing you can make within yourselves." The Mount
+Vernon gristmill not only ground all the flour and the meal for the
+help, but it also turned out a brand of flour which sold at a fancy
+price. The coopers of the place made the flour barrels, and
+Washington's own sloop carried the flour to market. A dozen kinds of
+cloth, from woolen and linen to bedticking and toweling, were woven
+on the premises.
+
+{70} In 1793, although he had one hundred and one cows on his farms,
+Washington writes that he was obliged to buy butter for the use of
+his family. Another time, he says that one hundred and fifteen
+hogsheads of "sweetly scented and neatly managed Tobacco" were
+raised, and that in a single year he sold eighty-five thousand
+herring, taken from the Potomac.
+
+For his services in the French and Indian Wars, Washington received
+as a bounty fifteen thousand acres of Western lands. By buying the
+claims of his fellow officers who needed money, he secured nearly as
+much more. After the Revolution, Washington and General Clinton
+bought six thousand acres "amazingly cheap," in the Mohawk valley. No
+wonder Washington was spoken of as "perhaps the greatest landholder
+in America."
+
+Like many other Southern proprietors, Washington had no end of bother
+with his slaves. He bought and sold negroes as he did his cattle and
+his horses, but, as he said, "except on the richest of Soils they
+only add to the Expense." In 1791, the slaves on the Mount Vernon
+estate alone numbered three hundred. In this same year, the owner
+wrote one day in his diary that he would never buy another slave; but
+the next night his cook ran away, and not being able to hire one,
+"white or black," he had to buy one. "Something must be done," he
+said, "or I shall be ruined. It would be for my Interest to set them
+free, rather than give them Victuals and Clooths."
+
+{71} Washington was too kind-hearted ever to flog his slaves, and yet
+his kindness was often abused. Fat and lazy, they made believe to be
+sick, or they ran away, and they played all kinds of pranks. In his
+diary, we read the tale of woe. We are told that his slaves would
+steal his sheep and his potatoes; would burn their tools; and wasted
+six thousand twelvepenny nails in building a corn-house.
+
+Like other rich Virginians of his time, Washington kept open house.
+He once said that his home had become "a well resorted tavern."
+Indeed it was, for guests of all sorts and conditions were dined and
+wined to their hearts' content. According to the diary, it seemed to
+matter little whether it was a real nobleman, or a tramp "who called
+himself a French Nobleman," a sick or a wounded soldier, or "a Farmer
+who came to see the new drill Plow," all "were desired to tarry," to
+help eat the hot roasts and drink the choice wines.
+
+There seems to have been almost no end to the sums of money, both
+large and small, which Washington gave away. Through the pages of his
+ledgers, we find hundreds of items of cash paid in charity. Here are
+a few entries which are typical of the whole: "10 Shillings for a
+wounded Soldier"; "gave a poor Man $2.00"; "two deserving French
+Women, $25"; "a poor blind Man, $1.50"; "a Lady in Distress, $50";
+"the poor in Alexandria, $100"; "Sufferers by Fire, $300"; "School in
+Kentucky, $100." His lavish hospitality and his {72} unceasing
+charity were a constant drain on his income. Had he not been so
+thorough in business, he surely would have been brought to financial
+ruin.
+
+[Illustration: General Washington and Staff riding through a Country
+Village]
+
+After the war of the Revolution was over, Congress having failed to
+pay certain prominent officers of the army, an outbreak was
+threatened. A meeting was held at Newburgh, New York. Washington was
+there. Everybody present knew that he had served without pay and had
+advanced large sums from his private fortune, to pay the army
+expenses. There was a deathlike stillness when the commander in chief
+rose to read his address. His eyesight had become so poor that he was
+now using glasses. He had never worn these in public, but, finding
+his sight dim, he stopped reading, took his spectacles from his
+pocket, and put them on, saying quietly, "You will permit me to put
+on my spectacles. I have grown gray in the service of my country, and
+now find myself growing blind." It was not merely what the beloved
+general said, but the way he spoke the few, simple words. The pathos
+of this act, and the solemn address of this majestic man touched
+every heart. No wonder that some of the veterans were moved to tears.
+
+One day a schoolboy stood on the stone steps before the old State
+House, in Philadelphia, as the first President of the United States
+was driven up to make his formal visit to Congress. This small boy
+glided into the hall, under the cover of the long coats of the finely
+dressed escort. Boylike he climbed to a hiding place, {73} from which
+he watched the proceedings with the deepest awe. The boy lived to
+write fifty years afterwards a pleasing description of the affair. He
+tells us that while Washington entered, and walked up the broad
+aisle, and ascended the steps leading to the speaker's chair, the
+large and crowded chamber "was as profoundly still as a house of
+worship in the most solemn pauses of devotion."
+
+On this occasion, Washington was dressed in a full suit of the
+richest black velvet, with diamond knee buckles, and square silver
+buckles set upon shoes japanned with the greatest neatness, black
+silk stockings, his shirt ruffled at the breast and the wrists, a
+light sword, his hair fully {74} dressed, so as to project at the
+sides, and gathered behind in a silk bag, ornamented with a large
+rose of black ribbon. As he advanced toward the chair, he held in his
+hand his cocked hat, which had a large black cockade. When seated, he
+laid his hat upon the table. Amid the most profound silence,
+Washington, taking a roll of paper from his inside coat pocket, arose
+and read with a deep, rich voice his opening address.
+
+Those who knew Washington have said that his presence inspired a
+feeling of awe and veneration rarely experienced in the presence of
+any other American. His countenance rarely softened or changed its
+habitual gravity, and his manner in public life was always grave and
+self-contained. In vain did the merry young women at Lady
+Washington's receptions do their best to make the stately President
+laugh. Some declared that he could not laugh. Beautiful Nellie
+Custis, his ward and foster child, used to boast of her occasional
+success in making the sedate President laugh aloud.
+
+We may be sure that President Washington's receptions, every other
+Tuesday afternoon, were formal. On such occasions, he was in the full
+dress of a gentleman of that day,--black velvet, powdered hair
+gathered in a large silk bag, and yellow gloves. At his side was a
+long, finely wrought sword, with a scabbard of white polished
+leather. He always stood in front of the fireplace, with his face
+toward the door. He received each visitor with a dignified bow, but
+never shook hands, even with his {75} nearest friends. He considered
+himself visited, not as a friend, but as President of the United
+States.
+
+[Illustration: Washington at Mount Vernon]
+
+While President, Washington used to give a public dinner, every
+Thursday at four o'clock, "to as many as my table will hold." He
+allowed five minutes for difference in watches, and, at exactly five
+minutes past four by his hall clock, went to the table. His only
+apology to the laggard guest was, "I have a cook who never asks
+whether the company has come, but whether the hour has come."
+
+If we may judge from the very full accounts of these grand dinners,
+as described in the diaries of the {76} guests, they must have been
+stiff affairs. These people probably wrote the truth when they said,
+"glad it is over," "great formality," "my duty to submit to it,"
+"scarcely a word was said," "there was a dead silence." No doubt
+there was much good food to eat and choice wine to drink, but the
+formal manners of the times were emphasized by awe of their grave
+host. Very few of the guests, both at Mount Vernon and at
+Philadelphia, failed to allude to the habit that Washington had of
+playing with his fork and striking on the table with it.
+
+It would take a book many times larger than this to tell you all that
+has been written about Washington's everyday life. Some day you will
+delight to read more about him, and learn why he was, in every sense
+of the word, a wise, a good, and a great man,--the man who "without a
+beacon, without a chart, but with an unswerving eye and steady hand,
+guided his country safe through darkness and through storm."
+
+Every young American should remember of Washington that "there is no
+word spoken, no line written, no deed done by him, which justice
+would reverse or wisdom deplore." His greatness did not consist so
+much in his intellect, his skill, and his genius, though he possessed
+all these, as in his honor, his integrity, his truthfulness, his high
+and controlling sense of duty--in a word, his _character_, honest,
+pure, noble, great.
+
+
+{77}
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE
+
+
+We have certainly read enough about General Washington to know that
+he often planned to steal a march on the British. Don't you remember
+how surprised General Howe was one morning to find that Washington
+had gone to Dorchester Heights, with a big force of men, horses, and
+carts, and how he threw up breastworks, mounted cannon, and forced
+the British general after a few days to quit the good city of Boston?
+Haven't we also read how the "ragged Continentals" left their bloody
+footprints in the snow, as they marched to Trenton all that bitter
+cold night in December, 1777, and gave the Hessians a Christmas
+greeting they little expected?
+
+In January, 1779, England sent orders to General Clinton "to bring
+Mr. Washington to a general and decisive action at the opening of the
+campaign," and also "to harry the frontiers and coasts north and
+south."
+
+General Clinton wrote back that he had found "Mr. Washington" a hard
+nut to crack, but he would do his level best, he said, "to strike at
+Washington while he was in motion."
+
+{78} The main American force was still in winter quarters in northern
+New Jersey, near New York. Various brigades were stationed up and
+down the Hudson as far as West Point. As at the beginning of the war,
+so now in 1779, the line of the Hudson from Albany to New York was
+the key to the general situation. Its protection, as Washington had
+written, was of "infinite consequence to our cause."
+
+The first real move in the game was made in May, when a large British
+force marched up, captured, and strongly fortified the two forts at
+Stony Point and Verplanck's Point, only thirteen miles below West
+Point. The enemy thus secured the control of King's Ferry, where
+troops and supplies for the patriot army were ferried across the
+Hudson.
+
+Our spies now sent word to Washington that the British were ready to
+move on some secret service. The patriot army was at once marched up,
+and went into camp within easy reach of West Point, to wait for the
+next move in the game. Once more these far-famed Hudson Highlands
+were to become the storm center of the struggle.
+
+For some reason, Clinton did not push farther up the Hudson. On the
+contrary, he began to make raids into various parts of the country,
+from Martha's Vineyard to the James River. These raids were marked by
+cruelties unknown in the earlier years of the war. The hated Tryon,
+once the royal governor of New York, led {79} twenty-six hundred men
+into Connecticut. His brutal soldiers killed unarmed and helpless men
+and women, and sacked and burned houses and churches.
+
+One of Clinton's objects in sending out the raiders was to coax
+Washington to weaken his army by sending out forces to offset them,
+or to tease him into making what he called a "false move." Washington
+was, of course, keenly alive to the misery brought upon the people of
+the country by these brutalities, but he was too wise a general to
+run any risk of losing his hold upon the line of the Hudson. The
+Continental army could not muster ten thousand men. Although not
+strong enough to begin a vigorous campaign, yet it was sufficiently
+powerful to hold the key to the Highlands.
+
+Washington could, if need be, strike a quick, hard blow, either in
+New England or farther south. It might be, to be sure, a sort of side
+play, and yet it was to have the effect of a great battle. Indeed, it
+was high time to give the enemy another surprise.
+
+At length it was decided to attack Stony Point. Any open assault,
+however, would be hopeless. This stronghold, if taken at all, must be
+taken by night.
+
+What kind of place was this Stony Point?
+
+It was a huge rocky bluff, shooting out into the river more than half
+a mile from the shore, and rising, at its highest point, nearly two
+hundred feet. It was joined to the shore by a marshy neck of land,
+crossed by a rude bridge, or causeway.
+
+{80} The British had fortified the top of this rocky point with half
+a dozen separate batteries. The cannon were so mounted as to defend
+all sides. Between the fort and the mainland, two rows of logs were
+set into the ground, with their ends sharpened to a point and
+directed outwards, forming what is known in military language as an
+abatis. This stronghold was defended by six hundred men.
+
+Washington Irving well describes Stony Point as "a natural sentinel
+guarding the gateway of the far-famed Highlands of the Hudson." The
+British called it their "little Gibraltar," and defied the rebels to
+come and take it.
+
+And now for a leader! Who was the best man to perform this desperate
+exploit?
+
+There was really no choice, for there was only one officer in the
+whole army who was fitted for the undertaking,--General Anthony
+Wayne.
+
+Wayne was a little over thirty years old. He was a fine-looking man
+with a high forehead and fiery hazel eyes. He had a youthful face,
+full of beauty. He liked handsome uniforms and fine military
+equipments. Some of his officers used to speak of him in fun as
+"Dandy Wayne." But the men who followed their dashing, almost
+reckless leader called him "Mad Anthony," and this name has clung to
+him ever since.
+
+Wayne was, without doubt, the hardest fighter produced on either side
+during the American Revolution. {81} He had an eager love of battle;
+and he was cautions, vigilant, and firm as a rock. This gallant
+officer eagerly caught at the idea when the commander in chief told
+him what he wanted. And so it came to pass that Washington did the
+planning, and Wayne did the fighting.
+
+[Illustration: General Anthony Wayne]
+
+Washington's plans were made with the greatest care. The dogs for
+three miles about the fort were killed the day before the intended
+attack, lest some indiscreet bark might alarm the garrison. The
+commander in chief himself rode down and spent the whole day looking
+over the situation. Trusty men, who knew every inch of the region,
+guarded every road and every trail by which spies and deserters could
+pass.
+
+"Ten minutes' notice to the enemy blasts all your hopes," wrote
+Washington to Wayne.
+
+The orders were "to take and keep all stragglers."
+
+"Took the widow Calhoun and another widow going to the enemy with
+chickens and greens," reported Captain McLane. "Drove off twenty head
+of horned cattle from their pasture."
+
+The hour of attack was to be midnight. Washington hoped for a dark
+night and even a rainy one. Not a gun was to be loaded except by two
+companies who were to {82} make the false attack. The bayonet alone
+was to be used, Wayne's favorite weapon. At Germantown, it was
+Wayne's men who drove the Hessians at the point of the bayonet. And
+at Monmouth, these men had met, with cold steel, the fierce bayonet
+charge of the far-famed British grenadiers.
+
+About thirteen hundred men of the famous light infantry were chosen
+to make the attack. Both officers and men were veterans and the
+flower of the Continental army.
+
+On the forenoon of July 15, the companies were called in from the
+various camps, and drawn up for inspection as a battalion,
+"fresh-shaved and well-powdered," as Wayne had commanded.
+
+At twelve o'clock the inspection was over, but the men, instead of
+being sent to their quarters, were wheeled into the road, with the
+head of the column facing southward. The march to Stony Point had
+begun.
+
+"If any soldier loads his musket, or fires from the ranks, or tries
+to skulk in the face of danger, he is at once to be put to death by
+the officer nearest him." One soldier did begin to load his gun,
+saying that he did not know how to fight without firing. His captain
+warned him once. The soldier would not stop. The officer then ran his
+sword through him in an instant. The next day, however, the captain
+came to Colonel Hull and said he was sorry that he had killed the
+poor fellow. "You performed a painful service," said Hull, "by which,
+{83} perhaps, victory has been secured, and the life of many a brave
+man saved. Be satisfied."
+
+All that hot July afternoon, the men picked their way along rough and
+narrow roads, up steep hillsides, and through swamps and dense
+ravines, often in single file. No soldier was allowed to leave the
+ranks, on any excuse whatever, except at a general halt, and then
+only in company with an officer.
+
+At eight o'clock the little army came to a final halt at a farmhouse,
+thirteen miles from their camp, and a little more than a mile back of
+Stony Point. Nobody was permitted to speak. The tired men dropped
+upon the ground, and ate in silence their supper of bread and cold
+meat.
+
+A little later, Wayne's order of battle was read. For the first time
+the men knew what was before them. No doubt many a brave fellow's
+knees shook and his cheek grew pale, when he thought of what might
+happen before another sunrise.
+
+Until half past eleven o'clock they rested.
+
+Each man now pinned a piece of white paper "to the most conspicuous
+part of his hat or his cap," so that, in the thick of the midnight
+fight, he might not run his bayonet through some comrade. No man was
+to speak until the parapet of the main fort was reached. Then all
+were to shout the watchword of the night, "The fort's our own!"
+
+One of the last things that Wayne did was to write a letter to a
+friend at his home in Philadelphia, dated {84} "Eleven o'clock and
+near the hour and scene of carnage." He wrote that he hoped his
+friend would look after the education of his children.
+
+"I am called to sup," he wrote, "but where to breakfast? Either
+within the enemy's lines in triumph, or in another world."
+
+Half past eleven! It was time to start.
+
+A negro, named Pompey, who sold cherries and strawberries to the
+garrison, was used as a guide. This shrewd darkey had got the British
+password for the night, by claiming that his master would not let him
+come in during the daytime, because he was needed to hoe corn. You
+will be glad to know that Pompey, as a reward for this eventful
+night's service, never had to hoe corn again, and that his master not
+only gave him a horse to ride, but also set him free.
+
+[Illustration: Pompey guiding General Wayne]
+
+Wayne divided his little army into two main columns, to attack right
+and left, having detached two companies, with loaded guns, to move in
+between the two columns and make a false attack.
+
+Each column was divided into three parts. A "forlorn hope" of twenty
+men was to be the first to rush headlong into the hand to hand fight.
+Then followed an advance guard of one hundred and fifty men, who,
+with axes in hand and muskets slung, were to cut away the timbers.
+Last of all came the main body.
+
+The silent band reaches the edge of the marsh at midnight, the hour
+set by Washington for the assault. {85} Wayne himself leads the right
+column, to attack by the south approach. The tide has not ebbed, and
+the water is in places waist deep. The marsh is fully six hundred
+feet across. No matter for that! Straight ahead the column moves as
+if on parade. Now they have crossed, and are close to the outer
+defense. The British pickets hear the noise, open fire, and give the
+general alarm. The drums on the hill beat the "long roll." Quick and
+sharp come the orders. The redcoats leap from the barracks, and in a
+few moments every man is at his post.
+
+[Illustration: Wayne leads the Assault]
+
+Up rush the pioneers with their axes, and cut away the sharpened
+timbers the best they can in the darkness, while the bullets whiz
+over their heads. Then follow the main columns, who climb over, and
+form on the other side. Now they reach the second defense. They cut
+and tear away the sharp stakes. The bullets fall like hail. On, on,
+the two columns rush. They push up the steep hill, and dash {86} for
+the main fort on the top. On the left, the "forlorn hope" has lost
+seventeen out of twenty men, either killed or wounded.
+
+Meanwhile, Colonel Murfree and his two companies take their stand
+directly in front of the fort, and open a brisk and rapid fire, to
+make the garrison believe that they are the real attacking party. The
+redcoats are surely fooled, for they hurry down with a strong force
+to meet them, only to find their fort captured before they can get
+back.
+
+Wayne is struck in the head by a musket ball, and falls. The blood
+flows over his face. He fears in the confusion that he has received
+his death wound.
+
+He cries to his aids, "Carry me into the fort and let me die at the
+head of the column."
+
+Two of his officers pick up their gallant leader, and hurry forward;
+but it is only a scalp wound, and Wayne returns to the fight.
+
+Wayne's column scales the ramparts.
+
+The first man over shouts, "The fort's our own," and pulls down the
+British flag.
+
+The second main column follows.
+
+"The fort's our own!" "The fort's our own!" echoes and re�choes over
+the hills.
+
+The bayonet is now doing its grim work. The darkness is lighted only
+by the flashes from the guns of the redcoats. The bewildered British
+are driven at the point of the bayonet into the corners of the fort,
+and {87} cry, "Mercy, mercy, dear Americans!" "Quarter! quarter!"
+"Don't kill us! we surrender!"
+
+At one o'clock the work was done,--thirty minutes from the time the
+marsh was crossed! As soon as they were sure of victory, Wayne's men
+gave three rousing cheers. The British on the war vessels in the
+river, and at the fort on the opposite side of the river, answered;
+for they thought that the attacking party had been defeated. The only
+British soldier to escape from Stony Point was a captain. Leaping
+into the Hudson, he swam a mile to the Vulture and told its captain
+what had happened. In this way the news of the disaster reached Sir
+Henry Clinton at breakfast.
+
+{88} After the surrender, Wayne wrote the following letter to
+Washington:
+
+
+Stony Point, 16th July, 1779, 2 o'clock.
+
+Dear General,
+
+The fort and garrison with Colonel Johnson are ours. Our officers and
+men behaved like men who are determined to be free.
+
+Yours most sincerely,
+Ant'y Wayne.
+
+General Washington.
+
+
+The news spread like wildfire. Wayne and his light infantry were the
+heroes of the hour.
+
+Two days afterwards, Washington, with his chief officers, rode down
+to Stony Point and heard the whole story. The commander in chief
+shook hands with the men, and "with joy that glowed in his
+countenance, here offered his thanks to Almighty God, that He had
+been our shield and protector amidst the dangers we had been called
+to encounter."
+
+Washington did not, of course, intend to hold Stony Point, for the
+enemy could besiege it by land and by water. The prisoners, the
+cannon, and the supplies were carried away, and very little was left
+to the foe but the bare rock of their "little Gibraltar."
+
+This exploit gave the Continental soldier greater confidence in
+himself. It proved to the British that the "rebel" could use the
+bayonet with as much boldness and effect as the proudest grenadier.
+The fight {89} was not a great affair in itself. Only fifteen
+Americans were killed and eighty-three wounded; of the British,
+sixty-three were killed and some seventy wounded.
+
+As for Clinton, although he put on a bold face in the matter, and
+spoke of the event as an accident, he owned that he felt the blow
+keenly.
+
+"Mr. Washington" was still master of the situation.
+
+
+{90}
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE DEFEAT OF THE RED DRAGOONS
+
+
+If what the proverb tells us is true, that it is always darkest
+before dawn, the patriots of the South in 1780 must indeed have
+prayed for the light. Affairs had gone rapidly from bad to worse. Sir
+Henry Clinton had come again from New York, and in May of that year
+had captured Charleston with all of Lincoln's army.
+
+Sir Henry went back to New York, leaving Lord Cornwallis in command.
+Washington desired to send his right-hand man, General Greene, to
+stem the tide of British success, but the Continental Congress chose
+to send General Gates.
+
+In August, this weak general was utterly defeated in the battle of
+Camden, in South Carolina. How the bitter words of General Charles
+Lee, "Beware lest your Northern laurels change to Southern willows,"
+must have rung in his ears! Gates fled from Camden like the commonest
+coward in the army. Mounted on a fast horse, he did not stop until he
+reached Charlotte, seventy miles away.
+
+No organized American force now held the field in the South, and the
+red dragoons easily overran Georgia and South Carolina. There seemed
+to be little left for {91} Cornwallis to do; for the three Southern
+colonies were for the time ground under the iron heel of the enemy.
+
+Crushing blows, however, only nerved the leaders, Sumter, Pickens,
+Marion, Davie, and others, to greater efforts. The insolence, the
+cruelty, and the tyranny of the British soldiers, and the bitter
+hatred of the Tories, had brought to the front a new class of
+patriots. These men cared little about the original cause of the war,
+but the burning of their houses, the stealing of their cattle and
+their horses, and the brutal insulting of their wives and their
+daughters, aroused them to avenge their wrongs to the bitter end. And
+many were the skirmishes they brought about with the British.
+
+Thirty days had now passed since the battle of Camden, and Cornwallis
+on his return march had not yet reached the Old North State. It was
+still a long way to Virginia, and the road thither was beset with
+many dangers.
+
+Meanwhile, the British commander had intrusted to two of his
+officers, Tarleton and Ferguson, the task of pillaging plantations,
+raising and drilling troops among the Tories, and breaking up the
+bands of armed patriots.
+
+The brutal manner in which Tarleton and his men plundered, burned,
+and hanged does not concern this story.
+
+Ferguson was the colonel of a regular regiment that had been
+recruited in this country, instead of in England. With his kind heart
+and his winning manner, he was bold {92} and brave, and always ready
+to take desperate chances in battle. He was noted for hard riding,
+night attacks, and swift movements with his troopers; and as a
+marksman he was unsurpassed. In short, Ferguson was just the leader
+to win the respect and the admiration of the Tories; and they eagerly
+enlisted in his service.
+
+With a few regulars and a large force of loyalists, he pushed his
+victories to the foot of the mountains, in the western borders of the
+Carolinas. For the first time, he learned that over the high ranges
+in front of him were the homes of the men who had been causing him
+annoyance, and who were harboring those that had fled before his
+advance.
+
+The proud young Briton now made the mistake of his life. He sent a
+prisoner, Samuel Phillips, over to the frontier settlements, to
+Colonel Isaac Shelby, with the insolent message that, if the
+"backwater" men did not quit resisting the royal arms, he would march
+his army over the mountains, and would straightway lay waste their
+homes with fire and sword, and hang their leaders.
+
+He little knew what kind of men he had stirred to wrath. The frontier
+settlers of Franklin and Holston, which grew into the great
+commonwealth of Tennessee, were, for the most part, Scotch-Irish
+people. They had grappled with the wilderness, and had hewn out homes
+for themselves. Along with their log cabins they had built
+meetinghouses and schoolhouses. Their life was {93} full of
+ever-present peril and hardship; for they were engaged in a ceaseless
+struggle with the Indians. The minister preached with his gun at his
+side, and the men listened with their rifles within their grasp.
+
+As we should expect, these hardy settlers were generally stanch
+patriots. They believed in Washington and in the Continental
+Congress. They knew that British gold bribed the Indians, and
+furnished them with weapons to butcher their women and children. It
+was British gold, too, that hired the wild and lawless among them to
+enlist in the invading army; and it was British officers that drilled
+them to become expert in killing their brethren of the lowlands.
+
+At the time of the Revolution, these backwoodsmen were still fighting
+with the savages, and so had not taken an active part in the war on
+the seaboard. Like a rear guard of well-seasoned veterans, they stood
+between the Indians and their people on the coast.
+
+Now these hardy mountaineers took Ferguson's threat seriously. Their
+Scotch-Irish blood was up.
+
+Colonel Shelby, one of the county lieutenants of Washington County,
+rode posthaste to John Sevier's home, sixty miles away, to carry
+Ferguson's threat.
+
+Sevier lived on the Nolichucky River, and from his deeds of daring
+and his hospitality was nicknamed "Chucky Jack." When Shelby arrived,
+it was a day of merrymaking. They were having a barbecue; that is,
+they were roasting oxen whole on great spits; and a {94} horse race
+was to be run. The colonel told his story, and the merrymakers agreed
+to turn out.
+
+Shelby now rode home at full speed to muster his own men, and sent
+urgent word to Colonel William Campbell, a famous Indian fighter, who
+lived forty miles away, to call out the Holston Virginians.
+
+The place appointed for meeting was at Sycamore Shoals, a central
+point on the Watauga River. The day set was September 25.
+
+Hither came Shelby and Sevier with about five hundred men, William
+Campbell with four hundred Virginians, and McDowell with about one
+hundred and sixty refugees from North Carolina.
+
+Word was sent to Colonel Cleveland, a hunter and Indian fighter of
+Wilkes County in North Carolina, to come with all the men he could
+raise east of the mountains.
+
+Colonel Sevier tried in vain to borrow money to furnish the men with
+horses and supplies. The people were willing to give their last
+dollar, but they had paid out all their money for land, and the cash
+was in the hands of the county entry taker, John Adair.
+
+Sevier appealed to him.
+
+This patriot's reply is historic: "I have no authority by law,
+Colonel Sevier, to make that disposition of this money. It belongs to
+the treasury of North Carolina, and I dare not appropriate a penny of
+it to any purpose. But if the country is overrun by the British,
+liberty is {95} gone. Let the money go, too. Take it. If the enemy,
+by its use, is driven from the country, I can trust that country to
+justify and vindicate my conduct. Take it."
+
+This money, thirteen thousand dollars in silver and gold, was taken,
+and the supplies bought. Shelby and Sevier pledged themselves to
+refund the money, or to have the act legalized by the legislature.
+
+September 25 was a day of intense excitement in those frontier
+settlements. The entire military force of what is now Tennessee met
+at Sycamore Shoals. The younger and more vigorous men were to march,
+while the older men with poorer guns were to remain behind, to help
+the women defend their homes against the savages. But all came, to
+bid good-by to husbands, to brothers, and to lovers. Food, horses,
+guns, blankets,--everything except money was brought without stint.
+
+The backwoodsmen were mounted on swift, wiry horses. Their long
+hunting shirts were girded with bead-worked belts. Some wore caps
+made of mink or of coonskins, with the tails hanging down behind;
+others had soft hats, in each of which was fastened either a sprig of
+evergreen or a buck's tail.
+
+Nearly all were armed with what was called the Deckhard rifle,
+remarkable for the precision and the distance of its shot. Every man
+carried a tomahawk and a scalping knife. There was not a bayonet in
+the whole force. Here and there an officer wore a sword.
+
+{96} There was no staff, no commissary, no quartermaster, and no
+surgeon.
+
+Early in the morning of September 26, the little army was ready to
+march. Before leaving camp, all met in an open grove to hear their
+minister, the Rev. Samuel Doak, invoke divine blessing on their
+perilous undertaking.
+
+[Illustration: Praying for the Success of the Riflemen]
+
+Years before, this God-fearing man had crossed the mountains, driving
+before him an "old flea-bitten gray horse" loaded with Bibles, and
+had cast his lot with the Holston settlers. By his energy in founding
+churches and in building schoolhouses, as well as by his skill in
+shooting Indians, he had become a potent influence for good among
+these frontier people.
+
+Every man doffed his hat and bowed his head on his long rifle, as the
+white-headed Presbyterian prayed in burning words that they might
+stand bravely in battle, and that the sword of the Lord and of Gideon
+might smite their foes.
+
+{97} Our little army now pushed on over the mountains. On the third
+day they crossed the Blue Ridge, and saw far away the fertile valleys
+of the upper Catawba. The next day they reached the lovely lowlands,
+where Colonel Cleveland with three hundred and fifty militia joined
+them.
+
+Hitherto, each band of the mountain army had been under the command
+of its own leader. Some of the men were unruly; others were disposed
+to plunder. This would never do, if they were to be successful; and
+so, on October 2, it was decided to give the supreme command to
+Colonel Cleveland.
+
+Before the army set out on the following day, the colonels told their
+men what was expected of them.
+
+"Now, my brave fellows," said Colonel Cleveland, "the redcoats are at
+hand. We must up and at them. When the pinch comes, I shall be with
+you."
+
+"Everybody must be his own officer!" cried Colonel Shelby. "Give them
+Indian play, boys; and now if a single man among you wants to go back
+home, this is your chance; let him step three paces to the rear."
+
+Not a man did so.
+
+The pioneer army continued its march, picking up small bands of
+refugees. When they reached Gilberttown the next night, they numbered
+nearly fifteen hundred men. They hoped to find Ferguson at this
+place, but the wily partisan had sharp eyes and quick ears. He had
+been told by his Tory friends that the army of riflemen were after
+him.
+
+{98} The Briton sent posthaste to Cornwallis for more men; he called
+upon the Tories to rally to his support; and he issued a
+proclamation, in which he called the backwoodsmen "the dregs of
+mankind," "a set of mongrels," and other bad names. "Something must
+be done," he wrote to Cornwallis.
+
+All this showed to the patriot riflemen that Ferguson was retreating
+because he feared them. Doubtless he would have escaped easily enough
+from ordinary soldiers; but his pursuers were made of different
+stuff. They had hunted wild beasts and savages all their lives. Now
+they were after the redcoats in the same way they would pursue a band
+of Indians. They had come over the mountains to fight, and fight they
+would.
+
+Seven hundred and fifty men, mounted on the strongest horses, now
+hurried forward, leaving the rest to follow.
+
+At sunset, on October 6, they reached Cowpens, where three months
+later Morgan was to defeat Tarleton. Here several hundred militia
+under noted partisan leaders joined them. Seated round their blazing
+camp fires, the hungry men roasted for supper the corn which they had
+stripped from the field of a rich Tory.
+
+The colonels decided in council to pick out about nine hundred men,
+and with these to push on all night in pursuit of their hated foe.
+Some were so eager to fight that they followed on foot, and actually
+arrived in time for the battle.
+
+{99} All this time Ferguson was working to keep out of the way of the
+patriots. Several large bands of Tories were already on their way to
+help him. He also expected help from Cornwallis. The one thing needed
+was a day or two of time, and then he would be able to make a stand
+against his pursuers.
+
+[Illustration: A Map of the Military Operations in the Carolinas]
+
+On the same night of October 6, Ferguson halted at King's Mountain,
+about a day's march from the riflemen at Cowpens, and thirty-five
+miles from the camp of Cornwallis. The ridge on which he pitched his
+camp was nearly half a mile long, and about sixty feet above the
+level of the valley. Its steep sides were covered with timber.
+
+The next day the British did not move. The heavy baggage wagons were
+massed along the northeast part of the ridge, while the soldiers
+camped on the south side.
+
+{100} In his pride, the haughty young Briton declared that he could
+defend the hill against any rebel force, and "that God Almighty
+Himself could not drive him from it."
+
+Through that dark and rainy night the mountaineers marched. It rained
+hard all the next forenoon, but the men wrapped their blankets and
+the skirts of their hunting shirts round their gunlocks, and hurried
+on after Ferguson. A few of Shelby's men stopped at a Tory's house.
+
+"How many are there of you?" asked a young girl.
+
+"Enough," said one of the riflemen, "to whip Ferguson, if we can
+catch him."
+
+"He is on that hill yonder," replied the girl, pointing to the high
+range about three miles away.
+
+Shelby had sent out Enoch Gilmer as a spy. He came back, saying that
+he had met a young woman who had been at the enemy's camp to sell
+chickens, and that Ferguson was encamped on the spot where some
+hunters had been the year before. These same hunters were with
+Shelby, and at once said they knew every inch of the way. Two
+captured Tories were compelled to tell how the British leader was
+dressed.
+
+It was now three o'clock. It had stopped raining, and the sun was
+shining. All was hurry and bustle. The plan was to surround the hill,
+to give the men a better chance to fire upward, without firing into
+each other.
+
+When the patriots came within about a mile of the ridge, they
+dismounted and tied their horses. The {101} watchword was "Buford,"
+the name of the brave officer whose troops had been massacred by
+Tarleton after their surrender. Each man was ordered to fight for
+himself. He might retreat before the British bayonets, but he must
+rally at once to the fight, and let the redcoats have "Indian play."
+
+Sevier led the right wing. Some of his men by hard riding got to the
+rear of Ferguson's army, and cut off the only chance for retreat.
+Cleveland had charge of the left wing, while Campbell and Shelby were
+to attack in front. So swiftly did the different detachments reach
+their {102} places that Ferguson found himself attacked on every side
+at once.
+
+On horseback the gallant Briton leads his regulars in a bayonet
+charge down the steep hillside. With the Indian war whoop, which
+echoes and re�choes, Campbell's riflemen rush forward. They have no
+bayonets, and are driven down the hill. In a voice of thunder,
+Campbell rallies his men, and up the hill they go with a still
+deadlier fire, as the regulars retreat.
+
+[Illustration: Charging the British at King's Mountain]
+
+Now Shelby's men swarm up on the other side. Again the bayonets drive
+these new foes down the rocky cliffs. No sooner do the redcoats
+retire, than up comes Shelby again at the head of his men, nearer the
+top than before.
+
+Meanwhile the riflemen, behind every tree and every rock, were
+picking off the redcoats. Clad in a hunting shirt, and blowing his
+silver whistle, the brave Ferguson dashes here and there to rally his
+men. He cuts and slashes with his sword until it is broken off at the
+hilt. Two horses are killed under him.
+
+Some of the Tories raise a white flag. Ferguson rides up and cuts it
+down. A second flag is raised elsewhere. He rides there and cuts that
+down.
+
+Now he flies at Sevier's riflemen, who had just made their way to the
+top of the hill. At once they recognize their man. In an instant,
+half a dozen bullets strike the gallant officer, and he falls dead
+from his horse. No longer is the shrill whistle heard.
+
+{103} Colonel De Peyster, the next in command, bravely keeps up the
+fight, but the deadly rifles have done their work. The British are
+hemmed in and there is no escape. At the head of their men the
+several colonels arrive at the top of the hill about the same time.
+The Tories are now huddled together near the baggage wagons.
+
+"Quarter! quarter!" they cry everywhere.
+
+"Remember Buford!" madly shout the victorious patriots.
+
+"Throw down your arms, if you want quarter!" cries Shelby.
+
+In despair, De Peyster at last raises a white flag, and white
+handkerchiefs are waved from ramrods. Some of the younger
+backwoodsmen did not know what a white flag meant, and kept on
+firing. The colonels ordered them to stop, and then made the Tories
+take off their hats and sit down on the ground.
+
+There had been fierce and bloody work this beautiful autumn
+afternoon, on the crest of that rocky hill. Friends, neighbors, and
+relatives, in their bitter hatred, taunted and jeered one another, as
+they shot and stabbed in the desperate struggle.
+
+Ferguson had about eleven hundred men in the action. Of these about
+four hundred were killed, wounded, or missing, and some seven hundred
+made prisoners. Of the patriots, twenty-eight were killed and about
+sixty wounded.
+
+{104} Under bold and resolute leaders, the backwoods riflemen had
+swept over the mountains like a Highland clan. Their work done, they
+wished to return home. They knew too well the dangers of an Indian
+attack on those they had left in their distant log cabins.
+
+After burying their dead, and loading their horses with the captured
+guns and supplies, the victors shouldered their rifles, and, carrying
+their wounded on litters made of the captured tents, vanished from
+the mountains as suddenly as they had appeared.
+
+Such was the defeat of the red dragoons at King's Mountain. It proved
+to be one of the decisive battles of the Revolution, and was the turn
+of the tide of British success in the South. The courage of the
+Southern patriots rose at a bound, and the Tories of the Carolinas
+never recovered from the blow.
+
+
+{105}
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+FROM TEAMSTER TO MAJOR GENERAL
+
+
+On July 3, 1775, under the great elm on Cambridge Common, Washington
+took command of the patriot army. During the siege of Boston, which
+followed, his headquarters were in that fine old mansion, the Craigie
+house, where, from time to time, met men whose names became great in
+the history of the Revolution.
+
+[Illustration: Washington taking Command of the American Army, at
+Cambridge]
+
+Hither came to consult with the commander in chief three men who died
+hated and scorned by their countrymen. The first was Horatio Gates, a
+vainglorious man, given to intrigue and treachery. Next came tall and
+slovenly Charles Lee of Virginia, a restless adventurer, who, by his
+cowardice in the battle of Monmouth, stirred even Washington to
+anger. Then there was a young man for whom Washington had a peculiar
+liking on account of his great personal bravery, who afterward became
+the despised Benedict Arnold.
+
+But here were also gathered men of another stamp,--men whom the
+nation delights to honor. From the granite hills of New Hampshire,
+came rough and ready John Stark, who afterwards whipped the British
+at Bennington. From little Rhode Island, came Nathanael Greene, a
+young Quaker, who began life as a blacksmith, {106} but who became
+the ablest general of the Revolution except Washington.
+
+Into this group of patriot leaders came also Daniel Morgan of
+Virginia. Little is known of the early life of this remarkable man.
+He would rarely say anything about his family. It is believed that he
+was born of obscure Welsh people, in New Jersey, about the year 1737.
+
+At seventeen, Morgan could barely read and write. He was rude of
+speech and uncouth in manners, but his heart was brave, and he
+scorned to lie.
+
+The next two years did wonders for this awkward boy. He grew to be
+over six feet tall, with limbs of fine build, and with muscles like
+iron. In some way he had found time to study, and was regarded by the
+village people as a promising young fellow.
+
+Stirring times were at hand. The bitter struggle between the French
+and the English in the Ohio valley was raging.
+
+Morgan at once enlisted in the Virginia troops, and served one of the
+companies as a teamster. An incident revealed the stuff of which the
+young wagoner was made. The captain of his company had trouble with a
+surly fellow who was a great bully and a skillful boxer. It was
+agreed, according to the unwritten rules of the time, that the matter
+should be settled by a fight at the next stopping place; and so when
+the troops halted for dinner, out strode the captain to meet his foe.
+
+{107} "You must not fight this man," said Morgan, stepping to the
+front.
+
+"Why not?" asked the officer.
+
+"Because you are our captain," replied the young teamster, "and if
+the fellow whips you, we shall all be disgraced. Let me fight him,
+and if he whips me, it will not hurt the name of the company."
+
+The captain said it would never do, but at last yielded. Morgan
+promptly gave the bully a sound thrashing.
+
+After the defeat of Braddock, in 1755, the French and the redskins
+wreaked their vengeance upon the terrified frontier settlements. A
+regiment of a thousand men was raised, and Washington was made its
+colonel. With this small force, he was supposed to guard a frontier
+of two hundred and fifty miles.
+
+Morgan enlisted as a teamster. It was his duty to carry supplies to
+the various military posts on this long frontier. This meant almost
+daily exposure to all kinds {108} of dangers. It was a rough, hard
+school for a young man of twenty; but it made him an expert with the
+rifle and the tomahawk, and a master of Indian warfare, which was so
+useful to him in after years.
+
+During one of these wild campaigns on the frontier, a British captain
+took offense at something young Morgan had said or done, and struck
+him with the flat of his sword. This was too much for the high-strung
+teamster. He straightway knocked the redcoat officer senseless.
+
+A drumhead court-martial sentenced the young Virginian to receive one
+hundred lashes on the bare back. He was at once stripped, tied up,
+and punished. Morgan said in joke that there was a miscount, and that
+he actually received only ninety-nine blows. With his wonderful power
+of endurance, the young fellow stood the punishment like a hero, and
+came out of it alive and defiant.
+
+This act, extreme even in those days of British cruelty, doubtless
+nerved him to incredible deeds of bravery in fighting the hated
+redcoats.
+
+Shortly after this, he became a private in the militia. He made his
+mark when the French and Indians attacked a fort near Winchester. The
+story is that he killed four savages in as many minutes.
+
+The young Virginian never drove any more army wagons. From this time,
+he stood forth as a born fighter and a leader of men. Such was his
+coolness in danger, his sound judgment, and, more than all else, his
+great {109} influence over his men, that he was recommended to
+Governor Dinwiddie for a captain's commission.
+
+"What!" exclaimed the governor, "to a camp boxer and a teamster?"
+
+Still, the best men of Virginia urged it, and the royal governor so
+far yielded as to give him the commission of an ensign.
+
+Not long afterwards, in one of the bloody fights with the French and
+Indians, Morgan was shot through the back of the neck. The bullet
+went through his mouth and came out through the left cheek, knocking
+out all the teeth on the left side. Supposing that he was {110}
+mortally wounded, and resolved not to lose his scalp, the fainting
+rifleman clasped his arms tightly round the neck of his good horse,
+and galloped for life through the woods. A fleet Indian ran after
+him, tomahawk in hand. Finding at last that the horse was leaving him
+behind, the panting savage hurled his weapon, and with a wild yell
+gave up the chase.
+
+[Illustration: Morgan's Escape from the Indian]
+
+The hardy frontiersman lay for months hovering between life and
+death, but finally recovered, and was once more in the thick of the
+wild warfare.
+
+In his old age, Morgan used to tell his grandchildren of the fiendish
+look on the Indian's face while he felt sure of another scalp, and he
+would also imitate the horrible yell the redskin made when he was
+forced to give up the pursuit.
+
+At last the war was over, and Morgan went back to his farm. He
+brought home with him, however, the vices of his wild campaign life.
+He used strong drink, and gambled. Far and near, he was noted as a
+boxer and a wrestler. Pugilists came from a distance to try their
+skill with the noted Indian fighter and athlete, who weighed over two
+hundred pounds, and yet had not an extra ounce of flesh.
+
+But these were only passing incidents in the life of the great man.
+With a giant's frame, he had a tender heart. His good angel came to
+him in the person of a farmer's daughter, Abigail Bailey. She had
+great beauty; and she was a loving, Christian woman.
+
+{111} They were soon married, and, as the fairy books say, were happy
+ever after. As if by a magic spell, the strong man left his tavern
+chums and their rough sports, his boxing, his gambling, and his
+strong drink, and to the day of his death lived an upright life.
+
+The young wife taught her husband to believe in God, and to trust in
+prayer. In his simple-hearted way, Morgan tells us that, just before
+the fierce attack on the fort at Quebec, he knelt in the drifting
+snow, and felt that God had nerved him to fight.
+
+In riding over the battlefield after his great victory at Cowpens,
+old soldiers saw with wonder the fierce fighter stop his horse and
+pray aloud, and, with tears running down his face, thank God for the
+victory.
+
+{112} His men never scoffed at their leader's prayers, for it was
+noticed that the harder "old Dan Morgan" prayed, the more certain
+they were of being soon led into the jaws of death itself.
+
+Meanwhile, he and his young bride were thrifty and prosperous. They
+were both ignorant of books, but they studied early and late to make
+up for lost time. For the next nine years, Morgan, with his household
+treasures,--his good wife, and his two little daughters,--lived in
+the pure atmosphere of a Christian home.
+
+[Illustration: Riflemen treating with Indians in the Wilderness of
+Virginia]
+
+The storm cloud of the Revolution was now gathering thick and fast.
+Events followed each other with startling rapidity. Morgan watched
+keenly. He never did anything in a half-hearted way; and we may be
+sure that he took up the cause of the Revolution with all the fervor
+of his strong nature.
+
+After the bloodshed at Lexington, the Continental Congress called for
+ten companies from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Morgan
+received his commission as captain, five days after Bunker Hill. When
+he shouted, "Come, boys, who's for the camp before Cambridge?" every
+man in his section turned out.
+
+In less than ten days, Morgan at the head of ninety-six expert
+riflemen started for Boston. It was six hundred miles away, but they
+marched the distance in twenty-one days without the loss of a single
+man.
+
+One day as Washington was riding out to inspect the redoubts, he met
+these Virginians.
+
+{113} Morgan halted his men, and saluted the commander in chief,
+saying, "From the right bank of the Potomac, General!"
+
+Washington dismounted, and, walking along the line, shook hands with
+each of them.
+
+Late in the fall of 1775, Morgan and his famous sharpshooters marched
+with about a thousand other troops on Arnold's ill-fated expedition
+to Quebec. This campaign, as you have read, was one of the most
+remarkable exploits of the war.
+
+In the attack upon Quebec, after Arnold had been carried wounded from
+the field, and Montgomery had been killed, Morgan took Arnold's place
+and fought like a hero. He forced his way so far into the city that
+he and all his men were surrounded and captured.
+
+A British officer who greatly admired his daring visited him in
+prison, and offered him the rank and pay of a colonel in the royal
+army.
+
+"I hope, sir," answered the Virginian patriot, "you will never again
+insult me, in my present distressed and unfortunate situation, by
+making me offers which plainly imply that you think me a scoundrel."
+
+Soon after his release, Congress voted him a colonel's commission,
+with orders to raise a regiment. The regiment reported for service at
+Morristown, New Jersey, in the winter of 1776.
+
+Five hundred of the best riflemen were selected from the various
+regiments, and put under the command of {114} Colonel Morgan. He was
+well fitted to be the leader of this celebrated corps of
+sharpshooters. They were always to be at the front, to watch every
+movement of the enemy, and to furnish prompt and accurate news for
+Washington. They were to harass the British, and to fight with the
+enemy's outposts for every inch of ground.
+
+Meanwhile, in the fall of 1777, Burgoyne, with a large army of
+British, Hessians, and Indians, marched down from Canada, through the
+valley of the Hudson. The country was greatly alarmed. Washington
+could ill spare Morgan, but generously sent him with his riflemen to
+help drive back the invaders.
+
+Two great battles, the first at Freeman's Farm, the second at
+Saratoga, sealed Burgoyne's fate. In each battle, the sharpshooters
+did signal service. Before their deadly rifles, the British officers,
+clad in scarlet uniforms, fell with frightful rapidity. They were a
+terror to the Hessians. As Morgan would often say in high glee, "The
+very sight of my riflemen was always enough for the Hessian pickets.
+They would scamper into their lines as if the devil drove them,
+shouting in all the English they knew, 'Rebel in de bush! rebel in de
+bush!'"
+
+After the surrender, when Burgoyne was introduced to Morgan, he took
+him warmly by the hand and said, "Sir, you command the finest
+regiment in the world."
+
+For over a year and a half after Saratoga, Morgan and his riflemen
+were attached to Washington's army, and saw hard service. Their
+incessant attacks on the enemy's {115} outposts, and their numberless
+picket skirmishes, are all lost to history, and are now forgotten.
+
+Just before the battle of Monmouth, a painful disease, known as
+sciatica, brought on by constant exposure and hardship, disabled
+Morgan. Sick and discouraged because he had seen officers who were
+favorites with Congress promoted over his head, he, like Greene,
+Stark, and Schuyler, now left the army for a time.
+
+But after Gates was defeated at Camden, the fighting blood of the old
+Virginian was greatly stirred. He declared that no man should have
+any personal feeling when his country was in peril. So he hurried
+down South, and took, under Gates, his old place as colonel.
+
+After the battle at King's Mountain, Congress very wisely made Morgan
+a brigadier general.
+
+[Illustration: General Daniel Morgan]
+
+The glorious and ever-memorable victory at Cowpens made him more
+famous than ever before. Hitherto he had fought in battles that other
+men had planned. Now he had a chance to plan and to fight as he
+pleased. It was not a great battle so far as numbers were concerned,
+but "in point of tactics," says John Fiske, the historian, "it was
+the most brilliant battle of the war for independence."
+
+{116} After leading eleven hundred men into the northeast part of
+South Carolina, to cut off Cornwallis from the seacoast, General
+Greene gave Morgan the command of about a thousand men, with orders
+to march to the southwest, and threaten the inland posts and their
+garrisons. Cornwallis, the English earl, scarcely knew which way to
+turn; but he followed Greene's example, and, dividing his army, sent
+Colonel Tarleton to crush Morgan.
+
+Tarleton, confident of success, dashed away with his eleven hundred
+troopers to pounce upon the "old wagoner" and crush him at a single
+blow. Morgan, well trained in the school of Washington and Greene,
+and wishing just then to avoid a decisive battle, skillfully fell
+back until he found a spot in which to fight after his own fashion.
+
+His choice was at a place where cattle were rounded up and branded,
+known as Cowpens. A broad, deep river, which lay in the rear, cut off
+all hope of retreat. A long, thickly wooded slope commanded the
+enemy's approach for a great distance. Morgan afterwards said that he
+made this choice purposely, that the militia might know they could
+not run away, but must fight or die.
+
+At Cowpens, then, the patriot army lay encamped the night before the
+expected battle. A trusty spy was sent to Tarleton, to say that the
+Americans had faced about, and were waiting to fight him sometime the
+next day. There was no fuss and feathers about Morgan. In the {117}
+evening, he went round among the various camp fires, and with
+fatherly words talked the situation over.
+
+"Stand by me, boys," said he in his blunt way, "and the old 'wagoner'
+will crack his whip for sure over Tarleton to-morrow."
+
+The British commander, eager to strike a sudden blow, put his army in
+motion at three o'clock in the morning. He was not early enough,
+however, to catch the old rifleman napping. Morgan had rested his men
+during the night, and given them a good breakfast early in the
+morning. When Tarleton appeared upon the scene about sunrise, he
+found the patriots ready.
+
+In the skirmish line, Morgan placed one hundred and twenty riflemen
+that could bring down a squirrel from the tallest tree. The militia,
+under the command of Colonel Pickens, were drawn up about three
+hundred yards in front of the hill. Along the brow of the hill, and
+about one hundred and fifty yards behind the militia, were the
+veterans of the Continental line. And beyond the brow of the hill, he
+stationed Colonel Washington with his cavalry, out of sight, and
+ready to move in an instant.
+
+"Be firm, keep cool, take good aim. Give two volleys at killing
+distance, and fall back," were the orders to the raw militia.
+
+"Don't lose heart," said Morgan to the Continentals, "when the
+skirmishers and the militia fall back. 'Tis a part of the plan. Stand
+firm, and fire low. Listen for my turkey call."
+
+{118} Morgan was in the habit of using a small turkey call such as
+hunters use to decoy turkeys. In the heat of battle he would blow a
+loud blast. This he said was to let the boys know that he was still
+alive and was watching them fight.
+
+Tarleton, unmindful of the fact that Morgan's retreat was "sullen,
+stern, and dangerous," had marched his men all night through the mud.
+They were tired out and hungry. Never mind, their restless leader
+would crush "old wagoner" first, and eat breakfast afterwards. He
+could hardly wait to form his line or to allow his reserves to come
+up.
+
+The battle begins in real earnest. The militia fire several
+well-aimed volleys, and fall back behind the Continentals. With a
+wild hurrah, the redcoats advance on the run. They are met with a
+deadly volley. They overlap the Continentals a little, who fall back
+a short distance, to save their left flank. Tarleton hurls his whole
+force upon them. The veterans stand their ground and pour in a heavy
+and well-sustained fire. Quick as a flash, Morgan sees his golden
+chance.
+
+"They are coming on like a mob!" shouts Colonel Washington to the
+gallant Colonel Howard, the commander of the Continentals. "Face
+about and fire, and I will charge them."
+
+Then is heard the shrill whistle of the turkey call, and Morgan's
+voice rings along the lines, "Face about! One good fire, and the
+victory is ours!"
+
+{119} Like a thunderbolt, Colonel Washington and his troopers, flying
+their famous crimson flag, sweep down in a semicircle round the hill,
+and charge the enemy's right flank.
+
+"Charge bayonets!" shouts Howard.
+
+Instantly the splendid veterans face about, open a deadly fire, and
+charge the disordered British line with the bayonet.
+
+[Illustration: The Carolina Militia resisting the British Grenadiers
+at Cowpens]
+
+All was over in a few minutes. The old "teamster" had set his trap,
+and the redcoats were caught. Finding themselves surrounded, six
+hundred threw down their guns, and cried for quarter. The rest,
+including Tarleton himself, by hard riding, escaped.
+
+{120} Colonel Washington and his troopers rode in hot haste to
+capture Tarleton, if possible. In the eagerness of his pursuit,
+Washington rode in advance of his men. Tarleton and two of his aids
+turned upon him. Just as one of the aids was about to strike the
+colonel with his saber, a trooper came up and disabled the redcoat's
+arm. Before the other aid could strike, he was wounded by
+Washington's little bugler, who, too small to handle a sword, fired
+his pistol. Tarleton now made a thrust at the colonel with his sword.
+The latter parried the blow, and wounded his enemy in the hand.
+
+[Illustration: Hand to Hand Fight between Colonel Washington and
+Colonel Tarleton]
+
+As the story is told, this wound was twice the subject for witty
+remarks by two young women, the daughters of a North Carolina
+patriot. Tarleton remarked to one of these sisters that he understood
+Colonel Washington was an unlettered fellow, hardly able to write his
+name.
+
+"Ah, Colonel," said the lady, "you ought to know better, for you can
+testify that he knows how to make his mark."
+
+At another time, Tarleton said with a sneer to the other sister, "I
+should be happy to see Colonel Washington."
+
+"If you had looked behind you at the battle of Cowpens, Colonel
+Tarleton," she replied, "you would have enjoyed that pleasure."
+
+In the battle of Cowpens, the British lost two hundred and thirty,
+killed and wounded. The Americans had twelve killed and sixty-one
+wounded.
+
+{121} Morgan did not rest for one moment after his victory. He knew
+that Lord Cornwallis, stung by the defeat of Tarleton, would do his
+best to crush him before he could rejoin Greene's army. By forced
+marches, he got to the fords of the Catawba first, and when his
+lordship reached the river, he learned that the patriots had crossed
+with all their prisoners and booty two days before, and were well on
+their way to join General Greene.
+
+Soon after the battle of Cowpens, repeated attacks of his old enemy,
+sciatica, so disabled Morgan that he was forced to retire from the
+service and go back to his home, in Virginia.
+
+During the summer of 1780, when the British invaded the Old Dominion,
+he again took the field. With Wayne and Lafayette, he took part in a
+series of movements which led to the capture of Cornwallis. The
+exposure of camp life again brought on a severe illness.
+
+"I lay out the night after coming into camp," Morgan wrote General
+Greene, "and caught cold."
+
+{122} Crippled and suffering great pain, he went home with the belief
+that he had dealt his last blow for the cause he loved so well. He
+afterward received from Washington, Greene, Jefferson, Lafayette, and
+other leaders, letters that stir our blood after so many years.
+
+From a simple teamster, Morgan had become a major general. After
+taking part in fifty battles, he lived to serve his country in peace
+as well as in war, and was returned to Congress the second time. His
+valor at the North is commemorated, as you already know, by the
+statue on the monument at Saratoga. In the little city of
+Spartanburg, in South Carolina, stands another figure of Daniel
+Morgan, the "old wagoner of the Alleghanies," the hero of Cowpens.
+
+
+{123}
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE FINAL VICTORY
+
+
+About the middle of March, 1781, Lord Cornwallis defeated Greene in a
+stubborn battle at Guilford, North Carolina. Although victorious, the
+British general was in desperate straits. He had lost a fourth of his
+whole army, and was over two hundred miles from his base of supplies.
+He could not afford to risk another battle.
+
+There was now really only one thing for Cornwallis to do, and that
+was to make a bee line for Wilmington, the nearest point on the
+coast, and look for help from the fleet.
+
+General Greene must have guessed that the British general would march
+northwards, to unite forces with Arnold, who was already in Virginia.
+At all events, the sagacious American general made a bold move. He
+followed Cornwallis for about fifty miles from Guilford, and then,
+facing about, marched with all speed to Camden, a hundred and sixty
+miles away.
+
+His lordship was not a little vexed. He was simply ignored by his
+wily foe, and left to do as he pleased. So he made his way into
+Virginia, and on May 20 arrived at Petersburg.
+
+{124} Benedict Arnold, who was now fighting under the British flag,
+had been sent to Virginia to burn and to pillage. Washington
+dispatched Lafayette to check the traitor's dastardly work. When Lord
+Cornwallis reached Virginia, Arnold had been recalled, and the young
+Frenchman was at Richmond.
+
+Cornwallis thought he might now regain his reputation by some grand
+stroke. The first thing to do was to crush the young Lafayette.
+
+"The boy cannot escape me," he said.
+
+But Lafayette was so skillful at retreating and avoiding a decisive
+action that his lordship could get no chance to deal him a blow.
+
+"I am not strong enough even to be beaten," wrote the French general
+to the commander in chief.
+
+Away to the west rode our friend Colonel Tarleton, still smarting
+from the sound thrashing he had received from old Dan Morgan at
+Cowpens. He was trying to break up the State Assembly, and capture
+Thomas Jefferson, governor of Virginia.
+
+It was a narrow escape for the man who wrote the Declaration of
+Independence. The story is told that Jefferson had only five minutes
+in which to take flight into the woods, before Tarleton's hard riders
+surrounded his house at Monticello.
+
+About this time, Mad Anthony Wayne, with a thousand Pennsylvania
+regulars, appeared upon the scene and joined Lafayette.
+
+{125} Now Cornwallis, finding that he could not catch "the boy," and
+having a wholesome respect for Wayne, stopped his marching and
+countermarching, and retreated to Williamsburg by way of Richmond and
+the York peninsula.
+
+During the first week in August, the British commander continued his
+retreat to the coast, and occupied Yorktown, with about seven
+thousand men. Lafayette was encamped on Malvern Hill, in the York
+peninsula, where he was waiting for the next act in the drama.
+
+[Illustration: General Lafayette]
+
+Far away in the North, at West Point, Washington was keeping a sharp
+lookout over the whole field. The main part of the patriot army was
+encamped along the Hudson.
+
+At Newport, there was a French force under General Rochambeau. Late
+in May, Washington rode over to a little town in Connecticut, to
+consult with him. It was decided that the French army should march to
+the Hudson as speedily as possible, and unite with the patriot forces
+encamped there.
+
+The plan at this time was to capture New York. This could not be done
+without the aid of a large fleet.
+
+Early in the spring of this year, 1781, the French government had
+sent a powerful fleet to the West Indies, under the command of Count
+de Grasse. De Grasse now had orders to act in concert with Washington
+and Rochambeau, against the common enemy. This was joyful news.
+
+{126} News traveled very slowly in those times. It took ten days for
+Washington to hear from Lafayette that Cornwallis had retreated to
+Yorktown, and thirty days to learn that Greene was marching southward
+against Lord Rawdon in South Carolina. And as for De Grasse, it was
+uncertain just when and where he would arrive on the coast.
+
+Washington had some hard thinking to do. The storm center of the
+whole war might suddenly shift to Virginia.
+
+Now came the test for his military genius. Hitherto, the British
+fleet had been in control of our coast. Now, however, nobody but a
+Nelson would ever hope to defeat the French men-of-war that were
+nearing our shores. Cornwallis was safe enough on the York peninsula
+so long as the British fleet had control of the Virginia coast. But
+suppose De Grasse should take up a position on the three sides of
+Yorktown, would it not be an easy matter, with the aid of a large
+land force, to entrap Cornwallis?
+
+The supreme moment for the patriot cause was now at hand. In the
+middle of August, word came from De Grasse that he was headed with
+his whole fleet for Chesapeake Bay.
+
+As might be expected, Washington was equal to the occasion. The
+capture of New York must wait. He made up his mind that he would
+swoop down with his army upon Yorktown, four hundred miles away, and
+crush Cornwallis.
+
+{127} Yes, but what about Sir Henry Clinton, the British commander in
+chief in New York? If Sir Henry should happen to get an inkling of
+what Washington intended to do, what would prevent his sending an
+army by sea to the relief of Yorktown?
+
+Nothing, of course, and so the all-important point was to hoodwink
+the British commander. It was cleverly done, as we shall see.
+
+Clinton knew that the French fleet was expected; but everything
+pointed to an attack on New York.
+
+If we glance at the map of this section, we shall see that, from his
+headquarters at West Point, Washington could march half way to
+Yorktown, by way of New Jersey, without arousing suspicions of his
+real design.
+
+Nobody but Rochambeau had the least knowledge of what he intended to
+do. Bodies of troops were moved toward Long Island. Ovens were built
+as if to bake bread for a large army. The patriots seemed merely to
+be waiting for the French fleet before beginning in earnest the siege
+of New York.
+
+Washington wrote a letter to Lafayette which was purposely sent in
+such a way as to be captured by Clinton. In this letter, the American
+general said he should be {128} happy if Cornwallis fortified
+Yorktown or Old Point Comfort, because in that case he would remain
+under the protection of the British fleet.
+
+Washington wrote similar letters to throw Clinton off his guard. For
+instance, to one of his generals he wrote in detail just how he had
+planned to lay siege to New York. He selected a young minister, by
+the name of Montaigne, to carry the dispatch to Morristown, through
+what was called the Clove.
+
+"If I go through the Clove," said Montaigne, "the cowboys will
+capture me."
+
+"Your duty, young man, is to obey," sternly replied Washington.
+
+The hope of the ever-alert commander in chief was fulfilled, for the
+young clergyman soon found himself a prisoner in the famous Sugar
+House, in New York. The next day, the dispatch was printed with great
+show in Rivington's Tory paper.
+
+On August 19, or just five days after receiving the dispatch from De
+Grasse, Washington crossed the Hudson at King's Ferry, and set out on
+his long march, with two thousand Continental and four thousand
+French troops.
+
+They had nearly reached Philadelphia before their real destination
+was suspected.
+
+The good people of the Quaker city had just heard of Greene's
+successes in the South. The popular feeling showed itself in the
+rousing welcome they gave to the {129} "ragged Continentals" and to
+the finely dressed French troops, as the combined forces marched
+hurriedly through the streets. The drums and fifes played "The White
+Cockade and the Peacock's Feather"; everywhere the stars and stripes
+were flung to the breeze; and ladies threw flowers from the windows.
+
+"Long live Washington!" shouted the people, as the dusty soldiers
+marched by in a column nearly two miles long.
+
+"He has gone to catch Cornwallis in his mouse trap!" shouted the
+crowd, in great glee.
+
+Even the self-possessed Washington was a trifle nervous. Galloping
+ahead to Chester on his favorite charger, Nelson, he sent back word
+that De Grasse had arrived in Chesapeake Bay.
+
+By rapid marches, the combined armies reached the head of the Bay on
+September 6. From this point, most of the men were carried in
+transports to the scene of action. In another week, an army of more
+than sixteen thousand men was closing round Cornwallis.
+
+Soon after his arrival, Washington, accompanied by Rochambeau, Knox,
+Hamilton, and others, made a formal call on Admiral De Grasse on
+board his flagship, the famous ship of the line, Ville de Paris, then
+at anchor in Hampton Roads.
+
+When Washington reached the quarter-deck, the little French admiral
+ran to embrace his guest, and kissed him on each cheek, after the
+French fashion.
+
+{130} "My dear little general!" he exclaimed, hugging him.
+
+Now when the excited admiral stood on tiptoe to embrace the majestic
+Washington, and began to call him "petit," or "little," the scene was
+ludicrous. The French officers politely turned aside; but it was too
+much for General Knox, who was a big, jolly man. He simply forgot his
+politeness, and laughed aloud until his sides shook.
+
+Where was the British fleet all this time?
+
+Its commander, Admiral Hood, had followed sharply after De Grasse,
+and had outsailed him. Not finding the enemy's fleet in the
+Chesapeake, he sailed on to New York and reported to Admiral Graves.
+
+Then Sir Henry began to open his eyes to the real state of affairs.
+All was bustle and hurry. Crowding on all sail, the British fleet
+headed for the Chesapeake, and there found De Grasse blockading the
+bay.
+
+It would be all up with Washington's plans if the British fleet
+should now defeat the French. The French fleet, however, was much the
+stronger, and Graves was no Nelson. There was a sharp fight for two
+hours. On the two fleets, the killed and the wounded amounted to
+seven hundred. The British admiral was then forced to withdraw; and
+after a few days he sailed back to New York. De Grasse was now in
+complete control of the Chesapeake.
+
+Cornwallis did not as yet know that Washington was marching at full
+speed straight for Yorktown. Still, his {131} lordship began to
+realize that he was fast getting himself into a tight place.
+
+Why not cross the James River and retreat to a safe place in North
+Carolina?
+
+It was too late. Three thousand French troops had already landed on
+the neck of the peninsula, and were united with the patriot forces.
+The "boy" had now more than eight thousand men, with which he could
+easily cut off every chance for his lordship's retreat.
+
+In the American camp, the combined armies were working with a hearty
+good will to hasten the siege. There could be no delay. The British
+fleet was sure to return, and another fleet was hourly expected from
+England. Again, Sir Henry might at any moment come by sea to the
+rescue. Day and night the men toiled. Nobody was permitted to speak
+aloud, for they were close to the British pickets. Intrenchments were
+made, and cannon were rapidly dragged up and placed in position. By
+October 10, all was ready.
+
+[Illustration: General Washington in the Trenches before Yorktown]
+
+{132} The siege begins in earnest. Shot and shell are hurled into the
+British lines. All day and all night long, are heard the roaring of
+cannon and the bursting of shells. Bang! bang! The French fire
+red-hot shot across the water and set fire to the British transports.
+
+New lines of redoubts are thrown up during the night, and guns are
+mounted, which pound away at the doomed army. Two of the British
+redoubts are troublesome. These are gallantly captured.
+
+On the next night, Cornwallis makes a vigorous effort to break
+through the American lines, but is driven back into the town. With
+seventy cannon pounding away, the British earthworks are fast
+crumbling. The British commander grows desperate. He thinks that, by
+leaving his baggage and his sick behind, he can cross the river to
+Gloucester in boats, by night, cut through the French, and by forced
+marches make his way to New York.
+
+On the night of the 16th, a few of the redcoats actually succeeded in
+reaching the opposite shore, when a storm of wind and rain suddenly
+arose and continued till morning. This last ray of hope was gone.
+
+Cornwallis had his headquarters in a large brick mansion owned by a
+Tory. It was a fine target for the artillery, and was soon riddled.
+His lordship stayed in the house until a cannon ball killed his
+steward, as he was carrying a tureen of soup to his master's table.
+
+The British general now moved his headquarters into Governor Nelson's
+fine stone mansion. Its owner was {133} in command of the Virginia
+troops in the besieging army. He was the "war governor" who had left
+his crops to their fate, and his plows in the furrows, while his
+horses and his oxen were harnessed to the cannon that were being
+hurried to the siege. When Nelson learned, through a deserter, where
+Cornwallis and his staff were, regardless of his personal loss, he
+ordered the bombarding of the house.
+
+In Trumbull's famous painting, "The Surrender of Cornwallis,"
+Governor Nelson's mansion is plainly seen.
+
+By this time, the only safe place in Yorktown was a cave, which had
+been dug under the bank of the river. To this spot, as the story
+goes, Cornwallis moved his headquarters. Here he received a British
+colonel who had made his way in the night through the French fleet,
+to bring orders from Sir Henry Clinton. Cornwallis was to hold out to
+the last. Seven thousand troops had sailed to his relief.
+
+His lordship served a lunch for his guest, and while they were
+drinking their wine, the colonel declared his intention of going up
+on the ramparts for a moment, to take a look at the Yankees. As he
+left, he gayly said that on his return he would give Washington's
+health in a bumper. It was useless to urge him to remain under
+shelter. He had scarcely climbed to the top of the redoubt when his
+head was shot off by a cannon ball.
+
+On October 17, the thirteenth day of the siege and the fourth
+anniversary of Burgoyne's surrender, a red-coated {134} drummer boy
+stands on the rampart and beats a parley. A white flag is raised on
+the British works. The roar of the cannon ceases. Cornwallis sends an
+officer to ask that fighting be stopped for twenty-four hours.
+
+Twenty-four hours! No! "No more fighting for two hours," says
+Washington.
+
+Held in an iron grasp both by land and by sea, the British commander
+knows that all is lost. He can do nothing but surrender.
+
+At two o'clock on the afternoon of October 19, in a field not far
+from Washington's headquarters, the formal surrender takes place.
+This ceremony, so joyful to the one side, so painful to the other, is
+carried out in stately form. The officers on both sides wear their
+best uniforms and military equipments. Washington rides his favorite
+charger, Nelson. The stars and stripes of America, and the white flag
+and lilies of France, wave in triumph. While the band plays a quaint
+old English melody, "The World Turned Upside Down," the British
+troops, over seven thousand in number, slowly march between the
+columns of the combined armies and lay down their arms.
+
+Cornwallis was not there. Saying that he was sick, he sent O'Hara,
+one of his generals, to deliver up his sword, while Washington, with
+his usual high regard for official dignity, sent General Lincoln.
+
+As perhaps you may remember, when General Lincoln was forced to
+surrender to Cornwallis, at Charleston {135} in 1780, the haughty
+British general turned him over to an inferior officer, as if to
+treat his surrender with contempt.
+
+Lafayette said, in after years, that the captive redcoats, while they
+gazed at the French soldiers with their showy trappings, "did not as
+much as look at my darling light infantry, the apple of my eye and
+the pride of my heart." Whereupon the lively young French general
+ordered his fife and drum corps to strike up "Yankee Doodle." "Then,"
+he said, "they did look at us, but were not very well pleased."
+
+After the surrender, both the Americans and the British hastened
+away. Scores of brave men, whom thus far the bullets had spared, were
+the victims of camp fever and smallpox. Fourteen days afterwards,
+Yorktown became again a sleepy little hamlet of sixty houses.
+
+On the same day that Cornwallis found "the world turned upside down,"
+Clinton sailed from New York, with thirty-five ships and over seven
+thousand of his best troops. Had this great force reached the scene
+ten days earlier, the story of Yorktown might have been different.
+
+{136} "Cornwallis is taken!" How quickly the news spread! Men, women,
+and children pour in from the country, and wait along the road
+leading to Philadelphia, for the long-expected news.
+
+At length a horseman is seen riding at headlong speed.
+
+He waves his hat and shouts to the eager people, "Cornwallis is
+taken!"
+
+It is Colonel Tilghman, whom Washington sent posthaste to
+Philadelphia to inform Congress of the surrender.
+
+It is after midnight when he arrives. The drowsy night watchman is
+slowly pacing the streets. Suddenly is heard the joyful cry, "Past
+three o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken!"
+
+[Illustration: The Night Watchman announcing the Capture of
+Cornwallis]
+
+Up go the windows. Men and women rush into the streets, all eager to
+hear the news. An hour before daylight, old Independence bell rings
+out its loudest peals, and sunrise is greeted with the boom of
+cannon.
+
+Congress meets during the forenoon, to read Washington's dispatches.
+In the afternoon, the members go in solemn procession to the Lutheran
+church, "and return thanks to Almighty God for crowning the allied
+armies of the United States and France with success."
+
+At noon on Sunday, November 25, the news reached London. Somebody
+asked a member of the cabinet how Lord North, the prime minister,
+received the "communication."
+
+"As he would have taken a cannon ball in his chest," was the reply;
+"for he opened his arms, exclaimed {137} wildly, as he walked up and
+down the room during a few minutes, 'O God! it is all over! it is all
+over!'"
+
+The news was sent to King George, who replied the same evening. It
+was noted that His Majesty being a trifle stupid, wrote very calmly,
+but forgot to mark the exact hour and minute of his writing. This
+circumstance, the like of which had never happened before, seemed to
+indicate to his cabinet some unusual disturbance. Shortly afterwards,
+however, the old king took some comfort in declaring that the Yankees
+were a wretched set of knaves, whom he was glad to get rid of at any
+price.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+On a gentle slope at Yorktown stands a monument, erected a century
+later by Congress, in commemoration of the surrender of Lord
+Cornwallis. There it stands, a tall, white shaft, solitary, glorious,
+and impressive, a landmark for many miles along that sleepy shore.
+
+
+{138}
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE CRISIS
+
+
+Exactly eight years from the day when
+
+              "the embattled farmers stood,
+    And fired the shot heard round the world,"
+
+the Continental Congress informed General Washington that the war was
+over. In September, 1783, the formal treaty of peace was signed; a
+month later, the Continental army was disbanded; and three weeks
+later, the British army sailed from New York.
+
+What a pathetic and impressive scene took place at a little tavern,
+in lower New York, when Washington said good-by to his generals! With
+hearts too full for words, and with eyes dimmed with tears, these
+veterans embraced their chief and bade him farewell.
+
+[Illustration: Washington's Farewell to his Generals]
+
+A few days before Christmas, Washington gave up the command of the
+army, and hurried away to spend the holidays at Mount Vernon.
+
+"The times that tried men's souls are over," wrote the author of
+"Common Sense," a man whose writings voiced the opinions of the
+people.
+
+Freedom was indeed won, but the country was in a sad plight.
+
+{139} "It is not too much to say," says John Fiske, "that the period
+of five years following the peace of 1783 was the most critical
+moment in all the history of the American people."
+
+Thirteen little republics, fringing the Atlantic, were hemmed in on
+the north, the south, and the west, by two hostile European nations
+that were capable of much mischief.
+
+In 1774, under the pressure of a common peril and the need of quick
+action, the colonies had banded together for the common good. By a
+kind of general consent their representatives in the Continental
+Congress had assumed the task of carrying on the war. But for nine
+years Congress had steadily declined in power, and now that peace had
+come and the need of united action was removed, there was danger that
+this shadowy union would dissolve. Believing strongly in their own
+state governments, the people had almost no feeling in favor of
+federation.
+
+{140} Just before the disbanding of the army and his retirement to
+private life, Washington wrote a letter to the governor of each
+colony. This letter, he said, was his "legacy" to the American
+people.
+
+He urged the necessity of forming a more perfect union, under a
+single government. He declared that the war debt must be paid to the
+last penny; that the people must be willing to sacrifice some of
+their local interests for the common good; and that they must regard
+one another as fellow citizens of a common country.
+
+We must not make the mistake of thinking that the Continental
+Congress was like our present national Congress.
+
+When the struggle between the colonies and the mother country
+threatened war, the colonies through their assemblies, or special
+conventions, chose delegates to represent them in Philadelphia. These
+delegates composed the first Continental Congress. It met on
+September 5, 1774, and broke up during the last week of the following
+October.
+
+Three weeks after Lexington, a second Congress met in the same city.
+This was the Congress that appointed Washington commander in chief,
+and issued the immortal Declaration of Independence.
+
+In the strict sense of the word, this body had no legal authority. It
+was really a meeting of delegates from the several colonies, to
+advise and consult with each other concerning the public welfare.
+
+{141} There was war in the land. Something must be done to meet the
+crisis. The Continental Congress, therefore, acted in the name of the
+"United Colonies."
+
+Many of the ablest and most patriotic men of the country were sent as
+delegates to this Congress; and until the crowning victory at
+Yorktown, although without clearly defined powers, it continued to
+act, by common consent, as if it had the highest authority. It made
+an alliance with France; it built a navy; it granted permits to
+privateers; it raised and organized an army; it borrowed large sums
+of money, and issued paper bills.
+
+A few days after the Declaration of Independence was signed, a form
+of government, called the "Articles of Confederation," was brought
+before Congress; but it was not adopted until several weeks after the
+surrender of Burgoyne, in 1777.
+
+The "Articles" were not finally ratified by the states until the
+spring of 1781.
+
+The constitution thus adopted was a league of friendship between the
+states. It was bad from beginning to end; for it dealt with the
+thirteen states as thirteen units, and not with the people of the
+several states. It never secured a hold upon the people of the
+country, and for very good reasons.
+
+Each state, whether large or small, had only one vote. A single
+delegate from Delaware or from Rhode Island could balance the whole
+delegation from New York or from Virginia.
+
+{142} Congress had no power to enforce any law whatever. It could
+recommend all manner of things to the states, but it could do nothing
+more. It could not even protect itself.
+
+Hence, the states violated the "Articles" whenever they pleased. Thus
+Congress might call for troops, but the states could refuse to obey.
+Without the consent of every state, not a dollar could be raised by
+taxation.
+
+At one time, twelve states voted to allow Congress to raise money to
+pay the soldiers; but little Rhode Island flatly refused, and the
+plan failed. The next year Rhode Island consented, but New York
+refused.
+
+Although Congress had authority to coin money, to issue bills of
+credit, and to make its notes legal tender for debts, each one of the
+thirteen states had the same authority.
+
+Money affairs got into a wretched condition. Paper money became
+almost worthless. The year after Saratoga, a paper dollar was worth
+only sixteen cents, and early in 1780 its value had fallen to two
+cents.
+
+A trader in Philadelphia papered his shop with dollar bills, to show
+what he thought of the flimsy stuff. In the year of Cornwallis's
+surrender, a bushel of corn sold for one hundred and fifty dollars;
+and Samuel Adams, the Boston patriot, had to pay two thousand dollars
+for a hat and a suit of clothes.
+
+A private soldier had to serve four months before his pay would buy a
+bushel of wheat. When he could {143} not collect this beggarly sum,
+is it any wonder that he deserted or rebelled?
+
+At one time, being unable to get money for the army, Congress asked
+the states to contribute supplies of corn, pork, and hay.
+
+To add to the general misery, the states began to quarrel with one
+another, like a lot of schoolboys. They almost came to bloodshed over
+boundary lines, and levied the most absurd taxes and duties.
+
+If a Connecticut farmer brought a load of firewood into New York, he
+had to pay a heavy duty. Sloops that sailed through Hell Gate, and
+Jersey market boats that crossed to Manhattan Island, were treated as
+if from foreign ports. Entrance fees had to be paid, and clearance
+papers must be got at the custom house.
+
+The country was indeed in a bad condition. There were riots,
+bankruptcy, endless wranglings, foreclosed mortgages, and
+imprisonment for debt.
+
+The gallant Colonel Barton, who captured General Prescott, was kept
+locked up because he could not pay a small sum of money. Robert
+Morris, once a wealthy merchant, was sent to jail for debt, although
+he had given his whole fortune to the patriot cause.
+
+Thoughtful and patriotic men and women throughout the country felt
+that something must be done.
+
+Washington and other far-sighted men of Virginia began to work out
+the problem. First it was proposed that delegates from two or three
+states should meet at {144} Annapolis, to discuss the question of
+trade. Finally all the states were invited to send delegates.
+
+At this meeting, only twelve delegates, from five states, were
+present. Alexander Hamilton wrote an eloquent address, which it was
+voted to send to the state assemblies, strongly recommending that
+delegates should be appointed to meet at Philadelphia on the second
+day of May, 1787.
+
+[Illustration: Alexander Hamilton]
+
+This plan, however, Congress promptly rejected.
+
+During the winter of 1786, the times were perhaps even harder, and
+the country nearer to the brink of civil war and ruin. There were
+riots in New Hampshire and in Vermont and Shays's Rebellion in the
+old Bay State. There were also the threatened separation of the
+Northern and Southern states, the worthless paper money, wildcat
+speculation, the failure to carry out certain provisions of the
+treaty of peace, and many troubles of less importance.
+
+As we may well suppose, all this discord made King George and his
+court happy. He declared that the several states would soon repent,
+and beg on bended knees to be taken back into the British empire.
+
+{145} When it was predicted in Parliament that we should become a
+great nation, a British statesman, who bore us no ill will, said, "It
+is one of the idlest and most visionary notions that was ever
+conceived even by a writer of romance."
+
+Frederick the Great was friendly to us, but he declared that nobody
+but a king could ever rule so large a country.
+
+All these unhappy events produced a great change in public opinion.
+People were convinced that anarchy might be worse than the union of
+these thirteen little commonwealths, under a strong, central
+government.
+
+At this great crisis in affairs, Virginia boldly took the lead, and
+promptly sent seven of her ablest citizens, one of whom was
+Washington, to the Philadelphia convention. This was a masterly
+stroke of policy. People everywhere applauded, and the tide of
+popular sentiment soon favored the convention. At last Congress
+yielded to the voice of the people and approved the plan. Every state
+except Rhode Island sent delegates.
+
+[Illustration: The Old State House, in Philadelphia, now called
+Independence Hall]
+
+It was a notable group of Americans that met in one of the upper
+rooms of old Independence Hall, the last {146} week of May, 1787.
+There were fifty-five delegates in all, some of whom, however, did
+not arrive for several weeks after the convention began its meetings.
+
+Eight of the delegates had signed the Declaration of Independence, in
+the same room; twenty-eight had been members of the Continental
+Congress, and seven had been governors of states. Two afterwards
+became presidents of the United States, and many others in after
+years filled high places in the national government.
+
+Head and shoulders above all others towered George Washington. The
+man most widely known, except Washington, was Benjamin Franklin,
+eighty-one years old; the youngest delegate was Mr. Dayton of New
+Jersey, who was only twenty-six.
+
+Here also were two of the ablest statesmen of their time, Alexander
+Hamilton of New York, and James Madison of Virginia.
+
+Connecticut sent two of her great men, Oliver Ellsworth, afterwards
+chief justice of the United States, and Roger Sherman, the learned
+shoemaker.
+
+Near Robert Morris, the great financier, sat his namesake, Gouverneur
+Morris, who originated our decimal system of money, and James Wilson,
+one of the most learned lawyers of his day.
+
+The two brilliant Pinckneys and John Rutledge, the silver-tongued
+orator, were there to represent South Carolina.
+
+{147} Then there were Elbridge Gerry and Rufus King of Massachusetts,
+John Langdon of New Hampshire, John Dickinson of Delaware, and the
+great orator, Edmund Randolph of Virginia.
+
+Thomas Jefferson and John Adams would no doubt have been delegates,
+had they not been abroad in the service of their country. Patrick
+Henry and Samuel Adams remained at home; for they did not approve of
+the convention.
+
+How Rhode Island must have missed her most eminent citizen, Nathanael
+Greene, who had just died of sunstroke, in the prime of manhood!
+
+Washington was elected president of the convention. The doors were
+locked, and, every member being pledged to secrecy, they settled down
+to work.
+
+Just what was said and done during those four months was for more
+than fifty years kept a profound secret. After the death of James
+Madison, often called the {148} "Father of the Constitution," his
+journal was published, giving a complete account of the proceedings.
+
+[Illustration: James Madison]
+
+When the delegates began their work, they soon realized what a
+problem it was to frame a government for the whole country. As might
+have been expected, some of these men had a fit of moral cowardice.
+They began to cut and to trim, and tried to avoid any measure of
+thorough reform.
+
+Washington was equal to the occasion. He was not a brilliant orator,
+and his speech was very brief; but the solemn words of this majestic
+man, as his tall figure drawn up to its full height rose from the
+president's chair, carried conviction to every delegate.
+
+"If, to please the people," he said, "we offer what we ourselves
+disapprove, how can we afterward defend our work? Let us raise a
+standard to which the wise and the honest can repair; the event is in
+the hand of God."
+
+The details of what this convention did would be dull reading; but
+some day we shall want to study in our school work the noble
+Constitution which these men framed.
+
+The gist of the whole matter is that our Federal Constitution is
+based upon three great compromises.
+
+The first compromise was between the small and the large states. In
+the upper house, or Senate, equal representation was conceded to all
+the states, but in the lower house of Congress, representation was
+arranged according to the population.
+
+{149} Thus, as you know, little Rhode Island and Delaware have each
+two senators, while the great commonwealths of New York and Ohio have
+no more. In the House of Representatives, on the other hand, New York
+has forty-three representatives, and Ohio has twenty-two, while Rhode
+Island has three, and Delaware only one.
+
+The second compromise was between the free and the slave states.
+
+Were the slaves to be counted as persons or as goods?
+
+South Carolina and Georgia maintained that they were persons; the
+Northern states said they were merely property.
+
+Now indeed there was a clashing over local interest; but it was
+decided that in counting the population, whether for taxation, or for
+representation in the lower house, a slave should be considered as
+three fifths of an individual. And so it stood until the outbreak of
+the Civil War.
+
+It was a bitter pill for far-sighted men like Washington, Madison,
+and others, who did not believe in slavery. Without this compromise,
+however, they believed that nine slave states would never adopt the
+Constitution, and doubtless they were right.
+
+The slave question was the real bone of contention that resulted in
+the third compromise. The majority of the delegates, especially those
+from Virginia, were not in favor of slavery.
+
+{150} "This infernal traffic that brings the judgment of Heaven on a
+country!" said George Mason of Virginia.
+
+At first, it was proposed to abolish foreign slave trade. South
+Carolina and Georgia sturdily protested.
+
+"Are we wanted in the Union?" they said.
+
+They declared that it was not a question of morality or of religion,
+but purely a matter of business.
+
+Rhode Island had refused to send delegates; and those from New York
+had gone home in anger. The discussions were bitter, and the
+situation became dangerous.
+
+While the convention "was scarcely held together by the strength of a
+hair," the question came up for discussion, whether Congress or the
+individual states should have control over commerce.
+
+The New England states, with their wealth of shipping, said that by
+all means Congress should have the control, and should make a uniform
+tariff in all the states. This, it was believed, would put an end to
+all the wranglings and the unjust acts which were so ruinous to
+commerce.
+
+The extreme Southern states that had no shipping said it would never
+do; for New England, by controlling the carrying trade, would extort
+ruinous prices for shipping tobacco and rice.
+
+When the outlook seemed darkest, two of the Connecticut delegates
+suggested a compromise.
+
+"Yes," said Franklin, "when a carpenter wishes to fit two boards, he
+sometimes pares off a bit from each."
+
+{151} It was finally decided that there should be free trade between
+the states, and that Congress should control commerce.
+
+To complete the "bargain," nothing was to be done about the African
+slave trade for twenty years. Slavery had been slowly dying out both
+in the North and in the South, for nearly fifty years. The wisest men
+of 1787 believed that it would speedily die a natural death and give
+way to a better system of labor.
+
+It was upon these three great foundation stones, or compromises, that
+our Constitution was built. The rest of the work, while very
+important, was not difficult or dangerous. The question of choosing a
+president, and a hundred other less important matters were at last
+settled.
+
+{152} The scorching summer of 1787 was well-nigh spent before the
+great document was finished. The convention broke up on September 17.
+Few of its members were satisfied with their work. None supposed it
+complete.
+
+Tradition says that Washington, who was the first to sign, standing
+by the table, held up his pen and said solemnly, "Should the states
+reject this excellent Constitution, they probably will never sign
+another in peace. The next will be drawn in blood."
+
+Of the delegates who were present on the last day of the convention,
+all but three signed the Constitution.
+
+[Illustration: Signing the Constitution]
+
+It is said that when the last man had signed, many of the delegates
+seemed awe-struck at what they had done. Washington himself sat with
+head bowed in deep thought.
+
+Thirty-three years before this, and before some of the delegates then
+present were born, Franklin had done his best to bring the colonies
+into a federal union. He was sixty years of age when, in this very
+room, he put his name to the Declaration of Independence. Now, as the
+genial old man saw the noble aim of his life accomplished, he
+indulged in one of his homely bits of pleasantry.
+
+There was a rude painting of a half sun, gorgeous with its yellow
+rays, on the back of the president's black armchair. When Washington
+solemnly rose, as the meeting was breaking up, Franklin pointed to
+the chair and said, "As I have been sitting here all these weeks, I
+have often wondered whether that sun behind our president is rising
+or setting. Now I do know that it is a rising sun."
+
+{153} [Illustration: Benjamin Franklin]
+
+The Constitution was sent to the Continental Congress, who submitted
+it to the people of the several states for their approval. It was
+agreed that when it was adopted by nine states, it should become the
+supreme law of the land.
+
+Now for the first time there was a real national issue. The people
+arranged themselves into two great political parties, the
+Federalists, who believed in a strong government and the new
+Constitution, and the Anti-Federalists, who were opposed to a
+stronger union between the states.
+
+And now what keen discussions, bitter quarrels, and scurrilous and
+abusive newspaper articles! A bloodless war of squibs, broadsides,
+pamphlets, and frenzied oratory was waged everywhere.
+
+Hamilton and Madison were "mere boys" and "visionary young men";
+Franklin was an "old dotard" and "in his second childhood"; and as
+for Washington, "What did he know about politics?"
+
+{154} The Constitution was called "a triple-headed monster." Many
+able men sincerely believed it to be "as deep and wicked a conspiracy
+as ever was invented in the darkest ages against the liberties of the
+people."
+
+How eloquently did such men as Hamilton, Madison, Randolph, Jay,
+"Light-Horse Harry" Lee, John Marshall, Fisher Ames, and a score of
+other "makers of our country" defend the "New Roof," as the people
+were then fond of calling the Federal Constitution!
+
+A series of short essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, and
+published under the name of "The Federalist," were widely read.
+Although written at a white heat, their grave and lofty eloquence and
+their stern patriotism carried conviction to the hearts of the
+people.
+
+"The Delaware State," as it was called, was the first to adopt the
+Constitution. It was not until the next June that Massachusetts and
+Virginia ratified it, as the sixth and tenth states. New York next
+fell into line in July.
+
+The victory was won! The "New Roof" was up and finished, supported by
+eleven stout pillars!
+
+On the glorious "Fourth" in 1788, there was great rejoicing
+throughout the land. Bonfires, stump speeches, fireworks,
+processions, music, gorgeous banners, and barbecues of oxen expressed
+the joy of the people over the establishment of a federal government.
+
+"Hurrah for the United States of America!" shouted every patriot.
+
+{155} "The good ship Constitution" was at last fairly launched.
+
+The wheels of the new government began to turn slowly and with much
+friction. It was not until the first week of April, 1789, that the
+House of Representatives and the Senate met and counted the electoral
+votes for a President of the newly born nation. There were sixty-nine
+votes in all, and of these every one was for George Washington. John
+Adams was the second choice of the electoral college. He received
+thirty-four votes, and was accordingly declared Vice President.
+
+Thus was formed and adopted our just and wise Constitution, which,
+except for a few amendments, has ever since been the supreme law of
+the land. This document has been called by Gladstone "the greatest
+work ever struck off at any time by the mind and purpose of man." To
+it we owe our prosperity and our high place among nations.
+
+
+{156}
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+A DARING EXPLOIT
+
+
+About a century ago, pirates on the northern coast of Africa were
+causing a great deal of trouble. They used to dash out in their
+vessels, and capture and plunder the merchant ships of all nations.
+The poor sailors were sold as slaves, and then kicked and cuffed
+about by cruel masters.
+
+[Illustration: American Sailors sold into Slavery by the Barbary
+Pirates]
+
+You will hardly believe it, but our country used to do exactly what
+other nations did. We used to buy the good will of these Barbary
+pirates, by giving them, every year, cannon, powder, and great sums
+of money. In fact we could not at first help it; for we were then a
+young and feeble nation with many troubles, and our navy was so small
+that we could not do as we pleased.
+
+The payment of this blackmail soon became a serious affair. The
+ruler, or pasha, of Tripoli was bold enough to declare war against
+this country, and cut down the flagstaff in front of our consul's
+house. Two other Barbary states, Morocco and Tunis, began to be
+impudent because they did not get enough money.
+
+This was more than our people could stand. These scamps needed a
+lesson.
+
+{157} You will, of course, remember Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the
+Declaration of Independence. He was at this time President of the
+United States. As you may well think, he was not the man to put up
+with such insults.
+
+[Illustration: Thomas Jefferson]
+
+"It reminds me," said Jefferson, "of what my good friend, Ben
+Franklin, once said in his Poor Richard's Almanac: 'If you make
+yourself a sheep, the wolves will eat you.' We must put a stop to
+paying this blood money, and deal with these pirates with an iron
+hand."
+
+So it came to pass that Commodore Dale was sent to the Mediterranean,
+with a small fleet of war ships.
+
+When our little fleet arrived off the Barbary coast, Morocco and
+Tunis stopped grumbling and soon came to terms. We were then free to
+deal with Tripoli.
+
+Our war ships had orders simply to look after our merchantmen,
+without doing any fighting. Still, to give the proud ruler of Tripoli
+a hint of what he might soon expect, one of our small vessels, the
+Enterprise, afterwards {158} commanded by Decatur, fought a short but
+furious battle with a Tripolitan man-of-war.
+
+The pirate captain hauled his flag down three times, but hoisted it
+again when the fire of the Enterprise ceased. This insult was too
+much for Dale. Bringing his vessel alongside the pirate craft, he
+sprang over her side, followed by fifty of his men. The pirate crew,
+with their long curved swords, fought hard; yet in fifteen minutes
+they were beaten.
+
+[Illustration: Fight between Dale and the Tripolitan Pirates]
+
+Our sailors now cut away the masts of the enemy's vessel, and,
+stripping her of everything except one old sail and a single spar,
+let her drift back to Tripoli, as a hint of how the new nation across
+the Atlantic was likely to deal with pirates.
+
+"Tell your pasha," shouted the American captain, as the Barbary ship
+drifted away, "that this is the way my country will pay him tribute
+after this."
+
+In the year 1803, the command of our fleet was given to Commodore
+Preble, who had just forced the ruler of Morocco to pay for an attack
+upon one of our merchant ships. The famous frigate Constitution,
+better known to every wide-awake American boy and girl as "Old
+Ironsides," was his flagship.
+
+Among his officers, or "schoolboy captains," as he called them, were
+many bright young men, who afterwards gained fame in fighting their
+country's battles. One of these officers was Stephen Decatur, the
+hero of this story, who afterwards, as captain of the frigate United
+States, {159} whipped the British frigate Macedonian after a fight of
+an hour and a half.
+
+One morning late in the fall of 1803, the frigate Philadelphia, one
+of the best ships of our little navy, while chasing a piratical
+craft, ran upon a sunken reef near the harbor of Tripoli. The good
+ship was helpless either to fight or to get away.
+
+The officers and crew worked with all their might. They threw some of
+the cannon overboard, they cut away the foremast, they did everything
+they could to float the vessel. It was no use; the ship stuck fast.
+
+Of course it did not take long for the Tripolitans to see that the
+American war ship was helpless. Their gunboats swarmed round the
+ill-fated vessel and opened fire. It was a trying hour for the
+gallant Captain Bainbridge and his men. Down must come the colors,
+and down they came. The officers and the sailors were taken ashore
+and thrown into prison.
+
+After a time, the Tripolitans got the Philadelphia off the reef.
+Then, towing her into the harbor of Tripoli, they anchored her close
+under the guns of their forts. {160} The vessel was refitted, cannon
+were put on board, together with a crew of several hundred sailors,
+and the crescent flag was raised. She was now ready to sail out to
+attack our shipping.
+
+Just think of the days of grief and shame for Captain Bainbridge and
+his men! Think of them as they looked day after day out of the narrow
+windows of the pasha's castle, and saw this vessel, one of the
+handsomest in the world, flying the colors of the enemy! These brave
+Americans had need of all their grit; but they kept up their courage
+and bided their time.
+
+Commodore Preble now sailed to Sicily, and cast anchor in the harbor
+of Syracuse.
+
+Don't you suppose the recapture of the Philadelphia was talked of
+every day?
+
+Of course it was. Everybody in the fleet, from the commodore to the
+powder monkey, was thinking about it. They must do something, and the
+sooner the better.
+
+Even Captain Bainbridge in his prison cell wrote several letters with
+lemon juice, which could be read on being held to the fire, and sent
+them to Preble. These letters contained plans for sinking the
+ill-fated ship.
+
+Every one of Preble's young captains was eager to try it. It might
+mean glory, and promotion, or perhaps failure, and death.
+
+Somehow or other all looked to the dashing Stephen Decatur; for from
+the first he had taken a leading part in planning the desperate deed.
+
+{161} "For the honor of the flag, sir, the ship must be destroyed.
+She must never be allowed to sail under that pirate flag," said
+Commodore Preble to Decatur.
+
+"My father was the ship's first commander," replied the young
+officer, whose fine black eyes gleamed, "and if I can only rescue
+her, it will be glory enough for a lifetime."
+
+"You have spoken first," said the commodore, "and it is only right
+that you should have the first chance."
+
+[Illustration: Commodore Stephen Decatur]
+
+No time was lost. All hands went to work.
+
+What was their plan?
+
+With a vessel made to look like a Maltese trader, and with his men
+dressed like Maltese sailors, Decatur meant to steal into the harbor
+at night, set fire to the Philadelphia, and then make a race for
+life.
+
+A short time before this, Decatur had captured a small vessel, known
+as a ketch. As this kind of boat was common here, nobody would
+suspect her.
+
+{162} The little craft, now named the Intrepid, was soon loaded with
+all kinds of things that would catch fire easily.
+
+On board the Enterprise on the afternoon of February 3, 1803, the
+order was, "All hands to muster!"
+
+"I want sixty-one men out of this ship's crew," said Decatur, "to
+leave to-morrow in the Intrepid, to help destroy the Philadelphia.
+Let each man who wants to go take two steps ahead."
+
+With a cheer, every officer, every sailor, and even the smallest
+powder boys stepped forward. No wonder the young captain's fine face
+beamed with joy.
+
+"A thousand thanks, my men," he said, and the tears came into his
+eyes; "I am sorry, but you can't all go. I will now choose the men I
+want to take with me." He picked out about sixty of the youngest and
+most active.
+
+"Thankee, sir," said each man when his name was called.
+
+Besides his own younger officers and his surgeon, Decatur took five
+young officers from the Constitution, and a Sicilian pilot named
+Catalano, who knew the harbor of Tripoli.
+
+That same evening, the little ketch, with its crew of some
+seventy-five men, sailed out of the harbor of Syracuse amid three
+lusty cheers. The war brig Siren went with her.
+
+In four days, the two vessels reached the harbor of Tripoli, but a
+bad storm drove them off shore. What a time they had for six days!
+The Intrepid was a poor {163} affair at best, and there was no
+shelter from the fury and the cold of the storm. The sailors slept on
+the hard deck, nibbled what little ship bread was not water-soaked,--
+for they had lost all their bacon,--and caught rain water to drink.
+In cold, hunger, and wet, these men, like true American sailors, sang
+their songs, cracked their jokes, and kept up their courage.
+
+After a week, the fury of the storm abated, the bright sunshine
+brought comfort, and the two vessels set sail for Tripoli.
+
+As they drew near the coast, towards evening, the wind was so light
+that the Siren was almost becalmed. The Intrepid, however, met a
+light breeze, which sped her toward the rocky harbor.
+
+Decatur saw that his best hope now was to make a bold dash, without
+waiting for the brig.
+
+"Never mind, boys," he said, "the fewer the number, the greater the
+glory. Keep your heads level; obey orders every time; and do your
+duty."
+
+About sunset, the ketch with her alert crew came in sight of the
+white-walled city. They could see the chain of forts and the frowning
+castle. The tall black hull and the shining masts of the Philadelphia
+stood out boldly against the bright blue African sky. Two huge
+men-of-war and a score of gunboats were moored near her. {164} The
+harbor was like a giant cavern, at the back of which lay the
+Philadelphia, manned by pirates armed to the teeth, who were waiting
+for an attack from the dreaded Americans.
+
+Into these jaws of death, Decatur boldly steered his little craft.
+The breeze was still fresh. It would never do to take in sail, for
+the ever-watchful pirates would think it strange. So spare sails and
+buckets were towed astern to act as a drag, for fear they should
+reach their goal too early.
+
+The men now hid themselves by lying flat upon the deck, behind the
+bulwarks, the rails, and the masts. Only a few persons, dressed like
+Maltese sailors, could be seen. Decatur stood calmly at the wheel by
+the side of Catalano, the pilot.
+
+"We lay packed closer than sardines in a box, and were still as so
+many dead men," said one of the men long afterwards to his
+grandchildren.
+
+About nine o'clock the moon rose, and by its clear light the ketch
+was steered straight across the blue waters for the bows of the
+Philadelphia.
+
+"Vessel ahoy! What vessel is that?" shouted an officer of the
+frigate, as the Intrepid boldly came nearer.
+
+Decatur whispered to his pilot.
+
+"This is the ketch Stella, from Malta," shouted Catalano, in Italian.
+"We have lost our anchors, and were nearly wrecked in the gale; we
+want to ride near you during the night."
+
+{165} "All right! but only until daylight," replied the officer, and
+ordered a line to be lowered.
+
+Without a moment's delay, a boat under the command of young Lawrence
+put off from the Intrepid. On meeting the pirate boat, he took the
+line and rowed back to the ketch.
+
+The Americans, in their red jackets and fezzes, hauled away with a
+right good will, and brought their little craft steadily in toward
+the huge black hull of the frigate, where they were soon being made
+fast under her port side.
+
+As the ketch now drifted into a patch of moonlight, the pirate
+officer spied the anchors with their cables coiled up.
+
+"Keep off! You have lied to me," he shouted, and ordered his men to
+cut the hawser.
+
+As if by magic, the deck of the ketch swarmed with men, whose strong
+arms forced their vessel up against the side of the Philadelphia.
+
+"Americans! Americans!" cried the dazed Tripolitans.
+
+"Board! board!" shouted Decatur, as he made a spring for the deck of
+the frigate, followed by his gallant men.
+
+Although taken by surprise, the Tripolitans fought hard. They were
+called the best hand to hand fighters in the world, but they were no
+match for American sailors. As Preble's orders were "to carry all
+with the sword," no firearms were used. The only weapons {166} were
+cutlasses. The watchword was "Philadelphia," which they were to use
+in the darkness.
+
+The Americans formed a line from one side of the ship to the other,
+and, with Decatur as leader, swept everything before them on the main
+deck. On the gun deck, Lawrence and McDonough did the same thing. In
+fifteen minutes, every Tripolitan had been cut down or driven
+overboard. In spite of the close, sharp fighting, not one of our men
+received a scratch.
+
+But now comes the tug of war! Every man knows exactly what to do, for
+he has been well drilled. Some hand up kegs of powder and balls of
+oakum soaked in tar. Others carry these along the deck and down
+below. Now they drag two eighteen-pounders amidships, double-shot
+them, and point them down the main hatch, so as to blow out the
+bottom of the ship. In a few minutes everything is ready.
+
+"Start the fires!" A puff of smoke, a little blaze, then flames
+everywhere!
+
+Quick and sharp comes the order to leap aboard the ketch. Decatur,
+sure that the work thus far is well done, is the last man to leave.
+
+Now all are safe aboard the Intrepid. The order is given to cast off.
+The ketch still clings to the blazing frigate, from whose portholes
+the flames are shooting out. The gunpowder left on the deck is
+covered only with canvas. Life is in peril. They find that the stern
+rope has not been cast off. Up rush Decatur and his {167} officers,
+and cut the hawser with their swords. The boat swings clear, and the
+men row for their lives.
+
+The fierce flames of the burning ship bring the Intrepid into plain
+view. She is a target for every gun. Bang! bang! thunder a hundred
+cannon.
+
+"Stop rowing, boys, and give 'em three cheers," shouts Decatur.
+
+Everybody is on his feet in an instant, and joins in the hurrahs.
+
+Solid shot, grape, and shells whistle and scream in the air above the
+little ketch, and throw up showers of spray as they strike the water.
+Only one shot hits, and that whizzes through the mainsail. The men
+bend to their oars and pull for dear life. They are soon well out of
+{168} range, and, in a short time, safe under the guns of the Siren.
+
+What wild hurrahs were heard when Decatur, clad in a sailor's
+pea-jacket, and begrimed with powder, sprang on board and shouted,
+"Didn't she make a glorious bonfire, and we didn't lose a man!"
+
+In telling the story afterwards, the men said it was a superb sight.
+The flames burst out and ran rapidly up the masts and the rigging,
+and lighted up the sea and the sky with a lurid glare. The guns soon
+became heated and began to go off. They fired their hot shot into the
+shipping, and even into the town. Then, as if giving a last salute,
+the Philadelphia parted her cables, drifted ashore, and blew up.
+
+[Illustration: The Burning of the Philadelphia]
+
+As a popular saying goes, "Nothing succeeds like success." So it was
+with Decatur's deed. His cool head and the fine discipline of his men
+won success. The famous Lord Nelson, the greatest naval commander of
+his time, said it was "the most bold and daring act of the age."
+
+Decatur was well rewarded. At twenty-five he was made a captain, and
+given the command of "Old Ironsides," probably the finest frigate at
+that time in the world.
+
+
+{169}
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+"OLD IRONSIDES"
+
+  "Ay, tear her tattered ensign down!
+     Long has it waved on high,
+   And many an eye has danced to see
+     That banner in the sky."
+
+
+In 1833, when the old war ship Constitution, unfit for service, lay
+in the navy yard in Charlestown, the Secretary of the Navy decided to
+sell her or to break her up. On the appearance of this bit of news in
+a Boston paper, Oliver Wendell Holmes, a law student at Harvard,
+scribbled some verses and sent them to the editor.
+
+This poem of twenty-four lines was at once published, and was soon
+copied into the leading newspapers of the country. In our large
+cities, the poem was circulated as a handbill. Popular indignation
+rose to a white heat, and swept everything before it.
+
+The order was at once revoked, and Congress decided that the old
+frigate, so dear to the hearts of the American people, should be
+rebuilt.
+
+Why did the people care so much about "Old Ironsides"?
+
+[Illustration: "Old Ironsides"]
+
+For twenty-five years after the adoption of the Constitution, we had
+a rough road to travel. We were {170} nearly crushed by our foreign
+debts, and could do little to defend ourselves on the high seas.
+England boarded our ships and carried off our sailors, and France
+captured our vessels and stole their cargoes. Even the Barbary
+pirates, when they spied the new flag, began to plunder and burn our
+merchantmen, and sell their crews into slavery.
+
+In the fall of 1793, eight Algerine pirate craft sailed out into the
+Atlantic, and within a month had captured eleven of our ships and
+made slaves of more than a hundred of our sailors.
+
+Think of our consul at Lisbon writing home, "Another Algerine pirate
+in the Atlantic. God preserve us!"
+
+In behalf of American citizens held as slaves by these pirates, a
+petition was sent to Congress. A bill was then passed, allowing
+President Washington to build or to buy six frigates.
+
+It was a fortunate day for our nation when the plans of Mr.
+Humphreys, a shipbuilder of Philadelphia, were accepted. He was
+directed by Congress to prepare the models of six war ships, to be
+built in different towns on the coast.
+
+The design of the Constitution was sent to Boston, and her keel was
+laid in Hartt's Naval Yard, near what is now Constitution Wharf. The
+ideas of Mr. Humphreys were carried out to the letter. The new
+frigate was to have better guns, greater speed, greater cruising
+capacity,--in fact, was to be a little better {171} in every respect
+than the British and the French ships of the same rating.
+
+The Constitution was called a forty-four-gun frigate, although she
+actually carried thirty twenty-four-pounders on her main deck, and
+twenty-two thirty-two-pounders on her spar deck. She had one gun deck
+instead of two, and her cannon were heavier than were usually carried
+on foreign war ships of her own class. She was twenty feet longer and
+about five feet broader than {172} the far-famed thirty-eight-gun
+British frigates. In comparison with a modern war ship, she was less
+than one half as long as the armed cruiser New York, and not far from
+the size of one of our gunboats.
+
+The British naval officers made much sport of these new ships; but
+after "Old Ironsides" had destroyed two fine British frigates, and
+had outsailed a large British fleet, they went to work and made over
+some of their line of battle ships into large frigates.
+
+The Constitution was built of the best material, and with unusual
+care. A Boston shipwright was sent South to select live oak, red
+cedar, and hard pine. Paul Revere, who made the famous midnight ride
+to Concord, received nearly four thousand dollars for the copper
+which he furnished for the new frigate.
+
+From the laying of the keel to the final equipment, the Constitution
+was kept in the shipyard fully three years. Her live oak timbers,
+having had two years to season, were hard as iron.
+
+After many delays, the stanch ship was set afloat at midday, October
+21, 1797, "before a numerous and brilliant collection of citizens."
+
+In 1803, a fleet was sent to the north of Africa, to force the
+pirates of the Barbary coast to respect the persons and the property
+of American citizens. Commodore Preble was made commander, with the
+Constitution as his flagship. He had under him the Philadelphia, a
+fine new frigate, and five smaller war ships.
+
+{173} Preble was a remarkable man, and his "schoolboy captains," as
+he called them, all under twenty-five years of age, were also
+remarkable men.
+
+For two years or more, there was plenty of stubborn fighting. Within
+forty days, five attacks were made on the forts and the war ships of
+Tripoli. In three of these attacks, the Constitution took part; and
+once, while supporting the fleet, she silenced more than a hundred
+guns behind the forts of the pirate capital.
+
+Even from the first, the new frigate was lucky. She was never
+dismasted, or seriously injured, in battle or by weather. In all her
+service, not one commanding officer was ever lost, and few of her
+crew were ever killed.
+
+On one occasion, six of our gunboats made a savage hand to hand
+attack on twenty-one Tripolitan gunboats, and drove them back into
+the harbor with great loss.
+
+"There, Commodore Preble," said young Decatur, as he came over the
+side of the Constitution, and walked joyfully up to his commander on
+the quarter-deck, "I have brought you out three of the gunboats."
+
+Preble had a kind heart, but a very quick temper. Like a flash, he
+seized Decatur by the collar and shook him, shouting, "Aye, sir, why
+did you not bring me out more?" and walked into his cabin.
+
+The stern old fighter was over his temper in a moment. He sent for
+his young officer, and made ample amends for bad temper and hasty
+words. Ever afterwards these two great men were the best of friends.
+
+{174} During the war of 1812, "the war for free trade and sailors'
+rights," the Constitution won her chief honors. The story of her
+remarkable escape from a British squadron has been often told.
+
+It was at daybreak about the middle of July, 1812, off the New Jersey
+coast. Not a breath ruffled the ocean. Captain Isaac Hull, every inch
+of him a sailor, was in command. A British fleet of five frigates and
+some smaller vessels, which had been sighted the day before, had
+crept up during the night, and at daylight almost surrounded "Old
+Ironsides."
+
+[Illustration: Isaac Hull]
+
+Hull knew his ship and his men. Not for one moment did he think of
+giving up his vessel. Of course he could not fight his powerful foe
+with his single ship. He must get away. But how?
+
+One of the British frigates, the Shannon, had furled her sails, and
+was being towed by all the boats of the fleet.
+
+"This," said Lieutenant Morris, "seemed to decide our fate."
+
+A moment later, however, a puff of wind carried our frigate out of
+gunshot.
+
+"How deep is the water?" shouts Captain Hull.
+
+"Twenty fathoms," is the reply.
+
+"Out with the kedge anchor!" cries Hull.
+
+All the spare ropes and cables are fastened together and payed out to
+an anchor, which is dropped into the sea a mile ahead. The sailors on
+the frigate go round {175} the windlass on the run, and the vessel is
+slowly drawn ahead to the anchor, which is now quickly taken up and
+carried out once more. This is called kedging.
+
+Our sailor boys give cheer on cheer as they whirl the windlass and
+pull at the oars.
+
+The captain of one of the enemy's frigates now sees the game, and
+tries kedging, but does not get near enough to throw a shot.
+
+Three of the pursuing frigates open fire at long range, without doing
+any damage.
+
+All day long this pursuit is kept up. Every gun is loaded, ready to
+fire. The men rest by the cannon, with their rammers and their
+sponges beside them. All the next day the chase goes on. At last,
+slowly but surely, the American frigate gains on her pursuers. At
+four o'clock in the afternoon, the Shannon is four miles astern.
+
+Two hours later, a squall gave Hull a chance to play a trick on his
+pursuers. Sail was shortened the moment the squall struck. The
+British captain, seeing the apparent confusion on board the Yankee
+frigate, also shortened sail. The moment his vessel was hidden by
+{176} the rain, Hull quickly made sail again. When the weather
+cleared, his nearest pursuer was far astern.
+
+At daylight the next morning, the British fleet was almost out of
+sight, and, after a chase of three nights and two days, gave up the
+contest.
+
+Six days later, the good people of Boston went wild with delight, as
+their favorite frigate ran the blockade and came to anchor in the
+harbor.
+
+Captain Hull was not the man to be shut up in Boston harbor if he
+could help it. In less than two weeks he ran the blockade and sailed
+out upon the broad ocean. A powerful British fleet was off the coast.
+Hull knew it, but out he sailed with his single ship to battle for
+his country.
+
+Now the British had a fine frigate named the Guerri�re. This vessel
+was one of the fleet that had given the Constitution such a hot chase
+a few days before. Captain Dacres, her commander, and Captain Hull
+were personal friends, and had wagered a hat on the result of a
+possible battle between their frigates. The British captain had just
+written a challenge to the commander of our fleet, saying that he
+should like to meet any frigate of the United States, to have a few
+minutes _t�te-�-t�te_.
+
+On the afternoon of August 19, about seven hundred miles northeast of
+Boston, these two finest frigates in the world, the Guerri�re and the
+Constitution, met for the "interview" that Dacres so much wanted.
+
+All is hurry and bustle on "Old Ironsides."
+
+{177} "Clear for action!" shrilly sounds the boatswain's whistle.
+
+The fife and drum call to quarters. Everybody hurries to his place.
+
+The British frigate, as if in defiance, flings out a flag from each
+topmast. Her big guns flash, but the balls fall short.
+
+"Don't fire until I give the word," orders Captain Hull.
+
+Now the Guerri�re, drawing nearer and nearer, pours in a broadside.
+
+"Shall we not fire, sir?" asks Lieutenant Morris.
+
+"Not yet," is Hull's reply.
+
+Another broadside tears through the rigging, wounding several men.
+The sailors are restless at their double-shotted guns.
+
+Now the two frigates are fairly abreast, and within pistol shot of
+each other.
+
+"Now, boys, do your duty. Fire!" shouts the gallant commander, at the
+top of his voice.
+
+Hull is a short and stout man. As he leans over to give the order to
+fire, his breeches burst from hip to knee. The men roar with
+laughter. There is no time to waste, however, and so he finishes the
+battle in his laughable plight.
+
+An officer, pointing to the captain, cries, "Hull her, boys! hull
+her!"
+
+The men, catching the play upon words, shout, "Hull her! Yes, we'll
+hull her!"
+
+{178} "Old Ironsides" now lets fly a terrible broadside at close
+range. The Guerri�re's mizzenmast goes overboard.
+
+"My lads, you have made a brig of that craft!" cries Hull.
+
+"Wait a moment, sir, and we'll make her a sloop!" shout back the
+sailors.
+
+Sure enough, the Guerri�re swings round and gets a raking fire, which
+cuts away the foremast and much of the rigging, and leaves her a
+helpless hulk in the trough of the sea. The flag goes down with the
+rigging, and there is nothing to do but to surrender.
+
+In just thirty minutes, the British frigate is a wreck.
+
+During the hottest part of the battle, a sailor, at least so runs the
+story, saw a cannon ball strike the side of the vessel and fall back
+into the sea.
+
+"Hurrah, boys! hurrah for 'Old Ironsides'!" he shouted to his mates;
+"her sides are made of iron."
+
+Some say that from this incident the nickname of "Old Ironsides" took
+its origin.
+
+Captain Hull received his old friend Dacres, kindly, on board the
+Constitution, and said, "I see you are wounded, Dacres. Let me help
+you."
+
+When the British captain offered his sword, Hull said, "No, Dacres, I
+cannot take the sword of a man who knows so well how to use it, but I
+will thank you for that hat!"
+
+[Illustration: Hull refuses Dacres's Sword]
+
+Just as they were ready to blow up the Guerri�re, Dacres remembered
+that a Bible, his wife's gift, which {179} he had carried with him
+for years, had been left behind. Captain Hull at once sent a boat
+after it.
+
+Twenty-five years after this incident, Captain Dacres, then an
+admiral, gave Hull a dinner on his flagship, at Gibraltar, and told
+the ladies the story of his wife's Bible.
+
+When "Old Ironsides" came sailing up the harbor, on the last day of
+August, what a rousing reception the people of Boston gave Captain
+Hull and his gallant men!
+
+All the people of the town crowded the wharves or filled the windows
+and the housetops overlooking the bay. The streets were gay with
+bunting, and there was a grand dinner, with many patriotic speeches
+and deafening cheers.
+
+In less than five months after her battle with the Guerri�re, the
+Constitution had her hardest fight. It was with the Java, one of the
+best frigates in the British navy. Her commander, Captain Lambert,
+was said to be {180} one of the ablest sailors that ever handled a
+war ship. The battle took place some thirty miles off the northeast
+coast of Brazil.
+
+The Constitution was commanded by Captain William Bainbridge. Before
+this, he had done some feats of seamanship, but thus far in his
+career he had not been fortunate. As you remember, Captain
+Bainbridge, through no fault of his own, lost the Philadelphia off
+the harbor of Tripoli.
+
+The battle began about two o'clock in the afternoon, with broadsides
+from both frigates.
+
+Bainbridge was soon wounded in the hip by a musket ball; then the
+wheel was shattered, and a small copper bolt was driven into his
+thigh. Unwilling to leave the deck a moment, he had his wounds
+dressed while directing the battle.
+
+Finding that he could not get near enough to the swift British
+frigate, Bainbridge boldly headed for the enemy. There was great risk
+of getting raked, but fortunately the Java's shots went wild.
+
+[Illustration: "Old Ironsides" bearing down on a British Man-of-War]
+
+"Old Ironsides" was now within close range of the Java, and the fire
+of her heavy cannon soon left the British frigate dismasted and
+helpless. The British did not surrender, however, until every stick
+in the ship except a part of the mainmast had been cut away.
+
+Captain Lambert was mortally injured, his first lieutenant severely
+hurt, and nearly fifty men were killed and more than one hundred
+wounded. "Old Ironsides" came out of the battle with every spar in
+place.
+
+{181} The wheel of the Java was removed and fitted on the
+Constitution, to replace the one which had been shot away.
+
+A few years after the war, some British naval officers paid a visit
+to "Old Ironsides."
+
+"You have a most perfect vessel," said one of them, "but I must say
+that you have a very ugly wheel for so beautiful a frigate."
+
+"Yes," said the American captain to whom the remark was made, "it is
+ugly. We lost our wheel in fighting the Java, and after the battle we
+replaced it with her wheel, and somehow we have never felt like
+changing it."
+
+{182} Bainbridge was a great-hearted and heroic man. When he was told
+that Captain Lambert was mortally injured, he forgot his own wounds
+and had his men carry him to the blood-stained quarter-deck, where
+the British officer lay. He then put into the dying man's hand the
+sword he had just surrendered.
+
+On Captain Bainbridge's return to Boston, another long procession
+marched up State Street, and another grand dinner was given. When he
+traveled by coach to Washington, the people along the route turned
+out in great crowds to honor the naval hero.
+
+The Constitution fought her last battle off the Madeira Islands, on
+February 20, 1815, under the command of Captain Charles Stewart, one
+of the hardest fighters in the history of our navy.
+
+"What shall I bring you for a present?" said Captain Stewart to his
+bride.
+
+"A British frigate," promptly replied the patriotic young wife.
+
+"I will bring you two," answered Stewart.
+
+On the afternoon of February 20, two British men-of-war hove in
+sight. They proved to be the frigate Cyane and the sloop of war
+Levant.
+
+"Old Ironsides" made all sail to overhaul them.
+
+Stewart's superb seamanship in this sharp battle has excited the
+admiration of naval experts, even to our own day. It is generally
+admitted that no American ship was ever better handled. He raked one
+vessel and then {183} the other, repeatedly. Neither of the enemy's
+war ships got in a single broadside.
+
+Just forty minutes after Stewart's first fire, the Cyane surrendered.
+A full moon then rose in all its splendor, and the battle went
+stoutly on with the Levant. At ten o'clock, however, she, too,
+perfectly helpless, struck her colors.
+
+"Old Ironsides'" last great battle was over. Singlehanded, she had
+fought two British war ships at one time and defeated them, and that,
+too, with only three men killed and twelve wounded. In less than
+three hours our stanch frigate was again in fighting trim.
+
+With the exception of long periods of rest, "Old Ironsides" carried
+her country's flag with dignity and honor for forty years.
+
+Her cruising days ended just before the outburst of the Civil War, in
+1861, when she was taken to Newport, Rhode Island, to serve as a
+school-ship for the Naval Academy. Later, she was housed over, and
+used as a receiving ship at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In the fall of
+1897, she was towed to the navy yard at Charlestown, to take part in
+her centennial celebration, October 21, 1897.
+
+The old Constitution has been rebuilt in parts, and repaired many
+times; so that little remains of the original vessel except her keel
+and her floor frames. These huge pieces of her framework, hewn by
+hand from solid oak, are the same that thrilled with the shock of the
+old guns, {184} before the granite forts of Tripoli. Over them
+floated the American flag and the pennants of Preble, Hull,
+Bainbridge, Decatur, Stewart, and many other gallant men, whose
+heroic deeds have shed luster on the American navy.
+
+It is interesting to know that Commodore Stewart was the last
+survivor of the great captains of the war of 1812. He served his
+country faithfully for seventy-one years, and lived to be ninety-one.
+He died at his home, called "Old Ironsides," in New Jersey, in 1869.
+
+The loss of a few frigates did not matter much to England, but the
+loss of her naval prestige in the war of 1812 was of importance to
+the whole world. For the first time, Europe realized that there was a
+new nation, which was able and willing to fight for its freedom on
+the ocean, as it had fought for its independence on land.
+
+"Old Ironsides" still survives, a weather-beaten and battle-scarred
+hull, but a precious memorial of the nation's glory. She has earned a
+lasting place in the affections of the American people.
+
+
+{185}
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+"OLD HICKORY'S" CHRISTMAS
+
+
+At the beginning of the last century, England was fighting for her
+very life against the mighty Napoleon. We remained neutral; but our
+ships were doing a fine business in carrying supplies to the two
+nations.
+
+England, however, looked at us with a jealous eye, and was determined
+to prevent our trade with France. On the other hand, Napoleon was
+eager to shut us out from England.
+
+Thus trouble arose. Both nations began to meddle with our commerce,
+and to capture and plunder our ships. What did they care for the
+rights of a feeble nation so long as each could cut off the other's
+supplies?
+
+Great Britain, moreover, could not man her enormous navy. To get
+sailors, she overhauled our merchantmen on the high seas and carried
+men away to supply her war ships. In 1807, nearly two hundred of our
+merchantmen had been taken by the British, and fully as many more by
+the French. The time had come when we must either fight or give up
+our trade.
+
+It was hard to know what was best to do. Some were for fighting both
+England and France at the same time.
+
+{186} Thomas Jefferson, who was President at this time, and James
+Madison, who followed him in 1809, were men of peace, and believed
+that the nation should keep out of war.
+
+In 1811, however, the pent-up wrath of the people, roused by even
+greater insults, found relief in electing a "war" Congress. Then,
+through men like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, President Madison
+yielded to popular feeling, and in June, 1812, war was declared with
+Great Britain.
+
+It was a bold thing to do. England had thousands of well-seasoned
+troops, commanded by officers who had been trained by Wellington. Our
+regular army had less than seven thousand men, and our main
+dependence was upon the militia, who proved of little service. To
+meet England on the water, we had only six frigates and a dozen or
+more little craft. England had more than two hundred war ships larger
+than any of ours.
+
+The war began, and was carried on, in a haphazard sort of way. Most
+of our land battles were inglorious enough; but the story of our
+naval battles is another thing. England, the "mistress of the seas,"
+met with some unpleasant surprises. Out of fifteen naval contests,
+with equal forces, we won twelve. Never before had the British navy
+met with such defeats.
+
+Early in the year 1814, Napoleon was driven into exile at Elba, and
+Europe was for a time free from war. England was now able to send
+larger fleets and more {187} troops to our shores, and planned to
+capture New Orleans, the gateway to the commerce of the Mississippi.
+The hour of trial had indeed come for the fair Creole city.
+
+New Orleans was foreign in character, having been joined to our
+republic by purchase, with little in common with our people except a
+bitter hatred for England.
+
+In the last week of November, a great fleet with ten thousand
+veterans sailed across the Gulf of Mexico, in the direction of New
+Orleans. The troops, most of whom had just served in Spain, under the
+"Iron Duke," were held to be the best fighting men in the world.
+
+The voyage seems to have been a kind of gala trip. The wives of many
+of the officers sailed with their husbands; and the time was spent in
+dancing, in musical and theatrical performances, and in other
+festivities.
+
+So sure were the proud Britons of taking the Creole city that they
+brought officers to govern it.
+
+On December 9, in the midst of a storm, the ships anchored off the
+delta of the Mississippi.
+
+The British, having planned to approach New Orleans from the east,
+sent the lighter craft to cross Lake Borgne, some fifteen miles from
+the city.
+
+Five American gunboats, commanded by a young officer named Jones,
+with less than two hundred men, were guarding the lake. The British
+landed twelve hundred marines. There was a sharp hand to hand fight
+for an hour, in which over three hundred of the British were {188}
+killed or wounded. But it was twelve hundred against two hundred.
+Young Jones was severely wounded, and his gunboats were captured.
+
+It was now two days before Christmas. In a little dwelling house in
+Royal Street all was hurry and bustle. This was General Jackson's
+headquarters. Early in the afternoon, a young French officer, Major
+Viller�, had galloped to the door, with the word that an outpost on
+his father's plantation, twelve miles below New Orleans, had been
+surprised that morning by the British.
+
+"The redcoats are marching in full force straight for the city," he
+said; "and if they keep on, they will reach here this very night."
+
+"By the Eternal!" exclaimed Jackson. His eyes flashed, his reddish
+gray hair began to bristle, and he brought his fist down upon the
+table. "They shall not sleep upon our soil this night."
+
+"Gentlemen," he continued to his officers and to the citizens round
+him, "the British are below; we must fight them to-night."
+
+[Illustration: On the Eve of the Battle, Spies Inform Jackson of the
+Enemy's Position]
+
+The great bell on the old cathedral of St. Louis begins to ring,
+cannon are fired three times to signify danger, and messengers ride
+to and fro in hot haste, with orders for the troops to take up their
+line of march.
+
+The people of New Orleans had heard how the rough Britons dealt with
+the cities of Spain, and they knew well enough that the hated
+redcoats would treat their own loved city in like manner.
+
+{189} Jackson put every able-bodied man at work. It was a motley
+crowd. Creoles, Frenchmen, Spaniards, prison convicts, negroes, and
+even Lafitte, the far-famed "Pirate of the Gulf," and his crew of
+buccaneers, answered Jackson's call. The people cheerfully submitted
+to martial law. The streets resounded with "Yankee Doodle" and with
+"The Marseillaise" sung in English, French, and Spanish.
+
+The backwoodsmen once more came to the front, as they had done at
+King's Mountain, thirty-five years before. The stern features of "Old
+Hickory" relaxed a bit at the sight of Colonel Carroll and his
+riflemen from Nashville. They arrived in flatboats on the same day
+that the British vanguard reached the river. Clad in coonskin caps
+and fringed leggins, and {190} with their long rifles on their
+shoulders, these rough pioneers came tramping into the city. They
+were tall, gaunt fellows, with powder horns over their buckskin
+shirts, and with hunting knives in their belts.
+
+Colonel Coffee, too, had come with his regiment of mounted riflemen,
+and was encamped five miles below the city.
+
+Now Jackson knew that if he did not have time to throw up some
+earthworks, the city was likely to fall. In his usual fiery way, he
+made up his mind to attack the enemy that very night.
+
+Meanwhile the British had built their camp fires along the levee, and
+were eating their supper. Not once did they think themselves in
+danger.
+
+Soon after dark, a strange vessel, dropping quietly down the river,
+anchored within musket shot. Some of the redcoats thought it best to
+stir up the stranger, and so fired several times at her.
+
+Suddenly a hoarse voice was heard, "Now give it to them, boys, for
+the honor of America!"
+
+It was the Carolina, an American war schooner.
+
+At once shot and shell rained on the British camp, killing or
+wounding at least a hundred men in ten minutes. The redcoats trampled
+out their camp fires, and fled behind the levee for shelter.
+
+This was a rather warm reception, but it became a great deal warmer
+when Jackson charged into their camp. For two hours in the dark was
+fought a series {191} of deadly hand to hand fights. The British used
+their bayonets, the riflemen their hunting knives.
+
+At last, a thick fog from the river made it impossible to tell friend
+from foe. The redcoats retreated and found shelter behind the levee.
+The Americans fell back about three miles and camped.
+
+This bold night attack cost the British five hundred in killed and
+wounded, and saved New Orleans from capture. Jackson had gained his
+point. He had dealt the enemy a sudden, stinging blow.
+
+[Illustration: General Jackson, nicknamed "Old Hickory"]
+
+Christmas opened drearily enough for the invaders, but before night,
+to their great joy, Sir Edward Pakenham arrived from England, and
+took command. The British had now about ten thousand men, led by
+three veterans. Surely, it would be nothing but boy's play for the
+great Sir Edward to defeat the "backwoods general" and his motley
+army. On his return home, his reward was to be a peerage.
+
+Pakenham went to work bright and early the next morning. Within two
+days, eleven cannon and a mortar were brought from the fleet, and
+mounted in a redoubt on the bank of the river. The battery at once
+began {192} to throw red-hot shells at the two war vessels in the
+river. The little Carolina soon blew up, while the Louisiana was
+towed out of range and escaped.
+
+The next morning, Sir Edward thought that by marching out his army he
+might get a look at the enemy. He was not disappointed, for after
+advancing nearly three miles, he stumbled on the Americans in good
+earnest.
+
+No sooner were the British columns in sight than they were driven
+back by a brisk fire of shot and shell. Then followed a furious
+artillery duel. In vain the British pounded away with field pieces,
+rocket guns, and mortars; they were forced back by the cannon of the
+Americans.
+
+The British commander now saw that he must lay regular siege to the
+American position.
+
+Shortly after midnight, on New Year's morning, his men silently
+advanced to within three hundred yards of Jackson's first
+intrenchments, which were made of cotton bales, and threw up a
+redoubt of mud and hogsheads of sugar. When the fog lifted at ten
+o'clock, the Americans were surprised to see the British cannon
+frowning upon them.
+
+The artillery began to roar. Jackson's cotton bales were soon
+burning. On the other hand, the Louisiana and a water battery did
+fine work with their raking fire, and soon blew the sugar barrels
+into thousands of pieces. The British guns were quickly silenced, and
+only the gallantry of the sailors from the war ships saved them from
+capture.
+
+{193} Sir Edward had boasted that he should pass this New Year's
+night in New Orleans; but his reception had been so warm that he was
+now forced to withdraw. Jackson had made it so lively for the
+invaders that they had been without sleep and food for nearly sixty
+hours.
+
+The British admiral tried a grim joke by sending word to Sir Edward
+that, if he did not hurry and capture the city, he should land his
+marines and do up the job himself.
+
+The British now decided to carry by storm the American lines on both
+sides of the river, and chose Sunday morning, January 8, for the
+attack.
+
+Jackson gave himself and his men no rest, night or day. He had
+redoubts thrown up even to the city itself.
+
+The main line of defense, over which not a single British soldier
+passed, except as prisoner, was a mud bank about a mile and a half
+long. In front of it was a ditch, or half choked canal, which ran
+from the river to an impassable cypress swamp on the left wing.
+
+All Saturday night, January 7, was heard in the British camp the
+sound of pickax and shovel, the rumble of artillery, and the muffled
+tread of the regiments, as they marched to their several positions in
+the line of battle.
+
+After a day of great fatigue, Jackson lay down upon a sofa to rest.
+At midnight, he looked at his watch and spoke to his aids.
+
+"Gentlemen," he said, "we have slept long enough. The enemy will be
+upon us in a few moments."
+
+{194} Long before daylight, "Old Hickory" saw to it that every man
+was at his post. Leaning on their rifles, or grouped about the great
+guns, the men in silence saluted their beloved general, as he rode
+from post to post, in the thick fog of that long, wakeful night.
+
+The lifting of the fog in the early light revealed the long scarlet
+lines of British veterans, in battle array. Surely it was only
+something to whet their appetites for breakfast, for such
+well-trained fighters to carry that low, mud earthwork.
+
+The bugle sounded, and the red-coated grenadiers and the kilted
+Highlanders moved steadily forward in columns. Not a rifle cracked,
+but the cannon from the mud earthwork thundered furiously. Grape and
+solid shot tore long lanes through the advancing battalions.
+
+General Gibbs led the attack on the left, which a deserter had told
+Pakenham was the weakest part of the earthwork. So it was; but on the
+day before the battle, Jackson had stationed there his Tennessee
+riflemen.
+
+Nearer come the British regulars on the double-quick. The four lines
+of sturdy riflemen wait until three fourths of the distance is
+covered.
+
+Suddenly the clear voice of General Carroll rings out, "Fire!"
+
+A sheet of flame bursts from the earthwork. The advancing columns
+falter, stop, break, and run. Not a man reaches the redoubt.
+
+{195} It was said that an old thirty-two-pounder had been loaded to
+the muzzle with musket balls, the first volley of which killed or
+wounded two hundred of the enemy.
+
+"Here comes the Ninety-Third! Rally on the Ninety-Third!" shouts
+Pakenham, as this splendid regiment of eight hundred kilted
+Highlanders advances amid the confusion.
+
+The brave men now rally for another desperate charge.
+
+"Hurrah, boys! the day is ours!" shouts Colonel Rennie, as he leads
+the attack on the right flank.
+
+But the day is not theirs. A few officers and men actually get across
+the ditch, but every one of them is shot dead the moment his head
+shows over the earthwork. The wavering columns stagger and give way.
+
+Sir Edward leaves General Lambert in command of the reserve, and,
+with generals Gibbs and Keane, now leads the assault. The mud
+earthwork again belches its sheets of flame, as the backwoods
+riflemen fire their death-dealing volleys. Again the proud columns
+give way.
+
+"Forward, men, forward!" cries Pakenham, ordering the bugler to sound
+the charge.
+
+A rifle ball carries away the bugle before a note is sounded.
+
+"Order up the reserve!" shouts the British commander, and leads his
+men to another deadly charge.
+
+A rifle bullet shatters his right leg, another kills his horse, and
+finally a third, fired by a negro, instantly {196} kills him. Gibbs
+and Keane are both severely wounded. The officers in the brilliant
+uniforms are easy targets for the sharpshooters.
+
+It is what Bunker Hill might have been if the patriots had had
+stronger breastworks and plenty of ammunition.
+
+The eight hundred Highlanders, with pale faces but firm step, advance
+to the ditch, and, too proud to run, stand the fire until few more
+than a hundred are left. These slowly retire with their faces still
+toward the Americans.
+
+The battle lasted only twenty-five minutes. During this time the
+American flag was kept flying near the middle of the line. A military
+band roused the troops. Just after the fight, Jackson and his staff
+in full uniform rode slowly along the lines. The wild uproar of that
+motley army was echoed by thousands of spectators, who with fear and
+trembling had watched the issue of the contest.
+
+[Illustration: General Jackson riding along the Lines, after the
+Battle]
+
+In the final and decisive action on that Sunday morning, the British
+had about six thousand men, while Jackson had less than three
+thousand. Of the British, seven hundred were killed, fourteen hundred
+wounded, and five hundred taken prisoners. The Americans had only
+eight killed and fourteen wounded!
+
+It was the most astonishing battle ever fought on this continent.
+There had never been a defeat so crushing, with a loss so small.
+
+{197} For a week or more, the British kept sullenly within their
+lines. Jackson clung to his intrenchments. He was a fearless fighter,
+but was unwilling to risk a battle with well-tried veterans in an
+open field. He kept up, however, a continual pounding with his big
+guns, and his mounted riflemen gave the redcoats no rest.
+
+In about three weeks, General Lambert skillfully retreated to the
+ships, and, soon afterwards, the entire army sailed for England.
+
+Such was the glorious but dreadful battle of New Orleans, the
+anniversary of which is still celebrated.
+
+{198} Honors fell thick and fast upon "Old Hickory." Fourteen years
+later, he became the seventh President of the United States.
+
+The sad part of this astounding victory is that peace had been
+declared about two weeks before the battle was fought. A "cablegram,"
+or even an ocean greyhound, could have saved the lives of many brave
+men.
+
+When peace was made, nothing was said about impressing our sailors,
+or about the rights of our merchantmen. From that day to this,
+however, no American citizen has been forced to serve on a British
+war ship, and no American vessel has ever been searched on the high
+seas.
+
+The war of 1812 was not fought in vain. The nations of the world saw
+that we would fight to maintain our rights. Best of all, perhaps,
+this war served to strengthen the feeling of nationality among our
+own people.
+
+
+{199}
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+A HERO'S WELCOME
+
+
+Rarely has the benefactor of a people been awarded such measure of
+gratitude as we gave Lafayette, in 1824. Eager crowds flocked into
+the cities and the villages to welcome this hero. Thousands of
+children, the boys in blue jackets and the girls in white dresses,
+scattered flowers before him. If you could get your grandfather or
+your grandmother to tell you of this visit, it would be as
+interesting as a storybook.
+
+The conditions in the United States were just right for such an
+outburst of feeling. Everybody knew the story of the rich French
+nobleman, who, at the age of nineteen, had left friends, wife, home,
+and native land, to cast his lot with strange people, three thousand
+miles away, engaged in fighting for freedom.
+
+It was not until after the battle of Bunker Hill that, at a grand
+dinner party, the young marquis heard of our struggle for
+independence. He knew neither our country nor our people, and he did
+not speak our language; but his sympathies were at once awakened, and
+he made up his mind to fight for us.
+
+In the spring of 1777, at his own expense, he bought and fitted out a
+vessel with military supplies, and sailed {200} for America. Seven
+weeks later, he landed in South Carolina, and at once went to
+Philadelphia to offer his services to Congress.
+
+He wrote a note to a member of Congress, in which he said, "After the
+sacrifices I have made, I have the right to exact two favors; one is,
+to serve at my own expense, the other, to serve as a volunteer."
+
+These manly words and the striking appearance of the young Frenchman,
+together with letters from Benjamin Franklin, had their effect. His
+services were accepted, and he was made a major general.
+
+For seven years Lafayette served Washington as an aid and a personal
+friend. His deep sympathy, his generous conduct, and his gracious
+ways won all hearts, from the stately Washington to the humblest
+soldier. Personal bravery on the battlefield at once gained fame for
+him as a soldier, and made him one of the heroes of the hour. His
+example worked wonders in getting the best young men of the country
+to enlist in the army.
+
+During the fearful winter at Valley Forge, the young nobleman
+suddenly changed his manner of living. Used to ease and personal
+comforts, he became even more frugal and self-denying than the
+half-starved and half-frozen soldiers. How different it must have
+been from the gayeties and the luxuries of the French court of the
+winter before!
+
+The battle of Monmouth was fought on a hot Sunday in June, 1778. From
+four o'clock in the morning until {201} dusk, Lafayette fought like a
+hero. Late at night, when the battle was over, he and Washington lay
+upon the same cloak, under a tree, and talked over the strange events
+of the day until they fell asleep.
+
+After the battle of Monmouth, Lafayette went back to France to visit
+his family, and to plead the cause of his adopted country. He was
+kindly received at court.
+
+"Tell us all the good news about our dearly-beloved Americans,"
+begged the queen.
+
+To the king, Lafayette spoke plainly: "The money that you spend,
+Sire, on one of your court balls would go far towards sending an army
+to the colonies in America, and dealing England a blow where she
+would most feel it."
+
+In the spring of 1780, Lafayette returned to America with the French
+king's pledge of help.
+
+At the close of the Revolution, the gallant young marquis went back
+to France, the hero of his nation, but {202} his interest in America
+never grew less. When the treaty of peace was signed at Paris, he
+hired a vessel and hurried it across the ocean, with the good news.
+
+In 1784, the year after peace was declared, Lafayette visited this
+country for the third time. He made Washington a long visit at Mount
+Vernon, went over the old battlefields, and met his old comrades.
+
+[Illustration: Lafayette's Visit to Washington at Mount Vernon, in
+1784]
+
+In 1824, it was known that Lafayette, now an old man, longed to visit
+once more the American people and the scenes he loved so well.
+Congress at once requested President Monroe to invite him as the
+nation's guest.
+
+Forty years had wrought a marvelous change in America. The thirteen
+colonies, in whose cause the young Frenchman came over the sea, had
+been united into a nation of twenty-four states. The experiment of
+laying the foundation of a great republic had proved successful. The
+problem of self-government had been solved.
+
+The United States had taken its place among the great nations of the
+world,--a republic of twelve millions of prosperous and happy people.
+Towns and cities had sprung up like magic. The tide of immigration
+had taken possession of mountain and valley of what was then the far
+West.
+
+The people of the young nation were still rejoicing over the glorious
+victories of Hull, Decatur, Bainbridge, Perry, and other heroes of
+the sea. Less than ten years {203} before, General Jackson had won
+his great victory at New Orleans.
+
+Time had dealt heavily with the great generals of the Revolution.
+Washington had been laid away in the tomb at Mount Vernon,
+twenty-five years before. Greene, Wayne, Marion, Morgan, Schuyler,
+Knox, and Lincoln were all dead. Stark had died only two years
+before. Sumter was still living. Lafayette was the last surviving
+major general of the Revolution.
+
+The people of this country were familiar with Lafayette's remarkable
+history since he had left America. They had heard of his lifelong
+struggle against tyranny in his native land. They knew him as the
+gallant knight who had dealt hard blows in the cause of freedom. They
+cared little about the turmoils of French politics, but knew that
+this champion of liberty had been for five years in an Austrian
+dungeon.
+
+Do you wonder that the grateful people of the sturdy young republic
+were eager to receive him as their guest?
+
+In company with his son, George Washington Lafayette, and his private
+secretary, Lafayette landed at Staten Island, New York, on Sunday,
+August 15, 1824. He spent the night at the house of Vice President
+Tompkins. The next day, six thousand citizens came, in a grand
+procession of gayly decked vessels, to escort the national guest to
+the city. The cannon from the forts and from the men-of-war boomed a
+welcome, while two hundred thousand people cheered themselves hoarse.
+
+{204} Within a few days Lafayette went to Washington, and was
+formally received as the nation's guest by President Monroe, at the
+White House.
+
+[Illustration: President Monroe, who received the Nation's Guest]
+
+As our guest now enters upon an unbroken series of receptions and
+triumphal ovations in the twenty-four states of the Union, let us
+take a glimpse at his personal appearance.
+
+Lafayette was tall, rather stout, and had a large head. His face was
+oval and regular, with a high forehead. His complexion was light, and
+his cheeks were red. He had a long nose, and well-arched eyebrows
+overhanging grayish blue eyes. He had lost his hair in the Austrian
+prison, and in its place wore a curly, reddish brown wig, set low
+upon his forehead, thus concealing the heavy wrinkles upon his brow.
+
+"Time has much changed us, for then we were young and active," said
+Lafayette to his old friend, the famous Indian chief Red Jacket, whom
+he met at Buffalo.
+
+{205} "Alas!" said the aged warrior, who did not suspect the finely
+made French wig, "time has left my white brother red cheeks and a
+head covered with hair; but for me,--look!" and, untying the
+handkerchief that covered his head, the old chieftain showed with a
+grim smile that he was entirely bald.
+
+The veteran soldiers of the Revolution said they could not see any
+resemblance to their youthful hero of nearly half a century before.
+He was always a plain-looking, if not a homely man, but his smile was
+magnetic, his face singularly attractive, and his manner full of
+sweet and gracious courtesy. To the people of the Revolution he was
+always known as "the young marquis."
+
+Lafayette remained in New York four days; but, having promised to
+attend the graduating exercises at Harvard College, he was forced to
+hasten to Boston. The trip was made by a relay of carriages, with a
+large civic and military escort.
+
+Although the party traveled from five o'clock in the morning until
+midnight, it took five days to reach the city. Every village along
+the route had its triumphal arch, trimmed with flowers and patriotic
+mottoes. People came for many miles round, to welcome the great man
+and his party. At night the long file of carriages was escorted by
+men on horseback, carrying torches. Cannon were fired and church
+bells rung, all along the route; while, after dark, huge bonfires
+were lighted on the hilltops and on every village green.
+
+{206} When Lafayette appeared, there was wild excitement in the staid
+city of Boston. He rode in an open barouche drawn by six white
+horses; and was escorted by companies of militia, and by twelve
+hundred mounted tradesmen, clad in white frocks.
+
+It seems that Dr. Bowditch, the famous mathematician, a man too
+dignified to smile on ordinary occasions, was caught in the crowd
+that was waiting for Lafayette. He walked up a flight of steps, that
+he might with proper dignity let the crowd pass. At the sight of the
+famous Frenchman, he seemed to lose his senses; for in an instant he
+was in the front ranks of the crowd, trying to shake hands with the
+honored guest, and shouting with all his might.
+
+On this trip Lafayette went east as far as Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
+His tour was then directed by way of Worcester, Hartford, and the
+familiar scenes of the Hudson, to the South and the Southwest, where
+he visited all the large cities. From New Orleans, he ascended the
+Mississippi and the Ohio. He then crossed Lake Erie, and, passing
+through the state of New York and the old Bay State, visited
+Portland, Maine. Returning by Lake Champlain and the Hudson, he
+reached New York in time for the magnificent celebration of the
+Fourth of July, 1825. The tour was brought to an end in September, by
+a visit to the national capital.
+
+Lafayette's journey through the country lasted for more than a year,
+and was one unbroken ovation. {207} Towns and cities all over the
+land vied with each other in paying him honor. It was one long series
+of public dinners, patriotic speeches, bonfires, flower-decked
+arches, processions of school children, and brilliant balls.
+
+The old veterans who had fought under Washington eagerly put on their
+faded uniforms, and found themselves the heroes of the hour, as they
+fought their battles over again to crowds of eager listeners. In
+fact, Lafayette's interviews with the old soldiers and the few
+surviving officers appear to have been the most interesting and the
+most pathetic features of the whole journey.
+
+A few weeks after his arrival in this country, Lafayette went to
+Yorktown, to celebrate the anniversary of that notable victory. He
+was entertained in the house which had been the headquarters of
+Cornwallis, forty-three years before. A single bed was found for the
+marquis; but the little village was so crowded that the governor of
+Virginia and the great officers of the state were forced to camp on
+straw spread on the floor.
+
+A big box of candles, which once belonged to Cornwallis's supplies,
+was found in good order in the cellar. They were lighted and arranged
+in the middle of the camp, where the ladies and the soldiers danced.
+
+The next day, Lafayette received his callers in the large Washington
+tent, which had been brought from Mount Vernon for this purpose.
+Branches cut from a fine laurel in front of the Nelson house were
+woven into a crown, and placed on the head of the honored guest.
+
+{208} Lafayette at once took it off, and, putting it on the head of
+his old comrade, Colonel Nicholas Fish, who helped him carry the
+redoubt at Yorktown, said, "Take it; this wreath belongs to you also;
+keep it as a deposit for which we must account to our comrades."
+
+"Nick," said Lafayette at another time to this aged man, as the two
+old friends sailed up the Hudson, "do you remember when we used to
+slide down that hill with the Newburgh girls, on an ox sled?"
+
+On the trip through the Southwest, one of the grandest ovations took
+place at Nashville, Tennessee. General Jackson, the hero of New
+Orleans, with forty veterans of the Revolution, and thousands of
+people from far and near, gave their guest a rousing welcome.
+
+One old German veteran, who came over with Lafayette in 1777, and who
+served with him during the whole war, traveled a hundred and fifty
+miles over the mountains to reach Nashville.
+
+As he threw himself into his general's arms, he exclaimed, "I have
+seen you once again; I have nothing more to wish for; I have lived
+long enough."
+
+In the grand procession at New Orleans, one hundred Choctaw Indians
+marched in single file. They had been in camp near the city for a
+month, that they might be on hand to see "the great warrior," "the
+brother of their great father Washington."
+
+It would fill a good-sized book to tell you all the incidents and the
+courtesies that marked this triumphal tour.
+
+{209} At Hartford, Connecticut, eight hundred school children, who
+had saved their pennies, gave Lafayette a gold medal, and a hundred
+veterans of the Revolution escorted him through the city to the boat.
+
+When the grand cavalcade reached Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the rain
+came down in torrents, but a thousand school children, crowned with
+flowers, lined the road to greet the far-famed man, and not one left
+the ranks.
+
+In New York City, there was a firemen's parade with nearly fifty hand
+engines, each drawn by thirty red-shirted men. A sham house was built
+and set on fire; then, at the captain's signal, the firemen leaped to
+the brakes and showed their foreign guest how fire was put out in
+America.
+
+Sixty Boston boys, from twelve to fourteen years of age, formed a
+flying artillery company, and, keeping just ahead of the long
+procession, fired salute after salute as the party neared the city.
+
+While in Boston, Lafayette rode out to Quincy one Sunday, to pay a
+visit of respect to the venerable John Adams, and dine with him. He
+was astonished to find this noted man and ex-President of the United
+States living in a one-story frame house. Although the old statesman
+was so feeble that his grandchildren had to put the food into his
+mouth, Lafayette said "he kept up the conversation on the old times
+with an ease and readiness of memory which made us forget his
+eighty-nine years."
+
+{210} One beautiful night while Lafayette was the guest of
+Philadelphia, the whole city was illuminated in his honor. Forty
+thousand strangers flocked into town for the night. The next morning
+the mayor called upon the distinguished guest, and told him that
+although it was "a night of joyous and popular effervescence,"
+perfect order prevailed, and not a single arrest was made.
+
+A word was coined to express this flood tide of popular homage, and,
+for many years afterwards, whenever special honors were paid to
+anybody, he was said to be "Lafayetted."
+
+A touching incident shows the spirit of gratitude which seemed to
+seize even the humblest of citizens, in trying to please the nation's
+guest. The party stopped at a small tavern on a byroad in Virginia,
+to rest the horses. The landlord came out and begged Lafayette to
+come into his house, if only for five minutes. The marquis, with his
+usual courtesy, yielded to the request, and entered.
+
+The plain but neat living room was trimmed with fir trees, and upon
+its whitewashed wall was written, in charcoal, "Welcome, Lafayette."
+On a small table was a bottle of strong drink, with glasses, as was
+the custom in those days. There was also a plate of thin slices of
+bread, all neatly covered with a napkin. The landlord introduced his
+wife, and brought in his little five-year old boy. The food was
+served, and the health of the guest was drunk.
+
+{211} [Illustration: Lafayette's Reception at a Roadside Tavern in
+Virginia]
+
+The speech for the occasion was recited by the boy: "General
+Lafayette, I thank you for the liberty which you have won for my
+father, for my mother, for myself, and for my country."
+
+Lafayette was much moved by the sincerity of it all; and after
+kissing the boy and getting into his carriage, he said, with tears in
+his eyes, that it was one of the happiest moments of his life.
+
+While on his way to Yorktown, in October, Lafayette paid a visit to
+Mount Vernon. Again he passed through the rooms and over the grounds
+with which he was so familiar. What memories of its owner, his great
+and faithful friend for twenty-two years, must have crowded upon the
+old hero!
+
+The remains of Washington then lay in the old tomb near the river.
+The door was opened, and Lafayette went down into the vault, where he
+remained some moments beside the coffin of his great chief. He came
+out with his head bowed, and with tears streaming down {212} his
+face. He then led his son into the tomb, where they knelt reverently,
+and, after the French fashion, kissed the coffin.
+
+Meanwhile, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill was
+near at hand. The prosperous and happy people of the old Bay State
+were preparing a celebration. The corner stone of Bunker Hill
+Monument was to be laid by Lafayette.
+
+[Illustration: Bunker Hill Monument]
+
+The weather on this memorable June day was perfect. Never before had
+such a crowd been seen in Boston.
+
+A Yankee stage driver very aptly said, "Everything that had wheels
+and everything that had legs used them to get to Boston."
+
+Through the densely crowded streets, a grand civic and military
+procession of seven thousand people escorted the guests to Bunker
+Hill.
+
+As one famous man said, "It seemed as if no spot where a human foot
+could plant itself was left unoccupied."
+
+Two hundred officers and soldiers of the Revolution marched at the
+head of the procession. One old man, who had been a drummer in the
+battle of Bunker Hill, carried the same drum with which he had
+rallied the patriot forces.
+
+{213} How they shouted when the hero of the day came riding slowly
+along, in an open barouche drawn by six white horses! The women waved
+their handkerchiefs and the gayly decked school children scattered
+flowers.
+
+How thrilling it was to see those forty white-haired men, the
+survivors of Bunker Hill!
+
+During the morning, these honored heroes had been presented to
+Lafayette. He had shaken hands with them, had called them by name,
+and had spoken a few tender words to each of them, as if to some dear
+friend.
+
+[Illustration: Lafayette's Reception, in Boston, to the Veterans of
+the Revolution]
+
+Not a field officer or a staff officer of the battle was living.
+Captain Clark, the highest surviving officer, came tottering along
+under the weight of ninety-five years, to shake hands with the French
+nobleman.
+
+The young man who introduced the veterans, and who in after years
+became one of the most honored citizens and mayors of Boston, said of
+this occasion, "If there were dry eyes in the room, mine were not
+among them."
+
+{214} What a scene it was for an historical picture, when the brave
+old minister, the Reverend Joseph Thaxter, who was chaplain of
+Colonel Prescott's regiment, rose to offer prayer and to give the
+benediction! As his feeble voice was lifted to ask for the blessing
+of God, it did not seem possible that fifty years before, on the same
+spot, this man had stood and prayed for the patriot cause.
+
+Daniel Webster was the orator of the day. A famous Englishman once
+said that no man could be as great as Webster looked, and on this day
+the majestic orator seemed to tower above all other men.
+
+[Illustration: Daniel Webster]
+
+Every American schoolboy who has had "to speak his piece" knows by
+heart the famous passage from this oration, beginning, "Venerable
+men! you have come down to us from a former generation. Heaven has
+bounteously lengthened out your lives, that you might behold this
+joyous day."
+
+Mr. Webster's voice was in such good order that fifteen thousand
+people are said to have been able to hear him.
+
+At the banquet during the same evening, the great orator said, "I
+shall never desire to behold again the {215} awful spectacle of so
+many human faces all turned towards me."
+
+Near the end, Lafayette visited Thomas Jefferson at Monticello. The
+veteran statesman, now eighty-one years old, drove his old-time
+friend and guest over to a grand banquet at the University of
+Virginia. James Madison was present. When the students and the great
+crowd of people saw Washington's friend seated between the two aged
+statesmen, a shout went up, the like of which, it was said, was never
+before heard in the Old Dominion.
+
+When Lafayette arrived in America, in August, 1824, he first visited
+the national capital, and was formally received at the White House by
+President Monroe and by many of the great men of the country. On his
+return to Washington in 1825, he was told that Congress had voted him
+two hundred thousand dollars and two large tracts of land, for his
+services during the Revolution.
+
+It was now September, and Lafayette had remained in this country much
+longer than he had expected. The new President, John Quincy Adams,
+gave him a farewell dinner at the White House, with a large party of
+notable men. The President's formal farewell to the country's guest
+is a classic in our literature.
+
+Amid the blessings and the prayers of a grateful people, Lafayette
+sailed for France in the new and beautiful frigate Brandywine, which
+had been built and named in his honor.
+
+{216} For years afterwards, some people used to tell their children,
+with a peculiar thrill and feeling of awe, that a beautiful rainbow
+arched the heavens just before Lafayette landed at Staten Island, and
+that an equally beautiful symbol of peace spanned the broad ocean, as
+the steamboat moved slowly down Chesapeake Bay, to take the nation's
+guest on board the Brandywine.
+
+
+
+
+QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
+
+
+CHAPTER I, PAGE 1
+THE HERO OF VINCENNES
+
+1. Who was Daniel Boone?
+
+2. When did Boone live?
+
+3. How old was George Rogers Clark at this time?
+
+4. Was Clark brave?
+
+5. Why were the pioneers so long in hearing of the battle of
+Lexington, which was fought in April?
+
+6. How did Lexington, Kentucky, get its name?
+
+7. What kind of life did the pioneers lead in the wilderness?
+
+8. Did the pioneers have other enemies besides the Indians?
+
+9. Why did Clark go back to Virginia?
+
+10. Who lived north of the Ohio?
+
+11. Why did England try to keep the Americans from going west?
+
+12. Who was Hamilton the "hair buyer"?
+
+13. What made the Indians so hostile to the pioneers?
+
+14. How did Clark plan to defend Kentucky?
+
+15. Where was the Illinois country?
+
+16. Why did Clark go back a second time to Virginia?
+
+17. Did anybody think well of Clark's plan of campaign?
+
+18. How much of an army did Clark have for his campaign?
+
+19. Where did Clark plan to begin his campaign?
+
+20. Why did Clark avoid the Mississippi River?
+
+21. Whom did Clark have as guides?
+
+22. How long a march was it to Kaskaskia?
+
+23. What time of year was it when Clark marched to Kaskaskia?
+
+24. Did Clark have trouble in getting into the town of Kaskaskia?
+
+25. What were the people of Kaskaskia doing?
+
+26. How did Clark introduce himself?
+
+27. Who were the Creoles? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+28. Who helped Clark make friends?
+
+29. What sort of man was Clark?
+
+30. What did Hamilton do when he heard of Clark's conquest?
+
+31. Why did not Hamilton march from Vincennes to Kaskaskia?
+
+32. Why did Clark decide to push on to Vincennes?
+
+33. At what time of year did Clark start for Vincennes?
+
+34. What did the little army have for food?
+
+35. What hindered Clark's march?
+
+36. How long did it take to cross the plain of the Wabash River?
+
+37. What is a dugout?
+
+38. How did the army get along in crossing the Horseshoe Plain?
+
+39. Who announced Clark's arrival at Vincennes?
+
+40. At what time did Clark reach the village?
+
+41. Why did not Clark allow his men to storm the fort?
+
+42. How did Clark get possession of the fort?
+
+43. Why was Clark's campaign so important?
+
+44. What states are now in this region of Clark's conquest?
+
+45. Do you think Clark was a hero?
+
+
+CHAPTER II, PAGE 18
+A MIDWINTER CAMPAIGN
+
+1. Who led the patriots to victory at Saratoga, New York?
+
+2. Why did Arnold's leg deserve to be buried with the honors of war?
+
+3. When the Revolution began, why did Washington wish to attack
+Canada?
+
+4. Why did Washington like Benedict Arnold?
+
+5. How had Arnold got information about Canada?
+
+6. How did Arnold try to make friends of the Indians?
+
+7. What is wampum?
+
+8. How was the expedition to reach Canada?
+
+9. Why was it easy to get soldiers for this campaign?
+
+10. What time of year was it when the army started?
+
+11. How were the soldiers treated at Newburyport and at Fort Western?
+
+12. Who was Jacataqua?
+
+13. Why did Jacataqua decide to go with the troops?
+
+14. How was the army divided?
+
+15. What trouble did they have with their boats?
+
+16. What is a carrying place?
+
+17. What made the army diminish in numbers?
+
+18. Why was it so hard to reach the Dead River?
+
+19. Why was the ascent of the Dead River so difficult?
+
+20. How many cups of flour in half a pint?
+
+21. What sort of patriot was Colonel Enos?
+
+22. When the flour was gone, what did the army do for food?
+
+23. What did Jacataqua do?
+
+24. What did Arnold do to save his army?
+
+25. What sort of man was Arnold at this time?
+
+26. How far did Arnold have to go to get provisions?
+
+27. When did the army reach Point Levi?
+
+28. What was the condition of the army when it reached Point Levi?
+
+29. What did the Indians do who learned of Arnold's approach?
+
+30. How did Arnold reach the city of Quebec?
+
+31. How did the British treat Arnold and his men?
+
+32. Why did Arnold leave Quebec?
+
+33. What did Sir Guy Carleton do to save Quebec?
+
+34. Why did the patriots wait so long before attacking the city?
+
+35. How was the attack to be made?
+
+36. What happened to Montgomery, Arnold, and Morgan?
+
+37. How did relief finally come to Quebec?
+
+38. How long had this campaign lasted?
+
+
+CHAPTER III, PAGE 36
+HOW PALMETTO LOGS MAY BE USED
+
+1. Why did the British destroy Norfolk?
+
+2. Why did England wish to punish North Carolina first of all?
+
+3. Why did Sir Henry Clinton delay the attack upon North Carolina?
+
+4. Why did Lord Campbell wish to capture Charleston?
+
+5. What sort of people were the South Carolinians?
+
+6. Why was a fort built on Sullivan's Island?
+
+7. Who was Moultrie?
+
+8. How were the walls of the fort made?
+
+9. How many cannon did Moultrie have?
+
+10. What made the patriots skillful in firing the cannon?
+
+11. What was the difference between General Charles Lee and Governor
+Rutledge?
+
+12. What sort of man was Colonel Moultrie?
+
+13. How did the British plan to attack the fort?
+
+14. How was the weather on the day of the battle?
+
+15. How many cannon were the British able to fire at one time?
+
+16. What happened to the men-of-war when they were changing their
+positions?
+
+17. What sort of men were in the palmetto fort?
+
+18. Do you know a good use for palmetto logs?
+
+19. What share in the battle did Sir Henry Clinton and his men have?
+
+20. Did the patriots have plenty of powder?
+
+21. What did McDaniel think about when he was dying?
+
+22. Why did the people of Charleston suppose the fort had
+surrendered?
+
+23. What did Jasper do to save the flag?
+
+24. Why did not Jasper accept promotion?
+
+25. The people of South Carolina decreed that the fort on Sullivan's
+Island should forever be called Fort Moultrie. Why do you think they
+did so?
+
+26. What was the effect of Moultrie's victory?
+
+27. What can you say of Moultrie's after life?
+
+
+CHAPTER IV, PAGE 50
+THE PATRIOT SPY
+
+1. What condition of affairs was troubling Washington at this time?
+
+2. Were the British well situated at this time?
+
+3. Why did Washington withdraw from New York?
+
+4. What did Washington think should be done?
+
+5. What kind of man was needed to carry out Washington's plan?
+
+6. Why did Knowlton find it hard to get a man for Washington's
+purpose?
+
+7. What reason did Nathan Hale give for volunteering to act as spy?
+
+8. What kind of home did Hale have?
+
+9. What kind of boy had Hale been?
+
+10. What was Hale doing at the time of the battle of Lexington?
+
+11. What did Hale do when he learned of the battle of Lexington?
+
+12. What kind of life did Hale lead when captain in the army?
+
+13. How did Hale disguise himself?
+
+14. What sort of place was "The Cedars"?
+
+15. Was it wise for Hale to spend the night at "Mother Chick's"
+tavern?
+
+16. What did the British marines do with Hale?
+
+17. Where did the captain of the Halifax send Hale?
+
+18. Did Hale receive a trial?
+
+19. What do you think of Cunningham?
+
+20. What regret did Hale have?
+
+21. How was Hale executed?
+
+22. Where was Hale buried?
+
+23. Was Hale a patriot?
+
+24. Would you call Hale a hero?
+
+
+CHAPTER V, PAGE 62
+OUR GREATEST PATRIOT
+
+1. Whom do you consider our greatest patriot?
+
+2. What kind of example has Washington set us?
+
+3. Why do we admire Washington?
+
+4. What was Washington's appearance?
+
+5. What do you know of Washington's strength?
+
+6. What was Washington's favorite amusement?
+
+7. What can you say of Washington's dignity?
+
+8. What was Washington's diet?
+
+9. What do you know of Washington's fondness for fine dress?
+
+10. What can you say of Washington's education?
+
+11. What kind of horseman was Washington?
+
+12. How wealthy was Washington?
+
+13. How did Washington become so wealthy?
+
+14. How much land did Washington have?
+
+15. What did Washington think of slaves?
+
+16. How did Washington treat his slaves?
+
+17. How did Washington's slaves treat him?
+
+18. Why did Washington call his house "a well resorted tavern"?
+
+19. What can you say of Washington's charity?
+
+20. What kept Washington from financial ruin?
+
+21. How did Washington look when at the meeting at Newburgh, New
+York?
+
+22. How was the first President of the United States dressed when he
+made his formal visit to Congress?
+
+23. What can you say of Washington's gravity?
+
+24. What do you know of President Washington's public receptions?
+
+25. How did the guests enjoy President Washington's grand dinners?
+
+26. In what did Washington's greatness consist?
+
+
+CHAPTER VI, PAGE 77
+A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE
+
+1. What sort of general was Washington?
+
+2. What did General Clinton think of Washington?
+
+3. What part of the country did Washington need to protect?
+
+4. What did the British do in May, 1779?
+
+5. Why was it important for the Americans to have possession of
+King's Ferry?
+
+6. Where did the patriot army now take up its quarters?
+
+7. How did the British soldiers act in Connecticut?
+
+8. Why did General Clinton send out raiders?
+
+9. Why did not Washington follow up Clinton's raiders?
+
+10. What did Washington decide to do?
+
+11. What kind of place was Stony Point?
+
+12. Who had possession of Stony Point?
+
+13. How was Stony Point defended?
+
+14. How many soldiers were in the garrison at Stony Point?
+
+15. What does Washington Irving say of Stony Point?
+
+16. What name did the British give to Stony Point?
+
+17. Who led the attack on Stony Point?
+
+18. How old was General Anthony Wayne at this time?
+
+19. How did Wayne look?
+
+20. Why was Wayne called "Mad Anthony"?
+
+21. What sort of soldier was Anthony Wayne?
+
+22. What was Washington's plan of attack?
+
+23. At what hour was the attack to be made?
+
+24. What weapons were to be used in attacking Stony Point?
+
+25. How many men were chosen to go to Stony Point?
+
+26. What time of year was it now?
+
+27. Why was the soldier put to death for loading his gun?
+
+28. What sort of road was it to Stony Point?
+
+29. When did the men learn where they were going?
+
+30. What was the watchword?
+
+31. What did Wayne write to his friend?
+
+32. What did Pompey do?
+
+33. How did Wayne divide his army to make the attack?
+
+34. What is a "forlorn hope"? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+35. How did the Americans show their good discipline?
+
+36. What are pioneers? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+37. What was the effect of having Colonel Murfree and his men appear
+in front of the fort?
+
+38. How long did the fight last?
+
+39. How many of the British escaped from Stony Point?
+
+40. Why did not Washington hold Stony Point?
+
+41. What effect did this victory have on the American soldier?
+
+42. What did the British think of the "rebels"?
+
+43. How did General Clinton take it all?
+
+
+CHAPTER VII, PAGE 90
+THE DEFEAT OF THE RED DRAGOONS
+
+1. How did the patriots of the South get on in 1780?
+
+2. What have we already learned about Sir Henry Clinton? (See the
+Index entry for Clinton.)
+
+3. What were General Gates's "Northern laurels"? (See Chapter II.)
+
+4. What sort of man was Gates? (Compare Chapter VIII.)
+
+5. What effect did the crushing blows of the British have on the
+Southern patriots?
+
+6. What orders did Tarleton and Ferguson receive from Lord
+Cornwallis?
+
+7. What sort of man was Ferguson?
+
+8. What threat did Ferguson send to the backwoodsmen?
+
+9. What was the character of the Franklin and Holston settlers?
+
+10. What is the name of the state that grew out of the Franklin and
+Holston settlements?
+
+11. What have we already learned about the Holston settlements? (See
+Chapter I.)
+
+12. What had become of the lawless men of the Franklin and Holston
+settlements?
+
+13. What did the people do when they heard Ferguson's threat?
+
+14. Where was the money got to buy supplies for the army?
+
+15. What do you know of the gathering at Sycamore Shoals?
+
+16. How were the backwoodsmen dressed?
+
+17. What arms did the backwoodsmen have?
+
+18. Who was Samuel Doak?
+
+19. Why were the bands of pioneers put under one supreme commander?
+
+20. Why did the backwoodsmen not find Ferguson at Gilberttown?
+
+21. What kind of spirit did the pioneers show in their pursuit of
+Ferguson?
+
+22. How far away were the patriots when Ferguson camped at King's
+Mountain?
+
+23. Why did Ferguson choose King's Mountain for his camp?
+
+24. How long were the riflemen in getting from Cowpens to King's
+Mountain?
+
+25. What was the riflemen's plan of attack?
+
+26. How was Ferguson killed?
+
+27. Who succeeded Ferguson in command?
+
+28. Why was this battle so fierce?
+
+29. What was the effect of the victory at King's Mountain?
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII, PAGE 105
+FROM TEAMSTER TO MAJOR GENERAL
+
+1. What have we already learned of Gates? (See the Index entry for
+Gates.)
+
+2. Where was Daniel Morgan's home?
+
+3. What kind of education did Morgan have?
+
+4. Why was Morgan well thought of by the village people?
+
+5. What kind of times were at hand?
+
+6. Why did Morgan wish to fight the bully?
+
+7. What is a drumhead court-martial? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+8. What do you know of Morgan's strength?
+
+9. Why did Morgan stop driving army wagons?
+
+10. Why did Governor Dinwiddie object to promoting Morgan?
+
+11. How did Morgan escape from the Indian?
+
+12. What effect did the army life have on Morgan?
+
+13. What can you say of Morgan's marriage?
+
+14. What do you know of Morgan's religious life?
+
+15. When was Morgan appointed captain?
+
+16. How many men answered Morgan's call?
+
+17. How long a march was it to Boston?
+
+18. When was Morgan made a colonel?
+
+19. What kind of regiment did Morgan command?
+
+20. What was the duty of Morgan and his sharpshooters?
+
+21. What have we already learned about Morgan at Saratoga, New York?
+(See Chapter II.)
+
+22. How did the Hessians like Morgan's riflemen?
+
+23. What did Burgoyne think of Morgan's regiment?
+
+24. Why did Morgan leave the army for a while?
+
+25. Why did Morgan return to the army?
+
+26. When was Morgan made a brigadier general?
+
+27. What do you remember about King's Mountain? (See the last half of
+Chapter VII.)
+
+28. Why did the battle of Cowpens make Morgan so famous?
+
+29. What does John Fiske say of this battle?
+
+30. What do you know of Colonel Tarleton? (See Chapter VII.)
+
+31. Where did Morgan get the names "old wagoner," "wagoner," and
+"teamster"? (See earlier in this chapter.)
+
+32. Why did not Morgan meet Tarleton at once?
+
+33. Why did Morgan choose Cowpens for his battle ground?
+
+34. What did Tarleton do when the spy told him that Morgan had
+halted?
+
+35. What was the condition of Morgan and his men when Tarleton
+appeared?
+
+36. What was the condition of Tarleton's soldiers when they began the
+battle?
+
+37. What did Tarleton do when defeat came?
+
+38. What did the young ladies say to Tarleton?
+
+39. How did Morgan outwit Lord Cornwallis?
+
+40. Why did Morgan again retire from service?
+
+41. When did Morgan again take part in the war?
+
+42. What do you know about Wayne? (See Chapter VI.)
+
+43. How was Morgan remembered by Washington and other leaders?
+
+44. In how many battles did Morgan take part?
+
+45. What was Morgan besides being a great soldier?
+
+46. What was Morgan's success due to?
+
+47. How is Morgan's valor commemorated?
+
+
+CHAPTER IX, PAGE 123
+THE FINAL VICTORY
+
+1. What have you already learned about General Greene? (See Chapter
+VIII.)
+
+2. What was the condition of Lord Cornwallis after his victory over
+Greene?
+
+3. What did Cornwallis now do?
+
+4. Where is Petersburg, Virginia? (See the map in Chapter VII.)
+
+5. What was the nationality of Lafayette?
+
+6. Where is Yorktown? (See the map in Chapter VII.)
+
+7. Where was Washington at this time?
+
+8. Where was the main part of the patriot army at this time?
+
+9. What was Washington planning to do?
+
+10. Who was Count de Grasse?
+
+11. Why did news travel so slowly in those days?
+
+12. Why did Washington need a fleet?
+
+13. What did Washington hope to do with the assistance of the French
+fleet?
+
+14. Where was Sir Henry Clinton at this time?
+
+15. Why did Washington send troops to Long Island?
+
+16. Why was the young minister sent through the Clove?
+
+17. How were the Continental and French troops received at
+Philadelphia?
+
+18. How large an army did Washington have in Virginia?
+
+19. What have we already learned of Rochambeau? (See earlier in this
+chapter.)
+
+20. When did Sir Henry Clinton begin to open his eyes?
+
+21. How did the British fleet fare at Chesapeake Bay?
+
+22. Why did not Lord Cornwallis retreat from Yorktown?
+
+23. Why did the patriots hasten the siege of Yorktown?
+
+24. What last attempt did Lord Cornwallis make?
+
+25. Where did Lord Cornwallis have his headquarters?
+
+26. What kind of man was Governor Nelson?
+
+27. Where did Lord Cornwallis finally make his headquarters?
+
+28. What message did Sir Henry Clinton send Lord Cornwallis?
+
+29. How long did the siege of Yorktown continue?
+
+30. Why did Lord Cornwallis wish a truce for so long a time?
+
+31. What was Washington's reply to Lord Cornwallis?
+
+32. How many soldiers were there in Cornwallis's army?
+
+33. Why did not Cornwallis take part in the surrender?
+
+34. Whom did Washington send to receive Cornwallis's sword?
+
+35. Why did the armies hurry away from Yorktown?
+
+36. How might Sir Henry Clinton have changed the history of Yorktown?
+
+37. How did the people get news of the surrender?
+
+38. How was the news received by the prime minister of England, and
+by the king?
+
+39. What did King George say of the Yankees?
+
+40. How is the surrender of Cornwallis commemorated?
+
+
+CHAPTER X, PAGE 138
+THE CRISIS
+
+1. What battle began the war of the Revolution? (See Chapter I.)
+
+2. How long did the war last?
+
+3. What did Thomas Paine, the author of the pamphlet called "Common
+Sense," say of the Revolutionary War?
+
+4. What does John Fiske say of our condition after peace was made?
+
+5. Why did the colonies band together in 1774?
+
+6. Why did the Continental Congress decline in power?
+
+7. What is a federation? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+8. Why did the people care so little about a federation, or federal
+government?
+
+9. What did Washington say in his letter to the colonies?
+
+10. What authority did the Continental Congress have?
+
+11. What kind of men were delegates to the Continental Congress?
+
+12. How long did the Continental Congress continue to act?
+
+13. What was done by the Continental Congress?
+
+14. What is a privateer? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+15. What can you say of the Articles of Confederation?
+
+16. What power did the Articles of Confederation grant to each state?
+
+17. What power did Congress have under the Articles of Confederation?
+
+18. How obedient were the states to the Articles of Confederation?
+
+19. What was the condition of paper money in 1780?
+
+20. How long had a soldier to serve before he could buy a bushel of
+wheat?
+
+21. How did the states begin to treat each other?
+
+22. What can you say of imprisonment for debt?
+
+23. How did Washington and others begin to work out the problem of
+our national existence?
+
+24. How successful was the meeting at Annapolis?
+
+25. What further troubles occurred in 1786?
+
+26. How was England affected by our troubles?
+
+27. What prediction about our nation was made in Parliament?
+
+28. What opinion of us did Frederick the Great, King of Prussia,
+have?
+
+29. What did the people of the several states at last begin to think?
+
+30. What state took the lead in sending delegates to Philadelphia?
+
+31. How many states were represented at Philadelphia?
+
+32. What kind of men were sent to the Philadelphia convention?
+
+33. Who, next to Washington, was the most noted man at the
+Philadelphia convention?
+
+34. Can you name some others of the delegates to the Philadelphia
+convention?
+
+35. Why did not Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Patrick Henry, and
+Samuel Adams attend the Philadelphia convention?
+
+36. What do you know of Nathanael Greene? (See page 105.)
+
+37. Who was chosen president of the Philadelphia convention?
+
+38. How long did the Philadelphia convention continue in session?
+
+39. How did some of the delegates wish to deal with the great problem
+of the national government?
+
+40. How did Washington convince the delegates of their duty?
+
+41. By what means did the delegates at Philadelphia succeed in
+agreeing on a form of federal government?
+
+42. What is a compromise? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+43. What was the first compromise in framing the Constitution?
+
+44. What was the second compromise in framing the Constitution?
+
+45. What question about the slaves arose?
+
+46. How was it decided to count the slaves?
+
+47. How did Washington and others feel about the second compromise?
+
+48. What was the cause of the third compromise?
+
+49. What was the third compromise?
+
+50. What did Washington think of the Constitution?
+
+51. What was Franklin's opinion of the Constitution?
+
+52. When was the Constitution to become law?
+
+53. To what two political parties did the Constitution give rise?
+
+54. What did many of the people throughout the country think of the
+Constitution?
+
+55. Which was the first state to sign the Constitution?
+
+56. Why was the Fourth of July in 1788 so glorious?
+
+57. Who was the first President, and who the first Vice President, of
+the new nation?
+
+58. What did Gladstone say of the Constitution?
+
+59. Why do we owe such a debt of gratitude to the builders of "the
+good ship Constitution"?
+
+
+CHAPTER XI, PAGE 156
+A DARING EXPLOIT
+
+1. Who were the Barbary pirates?
+
+2. Why did we buy the good will of the Barbary pirates?
+
+3. What is blackmail? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+4. What did Thomas Jefferson think should be done concerning the
+Barbary pirates?
+
+5. Who was sent to the Mediterranean Sea?
+
+6. What was the exploit of the Enterprise?
+
+7. What is a pasha? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+8. What happened to the frigate Philadelphia and her crew?
+
+9. What did Commodore Preble do when the Philadelphia was captured?
+
+10. Why was Stephen Decatur chosen to destroy the Philadelphia?
+
+11. What was Decatur's plan for destroying the Philadelphia?
+
+12. What is a ketch? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+13. How many men volunteered for the dangerous undertaking?
+
+14. What kind of time did Decatur and his men have off the shore of
+Tripoli?
+
+15. What happened to the Siren?
+
+16. How was the Philadelphia guarded?
+
+17. What was the object in dragging sails and buckets in the water?
+
+18. How did Decatur deceive the pirate officer?
+
+19. How did the pirates discover the Americans?
+
+20. What kind of fighters were the Tripolitan pirates said to be?
+
+21. How long did the fight on board the Philadelphia last?
+
+22. How many of Decatur's men were injured?
+
+23. What did the Americans do with the Philadelphia?
+
+24. Why were the Americans obliged to burn the Philadelphia? (Read
+earlier in this chapter.)
+
+25. How successful were the pirates in firing at the Americans?
+
+26. What did the sailors say afterwards about the burning ship?
+
+27. Why was it the Americans were so successful in burning the
+Philadelphia?
+
+28. What did Nelson say of Decatur's deed?
+
+29. What promotion did Decatur receive?
+
+
+CHAPTER XII, PAGE 169
+"OLD IRONSIDES"
+
+1. What did the Secretary of the Navy in 1833 intend to do with the
+Constitution?
+
+2. Why did Congress decide to rebuild the Constitution?
+
+3. What troubles did we have with other nations during the first
+twenty-five years of our national life?
+
+4. Why was Washington instructed to add six war ships to our navy?
+
+5. Where was the Constitution built?
+
+6. How does the Constitution compare in size with our modern war
+ships?
+
+7. Why did England model some of her ships after "Old Ironsides"?
+
+8. When was the Constitution launched?
+
+9. What success did the Constitution have in fighting with Tripoli?
+
+10. How did Commodore Preble treat Decatur after his capture of the
+Tripolitan gunboats?
+
+11. How did Captain Isaac Hull get away from the British fleet?
+
+12. How did Captain Hull win a hat from Captain Dacres?
+
+13. How is the Constitution said to have received the name "Old
+Ironsides"?
+
+14. What kind of welcome did Boston have in store for Captain Hull?
+
+15. What was the hardest battle that "Old Ironsides" had?
+
+16. What was done with the wheel of the Java?
+
+17. Why was not a new wheel put on "Old Ironsides"?
+
+18. How did Captain Bainbridge treat the dying Captain Lambert?
+
+19. What was the Constitution's last battle?
+
+20. What is said of Captain Stewart's seamanship in the last battle
+of "Old Ironsides"?
+
+21. When was "Old Ironsides" taken to Newport?
+
+22. How was "Old Ironsides" used at Newport?
+
+23. What is a receiving ship? (Consult a large dictionary, under the
+word "receive" or "receiving.")
+
+24. When was "Old Ironsides" taken to Charlestown?
+
+25. How much of the original ship Constitution still exists?
+
+26. Why were the battles of "Old Ironsides" so important to us as a
+nation?
+
+27. Why should we continue to preserve "Old Ironsides"?
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII, PAGE 185
+"OLD HICKORY'S" CHRISTMAS
+
+1. Why were both England and France so jealous of us a century ago?
+
+2. What did England and France do to our merchantmen?
+
+3. Why did we not declare war on Great Britain before 1812?
+
+4. How did our navy compare with England's in 1812?
+
+5. What was England's plan in 1814?
+
+6. What was the character of New Orleans?
+
+7. Who was the "Iron Duke"? (Wellington.)
+
+8. When did the British fleet arrive at the delta of the Mississippi?
+
+9. Why was General Jackson so busy just before Christmas?
+
+10. How was the alarm sounded to the people of New Orleans?
+
+11. Who answered Jackson's call for assistance?
+
+12. Who came from outside New Orleans to help defend the city?
+
+13. How did the riflemen look as they came into town?
+
+14. Why did Jackson plan to attack the British at once?
+
+15. What did the war schooner Carolina do?
+
+16. How were the British re�nforced on Christmas day?
+
+17. What did Sir Edward Pakenham think of the task before him?
+
+18. How did Pakenham begin his operations?
+
+19. How did Sir Edward fare when he marched out to get a look at the
+Americans?
+
+20. What were Jackson's first intrenchments made of?
+
+21. What did Pakenham use for making a redoubt?
+
+22. What happened to Jackson's defenses?
+
+23. Of how much use was Pakenham's redoubt?
+
+24. What did the British now decide to do?
+
+25. What was Jackson's main line of defense?
+
+26. How early did Jackson's men go to their posts on that last Sunday
+morning?
+
+27. What happened to Sir Edward Pakenham, and to Generals Gibbs and
+Keane?
+
+28. Why did the British lose so many officers in the battle?
+
+29. How long did the engagement on Sunday morning continue?
+
+30. How many men did the British have in the final action, and how
+many did the Americans have?
+
+31. How many men did the British lose in the final action, and how
+many did the Americans lose?
+
+32. What did General Lambert do after the battle?
+
+33. How was "Old Hickory" honored?
+
+34. Why is the victory a sad one to think of?
+
+35. What was the result of the war of 1812?
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV, PAGE 199
+A HERO'S WELCOME
+
+1. What kind of welcome did we give Lafayette in 1824?
+
+2. Who was Lafayette?
+
+3. Why did Lafayette first come to this country?
+
+4. When did Lafayette first come to this country?
+
+5. Why did Congress accept Lafayette's services?
+
+6. What was the effect of Lafayette's manner and example?
+
+7. How did Lafayette live at Valley Forge?
+
+8. What did Lafayette do on his return to France?
+
+9. What did Lafayette do when peace was declared?
+
+10. When did Lafayette make his third trip to this country?
+
+11. How had our country changed when Lafayette came in 1824?
+
+12. What had been Lafayette's career in his own country?
+
+13. Why did it take Lafayette so long to go from New York to Boston?
+
+14. Who was Dr. Bowditch?
+
+15. How much of our country did Lafayette visit?
+
+16. What did Lafayette do with the laurel wreath presented to him at
+Yorktown?
+
+17. Can you describe some of the incidents of Lafayette's visit?
+
+18. What did "Lafayetted" mean?
+
+19. What occurred at the tavern in Virginia?
+
+20. How did Lafayette show his affection for Washington?
+
+21. What can you say of the scenes connected with the fiftieth
+anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill?
+
+22. Who was the orator at the laying of the corner stone of Bunker
+Hill Monument?
+
+23. How was Lafayette received at the University of Virginia?
+
+24. How did Congress show its gratitude for Lafayette's services
+during the Revolution?
+
+25. What was the last honor shown the departing guest? (The frigate
+on which Lafayette sailed for France was named in commemoration of
+Lafayette's gallantry at the battle of the Brandywine. Although
+wounded in the leg, Lafayette kept the field till the battle was
+over. To the surgeon who cared for the injured Lafayette, Washington
+said, "Take care of him as though he were my son.")
+
+
+
+
+PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES
+
+
+A
+
+Abigail, _ab'i-gl_.
+
+Adair, _a-dair'_.
+
+Algerine, _al-je-reen'_.
+
+Alleghanies, _al'e-ga-nies_.
+
+Andr�, _an'dray_.
+
+Annapolis, _an-nap'o-lis_.
+
+
+B
+
+Bailey, _bay'ly_.
+
+Bainbridge, _bain'bridge_.
+
+Barbary, _bar'ba-ry_.
+
+Belgium, _bel'ji-um_.
+
+Borgne, _born_.
+
+Brandywine, _bran'dy-wine_.
+
+Brazil, _bra-zil'_.
+
+Burgoyne, _bur-goin'_.
+
+
+C
+
+Cahokia, _ka-ho'ki-a_.
+
+Calhoun, _kal-hoon'_.
+
+Carleton, _karl'ton_.
+
+Carolina, _kar-o-li'na_.
+
+Catalano, _kah-tah-lah'no_.
+
+Catawba, _ka-taw'ba_.
+
+Champlain, _sham-plain'_.
+
+Chaudi�re, _sho-de-air'_.
+
+Chesapeake, _ches'a-peek_.
+
+Connecticut, _kon-net'i-kut_.
+
+Cornwallis, _korn-wall'iss_.
+
+Creole, _kre'ole_.
+
+Cunningham, _kun'ing-am_.
+
+Cyane, _see-ann'_.
+
+
+D
+
+Dacres, _day'kers_.
+
+Dearborn, _deer'burn_.
+
+Decatur, _de-kay'tur_.
+
+De Grasse, _de-grass'_.
+
+Detroit, _de-troit'_.
+
+Dickinson, _dik'in-son_.
+
+Dinwiddie, _din-wid'y_.
+
+
+F
+
+Farragut, _far'a-gut_.
+
+
+G
+
+Gardiner, _gard'ner_.
+
+Gerry, _ger'y_ (_g_ as in _get_).
+
+Ghent, _jent_.
+
+Gibault, _zhe-bo'_.
+
+Gibraltar, _ji-brall'tar_.
+
+Gladstone, _glad'ston_.
+
+Gloucester, _gloss'ter_.
+
+Gouverneur, _goo-ver-ner'_.
+
+Grier, _greer_.
+
+Guerri�re, _ger-i-air'_ (_g_ as in _get_).
+
+Guilford, _gil'ford_ (_g_ as in _get_).
+
+
+H
+
+Hessians, _hesh'ans_.
+
+
+I
+
+Illinois, _il-i-noi'_ or _il-i-noiz'_.
+
+
+J
+
+Jacataqua, _ja-cat'a-quah_.
+
+
+K
+
+Kaskaskia, _kas-kas'ki-a_.
+
+Keane, _keen_.
+
+Kennebec, _ken-e-bek'_.
+
+
+L
+
+Lafayette, _lah-fa-yet'_.
+
+Lafitte, _lah-fit'_.
+
+Levant, _le-vant'_.
+
+Louisiana, _loo-eez-i-an'a_.
+
+Louisville, _loo'is-vill_ or _loo'y-vill_.
+
+
+M
+
+McDonough, _mak-don'oh_.
+
+Madeira, _ma-de'ra_ or _ma-day'i-ra_.
+
+Maltese, _mall-tees'_ or _mall-teez'_.
+
+Marseillaise, _mar-se-layz'_.
+
+Maryland, _mer'i-land_.
+
+Mediterranean, _med-i-ter-ra'ne-an_.
+
+Megantic, _me-gan'tic_.
+
+Meigs, _megs_.
+
+Montaigne, _mon-tain'_.
+
+Monticello, _mon-te-sel'lo_.
+
+Montreal, _mont-re-all'_.
+
+Morocco, _mo-rock'o_.
+
+Moultrie, _moo'try_ or _mool'try_.
+
+
+N
+
+Napoleon, _na-po'le-on_.
+
+Newburyport, _new-ber-y-port'_.
+
+Newfoundland, _new'fund-land_.
+
+Nolichucky, _nol-i-chuck'y_.
+
+Norridgewock, _nor'ij-walk_.
+
+
+O
+
+O'Hara, _o-hah'ra_.
+
+
+P
+
+Pakenham, _pak'en-am_.
+
+Portsmouth, _ports'muth_.
+
+Preble, _preb'el_.
+
+Prussia, _prush'a_.
+
+
+Q
+
+Quebec, _kwee-bek'_.
+
+Quincy, _kwin'zy_.
+
+
+R
+
+Randolph, _ran'dolf_.
+
+Rappahannock, _rap-a-han'ok_.
+
+Rawdon, _raw'don_.
+
+Rennie, _ren'y_.
+
+Revere, _re-veer'_.
+
+Rochambeau, _ro-sham-bo'_.
+
+
+S
+
+St. Louis, _saint loo'is_ or _saint loo'y_.
+
+Saratoga, _sar-a-to'ga_.
+
+Sartigan, _sar'ti-gan_.
+
+Schuyler, _sky'ler_.
+
+Sevier, _se-veer'_.
+
+Shawnees, _shaw-neez'_.
+
+Staten, _stat'en_.
+
+
+T
+
+Tallmadge, _tal'mij_.
+
+Ticonderoga, _ti-kon-de-ro'ga_.
+
+Tilghman, _till'man_.
+
+Tompkins, _tomp'kins_.
+
+Tripoli, _trip'o-ly_.
+
+
+V
+
+Ville de Paris, _vill de_ (_e_ as in _her_) _pah-ree'_.
+
+Viller�, _vil-ray'_.
+
+Vincennes, _vin-senz'_.
+
+
+W
+
+Wabash, _waw'bash_.
+
+Watauga, _wa-taw'ga_.
+
+Wayne, _wain_.
+
+Worcester, _woos'ter_ (_oo_ as in _foot_).
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+BOOKS FOR REFERENCE AND READING IN THE STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+
+This book is designed to be used either before the formal text-book
+on American history is begun, or to be read in connection with it. It
+is also intended to serve as a convenient basis for more extended
+work on the part of both teacher and pupils. Hence, to the reading of
+the preceding chapters should be added a systematic course in
+supplementary reading.
+
+The following plan is suggested, which may be readily modified to
+meet the needs of any particular class of pupils:
+
+
+REFERENCE BOOKS FOR TEACHERS
+
+Two books are of special value to teachers. These are Channing and
+Hart's _Guide to American History_ (Ginn & Company, $2.00), and Gordy
+and Twitchell's _Pathfinder in American History_ (Lee & Shepard,
+$1.20. In separate parts, Part I, 60 cents; Part II, 90 cents).
+
+These two works are replete with suggestions, hints, and helps on
+collateral study, with numerous references, detailed lists of topics,
+and a wide range of other subjects which make them indispensable to
+the teacher of American history.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+NOTE.--The subject of reference books on American history is treated
+thoroughly in Montgomery's _American History_ (see "Short List of
+Books," page xxxiii in Appendix), and Fiske's _History of the United
+States_ (see Appendix D, page 530, Appendix E, page 539, and Appendix
+F, page 542).
+
+For original materials pertaining to the colonial period and the
+Revolution, admirably edited for school use, consult Hart's
+"Source-Readers in American History": No. 1, _Colonial Children_; No.
+2, _Camps and Firesides of the Revolution_; No. 3, _How our
+Grandfathers Lived_.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+In searching libraries for books on the Revolution, the teacher will
+find Winsor's _Reader's Handbook of the American Revolution_ very
+useful.
+
+
+SCHOOL TEXT-BOOKS FOR READING AND REFERENCE
+
+Pupils should have easy access, by means of the school library or
+otherwise, to a few of the formal school text-books on American
+history. In connection with this book, Montgomery's _Leading Facts of
+American History_, Fiske's _History of the United States_,
+Eggleston's _History of the United States_, and Steele's _Brief
+History of the United States_ (usually known as "Barnes's History")
+are especially valuable.
+
+If less difficult and much smaller works are thought desirable, the
+following five books are recommended: Montgomery's _Beginner's
+American History_, McMaster's _Primary History of the United States_,
+Tappan's _Our Country's Story_, Thorpe's _Junior History of the
+United States_, and Eggleston's _First Book in American History_.
+
+These books are useful for additional topics, for dates, maps,
+illustrations, reference tables, and for filling in subjects which do
+not come within the scope of this book.
+
+Pupils should also have easy reference to books from which topics may
+be read, or from which may be read sparingly passages indicated by
+the teacher. Some of the books which have been suggested are more
+useful on account of their interesting style than for strict
+historical accuracy. Read the designated works not as a whole, but
+only by topics or by selections. They will do much to awaken and
+maintain a lively interest in American history.
+
+
+READING AT HOME
+
+While the study of this book is in progress, it is well for the
+pupils to limit their home reading to such books as bear directly
+upon the subject. Under this head we have suggested several books
+which belong to the "storybook" order. Wholesome books of fiction and
+semifiction may certainly do much to stimulate and hold the attention
+of young students of American history. Thus, Churchill's _Richard
+Carvel_ and Cooper's _Pilot_ furnish stirring scenes in the career of
+Paul Jones.
+
+With the home reading, as with all other collateral reading, the
+teacher should exercise a careful supervision.
+
+The work in history should be enlivened by reading occasionally,
+before the class or the school, poems or prose selections which bear
+directly upon the general topic under consideration.[1] For instance,
+in the appropriate chapters Finch's well-known poem, "Nathan Hale,"
+Simms's "Ballad of King's Mountain," and Holmes's "Old Ironsides" may
+be read.
+
+[Footnote 1: For a list of books which may be classed as useful under
+the preceding paragraphs, see Blaisdell's _Story of American
+History_, pp. 431-434.]
+
+
+A TOPIC BOOK, OR NOTEBOOK
+
+Teacher and pupil should appreciate the scope and the usefulness of a
+topic book, or notebook. By this is meant a blank book of a
+convenient size, with semiflexible or board covers, and of at least
+forty-eight pages. Into this blank book should be written carefully,
+with ink, brief notes, as the several chapters of this book are read
+or studied. It may well be a kind of enlarged diary of the pupil's
+work.
+
+Make brief notes of the various books read in whole or in part; of
+topics not treated in this book but discussed in the class, such as
+the treason of Benedict Arnold, the battle of Bennington, etc.; of
+references to new books to be reserved for future reading; and of
+other subjects which will readily suggest themselves.
+
+This notebook should be enlivened with inexpensive photographic
+copies (sold for about one cent each) of famous pictures illustrating
+important events in American history. Catalogues giving the exact
+titles, the cost, and other details are frequently advertised.
+
+The notebook may be illustrated with photographic reproductions of
+such works as Stuart's "Washington"; Faed's "Washington at Trenton";
+Trumbull's "The Surrender of Cornwallis" and "Signing the Declaration
+of Independence"; Benjamin West's "Penn's Treaty"; Leutze's
+"Washington crossing the Delaware"; Vanderlyn's "The Landing of
+Columbus"; Johnson's "Old Ironsides"; Overend's "An August Morning
+with Farragut"; and many other historical subjects.
+
+Portraits, maps, facsimiles of documents and autographs, etc., etc.
+are often easily obtained from book catalogues, guide books,
+advertising pages, and secondhand text-books.
+
+All this illustrative material should be pasted into the notebook at
+the proper place, neatly and with good judgment, with plenty of space
+for margins. Such a compilation is, of course, a matter of slow
+growth. It should be preserved as a pleasant reminder of school days.
+
+
+
+
+REFERENCE BOOKS AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING TO BE USED WITH "HERO
+STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY"
+
+
+CHAPTER I, PAGE 1
+THE HERO OF VINCENNES
+
+For two short articles on George Rogers Clark, read Roosevelt and
+Lodge's _Hero Tales from American History_, p. 29, and Brady's
+_Border Fights and Fighters_, p. 211. For a more extended account,
+consult Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_, Vol. II, p. 31.
+
+A novel by Maurice Thompson, _Alice of Old Vincennes_, gives a
+graphic description of Clark's campaign.
+
+
+CHAPTER II, PAGE 18
+A MIDWINTER CAMPAIGN
+
+For an account of Arnold's expedition to Canada, read articles in
+_The Century Magazine_ for January and February, 1903, by Professor
+Justin H. Smith. Codman's _Arnold's Expedition to Quebec_ is a
+fair-sized volume, and full of interest. Read also Lodge's _Story of
+the Revolution_, Vol. I, p. 106.
+
+Tomlinson's _Under Colonial Colors_, the story of Arnold's expedition
+to Quebec told for boys, is an interesting and stimulating work of
+fiction.
+
+
+CHAPTER III, PAGE 36
+HOW PALMETTO LOGS MAY BE USED
+
+The defense of Fort Sullivan is well described in Brady's _American
+Fights and Fighters_, p. 5, and Lodge's _Story of the Revolution_,
+Vol. I, p. 126.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV, PAGE 50
+THE PATRIOT SPY
+
+Perhaps the most readable account of Nathan Hale is to be found in
+Lossing's _Two Spies_ (Andr� and Hale). Consult Partridge's _Nathan
+Hale_, a character study.
+
+In connection with this story, Chapter XVII, "The Story of Arnold's
+Treason," in Blaisdell's _Story of American History_ may be
+profitably read.
+
+
+CHAPTER V, PAGE 62
+OUR GREATEST PATRIOT
+
+For the everyday life of Washington, consult Paul Leicester Ford's
+_The True George Washington_. Refer to sundry sections in Bolton's
+_The Private Soldier under Washington_ and in Herbert's _Washington:
+His Homes and his Households_.
+
+Read the stirring romance about Washington, _A Virginia Cavalier_, by
+Molly Elliot Seawell.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI, PAGE 77
+A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE
+
+For the capture of Stony Point, read Lodge's _Story of the
+Revolution_, Vol. II, p. 130; Brady's _American Fights and Fighters_,
+p. 121; and Roosevelt and Lodge's _Hero Tales from American History_,
+p. 79. Henry P. Johnston's _The Storming of Stony Point_ is perhaps
+the best account ever written of this famous exploit.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII, PAGE 90
+THE DEFEAT OF THE RED DRAGOONS
+
+Read Roosevelt and Lodge's _Hero Tales from American History_, p. 69,
+and Lodge's _Story of the Revolution_, p. 56.
+
+In connection with Chapters VII and VIII, read "The War of the
+Revolution in the South," in Blaisdell's _Story of American History_,
+Chapter XVI, p, 250.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII, PAGE 105
+FROM TEAMSTER TO MAJOR GENERAL
+
+Read Brady's _American Fights and Fighters_, p. 84, for an account of
+General Morgan; also Chapter IV, "King's Mountain and the Cowpens,"
+in Lodge's _Story of the Revolution_, Vol. II, p. 56.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX, PAGE 123
+THE FINAL VICTORY
+
+For a description of the battle at Yorktown, read Brady's _American
+Fights and Fighters_, p. 143, and Chapter VII in Lodge's _Story of
+the Revolution_, p. 165. Henry P. Johnston's _The Yorktown Campaign_
+is excellent for collateral reference.
+
+
+CHAPTER X, PAGE 138
+THE CRISIS
+
+Very little collateral reading should be allowed in reading this
+chapter on framing the Constitution. Sundry topics may be sparingly
+selected for reading from the index to Fiske's _Critical Period of
+American History_. Fiske's _Civil Government in the United States_
+may be utilized for reference.
+
+Read Brooks's _Century Book for Young Americans_; Chapter II in
+Elson's _Side Lights on American History_ (First Series, p. 24), on
+"The Framing of the Constitution"; and Chapter XII, p. 283, in
+Higginson's _Larger History of the United States_, on "The Birth of a
+Nation."
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+NOTE.--For the War of the Revolution no more interesting books can be
+read by pupils than Brooks's _Century Book of the Revolution_ and
+Coffin's _Boys of '76_. Lossing's _Field Book of the Revolution_, in
+two large volumes, is interesting, and contains hundreds of
+illustrations.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI, PAGE 156
+A DARING EXPLOIT
+
+Read "Decatur and the Philadelphia," in Brady's _American Fights and
+Fighters_, p. 199, and "The Burning of the Philadelphia," in
+Roosevelt and Lodge's _Hero Tales from American History_, p. 103.
+
+Read Seawell's storybook, _Decatur and Somers_; and Barnes's
+_Commodore Bainbridge_, a story.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII, PAGE 169
+"OLD IRONSIDES"
+
+Consult two chapters in Brady's _American Fights and Fighters_: "The
+Constitution's Hardest Fight," p. 215, and "The Constitution's Last
+Battle," p. 304. Hollis's _Frigate Constitution_ is invaluable for
+reading and reference. Refer to Lossing's _History of the War of
+1812_ and Lodge's _A Fighting Frigate and Other Essays_.
+
+In connection with this chapter, read "What our Navy did in the War
+of 1812," in Blaisdell's _Story of American History_, Chapter XXI, p.
+323.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII, PAGE 185
+"OLD HICKORY'S" CHRISTMAS
+
+Read "The Battle of New Orleans," in Roosevelt and Lodge's _Hero
+Tales from American History_, p. 139, and "The Last Battle with
+England," in Brady's _American Fights and Fighters_, p. 287. Chapter
+XVIII, p. 431, in Higginson's _Larger History of the United States_
+is well worth reading.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV, PAGE 199
+A HERO'S WELCOME
+
+Concerning Lafayette's visit to this country in 1824, no books are
+readily accessible. Consult Quincy's _Figures of the Past_ and
+Brooks's _The True Story of Lafayette_.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Adair, John, the historic reply of, to Colonel Sevier, 94.
+
+Adams, John, abroad, 147.
+  the first Vice President of the United States, 155.
+  the visit of Lafayette to, at Quincy, Massachusetts, 209.
+
+Adams, John Quincy, gives Lafayette a farewell dinner at the White
+    House, 215.
+
+Adams, Samuel, stays at home, 147.
+
+Alexandria, Virginia, Washington attends dances at, 65.
+
+Algerine pirates, the, in the Atlantic, 170.
+
+Ames, Fisher, defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Andr�, Major, the British spy, 61.
+
+Annapolis, delegates meet at, 144.
+
+Anti-Federalists, the, 153.
+
+Arnold, Benedict, 18.
+  forfeits his place on the monument at Saratoga, 18.
+  sends spies into Canada, 20.
+  given command of the expedition to Quebec, in 1776, 20.
+  leaves Cambridge, 21.
+  given an ovation at Newburyport, 21.
+  reaches the Kennebec, 21.
+  feasted at Fort Western, 21.
+  divides his army, 22.
+  ascends the Dead River, 24.
+  deserted by Colonel Enos, 24.
+  reaches the Chaudi�re River, 25.
+  crosses Lake Megantic, 27.
+  starts down the Chaudi�re River, 28.
+  reaches Sartigan, 28.
+  arrives at Point Levi, 29.
+  before Quebec, 30.
+  joins Montgomery, 30.
+  leads the attack on Quebec and is wounded, 32.
+  in the hospital, 34.
+  lays siege to Quebec, 34.
+  hears from Washington, 34.
+  the death knell to the hopes of, 35.
+  in Virginia, 124.
+
+Articles of Confederation, the, 141.
+  the defects of, 141-144.
+
+
+B
+
+Bailey, Abigail, married to Daniel Morgan, 110.
+
+Bainbridge, William, 159, 160.
+  in command of the Constitution, 180.
+
+Barbary pirates, the, 156, 157, 172.
+
+Barton, Colonel, captures General Prescott, 143.
+  imprisoned for debt, 143.
+
+Bateaux, built for Arnold's expedition, 21.
+
+Bay State, the, Massachusetts, 144, 206, 212.
+
+Beekman mansion, the, Hale a captive of Howe at, 58, 59.
+
+Bennington, Vermont, John Stark defeats the British at, 105.
+
+Boone, Daniel, 1, 2.
+
+Bowditch, Dr., an anecdote of, 206.
+
+Braddock, General, defeated by the French and Indians, in 1755, 107.
+
+Brazil, "Old Ironsides" destroys the British frigate Java off the
+    coast of, 180.
+
+Bristol, the, a British man-of-war, 45.
+
+Buford, used as a watchword, 101.
+
+Bunker Hill, the battle of, awakens in Lafayette an interest in us,
+    199.
+  Lafayette visits, 212.
+
+Burgoyne, marches down the valley of the Hudson, 114.
+  defeated at Freeman's Farm and at Saratoga, 114.
+
+Burr, Aaron, 22.
+
+
+C
+
+Cahokia, a Creole village in the country of the Illinois Indians, 8.
+
+Calhoun, John C., favors making war on Great Britain, 186.
+
+Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arnold's expedition leaves, 21.
+  Washington's headquarters at, in the Craigie house, 105.
+  Morgan marches to, 112.
+
+Camden, defeat of Gates at, 90.
+
+Campbell, Lord, royal governor of South Carolina, 37.
+  injured in the attack on Fort Sullivan, 46.
+
+Campbell, William, rallies the backwoodsmen, 94.
+  leads the advance at King's Mountain, 101.
+
+Canada, extending to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, 3. See the map
+    in Chapter I.
+  the "back door," 19.
+  the winters of, 22, 29.
+
+Cape Fear River, the, Clinton sails for, 36.
+
+Carleton, Sir Guy, 19.
+  leaves Montreal and slips into Quebec, 31.
+  fortifies Quebec, 31.
+
+Carolina, the, throws shells into the British camp, 190.
+
+Carroll, Colonel, with his riflemen arrives from Nashville, 189.
+  in the battle of New Orleans, 194.
+
+Carrying places, work at the, 22.
+
+Catalano, the Sicilian pilot, used by Decatur, 162, 164.
+
+Cedars, The, Hale passes a night at, 57.
+
+Champlain, Lake, Lafayette visits, 206.
+
+Charleston, attack on, planned by the British, 37.
+  the patriots prepare for the defense of, 38.
+
+Charleston Harbor, Sullivan's Island near, 38.
+
+Charlestown, a part of Boston, "Old Ironsides" lies in the navy yard
+    at, 169, 183, 184.
+
+Charlotte, North Carolina, Gates flees to, 90.
+
+Chaudi�re River, the, an army to enter Canada by, 20.
+  Arnold's army scattered along, 25.
+  the perils of, 28.
+
+Chesapeake Bay, De Grasse headed for, 126.
+  De Grasse reaches, 129.
+  the patriot armies march to, 129.
+  Clinton sends a fleet to, 130.
+  Admiral Graves forced to withdraw from, 130.
+  De Grasse gets control of, 130.
+  Lafayette returns to France by, 216.
+
+Chick, Mother, the tavern of, 57.
+
+Clark, Captain, at Bunker Hill, 213.
+
+Clark, George Rogers, 1.
+  starts for Kentucky, 1.
+  tramps back to Virginia, 2, 5.
+  receives help from Virginia, 3.
+  plans great deeds, 4.
+  sends out spies, 4.
+  appointed colonel, 5.
+  helped by Jefferson and Madison, 5.
+  starts down the Ohio, 6.
+  begins his march to Kaskaskia, 7.
+  interrupts the dance, 8.
+  captures Kaskaskia, 8.
+  makes friends of the Creoles, 8.
+  shows the kind of man he is, 9.
+  visited by Indians, 9.
+  shows his contempt for the Indians, 9.
+  an incident showing the boldness of, 10.
+  decides to recapture Vincennes, 11.
+  starts for Vincennes, 12.
+  shows brave leadership, 13.
+  makes a speech to his men, 13.
+  captures an Indian canoe, 14.
+  captures a Creole hunter, 14.
+  reaches Vincennes, 15.
+  punishes some Indians, 16.
+  captures Vincennes, 16.
+
+Clay, Henry, favors making war on Great Britain, 186.
+
+Cleveland, Colonel, rallies the backwoodsmen, 94.
+  given the supreme command at King's Mountain, 97.
+  leads the left wing at King's Mountain, 101.
+
+Clinton, Sir Henry, 18.
+  sails for the Cape Fear River, 36.
+  at the attack on Fort Sullivan, 44.
+  receives orders to bring "Mr. Washington" to a decisive action, 77.
+  makes raids along the coast, 78.
+  hears of the capture of Stony Point, 87.
+  at Charleston, 90.
+  hoodwinked by Washington, 127.
+  sails for Yorktown, 133, 135.
+
+Coffee, Colonel, and his mounted riflemen at New Orleans, 190.
+
+Commerce controlled by Congress, 151.
+
+Common Sense, a pamphlet by Thomas Paine, 138.
+
+Compromises, the three, in framing the Constitution, 148-151.
+
+Confederation, the Articles of, 141.
+  the defects of the Articles of, 141-144.
+
+Congress, sends General Gates to the South, 90.
+  believed in by the people of the South, 93.
+  calls for ten companies, 112.
+  gives thanks for the surrender of Cornwallis, 136.
+  the national, erects a monument at Yorktown, 137.
+  the weakness of, 139, 142.
+  the first Continental, 140.
+  the second Continental, 140.
+  submits the Constitution to the states, 153.
+
+Connecticut, 54, 125, 143, 146.
+
+Constitution, the, the framing of, 138-155.
+  the state of the country before, 142-144.
+  the convention meets to frame, 145.
+  the noted men who helped frame, 146, 147.
+  the three compromises in framing, 148-151.
+  Washington signs, 152.
+  the witty remark of Franklin about, 152.
+  the discussions over the adoption of, by the Federalists and by the
+    Anti-Federalists, 153, 154.
+  the rejoicings over the adoption of, 154.
+  Gladstone's opinion of, 155.
+
+Constitution, the frigate, commanded by Preble, 158.
+  the history of, 169-184.
+  the poem on, by Oliver Wendell Holmes, 169.
+  built in Boston, 170.
+  a description of, 171.
+  sport made of, by British naval officers, 172.
+  the launching of, 172.
+  the battle of, before Tripoli, 173.
+  the escape of, from a British fleet, 174.
+  the battle of, with the Guerri�re, 176.
+  the battle of, with the Java, 179.
+  the battle of, with the Cyane and the Levant, 182.
+  the after history of, 183.
+
+Constitution Wharf, in Boston, 170.
+
+Continentals, the ragged, 2, 77, 129.
+
+Cornwallis, Lord, given the command in the South, 90.
+  marches north to Virginia, 91, 123.
+  attempts to crush Lafayette, 124.
+  retreats to Yorktown, 125.
+  attempts to escape from Yorktown, 131.
+  attempts to break through the American lines, 132.
+  forced to surrender, 134.
+  the surrender of, announced in Philadelphia, 136.
+
+Cowpens, the battle of, 116-120.
+
+Craigie house, the, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, becomes Washington's
+    headquarters, 105.
+
+Creole villages, the, north of the Ohio River, 3, 6, 7-11, 14.
+
+Creoles, the, at New Orleans, 189.
+
+Crisis, the, 138-155. See Constitution.
+
+Cunningham, the cruelty of, to Hale, 59, 60.
+
+Custis, the adopted son of Washington, 66.
+
+Custis, Nellie, Washington's ward, 74.
+
+Cyane, the, a British frigate, destroyed by "Old Ironsides," 182,
+    183.
+
+
+D
+
+Dale, Commodore, sent to the Mediterranean Sea, 157.
+  captures a Tripolitan war ship, 158.
+
+Daring exploit, a, 156-168. See Philadelphia, the frigate.
+
+Davie, William, a leader in the South, 91.
+
+Dayton, Jonathan, of New Jersey, at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Dearborn, Captain, kills his fine dog, 26.
+
+Decatur, Stephen, 158.
+  chosen to destroy the Philadelphia, 161.
+  calls for volunteers, 162.
+  sails for Tripoli, 162.
+  boards the Philadelphia and sets her on fire, 165, 166.
+  the promotion of, 168.
+  how received by Commodore Preble, 173.
+
+Deckhard rifle, the, used in the South, 95.
+
+Declaration of Independence, the, 140, 141, 146, 157.
+
+De Grasse, receives orders to act with Washington, 125.
+  headed for Chesapeake Bay, 126.
+  defeats the British fleet and controls Chesapeake Bay, 130.
+  at the blockade of Yorktown, 134.
+
+Delaware, the representation of, in Congress, 149.
+  the first to adopt the Constitution, 154.
+
+De Peyster, Colonel, the bravery of, 103.
+
+Detroit, Fort, Hamilton's headquarters, 4, 11. See the map in Chapter
+I.
+
+Dickinson, John, at the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+
+Dinwiddie, governor of Virginia, 109.
+
+Doak, Rev. Samuel, invokes a blessing before the march to King's
+    Mountain, 96.
+
+Dragoons, the defeat of the red, 90-104. See King's Mountain.
+
+Du Loup River, the, Arnold's men cross, 29.
+
+Dunmore, Lord, driven from Virginia, 36.
+
+
+E
+
+Ellsworth, Oliver, at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Enos, Colonel, 22, 23.
+  deserts Arnold, 24.
+
+Enterprise, the, fights a Tripolitan man-of-war, 157.
+
+Experiment, the, a British man-of-war, 46.
+
+
+F
+
+Farragut, Admiral, 41.
+
+Federalist, the, 154.
+
+Federalists, the, 153.
+
+Ferguson, Colonel, character of, 91.
+  enlists Tories and raids the Carolinas, 92.
+  threatens the backwoodsmen, 92.
+  the rally of the backwoodsmen to attack, 94.
+  retreats before the backwoodsmen, 97.
+  makes a stand at King's Mountain, 99.
+  defeated at King's Mountain, 101-103.
+  the death of, at King's Mountain, 102.
+
+Fish, Nicholas, with Lafayette at Yorktown, 208.
+
+Fiske, John, the historian, 115, 139.
+
+Fort Detroit, Hamilton's headquarters, 4, 11. See the map in Chapter
+I.
+
+Fort Pitt, 5. See the map in Chapter I.
+
+Fort Sullivan, the defense of, 36-49.
+  built of palmetto logs, 38.
+  the mounting of cannon in, 39.
+  visited by General Lee, 39.
+  Lee advises the surrender of, 39, 46.
+  the British plan of attack on, 41.
+  the attack on, 41-48.
+  the repulse of the British attack on, 48.
+  the moral effect of the defense of, 49.
+
+Fort Sumter, 43.
+
+France, the king of, promises us aid, 201.
+
+Franklin and Holston settlements, now Tennessee, 92.
+
+Franklin, Benjamin, at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+  work of, in framing the Constitution, 150, 152.
+  the witty remark of, about the Constitution, 152.
+  a quotation from the almanac of, 157.
+  aids Lafayette, 200.
+
+Frederick the Great of Prussia, friendly to us, 145.
+
+Freeman's Farm, Burgoyne defeated at, 114.
+
+French Canadians, the, help Arnold, 28.
+
+French fleet, the, under De Grasse, 125. See De Grasse.
+
+French villages, the, north of the Ohio River, 3, 11, 15.
+
+
+G
+
+Gates, General, the statue of, at Saratoga, 18.
+  sent to take command in the South, 90.
+  defeated at Camden, South Carolina, 90.
+  the character of, 90, 105.
+
+George, King, receives word of Cornwallis's surrender, 137.
+
+Georgia, overrun by the British, 90.
+  protests against abolishing slavery, 150.
+
+Germantown, Pennsylvania, Wayne at, 82.
+
+Gerry, Elbridge, at the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+
+Gibault, Father, aids Clark, 8.
+
+Gibbs, General, leads the British at New Orleans, 195.
+  severely wounded, 196.
+
+Gibraltar, Dacres gives Hull a dinner at, 179.
+
+Gibraltar of America, the, Quebec, 30, 35.
+  the little, Stony Point, 80, 88.
+
+Gilmer, Enoch, spies out Ferguson, 100.
+
+Gladstone, William Ewart, how the Constitution was regarded by, 155.
+
+Gloucester, Virginia, Cornwallis plans to escape by way of, 132.
+
+Graves, Admiral, forced to withdraw from Chesapeake Bay, 130.
+
+Greene, Nathanael, 65.
+  Washington's right-hand man, 90.
+  the ability of, 105.
+  left the army for a time, 115.
+  defeated at Guilford, North Carolina, 123.
+  the death of, 147.
+
+Grier, Sergeant, and his wife, with Arnold's expedition to Quebec,
+    22, 27.
+
+Guerri�re, the, a British frigate, destroyed by "Old Ironsides," 178.
+
+Guilford, North Carolina, Lord Cornwallis defeats Greene at, 123.
+
+
+H
+
+Hale, Nathan, the patriot spy, 50-61.
+  volunteers to serve as a spy, 53.
+  receives his instructions from Washington, 53.
+  the parentage and the home of, 54.
+  the boyhood of, 54.
+  the education of, 54.
+  teaches school in New London, Connecticut, 54.
+  bids his pupils farewell, 55.
+  starts for Cambridge, 55.
+  the diary of, 55.
+  disguises himself, 56.
+  returns in safety from the British lines, but puts up at "Mother
+    Chick's," 57.
+  arrested, 57.
+  taken to New York, 58.
+  condemned to die, 59.
+  the dying speech of, 60.
+  hanged, 60.
+
+Hamilton, Alexander, the address of, at Annapolis, 144.
+  at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+  defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Hamilton, Henry, the "hair buyer," 4.
+  stirs up the savages, 11.
+  recaptures Vincennes, 11.
+  surrenders Vincennes to Clark, 16.
+
+Hampton Roads, Virginia, De Grasse in, 129.
+
+Harlem Heights, the patriots retreat to, 51.
+
+Harrod, James, one of the leaders in Kentucky, 2.
+
+Hartford, Connecticut, Lafayette visits, 206, 209.
+
+Hartt, the naval yard of, in Boston, 170.
+
+Harvard College, Lafayette attends commencement at, 205.
+
+Heights of Abraham, the, Arnold climbs to, 30.
+  Wolfe climbs to, in 1759, 30.
+
+Helm, Captain, a prisoner at Vincennes, 15.
+
+Henry, Patrick, aids Clark, 5.
+  does not attend the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+
+Hero's welcome, a, 199-216. See Lafayette.
+
+Hessians, the, the "ragged Continentals" meet, at Trenton, 77.
+  Wayne meets, at Germantown, 82.
+  march with Burgoyne, 114.
+  Morgan's men a terror to, 114.
+
+Highlanders, Scotch, in the battle of New Orleans, 194-196.
+  the backwoodsmen compared to a clan of, 104.
+
+Holmes, Oliver Wendell, saves "Old Ironsides," 169.
+  at Harvard College, 169.
+
+Holston settlements, the, now a part of Tennessee, 1, 92.
+
+Hood, Admiral, at Chesapeake Bay, 130.
+
+Horseshoe Plain, the, Clark crosses, 14.
+
+Howard, Colonel, commands the Continentals at Cowpens, 118.
+
+Howe, General, Hale brought before, 58.
+  evacuates Boston, 77.
+
+Hudson River, the, 78, 79.
+  Lafayette visits, 206, 208.
+
+Hull, Colonel, 82.
+
+Hull, Isaac, Captain, in command of the Constitution, 174.
+  has an "interview" with Dacres, 176.
+  at Gibraltar, 179.
+
+Humphreys, Mr., of Philadelphia, the builder of "Old Ironsides," 170.
+
+
+I
+
+Illinois Indians, the, the country of, 4, 6. See the map in Chapter
+I.
+
+Imprisonment for debt, 143.
+
+Independence Hall, the Old State House in Philadelphia, 145.
+
+Intrepid, the, used by Decatur to destroy the Philadelphia, 162-168.
+
+Ironsides, Old, 169-184. See Constitution, the frigate.
+
+
+J
+
+Jacataqua, the Indian girl, joins Arnold's expedition to Quebec, 21.
+  acts as guide, and cares for the sick and the injured, 26.
+
+Jackson, Andrew, in command at New Orleans, 188.
+  hears of the advance of the British, 188.
+  prepares to defend New Orleans, 189.
+  attacks the British by night, 190.
+  throws up earthworks, 193.
+  at the battle of New Orleans, 194.
+  wins a remarkable victory, 196.
+  the after history of, 198.
+
+James River, the, 78, 131.
+
+Jasper, William, the heroism of, 48.
+
+Java, the, destroyed by "Old Ironsides," 180.
+  the wheel of, fitted on "Old Ironsides," 181.
+
+Jay, John, defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Jefferson, Thomas, the narrow escape of, from Tarleton, 124.
+  abroad, 147.
+  President of the United States, a man of peace, 157, 186.
+  visited by Lafayette, 214.
+
+Jones, one of Jackson's officers, guards Lake Borgne and is killed,
+    187.
+
+
+K
+
+Kaskaskia, 6-8.
+
+Keane, General, leads the British at New Orleans, 195.
+  severely wounded, 196.
+
+Kentucky, the founding of Lexington, 1.
+  the pioneers in, 1, 2.
+  the fighting in, "the dark and bloody ground," 4.
+
+King, Rufus, at the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+
+King's Ferry, on the Hudson River, the British get the control of,
+    78.
+
+King's Mountain, the battle of, 90-104.
+  the state of affairs before the battle of, 90-93.
+  the rally of the backwoodsmen before the battle of, 93.
+  the march of the pioneers to, 96-100.
+  the plan of the battle of, 100.
+  the battle of, 101-103.
+  the victory of the backwoodsmen at, 103, 104.
+  the effect of the victory at, 104.
+
+Knowlton, Colonel, 51.
+  interviews his officers, 52.
+
+Knox, Henry, an American general, 130, 203.
+
+
+L
+
+Lafayette, in the Yorktown campaign, 124, 131, 135.
+  hears of our struggle for independence, 199.
+  arrives in this country, 200.
+  serves under Washington, 200.
+  returns to France, 201.
+  returns to America with the king's pledge of help, 201.
+  returns to France, but remembers us, 201.
+  visits America in 1784, 202.
+  visits us again in 1824, 202.
+  the admiration of our people for, 203.
+  the personal appearance of, 204.
+  the interview of, with Red Jacket, 204.
+  the receptions given to, from New York to Boston, 205.
+  the tour of, through the United States, 206.
+  visits Yorktown, 207.
+  visits New Orleans, 208.
+  visits other towns and cities, 208-210.
+  goes to Mount Vernon, 211.
+  at Boston and Bunker Hill, 212-214.
+  the formal reception of, at Washington, 215.
+  returns to France, 215.
+
+Lafayette, George Washington, visits us with his father in 1824, 203.
+
+Lafitte, the "Pirate of the Gulf," aids Jackson, 189.
+
+Lake Borgne, near New Orleans, the British cross, 187.
+
+Lambert, Henry, Captain, commander of the British frigate Java, 179.
+  mortally wounded, 182.
+
+Lambert, John, General, leads the British reserve at New Orleans,
+    195.
+  retreats from New Orleans and sails for England, 197.
+
+Langdon, John, at the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+
+Lawrence, James, with Decatur, 165, 166.
+
+Ledge Falls, Greene's division reaches, 24.
+  Enos turns back at, 24.
+
+Lee, Charles, advises the abandoning of Fort Sullivan, 39, 46.
+  the character of, 40.
+  the cowardice of, at Monmouth, 105.
+
+Lee, Henry, or "Light-Horse Harry," defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Levant, the, a British sloop of war, destroyed by "Old Ironsides,"
+    182, 183.
+
+Levi, Point, the arrival of Arnold at, 29.
+
+Lewis, Lawrence, Washington's favorite nephew, 63.
+
+Lexington, Kentucky, the origin of the name, 1.
+
+Lexington, Massachusetts, the Revolution begins at, 1, 36, 112, 140.
+
+Lincoln, General, surrenders Charleston, 90, 134.
+  receives Cornwallis's sword, 134.
+
+Little Wabash, the, Clark crosses, 12.
+
+Long Island, New York, the patriots defeated in the battle of, 50.
+  Hale enters, in disguise, 56.
+
+Long Island, South Carolina, north of Sullivan's Island, 41, 44.
+
+Long Knives, the, the backwoodsmen called, 9, 10.
+
+Louisiana, the, an American war vessel, blows Sir Edward's sugar
+    barrels to pieces, 192.
+
+Lower house, the, of Congress, or House of Representatives, 148, 149,
+    155.
+
+Lower Town, the, at Quebec, Arnold's men attack, 32.
+
+
+M
+
+Madeira Islands, the, "Old Ironsides" fights a great battle near,
+    182.
+
+Madison, James, of Virginia, 146.
+  "Father of the Constitution," 148.
+  hated slavery, 149.
+  defends the Constitution, 154.
+  President of the United States, a man of peace, 186.
+
+Maltese sailors, Decatur's sailors dressed like, 161, 164.
+
+Manhattan Island, the patriots retire from, 51.
+
+Map, a, showing the line of Clark's march, 7.
+  of Arnold's route to Quebec, 23.
+  of the military operations in the Carolinas, 99.
+
+Marion, Francis, a leader in the South, 91.
+
+Marseillaise, The, the national hymn of France, 189.
+
+Marshall, John, defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Martha's Vineyard, 78.
+
+Maryland called on for volunteers, 112.
+
+Mason, George, of Virginia, opposed to slavery, 150.
+
+McDaniel, an anecdote of, 47.
+
+McDonough, Thomas, with Decatur, 166.
+
+McDowell, leads the refugees, 94.
+
+McLane, Captain, one of Wayne's pickets, 81.
+
+Meigs, Major, a commander under Arnold, 22.
+
+Midnight surprise, a, 77-89. See Stony Point.
+
+Midwinter campaign, a, 18-35. See Arnold.
+
+Minutemen, the, of the Old North State, 36.
+
+Mississippi River, the, Lafayette ascends, 206.
+
+Monmouth, New Jersey, the battle of, 200.
+  Wayne at, 82.
+  the cowardice of Charles Lee at, 105.
+
+Monroe, President, instructed to invite Lafayette as the nation's
+    guest, 202.
+  receives Lafayette at the White House, 204.
+
+Montgomery, General, 20.
+  joined by Arnold, 30.
+  demands the surrender of Quebec, 31.
+  despairs of the expedition, 31.
+  leads the attack on Quebec, 32.
+  the death of, 33.
+
+Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson, near Charlottesville,
+    Virginia, 124, 214.
+
+Montreal, captured by Montgomery, 30.
+  Sir Guy Carleton leaves, 31.
+
+Monument, the, at Saratoga, 18, 122.
+  at Yorktown, 137.
+  the statues of Schuyler, Gates, and Morgan on, at Saratoga, 18.
+  Arnold forfeits his place on, at Saratoga, 18.
+
+Morgan, Daniel, the life of, 105-122.
+  the statue of, at Saratoga, New York, 18, 122.
+  the statue of, at Spartanburg, South Carolina, 122.
+  joins Arnold's expedition, 21.
+  leads the advance in Arnold's expedition, 22.
+  forced to surrender at Quebec, 34.
+  the early life of, 106.
+  enlists in the Virginia troops and serves as a teamster, 106.
+  takes pride in his company and shows his skill as a boxer, 107.
+  enlists as a teamster in Washington's regiment, 107.
+  receives one hundred lashes, 108.
+  makes his mark as a private, 108.
+  drives no more army wagons, 108.
+  receives the commission of an ensign, 109.
+  severely wounded, 109.
+  returns to his farm, 110.
+  the marriage of, 110.
+  marches to Cambridge, 112.
+  at the siege of Quebec, 113.
+  made a colonel, 113.
+  at Freeman's Farm and at Saratoga, 114.
+  leaves the army for a time, 115.
+  rejoins the army in the South, under Gates, 115.
+  made a brigadier general, 115.
+  makes his plan for a battle with Tarleton, 116.
+  makes his stand at Cowpens, 116.
+  victorious at Cowpens, 119.
+  marches to join General Greene, 121.
+  retires from the army again, 121.
+  takes part in the Virginia campaign of 1780, 121.
+  the after life of, 122.
+  the valor of, commemorated at Saratoga, New York, and at
+    Spartanburg, South Carolina, 122.
+
+Morocco, 156, 158.
+
+Morris, Gouverneur, originator of our decimal system of money,
+    attends the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Morris, Lieutenant, with Captain Hull on "Old Ironsides," 174, 177.
+
+Morris, Robert, imprisoned for debt, 143.
+  at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Morristown, New Jersey, Morgan reports at, 113.
+
+Moultrie, William, ordered to build a fort on Sullivan's Island, 38.
+  visited by Charles Lee, 39.
+  visited by the master of a privateer, 40.
+  defends his fort, 42.
+  encourages his men, 45.
+  honored for his defense of Fort Sullivan, 49.
+  the after life of, 49.
+
+Mount Vernon, Washington's home, 68-70, 76, 138.
+  visited by Lafayette in 1784, 202.
+  visited by Lafayette in 1824, 211.
+
+Murfree, Colonel, at Stony Point, 86.
+
+Murray mansion, the, Washington's headquarters in 1776, 50.
+
+
+N
+
+Napoleon, England struggles against, 185.
+  at Elba, 186.
+
+Nashville, Tennessee, the riflemen of, 189.
+  Lafayette visits, 208.
+
+Natural Bridge, the, in Virginia, Washington throws to the top of,
+    64.
+
+Nelson, Governor, of Virginia, 132.
+  the house of, 132, 133, 207.
+  called the "war governor," 133.
+
+Nelson, Lord, England's great admiral, 41.
+  praises Decatur's deed in the Mediterranean, 168.
+
+New Jersey, Trenton, 77.
+  Monmouth, 82.
+  Morristown, 113.
+  "Old Ironsides," the home of Commodore Stewart, 184.
+  Washington plans to go to Yorktown by way of, 127.
+
+New Orleans, the battle of, 185-198.
+  the events leading to the battle of, 185.
+  foreign in character, 187, 189.
+  the British plan to capture, 187.
+  the expedition sent against, 187.
+  Jackson's headquarters in, 188.
+  Jackson plans for the defense of, 189.
+  the arrival of the riflemen at, 189.
+  Jackson throws up earthworks below, 190.
+  the night attack on the British below, 190.
+  the beginning of the battle below, 192.
+  a description of the battle of, 194-196.
+  the British defeated at, 196.
+  the retreat of the British after the battle of, 197.
+  the sad part of the victory at, 198.
+  Lafayette visits, 206, 208.
+
+New Roof, the, 154.
+
+New York, the city of, 143.
+  Lafayette at, 203, 209.
+  the state of, 142, 149.
+
+Nolichucky River, the, Sevier's home on, 93.
+
+Norfolk, shelled and destroyed by a British fleet, 36.
+
+Norridgewock, Maine, Arnold's army leaves, 23.
+
+North, Lord, receives word of Cornwallis's surrender, 136.
+
+North State, the Old, North Carolina, 36, 37, 91.
+
+
+O
+
+O'Hara, General, sent by Cornwallis to deliver up his sword, 134.
+
+Ohio, the representation of, in Congress, 149.
+
+Ohio River, the, Clark floats down, 6.
+  Lafayette ascends, 206.
+
+Old Dominion, the, Virginia, 215.
+
+Old Hickory's Christmas, 185-198. See New Orleans.
+
+Old Ironsides, 169-184. See Constitution, the frigate.
+  origin of the name, 178.
+
+Old North State, the, North Carolina, 36, 37, 91.
+
+Old State House, the, in Philadelphia, now called Independence Hall,
+    145.
+
+Orang-outangs, Arnold's men resemble, 30.
+
+
+P
+
+Pakenham, Sir Edward, arrives at New Orleans on Christmas Day, 1814,
+    191.
+  takes a look at the Americans, 192.
+  killed in the battle of New Orleans, 195.
+
+Palmetto logs, one way of using, 36-49. See Fort Sullivan.
+
+Parker, Sir Peter, arrives at Cape Fear, 37.
+  takes command of the combined British fleets and sails for
+    Charleston, 37.
+  delays his attack on Charleston, 41.
+  attacks Fort Sullivan, 42.
+  the fleet of, defeated, 48.
+
+Pasha of Tripoli, the, 156.
+
+Patriot, our greatest, 62-76. See Washington.
+  spy, the, 50-61. See Hale.
+
+Peace, the treaty of, with Great Britain signed in Paris, France, in
+    September, 1783, 138, 202.
+  the treaty of, with Great Britain in 1814 was signed at Ghent,
+    Belgium, on Christmas eve, 1814, about two weeks before the
+    battle of New Orleans, 198.
+
+Pennsylvania called on for volunteers, 112.
+
+Perry, Commodore, the hero of the battle of Lake Erie, 202.
+
+Petersburg, Lord Cornwallis arrives at, 123.
+
+Philadelphia, the first Continental Congress at, 140.
+  the second Continental Congress at, 140.
+  the Constitution drafted at, in the Old State House, 145.
+  the visit of Lafayette to, 210.
+
+Philadelphia, the frigate, the burning of, 156-168.
+  the events leading to the capture of, 156-159.
+  towed into the harbor of Tripoli, 159.
+  plans made for retaking, 160.
+  Decatur's plan for the retaking of, 161.
+  Decatur starts for the recapture of, 162.
+  the capture and the burning of, 166.
+
+Phillips, Samuel, carries Ferguson's threat to the backwoodsmen, 92.
+
+Pickens, Andrew, a leader in the South, 91.
+  at the battle of Cowpens, 117.
+
+Pinckneys, the two brilliant, Charles and Thomas, of South Carolina,
+    at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Pirates, the, on the African coast, 156, 170.
+
+Pitt, Fort, 5. See the map in Chapter I.
+
+Point Levi, the arrival of Arnold at, 29.
+
+Pompey, Wayne's guide at Stony Point, 84.
+
+Poor Richard's Almanac, a quotation from, 157.
+
+Portland, Maine, Lafayette visits, 206.
+
+Portsmouth, New Hampshire, "Old Ironsides" at, 183.
+  Lafayette visits, 206.
+
+Preble, Commodore, in command of our fleet in the Mediterranean, 158,
+    161, 172.
+  sails for Sicily, 160.
+  the quick temper of, 173.
+
+Prescott, General, captured by Colonel Barton, 143.
+
+Prescott, William, at the battle of Bunker Hill, 213.
+
+
+Q
+
+Quebec, an expedition planned against, 20.
+  the "Gibraltar of America," 30.
+  reached by Arnold's expedition, 30.
+  the siege of, 31.
+  the midnight attack on, 32.
+  the siege of, raised, 35.
+  Morgan at, 34, 111, 113.
+
+Quincy, Massachusetts, Lafayette visits, to see John Adams, 209.
+
+
+R
+
+Randolph, Edmund, at the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+  defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Rappahannock River, the, Washington throws across, 64.
+
+Rawdon, Lord, in South Carolina, 126.
+
+Red Jacket, the Indian chief, meets Lafayette, 204.
+
+Rennie, Colonel, a British commander at the battle of New Orleans,
+    195.
+
+Representatives in Congress, 149.
+
+Revere, Paul, furnishes the copper used in "Old Ironsides," 172.
+
+Rhode Island, 142, 147.
+  sends no delegates to Philadelphia, 145.
+  the representation of, in Congress, 149.
+  "Old Ironsides" at Newport, 183.
+
+Rutledge, John, Governor, the character of, 40.
+  sends powder to Fort Sullivan, 46.
+  rewards Sergeant Jasper, 48.
+  at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+
+S
+
+St. John's gate at Quebec, 35.
+
+Saratoga, New York, the monument at, 18.
+  Burgoyne defeated at, 114.
+  Morgan at, 114.
+
+Sartigan, Canada, Arnold reaches, 28.
+  Arnold's men arrive at, 29.
+
+Schoolmaster, Hale disguised as a, 56.
+
+Schuyler, General, the statue of, at Saratoga, 18.
+  left the army for a time, 115.
+
+Scotch-Irish in the South, 92, 93.
+
+Senate, the, or upper house of Congress, 148, 155.
+
+Senators in Congress, 149.
+
+Sevier, Colonel, rallies the backwoodsmen, 93.
+  uses the county funds to buy supplies for the riflemen, 94.
+  leads the right wing at King's Mountain, 101.
+
+Shannon, the, a British frigate, 174, 175.
+
+Shawnees, the, Clark meets, 10.
+
+Shelby, Colonel, rallies the backwoodsmen, 92, 93.
+  leads a column of the riflemen at King's Mountain, 101.
+
+Sherman, Roger, at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Sicily, Commodore Preble sails to, 100.
+
+Siren, the brig, accompanies Decatur to Tripoli, 162, 163.
+
+Slave question, the, in framing the Constitution, 149-151.
+
+South, the, a blow aimed at, by the British, 36.
+  British success in, 90.
+  the patriot leaders in, 91.
+  the brutality of the British in, 91.
+
+South Carolina, overrun by the British, 90.
+  protests against abolishing slavery, 150.
+
+Spy, the patriot, 50-61. See Hale.
+
+Stark, John, defeats the British at Bennington, Vermont, 105.
+  leaves the army for a time, 115.
+
+Stewart, Charles, in command of the frigate Constitution, 182.
+  the death of, 184.
+
+Stony Point, on the Hudson River, the capture of, by Wayne, 77-89.
+  the British capture and fortify, 78.
+  Washington plans to attack, 79.
+  a description of, 79.
+  a description of the fortifications of, 80.
+  the "little Gibraltar," 80.
+  Wayne appointed commander of the expedition against, 80.
+  Wayne's march to, 82.
+  Wayne's plan of attack on, 84.
+  the attack on, 85.
+  the capture of, 86.
+  the capture of, announced to Washington, 88.
+
+Sullivan, Fort, the defense of, 36-49. See Fort Sullivan.
+
+Sumter, Fort, 43.
+
+Sumter, Thomas, General, a leader in the South, 91.
+  still alive in 1824, 203.
+
+Surprise, a midnight, 77-89. See Stony Point.
+
+Sycamore Shoals, 94.
+  the backwoodsmen meet at, 95.
+
+Syracuse, Sicily. Commodore Preble sails to, 160.
+  Decatur sails from, 162.
+
+
+T
+
+Tallmadge, Major, questions Andr�, 61.
+
+Tarleton, Colonel, the brutality of, in the South, 91.
+  defeated at Cowpens, 118, 119.
+  and the two young ladies, 120.
+  in the Yorktown campaign, 124.
+
+Teamster, the old, 105-122. See Morgan.
+
+Thaxter, Rev. Joseph, at Bunker Hill, 213.
+
+Thompson, Colonel, and his sharpshooters aid Moultrie, 41, 44.
+
+Tilghman, Colonel, informs Congress of Cornwallis's surrender, 136.
+
+Tompkins, Daniel, Vice President of the United States, entertains
+    Lafayette in 1824, 203.
+
+Tories, the, at "Mother Chick's," 57.
+  in the South, 91, 92, 97, 99, 100, 102.
+
+Trade, free, between the states, 151.
+
+Trenton, New Jersey, the British defeated at, 77.
+
+Tripoli, 156-168, 173, 180, 184.
+
+Trumbull, "The Surrender of Cornwallis" painted by, 133.
+
+Tryon, William, the hated, a British general, 78.
+
+Tunis, 156.
+
+Twelve Mile carrying place, the, 22.
+  Enos reaches the, 23.
+
+
+U
+
+United Colonies, the, 141.
+
+United States, the frigate, commanded by Decatur, 158.
+
+United States of America, the, 154.
+  the Constitution of, 155. See Constitution.
+  the growth of, 202.
+
+University of Virginia, the, Lafayette entertained at, 214.
+
+
+V
+
+Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Lafayette at, 200.
+  the patriots suffer greatly at, 200.
+
+Vernon, Mount, Washington's home, 68.
+  the slaves at, 70.
+  the hospitality at, 71, 76.
+  Washington retires to, 138.
+  Lafayette's visits to, 202, 211.
+
+Verplanck's Point, on the Hudson River, the British fortify, 78.
+
+Victory, the final, 123-137. See Yorktown campaign.
+
+Ville de Paris, the flagship of De Grasse, 129.
+
+Viller�, Major, informs Jackson of the approach of the British, 188.
+
+Vincennes, the hero of, 1-17. See Clark.
+
+Virginia, in the struggle with Great Britain, 2, 5.
+  aids Clark, 3, 5.
+  called on for volunteers, 112.
+  takes the lead in sending delegates to Philadelphia, 145.
+  the University of, Lafayette visits, 214.
+
+Vulture, the, a British war ship at Stony Point, 87.
+
+
+W
+
+Wabash River, the Little, Clark crosses, 12.
+
+Wabash River, the, Clark crosses, 13.
+
+Wagoner, the old, 105-122. See Morgan.
+
+Warner, James, and his wife with Arnold's expedition to Quebec, 22,
+    26.
+
+Washington, Lafayette received by President Monroe at, 204.
+  Lafayette's farewell dinner at, 215.
+
+Washington, George, in the Revolution, 2.
+  takes command of the patriots at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 19.
+  meets Benedict Arnold, 19.
+  confers with his officers at the Murray mansion, 50.
+  gives Hale his orders, 53.
+  informed of Hale's execution, 61.
+  our greatest patriot, 62-76.
+  the personal appearance of, 63.
+  the strength of, 64.
+  likes dancing, 65.
+  eats simple food, 66.
+  fond of fine clothes, 66.
+  a fine horseman, 67.
+  methodical in business, 68.
+  owns much land, 69, 70.
+  dislikes slaves, 70.
+  the generosity of, 71.
+  attends the meeting at Newburgh, New York, 72.
+  the appearance of, on his first visit to Congress, described by an
+    eyewitness, 73.
+  the formal receptions of, 74.
+  the state dinners of, 75.
+  the greatness of, 76.
+  a hard nut to crack, says General Clinton, 77.
+  plans an attack on Stony Point, 79, 81.
+  visits Stony Point, 88.
+  famous men gathered about, in the siege of Boston, 105.
+  meets Daniel Morgan, 112.
+  in the Yorktown campaign, 123-136.
+  bids farewell to his generals, 138.
+  retires to Mount Vernon, 138.
+  the "legacy" of, to the American people, 140.
+  works at the problem of our national existence, 143.
+  attends the Philadelphia convention, 145.
+  made president of the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+  holds the Philadelphia convention to its duty, 148.
+  signs the Constitution, 152.
+  the first President of the United States, 155.
+  Lafayette serves under, 200.
+  Lafayette visits, at Mount Vernon, 202.
+  tomb of, at Mount Vernon, 211.
+
+Washington, William, at the battle of Cowpens, 117-119.
+  in a hand to hand fight with Tarleton, 120.
+  "knows how to make his mark," 120.
+
+Wayne, Anthony, the personal appearance of, 80.
+  chosen to attack Stony Point, 80.
+  at Germantown and at Monmouth, 82.
+  the march of, to Stony Point, 82.
+  reads his order of battle at Stony Point, 83.
+  writes to a friend at Philadelphia, 83.
+  leads the attack on Stony Point, 85.
+  wounded in the head, 86.
+  captures the fort, 87.
+  writes a letter to Washington, 88.
+  in the Yorktown campaign, 121, 124.
+
+Webster, Daniel, speaks at the dedication of the Bunker Hill
+    Monument, 214.
+
+Wellington, the Duke of, a British general, 186.
+  called the "Iron Duke," 187.
+
+West Point, the Americans at, 78, 125.
+  Washington's headquarters at, 127.
+
+Wilson, James, the learned lawyer, at the Philadelphia convention,
+    146.
+
+Winchester, Virginia, 108.
+
+Wolfe captures Quebec in 1759, 30.
+
+Worcester, Massachusetts, Lafayette visits, 206.
+
+
+Y
+
+Yorktown, the monument at, 137.
+  the visit of Lafayette to, 207.
+
+Yorktown campaign, the, 123-137.
+  the state of affairs in the South before, 123.
+  the first move of Cornwallis in, 124.
+  made possible by the aid of a French fleet, 125.
+  planned by Washington, 126.
+  Washington's first move in, 128.
+  the Continental and French troops march to take part in, 128.
+  Clinton awakens to the importance of, 130.
+  De Grasse aids in, with a large fleet, 130.
+  the siege in, 132.
+  Cornwallis surrenders in, 134.
+  the effect of the victory in, upon King George and his ministers,
+    136, 137.
+
+
+
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hero Stories from American History, by 
+Albert F. Blaisdell and Francis K. Ball
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+		 by Albert F. Blaisdell and Francis K. Ball</title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hero Stories from American History, by 
+Albert F. Blaisdell and Francis K. Ball
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hero Stories from American History
+       For Elementary Schools
+
+Author: Albert F. Blaisdell
+        Francis K. Ball
+
+Release Date: January 26, 2010 [EBook #31092]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HERO STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ron Swanson
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Frontispiece">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="408">
+			<img src="images/01.jpg" alt="The star-spangled banner">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="408" align="center">
+			<small>"'Tis the star-spangled banner: O, long may it wave<br>
+			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!"</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h1>HERO STORIES<br>
+FROM AMERICAN HISTORY</h1>
+
+<center><i>FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS</i></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><small>BY</small></center>
+
+<h3>ALBERT F. BLAISDELL</h3>
+<center><small>A<small>UTHOR OF</small> "S<small>TORIES FROM</small>
+E<small>NGLISH</small> H<small>ISTORY</small>,"<br>
+"T<small>HE</small> S<small>TORY OF</small> A<small>MERICAN</small>
+H<small>ISTORY," ETC., ETC.</small></small></center>
+<br>
+<center><small>AND</small></center>
+<br>
+<h3>FRANCIS K. BALL</h3>
+<center><small>I<small>NSTRUCTOR IN THE</small> P<small>HILLIPS</small>
+E<small>XETER</small> A<small>CADEMY</small></small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<hr width="100" align="center">
+<br>
+<br>
+<center>GINN AND COMPANY<br>
+<small><small>BOSTON</small> &middot; <small>NEW YORK</small> &middot; <small>CHICAGO</small> &middot; <small>LONDON<br>
+ATLANTA</small> &middot; <small>DALLAS</small> &middot; <small>COLUMBUS</small> &middot; <small>SAN FRANCISCO</small></small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><small>ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL</small></center>
+<hr width="100" align="center">
+<center><small>COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY<br>
+ALBERT F. BLAISDELL AND FRANCIS K. BALL</small></center>
+<hr width="100" align="center">
+<center><small><small>ALL RIGHTS RESERVED<br>
+PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</small></small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><b><u>The Athen�um Press</u></b><br>
+<small><small>GINN AND COMPANY</small> &middot; <small>PRO-<br>
+PRIETORS</small> &middot; <small>BOSTON</small> &middot; <small>U.S.A.</small></small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><b>TO<br>
+<big>Edwin Ginn</big></b><br>
+<small>FINANCIER&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;EDUCATOR<br>
+PHILANTHROPIST</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>PREFACE</h3>
+<br>
+
+<p>This book is intended to be used as a supplementary historical reader
+for the sixth and seventh grades of our public schools, or for any
+other pupils from twelve to fifteen years of age. It is also designed
+for collateral reading in connection with the study of a formal
+text-book on American history.</p>
+
+<p>The period here included is the first fifty years of our national
+life. No attempt has been made, however, to present a connected
+account, or to furnish a bird's-eye view, of this half century.</p>
+
+<p>It is the universal testimony of experienced teachers that such
+materials as are pervaded with reality serve a useful purpose with
+young pupils. The reason is plain. Historical matter that is instinct
+with human life attracts and holds the attention of boys and girls,
+and whets their desire to know more of the real meaning of their
+country's history. For this reason the authors have selected rapid
+historical narratives, treating of notable and dramatic events, and
+have embellished them with more details than is feasible within the
+limits of most school-books. Free use has been made of personal
+incidents and anecdotes, which thrill us because of their human
+element, and smack of the picturesque life of our forefathers.</p>
+
+<p>It has seemed advisable to arrange the subjects in chronological
+order. As the various chapters have appeared in proof, they have been
+put to a practical test in the sixth grade in several grammar
+schools. In a number of instances the pupils learned that, in the
+first reading, some of the stories were less difficult than others.
+From the nature of the subject-matter this is inevitable. For
+instance, it was found easier, and doubtless more interesting, to
+read "The Patriot Spy" and "A Daring Exploit" before beginning "The
+Hero of Vincennes" and "The Crisis." "Old Ironsides" will at first
+probably appeal to more young people than "The Final Victory."</p>
+
+<p>An historical reader would truly be of little value if it could be
+read at a glance, like so many insipid storybooks, and then thrown
+aside.</p>
+
+<p>Hence, it is suggested that teachers, after becoming familiar with
+the general scope of this book and gauging with some care the
+capabilities of their pupils, should, if they find it for the best
+interests of their classes, change the order of the chapters for the
+first reading. But in the second, or review reading, they should
+follow the chronological order.</p>
+
+<p>The attention of teachers is called to the <a href="#questions">questions for review</a>,
+the <a href="#names">pronunciation of proper names</a>,
+and the <a href="#books">reference books and supplementary reading in American history</a>
+mentioned after the chapters below. The <a href="#index">index</a> is made full for
+purposes of reference and review.</p>
+
+<p>In the preparation of this book, old journals, original records and
+documents, and sundry other trustworthy sources have been diligently
+consulted and freely utilized.</p>
+
+<p>We would acknowledge our indebtedness to Mrs. Janet Nettleton Ball,
+who has aided us materially at several stages of our work; and to Mr.
+Ralph Hartt Bowles, Instructor in English in The Phillips Exeter
+Academy, for valuable assistance in reading the manuscript and the
+proofs.</p>
+
+<div align="right">A<small>LBERT</small> F. B<small>LAISDELL</small>,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
+F<small>RANCIS</small> K. B<small>ALL</small>.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>B<small>OSTON</small>, March, 1903.</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+<br>
+
+<p><a href="#chap1">CHAPTER I</a><br>
+T<small>HE</small> H<small>ERO OF</small> V<small>INCENNES</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap2">CHAPTER II</a><br>
+A M<small>IDWINTER</small> C<small>AMPAIGN</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap3">CHAPTER III</a><br>
+H<small>OW</small> P<small>ALMETTO</small> L<small>OGS MAY BE USED</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap4">CHAPTER IV</a><br>
+T<small>HE</small> P<small>ATRIOT</small> S<small>PY</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap5">CHAPTER V</a><br>
+O<small>UR</small> G<small>REATEST</small> P<small>ATRIOT</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap6">CHAPTER VI</a><br>
+A M<small>IDNIGHT</small> S<small>URPRISE</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap7">CHAPTER VII</a><br>
+T<small>HE</small> D<small>EFEAT OF THE</small> R<small>ED</small> D<small>RAGOONS</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap8">CHAPTER VIII</a><br>
+F<small>ROM</small> T<small>EAMSTER TO</small> M<small>AJOR</small> G<small>ENERAL</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap9">CHAPTER IX</a><br>
+T<small>HE</small> F<small>INAL</small> V<small>ICTORY</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap10">CHAPTER X</a><br>
+T<small>HE</small> C<small>RISIS</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap11">CHAPTER XI</a><br>
+A D<small>ARING</small> E<small>XPLOIT</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap12">CHAPTER XII</a><br>
+"O<small>LD</small> I<small>RONSIDES</small>"</p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap13">CHAPTER XIII</a><br>
+"O<small>LD</small> H<small>ICKORY'S</small>" C<small>HRISTMAS</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chap14">CHAPTER XIV</a><br>
+A H<small>ERO'S</small> W<small>ELCOME</small></p>
+<hr width="100" align="center">
+
+<p><a href="#questions">Q<small>UESTIONS FOR</small> R<small>EVIEW</small></a></p>
+
+<p><a href="#names">P<small>RONUNCIATION OF</small> P<small>ROPER</small> N<small>AMES</small></a></p>
+
+<p><a href="#books">B<small>OOKS FOR</small> R<small>EFERENCE AND</small>
+R<small>EADING IN THE</small> S<small>TUDY OF</small> A<small>MERICAN</small> H<small>ISTORY</small></a></p>
+
+<p><a href="#index">I<small>NDEX</small></a></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h2>HERO STORIES<br>
+FROM AMERICAN HISTORY</h2>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap1"></a><a name="page1"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER I</h3>
+<center><b>THE HERO OF VINCENNES</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>Early in 1775 Daniel Boone, the famous hunter and Indian fighter,
+with thirty other backwoodsmen, set out from the Holston settlements
+to clear the first trail, or bridle path, to what is now Kentucky. In
+the spring of the same year, George Rogers Clark, although a young
+fellow of only twenty-three years, tramped through the wilderness
+alone. When he reached the frontier settlements, he at once became
+the leader of the little band of pioneers.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration2">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="323">
+			<img src="images/02.jpg" alt="A Minuteman of 1776">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="323" align="center">
+			<small>A Minuteman of 1776</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>One evening in the autumn of 1775, Clark and his companions were
+sitting round their camp fire in the wilderness. They had just drawn
+the lines for a fort, and were busy talking about it, when a
+messenger came with tidings of the bloodshed at Lexington, in
+far-away Massachusetts. With wild cheers these hunters listened to
+the story of the minutemen, and, in honor of the event, named their
+log fort "Lexington."</p>
+<a name="page2"></a>
+<p>At the close of this eventful year, three hundred resolute men had
+gained a foothold in Kentucky. In the trackless wilderness, hemmed in
+by savage foes, these pioneers with their wives and their children
+began their struggle for a home. In one short year, this handful of
+men along the western border were drawn into the midst of the war of
+the Revolution. From now on, the East and the West had each its own
+work to do. While Washington and his "ragged Continentals" fought for
+our independence, "the rear guard of the Revolution," as the
+frontiersmen were called, were not less busy.</p>
+
+<p>Under their brave leaders, Boone, Clark, and Harrod, in half a dozen
+little blockhouses and settlements, they were laying the foundations
+of a great commonwealth, while between them and the nearest eastern
+settlements were two hundred miles of wilderness. The struggle became
+so desperate in the fall of 1776 that Clark tramped back to Virginia,
+to ask the governor for help and to trade for powder.</p>
+
+<p>Virginia was at this time straining every nerve to do her part in the
+fight against Great Britain, and could not spare men to defend her
+distant county of Kentucky;<a name="page3"></a> but, won by Clark's earnest appeal, the
+governor lent him, on his own personal security, five hundred pounds
+of powder. After many thrilling adventures and sharp fighting with
+the Indians, Clark got the powder down the Ohio River, and
+distributed it among the settlers. The war with their savage foes was
+now carried on with greater vigor than ever.</p>
+
+<p>Now we must remember that the vast region north of the Ohio was at
+this time a part of Canada. In this wilderness of forests and
+prairies lived many tribes of warlike Indians. Here and there were
+clusters of French Creole villages, and forts occupied by British
+soldiers; for with the conquest of Canada these French settlements
+had passed to the English crown. When the war of the American
+Revolution broke out, the British government tried to unite all the
+tribes of Indians against its rebellious subjects in America. In this
+way the people were to be kept from going west to settle.</p>
+<a name="page4"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration3">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="403">
+			<img src="images/03.jpg" alt="Indians attacking a Stockaded Fort on the Frontier">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="403" align="center">
+			<small>Indians attacking a Stockaded Fort on the Frontier</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Colonel Henry Hamilton was the lieutenant governor of Canada, with
+headquarters at Detroit. It was his task to let loose the redskins
+that they might burn the cabins of the settlers on the border, and
+kill their women and children, or carry them into captivity. The
+British commander supplied the savages with rum, rifles, and powder;
+and he paid gold for the scalps which they brought him. The pioneers
+named Hamilton the "hair buyer."</p>
+
+<p>For the next two years Kentucky well deserved the name of "the dark
+and bloody ground." It was one long, dismal story of desperate
+fighting, in which heroic women, with tender hearts but iron muscles,
+fought side by side with their husbands and their lovers.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, Clark was busy planning deeds never dreamed of by those
+round him. He saw that the Kentucky settlers were losing ground, and
+were doing little harm to their enemies. The French villages, guarded
+by British forts, were the headquarters for stirring up, arming, and
+guiding the savages. It seemed to Clark that the way to defend
+Kentucky was to carry the war across the Ohio, and to take these
+outposts from the British. He made up his mind that the whole region
+could be won for the United States by a bold and sudden march.</p>
+
+<p>In 1777, he sent two hunters as spies through the Illinois country.
+They brought back word that the French took little interest in the
+war between England<a name="page5"></a> and her colonies; that they did not care for the
+British, and were much afraid of the pioneers. Clark was a keen and
+far-sighted soldier. He knew that it took all the wisdom and courage
+of his fellow settlers to defend their own homes. He must bring the
+main part of his force from Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Two weeks before Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, he tramped through
+the woods for the third time, to lay his cause before Patrick Henry,
+who was then governor of Virginia. Henry was a fiery patriot, and he
+was deeply moved by the faith and the eloquence of the gallant young
+soldier.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration4">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="293">
+			<img src="images/04.jpg" alt="General George Rogers Clark">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="293" align="center">
+			<small>General George Rogers Clark</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Virginia was at this time nearly worn out by the struggle against
+King George. A few of the leading patriots, such as Jefferson and
+Madison, listened favorably to Clark's plan of conquest, and helped
+him as much as they could. At last the governor made Clark a colonel,
+and gave him power to raise three hundred and fifty men from the
+frontier counties west of the Blue Ridge. He also gave orders on the
+state officers at Fort Pitt for boats, supplies, and powder. All this
+did not mean much except to show good will and to give the legal
+right to relieve Kentucky.<a name="page6"></a> Everything now depended on Clark's own
+energy and influence.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter he succeeded in raising one hundred and fifty
+riflemen. In the spring he took his little army, and, with a few
+settlers and their families, drifted down the Ohio in flatboats to
+the place where stands to-day the city of Louisville.</p>
+
+<p>The young leader now weeded out of his army all who seemed to him
+unable to stand hardship and fatigue. Four companies of less than
+fifty men each, under four trusty captains, were chosen. All of these
+were familiar with frontier warfare.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th of June, the little fleet shot the Falls of the Ohio amid
+the darkness of a total eclipse of the sun. Clark planned to land at
+a deserted French fort opposite the mouth of the Tennessee River, and
+from there to march across the country against Kaskaskia, the nearest
+Illinois town. He did not dare to go up the Mississippi, the usual
+way of the fur traders, for fear of discovery.</p>
+
+<p>At the landing place, the army was joined by a band of American
+hunters who had just come from the French settlements. These hunters
+said that the fort at Kaskaskia was in good order; and that the
+Creole militia not only were well drilled, but greatly outnumbered
+the invading force. They also said that the only chance of success
+was to surprise the town; and they offered to guide the frontier
+leader by the shortest route.</p>
+<a name="page7"></a>
+<p>With these hunters as guides, Clark began his march of a hundred
+miles through the wilderness. The first fifty miles led through a
+tangled and pathless forest. On the prairies the marching was less
+difficult. Once the chief guide lost his course, and all were in
+dismay. Clark, fearing treachery, coolly told the man that he should
+shoot him in two hours if he did not find the trail. The guide was,
+however, loyal; and, marching by night and hiding by day, the party
+reached the river Kaskaskia, within three miles of the town that lay
+on the farther side.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration5">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="398">
+			<img src="images/05.jpg" alt="A Map showing the Line of Clark's March">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="398" align="center">
+			<small>A Map showing the Line of Clark's March</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The chances were greatly against our young leader. Only the speed and
+the silence of his march gave him hope of success. Under the cover of
+darkness, and in silence, Clark ferried his men across the river, and
+spread his little army as if to surround the town.</p>
+
+<p>Fortune favored him at every move. It was a hot July night; and
+through the open windows of the fort came the sound of music and
+dancing. The officers were giving a ball to the light-hearted
+Creoles. All the men of the village were there; even the sentinels
+had left their posts.</p>
+<a name="page8"></a>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration6">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="314">
+			<img src="images/06.jpg" alt="Clark interrupts the Dance">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="314" align="center">
+			<small>Clark interrupts the Dance</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Leaving a few men at the entrance, Clark walked boldly into the great
+hall, and, leaning silently against the doorpost, watched the gay
+dancers as they whirled round in the light of the flaring torches.
+Suddenly an Indian lying on the floor spied the tall stranger, sprang
+to his feet, and gave a whoop. The dancing stopped. The young ladies
+screamed, and their partners rushed toward the doors.</p>
+
+<p>"Go on with your dance," said Clark, "but remember that henceforth
+you dance under the American flag, and not under that of Great
+Britain."</p>
+
+<p>The surprise was complete. Nobody had a chance to resist. The town
+and the fort were in the hands of the riflemen.</p>
+
+<p>Clark now began to make friends with the Creoles. He formed them into
+companies, and drilled them every day. A priest known as Father
+Gibault, a man of ability and influence, became a devoted friend to
+the Americans. He persuaded the people at Cahokia and at other Creole
+villages, and even at Vincennes, about one hundred and<a name="page9"></a> forty miles
+away on the Wabash, to turn from the British and to raise the
+American flag. Thus, without the loss of a drop of blood, all the
+posts in the Wabash valley passed into the hands of the Americans,
+and the boundary of the rising republic was extended to the
+Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>Clark soon had another chance to show what kind of man he was. With
+less than two hundred riflemen and a few Creoles, he was hemmed in by
+tribes of faithless savages, with no hope of getting help or advice
+for months; but he acted as few other men in the country would have
+dared to act. He had just conquered a territory as large as almost
+any European kingdom. If he could hold it, it would become a part of
+the new nation. Could he do it?</p>
+
+<p>From the Great Lakes to the Mississippi came the chiefs and the
+warriors to Cahokia to hear what the great chief of the "Long Knives"
+had to say for himself. The sullen and hideously painted warriors
+strutted to and fro in the village. At times there were enough of
+them to scalp every white man at one blow, if they had only dared.
+Clark knew exactly how to treat them.</p>
+
+<p>One day when it seemed as if there would be trouble at any moment,
+the fearless commander did not even shift his lodging to the fort. To
+show his contempt of the peril, he held a grand dance, and "the
+ladies and gentlemen danced nearly the whole night," while the sullen
+warriors spent the time in secret council. Clark appeared not to
+care, but at the same time he had a large<a name="page10"></a> room near by filled with
+trusty riflemen. It was hard work, but the young Virginian did not
+give up. He won the friendship and the respect of the different
+tribes, and secured from them pledges of peace. It was little trouble
+to gain the good will of the Creoles.</p>
+
+<p>Let me tell you of an incident which showed Clark's boldness in
+dealing with Indians. Years after the Illinois campaign, three
+hundred Shawnee warriors came in full war paint to Fort Washington,
+the present site of Cincinnati, to meet the great "Long Knife" chief
+in council. Clark had only seventy men in the stockade. The savages
+strode into the council room with a war belt and a peace belt. Full
+of fight and ugliness, they threw the belts on the table, and told
+the great pioneer leader to take his choice.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration7">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="411">
+			<img src="images/07.jpg" alt="Fort Washington">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="411" align="center">
+			<small>Fort Washington, a Stockaded Fort on the Ohio,<br>
+			the Present Site of Cincinnati</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Quick as a flash, Clark rose to his feet, swept both the belts to the
+floor with his cane, stamped upon them, and thrust the savages out of
+the hall, telling them to make peace at once, or he would drive them
+off the<a name="page11"></a> face of the earth. The Shawnees held a council which lasted
+all night, but in the morning they humbly agreed to bury the hatchet.</p>
+
+<p>Great was the wrath of Hamilton, the "hair buyer general," when he
+heard what the young Virginian had done. He at once sent out runners
+to stir up the savages; and, in the first week of October, he set out
+in person from Detroit with five hundred British regulars, French,
+and Indians. He recaptured Vincennes without any trouble. Clark had
+been able to leave only a few of the men he had sent there, and some
+of them deserted the moment they caught sight of the redcoats.</p>
+
+<p>If Hamilton had pushed on through the Illinois country, he could
+easily have crushed the little American force; but it was no easy
+thing to march one hundred and forty miles over snow-covered
+prairies, and so the British commander decided to wait until spring.</p>
+
+<p>When Clark heard of the capture of Vincennes, he knew that he had not
+enough men to meet Hamilton in open fight. What was he to do? Fortune
+again came to his aid.</p>
+
+<p>The last of January, he heard that Hamilton had sent most of his men
+back to Detroit; that the Indians had scattered among the villages;
+and that the British commander himself was now wintering at Vincennes
+with about a hundred men. Clark at once decided to do what Hamilton
+had failed to do. Having selected the best of his riflemen, together
+with a few Creoles,<a name="page12"></a> one hundred and seventy men in all, he set out on
+February 7 for Vincennes.</p>
+
+<p>All went well for the first week. They marched rapidly. Their rifles
+supplied them with food. At night, as an old journal says, they
+"broiled their meat over the huge camp fires, and feasted like Indian
+war dancers." After a week the ice had broken up, and the thaw
+flooded everything. The branches of the Little Wabash now made one
+great river five miles wide, the water even in the shallow places
+being three feet deep.</p>
+
+<p>It took three days of the hardest work to ferry the little force
+across the flooded plain. All day long the men waded in the icy
+waters, and at night they slept as well as they could on some muddy
+hillock that rose above the flood. By this time they had come so near
+Vincennes that they dared not fire a gun for fear of being
+discovered.</p>
+
+<p>Marching at the head of his chilled and foot-sore army, Clark was the
+first to test every danger.</p>
+
+<p>"Come on, boys!" he would shout, as he plunged into the flood.</p>
+
+<p>Were the men short of food? "I am not hungry," he would say, "help
+yourself." Was some poor fellow chilled to the bone? "Take my
+blanket," said Clark, "I am glad to get rid of it."</p>
+
+<p>In fact, as peril and suffering increased, the courage and the
+cheerfulness of the young leader seemed to grow stronger.</p>
+<a name="page13"></a>
+<p>On February 17, the tired army heard Hamilton's sunrise gun on the
+fort at Vincennes, nine miles away, boom across the muddy flood.</p>
+
+<p>Their food had now given out. The bravest began to lose heart, and
+wished to go back. In hastily made dugouts the men were ferried, in a
+driving rain, to the eastern bank of the Wabash; but they found no
+dry land for miles round. With Clark leading the way, the men waded
+for three miles with the water often up to their chins, and camped on
+a hillock for the night. The records tell us that a little drummer
+boy, whom some of the tallest men carried on their shoulders, made a
+deal of fun for the weary men by his pranks and jokes.</p>
+
+<p>Death now stared them in the face. The canoes could find no place to
+ford. Even the riflemen huddled together in despair. Clark blacked
+his face with damp gunpowder, as the Indians did when ready to die,
+gave the war whoop, and leaped into the ice-cold river. With a wild
+shout the men followed. The whole column took up their line of march,
+singing a merry song. They halted six miles from Vincennes. The night
+was bitterly cold, and the half-frozen and half-starved men tried to
+sleep on a hillock.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning the sun rose bright and beautiful. Clark made a
+thrilling speech and told his famished men that they would surely
+reach the fort before dark. One of the captains, however, was sent
+with twenty-five trusty riflemen to bring up the rear, with orders to
+shoot any man that tried to turn back.</p>
+<a name="page14"></a>
+<p>The worst of all came when they crossed the Horseshoe Plain, which
+the floods had made a shallow lake four miles wide, with dense woods
+on the farther side. In the deep water the tall and the strong helped
+the short and the weak. The little dugouts picked up the poor fellows
+who were clinging to bushes and old logs, and ferried them to a spot
+of dry land. When they reached the farther shore, so many of the men
+were chilled that the strong ones had to seize those half-frozen, and
+run them up and down the bank until they were able to walk.</p>
+
+<p>One of the dugouts captured an Indian canoe paddled by some squaws.
+It proved a rich prize, for in it were buffalo meat and some kettles.
+Broth was soon made and served to the weakest. The strong gave up
+their share. Then amid much joking and merry songs, the column
+marched in single file through a bit of timber. Not two miles away
+was Vincennes, the goal of all their hopes.</p>
+
+<p>A Creole who was out shooting ducks was captured. From him it was
+learned that nobody suspected the coming of the Americans, and that
+two hundred Indians had just come into town.</p>
+
+<p>With the hope that the Creoles would not dare to fight, and that the
+Indians would escape, Clark boldly sent the duck hunter back to town
+with the news of his arrival. He sent warning to the Creoles to
+remain in their houses, for he came only to fight the British.</p>
+<a name="page15"></a>
+<p>So great was the terror of Clark's name that the French shut
+themselves up in their houses, while most of the Indians took to the
+woods. Nobody dared give a word of warning to the British.</p>
+
+<p>Just after dark the riflemen marched into the streets of the village
+before the redcoats knew what was going on.</p>
+
+<p>Crack! crack! sharply sounded half a dozen rifles outside the fort.</p>
+
+<p>"That is Clark, and your time is short!" cried Captain Helm, who was
+Hamilton's prisoner at this time; "he will have this fort tumbling on
+your heads before to-morrow morning."</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration8">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="362">
+			<img src="images/08.jpg" alt="Defending a Frontier Fort against the British and Indians">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="362" align="center">
+			<small>Defending a Frontier Fort against the British and
+			Indians</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>During the night the Americans threw up an intrenchment within rifle
+shot of the fort, and at daybreak opened a hot fire into the
+portholes. The men begged their leader to let them storm the fort,
+but he dared not risk their lives. A party<a name="page16"></a> of Indians that had been
+pillaging the Kentucky settlements came marching into the village,
+and were caught red-handed with scalps hanging at their belts.</p>
+
+<p>Clark was not slow to show his power.</p>
+
+<p>"Think, men," he said sternly, "of the cries of the widows and the
+fatherless on our frontier. Do your duty."</p>
+
+<p>Six of the savages were tomahawked before the fort, where the
+garrison could see them, and their dead bodies were thrown into the
+river.</p>
+
+<p>The British defended their fort for a few days, but could not stand
+against the fire of the long rifles. It was sure death for a gunner
+to try to fire a cannon. Not a man dared show himself at a porthole,
+through which the rifle bullets were humming like mad hornets.</p>
+
+<p>Hamilton the "hair buyer" gave up the defense as a bad job, and
+surrendered the fort, defended by cannon and occupied by regular
+troops, as he says in his journal, "to a set of uncivilized Virginia
+backwoodsmen armed with rifles."</p>
+
+<p>Tap! tap! sounded the drums, as Clark gave the signal, and down came
+the British colors.</p>
+
+<p>Thirteen cannon boomed the salute over the flooded plains of the
+Wabash, and a hundred frontier soldiers shouted themselves hoarse
+when the stars and stripes went up at Vincennes, never to come down
+again.</p>
+
+<p>The British authority over this region was forever at an end. It only
+remained for Clark to defend what he had so gallantly won.</p>
+<a name="page17"></a>
+<p>Of all the deeds done west of the Alleghanies during the war of the
+Revolution, Clark's campaign, in the region which seemed so remote
+and so strange to our forefathers, is the most remarkable. The vast
+region north of the Ohio River was wrested from the British crown.
+When peace came, a few years later, the boundary lines of the United
+States were the Great Lakes on the north, and on the west the
+Mississippi River.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap2"></a><a name="page18"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER II</h3>
+<center><b>A MIDWINTER CAMPAIGN</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>A splendid monument overlooks the battlefield of Saratoga. Heroic
+bronze statues of Schuyler, Gates, and Morgan, three of the four
+great leaders in this battle, stand each in a niche on three faces of
+the obelisk. On the south side the space is empty. The man who led
+the patriots to victory forfeited his place on this monument. What a
+sermon in stone is the empty niche on that massive granite shaft! We
+need no chiseled words to tell us of the great name so gallantly won
+by Arnold the hero, and so wretchedly lost by Arnold the traitor.</p>
+
+<p>Only a few months after Benedict Arnold had turned traitor, and was
+fighting against his native land, he was sent by Sir Henry Clinton,
+the British commander, to sack and plunder in Virginia. In one of
+these raids a captain of the colonial army was taken prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>"What will your people do with me if they catch me?" Arnold is said
+to have asked his prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>"They will cut off your leg that was shot at Quebec and Saratoga,"
+said the plucky and witty officer, "and bury it with the honors of
+war, and hang the rest of your body on a gibbet."</p>
+<a name="page19"></a>
+<p>This bold reply of the patriot soldier showed the hatred and the
+contempt in which Arnold was held by all true Americans; it also
+hints at an earlier fame which this strange and remarkable man had
+won in fighting the battles of his country.</p>
+
+<p>Now that war with the mother country had begun, an attack upon Canada
+seemed to be an act of self-defense; for through the valley of the
+St. Lawrence the colonies to the south could be invaded. The "back
+door," as Canada was called, which was now open for such invasion,
+must be tightly shut. In fact it was believed that Sir Guy Carleton,
+the governor of Canada, was even now trying to get the Indians to
+sweep down the valley of the Hudson, to harry the New England
+frontier.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration9">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="296">
+			<img src="images/09.jpg" alt="The Washington Elm in Cambridge, Massachusetts">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="296" align="center">
+			<small>The Washington Elm in Cambridge,<br>
+			Massachusetts, under which<br>
+			Washington took Command</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, under the old elm in Cambridge, Washington had taken
+command of the Continental army. Shortly afterwards he met Benedict
+Arnold for the first time. The great Virginian found the young
+officer a man after his own heart. Arnold was at this time captain of
+the best-drilled and best-equipped company that the patriot army
+could boast.<a name="page20"></a> He had already proved himself a man of energy and of
+rare personal bravery.</p>
+
+<p>Before his meeting with Washington, Arnold had hurried spies into
+Canada to find out the enemy's strength; and he had also sent Indians
+with wampum, to make friends with the redskins along the St.
+Lawrence. Some years before, he had been to Canada to buy horses; and
+through his friends in Quebec and in Montreal he was now able to get
+a great deal of information, which he promptly sent to Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Congress voted to send out an expedition. An army was to enter Canada
+by the way of the Kennebec and Chaudi�re rivers; there to unite
+forces with Montgomery, who had started from Ticonderoga; and then,
+if possible, to surprise Quebec.</p>
+
+<p>The patriot army of some eighteen thousand men was at this time
+engaged in the siege of Boston. During the first week in September,
+orders came to draft men for Quebec. For the purpose of carrying the
+troops up the Kennebec River, a force of carpenters was sent ahead to
+build two hundred bateaux, or flat-bottomed boats. To Arnold, as
+colonel, was given the command of the expedition. For the sake of
+avoiding any ill feeling, the officers were allowed to draw lots. So
+eager were the troops to share in the possible glories of the
+campaign that several thousand at once volunteered.</p>
+
+<p>About eleven hundred men were chosen, the very flower of the
+Continental army. More than one half of<a name="page21"></a> these came from New England;
+three hundred were riflemen from Pennsylvania and from Virginia,
+among whom were Daniel Morgan and his famous riflemen from the west
+bank of the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>On September 13, the little army left Cambridge and marched through
+Essex to Newburyport. The good people of this old seaport gave the
+troops an ovation, on their arrival Saturday night. They escorted
+them to the churches on Sunday, and on Tuesday morning bade them
+good-by, "with colors flying, drums and fifes playing, the hills all
+around being covered with pretty girls weeping for their departing
+swains."</p>
+
+<p>On the following Thursday, with a fair wind, the troops reached the
+mouth of the Kennebec, one hundred and fifty miles away. Working
+their way up the river, they came to anchor at what is now the city
+of Gardiner. Near this place, the two hundred bateaux had been
+hastily built of green pine. The little army now advanced six miles
+up the river to Fort Western, opposite the present city of Augusta.
+Here they rested for three days, and made ready for the ascent of the
+Kennebec.</p>
+
+<p>An old journal tells us that the people who lived near prepared a
+grand feast for the soldiers, with three bears roasted whole in
+frontier fashion, and an abundance of venison, smoked salmon, and
+huge pumpkin pies, all washed down with plenty of West India rum.</p>
+
+<p>Among the guests at this frontier feast was a half-breed Indian girl
+named Jacataqua, who had fallen in<a name="page22"></a> love with a handsome young officer
+of the expedition. This officer was Aaron Burr, who afterwards became
+Vice President of the United States. When the young visitor found
+that the wives of two riflemen, James Warner and Sergeant Grier, were
+going to tramp to Canada with the troops, she, too, with some of her
+Indian friends, made up her mind to go with them. This trifling
+incident, as we shall see later, saved the lives of many brave men.</p>
+
+<p>The season was now far advanced. There must be no delay, or the early
+Canadian winter would close in upon them. The little army was divided
+into four divisions. On September 25, Daniel Morgan and his riflemen
+led the advance, with orders to go with all speed to what was called
+the Twelve Mile carrying place. The second division, under the
+command of Colonel Greene, started the next day. Then came the third
+division, under Major Meigs, while Colonel Enos brought up the rear.
+There were fourteen companies, each provided with sixteen bateaux.</p>
+
+<p>These boats were heavy and clumsy. When loaded, four men could hardly
+haul or push them through the shallow channels, or row them against
+the strong current of the river. It was hard and rough work. And
+those dreadful carrying places! Before they reached Lake Megantic,
+they dragged these boats, or what was left of them, round the rapids
+twenty-four times. At each carrying place, kegs of powder and of
+bullets, barrels of<a name="page23"></a> flour and of pork, iron kettles, and all manner
+of camp baggage had to be unpacked from the boats, carried round on
+the men's backs, and reloaded again. Sometimes the "carry" was only a
+matter of a few rods, and again it was two miles long.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration10">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="186">
+			<img src="images/10.jpg" alt="A Map of Arnold's Route to Quebec">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="186" align="center">
+			<small>A Map of Arnold's<br>Route to Quebec</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>From the day the army left Norridgewock, the last outpost of
+civilization, troubles came thick and fast. Water from the leaky
+boats spoiled the dried codfish and most of the flour. The salt beef
+was found unfit for use. There was now nothing left to eat but flour
+and pork. The all-day exposure in water, the chilling river fogs at
+night, and the sleeping in uniforms which were frozen stiff even in
+front of the camp fires, all began to thin the ranks of these sturdy
+backwoodsmen.</p>
+
+<p>On October 12, Colonel Enos and the rear guard reached the Twelve
+Mile carrying place. The army that had set out from Fort Western with
+nearly twelve hundred men could now muster only nine hundred and
+fifty well men. And yet they were only beginning the most perilous
+stage of their journey. All about them stood the dark and silent
+wilderness, through which they were to make their way for sixteen
+miles, to reach the Dead River. In this dreaded route there were four
+carrying places. The last was three miles long, a third of which was
+a miry spruce and cedar swamp. It took<a name="page24"></a> five days of hardest toil to
+cut their way through the unbroken wilderness. Fortunately, the
+hunters shot four moose and caught plenty of salmon trout.</p>
+
+<p>Now began the snail-like advance for eighty-six miles up the crooked
+course of the Dead River. Sometimes they cut their way through the
+thickets and the underbrush, but oftener they waded along the banks.
+Then came a heavy rainstorm, which grew into a hurricane during the
+night. The river overflowed its banks for a mile or more on either
+side. Many of the boats sank or were dashed to pieces. Barrels of
+pork and of flour were swept away. For the next ten days, these
+heroic men seemed to be pressing forward to a slow death by
+starvation. Each man's ration was reduced to half a pint of flour a
+day.</p>
+
+<p>The old adage tells us that misfortunes never come singly. The rear
+guard under Colonel Enos, with its trail hewn out for it, had carried
+the bulk of the supplies; but, after losing most of the provisions in
+the freshet, he refused any more flour for his half-starved comrades
+at the front.</p>
+
+<p>On October 25, the rear guard having caught up with Greene's
+division, which was in the worst plight of all, encamped at a place
+called Ledge Falls. At a council of war held in the midst of a
+driving snowstorm, Enos himself voted at first to go forward; but
+afterwards he decided to go back. So the rear guard, grudgingly
+giving up two barrels of flour, turned their backs, and,<a name="page25"></a> in spite of
+the jeers and the threats of their comrades, started home. Greene and
+his brave fellows showed no signs of faltering, but, as a diary
+reads, "took each man his duds to his back, bid them adieu, and
+marched on."</p>
+
+<p>Just over the boundary between Maine and Canada there was a great
+swamp. In this bog two companies lost their way, and waded knee-deep
+in the mire for ten miles in endless circles. Reaching a little
+hillock after dark, they stood up all night long to keep from
+freezing. Each man was for himself in the struggle for life. The
+strong dared not halt to help the weak for fear they too should
+perish.</p>
+
+<p>"Alas! alas!" writes one soldier, "these horrid spectacles! my heart
+sickens at the recollection."</p>
+
+<p>That each man might fully realize how little food was left, a final
+division was made of the remaining provisions. Five pints of flour
+were given to each man! This must last him for a hundred miles
+through the pathless wilderness, a tramp of at least six days. In the
+ashes of the camp fire, each man baked his flour, Indian fashion,
+into five little cakes. Though the officers coaxed and threatened,
+some of the poor frantic fellows ate all their cakes at one meal.</p>
+
+<p>On November 2, our little army, scattered for more than forty miles
+along the banks of the Chaudi�re River, was still dragging out its
+weary way. Tents, boats, and camp supplies were all gone, except here
+and there a tin camp kettle or an ax. A rifleman tells us that one
+day<a name="page26"></a> he roasted and chewed his shot pouch, and adds, "in a short time
+there was not a shot pouch to be seen among all those in my view."
+For four days this man had not eaten anything except a squirrel skin,
+which he had picked up some days before.</p>
+
+<p>Several dogs that had faithfully followed their masters were now
+killed and roasted; and even their feet, skin, and entrails were
+eaten. Captain Dearborn tells us how downcast he was when he was
+forced to kill and eat his fine Newfoundland dog. He writes, "we even
+pounded up the dog's bones and made broth for another meal."</p>
+
+<p>A dozen men, who had been left behind to die, caught a stray horse
+that had run away from some settlement. They shot it and ate heartily
+of the flesh while they rested, and at last reached the main army.
+For seven days these men had had nothing for food but roots and black
+birch bark.</p>
+
+<p>The Indian girl Jacataqua, with a pet dog, still followed the troops.
+She proved herself of the greatest service as a guide. She knew,
+also, about roots and herbs, and these she prepared in Indian fashion
+for the sick and the injured. The men did not dare to kill her dog,
+for she threatened to leave them to their fate if they harmed the
+faithful animal.</p>
+
+<p>At one place James Warner, whose wife Jemima was marching with the
+troops, lagged behind, and, before his wife knew it, sank exhausted.
+The faithful woman ran back alone, and stayed with him until he died.
+She<a name="page27"></a> buried him with leaves; and then, taking his musket and girding
+on his cartridge belt, she hurried breathless and panting for twenty
+miles, until she caught up with the troops. And as for Sergeant
+Grier's good wife, she tramped and starved her way with the men. No
+wonder that one writer, a boy of seventeen at the time, says, as he
+saw this plucky woman wading through the rivers, "My mind was
+humbled, yet astonished at the exertions of this good woman."</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration11">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="348">
+			<img src="images/11.jpg" alt="Arnold's Men marching through the Flooded Wilderness">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="348" align="center">
+			<small>Arnold's Men marching through the Flooded Wilderness</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Where was the bold commander all this time, the man who was to lead
+these sturdy riflemen to easy victory? After paddling thirteen miles
+across Lake Megantic,<a name="page28"></a> Arnold performed one of those brilliant and
+reckless deeds for which he was noted. Perhaps no other man in the
+American army would have dared to do what he did. The remnant of his
+famishing soldiers must be saved, and the time was short.</p>
+
+<p>On October 28, he started down the swollen Chaudi�re River with only
+a few men and without a guide. Sartigan, the nearest French
+settlement where provisions could be bought, was nearly seventy miles
+away. The swift current carried the frail canoes down the first
+twenty miles in two hours. Here through the rapids, there over hidden
+ledges, now escaping the driftwood and the sharp-edged rocks, Arnold
+and his men wrestled with the angry river.</p>
+
+<p>At one place they plunged over a fall, and every canoe was capsized.
+Six of the men found themselves swimming in a large rock-bound basin,
+while the angry flood thundered thirty feet over the ledges just
+beyond them. The men swam ashore, thankful to escape death.</p>
+
+<p>The last twenty miles was tramped through the wilderness, but such
+was the energy of their leader that Sartigan was reached on the
+evening of the second day. Long before daybreak, cattle and bags of
+flour were ready, and, with a relief party of French Canadians on
+horseback, Arnold was on his way back to the starving army.</p>
+
+<p>Four days later, from the famished men in the frozen wilderness was
+heard far and wide the joyful cry, "Provisions!" "Provisions!"</p>
+<a name="page29"></a>
+<p>The cry was echoed from hill to hill, and along the snow-covered
+banks of the great river. The grim fight for life was over. They had
+won. How like a pack of famished wolves did they kill, cook, and
+devour the cattle!</p>
+
+<p>The next day, two companies dashed through the icy waters of the Du
+Loup River, and, shortly afterwards, greeted with cheers the first
+house they had seen for thirty days. Six miles beyond, was
+Sartigan,&mdash;a half dozen log cabins and a few Indian wigwams.</p>
+
+<p>A snowstorm now set in, but the joyful men hastily built huts of pine
+boughs, kindled huge camp fires, and waited for the stragglers. The
+severe Canadian winter was well begun. It kept on snowing heavily. As
+Quebec might be re�nforced at any moment, every captain was ordered
+to get his men over the remaining fifty-four miles with all possible
+speed.</p>
+
+<p>"Quebec!" "Quebec!" was in everybody's mouth.</p>
+
+<p>Five days later, on November 9, the patriots reached Point Levi, a
+little French village opposite Quebec. The people looked on with
+astonishment as they straggled out of the woods, a worn-out army of
+perhaps six hundred men, with faces haggard, clothing in tatters, and
+many barefooted and bareheaded. Over eighty had died in the
+wilderness, and a hundred were on the sick list. So pitiful and so
+ludicrous was their appearance that one man wrote in his diary that
+they "resembled those animals of New Spain called<a name="page30"></a> orang-outangs," and
+"unlike the children of Israel, whose clothes waxed not old in the
+wilderness, theirs hardly held together."</p>
+
+<p>With his usual bravado, Arnold planned to capture the "Gibraltar of
+America" at one stroke. He little knew that, a few days before, some
+treacherous Indians had warned the British commander of his approach.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of November 13, Arnold ferried five hundred of his men
+across the St. Lawrence, and climbed to the Heights of Abraham, at
+the very place where Wolfe had climbed to victory sixteen years
+before. At daybreak the walls of the city were covered with soldiers
+and with citizens. Within half a mile of the walls, which fairly
+bristled with cannon, the ragged soldiers halted and began to cheer
+lustily. The redcoats shouted back their defiance. Arnold wrote a
+letter to the governor of Quebec, demanding the surrender of the
+city. The bearer of the letter, although under a flag of truce, was
+not even allowed to come near the walls.</p>
+
+<p>After six days the little army slipped away one dark night, and
+tramped to a village some twenty miles to the west of Quebec. Here
+they hoped to join forces with Montgomery, who had already captured
+Montreal, and then come back to renew the siege.</p>
+
+<p>Ten days later, on December 1, Arnold paraded his troops in front of
+the village church to greet Montgomery with his army. The united
+forces, still less than a thousand men, now trudged their way back to
+Quebec. On<a name="page31"></a> arriving there, Montgomery boldly demanded the surrender
+of the town.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, on November 19, Sir Guy Carleton had left Montreal, and,
+having made his way down the river, in the disguise of a farmer,
+slipped into Quebec. This was the salvation of Canada.</p>
+
+<p>The British general was an able soldier. He at once took energetic
+steps for the defense of the city. At every available point he built
+blockhouses, barricades, and palisades; and mounted one hundred and
+fifty cannon. He took five hundred sailors from the war vessels to
+help man the guns, and thus increased the garrison to eighteen
+hundred fighting men.</p>
+
+<p>For two weeks the patriot army fired their little three-pounders, and
+threw several hundred "fire pills," as the men called them, against
+the granite ramparts and into the town. Even the women laughed at
+them, for they did no more harm than so many popguns. The redcoats
+kept up the bloodless contest by raking with their cannon the
+patriots' feeble breastworks of ice and snow.</p>
+
+<p>Montgomery spoke hopefully to his men, but in his heart was despair.
+How could he ever go home without taking Quebec? Washington and
+Congress expected it, and the people at home were waiting for it.
+When he bade his young wife good-by at their home on the Hudson, he
+said, "You shall never blush for your Montgomery." What was his duty
+now? Should he not make at least one desperate attempt? Did not Wolfe<a name="page32"></a>
+take equally desperate chances and win deathless renown? At last it
+was decided to wait for a dark night, in which to attack the Lower
+Town.</p>
+
+<p>At midnight on the last day of 1775, came the snowstorm so long
+awaited. The word was given, and about half past three the columns
+marched to the assault. Every man pinned to his hat a piece of white
+paper, on which was written the motto of Morgan's far-famed riflemen,
+"Liberty or Death!"</p>
+
+<p>Arnold and Morgan, with about six hundred men, were to make the
+attack on one side of the town, and Montgomery, with three hundred
+men, on the other side.</p>
+
+<p>The storm had become furious. With their heads down and their guns
+under their coats, the men had enough to do to keep up with Arnold as
+he led the attack. Presently a musket ball shattered his leg and
+stretched him bleeding in the snow. Morgan at once took command, and,
+cheering on his men, carried the batteries; then, forcing his way
+into the streets of the Lower Town, he waited for the promised signal
+from Montgomery.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, the precious moments slipped by, while the young Montgomery
+was forcing his way through the darkness and the huge snowdrifts,
+along the shores of the St. Lawrence. When the head of his column
+crept cautiously round a point of the steep cliff, they came face to
+face with the redcoats standing beside their cannon with lighted
+matches.</p>
+<a name="page33"></a>
+<p>"On, boys, Quebec is ours!" shouted Montgomery, as he sprang forward.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration12">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="481">
+			<img src="images/12.jpg" alt="The Midnight Attack on Quebec">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="481" align="center">
+			<small>The Midnight Attack on Quebec</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A storm of grape and canister swept the narrow pass, and the young
+general fell dead. In dismay and confusion, the column gave way. The
+command to retreat was hastily given and obeyed. Strange to say, so
+dazed were the British by the fierce attack that they, too, ran<a name="page34"></a> away,
+but soon rallied. The driving snow quickly covered the dead and the
+wounded in a funeral shroud.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy were now free to close in upon Morgan and his riflemen, on
+the other side of the town. All night long, fierce hand to hand
+fighting went on in the narrow streets, amid the howling storm of
+driving snow; and the morning light broke slowly upon scenes of
+confusion and horror. Morgan and his men fought like heroes, but they
+were outnumbered, and were forced to surrender.</p>
+
+<p>The rest of this sad story may be briefly told. Arnold was given the
+chief command. Although he was weakened from loss of blood, and
+helpless from his shattered leg, nothing could break his dauntless
+will. Expecting the enemy at any moment to attack the hospital, he
+had his pistols and his sword placed on his bed, that he might die
+fighting. From that bedside, he kept his army of seven hundred men
+sternly to its duty. In a month he was out of doors, hobbling about
+on crutches, and hopeful as ever of success.</p>
+
+<p>Washington sent orders for Arnold to stand his ground, and as late as
+January 27 wrote him that "the glorious work must be accomplished
+this winter." With bulldog grip, Arnold obeyed orders, and kept up
+the hopeless siege. During the winter, more troops came to his help
+from across the lakes, but they only closed the gaps made by
+hardships and smallpox.</p>
+<a name="page35"></a>
+<p>On the 14th of March, a flag of truce was again sent to the city,
+demanding its surrender.</p>
+
+<p>"No flag will be received," said the officer of the day, "unless it
+comes to implore the mercy of the king."</p>
+
+<p>A wooden horse was mounted on the walls near the famous old St.
+John's gate, with a bundle of hay before it. Upon the horse was
+tacked a placard, on which was written, "When this horse has eaten
+this bunch of hay, we will surrender."</p>
+
+<p>Although they were short of food, and were forced to tear down the
+houses for firewood, the garrison was safe and quite comfortable
+behind the snow-covered ramparts.</p>
+
+<p>The end of the coldest winter ever known in Canada save one came at
+last. The river was full of ice during the first week of May. A few
+days later, three men-of-war forced their way up the St. Lawrence
+through the floating ice, and relieved the besieged city. The salute
+of twenty-one guns fired by the fleet was joyful music to the people
+of Quebec. Amid the thundering of the guns from the citadel, the
+great bell of the Cathedral clanged the death knell to Arnold's
+hopes.</p>
+
+<p>The "Gibraltar of America" still remained in the possession of
+England.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap3"></a><a name="page36"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER III</h3>
+<center><b>HOW PALMETTO LOGS MAY BE USED</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>In 1775, in Virginia, the patriots forced the royal governor, Lord
+Dunmore, to take refuge on board a British man-of-war in Norfolk
+Harbor. In revenge, the town of Norfolk, the largest and the most
+important in the Old Dominion, was, on New Year's Day, 1776, shelled
+and destroyed. This bombardment, and scores of other less wanton acts
+of the men-of-war, alarmed every coastwise town from Maine to
+Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the fall of 1775, the British government planned to strike a
+hard blow against the Southern colonies. North Carolina was to be the
+first to receive punishment. It was the first colony, as perhaps you
+know, to take decided action in declaring its independence from the
+mother country. To carry out the intent of the British, Sir Henry
+Clinton, with two thousand troops, sailed from Boston for the Cape
+Fear River.</p>
+
+<p>The minutemen of the Old North State rallied from far and near, as
+they had done in Massachusetts after the battle of Lexington. Within
+ten days, there were ten thousand men ready to fight the redcoats.
+And so when Sir Henry arrived off the coast, he decided,<a name="page37"></a> like a
+prudent man, not to land; but cruised along the shore, waiting for
+the coming of war vessels from England.</p>
+
+<p>This long-expected fleet was under the command of Sir Peter Parker.
+Baffled by head winds, and tossed about by storms, the ships were
+nearly three months on the voyage, and did not arrive at Cape Fear
+until the first of May. There they found Clinton.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Peter and Sir Henry could not agree as to what action was best.
+Clinton, with a wholesome respect for the minutemen of the Old North
+State, wished to sail to the Chesapeake; while Lord Campbell, the
+royal governor of South Carolina, who was now an officer of the
+fleet, begged that the first hard blow should fall upon Charleston.
+He declared that, as soon as the city was captured, the loyalists
+would be strong enough to restore the king's power. Campbell, it
+seems, had his way at last, and it was decided to sail south, to
+capture Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the people of South Carolina had received ample warning.
+So they were not surprised when, on the last day of May, a British
+fleet under a cloud of canvas was seen bearing up for Charleston. On
+the next day, Sir Peter Parker cast anchor off the bar, with upwards
+of fifty war ships and transports. Affairs looked serious for the
+people of this fair city; but they were of fighting stock, and, with
+the war thus brought to their doors, were not slow to show their
+mettle.</p>
+<a name="page38"></a>
+<p>For weeks the patriots had been pushing the works of defense. Stores
+and warehouses were leveled to the ground, to give room for the fire
+of cannon and muskets from various lines of earthworks; seven hundred
+wagons belonging to loyalists were pressed into service, to help
+build redoubts; owners of houses gave the lead from their windows, to
+be cast into bullets; fire boats were made ready to burn the enemy's
+vessels, if they passed the forts. The militia came pouring in from
+the neighboring colonies until there were sixty-five hundred ready to
+defend the city.</p>
+
+<p>It was believed that a fort built on the southern end of Sullivan's
+Island, within point-blank shot of the channel leading into
+Charleston Harbor, might help prevent the British fleet from sailing
+up to the city. At all events it would be worth trying. So, in the
+early spring of 1776, Colonel William Moultrie, a veteran of the
+Indian wars, was ordered to build a square fort large enough to hold
+a thousand men.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration13">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="235">
+			<img src="images/13.jpg" alt="Colonel William Moultrie">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="235" align="center">
+			<small>Colonel William Moultrie</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The use of palmetto logs was a happy thought. Hundreds of negroes
+were set at work cutting down the trees and hauling them to the
+southern end of the island. The long straight logs were laid one upon
+another in two parallel rows sixteen feet apart, and were bound
+together with cross timbers dovetailed and bolted into the logs. The
+space between the two rows of logs was filled with sand. This made
+the walls of the fort.</p>
+<a name="page39"></a>
+<p>The cannon were mounted upon platforms six feet high, which rested
+upon brick pillars. Upon these platforms the men could stand and fire
+through the openings. The rear of the fort and the eastern side were
+left unfinished, being merely built up seven feet with logs.
+Thirty-one cannon were mounted, but only twenty-five could at any one
+time be brought to bear upon the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>On the day of the battle, there were about four hundred and fifty men
+in the fort, only thirty of whom knew anything about handling cannon.
+But most of the garrison were expert riflemen, and it was soon found
+that their skill in small arms helped them in sighting the artillery.</p>
+
+<p>One day early in June, General Charles Lee, who had been sent down to
+take the chief command, went over to the island to visit the fort. As
+the old-time soldier, who had seen long service in the British army,
+looked over the rudely built affair, and saw that it was not even
+finished, he gravely shook his head.</p>
+
+<p>"The ships will anchor off there," said he to Moultrie, pointing to
+the channel, "and will make your fort a mere slaughter pen."</p>
+<a name="page40"></a>
+<p>The weak-kneed general, who afterwards sold himself to the British,
+went back and told Governor Rutledge that the only thing to do was to
+abandon the fort. The governor, however, was made of better stuff,
+and, besides, had the greatest faith in Colonel Moultrie. But he did
+ask his old friend if he thought he really could defend the cob-house
+fort, which Lee had laughed to scorn.</p>
+
+<p>Moultrie was a man of few words, and replied simply, "I think I can."</p>
+
+<p>"General Lee wishes you to give up the fort," added Rutledge, "but
+you are not to do it without an order from me, and I will sooner cut
+off my right hand than write one."</p>
+
+<p>The idea of retreating seems never to have occurred to the brave
+commander.</p>
+
+<p>"I was never uneasy," wrote Moultrie in after years, "because I never
+thought the enemy could force me to retire."</p>
+
+<p>It was indeed fortunate that Colonel Moultrie was a stout-hearted
+man, for otherwise he might well have been discouraged. A few days
+before the battle, the master of a privateer, whose vessel was laid
+up in Charleston harbor, paid him a visit. As the two friends stood
+on the palmetto walls, looking at the fleet in the distance, the
+naval officer said, "Well, Colonel Moultrie, what do you think of it
+now?"</p>
+
+<p>Moultrie replied, "We shall beat them."</p>
+<a name="page41"></a>
+<p>"Sir," exclaimed his visitor, pointing to the distant men-of-war,
+"when those ships come to lay alongside of your fort, they will knock
+it down in less than thirty minutes."</p>
+
+<p>"We will then fight behind the ruins," said the stubborn patriot,
+"and prevent their men from landing."</p>
+
+<p>The British plan of attack, to judge from all military rules, should
+have been successful. First, the redcoat regulars were to land upon
+Long Island, lying to the north, and wade across the inlet which
+separates it from Sullivan's Island. Then, after the war ships had
+silenced the guns in the fort, the land troops were to storm the
+position, and thus leave the channel clear for the combined forces to
+sail up and capture the city.</p>
+
+<p>If a great naval captain like Nelson or Farragut had been in command,
+probably the ships would not have waited a month, but would at once
+have made a bold dash past the fort, and straightway captured
+Charleston. Sir Peter, however, was slow, and felt sure of success.
+For over three weeks he delayed the attack, thus giving the patriots
+more time for completing their defenses.</p>
+
+<p>Friday morning, June 28, was hot, but bright and beautiful. Early in
+the day, Colonel Moultrie rode to the northern end of the island to
+see Colonel Thompson. The latter had charge of a little fort manned
+by sharpshooters, and it was his duty to prevent Clinton's troops
+from getting across the inlet.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly the men-of-war begin to spread their topsails and raise
+their anchors. The tide is coming in.<a name="page42"></a> The wind is fair. One after
+another, the war ships get under way and come proudly up the harbor,
+under full sail. The all-important moment of Moultrie's life is at
+hand. He puts spurs to his horse and gallops back to the palmetto
+fort.</p>
+
+<p>"Beat the long roll!" he shouts to his officers, Colonel Motte and
+Captain Marion.</p>
+
+<p>The drums beat, and each man hurries to his chosen place beside the
+cannon. The supreme test for the little cob-house fort has come. The
+men shout, as a blue flag with a crescent, the colors of South
+Carolina, is flung to the breeze.</p>
+
+<p>Just as a year before, the people of Boston crowded the roofs and the
+belfries, to watch the outcome of Bunker Hill; so now, the old men
+and the women and children of Charleston cluster on the wharves, the
+church towers, and the roofs, all that hot day, to watch the duel
+between the palmetto fort and the British fleet.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Peter Parker has a powerful fleet. He is ready to do his work.
+Two of his ships carry fifty guns each, and four carry twenty-eight
+guns each. With a strong flood tide and a favorable southwest wind,
+the stately men-of-war sweep gracefully to their positions.
+Moultrie's fighting blood is up, and his dark eyes flash with
+delight. The men of South Carolina, eager to fight for their homes,
+train their cannon upon the war ships.</p>
+
+<p>"Fire! fire!" shouts Moultrie, as the men-of-war come within
+point-blank shot. The low palmetto cob house begins to thunder with
+its heavy guns.</p>
+<a name="page43"></a>
+<p>A bomb vessel casts anchor about a mile from the fort. Puff! bang! a
+thirteen-inch shell rises in the air with a fine curve and falls into
+the fort. It bursts and hurls up cart loads of sand, but hurts
+nobody. Four of the largest war ships are now within easy range. Down
+go the anchors, with spring ropes fastened to the cables, to keep the
+vessels broadside to the fort. The smaller men-of-war take their
+positions in a second line, in the rear. Fast and furious, more than
+one hundred and fifty cannon bang away at the little inclosure.</p>
+
+<p>But, even from the first, things did not turn out as the British
+expected. After firing some fifty shells, which buried themselves in
+the loose sand and did not explode, the bomb vessel broke down.</p>
+
+<p>About noon, the flagship signaled to three of the men-of-war, "Move
+down and take position southwest of the fort."</p>
+
+<p>Once there, the platforms inside the fort could be raked from end to
+end. As good fortune would have it, two of these vessels, in
+attempting to carry out their orders, ran afoul of each other, and
+all three stuck fast on the shoal on which is now the famed Fort
+Sumter.</p>
+
+<p>How goes the battle inside the fort? The men, stripped to the waist
+and with handkerchiefs bound round their heads, stand at the guns all
+that sweltering day, with the coolness and the courage of old
+soldiers. The supply of powder is scant. They take careful aim, fire
+slowly, and make almost every shot tell. The twenty-six-pound balls<a name="page44"></a>
+splinter the masts, and make sad havoc on the decks. Crash! crash!
+strike the enemy's cannon balls against the palmetto logs. The wood
+is soft and spongy, and the huge shot either bury themselves without
+making splinters, or else bound off like rubber balls.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, where was Sir Henry Clinton? For nearly three weeks he had
+been encamped with some two thousand men on the sand bar known as
+Long Island. The men had suffered fearfully from the heat, from lack
+of water, and from the mosquitoes.</p>
+
+<p>During the bombardment of Fort Sullivan, Sir Henry marched his men
+down to the end of the sand island, but could not cross; for the
+water in the inlet proved to be seven feet deep even at low tide.
+Somebody had blundered about the ford. The redcoats, however, were
+paraded on the sandy shore while some armed boats made ready to cross
+the inlet. The grapeshot from two cannon, and the bullets of Colonel
+Thompson's riflemen, so raked the decks that the men could not stay
+at their posts. Memories of Bunker Hill, perhaps, made the British
+officers a trifle timid about crossing the inlet, and marching over
+the sandy shore, to attack intrenched sharpshooters. Thus it happened
+that Clinton and his men, through stupidity, were kept prisoners on
+the sand island, mere spectators of the thrilling scene. They had to
+content themselves with fighting mosquitoes, under the sweltering
+rays of a Southern sun.</p>
+<a name="page45"></a>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration14">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="305">
+			<img src="images/14.jpg" alt="Defending the Palmetto Fort">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="305" align="center">
+			<small>Defending the Palmetto Fort</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>All this time, Sir Peter was doing his best to pound the fort down.
+The fort trembled and shook, but it stood. Moultrie and his men, with
+perfect coolness and with steady aim, made havoc of the war ships.
+Colonel Moultrie prepared grog by the pailful, which, with a negro as
+helper, he dipped out to the tired men at the guns.</p>
+
+<p>"Take good aim, boys," he said, as he passed from gun to gun, "mind
+the big ships, and don't waste the powder."</p>
+
+<p>The mainmast of the flagship Bristol was hit nine times, and the
+mizzenmast was struck by seven thirty-two-pound balls, and had to be
+cut away. In short, the flagship was pierced so many times that she
+would have sunk had not the wind been light and the water smooth.
+While the battle raged in all its fury, the carpenters worked like
+beavers to keep the vessel afloat.</p>
+<a name="page46"></a>
+<p>At one time a cannon ball shot off one of the cables, and the ship
+swung round with the tide.</p>
+
+<p>"Give it to her, boys!" shouts Moultrie, "now is your time!" and the
+cannon balls rake the decks from stem to stern.</p>
+
+<p>The captain of the flagship was struck twice, Lord Campbell was hurt,
+and one hundred men were either killed or wounded. Once Sir Peter was
+the only man left on the quarter-deck, and he himself was twice
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The other big ship, the Experiment, fared fully as hard as did the
+flagship. The captain lost his right arm, and nearly a hundred of his
+men were killed or wounded.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, these two vessels were about to be left to their fate, when
+suddenly the fire of the fort slackened.</p>
+
+<p>"Fire once in ten minutes," orders Colonel Moultrie, for the supply
+of powder is becoming dangerously small.</p>
+
+<p>An aid from General Lee came running over to the fort. "When your
+powder is gone, spike your guns and retreat," wrote the general.</p>
+
+<p>Moultrie was not that kind of man.</p>
+
+<p>Between three and five o'clock in the afternoon, the fire of the fort
+almost stopped. The British thought the guns were silenced. Not a bit
+of it! Even then a fresh supply of five hundred pounds of powder had
+nearly reached the fort. It came from Governor Rutledge with a note,
+saying, "Honor and victory, my<a name="page47"></a> good sir, to you and your worthy men
+with you. Don't make too free with your cannon. Keep cool and do
+mischief."</p>
+
+<p>How those men shouted when the powder came! Bang! bang! the cannon in
+the fort thunder again. The British admiral tries to batter down the
+fort by firing several broadsides at the same moment. At times it
+seemed as if it would tumble in a heap. Once the broadsides of four
+vessels struck the fort at one time; but the palmetto logs stood
+unharmed. A gunner by the name of McDaniel was mortally wounded by a
+cannon ball. As the dying soldier was being carried away, he cried
+out to his comrades in words that will never be forgotten, "Fight on,
+brave boys, and don't let liberty die with this day!"</p>
+
+<p>In the hottest of the fight, the flagstaff is shot away. Down falls
+the blue banner upon the beach, outside the fort.</p>
+<a name="page48"></a>
+<p>"The flag is down!" "The fort has surrendered!" cry the people of
+Charleston, with pale faces and tearful eyes.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration15">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="340">
+			<img src="images/15.jpg" alt="Sergeant Jasper saves the Flag">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="340" align="center">
+			<small>Sergeant Jasper saves the Flag</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Out from one of the cannon openings leaps Sergeant William Jasper.
+Walking the whole length of the fort, he tears away the flag from the
+staff. Returning with it, he fastens it to the rammer of a cannon,
+and plants it on the ramparts, amidst the rain of shot and shell.</p>
+
+<p>With the setting of the sun, the roar of battle slackens. The victory
+is Moultrie's. Twilight and silence fall upon the smoking fort. Here
+and there lights glimmer in the city, as the joyful people of
+Charleston return to their homes. The stars look down upon the
+lapping waters of the bay, where ride at anchor the shadowy vessels
+of the British fleet. Towards midnight, when the tide begins to ebb,
+the battered war ships slip their cables and sail out into the
+darkness with their dead.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, hundreds came from the city to rejoice with Moultrie
+and his sturdy fighters. Governor Rutledge came down with a party of
+ladies, and presented a silk banner to the fort. Calling for Sergeant
+Jasper, he took his own short sword from his side, buckled it on him,
+and thanked him in the name of his country. He also offered him a
+lieutenant's commission, but the young hero modestly refused the
+honor, saying, "I am not fitted for an officer; I am only a
+sergeant."</p>
+
+<p>For several days, the crippled British fleet lay in the harbor, too
+much shattered to fight or to go to sea. In<a name="page49"></a> fact, it was the first
+week in August before the patriots of South Carolina saw the last war
+ship and the last transport put out to sea, and fade away in the
+distance. The hated redcoats were gone.</p>
+
+<p>In the ten hours of active fighting, the British fleet fired
+seventeen tons of powder and nearly ten thousand shot and shell, but,
+in that little inclosure of green logs and sand, only one gun was
+silenced.</p>
+
+<p>The defense of Fort Sullivan ranks as one of the few complete
+American victories of the Revolution. The moral effect of the victory
+was perhaps more far-reaching than the battle of Bunker Hill. Many of
+the Southern people who had been lukewarm now openly united their
+fortunes with the patriot cause.</p>
+
+<p>Honors were showered upon the brave Colonel Moultrie. His services to
+his state and to his country continued through life. He died at a
+good old age, beloved by his fellow citizens.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap4"></a><a name="page50"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER IV</h3>
+<center><b>THE PATRIOT SPY</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>It was plain that Washington was troubled. As he paced the piazza of
+the stately Murray mansion one fine autumn afternoon, he was saying
+half aloud to himself, "Shall we defend or shall we quit New York?"</p>
+
+<p>At this time Washington's headquarters were on Manhattan Island, at
+the home of the Quaker merchant, Robert Murray; and here, in the
+first week of September, 1776, he had asked his officers to meet him
+in council.</p>
+
+<p>Was it strange that Washington's heart was heavy? During the last
+week of August, the Continental army had been defeated in the battle
+of Long Island. A fourth of the army were on the sick list; a third
+were without tents. Winter was close at hand, and the men, mostly new
+recruits, were short of clothing, shoes, and blankets. Only fourteen
+thousand men were fit for duty, and they were scattered all the way
+from the Battery to Kingsbridge, a distance of a dozen miles or more.</p>
+
+<p>The British army, numbering about twenty-five thousand, lay encamped
+along the shores of New York Bay and the East River. The soldiers
+were veterans, and<a name="page51"></a> they were led by veterans. A large fleet of war
+ships, lying at anchor, was ready to assist the land forces at a
+moment's notice. Scores of guard ships sailed to and fro, watching
+every movement of the patriot troops.</p>
+
+<p>To give up the city to the British without battle seemed a great
+pity. The effect upon the patriot cause in all the colonies would be
+bad. Still, there was no help for it. What was the use of fighting
+against such odds? Why run the risk of almost certain defeat?
+Washington always looked beyond the present, and he did not intend
+now to be shut up on Manhattan Island, perhaps to lose his entire
+army; so, with the main body, he moved north to Harlem Heights. Here
+he was soon informed by scouts that the British were getting ready to
+move at once. Whither, nobody could tell. Such was the state of
+affairs that led Washington to call his chief officers to the Murray
+mansion, on that September afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>Of course they talked over the situation long and calmly. After all,
+the main question was, What shall be done? Among other things, it was
+thought best to find the right sort of man, and send him in disguise
+into the British camp on Long Island, to find out just where the
+enemy were planning to attack.</p>
+
+<p>"Upon this, gentlemen," said Washington, "depends at this time the
+fate of our army."</p>
+
+<p>The commander in chief sent for Colonel Knowlton, the hero of the
+rail fence at Bunker Hill.</p>
+<a name="page52"></a>
+<p>"I want you to find for me in your regiment or in some other," he
+said, "some young officer to go at once into the British camp, to
+discover what is going on. The man must have a quick eye, a cool
+head, and nerves of steel. I wish him to make notes of the position
+of the enemy, draw plans of the forts, and listen to the talk of the
+officers. Can you find such a man for me this very afternoon?"</p>
+
+<p>"I will do my best, General Washington," said the colonel, as he took
+leave to go to his regiment.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving at his quarters that afternoon, Knowlton called together
+a number of officers. He briefly told them what Washington wanted,
+and asked for volunteers. There was a long pause, amid deep surprise.
+These soldiers were willing to serve their country; but to play the
+spy, the hated spy, was too much even for Washington to ask.</p>
+
+<p>One after another of the officers, as Knowlton called them by name,
+declined. His task seemed hopeless. At last, he asked a grizzled
+Frenchman, who had fought in many battles and was noted for his rash
+bravery.</p>
+
+<p>"No, no! Colonel Knowlton," he said, "I am ready to fight the
+redcoats at any place and at any time; but, sir, I am not willing to
+play the spy, and be hanged like a dog if I am caught."</p>
+
+<p>Just as Knowlton gave up hope of finding a man willing to go on the
+perilous mission, there came to him the painfully thrilling but
+cheering words, "I will undertake<a name="page53"></a> it." It was the voice of Captain
+Nathan Hale. He had just entered Knowlton's tent. His face was still
+pale from a severe sickness. Every man was astonished. The whole
+company knew the brilliant young officer, and they loved him. Now
+they all tried to dissuade him. They spoke of his fair prospects, and
+of the fond hopes of his parents and his friends. It was all in vain.
+They could not turn him from his purpose.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish to be useful," he said, "and every kind of service necessary
+for the public good becomes honorable by being necessary. If my
+country needs a peculiar service, its claims upon me are imperious."</p>
+
+<p>These patriotic words of a man willing to give up his life, if
+necessary, for the good of his country silenced his brother officers.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration16">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="327">
+			<img src="images/16.jpg" alt="Hale receiving his Orders from Washington">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="327" align="center">
+			<small>Hale receiving his Orders from Washington</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>"Good-by, Nathan!" "Don't you let the redcoats catch you!" "Good luck
+to you!" "We never expect to see you again!" cried his nearest
+friends in camp, as, in company with Colonel Knowlton, the young
+captain rode out that same afternoon to receive his orders from
+Washington himself.</p>
+<a name="page54"></a>
+<p>Nathan Hale was born, as were his eight brothers and his three
+sisters, in an old-fashioned, two-storied house, in a little country
+village of Connecticut. His father, a man of integrity, was a stanch
+patriot. Instead of allowing his family to use the wool raised on his
+farm, he saved it to make blankets for the Continental army. The
+mother of this large family was a woman of high moral and domestic
+worth, devoted to her children, for whom she sought the highest good.
+It was a quiet, strict household, Puritan in its faith and its
+manners, where the Bible ruled, where family prayers never failed,
+nor was grace ever omitted at meals. On a Saturday night, no work was
+done after sundown.</p>
+
+<p>Young Nathan was a bright, active American boy. He liked his gun and
+his fishing pole. He was fond of running, leaping, wrestling, and
+playing ball. One of his pupils said that Hale would put his hand
+upon a fence as high as his head, and clear it easily at a bound. He
+liked books, and read much out of school. Like two of his brothers,
+he was to be educated for the ministry. When only sixteen, he entered
+Yale College, and was graduated two years before the battle of Bunker
+Hill. Early in the fall of 1773, the young graduate began to teach
+school, and was soon afterwards made master of a select school in New
+London, in his native state.</p>
+
+<p>At this time young Hale was about six feet tall, and well built. He
+had a broad chest, full face, light blue eyes, fair complexion, and
+light brown hair. He had a<a name="page55"></a> large mole on his neck, just where the
+knot of his cravat came. At college his friends used to joke him
+about it, declaring that he was surely born to be hanged.</p>
+
+<p>Such was Nathan Hale when the news of the bloodshed at Lexington
+reached New London. A rousing meeting was held that evening. The
+young schoolmaster was one of the speakers.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us march at once," he said, "and never lay down our arms until
+we obtain our independence."</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, Hale called his pupils together, "gave them earnest
+counsel, prayed with them, and shaking each by the hand," took his
+leave, and during the same forenoon marched with his company for
+Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>The young officer from Connecticut took an active part in the siege
+of Boston, and soon became captain of his company. Hale's diary is
+still preserved, and after all these years it is full of interest. It
+seems that he took charge of his men's clothing, rations, and money.
+Much of his time he was on picket duty, and took part in many lively
+skirmishes with the redcoats. Besides studying military tactics, he
+found time to make up wrestling matches, to play football and
+checkers, and, on Sundays, to hold religious meetings in barns.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few hours after bidding good-by to General Washington,
+Captain Hale, taking with him one of his own trusty soldiers, left
+the camp at Harlem, intending at the first opportunity to cross Long
+Island Sound. There were so many British guard ships on the watch<a name="page56"></a>
+that he and his companion found no safe place to cross until they had
+reached Norwalk, fifty miles up the Sound on the Connecticut shore.
+Here a small sloop was to land Hale on the other side.</p>
+
+<p>Stripping off his uniform, the young captain put on a plain brown
+suit of citizen's clothes, and a broad-brimmed hat. Thus attired in
+the dress of a schoolmaster, he was landed across the Sound, and
+shortly afterwards reached the nearest British camp.</p>
+
+<p>The redcoats received the pretended schoolmaster cordially. A captain
+of the dragoons spoke of him long afterwards as a "jolly good
+fellow." Hale pretended that he was tired of the "rebel cause," and
+that he was in search of a place to teach school.</p>
+
+<p>It would be interesting to know just what the "schoolmaster" did in
+the next two weeks. Think of the poor fellow's eagerness to make the
+most of his time, drawing plans of the forts, and going rapidly from
+one point to another to watch the marching of troops, patrols, and
+guards. Think of his sleepless nights, his fearful risk, the
+ever-present dread of being recognized by some Tory. All this we know
+nothing about, but his brave and tender heart must sometimes have
+been sorely tried.</p>
+
+<p>From the midst of all these dangers Hale, unharmed, began his return
+trip to the American lines. He had threaded his way through the
+woods, and round all the British camps on Long Island, until he
+reached in safety the point where he had first landed. Here he had<a name="page57"></a>
+planned for a boat to meet him early the next morning, to take him
+over to the mainland.</p>
+
+<p>Many a patriotic American boy has thought what he should have done if
+he could have exchanged places with Nathan Hale on this evening. Near
+by, at a place then called and still called "The Cedars," a woman by
+the name of Chichester, and nicknamed "Mother Chick," kept a tavern,
+which was the favorite resort of all the Tories in that region. Hale
+was sure that nobody would know him in his strange dress, and so he
+ventured into the tavern. A number of people were in the barroom. A
+few minutes afterwards, a man whose face seemed familiar to Hale
+suddenly left the room, and was not seen again.</p>
+
+<p>The pretended schoolmaster spent the night at the tavern.</p>
+
+<p>Early the next morning, the landlady rushed into the barroom, crying
+out to her guests, "Look out, boys! there is a strange boat close in
+shore!"</p>
+
+<p>The Tories scampered as if the house were on fire.</p>
+
+<p>"That surely is the very boat I'm looking for," thought Hale on
+leaving the tavern, and hastened towards the beach, where the boat
+had already landed.</p>
+
+<p>A moment more, and the young captain was amazed at the sight of six
+British marines, standing erect in the boat, with their muskets aimed
+at him. He turned to run, when a loud voice cried out, "Surrender or
+die!" He was within close range of their guns. Escape was<a name="page58"></a> not
+possible. The poor fellow gave himself up. He was taken on board the
+British guard ship Halifax, which lay at anchor close by, hidden from
+sight by a point of land.</p>
+
+<p>Some have declared that the man who so suddenly left the tavern was a
+Tory cousin to Hale, and saw at once through the patriot's disguise;
+that, being quite a rascal, he hurried away to get word to the
+British camp. There seems to be no good reason, however, to believe
+that the fellow was a kinsman.</p>
+
+<p>However this may be, the British captured Captain Hale in disguise.
+They stripped him and searched him, and found his drawings and his
+notes. These were written in Latin, and had been tucked away between
+the soles of his shoes.</p>
+
+<p>"I am sorry that so fine a fellow has fallen into my hands," said the
+captain of the guard ship, "but you are my prisoner, and I think a
+spy. So to New York you must go!"</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration17">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="278">
+			<img src="images/17.jpg" alt="The Patriot Spy before the British General">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="278" align="center">
+			<small>The Patriot Spy before the British General</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>General Howe's headquarters were at this time in the elegant Beekman
+mansion, situated near what is now the corner of Fifty-First Street
+and First Avenue. Calm and fearless, the captured spy stood before
+the British commander. He bravely owned that he was an American
+officer, and said that he was sorry he had not been able to serve his
+country better. No time was to be wasted in calling a court-martial.
+Without trial of any kind, Captain Hale was condemned to die the
+death of a spy.<a name="page59"></a> The verdict was that he should be hanged by the neck,
+"to-morrow morning at daybreak."</p>
+
+<p>That night, which was Saturday, September 21, the condemned man was
+kept under a strong guard, in the greenhouse near the Beekman
+mansion. He had been given over to the care of the brutal Cunningham,
+the infamous British provost marshal, with orders to carry out the
+sentence before sunrise the next morning.</p>
+
+<p>"To-morrow morning at daybreak."</p>
+
+<p>How cruelly brief! Nathan Hale, the patriot spy, was left to himself
+for the night.</p>
+
+<p>When morning came, Cunningham found his prisoner ready. While
+preparations were being made, a young officer, moved in spite of
+himself, allowed Hale to sit in his tent long enough to write brief
+letters to his parents and his friends. The letters were passed to
+Cunningham to be sent. He read them, and as he saw the noble spirit
+which breathed in every line, the wretch<a name="page60"></a> began to curse, and tore the
+letters into bits before the face of his victim. He said that the
+rebels should never know they had a man who could die with such
+firmness.</p>
+
+<p>It was just before sunrise on a lovely Sabbath morning that Nathan
+Hale was led out to death. The gallows was the limb of an apple tree.
+Early as it was, a number of men and women had come to witness the
+execution.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration18">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="170">
+			<img src="images/18.jpg" alt="Statue of Nathan Hale">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="170" align="center">
+			<small>Statue of Nathan Hale, standing in City Hall Park in
+			New York City</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>"Give us your dying speech, you young rebel!" shouted the brutal
+Cunningham.</p>
+
+<p>The young patriot, standing upon the fatal ladder, lifted his eyes
+toward heaven, and said, in a calm, clear voice, "I only regret that
+I have but one life to lose for my country."</p>
+
+<p>These were his last words. The women sobbed, and some of the men
+began to show signs of sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>"Swing the rebel off!" cried Cunningham, in a voice hoarse with
+anger. The order was obeyed.</p>
+
+<p>Half an hour later, the body of the patriot spy was buried, probably
+beneath the apple tree, but the grave<a name="page61"></a> was not marked, and the exact
+spot is now unknown. A British officer was sent, under a flag of
+truce, to tell Washington of the fate of his gallant young captain.</p>
+
+<p>Thus died in the bloom of life, Captain Nathan Hale, the early martyr
+in the cause of our freedom. Gifted, educated, ambitious, he laid
+aside every thought of himself, and entered upon a service of the
+greatest risk to life and to honor, because Washington deemed it
+important to the sacred cause to which they had both given their best
+efforts.</p>
+
+<p>"What was to have been your reward in case you succeeded?" asked
+Major Tallmadge, Hale's classmate, of the British spy, Major Andr�,
+as his prisoner was being rowed across the Hudson River to be tried
+by court-martial.</p>
+
+<p>"Military glory was all I sought for," replied Andr�; "the thanks of
+my general and the approbation of my king would have been a rich
+reward."</p>
+
+<p>Hale did not expect, nor did he care, to be a hero. He had no thought
+of reward or of promotion. He sacrificed his life from a pure sense
+of what he thought to be his duty.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap5"></a><a name="page62"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER V</h3>
+<center><b>OUR GREATEST PATRIOT</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>If American boys and girls were asked to name the one great man in
+their country's history whom they would like to have seen and talked
+with, nine out of every ten would probably say, "Washington." Many an
+old man of our day has asked his grandfather or his great-grandfather
+how Washington looked. Indeed, so much has been said and written of
+the "Father of his Country" that we are apt to think of him as
+something more than human.</p>
+
+<p>Washington was truly a remarkable man, from whatever point of view we
+choose to study his life. He left, as a priceless legacy to his
+fellow citizens, an example of what a man with a pure and noble
+character can do for himself and for his country. Duty performed with
+faithfulness was the keynote to every word and every act of his life.</p>
+
+<p>Still, we must not overlook the fact that Washington was, after all,
+quite human. Like all the rest of us, he had his faults, his trials,
+and his failures. Knowing this, we are only drawn nearer to him, and
+find ourselves possessed of a more abiding admiration for the life he
+lived.</p>
+<a name="page63"></a>
+<p>Washington was tall, and straight as an arrow. His favorite nephew,
+Lawrence Lewis, once asked him about his height. He replied, "In my
+best days, Lawrence, I stood six feet and two inches, in ordinary
+shoes."</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration19">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="350">
+			<img src="images/19.jpg" alt="George Washington">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="350" align="center">
+			<small>George Washington</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>During his whole life, Washington was rather spare than fleshy. Most
+of his portraits, it is said, give to his person a fullness that it
+did not have. He once said that the best weight of his best days
+never exceeded two hundred and twenty pounds. His chest was broad but
+not well rounded. His arms and his legs were long, large, and sinewy.
+His feet and his hands were especially large. Lafayette, who aided us
+in the Revolution, once said to a friend, "I never saw so large a
+hand on any human being, as the general's."</p>
+
+<p>Washington's eyes were of a light, grayish blue, and were so deep
+sunken that they gave him an unusually serious expression. On being
+asked why he painted these eyes of a deeper blue than life, the
+artist said, "In a hundred years they will have faded to the right<a name="page64"></a>
+color." This painting, by Stuart, of the bust of Washington, is said
+to be wonderfully true to life.</p>
+
+<p>Many stories are told of the mighty power of Washington's right arm.
+It is said that he once threw a stone from the bed of the stream to
+the top of the Natural Bridge, in Virginia. Again, we are told that
+once upon a time he rounded a piece of slate to the size of a silver
+dollar, and threw it across the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, the
+slate falling at least thirty feet on the other side. Many strong men
+have since tried the same feat, but have never cleared the water.</p>
+
+<p>Peale, who was called the soldier artist, was once visiting
+Washington at Mount Vernon. One day, he tells us, some athletic young
+men were pitching the iron bar in the presence of their host.
+Suddenly, without taking off his coat, Washington grasped the bar and
+hurled it, with little effort, much farther than any of them had
+done. "We were indeed amazed," said one of the young men, "as we
+stood round, all stripped to the buff, and having thought ourselves
+very clever fellows, while the colonel, on retiring, pleasantly said,
+'When you beat my pitch, young gentlemen, I'll try again.'"</p>
+
+<p>At another time, Washington witnessed a wrestling match. The champion
+of the day challenged him, in sport, to wrestle. Washington did not
+stop to take off his coat, but grasped the "strong man of Virginia."<a name="page65"></a>
+It was all over in a moment, for, said the wrestler, "in Washington's
+lionlike grasp, I became powerless, and was hurled to the ground with
+a force that seemed to jar the very marrow in my bones."</p>
+
+<p>In the days of the Revolution, some of the riflemen and the
+backwoodsmen were men of gigantic strength, but it was generally
+believed, by good judges, that their commander in chief was the
+strongest man in the army.</p>
+
+<p>During all his life, Washington was fond of dancing. He learned in
+boyhood, and danced at "balls and routs" until he was sixty-four. To
+attend a dance, he often rode to Alexandria, ten miles distant from
+Mount Vernon. The year he died he was forced, on account of his
+failing health, to give up this recreation. "Alas!" he wrote, "my
+dancing days are no more."</p>
+
+<p>Many and merry were the dances at the army headquarters during the
+long winter evenings. General Greene once wrote to a friend, "We had
+a little dance and His Excellency and Mrs. Greene danced upwards of
+three hours, without once sitting down." Another winter, although
+they had not a ton of hay for the horses, as Greene wrote, and the
+provisions had about given out, and for two weeks there was not cash
+enough in camp to forward the public dispatches, Washington
+subscribed to a series of dancing parties.</p>
+
+<p>Amid all the hardships of campaign life, Washington was ever the same
+dignified and self-contained gentleman. At one time, the headquarters
+were in an old log<a name="page66"></a> house, in which there was only one bed. He alone
+occupied this, while the fourteen members of his staff slept on the
+floor in the same room. Food, except mush and milk, was scarce. At
+this homely but wholesome fare, the commander in chief presided with
+his usual dignity.</p>
+
+<p>For a man so large and so strong, Washington ate sparingly and of the
+simplest food. We are told that he "breakfasted at seven o'clock on
+three small Indian hoecakes, and as many dishes of tea." Custis, his
+adopted son, once said that the general ate for breakfast "Indian
+cakes, honey, and tea," and that "he was excessively fond of fish."
+In fact, salt codfish was at Mount Vernon the regular Sunday dinner.
+Even at the state banquets, the President generally dined on a single
+dish, and that of a very simple kind. When asked to eat some rich
+food, his courteous refusal was, "That is too good for me." People at
+a distance, hearing of the great man's liking for honey, took pride
+in sending him great quantities of it. During fast days, he
+religiously went without food the entire day.</p>
+
+<p>Washington was fond of rich and costly clothes. In truth, he was in
+early life a good deal of a dandy. His clothes were made in London;
+and from his long letters to his tailor we know that he was fussy
+about their quality and their fit. Even while away from home fighting
+Indians and making surveys, he did not neglect to write to London for
+"Silver Lace for a Hatt," "Ruffled Shirts;" "Waistcoat of superfine
+scarlet Cloth and gold<a name="page67"></a> Lace," "Marble colored Silk Hose," "a
+fashionable gold lace Hat," "a superfine blue Broadcloth Coat with
+silver Trimmings," and many other costly and highly colored articles
+of apparel worn by the rich young men of that period. As he grew
+older, he wore more subdued clothing, and in old age reminded his
+nephew that "fine Cloathes do not make fine Men more than fine
+Feathers make fine Birds."</p>
+
+<p>You have noticed, of course, the wrong spelling of certain words
+quoted from Washington's letters and journals. These words are
+spelled as he wrote them. The truth is, the "Father of his Country"
+was all his life a poor speller. He was always sensitive over what he
+called his "defective education." His more formal letters and his
+state papers were in many instances put into shape by his aids or his
+secretaries, or by others associated with him in official life.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration20">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="335">
+			<img src="images/20.jpg" alt="Washington before Trenton">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="335" align="center">
+			<small>Washington before Trenton</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>If Washington had an amiable weakness, it was for horses. From early
+boyhood, he was a skillful and daring rider. He rode on horseback,
+year in and year out, until shortly before his death. Many were the
+stories told by the "ragged Continentals" of the superb appearance of
+their commander in chief at the head of the army or in battle. In
+speaking of the battle of Monmouth, Lafayette said, "Amid the roar
+and confusion of that conflict I took time to admire our beloved
+chief, mounted on a splendid charger, as he rode along the ranks amid
+the shouts of the soldiers. I thought then,<a name="page68"></a> as now," continued he,
+"that never had I beheld so superb a man." Jefferson summed it all up
+in one brief sentence: "Washington was the best horseman of his age,
+and the most graceful figure that could be seen on horseback."</p>
+
+<p>During all his life, Washington was thrifty, and very methodical in
+business. He grew so wealthy that when he died his estate was valued
+at half a million dollars. This large fortune for those days did not
+include his wife's estate, or the Mount Vernon property, which he
+inherited from his brother. He was the richest American of his time.</p>
+
+<p>His management of the Mount Vernon estate would make of itself an
+interesting and instructive book. Of<a name="page69"></a> the eight thousand acres, nearly
+one half was under cultivation during the last part of its owner's
+life. We must not forget that at this time few tools and very little
+machinery were used in farming. At Mount Vernon, the negroes and the
+hired laborers numbered more than five hundred. The owner's orders
+were, "Buy nothing you can make within yourselves." The Mount Vernon
+gristmill not only ground all the flour and the meal for the help,
+but it also turned out a brand of flour which sold at a fancy price.
+The coopers of the place made the flour barrels, and Washington's own
+sloop carried the flour to market. A dozen kinds of cloth, from
+woolen and linen to bedticking and toweling, were woven on the
+premises.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration21">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="421">
+			<img src="images/21.jpg" alt="Mount Vernon">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="421" align="center">
+			<small>Mount Vernon, the Home of Washington</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<a name="page70"></a>
+<p>In 1793, although he had one hundred and one cows on his farms,
+Washington writes that he was obliged to buy butter for the use of
+his family. Another time, he says that one hundred and fifteen
+hogsheads of "sweetly scented and neatly managed Tobacco" were
+raised, and that in a single year he sold eighty-five thousand
+herring, taken from the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>For his services in the French and Indian Wars, Washington received
+as a bounty fifteen thousand acres of Western lands. By buying the
+claims of his fellow officers who needed money, he secured nearly as
+much more. After the Revolution, Washington and General Clinton
+bought six thousand acres "amazingly cheap," in the Mohawk valley. No
+wonder Washington was spoken of as "perhaps the greatest landholder
+in America."</p>
+
+<p>Like many other Southern proprietors, Washington had no end of bother
+with his slaves. He bought and sold negroes as he did his cattle and
+his horses, but, as he said, "except on the richest of Soils they
+only add to the Expense." In 1791, the slaves on the Mount Vernon
+estate alone numbered three hundred. In this same year, the owner
+wrote one day in his diary that he would never buy another slave; but
+the next night his cook ran away, and not being able to hire one,
+"white or black," he had to buy one. "Something must be done," he
+said, "or I shall be ruined. It would be for my Interest to set them
+free, rather than give them Victuals and Clooths."</p>
+<a name="page71"></a>
+<p>Washington was too kind-hearted ever to flog his slaves, and yet his
+kindness was often abused. Fat and lazy, they made believe to be
+sick, or they ran away, and they played all kinds of pranks. In his
+diary, we read the tale of woe. We are told that his slaves would
+steal his sheep and his potatoes; would burn their tools; and wasted
+six thousand twelvepenny nails in building a corn-house.</p>
+
+<p>Like other rich Virginians of his time, Washington kept open house.
+He once said that his home had become "a well resorted tavern."
+Indeed it was, for guests of all sorts and conditions were dined and
+wined to their hearts' content. According to the diary, it seemed to
+matter little whether it was a real nobleman, or a tramp "who called
+himself a French Nobleman," a sick or a wounded soldier, or "a Farmer
+who came to see the new drill Plow," all "were desired to tarry," to
+help eat the hot roasts and drink the choice wines.</p>
+
+<p>There seems to have been almost no end to the sums of money, both
+large and small, which Washington gave away. Through the pages of his
+ledgers, we find hundreds of items of cash paid in charity. Here are
+a few entries which are typical of the whole: "10 Shillings for a
+wounded Soldier"; "gave a poor Man $2.00"; "two deserving French
+Women, $25"; "a poor blind Man, $1.50"; "a Lady in Distress, $50";
+"the poor in Alexandria, $100"; "Sufferers by Fire, $300"; "School in
+Kentucky, $100." His lavish hospitality and his<a name="page72"></a> unceasing charity
+were a constant drain on his income. Had he not been so thorough in
+business, he surely would have been brought to financial ruin.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration22">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="307">
+			<img src="images/22.jpg" alt="General Washington and Staff riding through a Country Village">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="307" align="center">
+			<small>General Washington and Staff riding through a Country Village</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>After the war of the Revolution was over, Congress having failed to
+pay certain prominent officers of the army, an outbreak was
+threatened. A meeting was held at Newburgh, New York. Washington was
+there. Everybody present knew that he had served without pay and had
+advanced large sums from his private fortune, to pay the army
+expenses. There was a deathlike stillness when the commander in chief
+rose to read his address. His eyesight had become so poor that he was
+now using glasses. He had never worn these in public, but, finding
+his sight dim, he stopped reading, took his spectacles from his
+pocket, and put them on, saying quietly, "You will permit me to put
+on my spectacles. I have grown gray in the service of my country, and
+now find myself growing blind." It was not merely what the beloved
+general said, but the way he spoke the few, simple words. The pathos
+of this act, and the solemn address of this majestic man touched
+every heart. No wonder that some of the veterans were moved to tears.</p>
+
+<p>One day a schoolboy stood on the stone steps before the old State
+House, in Philadelphia, as the first President of the United States
+was driven up to make his formal visit to Congress. This small boy
+glided into the hall, under the cover of the long coats of the finely
+dressed escort. Boylike he climbed to a hiding place,<a name="page73"></a> from which he
+watched the proceedings with the deepest awe. The boy lived to write
+fifty years afterwards a pleasing description of the affair. He tells
+us that while Washington entered, and walked up the broad aisle, and
+ascended the steps leading to the speaker's chair, the large and
+crowded chamber "was as profoundly still as a house of worship in the
+most solemn pauses of devotion."</p>
+
+<p>On this occasion, Washington was dressed in a full suit of the
+richest black velvet, with diamond knee buckles, and square silver
+buckles set upon shoes japanned with the greatest neatness, black
+silk stockings, his shirt ruffled at the breast and the wrists, a
+light sword, his hair fully<a name="page74"></a> dressed, so as to project at the sides,
+and gathered behind in a silk bag, ornamented with a large rose of
+black ribbon. As he advanced toward the chair, he held in his hand
+his cocked hat, which had a large black cockade. When seated, he laid
+his hat upon the table. Amid the most profound silence, Washington,
+taking a roll of paper from his inside coat pocket, arose and read
+with a deep, rich voice his opening address.</p>
+
+<p>Those who knew Washington have said that his presence inspired a
+feeling of awe and veneration rarely experienced in the presence of
+any other American. His countenance rarely softened or changed its
+habitual gravity, and his manner in public life was always grave and
+self-contained. In vain did the merry young women at Lady
+Washington's receptions do their best to make the stately President
+laugh. Some declared that he could not laugh. Beautiful Nellie
+Custis, his ward and foster child, used to boast of her occasional
+success in making the sedate President laugh aloud.</p>
+
+<p>We may be sure that President Washington's receptions, every other
+Tuesday afternoon, were formal. On such occasions, he was in the full
+dress of a gentleman of that day,&mdash;black velvet, powdered hair
+gathered in a large silk bag, and yellow gloves. At his side was a
+long, finely wrought sword, with a scabbard of white polished
+leather. He always stood in front of the fireplace, with his face
+toward the door. He received each visitor with a dignified bow, but
+never shook hands, even with his<a name="page75"></a> nearest friends. He considered
+himself visited, not as a friend, but as President of the United
+States.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration23">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="430">
+			<img src="images/23.jpg" alt="Washington at Mount Vernon">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="430" align="center">
+			<small>Washington at Mount Vernon</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>While President, Washington used to give a public dinner, every
+Thursday at four o'clock, "to as many as my table will hold." He
+allowed five minutes for difference in watches, and, at exactly five
+minutes past four by his hall clock, went to the table. His only
+apology to the laggard guest was, "I have a cook who never asks
+whether the company has come, but whether the hour has come."</p>
+
+<p>If we may judge from the very full accounts of these grand dinners,
+as described in the diaries of the<a name="page76"></a> guests, they must have been stiff
+affairs. These people probably wrote the truth when they said, "glad
+it is over," "great formality," "my duty to submit to it," "scarcely
+a word was said," "there was a dead silence." No doubt there was much
+good food to eat and choice wine to drink, but the formal manners of
+the times were emphasized by awe of their grave host. Very few of the
+guests, both at Mount Vernon and at Philadelphia, failed to allude to
+the habit that Washington had of playing with his fork and striking
+on the table with it.</p>
+
+<p>It would take a book many times larger than this to tell you all that
+has been written about Washington's everyday life. Some day you will
+delight to read more about him, and learn why he was, in every sense
+of the word, a wise, a good, and a great man,&mdash;the man who "without a
+beacon, without a chart, but with an unswerving eye and steady hand,
+guided his country safe through darkness and through storm."</p>
+
+<p>Every young American should remember of Washington that "there is no
+word spoken, no line written, no deed done by him, which justice
+would reverse or wisdom deplore." His greatness did not consist so
+much in his intellect, his skill, and his genius, though he possessed
+all these, as in his honor, his integrity, his truthfulness, his high
+and controlling sense of duty&mdash;in a word, his <i>character</i>, honest,
+pure, noble, great.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap6"></a><a name="page77"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER VI</h3>
+<center><b>A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>We have certainly read enough about General Washington to know that
+he often planned to steal a march on the British. Don't you remember
+how surprised General Howe was one morning to find that Washington
+had gone to Dorchester Heights, with a big force of men, horses, and
+carts, and how he threw up breastworks, mounted cannon, and forced
+the British general after a few days to quit the good city of Boston?
+Haven't we also read how the "ragged Continentals" left their bloody
+footprints in the snow, as they marched to Trenton all that bitter
+cold night in December, 1777, and gave the Hessians a Christmas
+greeting they little expected?</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1779, England sent orders to General Clinton "to bring
+Mr. Washington to a general and decisive action at the opening of the
+campaign," and also "to harry the frontiers and coasts north and
+south."</p>
+
+<p>General Clinton wrote back that he had found "Mr. Washington" a hard
+nut to crack, but he would do his level best, he said, "to strike at
+Washington while he was in motion."</p>
+<a name="page78"></a>
+<p>The main American force was still in winter quarters in northern New
+Jersey, near New York. Various brigades were stationed up and down
+the Hudson as far as West Point. As at the beginning of the war, so
+now in 1779, the line of the Hudson from Albany to New York was the
+key to the general situation. Its protection, as Washington had
+written, was of "infinite consequence to our cause."</p>
+
+<p>The first real move in the game was made in May, when a large British
+force marched up, captured, and strongly fortified the two forts at
+Stony Point and Verplanck's Point, only thirteen miles below West
+Point. The enemy thus secured the control of King's Ferry, where
+troops and supplies for the patriot army were ferried across the
+Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>Our spies now sent word to Washington that the British were ready to
+move on some secret service. The patriot army was at once marched up,
+and went into camp within easy reach of West Point, to wait for the
+next move in the game. Once more these far-famed Hudson Highlands
+were to become the storm center of the struggle.</p>
+
+<p>For some reason, Clinton did not push farther up the Hudson. On the
+contrary, he began to make raids into various parts of the country,
+from Martha's Vineyard to the James River. These raids were marked by
+cruelties unknown in the earlier years of the war. The hated Tryon,
+once the royal governor of New York, led<a name="page79"></a> twenty-six hundred men into
+Connecticut. His brutal soldiers killed unarmed and helpless men and
+women, and sacked and burned houses and churches.</p>
+
+<p>One of Clinton's objects in sending out the raiders was to coax
+Washington to weaken his army by sending out forces to offset them,
+or to tease him into making what he called a "false move." Washington
+was, of course, keenly alive to the misery brought upon the people of
+the country by these brutalities, but he was too wise a general to
+run any risk of losing his hold upon the line of the Hudson. The
+Continental army could not muster ten thousand men. Although not
+strong enough to begin a vigorous campaign, yet it was sufficiently
+powerful to hold the key to the Highlands.</p>
+
+<p>Washington could, if need be, strike a quick, hard blow, either in
+New England or farther south. It might be, to be sure, a sort of side
+play, and yet it was to have the effect of a great battle. Indeed, it
+was high time to give the enemy another surprise.</p>
+
+<p>At length it was decided to attack Stony Point. Any open assault,
+however, would be hopeless. This stronghold, if taken at all, must be
+taken by night.</p>
+
+<p>What kind of place was this Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>It was a huge rocky bluff, shooting out into the river more than half
+a mile from the shore, and rising, at its highest point, nearly two
+hundred feet. It was joined to the shore by a marshy neck of land,
+crossed by a rude bridge, or causeway.</p>
+<a name="page80"></a>
+<p>The British had fortified the top of this rocky point with half a
+dozen separate batteries. The cannon were so mounted as to defend all
+sides. Between the fort and the mainland, two rows of logs were set
+into the ground, with their ends sharpened to a point and directed
+outwards, forming what is known in military language as an abatis.
+This stronghold was defended by six hundred men.</p>
+
+<p>Washington Irving well describes Stony Point as "a natural sentinel
+guarding the gateway of the far-famed Highlands of the Hudson." The
+British called it their "little Gibraltar," and defied the rebels to
+come and take it.</p>
+
+<p>And now for a leader! Who was the best man to perform this desperate
+exploit?</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration24">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="296">
+			<img src="images/24.jpg" alt="General Anthony Wayne">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="296" align="center">
+			<small>General Anthony Wayne</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>There was really no choice, for there was only one officer in the
+whole army who was fitted for the undertaking,&mdash;General Anthony
+Wayne.</p>
+
+<p>Wayne was a little over thirty years old. He was a fine-looking man
+with a high forehead and fiery hazel eyes. He had a youthful face,
+full of beauty. He liked handsome uniforms and fine military
+equipments. Some of his officers used to speak of him in fun as
+"Dandy Wayne." But the men who followed their dashing, almost
+reckless leader called him "Mad Anthony," and this name has clung to
+him ever since.</p>
+
+<p>Wayne was, without doubt, the hardest fighter produced on either side
+during the American Revolution.<a name="page81"></a> He had an eager love of battle; and
+he was cautions, vigilant, and firm as a rock. This gallant officer
+eagerly caught at the idea when the commander in chief told him what
+he wanted. And so it came to pass that Washington did the planning,
+and Wayne did the fighting.</p>
+
+<p>Washington's plans were made with the greatest care. The dogs for
+three miles about the fort were killed the day before the intended
+attack, lest some indiscreet bark might alarm the garrison. The
+commander in chief himself rode down and spent the whole day looking
+over the situation. Trusty men, who knew every inch of the region,
+guarded every road and every trail by which spies and deserters could
+pass.</p>
+
+<p>"Ten minutes' notice to the enemy blasts all your hopes," wrote
+Washington to Wayne.</p>
+
+<p>The orders were "to take and keep all stragglers."</p>
+
+<p>"Took the widow Calhoun and another widow going to the enemy with
+chickens and greens," reported Captain McLane. "Drove off twenty head
+of horned cattle from their pasture."</p>
+
+<p>The hour of attack was to be midnight. Washington hoped for a dark
+night and even a rainy one. Not a gun was to be loaded except by two
+companies who were to<a name="page82"></a> make the false attack. The bayonet alone was to
+be used, Wayne's favorite weapon. At Germantown, it was Wayne's men
+who drove the Hessians at the point of the bayonet. And at Monmouth,
+these men had met, with cold steel, the fierce bayonet charge of the
+far-famed British grenadiers.</p>
+
+<p>About thirteen hundred men of the famous light infantry were chosen
+to make the attack. Both officers and men were veterans and the
+flower of the Continental army.</p>
+
+<p>On the forenoon of July 15, the companies were called in from the
+various camps, and drawn up for inspection as a battalion,
+"fresh-shaved and well-powdered," as Wayne had commanded.</p>
+
+<p>At twelve o'clock the inspection was over, but the men, instead of
+being sent to their quarters, were wheeled into the road, with the
+head of the column facing southward. The march to Stony Point had
+begun.</p>
+
+<p>"If any soldier loads his musket, or fires from the ranks, or tries
+to skulk in the face of danger, he is at once to be put to death by
+the officer nearest him." One soldier did begin to load his gun,
+saying that he did not know how to fight without firing. His captain
+warned him once. The soldier would not stop. The officer then ran his
+sword through him in an instant. The next day, however, the captain
+came to Colonel Hull and said he was sorry that he had killed the
+poor fellow. "You performed a painful service," said Hull, "by which,<a name="page83"></a>
+perhaps, victory has been secured, and the life of many a brave man
+saved. Be satisfied."</p>
+
+<p>All that hot July afternoon, the men picked their way along rough and
+narrow roads, up steep hillsides, and through swamps and dense
+ravines, often in single file. No soldier was allowed to leave the
+ranks, on any excuse whatever, except at a general halt, and then
+only in company with an officer.</p>
+
+<p>At eight o'clock the little army came to a final halt at a farmhouse,
+thirteen miles from their camp, and a little more than a mile back of
+Stony Point. Nobody was permitted to speak. The tired men dropped
+upon the ground, and ate in silence their supper of bread and cold
+meat.</p>
+
+<p>A little later, Wayne's order of battle was read. For the first time
+the men knew what was before them. No doubt many a brave fellow's
+knees shook and his cheek grew pale, when he thought of what might
+happen before another sunrise.</p>
+
+<p>Until half past eleven o'clock they rested.</p>
+
+<p>Each man now pinned a piece of white paper "to the most conspicuous
+part of his hat or his cap," so that, in the thick of the midnight
+fight, he might not run his bayonet through some comrade. No man was
+to speak until the parapet of the main fort was reached. Then all
+were to shout the watchword of the night, "The fort's our own!"</p>
+
+<p>One of the last things that Wayne did was to write a letter to a
+friend at his home in Philadelphia, dated<a name="page84"></a> "Eleven o'clock and near
+the hour and scene of carnage." He wrote that he hoped his friend
+would look after the education of his children.</p>
+
+<p>"I am called to sup," he wrote, "but where to breakfast? Either
+within the enemy's lines in triumph, or in another world."</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration25">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="288">
+			<img src="images/25.jpg" alt="Pompey guiding General Wayne">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="288" align="center">
+			<small>Pompey guiding General Wayne</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Half past eleven! It was time to start.</p>
+
+<p>A negro, named Pompey, who sold cherries and strawberries to the
+garrison, was used as a guide. This shrewd darkey had got the British
+password for the night, by claiming that his master would not let him
+come in during the daytime, because he was needed to hoe corn. You
+will be glad to know that Pompey, as a reward for this eventful
+night's service, never had to hoe corn again, and that his master not
+only gave him a horse to ride, but also set him free.</p>
+
+<p>Wayne divided his little army into two main columns, to attack right
+and left, having detached two companies, with loaded guns, to move in
+between the two columns and make a false attack.</p>
+
+<p>Each column was divided into three parts. A "forlorn hope" of twenty
+men was to be the first to rush headlong into the hand to hand fight.
+Then followed an advance guard of one hundred and fifty men, who,
+with axes in hand and muskets slung, were to cut away the timbers.
+Last of all came the main body.</p>
+
+<p>The silent band reaches the edge of the marsh at midnight, the hour
+set by Washington for the assault.<a name="page85"></a> Wayne himself leads the right
+column, to attack by the south approach. The tide has not ebbed, and
+the water is in places waist deep. The marsh is fully six hundred
+feet across. No matter for that! Straight ahead the column moves as
+if on parade. Now they have crossed, and are close to the outer
+defense. The British pickets hear the noise, open fire, and give the
+general alarm. The drums on the hill beat the "long roll." Quick and
+sharp come the orders. The redcoats leap from the barracks, and in a
+few moments every man is at his post.</p>
+
+<p>Up rush the pioneers with their axes, and cut away the sharpened
+timbers the best they can in the darkness, while the bullets whiz
+over their heads. Then follow the main columns, who climb over, and
+form on the other side. Now they reach the second defense. They cut
+and tear away the sharp stakes. The bullets fall like hail. On, on,
+the two columns rush. They push up the steep hill, and dash<a name="page86"></a> for the
+main fort on the top. On the left, the "forlorn hope" has lost
+seventeen out of twenty men, either killed or wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, Colonel Murfree and his two companies take their stand
+directly in front of the fort, and open a brisk and rapid fire, to
+make the garrison believe that they are the real attacking party. The
+redcoats are surely fooled, for they hurry down with a strong force
+to meet them, only to find their fort captured before they can get
+back.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration26">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="331">
+			<img src="images/26.jpg" alt="Wayne leads the Assault">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="331" align="center">
+			<small>Wayne leads the Assault</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Wayne is struck in the head by a musket ball, and falls. The blood
+flows over his face. He fears in the confusion that he has received
+his death wound.</p>
+
+<p>He cries to his aids, "Carry me into the fort and let me die at the
+head of the column."</p>
+
+<p>Two of his officers pick up their gallant leader, and hurry forward;
+but it is only a scalp wound, and Wayne returns to the fight.</p>
+
+<p>Wayne's column scales the ramparts.</p>
+
+<p>The first man over shouts, "The fort's our own," and pulls down the
+British flag.</p>
+
+<p>The second main column follows.</p>
+
+<p>"The fort's our own!" "The fort's our own!" echoes and re�choes over
+the hills.</p>
+
+<p>The bayonet is now doing its grim work. The darkness is lighted only
+by the flashes from the guns of the redcoats. The bewildered British
+are driven at the point of the bayonet into the corners of the fort,
+and<a name="page87"></a> cry, "Mercy, mercy, dear Americans!" "Quarter! quarter!" "Don't
+kill us! we surrender!"</p>
+
+<p>At one o'clock the work was done,&mdash;thirty minutes from the time the
+marsh was crossed! As soon as they were sure of victory, Wayne's men
+gave three rousing cheers. The British on the war vessels in the
+river, and at the fort on the opposite side of the river, answered;
+for they thought that the attacking party had been defeated. The only
+British soldier to escape from Stony Point was a captain. Leaping
+into the Hudson, he swam a mile to the Vulture and told its captain
+what had happened. In this way the news of the disaster reached Sir
+Henry Clinton at breakfast.</p>
+<a name="page88"></a>
+<p>After the surrender, Wayne wrote the following letter to Washington:</p>
+<br>
+
+<blockquote><div align="right"><small>Stony Point, 16th July, 1779, 2 o'clock.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</small></div></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dear General,</small></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><small>The fort and garrison with Colonel Johnson are ours. Our officers and
+men behaved like men who are determined to be free.</small></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><div align="right"><small>Yours most
+sincerely,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
+Ant'y Wayne.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</small></div></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General Washington.</small></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<p>The news spread like wildfire. Wayne and his light infantry were the
+heroes of the hour.</p>
+
+<p>Two days afterwards, Washington, with his chief officers, rode down
+to Stony Point and heard the whole story. The commander in chief
+shook hands with the men, and "with joy that glowed in his
+countenance, here offered his thanks to Almighty God, that He had
+been our shield and protector amidst the dangers we had been called
+to encounter."</p>
+
+<p>Washington did not, of course, intend to hold Stony Point, for the
+enemy could besiege it by land and by water. The prisoners, the
+cannon, and the supplies were carried away, and very little was left
+to the foe but the bare rock of their "little Gibraltar."</p>
+
+<p>This exploit gave the Continental soldier greater confidence in
+himself. It proved to the British that the "rebel" could use the
+bayonet with as much boldness and effect as the proudest grenadier.
+The fight<a name="page89"></a> was not a great affair in itself. Only fifteen Americans
+were killed and eighty-three wounded; of the British, sixty-three
+were killed and some seventy wounded.</p>
+
+<p>As for Clinton, although he put on a bold face in the matter, and
+spoke of the event as an accident, he owned that he felt the blow
+keenly.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Washington" was still master of the situation.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap7"></a><a name="page90"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER VII</h3>
+<center><b>THE DEFEAT OF THE RED DRAGOONS</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>If what the proverb tells us is true, that it is always darkest
+before dawn, the patriots of the South in 1780 must indeed have
+prayed for the light. Affairs had gone rapidly from bad to worse. Sir
+Henry Clinton had come again from New York, and in May of that year
+had captured Charleston with all of Lincoln's army.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Henry went back to New York, leaving Lord Cornwallis in command.
+Washington desired to send his right-hand man, General Greene, to
+stem the tide of British success, but the Continental Congress chose
+to send General Gates.</p>
+
+<p>In August, this weak general was utterly defeated in the battle of
+Camden, in South Carolina. How the bitter words of General Charles
+Lee, "Beware lest your Northern laurels change to Southern willows,"
+must have rung in his ears! Gates fled from Camden like the commonest
+coward in the army. Mounted on a fast horse, he did not stop until he
+reached Charlotte, seventy miles away.</p>
+
+<p>No organized American force now held the field in the South, and the
+red dragoons easily overran Georgia and South Carolina. There seemed
+to be little left for<a name="page91"></a> Cornwallis to do; for the three Southern
+colonies were for the time ground under the iron heel of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Crushing blows, however, only nerved the leaders, Sumter, Pickens,
+Marion, Davie, and others, to greater efforts. The insolence, the
+cruelty, and the tyranny of the British soldiers, and the bitter
+hatred of the Tories, had brought to the front a new class of
+patriots. These men cared little about the original cause of the war,
+but the burning of their houses, the stealing of their cattle and
+their horses, and the brutal insulting of their wives and their
+daughters, aroused them to avenge their wrongs to the bitter end. And
+many were the skirmishes they brought about with the British.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty days had now passed since the battle of Camden, and Cornwallis
+on his return march had not yet reached the Old North State. It was
+still a long way to Virginia, and the road thither was beset with
+many dangers.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the British commander had intrusted to two of his
+officers, Tarleton and Ferguson, the task of pillaging plantations,
+raising and drilling troops among the Tories, and breaking up the
+bands of armed patriots.</p>
+
+<p>The brutal manner in which Tarleton and his men plundered, burned,
+and hanged does not concern this story.</p>
+
+<p>Ferguson was the colonel of a regular regiment that had been
+recruited in this country, instead of in England. With his kind heart
+and his winning manner, he was bold<a name="page92"></a> and brave, and always ready to
+take desperate chances in battle. He was noted for hard riding, night
+attacks, and swift movements with his troopers; and as a marksman he
+was unsurpassed. In short, Ferguson was just the leader to win the
+respect and the admiration of the Tories; and they eagerly enlisted
+in his service.</p>
+
+<p>With a few regulars and a large force of loyalists, he pushed his
+victories to the foot of the mountains, in the western borders of the
+Carolinas. For the first time, he learned that over the high ranges
+in front of him were the homes of the men who had been causing him
+annoyance, and who were harboring those that had fled before his
+advance.</p>
+
+<p>The proud young Briton now made the mistake of his life. He sent a
+prisoner, Samuel Phillips, over to the frontier settlements, to
+Colonel Isaac Shelby, with the insolent message that, if the
+"backwater" men did not quit resisting the royal arms, he would march
+his army over the mountains, and would straightway lay waste their
+homes with fire and sword, and hang their leaders.</p>
+
+<p>He little knew what kind of men he had stirred to wrath. The frontier
+settlers of Franklin and Holston, which grew into the great
+commonwealth of Tennessee, were, for the most part, Scotch-Irish
+people. They had grappled with the wilderness, and had hewn out homes
+for themselves. Along with their log cabins they had built
+meetinghouses and schoolhouses. Their life was<a name="page93"></a> full of ever-present
+peril and hardship; for they were engaged in a ceaseless struggle
+with the Indians. The minister preached with his gun at his side, and
+the men listened with their rifles within their grasp.</p>
+
+<p>As we should expect, these hardy settlers were generally stanch
+patriots. They believed in Washington and in the Continental
+Congress. They knew that British gold bribed the Indians, and
+furnished them with weapons to butcher their women and children. It
+was British gold, too, that hired the wild and lawless among them to
+enlist in the invading army; and it was British officers that drilled
+them to become expert in killing their brethren of the lowlands.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of the Revolution, these backwoodsmen were still fighting
+with the savages, and so had not taken an active part in the war on
+the seaboard. Like a rear guard of well-seasoned veterans, they stood
+between the Indians and their people on the coast.</p>
+
+<p>Now these hardy mountaineers took Ferguson's threat seriously. Their
+Scotch-Irish blood was up.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Shelby, one of the county lieutenants of Washington County,
+rode posthaste to John Sevier's home, sixty miles away, to carry
+Ferguson's threat.</p>
+
+<p>Sevier lived on the Nolichucky River, and from his deeds of daring
+and his hospitality was nicknamed "Chucky Jack." When Shelby arrived,
+it was a day of merrymaking. They were having a barbecue; that is,
+they were roasting oxen whole on great spits; and a<a name="page94"></a> horse race was to
+be run. The colonel told his story, and the merrymakers agreed to
+turn out.</p>
+
+<p>Shelby now rode home at full speed to muster his own men, and sent
+urgent word to Colonel William Campbell, a famous Indian fighter, who
+lived forty miles away, to call out the Holston Virginians.</p>
+
+<p>The place appointed for meeting was at Sycamore Shoals, a central
+point on the Watauga River. The day set was September 25.</p>
+
+<p>Hither came Shelby and Sevier with about five hundred men, William
+Campbell with four hundred Virginians, and McDowell with about one
+hundred and sixty refugees from North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>Word was sent to Colonel Cleveland, a hunter and Indian fighter of
+Wilkes County in North Carolina, to come with all the men he could
+raise east of the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Sevier tried in vain to borrow money to furnish the men with
+horses and supplies. The people were willing to give their last
+dollar, but they had paid out all their money for land, and the cash
+was in the hands of the county entry taker, John Adair.</p>
+
+<p>Sevier appealed to him.</p>
+
+<p>This patriot's reply is historic: "I have no authority by law,
+Colonel Sevier, to make that disposition of this money. It belongs to
+the treasury of North Carolina, and I dare not appropriate a penny of
+it to any purpose. But if the country is overrun by the British,
+liberty is<a name="page95"></a> gone. Let the money go, too. Take it. If the enemy, by its
+use, is driven from the country, I can trust that country to justify
+and vindicate my conduct. Take it."</p>
+
+<p>This money, thirteen thousand dollars in silver and gold, was taken,
+and the supplies bought. Shelby and Sevier pledged themselves to
+refund the money, or to have the act legalized by the legislature.</p>
+
+<p>September 25 was a day of intense excitement in those frontier
+settlements. The entire military force of what is now Tennessee met
+at Sycamore Shoals. The younger and more vigorous men were to march,
+while the older men with poorer guns were to remain behind, to help
+the women defend their homes against the savages. But all came, to
+bid good-by to husbands, to brothers, and to lovers. Food, horses,
+guns, blankets,&mdash;everything except money was brought without stint.</p>
+
+<p>The backwoodsmen were mounted on swift, wiry horses. Their long
+hunting shirts were girded with bead-worked belts. Some wore caps
+made of mink or of coonskins, with the tails hanging down behind;
+others had soft hats, in each of which was fastened either a sprig of
+evergreen or a buck's tail.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all were armed with what was called the Deckhard rifle,
+remarkable for the precision and the distance of its shot. Every man
+carried a tomahawk and a scalping knife. There was not a bayonet in
+the whole force. Here and there an officer wore a sword.</p>
+<a name="page96"></a>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration27">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="284">
+			<img src="images/27.jpg" alt="Praying for the Success of the Riflemen">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="284" align="center">
+			<small>Praying for the Success of the Riflemen</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>There was no staff, no commissary, no quartermaster, and no surgeon.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the morning of September 26, the little army was ready to
+march. Before leaving camp, all met in an open grove to hear their
+minister, the Rev. Samuel Doak, invoke divine blessing on their
+perilous undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>Years before, this God-fearing man had crossed the mountains, driving
+before him an "old flea-bitten gray horse" loaded with Bibles, and
+had cast his lot with the Holston settlers. By his energy in founding
+churches and in building schoolhouses, as well as by his skill in
+shooting Indians, he had become a potent influence for good among
+these frontier people.</p>
+
+<p>Every man doffed his hat and bowed his head on his long rifle, as the
+white-headed Presbyterian prayed in burning words that they might
+stand bravely in battle, and that the sword of the Lord and of Gideon
+might smite their foes.</p>
+<a name="page97"></a>
+<p>Our little army now pushed on over the mountains. On the third day
+they crossed the Blue Ridge, and saw far away the fertile valleys of
+the upper Catawba. The next day they reached the lovely lowlands,
+where Colonel Cleveland with three hundred and fifty militia joined
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Hitherto, each band of the mountain army had been under the command
+of its own leader. Some of the men were unruly; others were disposed
+to plunder. This would never do, if they were to be successful; and
+so, on October 2, it was decided to give the supreme command to
+Colonel Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Before the army set out on the following day, the colonels told their
+men what was expected of them.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, my brave fellows," said Colonel Cleveland, "the redcoats are at
+hand. We must up and at them. When the pinch comes, I shall be with
+you."</p>
+
+<p>"Everybody must be his own officer!" cried Colonel Shelby. "Give them
+Indian play, boys; and now if a single man among you wants to go back
+home, this is your chance; let him step three paces to the rear."</p>
+
+<p>Not a man did so.</p>
+
+<p>The pioneer army continued its march, picking up small bands of
+refugees. When they reached Gilberttown the next night, they numbered
+nearly fifteen hundred men. They hoped to find Ferguson at this
+place, but the wily partisan had sharp eyes and quick ears. He had
+been told by his Tory friends that the army of riflemen were after
+him.</p>
+<a name="page98"></a>
+<p>The Briton sent posthaste to Cornwallis for more men; he called upon
+the Tories to rally to his support; and he issued a proclamation, in
+which he called the backwoodsmen "the dregs of mankind," "a set of
+mongrels," and other bad names. "Something must be done," he wrote to
+Cornwallis.</p>
+
+<p>All this showed to the patriot riflemen that Ferguson was retreating
+because he feared them. Doubtless he would have escaped easily enough
+from ordinary soldiers; but his pursuers were made of different
+stuff. They had hunted wild beasts and savages all their lives. Now
+they were after the redcoats in the same way they would pursue a band
+of Indians. They had come over the mountains to fight, and fight they
+would.</p>
+
+<p>Seven hundred and fifty men, mounted on the strongest horses, now
+hurried forward, leaving the rest to follow.</p>
+
+<p>At sunset, on October 6, they reached Cowpens, where three months
+later Morgan was to defeat Tarleton. Here several hundred militia
+under noted partisan leaders joined them. Seated round their blazing
+camp fires, the hungry men roasted for supper the corn which they had
+stripped from the field of a rich Tory.</p>
+
+<p>The colonels decided in council to pick out about nine hundred men,
+and with these to push on all night in pursuit of their hated foe.
+Some were so eager to fight that they followed on foot, and actually
+arrived in time for the battle.</p>
+<a name="page99"></a>
+<p>All this time Ferguson was working to keep out of the way of the
+patriots. Several large bands of Tories were already on their way to
+help him. He also expected help from Cornwallis. The one thing needed
+was a day or two of time, and then he would be able to make a stand
+against his pursuers.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration28">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="347">
+			<img src="images/28.jpg" alt="A Map of the Military Operations in the Carolinas">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="347" align="center">
+			<small>A Map of the Military Operations in the Carolinas</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>On the same night of October 6, Ferguson halted at King's Mountain,
+about a day's march from the riflemen at Cowpens, and thirty-five
+miles from the camp of Cornwallis. The ridge on which he pitched his
+camp was nearly half a mile long, and about sixty feet above the
+level of the valley. Its steep sides were covered with timber.</p>
+
+<p>The next day the British did not move. The heavy baggage wagons were
+massed along the northeast part of the ridge, while the soldiers
+camped on the south side.</p>
+<a name="page100"></a>
+<p>In his pride, the haughty young Briton declared that he could defend
+the hill against any rebel force, and "that God Almighty Himself
+could not drive him from it."</p>
+
+<p>Through that dark and rainy night the mountaineers marched. It rained
+hard all the next forenoon, but the men wrapped their blankets and
+the skirts of their hunting shirts round their gunlocks, and hurried
+on after Ferguson. A few of Shelby's men stopped at a Tory's house.</p>
+
+<p>"How many are there of you?" asked a young girl.</p>
+
+<p>"Enough," said one of the riflemen, "to whip Ferguson, if we can
+catch him."</p>
+
+<p>"He is on that hill yonder," replied the girl, pointing to the high
+range about three miles away.</p>
+
+<p>Shelby had sent out Enoch Gilmer as a spy. He came back, saying that
+he had met a young woman who had been at the enemy's camp to sell
+chickens, and that Ferguson was encamped on the spot where some
+hunters had been the year before. These same hunters were with
+Shelby, and at once said they knew every inch of the way. Two
+captured Tories were compelled to tell how the British leader was
+dressed.</p>
+
+<p>It was now three o'clock. It had stopped raining, and the sun was
+shining. All was hurry and bustle. The plan was to surround the hill,
+to give the men a better chance to fire upward, without firing into
+each other.</p>
+
+<p>When the patriots came within about a mile of the ridge, they
+dismounted and tied their horses. The<a name="page101"></a> watchword was "Buford," the
+name of the brave officer whose troops had been massacred by Tarleton
+after their surrender. Each man was ordered to fight for himself. He
+might retreat before the British bayonets, but he must rally at once
+to the fight, and let the redcoats have "Indian play."</p>
+
+<p>Sevier led the right wing. Some of his men by hard riding got to the
+rear of Ferguson's army, and cut off the only chance for retreat.
+Cleveland had charge of the left wing, while Campbell and Shelby were
+to attack in front. So swiftly did the different detachments reach
+their<a name="page102"></a> places that Ferguson found himself attacked on every side at
+once.</p>
+
+<p>On horseback the gallant Briton leads his regulars in a bayonet
+charge down the steep hillside. With the Indian war whoop, which
+echoes and re�choes, Campbell's riflemen rush forward. They have no
+bayonets, and are driven down the hill. In a voice of thunder,
+Campbell rallies his men, and up the hill they go with a still
+deadlier fire, as the regulars retreat.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration29">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="348">
+			<img src="images/29.jpg" alt="Charging the British at King's Mountain">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="348" align="center">
+			<small>Charging the British at King's Mountain</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Now Shelby's men swarm up on the other side. Again the bayonets drive
+these new foes down the rocky cliffs. No sooner do the redcoats
+retire, than up comes Shelby again at the head of his men, nearer the
+top than before.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the riflemen, behind every tree and every rock, were
+picking off the redcoats. Clad in a hunting shirt, and blowing his
+silver whistle, the brave Ferguson dashes here and there to rally his
+men. He cuts and slashes with his sword until it is broken off at the
+hilt. Two horses are killed under him.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the Tories raise a white flag. Ferguson rides up and cuts it
+down. A second flag is raised elsewhere. He rides there and cuts that
+down.</p>
+
+<p>Now he flies at Sevier's riflemen, who had just made their way to the
+top of the hill. At once they recognize their man. In an instant,
+half a dozen bullets strike the gallant officer, and he falls dead
+from his horse. No longer is the shrill whistle heard.</p>
+<a name="page103"></a>
+<p>Colonel De Peyster, the next in command, bravely keeps up the fight,
+but the deadly rifles have done their work. The British are hemmed in
+and there is no escape. At the head of their men the several colonels
+arrive at the top of the hill about the same time. The Tories are now
+huddled together near the baggage wagons.</p>
+
+<p>"Quarter! quarter!" they cry everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>"Remember Buford!" madly shout the victorious patriots.</p>
+
+<p>"Throw down your arms, if you want quarter!" cries Shelby.</p>
+
+<p>In despair, De Peyster at last raises a white flag, and white
+handkerchiefs are waved from ramrods. Some of the younger
+backwoodsmen did not know what a white flag meant, and kept on
+firing. The colonels ordered them to stop, and then made the Tories
+take off their hats and sit down on the ground.</p>
+
+<p>There had been fierce and bloody work this beautiful autumn
+afternoon, on the crest of that rocky hill. Friends, neighbors, and
+relatives, in their bitter hatred, taunted and jeered one another, as
+they shot and stabbed in the desperate struggle.</p>
+
+<p>Ferguson had about eleven hundred men in the action. Of these about
+four hundred were killed, wounded, or missing, and some seven hundred
+made prisoners. Of the patriots, twenty-eight were killed and about
+sixty wounded.</p>
+<a name="page104"></a>
+<p>Under bold and resolute leaders, the backwoods riflemen had swept
+over the mountains like a Highland clan. Their work done, they wished
+to return home. They knew too well the dangers of an Indian attack on
+those they had left in their distant log cabins.</p>
+
+<p>After burying their dead, and loading their horses with the captured
+guns and supplies, the victors shouldered their rifles, and, carrying
+their wounded on litters made of the captured tents, vanished from
+the mountains as suddenly as they had appeared.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the defeat of the red dragoons at King's Mountain. It proved
+to be one of the decisive battles of the Revolution, and was the turn
+of the tide of British success in the South. The courage of the
+Southern patriots rose at a bound, and the Tories of the Carolinas
+never recovered from the blow.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap8"></a><a name="page105"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER VIII</h3>
+<center><b>FROM TEAMSTER TO MAJOR GENERAL</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>On July 3, 1775, under the great elm on Cambridge Common, Washington
+took command of the patriot army. During the siege of Boston, which
+followed, his headquarters were in that fine old mansion, the Craigie
+house, where, from time to time, met men whose names became great in
+the history of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration30">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="311">
+			<img src="images/30.jpg" alt="Washington taking Command of the American Army, at Cambridge">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="311" align="center">
+			<small>Washington taking Command of the American Army, at Cambridge</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Hither came to consult with the commander in chief three men who died
+hated and scorned by their countrymen. The first was Horatio Gates, a
+vainglorious man, given to intrigue and treachery. Next came tall and
+slovenly Charles Lee of Virginia, a restless adventurer, who, by his
+cowardice in the battle of Monmouth, stirred even Washington to
+anger. Then there was a young man for whom Washington had a peculiar
+liking on account of his great personal bravery, who afterward became
+the despised Benedict Arnold.</p>
+
+<p>But here were also gathered men of another stamp,&mdash;men whom the
+nation delights to honor. From the granite hills of New Hampshire,
+came rough and ready John Stark, who afterwards whipped the British
+at Bennington. From little Rhode Island, came Nathanael Greene, a
+young Quaker, who began life as a blacksmith,<a name="page106"></a> but who became the
+ablest general of the Revolution except Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Into this group of patriot leaders came also Daniel Morgan of
+Virginia. Little is known of the early life of this remarkable man.
+He would rarely say anything about his family. It is believed that he
+was born of obscure Welsh people, in New Jersey, about the year 1737.</p>
+
+<p>At seventeen, Morgan could barely read and write. He was rude of
+speech and uncouth in manners, but his heart was brave, and he
+scorned to lie.</p>
+
+<p>The next two years did wonders for this awkward boy. He grew to be
+over six feet tall, with limbs of fine build, and with muscles like
+iron. In some way he had found time to study, and was regarded by the
+village people as a promising young fellow.</p>
+
+<p>Stirring times were at hand. The bitter struggle between the French
+and the English in the Ohio valley was raging.</p>
+
+<p>Morgan at once enlisted in the Virginia troops, and served one of the
+companies as a teamster. An incident revealed the stuff of which the
+young wagoner was made. The captain of his company had trouble with a
+surly fellow who was a great bully and a skillful boxer. It was
+agreed, according to the unwritten rules of the time, that the matter
+should be settled by a fight at the next stopping place; and so when
+the troops halted for dinner, out strode the captain to meet his foe.</p>
+<a name="page107"></a>
+<p>"You must not fight this man," said Morgan, stepping to the front.</p>
+
+<p>"Why not?" asked the officer.</p>
+
+<p>"Because you are our captain," replied the young teamster, "and if
+the fellow whips you, we shall all be disgraced. Let me fight him,
+and if he whips me, it will not hurt the name of the company."</p>
+
+<p>The captain said it would never do, but at last yielded. Morgan
+promptly gave the bully a sound thrashing.</p>
+
+<p>After the defeat of Braddock, in 1755, the French and the redskins
+wreaked their vengeance upon the terrified frontier settlements. A
+regiment of a thousand men was raised, and Washington was made its
+colonel. With this small force, he was supposed to guard a frontier
+of two hundred and fifty miles.</p>
+
+<p>Morgan enlisted as a teamster. It was his duty to carry supplies to
+the various military posts on this long frontier. This meant almost
+daily exposure to all kinds<a name="page108"></a> of dangers. It was a rough, hard school
+for a young man of twenty; but it made him an expert with the rifle
+and the tomahawk, and a master of Indian warfare, which was so useful
+to him in after years.</p>
+
+<p>During one of these wild campaigns on the frontier, a British captain
+took offense at something young Morgan had said or done, and struck
+him with the flat of his sword. This was too much for the high-strung
+teamster. He straightway knocked the redcoat officer senseless.</p>
+
+<p>A drumhead court-martial sentenced the young Virginian to receive one
+hundred lashes on the bare back. He was at once stripped, tied up,
+and punished. Morgan said in joke that there was a miscount, and that
+he actually received only ninety-nine blows. With his wonderful power
+of endurance, the young fellow stood the punishment like a hero, and
+came out of it alive and defiant.</p>
+
+<p>This act, extreme even in those days of British cruelty, doubtless
+nerved him to incredible deeds of bravery in fighting the hated
+redcoats.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after this, he became a private in the militia. He made his
+mark when the French and Indians attacked a fort near Winchester. The
+story is that he killed four savages in as many minutes.</p>
+
+<p>The young Virginian never drove any more army wagons. From this time,
+he stood forth as a born fighter and a leader of men. Such was his
+coolness in danger, his sound judgment, and, more than all else, his
+great<a name="page109"></a> influence over his men, that he was recommended to Governor
+Dinwiddie for a captain's commission.</p>
+
+<p>"What!" exclaimed the governor, "to a camp boxer and a teamster?"</p>
+
+<p>Still, the best men of Virginia urged it, and the royal governor so
+far yielded as to give him the commission of an ensign.</p>
+
+<p>Not long afterwards, in one of the bloody fights with the French and
+Indians, Morgan was shot through the back of the neck. The bullet
+went through his mouth and came out through the left cheek, knocking
+out all the teeth on the left side. Supposing that he was<a name="page110"></a> mortally
+wounded, and resolved not to lose his scalp, the fainting rifleman
+clasped his arms tightly round the neck of his good horse, and
+galloped for life through the woods. A fleet Indian ran after him,
+tomahawk in hand. Finding at last that the horse was leaving him
+behind, the panting savage hurled his weapon, and with a wild yell
+gave up the chase.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration31">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="452">
+			<img src="images/31.jpg" alt="Morgan's Escape from the Indian">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="452" align="center">
+			<small>Morgan's Escape from the Indian</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The hardy frontiersman lay for months hovering between life and
+death, but finally recovered, and was once more in the thick of the
+wild warfare.</p>
+
+<p>In his old age, Morgan used to tell his grandchildren of the fiendish
+look on the Indian's face while he felt sure of another scalp, and he
+would also imitate the horrible yell the redskin made when he was
+forced to give up the pursuit.</p>
+
+<p>At last the war was over, and Morgan went back to his farm. He
+brought home with him, however, the vices of his wild campaign life.
+He used strong drink, and gambled. Far and near, he was noted as a
+boxer and a wrestler. Pugilists came from a distance to try their
+skill with the noted Indian fighter and athlete, who weighed over two
+hundred pounds, and yet had not an extra ounce of flesh.</p>
+
+<p>But these were only passing incidents in the life of the great man.
+With a giant's frame, he had a tender heart. His good angel came to
+him in the person of a farmer's daughter, Abigail Bailey. She had
+great beauty; and she was a loving, Christian woman.</p>
+<a name="page111"></a>
+<p>They were soon married, and, as the fairy books say, were happy ever
+after. As if by a magic spell, the strong man left his tavern chums
+and their rough sports, his boxing, his gambling, and his strong
+drink, and to the day of his death lived an upright life.</p>
+
+<p>The young wife taught her husband to believe in God, and to trust in
+prayer. In his simple-hearted way, Morgan tells us that, just before
+the fierce attack on the fort at Quebec, he knelt in the drifting
+snow, and felt that God had nerved him to fight.</p>
+
+<p>In riding over the battlefield after his great victory at Cowpens,
+old soldiers saw with wonder the fierce fighter stop his horse and
+pray aloud, and, with tears running down his face, thank God for the
+victory.</p>
+<a name="page112"></a>
+<p>His men never scoffed at their leader's prayers, for it was noticed
+that the harder "old Dan Morgan" prayed, the more certain they were
+of being soon led into the jaws of death itself.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, he and his young bride were thrifty and prosperous. They
+were both ignorant of books, but they studied early and late to make
+up for lost time. For the next nine years, Morgan, with his household
+treasures,&mdash;his good wife, and his two little daughters,&mdash;lived in
+the pure atmosphere of a Christian home.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration32">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="303">
+			<img src="images/32.jpg" alt="Riflemen treating with Indians in the Wilderness of Virginia">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="303" align="center">
+			<small>Riflemen treating with Indians in the Wilderness of Virginia</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The storm cloud of the Revolution was now gathering thick and fast.
+Events followed each other with startling rapidity. Morgan watched
+keenly. He never did anything in a half-hearted way; and we may be
+sure that he took up the cause of the Revolution with all the fervor
+of his strong nature.</p>
+
+<p>After the bloodshed at Lexington, the Continental Congress called for
+ten companies from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Morgan
+received his commission as captain, five days after Bunker Hill. When
+he shouted, "Come, boys, who's for the camp before Cambridge?" every
+man in his section turned out.</p>
+
+<p>In less than ten days, Morgan at the head of ninety-six expert
+riflemen started for Boston. It was six hundred miles away, but they
+marched the distance in twenty-one days without the loss of a single
+man.</p>
+
+<p>One day as Washington was riding out to inspect the redoubts, he met
+these Virginians.</p>
+<a name="page113"></a>
+<p>Morgan halted his men, and saluted the commander in chief, saying,
+"From the right bank of the Potomac, General!"</p>
+
+<p>Washington dismounted, and, walking along the line, shook hands with
+each of them.</p>
+
+<p>Late in the fall of 1775, Morgan and his famous sharpshooters marched
+with about a thousand other troops on Arnold's ill-fated expedition
+to Quebec. This campaign, as you have read, was one of the most
+remarkable exploits of the war.</p>
+
+<p>In the attack upon Quebec, after Arnold had been carried wounded from
+the field, and Montgomery had been killed, Morgan took Arnold's place
+and fought like a hero. He forced his way so far into the city that
+he and all his men were surrounded and captured.</p>
+
+<p>A British officer who greatly admired his daring visited him in
+prison, and offered him the rank and pay of a colonel in the royal
+army.</p>
+
+<p>"I hope, sir," answered the Virginian patriot, "you will never again
+insult me, in my present distressed and unfortunate situation, by
+making me offers which plainly imply that you think me a scoundrel."</p>
+
+<p>Soon after his release, Congress voted him a colonel's commission,
+with orders to raise a regiment. The regiment reported for service at
+Morristown, New Jersey, in the winter of 1776.</p>
+
+<p>Five hundred of the best riflemen were selected from the various
+regiments, and put under the command of<a name="page114"></a> Colonel Morgan. He was well
+fitted to be the leader of this celebrated corps of sharpshooters.
+They were always to be at the front, to watch every movement of the
+enemy, and to furnish prompt and accurate news for Washington. They
+were to harass the British, and to fight with the enemy's outposts
+for every inch of ground.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, in the fall of 1777, Burgoyne, with a large army of
+British, Hessians, and Indians, marched down from Canada, through the
+valley of the Hudson. The country was greatly alarmed. Washington
+could ill spare Morgan, but generously sent him with his riflemen to
+help drive back the invaders.</p>
+
+<p>Two great battles, the first at Freeman's Farm, the second at
+Saratoga, sealed Burgoyne's fate. In each battle, the sharpshooters
+did signal service. Before their deadly rifles, the British officers,
+clad in scarlet uniforms, fell with frightful rapidity. They were a
+terror to the Hessians. As Morgan would often say in high glee, "The
+very sight of my riflemen was always enough for the Hessian pickets.
+They would scamper into their lines as if the devil drove them,
+shouting in all the English they knew, 'Rebel in de bush! rebel in de
+bush!'"</p>
+
+<p>After the surrender, when Burgoyne was introduced to Morgan, he took
+him warmly by the hand and said, "Sir, you command the finest
+regiment in the world."</p>
+
+<p>For over a year and a half after Saratoga, Morgan and his riflemen
+were attached to Washington's army, and saw hard service. Their
+incessant attacks on the enemy's<a name="page115"></a> outposts, and their numberless
+picket skirmishes, are all lost to history, and are now forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>Just before the battle of Monmouth, a painful disease, known as
+sciatica, brought on by constant exposure and hardship, disabled
+Morgan. Sick and discouraged because he had seen officers who were
+favorites with Congress promoted over his head, he, like Greene,
+Stark, and Schuyler, now left the army for a time.</p>
+
+<p>But after Gates was defeated at Camden, the fighting blood of the old
+Virginian was greatly stirred. He declared that no man should have
+any personal feeling when his country was in peril. So he hurried
+down South, and took, under Gates, his old place as colonel.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration33">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="303">
+			<img src="images/33.jpg" alt="General Daniel Morgan">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="303" align="center">
+			<small>General Daniel Morgan</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>After the battle at King's Mountain, Congress very wisely made Morgan
+a brigadier general.</p>
+
+<p>The glorious and ever-memorable victory at Cowpens made him more
+famous than ever before. Hitherto he had fought in battles that other
+men had planned. Now he had a chance to plan and to fight as he
+pleased. It was not a great battle so far as numbers were concerned,
+but "in point of tactics," says John Fiske, the historian, "it was
+the most brilliant battle of the war for independence."</p>
+<a name="page116"></a>
+<p>After leading eleven hundred men into the northeast part of South
+Carolina, to cut off Cornwallis from the seacoast, General Greene
+gave Morgan the command of about a thousand men, with orders to march
+to the southwest, and threaten the inland posts and their garrisons.
+Cornwallis, the English earl, scarcely knew which way to turn; but he
+followed Greene's example, and, dividing his army, sent Colonel
+Tarleton to crush Morgan.</p>
+
+<p>Tarleton, confident of success, dashed away with his eleven hundred
+troopers to pounce upon the "old wagoner" and crush him at a single
+blow. Morgan, well trained in the school of Washington and Greene,
+and wishing just then to avoid a decisive battle, skillfully fell
+back until he found a spot in which to fight after his own fashion.</p>
+
+<p>His choice was at a place where cattle were rounded up and branded,
+known as Cowpens. A broad, deep river, which lay in the rear, cut off
+all hope of retreat. A long, thickly wooded slope commanded the
+enemy's approach for a great distance. Morgan afterwards said that he
+made this choice purposely, that the militia might know they could
+not run away, but must fight or die.</p>
+
+<p>At Cowpens, then, the patriot army lay encamped the night before the
+expected battle. A trusty spy was sent to Tarleton, to say that the
+Americans had faced about, and were waiting to fight him sometime the
+next day. There was no fuss and feathers about Morgan. In the<a name="page117"></a>
+evening, he went round among the various camp fires, and with
+fatherly words talked the situation over.</p>
+
+<p>"Stand by me, boys," said he in his blunt way, "and the old 'wagoner'
+will crack his whip for sure over Tarleton to-morrow."</p>
+
+<p>The British commander, eager to strike a sudden blow, put his army in
+motion at three o'clock in the morning. He was not early enough,
+however, to catch the old rifleman napping. Morgan had rested his men
+during the night, and given them a good breakfast early in the
+morning. When Tarleton appeared upon the scene about sunrise, he
+found the patriots ready.</p>
+
+<p>In the skirmish line, Morgan placed one hundred and twenty riflemen
+that could bring down a squirrel from the tallest tree. The militia,
+under the command of Colonel Pickens, were drawn up about three
+hundred yards in front of the hill. Along the brow of the hill, and
+about one hundred and fifty yards behind the militia, were the
+veterans of the Continental line. And beyond the brow of the hill, he
+stationed Colonel Washington with his cavalry, out of sight, and
+ready to move in an instant.</p>
+
+<p>"Be firm, keep cool, take good aim. Give two volleys at killing
+distance, and fall back," were the orders to the raw militia.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't lose heart," said Morgan to the Continentals, "when the
+skirmishers and the militia fall back. 'Tis a part of the plan. Stand
+firm, and fire low. Listen for my turkey call."</p>
+<a name="page118"></a>
+<p>Morgan was in the habit of using a small turkey call such as hunters
+use to decoy turkeys. In the heat of battle he would blow a loud
+blast. This he said was to let the boys know that he was still alive
+and was watching them fight.</p>
+
+<p>Tarleton, unmindful of the fact that Morgan's retreat was "sullen,
+stern, and dangerous," had marched his men all night through the mud.
+They were tired out and hungry. Never mind, their restless leader
+would crush "old wagoner" first, and eat breakfast afterwards. He
+could hardly wait to form his line or to allow his reserves to come
+up.</p>
+
+<p>The battle begins in real earnest. The militia fire several
+well-aimed volleys, and fall back behind the Continentals. With a
+wild hurrah, the redcoats advance on the run. They are met with a
+deadly volley. They overlap the Continentals a little, who fall back
+a short distance, to save their left flank. Tarleton hurls his whole
+force upon them. The veterans stand their ground and pour in a heavy
+and well-sustained fire. Quick as a flash, Morgan sees his golden
+chance.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration34">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="316">
+			<img src="images/34.jpg" alt="The Carolina Militia resisting the British Grenadiers at Cowpens">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="316" align="center">
+			<small>The Carolina Militia resisting the British Grenadiers at Cowpens</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>"They are coming on like a mob!" shouts Colonel Washington to the
+gallant Colonel Howard, the commander of the Continentals. "Face
+about and fire, and I will charge them."</p>
+
+<p>Then is heard the shrill whistle of the turkey call, and Morgan's
+voice rings along the lines, "Face about! One good fire, and the
+victory is ours!"</p>
+<a name="page119"></a>
+<p>Like a thunderbolt, Colonel Washington and his troopers, flying their
+famous crimson flag, sweep down in a semicircle round the hill, and
+charge the enemy's right flank.</p>
+
+<p>"Charge bayonets!" shouts Howard.</p>
+
+<p>Instantly the splendid veterans face about, open a deadly fire, and
+charge the disordered British line with the bayonet.</p>
+
+<p>All was over in a few minutes. The old "teamster" had set his trap,
+and the redcoats were caught. Finding themselves surrounded, six
+hundred threw down their guns, and cried for quarter. The rest,
+including Tarleton himself, by hard riding, escaped.</p>
+<a name="page120"></a>
+<p>Colonel Washington and his troopers rode in hot haste to capture
+Tarleton, if possible. In the eagerness of his pursuit, Washington
+rode in advance of his men. Tarleton and two of his aids turned upon
+him. Just as one of the aids was about to strike the colonel with his
+saber, a trooper came up and disabled the redcoat's arm. Before the
+other aid could strike, he was wounded by Washington's little bugler,
+who, too small to handle a sword, fired his pistol. Tarleton now made
+a thrust at the colonel with his sword. The latter parried the blow,
+and wounded his enemy in the hand.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration35">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="360">
+			<img src="images/35.jpg" alt="Hand to Hand Fight">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="360" align="center">
+			<small>Hand to Hand Fight between Colonel Washington and
+			Colonel Tarleton</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>As the story is told, this wound was twice the subject for witty
+remarks by two young women, the daughters of a North Carolina
+patriot. Tarleton remarked to one of these sisters that he understood
+Colonel Washington was an unlettered fellow, hardly able to write his
+name.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, Colonel," said the lady, "you ought to know better, for you can
+testify that he knows how to make his mark."</p>
+
+<p>At another time, Tarleton said with a sneer to the other sister, "I
+should be happy to see Colonel Washington."</p>
+
+<p>"If you had looked behind you at the battle of Cowpens, Colonel
+Tarleton," she replied, "you would have enjoyed that pleasure."</p>
+
+<p>In the battle of Cowpens, the British lost two hundred and thirty,
+killed and wounded. The Americans had twelve killed and sixty-one
+wounded.</p>
+<a name="page121"></a>
+<p>Morgan did not rest for one moment after his victory. He knew that
+Lord Cornwallis, stung by the defeat of Tarleton, would do his best
+to crush him before he could rejoin Greene's army. By forced marches,
+he got to the fords of the Catawba first, and when his lordship
+reached the river, he learned that the patriots had crossed with all
+their prisoners and booty two days before, and were well on their way
+to join General Greene.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the battle of Cowpens, repeated attacks of his old enemy,
+sciatica, so disabled Morgan that he was forced to retire from the
+service and go back to his home, in Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>During the summer of 1780, when the British invaded the Old Dominion,
+he again took the field. With Wayne and Lafayette, he took part in a
+series of movements which led to the capture of Cornwallis. The
+exposure of camp life again brought on a severe illness.</p>
+
+<p>"I lay out the night after coming into camp," Morgan wrote General
+Greene, "and caught cold."</p>
+<a name="page122"></a>
+<p>Crippled and suffering great pain, he went home with the belief that
+he had dealt his last blow for the cause he loved so well. He
+afterward received from Washington, Greene, Jefferson, Lafayette, and
+other leaders, letters that stir our blood after so many years.</p>
+
+<p>From a simple teamster, Morgan had become a major general. After
+taking part in fifty battles, he lived to serve his country in peace
+as well as in war, and was returned to Congress the second time. His
+valor at the North is commemorated, as you already know, by the
+statue on the monument at Saratoga. In the little city of
+Spartanburg, in South Carolina, stands another figure of Daniel
+Morgan, the "old wagoner of the Alleghanies," the hero of Cowpens.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap9"></a><a name="page123"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER IX</h3>
+<center><b>THE FINAL VICTORY</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>About the middle of March, 1781, Lord Cornwallis defeated Greene in a
+stubborn battle at Guilford, North Carolina. Although victorious, the
+British general was in desperate straits. He had lost a fourth of his
+whole army, and was over two hundred miles from his base of supplies.
+He could not afford to risk another battle.</p>
+
+<p>There was now really only one thing for Cornwallis to do, and that
+was to make a bee line for Wilmington, the nearest point on the
+coast, and look for help from the fleet.</p>
+
+<p>General Greene must have guessed that the British general would march
+northwards, to unite forces with Arnold, who was already in Virginia.
+At all events, the sagacious American general made a bold move. He
+followed Cornwallis for about fifty miles from Guilford, and then,
+facing about, marched with all speed to Camden, a hundred and sixty
+miles away.</p>
+
+<p>His lordship was not a little vexed. He was simply ignored by his
+wily foe, and left to do as he pleased. So he made his way into
+Virginia, and on May 20 arrived at Petersburg.</p>
+<a name="page124"></a>
+<p>Benedict Arnold, who was now fighting under the British flag, had
+been sent to Virginia to burn and to pillage. Washington dispatched
+Lafayette to check the traitor's dastardly work. When Lord Cornwallis
+reached Virginia, Arnold had been recalled, and the young Frenchman
+was at Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>Cornwallis thought he might now regain his reputation by some grand
+stroke. The first thing to do was to crush the young Lafayette.</p>
+
+<p>"The boy cannot escape me," he said.</p>
+
+<p>But Lafayette was so skillful at retreating and avoiding a decisive
+action that his lordship could get no chance to deal him a blow.</p>
+
+<p>"I am not strong enough even to be beaten," wrote the French general
+to the commander in chief.</p>
+
+<p>Away to the west rode our friend Colonel Tarleton, still smarting
+from the sound thrashing he had received from old Dan Morgan at
+Cowpens. He was trying to break up the State Assembly, and capture
+Thomas Jefferson, governor of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>It was a narrow escape for the man who wrote the Declaration of
+Independence. The story is told that Jefferson had only five minutes
+in which to take flight into the woods, before Tarleton's hard riders
+surrounded his house at Monticello.</p>
+
+<p>About this time, Mad Anthony Wayne, with a thousand Pennsylvania
+regulars, appeared upon the scene and joined Lafayette.</p>
+<a name="page125"></a>
+<p>Now Cornwallis, finding that he could not catch "the boy," and having
+a wholesome respect for Wayne, stopped his marching and
+countermarching, and retreated to Williamsburg by way of Richmond and
+the York peninsula.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration36">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="220">
+			<img src="images/36.jpg" alt="General Lafayette">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="220" align="center">
+			<small>General Lafayette</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>During the first week in August, the British commander continued his
+retreat to the coast, and occupied Yorktown, with about seven
+thousand men. Lafayette was encamped on Malvern Hill, in the York
+peninsula, where he was waiting for the next act in the drama.</p>
+
+<p>Far away in the North, at West Point, Washington was keeping a sharp
+lookout over the whole field. The main part of the patriot army was
+encamped along the Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>At Newport, there was a French force under General Rochambeau. Late
+in May, Washington rode over to a little town in Connecticut, to
+consult with him. It was decided that the French army should march to
+the Hudson as speedily as possible, and unite with the patriot forces
+encamped there.</p>
+
+<p>The plan at this time was to capture New York. This could not be done
+without the aid of a large fleet.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the spring of this year, 1781, the French government had
+sent a powerful fleet to the West Indies, under the command of Count
+de Grasse. De Grasse now had orders to act in concert with Washington
+and Rochambeau, against the common enemy. This was joyful news.</p>
+<a name="page126"></a>
+<p>News traveled very slowly in those times. It took ten days for
+Washington to hear from Lafayette that Cornwallis had retreated to
+Yorktown, and thirty days to learn that Greene was marching southward
+against Lord Rawdon in South Carolina. And as for De Grasse, it was
+uncertain just when and where he would arrive on the coast.</p>
+
+<p>Washington had some hard thinking to do. The storm center of the
+whole war might suddenly shift to Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Now came the test for his military genius. Hitherto, the British
+fleet had been in control of our coast. Now, however, nobody but a
+Nelson would ever hope to defeat the French men-of-war that were
+nearing our shores. Cornwallis was safe enough on the York peninsula
+so long as the British fleet had control of the Virginia coast. But
+suppose De Grasse should take up a position on the three sides of
+Yorktown, would it not be an easy matter, with the aid of a large
+land force, to entrap Cornwallis?</p>
+
+<p>The supreme moment for the patriot cause was now at hand. In the
+middle of August, word came from De Grasse that he was headed with
+his whole fleet for Chesapeake Bay.</p>
+
+<p>As might be expected, Washington was equal to the occasion. The
+capture of New York must wait. He made up his mind that he would
+swoop down with his army upon Yorktown, four hundred miles away, and
+crush Cornwallis.</p>
+<a name="page127"></a>
+<p>Yes, but what about Sir Henry Clinton, the British commander in chief
+in New York? If Sir Henry should happen to get an inkling of what
+Washington intended to do, what would prevent his sending an army by
+sea to the relief of Yorktown?</p>
+
+<p>Nothing, of course, and so the all-important point was to hoodwink
+the British commander. It was cleverly done, as we shall see.</p>
+
+<p>Clinton knew that the French fleet was expected; but everything
+pointed to an attack on New York.</p>
+
+<p>If we glance at the map of this section, we shall see that, from his
+headquarters at West Point, Washington could march half way to
+Yorktown, by way of New Jersey, without arousing suspicions of his
+real design.</p>
+
+<p>Nobody but Rochambeau had the least knowledge of what he intended to
+do. Bodies of troops were moved toward Long Island. Ovens were built
+as if to bake bread for a large army. The patriots seemed merely to
+be waiting for the French fleet before beginning in earnest the siege
+of New York.</p>
+
+<p>Washington wrote a letter to Lafayette which was purposely sent in
+such a way as to be captured by Clinton. In this letter, the American
+general said he should be<a name="page128"></a> happy if Cornwallis fortified Yorktown or
+Old Point Comfort, because in that case he would remain under the
+protection of the British fleet.</p>
+
+<p>Washington wrote similar letters to throw Clinton off his guard. For
+instance, to one of his generals he wrote in detail just how he had
+planned to lay siege to New York. He selected a young minister, by
+the name of Montaigne, to carry the dispatch to Morristown, through
+what was called the Clove.</p>
+
+<p>"If I go through the Clove," said Montaigne, "the cowboys will
+capture me."</p>
+
+<p>"Your duty, young man, is to obey," sternly replied Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The hope of the ever-alert commander in chief was fulfilled, for the
+young clergyman soon found himself a prisoner in the famous Sugar
+House, in New York. The next day, the dispatch was printed with great
+show in Rivington's Tory paper.</p>
+
+<p>On August 19, or just five days after receiving the dispatch from De
+Grasse, Washington crossed the Hudson at King's Ferry, and set out on
+his long march, with two thousand Continental and four thousand
+French troops.</p>
+
+<p>They had nearly reached Philadelphia before their real destination
+was suspected.</p>
+
+<p>The good people of the Quaker city had just heard of Greene's
+successes in the South. The popular feeling showed itself in the
+rousing welcome they gave to the<a name="page129"></a> "ragged Continentals" and to the
+finely dressed French troops, as the combined forces marched
+hurriedly through the streets. The drums and fifes played "The White
+Cockade and the Peacock's Feather"; everywhere the stars and stripes
+were flung to the breeze; and ladies threw flowers from the windows.</p>
+
+<p>"Long live Washington!" shouted the people, as the dusty soldiers
+marched by in a column nearly two miles long.</p>
+
+<p>"He has gone to catch Cornwallis in his mouse trap!" shouted the
+crowd, in great glee.</p>
+
+<p>Even the self-possessed Washington was a trifle nervous. Galloping
+ahead to Chester on his favorite charger, Nelson, he sent back word
+that De Grasse had arrived in Chesapeake Bay.</p>
+
+<p>By rapid marches, the combined armies reached the head of the Bay on
+September 6. From this point, most of the men were carried in
+transports to the scene of action. In another week, an army of more
+than sixteen thousand men was closing round Cornwallis.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after his arrival, Washington, accompanied by Rochambeau, Knox,
+Hamilton, and others, made a formal call on Admiral De Grasse on
+board his flagship, the famous ship of the line, Ville de Paris, then
+at anchor in Hampton Roads.</p>
+
+<p>When Washington reached the quarter-deck, the little French admiral
+ran to embrace his guest, and kissed him on each cheek, after the
+French fashion.</p>
+<a name="page130"></a>
+<p>"My dear little general!" he exclaimed, hugging him.</p>
+
+<p>Now when the excited admiral stood on tiptoe to embrace the majestic
+Washington, and began to call him "petit," or "little," the scene was
+ludicrous. The French officers politely turned aside; but it was too
+much for General Knox, who was a big, jolly man. He simply forgot his
+politeness, and laughed aloud until his sides shook.</p>
+
+<p>Where was the British fleet all this time?</p>
+
+<p>Its commander, Admiral Hood, had followed sharply after De Grasse,
+and had outsailed him. Not finding the enemy's fleet in the
+Chesapeake, he sailed on to New York and reported to Admiral Graves.</p>
+
+<p>Then Sir Henry began to open his eyes to the real state of affairs.
+All was bustle and hurry. Crowding on all sail, the British fleet
+headed for the Chesapeake, and there found De Grasse blockading the
+bay.</p>
+
+<p>It would be all up with Washington's plans if the British fleet
+should now defeat the French. The French fleet, however, was much the
+stronger, and Graves was no Nelson. There was a sharp fight for two
+hours. On the two fleets, the killed and the wounded amounted to
+seven hundred. The British admiral was then forced to withdraw; and
+after a few days he sailed back to New York. De Grasse was now in
+complete control of the Chesapeake.</p>
+
+<p>Cornwallis did not as yet know that Washington was marching at full
+speed straight for Yorktown. Still, his<a name="page131"></a> lordship began to realize
+that he was fast getting himself into a tight place.</p>
+
+<p>Why not cross the James River and retreat to a safe place in North
+Carolina?</p>
+
+<p>It was too late. Three thousand French troops had already landed on
+the neck of the peninsula, and were united with the patriot forces.
+The "boy" had now more than eight thousand men, with which he could
+easily cut off every chance for his lordship's retreat.</p>
+
+<p>In the American camp, the combined armies were working with a hearty
+good will to hasten the siege. There could be no delay. The British
+fleet was sure to return, and another fleet was hourly expected from
+England. Again, Sir Henry might at any moment come by sea to the
+rescue. Day and night the men toiled. Nobody was permitted to speak
+aloud, for they were close to the British pickets. Intrenchments were
+made, and cannon were rapidly dragged up and placed in position. By
+October 10, all was ready.</p>
+<a name="page132"></a>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration37">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="317">
+			<img src="images/37.jpg" alt="General Washington in the Trenches before Yorktown">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="317" align="center">
+			<small>General Washington in the Trenches before Yorktown</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The siege begins in earnest. Shot and shell are hurled into the
+British lines. All day and all night long, are heard the roaring of
+cannon and the bursting of shells. Bang! bang! The French fire
+red-hot shot across the water and set fire to the British transports.</p>
+
+<p>New lines of redoubts are thrown up during the night, and guns are
+mounted, which pound away at the doomed army. Two of the British
+redoubts are troublesome. These are gallantly captured.</p>
+
+<p>On the next night, Cornwallis makes a vigorous effort to break
+through the American lines, but is driven back into the town. With
+seventy cannon pounding away, the British earthworks are fast
+crumbling. The British commander grows desperate. He thinks that, by
+leaving his baggage and his sick behind, he can cross the river to
+Gloucester in boats, by night, cut through the French, and by forced
+marches make his way to New York.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the 16th, a few of the redcoats actually succeeded in
+reaching the opposite shore, when a storm of wind and rain suddenly
+arose and continued till morning. This last ray of hope was gone.</p>
+
+<p>Cornwallis had his headquarters in a large brick mansion owned by a
+Tory. It was a fine target for the artillery, and was soon riddled.
+His lordship stayed in the house until a cannon ball killed his
+steward, as he was carrying a tureen of soup to his master's table.</p>
+
+<p>The British general now moved his headquarters into Governor Nelson's
+fine stone mansion. Its owner was<a name="page133"></a> in command of the Virginia troops
+in the besieging army. He was the "war governor" who had left his
+crops to their fate, and his plows in the furrows, while his horses
+and his oxen were harnessed to the cannon that were being hurried to
+the siege. When Nelson learned, through a deserter, where Cornwallis
+and his staff were, regardless of his personal loss, he ordered the
+bombarding of the house.</p>
+
+<p>In Trumbull's famous painting, "The Surrender of Cornwallis,"
+Governor Nelson's mansion is plainly seen.</p>
+
+<p>By this time, the only safe place in Yorktown was a cave, which had
+been dug under the bank of the river. To this spot, as the story
+goes, Cornwallis moved his headquarters. Here he received a British
+colonel who had made his way in the night through the French fleet,
+to bring orders from Sir Henry Clinton. Cornwallis was to hold out to
+the last. Seven thousand troops had sailed to his relief.</p>
+
+<p>His lordship served a lunch for his guest, and while they were
+drinking their wine, the colonel declared his intention of going up
+on the ramparts for a moment, to take a look at the Yankees. As he
+left, he gayly said that on his return he would give Washington's
+health in a bumper. It was useless to urge him to remain under
+shelter. He had scarcely climbed to the top of the redoubt when his
+head was shot off by a cannon ball.</p>
+
+<p>On October 17, the thirteenth day of the siege and the fourth
+anniversary of Burgoyne's surrender, a red-coated<a name="page134"></a> drummer boy stands
+on the rampart and beats a parley. A white flag is raised on the
+British works. The roar of the cannon ceases. Cornwallis sends an
+officer to ask that fighting be stopped for twenty-four hours.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-four hours! No! "No more fighting for two hours," says
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Held in an iron grasp both by land and by sea, the British commander
+knows that all is lost. He can do nothing but surrender.</p>
+
+<p>At two o'clock on the afternoon of October 19, in a field not far
+from Washington's headquarters, the formal surrender takes place.
+This ceremony, so joyful to the one side, so painful to the other, is
+carried out in stately form. The officers on both sides wear their
+best uniforms and military equipments. Washington rides his favorite
+charger, Nelson. The stars and stripes of America, and the white flag
+and lilies of France, wave in triumph. While the band plays a quaint
+old English melody, "The World Turned Upside Down," the British
+troops, over seven thousand in number, slowly march between the
+columns of the combined armies and lay down their arms.</p>
+
+<p>Cornwallis was not there. Saying that he was sick, he sent O'Hara,
+one of his generals, to deliver up his sword, while Washington, with
+his usual high regard for official dignity, sent General Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>As perhaps you may remember, when General Lincoln was forced to
+surrender to Cornwallis, at Charleston<a name="page135"></a> in 1780, the haughty British
+general turned him over to an inferior officer, as if to treat his
+surrender with contempt.</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette said, in after years, that the captive redcoats, while they
+gazed at the French soldiers with their showy trappings, "did not as
+much as look at my darling light infantry, the apple of my eye and
+the pride of my heart." Whereupon the lively young French general
+ordered his fife and drum corps to strike up "Yankee Doodle." "Then,"
+he said, "they did look at us, but were not very well pleased."</p>
+
+<p>After the surrender, both the Americans and the British hastened
+away. Scores of brave men, whom thus far the bullets had spared, were
+the victims of camp fever and smallpox. Fourteen days afterwards,
+Yorktown became again a sleepy little hamlet of sixty houses.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day that Cornwallis found "the world turned upside down,"
+Clinton sailed from New York, with thirty-five ships and over seven
+thousand of his best troops. Had this great force reached the scene
+ten days earlier, the story of Yorktown might have been different.</p>
+<a name="page136"></a>
+<p>"Cornwallis is taken!" How quickly the news spread! Men, women, and
+children pour in from the country, and wait along the road leading to
+Philadelphia, for the long-expected news.</p>
+
+<p>At length a horseman is seen riding at headlong speed.</p>
+
+<p>He waves his hat and shouts to the eager people, "Cornwallis is
+taken!"</p>
+
+<p>It is Colonel Tilghman, whom Washington sent posthaste to
+Philadelphia to inform Congress of the surrender.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration38">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="259">
+			<img src="images/38.jpg" alt="The Night Watchman announcing the Capture of Cornwallis">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="259" align="center">
+			<small>The Night Watchman announcing the Capture of Cornwallis</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It is after midnight when he arrives. The drowsy night watchman is
+slowly pacing the streets. Suddenly is heard the joyful cry, "Past
+three o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken!"</p>
+
+<p>Up go the windows. Men and women rush into the streets, all eager to
+hear the news. An hour before daylight, old Independence bell rings
+out its loudest peals, and sunrise is greeted with the boom of
+cannon.</p>
+
+<p>Congress meets during the forenoon, to read Washington's dispatches.
+In the afternoon, the members go in solemn procession to the Lutheran
+church, "and return thanks to Almighty God for crowning the allied
+armies of the United States and France with success."</p>
+
+<p>At noon on Sunday, November 25, the news reached London. Somebody
+asked a member of the cabinet how Lord North, the prime minister,
+received the "communication."</p>
+
+<p>"As he would have taken a cannon ball in his chest," was the reply;
+"for he opened his arms, exclaimed<a name="page137"></a> wildly, as he walked up and down
+the room during a few minutes, 'O God! it is all over! it is all
+over!'"</p>
+
+<p>The news was sent to King George, who replied the same evening. It
+was noted that His Majesty being a trifle stupid, wrote very calmly,
+but forgot to mark the exact hour and minute of his writing. This
+circumstance, the like of which had never happened before, seemed to
+indicate to his cabinet some unusual disturbance. Shortly afterwards,
+however, the old king took some comfort in declaring that the Yankees
+were a wretched set of knaves, whom he was glad to get rid of at any
+price.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p>On a gentle slope at Yorktown stands a monument, erected a century
+later by Congress, in commemoration of the surrender of Lord
+Cornwallis. There it stands, a tall, white shaft, solitary, glorious,
+and impressive, a landmark for many miles along that sleepy shore.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap10"></a><a name="page138"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER X</h3>
+<center><b>THE CRISIS</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>Exactly eight years from the day when</p>
+
+<center><small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"the embattled farmers stood,<br>
+    And fired the shot heard round the world,"</small></center>
+
+<p>the Continental Congress informed General Washington that the war was
+over. In September, 1783, the formal treaty of peace was signed; a
+month later, the Continental army was disbanded; and three weeks
+later, the British army sailed from New York.</p>
+
+<p>What a pathetic and impressive scene took place at a little tavern,
+in lower New York, when Washington said good-by to his generals! With
+hearts too full for words, and with eyes dimmed with tears, these
+veterans embraced their chief and bade him farewell.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration39">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="365">
+			<img src="images/39.jpg" alt="Washington's Farewell to his Generals">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="365" align="center">
+			<small>Washington's Farewell to his Generals</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A few days before Christmas, Washington gave up the command of the
+army, and hurried away to spend the holidays at Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<p>"The times that tried men's souls are over," wrote the author of
+"Common Sense," a man whose writings voiced the opinions of the
+people.</p>
+
+<p>Freedom was indeed won, but the country was in a sad plight.</p>
+<a name="page139"></a>
+<p>"It is not too much to say," says John Fiske, "that the period of
+five years following the peace of 1783 was the most critical moment
+in all the history of the American people."</p>
+
+<p>Thirteen little republics, fringing the Atlantic, were hemmed in on
+the north, the south, and the west, by two hostile European nations
+that were capable of much mischief.</p>
+
+<p>In 1774, under the pressure of a common peril and the need of quick
+action, the colonies had banded together for the common good. By a
+kind of general consent their representatives in the Continental
+Congress had assumed the task of carrying on the war. But for nine
+years Congress had steadily declined in power, and now that peace had
+come and the need of united action was removed, there was danger that
+this shadowy union would dissolve. Believing strongly in their own
+state governments, the people had almost no feeling in favor of
+federation.</p>
+<a name="page140"></a>
+<p>Just before the disbanding of the army and his retirement to private
+life, Washington wrote a letter to the governor of each colony. This
+letter, he said, was his "legacy" to the American people.</p>
+
+<p>He urged the necessity of forming a more perfect union, under a
+single government. He declared that the war debt must be paid to the
+last penny; that the people must be willing to sacrifice some of
+their local interests for the common good; and that they must regard
+one another as fellow citizens of a common country.</p>
+
+<p>We must not make the mistake of thinking that the Continental
+Congress was like our present national Congress.</p>
+
+<p>When the struggle between the colonies and the mother country
+threatened war, the colonies through their assemblies, or special
+conventions, chose delegates to represent them in Philadelphia. These
+delegates composed the first Continental Congress. It met on
+September 5, 1774, and broke up during the last week of the following
+October.</p>
+
+<p>Three weeks after Lexington, a second Congress met in the same city.
+This was the Congress that appointed Washington commander in chief,
+and issued the immortal Declaration of Independence.</p>
+
+<p>In the strict sense of the word, this body had no legal authority. It
+was really a meeting of delegates from the several colonies, to
+advise and consult with each other concerning the public welfare.</p>
+<a name="page141"></a>
+<p>There was war in the land. Something must be done to meet the crisis.
+The Continental Congress, therefore, acted in the name of the "United
+Colonies."</p>
+
+<p>Many of the ablest and most patriotic men of the country were sent as
+delegates to this Congress; and until the crowning victory at
+Yorktown, although without clearly defined powers, it continued to
+act, by common consent, as if it had the highest authority. It made
+an alliance with France; it built a navy; it granted permits to
+privateers; it raised and organized an army; it borrowed large sums
+of money, and issued paper bills.</p>
+
+<p>A few days after the Declaration of Independence was signed, a form
+of government, called the "Articles of Confederation," was brought
+before Congress; but it was not adopted until several weeks after the
+surrender of Burgoyne, in 1777.</p>
+
+<p>The "Articles" were not finally ratified by the states until the
+spring of 1781.</p>
+
+<p>The constitution thus adopted was a league of friendship between the
+states. It was bad from beginning to end; for it dealt with the
+thirteen states as thirteen units, and not with the people of the
+several states. It never secured a hold upon the people of the
+country, and for very good reasons.</p>
+
+<p>Each state, whether large or small, had only one vote. A single
+delegate from Delaware or from Rhode Island could balance the whole
+delegation from New York or from Virginia.</p>
+<a name="page142"></a>
+<p>Congress had no power to enforce any law whatever. It could recommend
+all manner of things to the states, but it could do nothing more. It
+could not even protect itself.</p>
+
+<p>Hence, the states violated the "Articles" whenever they pleased. Thus
+Congress might call for troops, but the states could refuse to obey.
+Without the consent of every state, not a dollar could be raised by
+taxation.</p>
+
+<p>At one time, twelve states voted to allow Congress to raise money to
+pay the soldiers; but little Rhode Island flatly refused, and the
+plan failed. The next year Rhode Island consented, but New York
+refused.</p>
+
+<p>Although Congress had authority to coin money, to issue bills of
+credit, and to make its notes legal tender for debts, each one of the
+thirteen states had the same authority.</p>
+
+<p>Money affairs got into a wretched condition. Paper money became
+almost worthless. The year after Saratoga, a paper dollar was worth
+only sixteen cents, and early in 1780 its value had fallen to two
+cents.</p>
+
+<p>A trader in Philadelphia papered his shop with dollar bills, to show
+what he thought of the flimsy stuff. In the year of Cornwallis's
+surrender, a bushel of corn sold for one hundred and fifty dollars;
+and Samuel Adams, the Boston patriot, had to pay two thousand dollars
+for a hat and a suit of clothes.</p>
+
+<p>A private soldier had to serve four months before his pay would buy a
+bushel of wheat. When he could<a name="page143"></a> not collect this beggarly sum, is it
+any wonder that he deserted or rebelled?</p>
+
+<p>At one time, being unable to get money for the army, Congress asked
+the states to contribute supplies of corn, pork, and hay.</p>
+
+<p>To add to the general misery, the states began to quarrel with one
+another, like a lot of schoolboys. They almost came to bloodshed over
+boundary lines, and levied the most absurd taxes and duties.</p>
+
+<p>If a Connecticut farmer brought a load of firewood into New York, he
+had to pay a heavy duty. Sloops that sailed through Hell Gate, and
+Jersey market boats that crossed to Manhattan Island, were treated as
+if from foreign ports. Entrance fees had to be paid, and clearance
+papers must be got at the custom house.</p>
+
+<p>The country was indeed in a bad condition. There were riots,
+bankruptcy, endless wranglings, foreclosed mortgages, and
+imprisonment for debt.</p>
+
+<p>The gallant Colonel Barton, who captured General Prescott, was kept
+locked up because he could not pay a small sum of money. Robert
+Morris, once a wealthy merchant, was sent to jail for debt, although
+he had given his whole fortune to the patriot cause.</p>
+
+<p>Thoughtful and patriotic men and women throughout the country felt
+that something must be done.</p>
+
+<p>Washington and other far-sighted men of Virginia began to work out
+the problem. First it was proposed that delegates from two or three
+states should meet at<a name="page144"></a> Annapolis, to discuss the question of trade.
+Finally all the states were invited to send delegates.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration40">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="281">
+			<img src="images/40.jpg" alt="Alexander Hamilton">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="281" align="center">
+			<small>Alexander Hamilton</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>At this meeting, only twelve delegates, from five states, were
+present. Alexander Hamilton wrote an eloquent address, which it was
+voted to send to the state assemblies, strongly recommending that
+delegates should be appointed to meet at Philadelphia on the second
+day of May, 1787.</p>
+
+<p>This plan, however, Congress promptly rejected.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter of 1786, the times were perhaps even harder, and
+the country nearer to the brink of civil war and ruin. There were
+riots in New Hampshire and in Vermont and Shays's Rebellion in the
+old Bay State. There were also the threatened separation of the
+Northern and Southern states, the worthless paper money, wildcat
+speculation, the failure to carry out certain provisions of the
+treaty of peace, and many troubles of less importance.</p>
+
+<p>As we may well suppose, all this discord made King George and his
+court happy. He declared that the several states would soon repent,
+and beg on bended knees to be taken back into the British empire.</p>
+<a name="page145"></a>
+<p>When it was predicted in Parliament that we should become a great
+nation, a British statesman, who bore us no ill will, said, "It is
+one of the idlest and most visionary notions that was ever conceived
+even by a writer of romance."</p>
+
+<p>Frederick the Great was friendly to us, but he declared that nobody
+but a king could ever rule so large a country.</p>
+
+<p>All these unhappy events produced a great change in public opinion.
+People were convinced that anarchy might be worse than the union of
+these thirteen little commonwealths, under a strong, central
+government.</p>
+
+<p>At this great crisis in affairs, Virginia boldly took the lead, and
+promptly sent seven of her ablest citizens, one of whom was
+Washington, to the Philadelphia convention. This was a masterly
+stroke of policy. People everywhere applauded, and the tide of
+popular sentiment soon favored the convention. At last Congress
+yielded to the voice of the people and approved the plan. Every state
+except Rhode Island sent delegates.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration41">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="310">
+			<img src="images/41.jpg" alt="Independence Hall">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="310" align="center">
+			<small>The Old State House, in Philadelphia, now called Independence Hall</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It was a notable group of Americans that met in one of the upper
+rooms of old Independence Hall, the last<a name="page146"></a> week of May, 1787. There
+were fifty-five delegates in all, some of whom, however, did not
+arrive for several weeks after the convention began its meetings.</p>
+
+<p>Eight of the delegates had signed the Declaration of Independence, in
+the same room; twenty-eight had been members of the Continental
+Congress, and seven had been governors of states. Two afterwards
+became presidents of the United States, and many others in after
+years filled high places in the national government.</p>
+
+<p>Head and shoulders above all others towered George Washington. The
+man most widely known, except Washington, was Benjamin Franklin,
+eighty-one years old; the youngest delegate was Mr. Dayton of New
+Jersey, who was only twenty-six.</p>
+
+<p>Here also were two of the ablest statesmen of their time, Alexander
+Hamilton of New York, and James Madison of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Connecticut sent two of her great men, Oliver Ellsworth, afterwards
+chief justice of the United States, and Roger Sherman, the learned
+shoemaker.</p>
+
+<p>Near Robert Morris, the great financier, sat his namesake, Gouverneur
+Morris, who originated our decimal system of money, and James Wilson,
+one of the most learned lawyers of his day.</p>
+
+<p>The two brilliant Pinckneys and John Rutledge, the silver-tongued
+orator, were there to represent South Carolina.</p>
+<a name="page147"></a>
+<p>Then there were Elbridge Gerry and Rufus King of Massachusetts, John
+Langdon of New Hampshire, John Dickinson of Delaware, and the great
+orator, Edmund Randolph of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Jefferson and John Adams would no doubt have been delegates,
+had they not been abroad in the service of their country. Patrick
+Henry and Samuel Adams remained at home; for they did not approve of
+the convention.</p>
+
+<p>How Rhode Island must have missed her most eminent citizen, Nathanael
+Greene, who had just died of sunstroke, in the prime of manhood!</p>
+
+<p>Washington was elected president of the convention. The doors were
+locked, and, every member being pledged to secrecy, they settled down
+to work.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration42">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="307">
+			<img src="images/42.jpg" alt="James Madison">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="307" align="center">
+			<small>James Madison</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Just what was said and done during those four months was for more
+than fifty years kept a profound secret. After the death of James
+Madison, often called the<a name="page148"></a> "Father of the Constitution," his journal
+was published, giving a complete account of the proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>When the delegates began their work, they soon realized what a
+problem it was to frame a government for the whole country. As might
+have been expected, some of these men had a fit of moral cowardice.
+They began to cut and to trim, and tried to avoid any measure of
+thorough reform.</p>
+
+<p>Washington was equal to the occasion. He was not a brilliant orator,
+and his speech was very brief; but the solemn words of this majestic
+man, as his tall figure drawn up to its full height rose from the
+president's chair, carried conviction to every delegate.</p>
+
+<p>"If, to please the people," he said, "we offer what we ourselves
+disapprove, how can we afterward defend our work? Let us raise a
+standard to which the wise and the honest can repair; the event is in
+the hand of God."</p>
+
+<p>The details of what this convention did would be dull reading; but
+some day we shall want to study in our school work the noble
+Constitution which these men framed.</p>
+
+<p>The gist of the whole matter is that our Federal Constitution is
+based upon three great compromises.</p>
+
+<p>The first compromise was between the small and the large states. In
+the upper house, or Senate, equal representation was conceded to all
+the states, but in the lower house of Congress, representation was
+arranged according to the population.</p>
+<a name="page149"></a>
+<p>Thus, as you know, little Rhode Island and Delaware have each two
+senators, while the great commonwealths of New York and Ohio have no
+more. In the House of Representatives, on the other hand, New York
+has forty-three representatives, and Ohio has twenty-two, while Rhode
+Island has three, and Delaware only one.</p>
+
+<p>The second compromise was between the free and the slave states.</p>
+
+<p>Were the slaves to be counted as persons or as goods?</p>
+
+<p>South Carolina and Georgia maintained that they were persons; the
+Northern states said they were merely property.</p>
+
+<p>Now indeed there was a clashing over local interest; but it was
+decided that in counting the population, whether for taxation, or for
+representation in the lower house, a slave should be considered as
+three fifths of an individual. And so it stood until the outbreak of
+the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>It was a bitter pill for far-sighted men like Washington, Madison,
+and others, who did not believe in slavery. Without this compromise,
+however, they believed that nine slave states would never adopt the
+Constitution, and doubtless they were right.</p>
+
+<p>The slave question was the real bone of contention that resulted in
+the third compromise. The majority of the delegates, especially those
+from Virginia, were not in favor of slavery.</p>
+<a name="page150"></a>
+<p>"This infernal traffic that brings the judgment of Heaven on a
+country!" said George Mason of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>At first, it was proposed to abolish foreign slave trade. South
+Carolina and Georgia sturdily protested.</p>
+
+<p>"Are we wanted in the Union?" they said.</p>
+
+<p>They declared that it was not a question of morality or of religion,
+but purely a matter of business.</p>
+
+<p>Rhode Island had refused to send delegates; and those from New York
+had gone home in anger. The discussions were bitter, and the
+situation became dangerous.</p>
+
+<p>While the convention "was scarcely held together by the strength of a
+hair," the question came up for discussion, whether Congress or the
+individual states should have control over commerce.</p>
+
+<p>The New England states, with their wealth of shipping, said that by
+all means Congress should have the control, and should make a uniform
+tariff in all the states. This, it was believed, would put an end to
+all the wranglings and the unjust acts which were so ruinous to
+commerce.</p>
+
+<p>The extreme Southern states that had no shipping said it would never
+do; for New England, by controlling the carrying trade, would extort
+ruinous prices for shipping tobacco and rice.</p>
+
+<p>When the outlook seemed darkest, two of the Connecticut delegates
+suggested a compromise.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," said Franklin, "when a carpenter wishes to fit two boards, he
+sometimes pares off a bit from each."</p>
+<a name="page151"></a>
+<p>It was finally decided that there should be free trade between the
+states, and that Congress should control commerce.</p>
+
+<p>To complete the "bargain," nothing was to be done about the African
+slave trade for twenty years. Slavery had been slowly dying out both
+in the North and in the South, for nearly fifty years. The wisest men
+of 1787 believed that it would speedily die a natural death and give
+way to a better system of labor.</p>
+
+<p>It was upon these three great foundation stones, or compromises, that
+our Constitution was built. The rest of the work, while very
+important, was not difficult or dangerous. The question of choosing a
+president, and a hundred other less important matters were at last
+settled.</p>
+<a name="page152"></a>
+<p>The scorching summer of 1787 was well-nigh spent before the great
+document was finished. The convention broke up on September 17. Few
+of its members were satisfied with their work. None supposed it
+complete.</p>
+
+<p>Tradition says that Washington, who was the first to sign, standing
+by the table, held up his pen and said solemnly, "Should the states
+reject this excellent Constitution, they probably will never sign
+another in peace. The next will be drawn in blood."</p>
+
+<p>Of the delegates who were present on the last day of the convention,
+all but three signed the Constitution.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration43">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="479">
+			<img src="images/43.jpg" alt="Signing the Constitution">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="479" align="center">
+			<small>Signing the Constitution</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It is said that when the last man had signed, many of the delegates
+seemed awe-struck at what they had done. Washington himself sat with
+head bowed in deep thought.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-three years before this, and before some of the delegates then
+present were born, Franklin had done his best to bring the colonies
+into a federal union. He was sixty years of age when, in this very
+room, he put his name to the Declaration of Independence. Now, as the
+genial old man saw the noble aim of his life accomplished, he
+indulged in one of his homely bits of pleasantry.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration44">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="363">
+			<img src="images/44.jpg" alt="Benjamin Franklin">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="363" align="center">
+			<small>Benjamin Franklin</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>There was a rude painting of a half sun, gorgeous with its yellow
+rays, on the back of the president's black armchair. When Washington
+solemnly rose, as the meeting was breaking up, Franklin pointed to
+the chair and said, "As I have been sitting here all these weeks, I
+have often wondered whether that sun behind our president is rising
+or setting. Now I do know that it is a rising sun."</p>
+<a name="page153"></a>
+<p>The Constitution was sent to the Continental Congress, who submitted
+it to the people of the several states for their approval. It was
+agreed that when it was adopted by nine states, it should become the
+supreme law of the land.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the first time there was a real national issue. The people
+arranged themselves into two great political parties, the
+Federalists, who believed in a strong government and the new
+Constitution, and the Anti-Federalists, who were opposed to a
+stronger union between the states.</p>
+
+<p>And now what keen discussions, bitter quarrels, and scurrilous and
+abusive newspaper articles! A bloodless war of squibs, broadsides,
+pamphlets, and frenzied oratory was waged everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>Hamilton and Madison were "mere boys" and "visionary young men";
+Franklin was an "old dotard" and "in his second childhood"; and as
+for Washington, "What did he know about politics?"</p>
+<a name="page154"></a>
+<p>The Constitution was called "a triple-headed monster." Many able men
+sincerely believed it to be "as deep and wicked a conspiracy as ever
+was invented in the darkest ages against the liberties of the
+people."</p>
+
+<p>How eloquently did such men as Hamilton, Madison, Randolph, Jay,
+"Light-Horse Harry" Lee, John Marshall, Fisher Ames, and a score of
+other "makers of our country" defend the "New Roof," as the people
+were then fond of calling the Federal Constitution!</p>
+
+<p>A series of short essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, and
+published under the name of "The Federalist," were widely read.
+Although written at a white heat, their grave and lofty eloquence and
+their stern patriotism carried conviction to the hearts of the
+people.</p>
+
+<p>"The Delaware State," as it was called, was the first to adopt the
+Constitution. It was not until the next June that Massachusetts and
+Virginia ratified it, as the sixth and tenth states. New York next
+fell into line in July.</p>
+
+<p>The victory was won! The "New Roof" was up and finished, supported by
+eleven stout pillars!</p>
+
+<p>On the glorious "Fourth" in 1788, there was great rejoicing
+throughout the land. Bonfires, stump speeches, fireworks,
+processions, music, gorgeous banners, and barbecues of oxen expressed
+the joy of the people over the establishment of a federal government.</p>
+
+<p>"Hurrah for the United States of America!" shouted every patriot.</p>
+<a name="page155"></a>
+<p>"The good ship Constitution" was at last fairly launched.</p>
+
+<p>The wheels of the new government began to turn slowly and with much
+friction. It was not until the first week of April, 1789, that the
+House of Representatives and the Senate met and counted the electoral
+votes for a President of the newly born nation. There were sixty-nine
+votes in all, and of these every one was for George Washington. John
+Adams was the second choice of the electoral college. He received
+thirty-four votes, and was accordingly declared Vice President.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was formed and adopted our just and wise Constitution, which,
+except for a few amendments, has ever since been the supreme law of
+the land. This document has been called by Gladstone "the greatest
+work ever struck off at any time by the mind and purpose of man." To
+it we owe our prosperity and our high place among nations.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap11"></a><a name="page156"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER XI</h3>
+<center><b>A DARING EXPLOIT</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>About a century ago, pirates on the northern coast of Africa were
+causing a great deal of trouble. They used to dash out in their
+vessels, and capture and plunder the merchant ships of all nations.
+The poor sailors were sold as slaves, and then kicked and cuffed
+about by cruel masters.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration45">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="293">
+			<img src="images/45.jpg" alt="American Sailors sold into Slavery by the Barbary Pirates">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="293" align="center">
+			<small>American Sailors sold into Slavery by the Barbary Pirates</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>You will hardly believe it, but our country used to do exactly what
+other nations did. We used to buy the good will of these Barbary
+pirates, by giving them, every year, cannon, powder, and great sums
+of money. In fact we could not at first help it; for we were then a
+young and feeble nation with many troubles, and our navy was so small
+that we could not do as we pleased.</p>
+
+<p>The payment of this blackmail soon became a serious affair. The
+ruler, or pasha, of Tripoli was bold enough to declare war against
+this country, and cut down the flagstaff in front of our consul's
+house. Two other Barbary states, Morocco and Tunis, began to be
+impudent because they did not get enough money.</p>
+
+<p>This was more than our people could stand. These scamps needed a
+lesson.</p>
+<a name="page157"></a>
+<p>You will, of course, remember Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the
+Declaration of Independence. He was at this time President of the
+United States. As you may well think, he was not the man to put up
+with such insults.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration46">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="328">
+			<img src="images/46.jpg" alt="Thomas Jefferson">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="328" align="center">
+			<small>Thomas Jefferson</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>"It reminds me," said Jefferson, "of what my good friend, Ben
+Franklin, once said in his Poor Richard's Almanac: 'If you make
+yourself a sheep, the wolves will eat you.' We must put a stop to
+paying this blood money, and deal with these pirates with an iron
+hand."</p>
+
+<p>So it came to pass that Commodore Dale was sent to the Mediterranean,
+with a small fleet of war ships.</p>
+
+<p>When our little fleet arrived off the Barbary coast, Morocco and
+Tunis stopped grumbling and soon came to terms. We were then free to
+deal with Tripoli.</p>
+
+<p>Our war ships had orders simply to look after our merchantmen,
+without doing any fighting. Still, to give the proud ruler of Tripoli
+a hint of what he might soon expect, one of our small vessels, the
+Enterprise, afterwards<a name="page158"></a> commanded by Decatur, fought a short but
+furious battle with a Tripolitan man-of-war.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration47">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="324">
+			<img src="images/47.jpg" alt="Fight between Dale and the Tripolitan Pirates">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="324" align="center">
+			<small>Fight between Dale and the Tripolitan Pirates</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The pirate captain hauled his flag down three times, but hoisted it
+again when the fire of the Enterprise ceased. This insult was too
+much for Dale. Bringing his vessel alongside the pirate craft, he
+sprang over her side, followed by fifty of his men. The pirate crew,
+with their long curved swords, fought hard; yet in fifteen minutes
+they were beaten.</p>
+
+<p>Our sailors now cut away the masts of the enemy's vessel, and,
+stripping her of everything except one old sail and a single spar,
+let her drift back to Tripoli, as a hint of how the new nation across
+the Atlantic was likely to deal with pirates.</p>
+
+<p>"Tell your pasha," shouted the American captain, as the Barbary ship
+drifted away, "that this is the way my country will pay him tribute
+after this."</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1803, the command of our fleet was given to Commodore
+Preble, who had just forced the ruler of Morocco to pay for an attack
+upon one of our merchant ships. The famous frigate Constitution,
+better known to every wide-awake American boy and girl as "Old
+Ironsides," was his flagship.</p>
+
+<p>Among his officers, or "schoolboy captains," as he called them, were
+many bright young men, who afterwards gained fame in fighting their
+country's battles. One of these officers was Stephen Decatur, the
+hero of this story, who afterwards, as captain of the frigate United
+States,<a name="page159"></a> whipped the British frigate Macedonian after a fight of an
+hour and a half.</p>
+
+<p>One morning late in the fall of 1803, the frigate Philadelphia, one
+of the best ships of our little navy, while chasing a piratical
+craft, ran upon a sunken reef near the harbor of Tripoli. The good
+ship was helpless either to fight or to get away.</p>
+
+<p>The officers and crew worked with all their might. They threw some of
+the cannon overboard, they cut away the foremast, they did everything
+they could to float the vessel. It was no use; the ship stuck fast.</p>
+
+<p>Of course it did not take long for the Tripolitans to see that the
+American war ship was helpless. Their gunboats swarmed round the
+ill-fated vessel and opened fire. It was a trying hour for the
+gallant Captain Bainbridge and his men. Down must come the colors,
+and down they came. The officers and the sailors were taken ashore
+and thrown into prison.</p>
+
+<p>After a time, the Tripolitans got the Philadelphia off the reef.
+Then, towing her into the harbor of Tripoli, they anchored her close
+under the guns of their forts.<a name="page160"></a> The vessel was refitted, cannon were
+put on board, together with a crew of several hundred sailors, and
+the crescent flag was raised. She was now ready to sail out to attack
+our shipping.</p>
+
+<p>Just think of the days of grief and shame for Captain Bainbridge and
+his men! Think of them as they looked day after day out of the narrow
+windows of the pasha's castle, and saw this vessel, one of the
+handsomest in the world, flying the colors of the enemy! These brave
+Americans had need of all their grit; but they kept up their courage
+and bided their time.</p>
+
+<p>Commodore Preble now sailed to Sicily, and cast anchor in the harbor
+of Syracuse.</p>
+
+<p>Don't you suppose the recapture of the Philadelphia was talked of
+every day?</p>
+
+<p>Of course it was. Everybody in the fleet, from the commodore to the
+powder monkey, was thinking about it. They must do something, and the
+sooner the better.</p>
+
+<p>Even Captain Bainbridge in his prison cell wrote several letters with
+lemon juice, which could be read on being held to the fire, and sent
+them to Preble. These letters contained plans for sinking the
+ill-fated ship.</p>
+
+<p>Every one of Preble's young captains was eager to try it. It might
+mean glory, and promotion, or perhaps failure, and death.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration48">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="192">
+			<img src="images/48.jpg" alt="Commodore Stephen Decatur">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="192" align="center">
+			<small>Commodore Stephen Decatur</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Somehow or other all looked to the dashing Stephen Decatur; for from
+the first he had taken a leading part in planning the desperate deed.</p>
+<a name="page161"></a>
+<p>"For the honor of the flag, sir, the ship must be destroyed. She must
+never be allowed to sail under that pirate flag," said Commodore
+Preble to Decatur.</p>
+
+<p>"My father was the ship's first commander," replied the young
+officer, whose fine black eyes gleamed, "and if I can only rescue
+her, it will be glory enough for a lifetime."</p>
+
+<p>"You have spoken first," said the commodore, "and it is only right
+that you should have the first chance."</p>
+
+<p>No time was lost. All hands went to work.</p>
+
+<p>What was their plan?</p>
+
+<p>With a vessel made to look like a Maltese trader, and with his men
+dressed like Maltese sailors, Decatur meant to steal into the harbor
+at night, set fire to the Philadelphia, and then make a race for
+life.</p>
+
+<p>A short time before this, Decatur had captured a small vessel, known
+as a ketch. As this kind of boat was common here, nobody would
+suspect her.</p>
+<a name="page162"></a>
+<p>The little craft, now named the Intrepid, was soon loaded with all
+kinds of things that would catch fire easily.</p>
+
+<p>On board the Enterprise on the afternoon of February 3, 1803, the
+order was, "All hands to muster!"</p>
+
+<p>"I want sixty-one men out of this ship's crew," said Decatur, "to
+leave to-morrow in the Intrepid, to help destroy the Philadelphia.
+Let each man who wants to go take two steps ahead."</p>
+
+<p>With a cheer, every officer, every sailor, and even the smallest
+powder boys stepped forward. No wonder the young captain's fine face
+beamed with joy.</p>
+
+<p>"A thousand thanks, my men," he said, and the tears came into his
+eyes; "I am sorry, but you can't all go. I will now choose the men I
+want to take with me." He picked out about sixty of the youngest and
+most active.</p>
+
+<p>"Thankee, sir," said each man when his name was called.</p>
+
+<p>Besides his own younger officers and his surgeon, Decatur took five
+young officers from the Constitution, and a Sicilian pilot named
+Catalano, who knew the harbor of Tripoli.</p>
+
+<p>That same evening, the little ketch, with its crew of some
+seventy-five men, sailed out of the harbor of Syracuse amid three
+lusty cheers. The war brig Siren went with her.</p>
+
+<p>In four days, the two vessels reached the harbor of Tripoli, but a
+bad storm drove them off shore. What a time they had for six days!
+The Intrepid was a poor<a name="page163"></a> affair at best, and there was no shelter from
+the fury and the cold of the storm. The sailors slept on the hard
+deck, nibbled what little ship bread was not water-soaked,&mdash;for they
+had lost all their bacon,&mdash;and caught rain water to drink. In cold,
+hunger, and wet, these men, like true American sailors, sang their
+songs, cracked their jokes, and kept up their courage.</p>
+
+<p>After a week, the fury of the storm abated, the bright sunshine
+brought comfort, and the two vessels set sail for Tripoli.</p>
+
+<p>As they drew near the coast, towards evening, the wind was so light
+that the Siren was almost becalmed. The Intrepid, however, met a
+light breeze, which sped her toward the rocky harbor.</p>
+
+<p>Decatur saw that his best hope now was to make a bold dash, without
+waiting for the brig.</p>
+
+<p>"Never mind, boys," he said, "the fewer the number, the greater the
+glory. Keep your heads level; obey orders every time; and do your
+duty."</p>
+
+<p>About sunset, the ketch with her alert crew came in sight of the
+white-walled city. They could see the chain of forts and the frowning
+castle. The tall black hull and the shining masts of the Philadelphia
+stood out boldly against the bright blue African sky. Two huge
+men-of-war and a score of gunboats were moored near her.<a name="page164"></a> The harbor
+was like a giant cavern, at the back of which lay the Philadelphia,
+manned by pirates armed to the teeth, who were waiting for an attack
+from the dreaded Americans.</p>
+
+<p>Into these jaws of death, Decatur boldly steered his little craft.
+The breeze was still fresh. It would never do to take in sail, for
+the ever-watchful pirates would think it strange. So spare sails and
+buckets were towed astern to act as a drag, for fear they should
+reach their goal too early.</p>
+
+<p>The men now hid themselves by lying flat upon the deck, behind the
+bulwarks, the rails, and the masts. Only a few persons, dressed like
+Maltese sailors, could be seen. Decatur stood calmly at the wheel by
+the side of Catalano, the pilot.</p>
+
+<p>"We lay packed closer than sardines in a box, and were still as so
+many dead men," said one of the men long afterwards to his
+grandchildren.</p>
+
+<p>About nine o'clock the moon rose, and by its clear light the ketch
+was steered straight across the blue waters for the bows of the
+Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>"Vessel ahoy! What vessel is that?" shouted an officer of the
+frigate, as the Intrepid boldly came nearer.</p>
+
+<p>Decatur whispered to his pilot.</p>
+
+<p>"This is the ketch Stella, from Malta," shouted Catalano, in Italian.
+"We have lost our anchors, and were nearly wrecked in the gale; we
+want to ride near you during the night."</p>
+<a name="page165"></a>
+<p>"All right! but only until daylight," replied the officer, and
+ordered a line to be lowered.</p>
+
+<p>Without a moment's delay, a boat under the command of young Lawrence
+put off from the Intrepid. On meeting the pirate boat, he took the
+line and rowed back to the ketch.</p>
+
+<p>The Americans, in their red jackets and fezzes, hauled away with a
+right good will, and brought their little craft steadily in toward
+the huge black hull of the frigate, where they were soon being made
+fast under her port side.</p>
+
+<p>As the ketch now drifted into a patch of moonlight, the pirate
+officer spied the anchors with their cables coiled up.</p>
+
+<p>"Keep off! You have lied to me," he shouted, and ordered his men to
+cut the hawser.</p>
+
+<p>As if by magic, the deck of the ketch swarmed with men, whose strong
+arms forced their vessel up against the side of the Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>"Americans! Americans!" cried the dazed Tripolitans.</p>
+
+<p>"Board! board!" shouted Decatur, as he made a spring for the deck of
+the frigate, followed by his gallant men.</p>
+
+<p>Although taken by surprise, the Tripolitans fought hard. They were
+called the best hand to hand fighters in the world, but they were no
+match for American sailors. As Preble's orders were "to carry all
+with the sword," no firearms were used. The only weapons<a name="page166"></a> were
+cutlasses. The watchword was "Philadelphia," which they were to use
+in the darkness.</p>
+
+<p>The Americans formed a line from one side of the ship to the other,
+and, with Decatur as leader, swept everything before them on the main
+deck. On the gun deck, Lawrence and McDonough did the same thing. In
+fifteen minutes, every Tripolitan had been cut down or driven
+overboard. In spite of the close, sharp fighting, not one of our men
+received a scratch.</p>
+
+<p>But now comes the tug of war! Every man knows exactly what to do, for
+he has been well drilled. Some hand up kegs of powder and balls of
+oakum soaked in tar. Others carry these along the deck and down
+below. Now they drag two eighteen-pounders amidships, double-shot
+them, and point them down the main hatch, so as to blow out the
+bottom of the ship. In a few minutes everything is ready.</p>
+
+<p>"Start the fires!" A puff of smoke, a little blaze, then flames
+everywhere!</p>
+
+<p>Quick and sharp comes the order to leap aboard the ketch. Decatur,
+sure that the work thus far is well done, is the last man to leave.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration49">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="330">
+			<img src="images/49.jpg" alt="The Burning of the Philadelphia">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="330" align="center">
+			<small>The Burning of the Philadelphia</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Now all are safe aboard the Intrepid. The order is given to cast off.
+The ketch still clings to the blazing frigate, from whose portholes
+the flames are shooting out. The gunpowder left on the deck is
+covered only with canvas. Life is in peril. They find that the stern
+rope has not been cast off. Up rush Decatur and his<a name="page167"></a> officers, and cut
+the hawser with their swords. The boat swings clear, and the men row
+for their lives.</p>
+
+<p>The fierce flames of the burning ship bring the Intrepid into plain
+view. She is a target for every gun. Bang! bang! thunder a hundred
+cannon.</p>
+
+<p>"Stop rowing, boys, and give 'em three cheers," shouts Decatur.</p>
+
+<p>Everybody is on his feet in an instant, and joins in the hurrahs.</p>
+
+<p>Solid shot, grape, and shells whistle and scream in the air above the
+little ketch, and throw up showers of spray as they strike the water.
+Only one shot hits, and that whizzes through the mainsail. The men
+bend to their oars and pull for dear life. They are soon well out of<a name="page168"></a>
+range, and, in a short time, safe under the guns of the Siren.</p>
+
+<p>What wild hurrahs were heard when Decatur, clad in a sailor's
+pea-jacket, and begrimed with powder, sprang on board and shouted,
+"Didn't she make a glorious bonfire, and we didn't lose a man!"</p>
+
+<p>In telling the story afterwards, the men said it was a superb sight.
+The flames burst out and ran rapidly up the masts and the rigging,
+and lighted up the sea and the sky with a lurid glare. The guns soon
+became heated and began to go off. They fired their hot shot into the
+shipping, and even into the town. Then, as if giving a last salute,
+the Philadelphia parted her cables, drifted ashore, and blew up.</p>
+
+<p>As a popular saying goes, "Nothing succeeds like success." So it was
+with Decatur's deed. His cool head and the fine discipline of his men
+won success. The famous Lord Nelson, the greatest naval commander of
+his time, said it was "the most bold and daring act of the age."</p>
+
+<p>Decatur was well rewarded. At twenty-five he was made a captain, and
+given the command of "Old Ironsides," probably the finest frigate at
+that time in the world.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap12"></a><a name="page169"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER XII</h3>
+<center><b>"OLD IRONSIDES"</b></center>
+<br>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" summary="poem1">
+	<tr><td><small>"Ay, tear her tattered ensign down!<br>
+		&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long has it waved on high,<br>
+		&nbsp;And many an eye has danced to see<br>
+		&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That banner in the sky."</small></td></tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>In 1833, when the old war ship Constitution, unfit for service, lay
+in the navy yard in Charlestown, the Secretary of the Navy decided to
+sell her or to break her up. On the appearance of this bit of news in
+a Boston paper, Oliver Wendell Holmes, a law student at Harvard,
+scribbled some verses and sent them to the editor.</p>
+
+<p>This poem of twenty-four lines was at once published, and was soon
+copied into the leading newspapers of the country. In our large
+cities, the poem was circulated as a handbill. Popular indignation
+rose to a white heat, and swept everything before it.</p>
+
+<p>The order was at once revoked, and Congress decided that the old
+frigate, so dear to the hearts of the American people, should be
+rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>Why did the people care so much about "Old Ironsides"?</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration50">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="440">
+			<img src="images/50.jpg" alt="Old Ironsides">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="440" align="center">
+			<small>"Old Ironsides"</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>For twenty-five years after the adoption of the Constitution, we had
+a rough road to travel. We were<a name="page170"></a> nearly crushed by our foreign debts,
+and could do little to defend ourselves on the high seas. England
+boarded our ships and carried off our sailors, and France captured
+our vessels and stole their cargoes. Even the Barbary pirates, when
+they spied the new flag, began to plunder and burn our merchantmen,
+and sell their crews into slavery.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1793, eight Algerine pirate craft sailed out into the
+Atlantic, and within a month had captured eleven of our ships and
+made slaves of more than a hundred of our sailors.</p>
+
+<p>Think of our consul at Lisbon writing home, "Another Algerine pirate
+in the Atlantic. God preserve us!"</p>
+
+<p>In behalf of American citizens held as slaves by these pirates, a
+petition was sent to Congress. A bill was then passed, allowing
+President Washington to build or to buy six frigates.</p>
+
+<p>It was a fortunate day for our nation when the plans of Mr.
+Humphreys, a shipbuilder of Philadelphia, were accepted. He was
+directed by Congress to prepare the models of six war ships, to be
+built in different towns on the coast.</p>
+
+<p>The design of the Constitution was sent to Boston, and her keel was
+laid in Hartt's Naval Yard, near what is now Constitution Wharf. The
+ideas of Mr. Humphreys were carried out to the letter. The new
+frigate was to have better guns, greater speed, greater cruising
+capacity,&mdash;in fact, was to be a little better<a name="page171"></a> in every respect than
+the British and the French ships of the same rating.</p>
+
+<p>The Constitution was called a forty-four-gun frigate, although she
+actually carried thirty twenty-four-pounders on her main deck, and
+twenty-two thirty-two-pounders on her spar deck. She had one gun deck
+instead of two, and her cannon were heavier than were usually carried
+on foreign war ships of her own class. She was twenty feet longer and
+about five feet broader than<a name="page172"></a> the far-famed thirty-eight-gun British
+frigates. In comparison with a modern war ship, she was less than one
+half as long as the armed cruiser New York, and not far from the size
+of one of our gunboats.</p>
+
+<p>The British naval officers made much sport of these new ships; but
+after "Old Ironsides" had destroyed two fine British frigates, and
+had outsailed a large British fleet, they went to work and made over
+some of their line of battle ships into large frigates.</p>
+
+<p>The Constitution was built of the best material, and with unusual
+care. A Boston shipwright was sent South to select live oak, red
+cedar, and hard pine. Paul Revere, who made the famous midnight ride
+to Concord, received nearly four thousand dollars for the copper
+which he furnished for the new frigate.</p>
+
+<p>From the laying of the keel to the final equipment, the Constitution
+was kept in the shipyard fully three years. Her live oak timbers,
+having had two years to season, were hard as iron.</p>
+
+<p>After many delays, the stanch ship was set afloat at midday, October
+21, 1797, "before a numerous and brilliant collection of citizens."</p>
+
+<p>In 1803, a fleet was sent to the north of Africa, to force the
+pirates of the Barbary coast to respect the persons and the property
+of American citizens. Commodore Preble was made commander, with the
+Constitution as his flagship. He had under him the Philadelphia, a
+fine new frigate, and five smaller war ships.</p>
+<a name="page173"></a>
+<p>Preble was a remarkable man, and his "schoolboy captains," as he
+called them, all under twenty-five years of age, were also remarkable
+men.</p>
+
+<p>For two years or more, there was plenty of stubborn fighting. Within
+forty days, five attacks were made on the forts and the war ships of
+Tripoli. In three of these attacks, the Constitution took part; and
+once, while supporting the fleet, she silenced more than a hundred
+guns behind the forts of the pirate capital.</p>
+
+<p>Even from the first, the new frigate was lucky. She was never
+dismasted, or seriously injured, in battle or by weather. In all her
+service, not one commanding officer was ever lost, and few of her
+crew were ever killed.</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion, six of our gunboats made a savage hand to hand
+attack on twenty-one Tripolitan gunboats, and drove them back into
+the harbor with great loss.</p>
+
+<p>"There, Commodore Preble," said young Decatur, as he came over the
+side of the Constitution, and walked joyfully up to his commander on
+the quarter-deck, "I have brought you out three of the gunboats."</p>
+
+<p>Preble had a kind heart, but a very quick temper. Like a flash, he
+seized Decatur by the collar and shook him, shouting, "Aye, sir, why
+did you not bring me out more?" and walked into his cabin.</p>
+
+<p>The stern old fighter was over his temper in a moment. He sent for
+his young officer, and made ample amends for bad temper and hasty
+words. Ever afterwards these two great men were the best of friends.</p>
+<a name="page174"></a>
+<p>During the war of 1812, "the war for free trade and sailors' rights,"
+the Constitution won her chief honors. The story of her remarkable
+escape from a British squadron has been often told.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration51">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="302">
+			<img src="images/51.jpg" alt="Isaac Hull">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="302" align="center">
+			<small>Isaac Hull</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It was at daybreak about the middle of July, 1812, off the New Jersey
+coast. Not a breath ruffled the ocean. Captain Isaac Hull, every inch
+of him a sailor, was in command. A British fleet of five frigates and
+some smaller vessels, which had been sighted the day before, had
+crept up during the night, and at daylight almost surrounded "Old
+Ironsides."</p>
+
+<p>Hull knew his ship and his men. Not for one moment did he think of
+giving up his vessel. Of course he could not fight his powerful foe
+with his single ship. He must get away. But how?</p>
+
+<p>One of the British frigates, the Shannon, had furled her sails, and
+was being towed by all the boats of the fleet.</p>
+
+<p>"This," said Lieutenant Morris, "seemed to decide our fate."</p>
+
+<p>A moment later, however, a puff of wind carried our frigate out of
+gunshot.</p>
+
+<p>"How deep is the water?" shouts Captain Hull.</p>
+
+<p>"Twenty fathoms," is the reply.</p>
+
+<p>"Out with the kedge anchor!" cries Hull.</p>
+
+<p>All the spare ropes and cables are fastened together and payed out to
+an anchor, which is dropped into the sea a mile ahead. The sailors on
+the frigate go round<a name="page175"></a> the windlass on the run, and the vessel is
+slowly drawn ahead to the anchor, which is now quickly taken up and
+carried out once more. This is called kedging.</p>
+
+<p>Our sailor boys give cheer on cheer as they whirl the windlass and
+pull at the oars.</p>
+
+<p>The captain of one of the enemy's frigates now sees the game, and
+tries kedging, but does not get near enough to throw a shot.</p>
+
+<p>Three of the pursuing frigates open fire at long range, without doing
+any damage.</p>
+
+<p>All day long this pursuit is kept up. Every gun is loaded, ready to
+fire. The men rest by the cannon, with their rammers and their
+sponges beside them. All the next day the chase goes on. At last,
+slowly but surely, the American frigate gains on her pursuers. At
+four o'clock in the afternoon, the Shannon is four miles astern.</p>
+
+<p>Two hours later, a squall gave Hull a chance to play a trick on his
+pursuers. Sail was shortened the moment the squall struck. The
+British captain, seeing the apparent confusion on board the Yankee
+frigate, also shortened sail. The moment his vessel was hidden by<a name="page176"></a> the
+rain, Hull quickly made sail again. When the weather cleared, his
+nearest pursuer was far astern.</p>
+
+<p>At daylight the next morning, the British fleet was almost out of
+sight, and, after a chase of three nights and two days, gave up the
+contest.</p>
+
+<p>Six days later, the good people of Boston went wild with delight, as
+their favorite frigate ran the blockade and came to anchor in the
+harbor.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Hull was not the man to be shut up in Boston harbor if he
+could help it. In less than two weeks he ran the blockade and sailed
+out upon the broad ocean. A powerful British fleet was off the coast.
+Hull knew it, but out he sailed with his single ship to battle for
+his country.</p>
+
+<p>Now the British had a fine frigate named the Guerri�re. This vessel
+was one of the fleet that had given the Constitution such a hot chase
+a few days before. Captain Dacres, her commander, and Captain Hull
+were personal friends, and had wagered a hat on the result of a
+possible battle between their frigates. The British captain had just
+written a challenge to the commander of our fleet, saying that he
+should like to meet any frigate of the United States, to have a few
+minutes <i>t�te-�-t�te</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On the afternoon of August 19, about seven hundred miles northeast of
+Boston, these two finest frigates in the world, the Guerri�re and the
+Constitution, met for the "interview" that Dacres so much wanted.</p>
+
+<p>All is hurry and bustle on "Old Ironsides."</p>
+<a name="page177"></a>
+<p>"Clear for action!" shrilly sounds the boatswain's whistle.</p>
+
+<p>The fife and drum call to quarters. Everybody hurries to his place.</p>
+
+<p>The British frigate, as if in defiance, flings out a flag from each
+topmast. Her big guns flash, but the balls fall short.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't fire until I give the word," orders Captain Hull.</p>
+
+<p>Now the Guerri�re, drawing nearer and nearer, pours in a broadside.</p>
+
+<p>"Shall we not fire, sir?" asks Lieutenant Morris.</p>
+
+<p>"Not yet," is Hull's reply.</p>
+
+<p>Another broadside tears through the rigging, wounding several men.
+The sailors are restless at their double-shotted guns.</p>
+
+<p>Now the two frigates are fairly abreast, and within pistol shot of
+each other.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, boys, do your duty. Fire!" shouts the gallant commander, at the
+top of his voice.</p>
+
+<p>Hull is a short and stout man. As he leans over to give the order to
+fire, his breeches burst from hip to knee. The men roar with
+laughter. There is no time to waste, however, and so he finishes the
+battle in his laughable plight.</p>
+
+<p>An officer, pointing to the captain, cries, "Hull her, boys! hull
+her!"</p>
+
+<p>The men, catching the play upon words, shout, "Hull her! Yes, we'll
+hull her!"</p>
+<a name="page178"></a>
+<p>"Old Ironsides" now lets fly a terrible broadside at close range. The
+Guerri�re's mizzenmast goes overboard.</p>
+
+<p>"My lads, you have made a brig of that craft!" cries Hull.</p>
+
+<p>"Wait a moment, sir, and we'll make her a sloop!" shout back the
+sailors.</p>
+
+<p>Sure enough, the Guerri�re swings round and gets a raking fire, which
+cuts away the foremast and much of the rigging, and leaves her a
+helpless hulk in the trough of the sea. The flag goes down with the
+rigging, and there is nothing to do but to surrender.</p>
+
+<p>In just thirty minutes, the British frigate is a wreck.</p>
+
+<p>During the hottest part of the battle, a sailor, at least so runs the
+story, saw a cannon ball strike the side of the vessel and fall back
+into the sea.</p>
+
+<p>"Hurrah, boys! hurrah for 'Old Ironsides'!" he shouted to his mates;
+"her sides are made of iron."</p>
+
+<p>Some say that from this incident the nickname of "Old Ironsides" took
+its origin.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration52">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="305">
+			<img src="images/52.jpg" alt="Hull refuses Dacres's Sword">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="305" align="center">
+			<small>Hull refuses Dacres's Sword</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Captain Hull received his old friend Dacres, kindly, on board the
+Constitution, and said, "I see you are wounded, Dacres. Let me help
+you."</p>
+
+<p>When the British captain offered his sword, Hull said, "No, Dacres, I
+cannot take the sword of a man who knows so well how to use it, but I
+will thank you for that hat!"</p>
+
+<p>Just as they were ready to blow up the Guerri�re, Dacres remembered
+that a Bible, his wife's gift, which<a name="page179"></a> he had carried with him for
+years, had been left behind. Captain Hull at once sent a boat after
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-five years after this incident, Captain Dacres, then an
+admiral, gave Hull a dinner on his flagship, at Gibraltar, and told
+the ladies the story of his wife's Bible.</p>
+
+<p>When "Old Ironsides" came sailing up the harbor, on the last day of
+August, what a rousing reception the people of Boston gave Captain
+Hull and his gallant men!</p>
+
+<p>All the people of the town crowded the wharves or filled the windows
+and the housetops overlooking the bay. The streets were gay with
+bunting, and there was a grand dinner, with many patriotic speeches
+and deafening cheers.</p>
+
+<p>In less than five months after her battle with the Guerri�re, the
+Constitution had her hardest fight. It was with the Java, one of the
+best frigates in the British navy. Her commander, Captain Lambert,
+was said to be<a name="page180"></a> one of the ablest sailors that ever handled a war
+ship. The battle took place some thirty miles off the northeast coast
+of Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>The Constitution was commanded by Captain William Bainbridge. Before
+this, he had done some feats of seamanship, but thus far in his
+career he had not been fortunate. As you remember, Captain
+Bainbridge, through no fault of his own, lost the Philadelphia off
+the harbor of Tripoli.</p>
+
+<p>The battle began about two o'clock in the afternoon, with broadsides
+from both frigates.</p>
+
+<p>Bainbridge was soon wounded in the hip by a musket ball; then the
+wheel was shattered, and a small copper bolt was driven into his
+thigh. Unwilling to leave the deck a moment, he had his wounds
+dressed while directing the battle.</p>
+
+<p>Finding that he could not get near enough to the swift British
+frigate, Bainbridge boldly headed for the enemy. There was great risk
+of getting raked, but fortunately the Java's shots went wild.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration53">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="335">
+			<img src="images/53.jpg" alt="Old Ironsides bearing down on a British Man-of-War">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="335" align="center">
+			<small>"Old Ironsides" bearing down on a British Man-of-War</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>"Old Ironsides" was now within close range of the Java, and the fire
+of her heavy cannon soon left the British frigate dismasted and
+helpless. The British did not surrender, however, until every stick
+in the ship except a part of the mainmast had been cut away.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Lambert was mortally injured, his first lieutenant severely
+hurt, and nearly fifty men were killed and more than one hundred
+wounded. "Old Ironsides" came out of the battle with every spar in
+place.</p>
+<a name="page181"></a>
+<p>The wheel of the Java was removed and fitted on the Constitution, to
+replace the one which had been shot away.</p>
+
+<p>A few years after the war, some British naval officers paid a visit
+to "Old Ironsides."</p>
+
+<p>"You have a most perfect vessel," said one of them, "but I must say
+that you have a very ugly wheel for so beautiful a frigate."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," said the American captain to whom the remark was made, "it is
+ugly. We lost our wheel in fighting the Java, and after the battle we
+replaced it with her wheel, and somehow we have never felt like
+changing it."</p>
+<a name="page182"></a>
+<p>Bainbridge was a great-hearted and heroic man. When he was told that
+Captain Lambert was mortally injured, he forgot his own wounds and
+had his men carry him to the blood-stained quarter-deck, where the
+British officer lay. He then put into the dying man's hand the sword
+he had just surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>On Captain Bainbridge's return to Boston, another long procession
+marched up State Street, and another grand dinner was given. When he
+traveled by coach to Washington, the people along the route turned
+out in great crowds to honor the naval hero.</p>
+
+<p>The Constitution fought her last battle off the Madeira Islands, on
+February 20, 1815, under the command of Captain Charles Stewart, one
+of the hardest fighters in the history of our navy.</p>
+
+<p>"What shall I bring you for a present?" said Captain Stewart to his
+bride.</p>
+
+<p>"A British frigate," promptly replied the patriotic young wife.</p>
+
+<p>"I will bring you two," answered Stewart.</p>
+
+<p>On the afternoon of February 20, two British men-of-war hove in
+sight. They proved to be the frigate Cyane and the sloop of war
+Levant.</p>
+
+<p>"Old Ironsides" made all sail to overhaul them.</p>
+
+<p>Stewart's superb seamanship in this sharp battle has excited the
+admiration of naval experts, even to our own day. It is generally
+admitted that no American ship was ever better handled. He raked one
+vessel and then<a name="page183"></a> the other, repeatedly. Neither of the enemy's war
+ships got in a single broadside.</p>
+
+<p>Just forty minutes after Stewart's first fire, the Cyane surrendered.
+A full moon then rose in all its splendor, and the battle went
+stoutly on with the Levant. At ten o'clock, however, she, too,
+perfectly helpless, struck her colors.</p>
+
+<p>"Old Ironsides'" last great battle was over. Singlehanded, she had
+fought two British war ships at one time and defeated them, and that,
+too, with only three men killed and twelve wounded. In less than
+three hours our stanch frigate was again in fighting trim.</p>
+
+<p>With the exception of long periods of rest, "Old Ironsides" carried
+her country's flag with dignity and honor for forty years.</p>
+
+<p>Her cruising days ended just before the outburst of the Civil War, in
+1861, when she was taken to Newport, Rhode Island, to serve as a
+school-ship for the Naval Academy. Later, she was housed over, and
+used as a receiving ship at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In the fall of
+1897, she was towed to the navy yard at Charlestown, to take part in
+her centennial celebration, October 21, 1897.</p>
+
+<p>The old Constitution has been rebuilt in parts, and repaired many
+times; so that little remains of the original vessel except her keel
+and her floor frames. These huge pieces of her framework, hewn by
+hand from solid oak, are the same that thrilled with the shock of the
+old guns,<a name="page184"></a> before the granite forts of Tripoli. Over them floated the
+American flag and the pennants of Preble, Hull, Bainbridge, Decatur,
+Stewart, and many other gallant men, whose heroic deeds have shed
+luster on the American navy.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to know that Commodore Stewart was the last
+survivor of the great captains of the war of 1812. He served his
+country faithfully for seventy-one years, and lived to be ninety-one.
+He died at his home, called "Old Ironsides," in New Jersey, in 1869.</p>
+
+<p>The loss of a few frigates did not matter much to England, but the
+loss of her naval prestige in the war of 1812 was of importance to
+the whole world. For the first time, Europe realized that there was a
+new nation, which was able and willing to fight for its freedom on
+the ocean, as it had fought for its independence on land.</p>
+
+<p>"Old Ironsides" still survives, a weather-beaten and battle-scarred
+hull, but a precious memorial of the nation's glory. She has earned a
+lasting place in the affections of the American people.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap13"></a><a name="page185"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER XIII</h3>
+<center><b>"OLD HICKORY'S" CHRISTMAS</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>At the beginning of the last century, England was fighting for her
+very life against the mighty Napoleon. We remained neutral; but our
+ships were doing a fine business in carrying supplies to the two
+nations.</p>
+
+<p>England, however, looked at us with a jealous eye, and was determined
+to prevent our trade with France. On the other hand, Napoleon was
+eager to shut us out from England.</p>
+
+<p>Thus trouble arose. Both nations began to meddle with our commerce,
+and to capture and plunder our ships. What did they care for the
+rights of a feeble nation so long as each could cut off the other's
+supplies?</p>
+
+<p>Great Britain, moreover, could not man her enormous navy. To get
+sailors, she overhauled our merchantmen on the high seas and carried
+men away to supply her war ships. In 1807, nearly two hundred of our
+merchantmen had been taken by the British, and fully as many more by
+the French. The time had come when we must either fight or give up
+our trade.</p>
+
+<p>It was hard to know what was best to do. Some were for fighting both
+England and France at the same time.</p>
+<a name="page186"></a>
+<p>Thomas Jefferson, who was President at this time, and James Madison,
+who followed him in 1809, were men of peace, and believed that the
+nation should keep out of war.</p>
+
+<p>In 1811, however, the pent-up wrath of the people, roused by even
+greater insults, found relief in electing a "war" Congress. Then,
+through men like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, President Madison
+yielded to popular feeling, and in June, 1812, war was declared with
+Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>It was a bold thing to do. England had thousands of well-seasoned
+troops, commanded by officers who had been trained by Wellington. Our
+regular army had less than seven thousand men, and our main
+dependence was upon the militia, who proved of little service. To
+meet England on the water, we had only six frigates and a dozen or
+more little craft. England had more than two hundred war ships larger
+than any of ours.</p>
+
+<p>The war began, and was carried on, in a haphazard sort of way. Most
+of our land battles were inglorious enough; but the story of our
+naval battles is another thing. England, the "mistress of the seas,"
+met with some unpleasant surprises. Out of fifteen naval contests,
+with equal forces, we won twelve. Never before had the British navy
+met with such defeats.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the year 1814, Napoleon was driven into exile at Elba, and
+Europe was for a time free from war. England was now able to send
+larger fleets and more<a name="page187"></a> troops to our shores, and planned to capture
+New Orleans, the gateway to the commerce of the Mississippi. The hour
+of trial had indeed come for the fair Creole city.</p>
+
+<p>New Orleans was foreign in character, having been joined to our
+republic by purchase, with little in common with our people except a
+bitter hatred for England.</p>
+
+<p>In the last week of November, a great fleet with ten thousand
+veterans sailed across the Gulf of Mexico, in the direction of New
+Orleans. The troops, most of whom had just served in Spain, under the
+"Iron Duke," were held to be the best fighting men in the world.</p>
+
+<p>The voyage seems to have been a kind of gala trip. The wives of many
+of the officers sailed with their husbands; and the time was spent in
+dancing, in musical and theatrical performances, and in other
+festivities.</p>
+
+<p>So sure were the proud Britons of taking the Creole city that they
+brought officers to govern it.</p>
+
+<p>On December 9, in the midst of a storm, the ships anchored off the
+delta of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>The British, having planned to approach New Orleans from the east,
+sent the lighter craft to cross Lake Borgne, some fifteen miles from
+the city.</p>
+
+<p>Five American gunboats, commanded by a young officer named Jones,
+with less than two hundred men, were guarding the lake. The British
+landed twelve hundred marines. There was a sharp hand to hand fight
+for an hour, in which over three hundred of the British were<a name="page188"></a> killed
+or wounded. But it was twelve hundred against two hundred. Young
+Jones was severely wounded, and his gunboats were captured.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration54">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="326">
+			<img src="images/54.jpg" alt="Jackson on the eve of the battle">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="326" align="center">
+			<small>On the Eve of the Battle, Spies Inform Jackson of the
+			Enemy's Position</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It was now two days before Christmas. In a little dwelling house in
+Royal Street all was hurry and bustle. This was General Jackson's
+headquarters. Early in the afternoon, a young French officer, Major
+Viller�, had galloped to the door, with the word that an outpost on
+his father's plantation, twelve miles below New Orleans, had been
+surprised that morning by the British.</p>
+
+<p>"The redcoats are marching in full force straight for the city," he
+said; "and if they keep on, they will reach here this very night."</p>
+
+<p>"By the Eternal!" exclaimed Jackson. His eyes flashed, his reddish
+gray hair began to bristle, and he brought his fist down upon the
+table. "They shall not sleep upon our soil this night."</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen," he continued to his officers and to the citizens round
+him, "the British are below; we must fight them to-night."</p>
+
+<p>The great bell on the old cathedral of St. Louis begins to ring,
+cannon are fired three times to signify danger, and messengers ride
+to and fro in hot haste, with orders for the troops to take up their
+line of march.</p>
+
+<p>The people of New Orleans had heard how the rough Britons dealt with
+the cities of Spain, and they knew well enough that the hated
+redcoats would treat their own loved city in like manner.</p>
+<a name="page189"></a>
+<p>Jackson put every able-bodied man at work. It was a motley crowd.
+Creoles, Frenchmen, Spaniards, prison convicts, negroes, and even
+Lafitte, the far-famed "Pirate of the Gulf," and his crew of
+buccaneers, answered Jackson's call. The people cheerfully submitted
+to martial law. The streets resounded with "Yankee Doodle" and with
+"The Marseillaise" sung in English, French, and Spanish.</p>
+
+<p>The backwoodsmen once more came to the front, as they had done at
+King's Mountain, thirty-five years before. The stern features of "Old
+Hickory" relaxed a bit at the sight of Colonel Carroll and his
+riflemen from Nashville. They arrived in flatboats on the same day
+that the British vanguard reached the river. Clad in coonskin caps
+and fringed leggins, and<a name="page190"></a> with their long rifles on their shoulders,
+these rough pioneers came tramping into the city. They were tall,
+gaunt fellows, with powder horns over their buckskin shirts, and with
+hunting knives in their belts.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Coffee, too, had come with his regiment of mounted riflemen,
+and was encamped five miles below the city.</p>
+
+<p>Now Jackson knew that if he did not have time to throw up some
+earthworks, the city was likely to fall. In his usual fiery way, he
+made up his mind to attack the enemy that very night.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the British had built their camp fires along the levee, and
+were eating their supper. Not once did they think themselves in
+danger.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after dark, a strange vessel, dropping quietly down the river,
+anchored within musket shot. Some of the redcoats thought it best to
+stir up the stranger, and so fired several times at her.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly a hoarse voice was heard, "Now give it to them, boys, for
+the honor of America!"</p>
+
+<p>It was the Carolina, an American war schooner.</p>
+
+<p>At once shot and shell rained on the British camp, killing or
+wounding at least a hundred men in ten minutes. The redcoats trampled
+out their camp fires, and fled behind the levee for shelter.</p>
+
+<p>This was a rather warm reception, but it became a great deal warmer
+when Jackson charged into their camp. For two hours in the dark was
+fought a series<a name="page191"></a> of deadly hand to hand fights. The British used their
+bayonets, the riflemen their hunting knives.</p>
+
+<p>At last, a thick fog from the river made it impossible to tell friend
+from foe. The redcoats retreated and found shelter behind the levee.
+The Americans fell back about three miles and camped.</p>
+
+<p>This bold night attack cost the British five hundred in killed and
+wounded, and saved New Orleans from capture. Jackson had gained his
+point. He had dealt the enemy a sudden, stinging blow.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration55">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="272">
+			<img src="images/55.jpg" alt="General Jackson">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="272" align="center">
+			<small>General Jackson, nicknamed "Old Hickory"</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Christmas opened drearily enough for the invaders, but before night,
+to their great joy, Sir Edward Pakenham arrived from England, and
+took command. The British had now about ten thousand men, led by
+three veterans. Surely, it would be nothing but boy's play for the
+great Sir Edward to defeat the "backwoods general" and his motley
+army. On his return home, his reward was to be a peerage.</p>
+
+<p>Pakenham went to work bright and early the next morning. Within two
+days, eleven cannon and a mortar were brought from the fleet, and
+mounted in a redoubt on the bank of the river. The battery at once
+began<a name="page192"></a> to throw red-hot shells at the two war vessels in the river.
+The little Carolina soon blew up, while the Louisiana was towed out
+of range and escaped.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, Sir Edward thought that by marching out his army he
+might get a look at the enemy. He was not disappointed, for after
+advancing nearly three miles, he stumbled on the Americans in good
+earnest.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner were the British columns in sight than they were driven
+back by a brisk fire of shot and shell. Then followed a furious
+artillery duel. In vain the British pounded away with field pieces,
+rocket guns, and mortars; they were forced back by the cannon of the
+Americans.</p>
+
+<p>The British commander now saw that he must lay regular siege to the
+American position.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after midnight, on New Year's morning, his men silently
+advanced to within three hundred yards of Jackson's first
+intrenchments, which were made of cotton bales, and threw up a
+redoubt of mud and hogsheads of sugar. When the fog lifted at ten
+o'clock, the Americans were surprised to see the British cannon
+frowning upon them.</p>
+
+<p>The artillery began to roar. Jackson's cotton bales were soon
+burning. On the other hand, the Louisiana and a water battery did
+fine work with their raking fire, and soon blew the sugar barrels
+into thousands of pieces. The British guns were quickly silenced, and
+only the gallantry of the sailors from the war ships saved them from
+capture.</p>
+<a name="page193"></a>
+<p>Sir Edward had boasted that he should pass this New Year's night in
+New Orleans; but his reception had been so warm that he was now
+forced to withdraw. Jackson had made it so lively for the invaders
+that they had been without sleep and food for nearly sixty hours.</p>
+
+<p>The British admiral tried a grim joke by sending word to Sir Edward
+that, if he did not hurry and capture the city, he should land his
+marines and do up the job himself.</p>
+
+<p>The British now decided to carry by storm the American lines on both
+sides of the river, and chose Sunday morning, January 8, for the
+attack.</p>
+
+<p>Jackson gave himself and his men no rest, night or day. He had
+redoubts thrown up even to the city itself.</p>
+
+<p>The main line of defense, over which not a single British soldier
+passed, except as prisoner, was a mud bank about a mile and a half
+long. In front of it was a ditch, or half choked canal, which ran
+from the river to an impassable cypress swamp on the left wing.</p>
+
+<p>All Saturday night, January 7, was heard in the British camp the
+sound of pickax and shovel, the rumble of artillery, and the muffled
+tread of the regiments, as they marched to their several positions in
+the line of battle.</p>
+
+<p>After a day of great fatigue, Jackson lay down upon a sofa to rest.
+At midnight, he looked at his watch and spoke to his aids.</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen," he said, "we have slept long enough. The enemy will be
+upon us in a few moments."</p>
+<a name="page194"></a>
+<p>Long before daylight, "Old Hickory" saw to it that every man was at
+his post. Leaning on their rifles, or grouped about the great guns,
+the men in silence saluted their beloved general, as he rode from
+post to post, in the thick fog of that long, wakeful night.</p>
+
+<p>The lifting of the fog in the early light revealed the long scarlet
+lines of British veterans, in battle array. Surely it was only
+something to whet their appetites for breakfast, for such
+well-trained fighters to carry that low, mud earthwork.</p>
+
+<p>The bugle sounded, and the red-coated grenadiers and the kilted
+Highlanders moved steadily forward in columns. Not a rifle cracked,
+but the cannon from the mud earthwork thundered furiously. Grape and
+solid shot tore long lanes through the advancing battalions.</p>
+
+<p>General Gibbs led the attack on the left, which a deserter had told
+Pakenham was the weakest part of the earthwork. So it was; but on the
+day before the battle, Jackson had stationed there his Tennessee
+riflemen.</p>
+
+<p>Nearer come the British regulars on the double-quick. The four lines
+of sturdy riflemen wait until three fourths of the distance is
+covered.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly the clear voice of General Carroll rings out, "Fire!"</p>
+
+<p>A sheet of flame bursts from the earthwork. The advancing columns
+falter, stop, break, and run. Not a man reaches the redoubt.</p>
+<a name="page195"></a>
+<p>It was said that an old thirty-two-pounder had been loaded to the
+muzzle with musket balls, the first volley of which killed or wounded
+two hundred of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>"Here comes the Ninety-Third! Rally on the Ninety-Third!" shouts
+Pakenham, as this splendid regiment of eight hundred kilted
+Highlanders advances amid the confusion.</p>
+
+<p>The brave men now rally for another desperate charge.</p>
+
+<p>"Hurrah, boys! the day is ours!" shouts Colonel Rennie, as he leads
+the attack on the right flank.</p>
+
+<p>But the day is not theirs. A few officers and men actually get across
+the ditch, but every one of them is shot dead the moment his head
+shows over the earthwork. The wavering columns stagger and give way.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Edward leaves General Lambert in command of the reserve, and,
+with generals Gibbs and Keane, now leads the assault. The mud
+earthwork again belches its sheets of flame, as the backwoods
+riflemen fire their death-dealing volleys. Again the proud columns
+give way.</p>
+
+<p>"Forward, men, forward!" cries Pakenham, ordering the bugler to sound
+the charge.</p>
+
+<p>A rifle ball carries away the bugle before a note is sounded.</p>
+
+<p>"Order up the reserve!" shouts the British commander, and leads his
+men to another deadly charge.</p>
+
+<p>A rifle bullet shatters his right leg, another kills his horse, and
+finally a third, fired by a negro, instantly<a name="page196"></a> kills him. Gibbs and
+Keane are both severely wounded. The officers in the brilliant
+uniforms are easy targets for the sharpshooters.</p>
+
+<p>It is what Bunker Hill might have been if the patriots had had
+stronger breastworks and plenty of ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>The eight hundred Highlanders, with pale faces but firm step, advance
+to the ditch, and, too proud to run, stand the fire until few more
+than a hundred are left. These slowly retire with their faces still
+toward the Americans.</p>
+
+<p>The battle lasted only twenty-five minutes. During this time the
+American flag was kept flying near the middle of the line. A military
+band roused the troops. Just after the fight, Jackson and his staff
+in full uniform rode slowly along the lines. The wild uproar of that
+motley army was echoed by thousands of spectators, who with fear and
+trembling had watched the issue of the contest.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration56">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="426">
+			<img src="images/56.jpg" alt="General Jackson riding along the Lines">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="426" align="center">
+			<small>General Jackson riding along the Lines, after the Battle</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In the final and decisive action on that Sunday morning, the British
+had about six thousand men, while Jackson had less than three
+thousand. Of the British, seven hundred were killed, fourteen hundred
+wounded, and five hundred taken prisoners. The Americans had only
+eight killed and fourteen wounded!</p>
+
+<p>It was the most astonishing battle ever fought on this continent.
+There had never been a defeat so crushing, with a loss so small.</p>
+<a name="page197"></a>
+<p>For a week or more, the British kept sullenly within their lines.
+Jackson clung to his intrenchments. He was a fearless fighter, but
+was unwilling to risk a battle with well-tried veterans in an open
+field. He kept up, however, a continual pounding with his big guns,
+and his mounted riflemen gave the redcoats no rest.</p>
+
+<p>In about three weeks, General Lambert skillfully retreated to the
+ships, and, soon afterwards, the entire army sailed for England.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the glorious but dreadful battle of New Orleans, the
+anniversary of which is still celebrated.</p>
+<a name="page198"></a>
+<p>Honors fell thick and fast upon "Old Hickory." Fourteen years later,
+he became the seventh President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The sad part of this astounding victory is that peace had been
+declared about two weeks before the battle was fought. A "cablegram,"
+or even an ocean greyhound, could have saved the lives of many brave
+men.</p>
+
+<p>When peace was made, nothing was said about impressing our sailors,
+or about the rights of our merchantmen. From that day to this,
+however, no American citizen has been forced to serve on a British
+war ship, and no American vessel has ever been searched on the high
+seas.</p>
+
+<p>The war of 1812 was not fought in vain. The nations of the world saw
+that we would fight to maintain our rights. Best of all, perhaps,
+this war served to strengthen the feeling of nationality among our
+own people.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="chap14"></a><a name="page199"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CHAPTER XIV</h3>
+<center><b>A HERO'S WELCOME</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>Rarely has the benefactor of a people been awarded such measure of
+gratitude as we gave Lafayette, in 1824. Eager crowds flocked into
+the cities and the villages to welcome this hero. Thousands of
+children, the boys in blue jackets and the girls in white dresses,
+scattered flowers before him. If you could get your grandfather or
+your grandmother to tell you of this visit, it would be as
+interesting as a storybook.</p>
+
+<p>The conditions in the United States were just right for such an
+outburst of feeling. Everybody knew the story of the rich French
+nobleman, who, at the age of nineteen, had left friends, wife, home,
+and native land, to cast his lot with strange people, three thousand
+miles away, engaged in fighting for freedom.</p>
+
+<p>It was not until after the battle of Bunker Hill that, at a grand
+dinner party, the young marquis heard of our struggle for
+independence. He knew neither our country nor our people, and he did
+not speak our language; but his sympathies were at once awakened, and
+he made up his mind to fight for us.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1777, at his own expense, he bought and fitted out a
+vessel with military supplies, and sailed<a name="page200"></a> for America. Seven weeks
+later, he landed in South Carolina, and at once went to Philadelphia
+to offer his services to Congress.</p>
+
+<p>He wrote a note to a member of Congress, in which he said, "After the
+sacrifices I have made, I have the right to exact two favors; one is,
+to serve at my own expense, the other, to serve as a volunteer."</p>
+
+<p>These manly words and the striking appearance of the young Frenchman,
+together with letters from Benjamin Franklin, had their effect. His
+services were accepted, and he was made a major general.</p>
+
+<p>For seven years Lafayette served Washington as an aid and a personal
+friend. His deep sympathy, his generous conduct, and his gracious
+ways won all hearts, from the stately Washington to the humblest
+soldier. Personal bravery on the battlefield at once gained fame for
+him as a soldier, and made him one of the heroes of the hour. His
+example worked wonders in getting the best young men of the country
+to enlist in the army.</p>
+
+<p>During the fearful winter at Valley Forge, the young nobleman
+suddenly changed his manner of living. Used to ease and personal
+comforts, he became even more frugal and self-denying than the
+half-starved and half-frozen soldiers. How different it must have
+been from the gayeties and the luxuries of the French court of the
+winter before!</p>
+
+<p>The battle of Monmouth was fought on a hot Sunday in June, 1778. From
+four o'clock in the morning until<a name="page201"></a> dusk, Lafayette fought like a hero.
+Late at night, when the battle was over, he and Washington lay upon
+the same cloak, under a tree, and talked over the strange events of
+the day until they fell asleep.</p>
+
+<p>After the battle of Monmouth, Lafayette went back to France to visit
+his family, and to plead the cause of his adopted country. He was
+kindly received at court.</p>
+
+<p>"Tell us all the good news about our dearly-beloved Americans,"
+begged the queen.</p>
+
+<p>To the king, Lafayette spoke plainly: "The money that you spend,
+Sire, on one of your court balls would go far towards sending an army
+to the colonies in America, and dealing England a blow where she
+would most feel it."</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1780, Lafayette returned to America with the French
+king's pledge of help.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the Revolution, the gallant young marquis went back
+to France, the hero of his nation, but<a name="page202"></a> his interest in America never
+grew less. When the treaty of peace was signed at Paris, he hired a
+vessel and hurried it across the ocean, with the good news.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration57">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="297">
+			<img src="images/57.jpg" alt="Lafayette's Visit to Washington at Mount Vernon">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="297" align="center">
+			<small>Lafayette's Visit to Washington at Mount Vernon, in 1784</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In 1784, the year after peace was declared, Lafayette visited this
+country for the third time. He made Washington a long visit at Mount
+Vernon, went over the old battlefields, and met his old comrades.</p>
+
+<p>In 1824, it was known that Lafayette, now an old man, longed to visit
+once more the American people and the scenes he loved so well.
+Congress at once requested President Monroe to invite him as the
+nation's guest.</p>
+
+<p>Forty years had wrought a marvelous change in America. The thirteen
+colonies, in whose cause the young Frenchman came over the sea, had
+been united into a nation of twenty-four states. The experiment of
+laying the foundation of a great republic had proved successful. The
+problem of self-government had been solved.</p>
+
+<p>The United States had taken its place among the great nations of the
+world,&mdash;a republic of twelve millions of prosperous and happy people.
+Towns and cities had sprung up like magic. The tide of immigration
+had taken possession of mountain and valley of what was then the far
+West.</p>
+
+<p>The people of the young nation were still rejoicing over the glorious
+victories of Hull, Decatur, Bainbridge, Perry, and other heroes of
+the sea. Less than ten years<a name="page203"></a> before, General Jackson had won his
+great victory at New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>Time had dealt heavily with the great generals of the Revolution.
+Washington had been laid away in the tomb at Mount Vernon,
+twenty-five years before. Greene, Wayne, Marion, Morgan, Schuyler,
+Knox, and Lincoln were all dead. Stark had died only two years
+before. Sumter was still living. Lafayette was the last surviving
+major general of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>The people of this country were familiar with Lafayette's remarkable
+history since he had left America. They had heard of his lifelong
+struggle against tyranny in his native land. They knew him as the
+gallant knight who had dealt hard blows in the cause of freedom. They
+cared little about the turmoils of French politics, but knew that
+this champion of liberty had been for five years in an Austrian
+dungeon.</p>
+
+<p>Do you wonder that the grateful people of the sturdy young republic
+were eager to receive him as their guest?</p>
+
+<p>In company with his son, George Washington Lafayette, and his private
+secretary, Lafayette landed at Staten Island, New York, on Sunday,
+August 15, 1824. He spent the night at the house of Vice President
+Tompkins. The next day, six thousand citizens came, in a grand
+procession of gayly decked vessels, to escort the national guest to
+the city. The cannon from the forts and from the men-of-war boomed a
+welcome, while two hundred thousand people cheered themselves hoarse.</p>
+<a name="page204"></a>
+<p>Within a few days Lafayette went to Washington, and was formally
+received as the nation's guest by President Monroe, at the White
+House.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" summary="Illustration58">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="342">
+			<img src="images/58.jpg" alt="President Monroe">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="342" align="center">
+			<small>President Monroe, who received the Nation's Guest</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>As our guest now enters upon an unbroken series of receptions and
+triumphal ovations in the twenty-four states of the Union, let us
+take a glimpse at his personal appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette was tall, rather stout, and had a large head. His face was
+oval and regular, with a high forehead. His complexion was light, and
+his cheeks were red. He had a long nose, and well-arched eyebrows
+overhanging grayish blue eyes. He had lost his hair in the Austrian
+prison, and in its place wore a curly, reddish brown wig, set low
+upon his forehead, thus concealing the heavy wrinkles upon his brow.</p>
+
+<p>"Time has much changed us, for then we were young and active," said
+Lafayette to his old friend, the famous Indian chief Red Jacket, whom
+he met at Buffalo.</p>
+<a name="page205"></a>
+<p>"Alas!" said the aged warrior, who did not suspect the finely made
+French wig, "time has left my white brother red cheeks and a head
+covered with hair; but for me,&mdash;look!" and, untying the handkerchief
+that covered his head, the old chieftain showed with a grim smile
+that he was entirely bald.</p>
+
+<p>The veteran soldiers of the Revolution said they could not see any
+resemblance to their youthful hero of nearly half a century before.
+He was always a plain-looking, if not a homely man, but his smile was
+magnetic, his face singularly attractive, and his manner full of
+sweet and gracious courtesy. To the people of the Revolution he was
+always known as "the young marquis."</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette remained in New York four days; but, having promised to
+attend the graduating exercises at Harvard College, he was forced to
+hasten to Boston. The trip was made by a relay of carriages, with a
+large civic and military escort.</p>
+
+<p>Although the party traveled from five o'clock in the morning until
+midnight, it took five days to reach the city. Every village along
+the route had its triumphal arch, trimmed with flowers and patriotic
+mottoes. People came for many miles round, to welcome the great man
+and his party. At night the long file of carriages was escorted by
+men on horseback, carrying torches. Cannon were fired and church
+bells rung, all along the route; while, after dark, huge bonfires
+were lighted on the hilltops and on every village green.</p>
+<a name="page206"></a>
+<p>When Lafayette appeared, there was wild excitement in the staid city
+of Boston. He rode in an open barouche drawn by six white horses; and
+was escorted by companies of militia, and by twelve hundred mounted
+tradesmen, clad in white frocks.</p>
+
+<p>It seems that Dr. Bowditch, the famous mathematician, a man too
+dignified to smile on ordinary occasions, was caught in the crowd
+that was waiting for Lafayette. He walked up a flight of steps, that
+he might with proper dignity let the crowd pass. At the sight of the
+famous Frenchman, he seemed to lose his senses; for in an instant he
+was in the front ranks of the crowd, trying to shake hands with the
+honored guest, and shouting with all his might.</p>
+
+<p>On this trip Lafayette went east as far as Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
+His tour was then directed by way of Worcester, Hartford, and the
+familiar scenes of the Hudson, to the South and the Southwest, where
+he visited all the large cities. From New Orleans, he ascended the
+Mississippi and the Ohio. He then crossed Lake Erie, and, passing
+through the state of New York and the old Bay State, visited
+Portland, Maine. Returning by Lake Champlain and the Hudson, he
+reached New York in time for the magnificent celebration of the
+Fourth of July, 1825. The tour was brought to an end in September, by
+a visit to the national capital.</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette's journey through the country lasted for more than a year,
+and was one unbroken ovation.<a name="page207"></a> Towns and cities all over the land vied
+with each other in paying him honor. It was one long series of public
+dinners, patriotic speeches, bonfires, flower-decked arches,
+processions of school children, and brilliant balls.</p>
+
+<p>The old veterans who had fought under Washington eagerly put on their
+faded uniforms, and found themselves the heroes of the hour, as they
+fought their battles over again to crowds of eager listeners. In
+fact, Lafayette's interviews with the old soldiers and the few
+surviving officers appear to have been the most interesting and the
+most pathetic features of the whole journey.</p>
+
+<p>A few weeks after his arrival in this country, Lafayette went to
+Yorktown, to celebrate the anniversary of that notable victory. He
+was entertained in the house which had been the headquarters of
+Cornwallis, forty-three years before. A single bed was found for the
+marquis; but the little village was so crowded that the governor of
+Virginia and the great officers of the state were forced to camp on
+straw spread on the floor.</p>
+
+<p>A big box of candles, which once belonged to Cornwallis's supplies,
+was found in good order in the cellar. They were lighted and arranged
+in the middle of the camp, where the ladies and the soldiers danced.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, Lafayette received his callers in the large Washington
+tent, which had been brought from Mount Vernon for this purpose.
+Branches cut from a fine laurel in front of the Nelson house were
+woven into a crown, and placed on the head of the honored guest.</p>
+<a name="page208"></a>
+<p>Lafayette at once took it off, and, putting it on the head of his old
+comrade, Colonel Nicholas Fish, who helped him carry the redoubt at
+Yorktown, said, "Take it; this wreath belongs to you also; keep it as
+a deposit for which we must account to our comrades."</p>
+
+<p>"Nick," said Lafayette at another time to this aged man, as the two
+old friends sailed up the Hudson, "do you remember when we used to
+slide down that hill with the Newburgh girls, on an ox sled?"</p>
+
+<p>On the trip through the Southwest, one of the grandest ovations took
+place at Nashville, Tennessee. General Jackson, the hero of New
+Orleans, with forty veterans of the Revolution, and thousands of
+people from far and near, gave their guest a rousing welcome.</p>
+
+<p>One old German veteran, who came over with Lafayette in 1777, and who
+served with him during the whole war, traveled a hundred and fifty
+miles over the mountains to reach Nashville.</p>
+
+<p>As he threw himself into his general's arms, he exclaimed, "I have
+seen you once again; I have nothing more to wish for; I have lived
+long enough."</p>
+
+<p>In the grand procession at New Orleans, one hundred Choctaw Indians
+marched in single file. They had been in camp near the city for a
+month, that they might be on hand to see "the great warrior," "the
+brother of their great father Washington."</p>
+
+<p>It would fill a good-sized book to tell you all the incidents and the
+courtesies that marked this triumphal tour.</p>
+<a name="page209"></a>
+<p>At Hartford, Connecticut, eight hundred school children, who had
+saved their pennies, gave Lafayette a gold medal, and a hundred
+veterans of the Revolution escorted him through the city to the boat.</p>
+
+<p>When the grand cavalcade reached Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the rain
+came down in torrents, but a thousand school children, crowned with
+flowers, lined the road to greet the far-famed man, and not one left
+the ranks.</p>
+
+<p>In New York City, there was a firemen's parade with nearly fifty hand
+engines, each drawn by thirty red-shirted men. A sham house was built
+and set on fire; then, at the captain's signal, the firemen leaped to
+the brakes and showed their foreign guest how fire was put out in
+America.</p>
+
+<p>Sixty Boston boys, from twelve to fourteen years of age, formed a
+flying artillery company, and, keeping just ahead of the long
+procession, fired salute after salute as the party neared the city.</p>
+
+<p>While in Boston, Lafayette rode out to Quincy one Sunday, to pay a
+visit of respect to the venerable John Adams, and dine with him. He
+was astonished to find this noted man and ex-President of the United
+States living in a one-story frame house. Although the old statesman
+was so feeble that his grandchildren had to put the food into his
+mouth, Lafayette said "he kept up the conversation on the old times
+with an ease and readiness of memory which made us forget his
+eighty-nine years."</p>
+<a name="page210"></a>
+<p>One beautiful night while Lafayette was the guest of Philadelphia,
+the whole city was illuminated in his honor. Forty thousand strangers
+flocked into town for the night. The next morning the mayor called
+upon the distinguished guest, and told him that although it was "a
+night of joyous and popular effervescence," perfect order prevailed,
+and not a single arrest was made.</p>
+
+<p>A word was coined to express this flood tide of popular homage, and,
+for many years afterwards, whenever special honors were paid to
+anybody, he was said to be "Lafayetted."</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration59">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="296">
+			<img src="images/59.jpg" alt="Lafayette's Reception at a Roadside Tavern">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="296" align="center">
+			<small>Lafayette's Reception at a Roadside Tavern in Virginia</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A touching incident shows the spirit of gratitude which seemed to
+seize even the humblest of citizens, in trying to please the nation's
+guest. The party stopped at a small tavern on a byroad in Virginia,
+to rest the horses. The landlord came out and begged Lafayette to
+come into his house, if only for five minutes. The marquis, with his
+usual courtesy, yielded to the request, and entered.</p>
+
+<p>The plain but neat living room was trimmed with fir trees, and upon
+its whitewashed wall was written, in charcoal, "Welcome, Lafayette."
+On a small table was a bottle of strong drink, with glasses, as was
+the custom in those days. There was also a plate of thin slices of
+bread, all neatly covered with a napkin. The landlord introduced his
+wife, and brought in his little five-year old boy. The food was
+served, and the health of the guest was drunk.</p>
+<a name="page211"></a>
+<p>The speech for the occasion was recited by the boy: "General
+Lafayette, I thank you for the liberty which you have won for my
+father, for my mother, for myself, and for my country."</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette was much moved by the sincerity of it all; and after
+kissing the boy and getting into his carriage, he said, with tears in
+his eyes, that it was one of the happiest moments of his life.</p>
+
+<p>While on his way to Yorktown, in October, Lafayette paid a visit to
+Mount Vernon. Again he passed through the rooms and over the grounds
+with which he was so familiar. What memories of its owner, his great
+and faithful friend for twenty-two years, must have crowded upon the
+old hero!</p>
+
+<p>The remains of Washington then lay in the old tomb near the river.
+The door was opened, and Lafayette went down into the vault, where he
+remained some moments beside the coffin of his great chief. He came
+out with his head bowed, and with tears streaming down<a name="page212"></a> his face. He
+then led his son into the tomb, where they knelt reverently, and,
+after the French fashion, kissed the coffin.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration60">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="200">
+			<img src="images/60.jpg" alt="Bunker Hill Monument">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="200" align="center">
+			<small>Bunker Hill Monument</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill was
+near at hand. The prosperous and happy people of the old Bay State
+were preparing a celebration. The corner stone of Bunker Hill
+Monument was to be laid by Lafayette.</p>
+
+<p>The weather on this memorable June day was perfect. Never before had
+such a crowd been seen in Boston.</p>
+
+<p>A Yankee stage driver very aptly said, "Everything that had wheels
+and everything that had legs used them to get to Boston."</p>
+
+<p>Through the densely crowded streets, a grand civic and military
+procession of seven thousand people escorted the guests to Bunker
+Hill.</p>
+
+<p>As one famous man said, "It seemed as if no spot where a human foot
+could plant itself was left unoccupied."</p>
+
+<p>Two hundred officers and soldiers of the Revolution marched at the
+head of the procession. One old man, who had been a drummer in the
+battle of Bunker Hill, carried the same drum with which he had
+rallied the patriot forces.</p>
+<a name="page213"></a>
+<p>How they shouted when the hero of the day came riding slowly along,
+in an open barouche drawn by six white horses! The women waved their
+handkerchiefs and the gayly decked school children scattered flowers.</p>
+
+<p>How thrilling it was to see those forty white-haired men, the
+survivors of Bunker Hill!</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration61">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="289">
+			<img src="images/61.jpg" alt="Lafayette's Reception">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="289" align="center">
+			<small>Lafayette's Reception, in Boston, to the Veterans of
+			the Revolution</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>During the morning, these honored heroes had been presented to
+Lafayette. He had shaken hands with them, had called them by name,
+and had spoken a few tender words to each of them, as if to some dear
+friend.</p>
+
+<p>Not a field officer or a staff officer of the battle was living.
+Captain Clark, the highest surviving officer, came tottering along
+under the weight of ninety-five years, to shake hands with the French
+nobleman.</p>
+
+<p>The young man who introduced the veterans, and who in after years
+became one of the most honored citizens and mayors of Boston, said of
+this occasion, "If there were dry eyes in the room, mine were not
+among them."</p>
+<a name="page214"></a>
+<p>What a scene it was for an historical picture, when the brave old
+minister, the Reverend Joseph Thaxter, who was chaplain of Colonel
+Prescott's regiment, rose to offer prayer and to give the
+benediction! As his feeble voice was lifted to ask for the blessing
+of God, it did not seem possible that fifty years before, on the same
+spot, this man had stood and prayed for the patriot cause.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration62">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="314">
+			<img src="images/62.jpg" alt="Daniel Webster">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="314" align="center">
+			<small>Daniel Webster</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Daniel Webster was the orator of the day. A famous Englishman once
+said that no man could be as great as Webster looked, and on this day
+the majestic orator seemed to tower above all other men.</p>
+
+<p>Every American schoolboy who has had "to speak his piece" knows by
+heart the famous passage from this oration, beginning, "Venerable
+men! you have come down to us from a former generation. Heaven has
+bounteously lengthened out your lives, that you might behold this
+joyous day."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Webster's voice was in such good order that fifteen thousand
+people are said to have been able to hear him.</p>
+
+<p>At the banquet during the same evening, the great orator said, "I
+shall never desire to behold again the<a name="page215"></a> awful spectacle of so many
+human faces all turned towards me."</p>
+
+<p>Near the end, Lafayette visited Thomas Jefferson at Monticello. The
+veteran statesman, now eighty-one years old, drove his old-time
+friend and guest over to a grand banquet at the University of
+Virginia. James Madison was present. When the students and the great
+crowd of people saw Washington's friend seated between the two aged
+statesmen, a shout went up, the like of which, it was said, was never
+before heard in the Old Dominion.</p>
+
+<p>When Lafayette arrived in America, in August, 1824, he first visited
+the national capital, and was formally received at the White House by
+President Monroe and by many of the great men of the country. On his
+return to Washington in 1825, he was told that Congress had voted him
+two hundred thousand dollars and two large tracts of land, for his
+services during the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>It was now September, and Lafayette had remained in this country much
+longer than he had expected. The new President, John Quincy Adams,
+gave him a farewell dinner at the White House, with a large party of
+notable men. The President's formal farewell to the country's guest
+is a classic in our literature.</p>
+
+<p>Amid the blessings and the prayers of a grateful people, Lafayette
+sailed for France in the new and beautiful frigate Brandywine, which
+had been built and named in his honor.</p>
+<a name="page216"></a>
+<p>For years afterwards, some people used to tell their children, with a
+peculiar thrill and feeling of awe, that a beautiful rainbow arched
+the heavens just before Lafayette landed at Staten Island, and that
+an equally beautiful symbol of peace spanned the broad ocean, as the
+steamboat moved slowly down Chesapeake Bay, to take the nation's
+guest on board the Brandywine.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="questions"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW</h3>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap1">C<small>HAPTER</small> I</a><br>
+<b>THE HERO OF VINCENNES</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. Who was Daniel Boone?</p>
+
+<p>2. When did Boone live?</p>
+
+<p>3. How old was George Rogers Clark at this time?</p>
+
+<p>4. Was Clark brave?</p>
+
+<p>5. Why were the pioneers so long in hearing of the battle of
+Lexington, which was fought in April?</p>
+
+<p>6. How did Lexington, Kentucky, get its name?</p>
+
+<p>7. What kind of life did the pioneers lead in the wilderness?</p>
+
+<p>8. Did the pioneers have other enemies besides the Indians?</p>
+
+<p>9. Why did Clark go back to Virginia?</p>
+
+<p>10. Who lived north of the Ohio?</p>
+
+<p>11. Why did England try to keep the Americans from going west?</p>
+
+<p>12. Who was Hamilton the "hair buyer"?</p>
+
+<p>13. What made the Indians so hostile to the pioneers?</p>
+
+<p>14. How did Clark plan to defend Kentucky?</p>
+
+<p>15. Where was the Illinois country?</p>
+
+<p>16. Why did Clark go back a second time to Virginia?</p>
+
+<p>17. Did anybody think well of Clark's plan of campaign?</p>
+
+<p>18. How much of an army did Clark have for his campaign?</p>
+
+<p>19. Where did Clark plan to begin his campaign?</p>
+
+<p>20. Why did Clark avoid the Mississippi River?</p>
+
+<p>21. Whom did Clark have as guides?</p>
+
+<p>22. How long a march was it to Kaskaskia?</p>
+
+<p>23. What time of year was it when Clark marched to Kaskaskia?</p>
+
+<p>24. Did Clark have trouble in getting into the town of Kaskaskia?</p>
+
+<p>25. What were the people of Kaskaskia doing?</p>
+
+<p>26. How did Clark introduce himself?</p>
+
+<p>27. Who were the Creoles? (Consult a large dictionary.)</p>
+
+<p>28. Who helped Clark make friends?</p>
+
+<p>29. What sort of man was Clark?</p>
+
+<p>30. What did Hamilton do when he heard of Clark's conquest?</p>
+
+<p>31. Why did not Hamilton march from Vincennes to Kaskaskia?</p>
+
+<p>32. Why did Clark decide to push on to Vincennes?</p>
+
+<p>33. At what time of year did Clark start for Vincennes?</p>
+
+<p>34. What did the little army have for food?</p>
+
+<p>35. What hindered Clark's march?</p>
+
+<p>36. How long did it take to cross the plain of the Wabash River?</p>
+
+<p>37. What is a dugout?</p>
+
+<p>38. How did the army get along in crossing the Horseshoe Plain?</p>
+
+<p>39. Who announced Clark's arrival at Vincennes?</p>
+
+<p>40. At what time did Clark reach the village?</p>
+
+<p>41. Why did not Clark allow his men to storm the fort?</p>
+
+<p>42. How did Clark get possession of the fort?</p>
+
+<p>43. Why was Clark's campaign so important?</p>
+
+<p>44. What states are now in this region of Clark's conquest?</p>
+
+<p>45. Do you think Clark was a hero?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap2"><small>CHAPTER</small> II</a><br>
+<b>A MIDWINTER CAMPAIGN</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. Who led the patriots to victory at Saratoga, New York?</p>
+
+<p>2. Why did Arnold's leg deserve to be buried with the honors of war?</p>
+
+<p>3. When the Revolution began, why did Washington wish to attack Canada?</p>
+
+<p>4. Why did Washington like Benedict Arnold?</p>
+
+<p>5. How had Arnold got information about Canada?</p>
+
+<p>6. How did Arnold try to make friends of the Indians?</p>
+
+<p>7. What is wampum?</p>
+
+<p>8. How was the expedition to reach Canada?</p>
+
+<p>9. Why was it easy to get soldiers for this campaign?</p>
+
+<p>10. What time of year was it when the army started?</p>
+
+<p>11. How were the soldiers treated at Newburyport and at Fort Western?</p>
+
+<p>12. Who was Jacataqua?</p>
+
+<p>13. Why did Jacataqua decide to go with the troops?</p>
+
+<p>14. How was the army divided?</p>
+
+<p>15. What trouble did they have with their boats?</p>
+
+<p>16. What is a carrying place?</p>
+
+<p>17. What made the army diminish in numbers?</p>
+
+<p>18. Why was it so hard to reach the Dead River?</p>
+
+<p>19. Why was the ascent of the Dead River so difficult?</p>
+
+<p>20. How many cups of flour in half a pint?</p>
+
+<p>21. What sort of patriot was Colonel Enos?</p>
+
+<p>22. When the flour was gone, what did the army do for food?</p>
+
+<p>23. What did Jacataqua do?</p>
+
+<p>24. What did Arnold do to save his army?</p>
+
+<p>25. What sort of man was Arnold at this time?</p>
+
+<p>26. How far did Arnold have to go to get provisions?</p>
+
+<p>27. When did the army reach Point Levi?</p>
+
+<p>28. What was the condition of the army when it reached Point Levi?</p>
+
+<p>29. What did the Indians do who learned of Arnold's approach?</p>
+
+<p>30. How did Arnold reach the city of Quebec?</p>
+
+<p>31. How did the British treat Arnold and his men?</p>
+
+<p>32. Why did Arnold leave Quebec?</p>
+
+<p>33. What did Sir Guy Carleton do to save Quebec?</p>
+
+<p>34. Why did the patriots wait so long before attacking the city?</p>
+
+<p>35. How was the attack to be made?</p>
+
+<p>36. What happened to Montgomery, Arnold, and Morgan?</p>
+
+<p>37. How did relief finally come to Quebec?</p>
+
+<p>38. How long had this campaign lasted?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap3">C<small>HAPTER</small> III</a><br>
+<b>HOW PALMETTO LOGS MAY BE USED</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. Why did the British destroy Norfolk?</p>
+
+<p>2. Why did England wish to punish North Carolina first of all?</p>
+
+<p>3. Why did Sir Henry Clinton delay the attack upon North Carolina?</p>
+
+<p>4. Why did Lord Campbell wish to capture Charleston?</p>
+
+<p>5. What sort of people were the South Carolinians?</p>
+
+<p>6. Why was a fort built on Sullivan's Island?</p>
+
+<p>7. Who was Moultrie?</p>
+
+<p>8. How were the walls of the fort made?</p>
+
+<p>9. How many cannon did Moultrie have?</p>
+
+<p>10. What made the patriots skillful in firing the cannon?</p>
+
+<p>11. What was the difference between General Charles Lee and Governor Rutledge?</p>
+
+<p>12. What sort of man was Colonel Moultrie?</p>
+
+<p>13. How did the British plan to attack the fort?</p>
+
+<p>14. How was the weather on the day of the battle?</p>
+
+<p>15. How many cannon were the British able to fire at one time?</p>
+
+<p>16. What happened to the men-of-war when they were changing their positions?</p>
+
+<p>17. What sort of men were in the palmetto fort?</p>
+
+<p>18. Do you know a good use for palmetto logs?</p>
+
+<p>19. What share in the battle did Sir Henry Clinton and his men have?</p>
+
+<p>20. Did the patriots have plenty of powder?</p>
+
+<p>21. What did McDaniel think about when he was dying?</p>
+
+<p>22. Why did the people of Charleston suppose the fort had surrendered?</p>
+
+<p>23. What did Jasper do to save the flag?</p>
+
+<p>24. Why did not Jasper accept promotion?</p>
+
+<p>25. The people of South Carolina decreed that the fort on Sullivan's
+Island should forever be called Fort Moultrie. Why do you think they did so?</p>
+
+<p>26. What was the effect of Moultrie's victory?</p>
+
+<p>27. What can you say of Moultrie's after life?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap4">C<small>HAPTER</small> IV</a><br>
+<b>THE PATRIOT SPY</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. What condition of affairs was troubling Washington at this time?</p>
+
+<p>2. Were the British well situated at this time?</p>
+
+<p>3. Why did Washington withdraw from New York?</p>
+
+<p>4. What did Washington think should be done?</p>
+
+<p>5. What kind of man was needed to carry out Washington's plan?</p>
+
+<p>6. Why did Knowlton find it hard to get a man for Washington's purpose?</p>
+
+<p>7. What reason did Nathan Hale give for volunteering to act as spy?</p>
+
+<p>8. What kind of home did Hale have?</p>
+
+<p>9. What kind of boy had Hale been?</p>
+
+<p>10. What was Hale doing at the time of the battle of Lexington?</p>
+
+<p>11. What did Hale do when he learned of the battle of Lexington?</p>
+
+<p>12. What kind of life did Hale lead when captain in the army?</p>
+
+<p>13. How did Hale disguise himself?</p>
+
+<p>14. What sort of place was "The Cedars"?</p>
+
+<p>15. Was it wise for Hale to spend the night at "Mother Chick's" tavern?</p>
+
+<p>16. What did the British marines do with Hale?</p>
+
+<p>17. Where did the captain of the Halifax send Hale?</p>
+
+<p>18. Did Hale receive a trial?</p>
+
+<p>19. What do you think of Cunningham?</p>
+
+<p>20. What regret did Hale have?</p>
+
+<p>21. How was Hale executed?</p>
+
+<p>22. Where was Hale buried?</p>
+
+<p>23. Was Hale a patriot?</p>
+
+<p>24. Would you call Hale a hero?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap5">C<small>HAPTER</small> V</a><br>
+<b>OUR GREATEST PATRIOT</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. Whom do you consider our greatest patriot?</p>
+
+<p>2. What kind of example has Washington set us?</p>
+
+<p>3. Why do we admire Washington?</p>
+
+<p>4. What was Washington's appearance?</p>
+
+<p>5. What do you know of Washington's strength?</p>
+
+<p>6. What was Washington's favorite amusement?</p>
+
+<p>7. What can you say of Washington's dignity?</p>
+
+<p>8. What was Washington's diet?</p>
+
+<p>9. What do you know of Washington's fondness for fine dress?</p>
+
+<p>10. What can you say of Washington's education?</p>
+
+<p>11. What kind of horseman was Washington?</p>
+
+<p>12. How wealthy was Washington?</p>
+
+<p>13. How did Washington become so wealthy?</p>
+
+<p>14. How much land did Washington have?</p>
+
+<p>15. What did Washington think of slaves?</p>
+
+<p>16. How did Washington treat his slaves?</p>
+
+<p>17. How did Washington's slaves treat him?</p>
+
+<p>18. Why did Washington call his house "a well resorted tavern"?</p>
+
+<p>19. What can you say of Washington's charity?</p>
+
+<p>20. What kept Washington from financial ruin?</p>
+
+<p>21. How did Washington look when at the meeting at Newburgh, New York?</p>
+
+<p>22. How was the first President of the United States dressed when he
+made his formal visit to Congress?</p>
+
+<p>23. What can you say of Washington's gravity?</p>
+
+<p>24. What do you know of President Washington's public receptions?</p>
+
+<p>25. How did the guests enjoy President Washington's grand dinners?</p>
+
+<p>26. In what did Washington's greatness consist?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap6">C<small>HAPTER</small> VI</a><br>
+<b>A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. What sort of general was Washington?</p>
+
+<p>2. What did General Clinton think of Washington?</p>
+
+<p>3. What part of the country did Washington need to protect?</p>
+
+<p>4. What did the British do in May, 1779?</p>
+
+<p>5. Why was it important for the Americans to have possession of King's Ferry?</p>
+
+<p>6. Where did the patriot army now take up its quarters?</p>
+
+<p>7. How did the British soldiers act in Connecticut?</p>
+
+<p>8. Why did General Clinton send out raiders?</p>
+
+<p>9. Why did not Washington follow up Clinton's raiders?</p>
+
+<p>10. What did Washington decide to do?</p>
+
+<p>11. What kind of place was Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>12. Who had possession of Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>13. How was Stony Point defended?</p>
+
+<p>14. How many soldiers were in the garrison at Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>15. What does Washington Irving say of Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>16. What name did the British give to Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>17. Who led the attack on Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>18. How old was General Anthony Wayne at this time?</p>
+
+<p>19. How did Wayne look?</p>
+
+<p>20. Why was Wayne called "Mad Anthony"?</p>
+
+<p>21. What sort of soldier was Anthony Wayne?</p>
+
+<p>22. What was Washington's plan of attack?</p>
+
+<p>23. At what hour was the attack to be made?</p>
+
+<p>24. What weapons were to be used in attacking Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>25. How many men were chosen to go to Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>26. What time of year was it now?</p>
+
+<p>27. Why was the soldier put to death for loading his gun?</p>
+
+<p>28. What sort of road was it to Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>29. When did the men learn where they were going?</p>
+
+<p>30. What was the watchword?</p>
+
+<p>31. What did Wayne write to his friend?</p>
+
+<p>32. What did Pompey do?</p>
+
+<p>33. How did Wayne divide his army to make the attack?</p>
+
+<p>34. What is a "forlorn hope"? (Consult a large dictionary.)</p>
+
+<p>35. How did the Americans show their good discipline?</p>
+
+<p>36. What are pioneers? (Consult a large dictionary.)</p>
+
+<p>37. What was the effect of having Colonel Murfree and his men appear
+in front of the fort?</p>
+
+<p>38. How long did the fight last?</p>
+
+<p>39. How many of the British escaped from Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>40. Why did not Washington hold Stony Point?</p>
+
+<p>41. What effect did this victory have on the American soldier?</p>
+
+<p>42. What did the British think of the "rebels"?</p>
+
+<p>43. How did General Clinton take it all?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap7">C<small>HAPTER</small> VII</a><br>
+<b>THE DEFEAT OF THE RED DRAGOONS</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. How did the patriots of the South get on in 1780?</p>
+
+<p>2. What have we already learned about Sir Henry Clinton? (See the
+<a href="#clinton">Index</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>3. What were General Gates's "Northern laurels"? (See <a href="#page18">Chapter II</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>4. What sort of man was Gates? (Compare <a href="#page105">Chapter VIII</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>5. What effect did the crushing blows of the British have on the Southern patriots?</p>
+
+<p>6. What orders did Tarleton and Ferguson receive from Lord Cornwallis?</p>
+
+<p>7. What sort of man was Ferguson?</p>
+
+<p>8. What threat did Ferguson send to the backwoodsmen?</p>
+
+<p>9. What was the character of the Franklin and Holston settlers?</p>
+
+<p>10. What is the name of the state that grew out of the Franklin and Holston settlements?</p>
+
+<p>11. What have we already learned about the Holston settlements? (See
+<a href="#page1">Chapter I</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>12. What had become of the lawless men of the Franklin and Holston settlements?</p>
+
+<p>13. What did the people do when they heard Ferguson's threat?</p>
+
+<p>14. Where was the money got to buy supplies for the army?</p>
+
+<p>15. What do you know of the gathering at Sycamore Shoals?</p>
+
+<p>16. How were the backwoodsmen dressed?</p>
+
+<p>17. What arms did the backwoodsmen have?</p>
+
+<p>18. Who was Samuel Doak?</p>
+
+<p>19. Why were the bands of pioneers put under one supreme commander?</p>
+
+<p>20. Why did the backwoodsmen not find Ferguson at Gilberttown?</p>
+
+<p>21. What kind of spirit did the pioneers show in their pursuit of Ferguson?</p>
+
+<p>22. How far away were the patriots when Ferguson camped at King's Mountain?</p>
+
+<p>23. Why did Ferguson choose King's Mountain for his camp?</p>
+
+<p>24. How long were the riflemen in getting from Cowpens to King's Mountain?</p>
+
+<p>25. What was the riflemen's plan of attack?</p>
+
+<p>26. How was Ferguson killed?</p>
+
+<p>27. Who succeeded Ferguson in command?</p>
+
+<p>28. Why was this battle so fierce?</p>
+
+<p>29. What was the effect of the victory at King's Mountain?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap8">C<small>HAPTER</small> VIII</a><br>
+<b>FROM TEAMSTER TO MAJOR GENERAL</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. What have we already learned of Gates? (See the <a href="#gates">Index</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>2. Where was Daniel Morgan's home?</p>
+
+<p>3. What kind of education did Morgan have?</p>
+
+<p>4. Why was Morgan well thought of by the village people?</p>
+
+<p>5. What kind of times were at hand?</p>
+
+<p>6. Why did Morgan wish to fight the bully?</p>
+
+<p>7. What is a drumhead court-martial? (Consult a large dictionary.)</p>
+
+<p>8. What do you know of Morgan's strength?</p>
+
+<p>9. Why did Morgan stop driving army wagons?</p>
+
+<p>10. Why did Governor Dinwiddie object to promoting Morgan?</p>
+
+<p>11. How did Morgan escape from the Indian?</p>
+
+<p>12. What effect did the army life have on Morgan?</p>
+
+<p>13. What can you say of Morgan's marriage?</p>
+
+<p>14. What do you know of Morgan's religious life?</p>
+
+<p>15. When was Morgan appointed captain?</p>
+
+<p>16. How many men answered Morgan's call?</p>
+
+<p>17. How long a march was it to Boston?</p>
+
+<p>18. When was Morgan made a colonel?</p>
+
+<p>19. What kind of regiment did Morgan command?</p>
+
+<p>20. What was the duty of Morgan and his sharpshooters?</p>
+
+<p>21. What have we already learned about Morgan at Saratoga, New York?
+(See <a href="#page18">Chapter II</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>22. How did the Hessians like Morgan's riflemen?</p>
+
+<p>23. What did Burgoyne think of Morgan's regiment?</p>
+
+<p>24. Why did Morgan leave the army for a while?</p>
+
+<p>25. Why did Morgan return to the army?</p>
+
+<p>26. When was Morgan made a brigadier general?</p>
+
+<p>27. What do you remember about King's Mountain? (See the last half of <a href="#page99">Chapter VII</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>28. Why did the battle of Cowpens make Morgan so famous?</p>
+
+<p>29. What does John Fiske say of this battle?</p>
+
+<p>30. What do you know of Colonel Tarleton? (See <a href="#page91">Chapter VII</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>31. Where did Morgan get the names "old wagoner," "wagoner," and
+"teamster"? (See earlier in <a href="#page106">this chapter</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>32. Why did not Morgan meet Tarleton at once?</p>
+
+<p>33. Why did Morgan choose Cowpens for his battle ground?</p>
+
+<p>34. What did Tarleton do when the spy told him that Morgan had halted?</p>
+
+<p>35. What was the condition of Morgan and his men when Tarleton appeared?</p>
+
+<p>36. What was the condition of Tarleton's soldiers when they began the battle?</p>
+
+<p>37. What did Tarleton do when defeat came?</p>
+
+<p>38. What did the young ladies say to Tarleton?</p>
+
+<p>39. How did Morgan outwit Lord Cornwallis?</p>
+
+<p>40. Why did Morgan again retire from service?</p>
+
+<p>41. When did Morgan again take part in the war?</p>
+
+<p>42. What do you know about Wayne? (See <a href="#page80">Chapter VI</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>43. How was Morgan remembered by Washington and other leaders?</p>
+
+<p>44. In how many battles did Morgan take part?</p>
+
+<p>45. What was Morgan besides being a great soldier?</p>
+
+<p>46. What was Morgan's success due to?</p>
+
+<p>47. How is Morgan's valor commemorated?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap9">C<small>HAPTER</small> IX</a><br>
+<b>THE FINAL VICTORY</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. What have you already learned about General Greene? (See <a href="#page105">Chapter VIII</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>2. What was the condition of Lord Cornwallis after his victory over Greene?</p>
+
+<p>3. What did Cornwallis now do?</p>
+
+<p>4. Where is Petersburg, Virginia? (See the map in <a href="#page99">Chapter VII</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>5. What was the nationality of Lafayette?</p>
+
+<p>6. Where is Yorktown? (See the map in <a href="#page99">Chapter VII</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>7. Where was Washington at this time?</p>
+
+<p>8. Where was the main part of the patriot army at this time?</p>
+
+<p>9. What was Washington planning to do?</p>
+
+<p>10. Who was Count de Grasse?</p>
+
+<p>11. Why did news travel so slowly in those days?</p>
+
+<p>12. Why did Washington need a fleet?</p>
+
+<p>13. What did Washington hope to do with the assistance of the French fleet?</p>
+
+<p>14. Where was Sir Henry Clinton at this time?</p>
+
+<p>15. Why did Washington send troops to Long Island?</p>
+
+<p>16. Why was the young minister sent through the Clove?</p>
+
+<p>17. How were the Continental and French troops received at Philadelphia?</p>
+
+<p>18. How large an army did Washington have in Virginia?</p>
+
+<p>19. What have we already learned of Rochambeau? (See earlier in <a href="#page125">this chapter</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>20. When did Sir Henry Clinton begin to open his eyes?</p>
+
+<p>21. How did the British fleet fare at Chesapeake Bay?</p>
+
+<p>22. Why did not Lord Cornwallis retreat from Yorktown?</p>
+
+<p>23. Why did the patriots hasten the siege of Yorktown?</p>
+
+<p>24. What last attempt did Lord Cornwallis make?</p>
+
+<p>25. Where did Lord Cornwallis have his headquarters?</p>
+
+<p>26. What kind of man was Governor Nelson?</p>
+
+<p>27. Where did Lord Cornwallis finally make his headquarters?</p>
+
+<p>28. What message did Sir Henry Clinton send Lord Cornwallis?</p>
+
+<p>29. How long did the siege of Yorktown continue?</p>
+
+<p>30. Why did Lord Cornwallis wish a truce for so long a time?</p>
+
+<p>31. What was Washington's reply to Lord Cornwallis?</p>
+
+<p>32. How many soldiers were there in Cornwallis's army?</p>
+
+<p>33. Why did not Cornwallis take part in the surrender?</p>
+
+<p>34. Whom did Washington send to receive Cornwallis's sword?</p>
+
+<p>35. Why did the armies hurry away from Yorktown?</p>
+
+<p>36. How might Sir Henry Clinton have changed the history of Yorktown?</p>
+
+<p>37. How did the people get news of the surrender?</p>
+
+<p>38. How was the news received by the prime minister of England, and by the king?</p>
+
+<p>39. What did King George say of the Yankees?</p>
+
+<p>40. How is the surrender of Cornwallis commemorated?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap10">C<small>HAPTER</small> X</a><br>
+<b>THE CRISIS</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. What battle began the war of the Revolution? (See <a href="#page1">Chapter I</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>2. How long did the war last?</p>
+
+<p>3. What did Thomas Paine, the author of the pamphlet called "Common
+Sense," say of the Revolutionary War?</p>
+
+<p>4. What does John Fiske say of our condition after peace was made?</p>
+
+<p>5. Why did the colonies band together in 1774?</p>
+
+<p>6. Why did the Continental Congress decline in power?</p>
+
+<p>7. What is a federation? (Consult a large dictionary.)</p>
+
+<p>8. Why did the people care so little about a federation, or federal government?</p>
+
+<p>9. What did Washington say in his letter to the colonies?</p>
+
+<p>10. What authority did the Continental Congress have?</p>
+
+<p>11. What kind of men were delegates to the Continental Congress?</p>
+
+<p>12. How long did the Continental Congress continue to act?</p>
+
+<p>13. What was done by the Continental Congress?</p>
+
+<p>14. What is a privateer? (Consult a large dictionary.)</p>
+
+<p>15. What can you say of the Articles of Confederation?</p>
+
+<p>16. What power did the Articles of Confederation grant to each state?</p>
+
+<p>17. What power did Congress have under the Articles of Confederation?</p>
+
+<p>18. How obedient were the states to the Articles of Confederation?</p>
+
+<p>19. What was the condition of paper money in 1780?</p>
+
+<p>20. How long had a soldier to serve before he could buy a bushel of wheat?</p>
+
+<p>21. How did the states begin to treat each other?</p>
+
+<p>22. What can you say of imprisonment for debt?</p>
+
+<p>23. How did Washington and others begin to work out the problem of our national existence?</p>
+
+<p>24. How successful was the meeting at Annapolis?</p>
+
+<p>25. What further troubles occurred in 1786?</p>
+
+<p>26. How was England affected by our troubles?</p>
+
+<p>27. What prediction about our nation was made in Parliament?</p>
+
+<p>28. What opinion of us did Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, have?</p>
+
+<p>29. What did the people of the several states at last begin to think?</p>
+
+<p>30. What state took the lead in sending delegates to Philadelphia?</p>
+
+<p>31. How many states were represented at Philadelphia?</p>
+
+<p>32. What kind of men were sent to the Philadelphia convention?</p>
+
+<p>33. Who, next to Washington, was the most noted man at the Philadelphia convention?</p>
+
+<p>34. Can you name some others of the delegates to the Philadelphia convention?</p>
+
+<p>35. Why did not Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Patrick Henry, and
+Samuel Adams attend the Philadelphia convention?</p>
+
+<p>36. What do you know of Nathanael Greene? (See <a href="#page105">Chapter VIII</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>37. Who was chosen president of the Philadelphia convention?</p>
+
+<p>38. How long did the Philadelphia convention continue in session?</p>
+
+<p>39. How did some of the delegates wish to deal with the great problem
+of the national government?</p>
+
+<p>40. How did Washington convince the delegates of their duty?</p>
+
+<p>41. By what means did the delegates at Philadelphia succeed in
+agreeing on a form of federal government?</p>
+
+<p>42. What is a compromise? (Consult a large dictionary.)</p>
+
+<p>43. What was the first compromise in framing the Constitution?</p>
+
+<p>44. What was the second compromise in framing the Constitution?</p>
+
+<p>45. What question about the slaves arose?</p>
+
+<p>46. How was it decided to count the slaves?</p>
+
+<p>47. How did Washington and others feel about the second compromise?</p>
+
+<p>48. What was the cause of the third compromise?</p>
+
+<p>49. What was the third compromise?</p>
+
+<p>50. What did Washington think of the Constitution?</p>
+
+<p>51. What was Franklin's opinion of the Constitution?</p>
+
+<p>52. When was the Constitution to become law?</p>
+
+<p>53. To what two political parties did the Constitution give rise?</p>
+
+<p>54. What did many of the people throughout the country think of the Constitution?</p>
+
+<p>55. Which was the first state to sign the Constitution?</p>
+
+<p>56. Why was the Fourth of July in 1788 so glorious?</p>
+
+<p>57. Who was the first President, and who the first Vice President, of the new nation?</p>
+
+<p>58. What did Gladstone say of the Constitution?</p>
+
+<p>59. Why do we owe such a debt of gratitude to the builders of "the good ship Constitution"?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap11">C<small>HAPTER</small> XI</a><br>
+<b>A DARING EXPLOIT</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. Who were the Barbary pirates?</p>
+
+<p>2. Why did we buy the good will of the Barbary pirates?</p>
+
+<p>3. What is blackmail? (Consult a large dictionary.)</p>
+
+<p>4. What did Thomas Jefferson think should be done concerning the Barbary pirates?</p>
+
+<p>5. Who was sent to the Mediterranean Sea?</p>
+
+<p>6. What was the exploit of the Enterprise?</p>
+
+<p>7. What is a pasha? (Consult a large dictionary.)</p>
+
+<p>8. What happened to the frigate Philadelphia and her crew?</p>
+
+<p>9. What did Commodore Preble do when the Philadelphia was captured?</p>
+
+<p>10. Why was Stephen Decatur chosen to destroy the Philadelphia?</p>
+
+<p>11. What was Decatur's plan for destroying the Philadelphia?</p>
+
+<p>12. What is a ketch? (Consult a large dictionary.)</p>
+
+<p>13. How many men volunteered for the dangerous undertaking?</p>
+
+<p>14. What kind of time did Decatur and his men have off the shore of Tripoli?</p>
+
+<p>15. What happened to the Siren?</p>
+
+<p>16. How was the Philadelphia guarded?</p>
+
+<p>17. What was the object in dragging sails and buckets in the water?</p>
+
+<p>18. How did Decatur deceive the pirate officer?</p>
+
+<p>19. How did the pirates discover the Americans?</p>
+
+<p>20. What kind of fighters were the Tripolitan pirates said to be?</p>
+
+<p>21. How long did the fight on board the Philadelphia last?</p>
+
+<p>22. How many of Decatur's men were injured?</p>
+
+<p>23. What did the Americans do with the Philadelphia?</p>
+
+<p>24. Why were the Americans obliged to burn the Philadelphia? (Read earlier in
+<a href="#page159">this chapter</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>25. How successful were the pirates in firing at the Americans?</p>
+
+<p>26. What did the sailors say afterwards about the burning ship?</p>
+
+<p>27. Why was it the Americans were so successful in burning the Philadelphia?</p>
+
+<p>28. What did Nelson say of Decatur's deed?</p>
+
+<p>29. What promotion did Decatur receive?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap12">C<small>HAPTER</small> XII</a><br>
+<b>"OLD IRONSIDES"</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. What did the Secretary of the Navy in 1833 intend to do with the Constitution?</p>
+
+<p>2. Why did Congress decide to rebuild the Constitution?</p>
+
+<p>3. What troubles did we have with other nations during the first
+twenty-five years of our national life?</p>
+
+<p>4. Why was Washington instructed to add six war ships to our navy?</p>
+
+<p>5. Where was the Constitution built?</p>
+
+<p>6. How does the Constitution compare in size with our modern war ships?</p>
+
+<p>7. Why did England model some of her ships after "Old Ironsides"?</p>
+
+<p>8. When was the Constitution launched?</p>
+
+<p>9. What success did the Constitution have in fighting with Tripoli?</p>
+
+<p>10. How did Commodore Preble treat Decatur after his capture of the
+Tripolitan gunboats?</p>
+
+<p>11. How did Captain Isaac Hull get away from the British fleet?</p>
+
+<p>12. How did Captain Hull win a hat from Captain Dacres?</p>
+
+<p>13. How is the Constitution said to have received the name "Old Ironsides"?</p>
+
+<p>14. What kind of welcome did Boston have in store for Captain Hull?</p>
+
+<p>15. What was the hardest battle that "Old Ironsides" had?</p>
+
+<p>16. What was done with the wheel of the Java?</p>
+
+<p>17. Why was not a new wheel put on "Old Ironsides"?</p>
+
+<p>18. How did Captain Bainbridge treat the dying Captain Lambert?</p>
+
+<p>19. What was the Constitution's last battle?</p>
+
+<p>20. What is said of Captain Stewart's seamanship in the last battle
+of "Old Ironsides"?</p>
+
+<p>21. When was "Old Ironsides" taken to Newport?</p>
+
+<p>22. How was "Old Ironsides" used at Newport?</p>
+
+<p>23. What is a receiving ship? (Consult a large dictionary, under the
+word "receive" or "receiving.")</p>
+
+<p>24. When was "Old Ironsides" taken to Charlestown?</p>
+
+<p>25. How much of the original ship Constitution still exists?</p>
+
+<p>26. Why were the battles of "Old Ironsides" so important to us as a nation?</p>
+
+<p>27. Why should we continue to preserve "Old Ironsides"?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap13">C<small>HAPTER</small> XIII</a><br>
+<b>"OLD HICKORY'S" CHRISTMAS</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. Why were both England and France so jealous of us a century ago?</p>
+
+<p>2. What did England and France do to our merchantmen?</p>
+
+<p>3. Why did we not declare war on Great Britain before 1812?</p>
+
+<p>4. How did our navy compare with England's in 1812?</p>
+
+<p>5. What was England's plan in 1814?</p>
+
+<p>6. What was the character of New Orleans?</p>
+
+<p>7. Who was the "Iron Duke"? (Wellington.)</p>
+
+<p>8. When did the British fleet arrive at the delta of the Mississippi?</p>
+
+<p>9. Why was General Jackson so busy just before Christmas?</p>
+
+<p>10. How was the alarm sounded to the people of New Orleans?</p>
+
+<p>11. Who answered Jackson's call for assistance?</p>
+
+<p>12. Who came from outside New Orleans to help defend the city?</p>
+
+<p>13. How did the riflemen look as they came into town?</p>
+
+<p>14. Why did Jackson plan to attack the British at once?</p>
+
+<p>15. What did the war schooner Carolina do?</p>
+
+<p>16. How were the British re�nforced on Christmas day?</p>
+
+<p>17. What did Sir Edward Pakenham think of the task before him?</p>
+
+<p>18. How did Pakenham begin his operations?</p>
+
+<p>19. How did Sir Edward fare when he marched out to get a look at the Americans?</p>
+
+<p>20. What were Jackson's first intrenchments made of?</p>
+
+<p>21. What did Pakenham use for making a redoubt?</p>
+
+<p>22. What happened to Jackson's defenses?</p>
+
+<p>23. Of how much use was Pakenham's redoubt?</p>
+
+<p>24. What did the British now decide to do?</p>
+
+<p>25. What was Jackson's main line of defense?</p>
+
+<p>26. How early did Jackson's men go to their posts on that last Sunday morning?</p>
+
+<p>27. What happened to Sir Edward Pakenham, and to Generals Gibbs and Keane?</p>
+
+<p>28. Why did the British lose so many officers in the battle?</p>
+
+<p>29. How long did the engagement on Sunday morning continue?</p>
+
+<p>30. How many men did the British have in the final action, and how
+many did the Americans have?</p>
+
+<p>31. How many men did the British lose in the final action, and how
+many did the Americans lose?</p>
+
+<p>32. What did General Lambert do after the battle?</p>
+
+<p>33. How was "Old Hickory" honored?</p>
+
+<p>34. Why is the victory a sad one to think of?</p>
+
+<p>35. What was the result of the war of 1812?</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap14">C<small>HAPTER</small> XIV</a><br>
+<b>A HERO'S WELCOME</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>1. What kind of welcome did we give Lafayette in 1824?</p>
+
+<p>2. Who was Lafayette?</p>
+
+<p>3. Why did Lafayette first come to this country?</p>
+
+<p>4. When did Lafayette first come to this country?</p>
+
+<p>5. Why did Congress accept Lafayette's services?</p>
+
+<p>6. What was the effect of Lafayette's manner and example?</p>
+
+<p>7. How did Lafayette live at Valley Forge?</p>
+
+<p>8. What did Lafayette do on his return to France?</p>
+
+<p>9. What did Lafayette do when peace was declared?</p>
+
+<p>10. When did Lafayette make his third trip to this country?</p>
+
+<p>11. How had our country changed when Lafayette came in 1824?</p>
+
+<p>12. What had been Lafayette's career in his own country?</p>
+
+<p>13. Why did it take Lafayette so long to go from New York to Boston?</p>
+
+<p>14. Who was Dr. Bowditch?</p>
+
+<p>15. How much of our country did Lafayette visit?</p>
+
+<p>16. What did Lafayette do with the laurel wreath presented to him at Yorktown?</p>
+
+<p>17. Can you describe some of the incidents of Lafayette's visit?</p>
+
+<p>18. What did "Lafayetted" mean?</p>
+
+<p>19. What occurred at the tavern in Virginia?</p>
+
+<p>20. How did Lafayette show his affection for Washington?</p>
+
+<p>21. What can you say of the scenes connected with the fiftieth
+anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill?</p>
+
+<p>22. Who was the orator at the laying of the corner stone of Bunker Hill Monument?</p>
+
+<p>23. How was Lafayette received at the University of Virginia?</p>
+
+<p>24. How did Congress show its gratitude for Lafayette's services
+during the Revolution?</p>
+
+<p>25. What was the last honor shown the departing guest? (The frigate
+on which Lafayette sailed for France was named in commemoration of
+Lafayette's gallantry at the battle of the Brandywine. Although
+wounded in the leg, Lafayette kept the field till the battle was
+over. To the surgeon who cared for the injured Lafayette, Washington
+said, "Take care of him as though he were my son.")</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="names"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES</h3>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>A</b></p>
+
+<p>Abigail, <i>ab'i-gl</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Adair, <i>a-dair'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Algerine, <i>al-je-reen'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Alleghanies, <i>al'e-ga-nies</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Andr�, <i>an'dray</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Annapolis, <i>an-nap'o-lis</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>B</b></p>
+
+<p>Bailey, <i>bay'ly</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bainbridge, <i>bain'bridge</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Barbary, <i>bar'ba-ry</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Belgium, <i>bel'ji-um</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Borgne, <i>born</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brandywine, <i>bran'dy-wine</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brazil, <i>bra-zil'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Burgoyne, <i>bur-goin'</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>C</b></p>
+
+<p>Cahokia, <i>ka-ho'ki-a</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Calhoun, <i>kal-hoon'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Carleton, <i>karl'ton</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Carolina, <i>kar-o-li'na</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Catalano, <i>kah-tah-lah'no</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Catawba, <i>ka-taw'ba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Champlain, <i>sham-plain'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaudi�re, <i>sho-de-air'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Chesapeake, <i>ches'a-peek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Connecticut, <i>kon-net'i-kut</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cornwallis, <i>korn-wall'iss</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Creole, <i>kre'ole</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cunningham, <i>kun'ing-am</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cyane, <i>see-ann'</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>D</b></p>
+
+<p>Dacres, <i>day'kers</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dearborn, <i>deer'burn</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Decatur, <i>de-kay'tur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>De Grasse, <i>de-grass'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Detroit, <i>de-troit'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dickinson, <i>dik'in-son</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dinwiddie, <i>din-wid'y</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>F</b></p>
+
+<p>Farragut, <i>far'a-gut</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>G</b></p>
+
+<p>Gardiner, <i>gard'ner</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gerry, <i>ger'y</i> (<i>g</i> as in <i>get</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Ghent, <i>jent</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gibault, <i>zhe-bo'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gibraltar, <i>ji-brall'tar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gladstone, <i>glad'ston</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gloucester, <i>gloss'ter</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gouverneur, <i>goo-ver-ner'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Grier, <i>greer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Guerri�re, <i>ger-i-air'</i> (<i>g</i> as in <i>get</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Guilford, <i>gil'ford</i> (<i>g</i> as in <i>get</i>).</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>H</b></p>
+
+<p>Hessians, <i>hesh'ans</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>I</b></p>
+
+<p>Illinois, <i>il-i-noi'</i> or <i>il-i-noiz'</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>J</b></p>
+
+<p>Jacataqua, <i>ja-cat'a-quah</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>K</b></p>
+
+<p>Kaskaskia, <i>kas-kas'ki-a</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Keane, <i>keen</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kennebec, <i>ken-e-bek'</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>L</b></p>
+
+<p>Lafayette, <i>lah-fa-yet'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lafitte, <i>lah-fit'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Levant, <i>le-vant'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Louisiana, <i>loo-eez-i-an'a</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Louisville, <i>loo'is-vill</i> or <i>loo'y-vill</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>M</b></p>
+
+<p>McDonough, <i>mak-don'oh</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Madeira, <i>ma-de'ra</i> or <i>ma-day'i-ra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Maltese, <i>mall-tees'</i> or <i>mall-teez'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Marseillaise, <i>mar-se-layz'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Maryland, <i>mer'i-land</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mediterranean, <i>med-i-ter-ra'ne-an</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Megantic, <i>me-gan'tic</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Meigs, <i>megs</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Montaigne, <i>mon-tain'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Monticello, <i>mon-te-sel'lo</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Montreal, <i>mont-re-all'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Morocco, <i>mo-rock'o</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Moultrie, <i>moo'try</i> or <i>mool'try</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>N</b></p>
+
+<p>Napoleon, <i>na-po'le-on</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Newburyport, <i>new-ber-y-port'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Newfoundland, <i>new'fund-land</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nolichucky, <i>nol-i-chuck'y</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Norridgewock, <i>nor'ij-walk</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>O</b></p>
+
+<p>O'Hara, <i>o-hah'ra</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>P</b></p>
+
+<p>Pakenham, <i>pak'en-am</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Portsmouth, <i>ports'muth</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Preble, <i>preb'el</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Prussia, <i>prush'a</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>Q</b></p>
+
+<p>Quebec, <i>kwee-bek'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Quincy, <i>kwin'zy</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>R</b></p>
+
+<p>Randolph, <i>ran'dolf</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rappahannock, <i>rap-a-han'ok</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rawdon, <i>raw'don</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rennie, <i>ren'y</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Revere, <i>re-veer'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rochambeau, <i>ro-sham-bo'</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>S</b></p>
+
+<p>St. Louis, <i>saint loo'is</i> or <i>saint loo'y</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Saratoga, <i>sar-a-to'ga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sartigan, <i>sar'ti-gan</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Schuyler, <i>sky'ler</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sevier, <i>se-veer'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shawnees, <i>shaw-neez'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Staten, <i>stat'en</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>T</b></p>
+
+<p>Tallmadge, <i>tal'mij</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ticonderoga, <i>ti-kon-de-ro'ga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tilghman, <i>till'man</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tompkins, <i>tomp'kins</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Tripoli, <i>trip'o-ly</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>V</b></p>
+
+<p>Ville de Paris, <i>vill de</i> (<i>e</i> as in <i>her</i>) <i>pah-ree'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Viller�, <i>vil-ray'</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vincennes, <i>vin-senz'</i>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><b>W</b></p>
+
+<p>Wabash, <i>waw'bash</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Watauga, <i>wa-taw'ga</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wayne, <i>wain</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Worcester, <i>woos'ter</i> (<i>oo</i> as in <i>foot</i>).</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="books"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>APPENDIX</h3>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center>BOOKS FOR REFERENCE AND READING IN THE STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY</center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p>This book is designed to be used either before the formal text-book
+on American history is begun, or to be read in connection with it. It
+is also intended to serve as a convenient basis for more extended
+work on the part of both teacher and pupils. Hence, to the reading of
+the preceding chapters should be added a systematic course in
+supplementary reading.</p>
+
+<p>The following plan is suggested, which may be readily modified to
+meet the needs of any particular class of pupils:</p>
+<br>
+
+<center>R<small>EFERENCE</small> B<small>OOKS FOR</small> T<small>EACHERS</small></center>
+<br>
+<p>Two books are of special value to teachers. These are Channing and
+Hart's <i>Guide to American History</i> (Ginn &amp; Company, $2.00), and Gordy
+and Twitchell's <i>Pathfinder in American History</i> (Lee &amp; Shepard,
+$1.20. In separate parts, Part I, 60 cents; Part II, 90 cents).</p>
+
+<p>These two works are replete with suggestions, hints, and helps on
+collateral study, with numerous references, detailed lists of topics,
+and a wide range of other subjects which make them indispensable to
+the teacher of American history.</p>
+
+<blockquote><small>N<small>OTE</small>.&mdash;The subject of reference books on American history is treated
+thoroughly in Montgomery's <i>American History</i> (see "Short List of
+Books," page xxxiii in Appendix), and Fiske's <i>History of the United
+States</i> (see Appendix D, page 530, Appendix E, page 539, and Appendix
+F, page 542).</small></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><small>For original materials pertaining to the colonial period and the
+Revolution, admirably edited for school use, consult Hart's
+"Source-Readers in American History": No. 1, <i>Colonial Children;</i> No.
+2, <i>Camps and Firesides of the Revolution;</i> No. 3, <i>How our
+Grandfathers Lived</i>.</small></blockquote>
+
+<p>In searching libraries for books on the Revolution, the teacher will
+find Winsor's <i>Reader's Handbook of the American Revolution</i> very
+useful.</p>
+<br>
+
+<center>S<small>CHOOL</small> T<small>EXT</small>-B<small>OOKS FOR</small> R<small>EADING AND</small> R<small>EFERENCE</small></center>
+<br>
+<p>Pupils should have easy access, by means of the school library or
+otherwise, to a few of the formal school text-books on American
+history. In connection with this book, Montgomery's <i>Leading Facts of
+American History</i>, Fiske's <i>History of the United States</i>,
+Eggleston's <i>History of the United States</i>, and Steele's <i>Brief
+History of the United States</i> (usually known as "Barnes's History")
+are especially valuable.</p>
+
+<p>If less difficult and much smaller works are thought desirable, the
+following five books are recommended: Montgomery's <i>Beginner's
+American History</i>, McMaster's <i>Primary History of the United States</i>,
+Tappan's <i>Our Country's Story</i>, Thorpe's <i>Junior History of the
+United States</i>, and Eggleston's <i>First Book in American History</i>.</p>
+
+<p>These books are useful for additional topics, for dates, maps,
+illustrations, reference tables, and for filling in subjects which do
+not come within the scope of this book.</p>
+
+<p>Pupils should also have easy reference to books from which topics may
+be read, or from which may be read sparingly passages indicated by
+the teacher. Some of the books which have been suggested are more
+useful on account of their interesting style than for strict
+historical accuracy. Read the designated works not as a whole, but
+only by topics or by selections. They will do much to awaken and
+maintain a lively interest in American history.</p>
+<br>
+
+<center>R<small>EADING AT</small> H<small>OME</small></center>
+<br>
+<p>While the study of this book is in progress, it is well for the
+pupils to limit their home reading to such books as bear directly
+upon the subject. Under this head we have suggested several books
+which belong to the "storybook" order. Wholesome books of fiction and
+semifiction may certainly do much to stimulate and hold the attention
+of young students of American history. Thus, Churchill's <i>Richard
+Carvel</i> and Cooper's <i>Pilot</i> furnish stirring scenes in the career of
+Paul Jones.</p>
+
+<p>With the home reading, as with all other collateral reading, the
+teacher should exercise a careful supervision.</p>
+
+<p>The work in history should be enlivened by reading occasionally,
+before the class or the school, poems or prose selections which bear
+directly upon the general topic under consideration.<small><small><sup>1</sup></small></small> For instance,
+in the appropriate chapters Finch's well-known poem, "Nathan Hale,"
+Simms's "Ballad of King's Mountain," and Holmes's "Old Ironsides" may
+be read.</p>
+
+<blockquote><small><small><sup>1</sup></small> For a list of books which may be classed as useful under
+the preceding paragraphs, see Blaisdell's <i>Story of American
+History</i>, pp. 431-434.</small></blockquote>
+<br>
+
+<center>A T<small>OPIC</small> B<small>OOK, OR</small> N<small>OTEBOOK</small></center>
+<br>
+<p>Teacher and pupil should appreciate the scope and the usefulness of a
+topic book, or notebook. By this is meant a blank book of a
+convenient size, with semiflexible or board covers, and of at least
+forty-eight pages. Into this blank book should be written carefully,
+with ink, brief notes, as the several chapters of this book are read
+or studied. It may well be a kind of enlarged diary of the pupil's
+work.</p>
+
+<p>Make brief notes of the various books read in whole or in part; of
+topics not treated in this book but discussed in the class, such as
+the treason of Benedict Arnold, the battle of Bennington, etc.; of
+references to new books to be reserved for future reading; and of
+other subjects which will readily suggest themselves.</p>
+
+<p>This notebook should be enlivened with inexpensive photographic
+copies (sold for about one cent each) of famous pictures illustrating
+important events in American history. Catalogues giving the exact
+titles, the cost, and other details are frequently advertised.</p>
+
+<p>The notebook may be illustrated with photographic reproductions of
+such works as Stuart's "Washington"; Faed's "Washington at Trenton";
+Trumbull's "The Surrender of Cornwallis" and "Signing the Declaration
+of Independence"; Benjamin West's "Penn's Treaty"; Leutze's
+"Washington crossing the Delaware"; Vanderlyn's "The Landing of
+Columbus"; Johnson's "Old Ironsides"; Overend's "An August Morning
+with Farragut"; and many other historical subjects.</p>
+
+<p>Portraits, maps, facsimiles of documents and autographs, etc., etc.
+are often easily obtained from book catalogues, guide books,
+advertising pages, and secondhand text-books.</p>
+
+<p>All this illustrative material should be pasted into the notebook at
+the proper place, neatly and with good judgment, with plenty of space
+for margins. Such a compilation is, of course, a matter of slow
+growth. It should be preserved as a pleasant reminder of school days.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center>REFERENCE BOOKS AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING TO BE USED WITH "HERO
+STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY"</center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap1">C<small>HAPTER</small> I</a><br>
+<b>THE HERO OF VINCENNES</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>For two short articles on George Rogers Clark, read Roosevelt and
+Lodge's <i>Hero Tales from American History</i>, p. 29, and Brady's
+<i>Border Fights and Fighters</i>, p. 211. For a more extended account,
+consult Roosevelt's <i>Winning of the West</i>, Vol. II, p. 31.</p>
+
+<p>A novel by Maurice Thompson, <i>Alice of Old Vincennes</i>, gives a
+graphic description of Clark's campaign.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap2">C<small>HAPTER</small> II</a><br>
+<b>A MIDWINTER CAMPAIGN</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>For an account of Arnold's expedition to Canada, read articles in
+<i>The Century Magazine</i> for January and February, 1903, by Professor
+Justin H. Smith. Codman's <i>Arnold's Expedition to Quebec</i> is a
+fair-sized volume, and full of interest. Read also Lodge's <i>Story of
+the Revolution</i>, Vol. I, p. 106.</p>
+
+<p>Tomlinson's <i>Under Colonial Colors</i>, the story of Arnold's expedition
+to Quebec told for boys, is an interesting and stimulating work of
+fiction.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap3">C<small>HAPTER</small> III</a><br>
+<b>HOW PALMETTO LOGS MAY BE USED</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>The defense of Fort Sullivan is well described in Brady's <i>American
+Fights and Fighters</i>, p. 5, and Lodge's <i>Story of the Revolution</i>,
+Vol. I, p. 126.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap4">C<small>HAPTER</small> IV</a><br>
+<b>THE PATRIOT SPY</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>Perhaps the most readable account of Nathan Hale is to be found in
+Lossing's <i>Two Spies</i> (Andr� and Hale). Consult Partridge's <i>Nathan
+Hale</i>, a character study.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with this story, Chapter XVII, "The Story of Arnold's
+Treason," in Blaisdell's <i>Story of American History</i> may be
+profitably read.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap5">C<small>HAPTER</small> V</a><br>
+<b>OUR GREATEST PATRIOT</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>For the everyday life of Washington, consult Paul Leicester Ford's
+<i>The True George Washington</i>. Refer to sundry sections in Bolton's
+<i>The Private Soldier under Washington</i> and in Herbert's <i>Washington:
+His Homes and his Households</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Read the stirring romance about Washington, <i>A Virginia Cavalier</i>, by
+Molly Elliot Seawell.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap6">C<small>HAPTER</small> VI</a><br>
+<b>A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>For the capture of Stony Point, read Lodge's <i>Story of the
+Revolution</i>, Vol. II, p. 130; Brady's <i>American Fights and Fighters</i>,
+p. 121; and Roosevelt and Lodge's <i>Hero Tales from American History</i>,
+p. 79. Henry P. Johnston's <i>The Storming of Stony Point</i> is perhaps
+the best account ever written of this famous exploit.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap7">C<small>HAPTER</small> VII</a><br>
+<b>THE DEFEAT OF THE RED DRAGOONS</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>Read Roosevelt and Lodge's <i>Hero Tales from American History</i>, p. 69,
+and Lodge's <i>Story of the Revolution</i>, p. 56.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with Chapters VII and VIII, read "The War of the
+Revolution in the South," in Blaisdell's <i>Story of American History</i>,
+Chapter XVI, p, 250.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap8">C<small>HAPTER</small> VIII</a><br>
+<b>FROM TEAMSTER TO MAJOR GENERAL</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>Read Brady's <i>American Fights and Fighters</i>, p. 84, for an account of
+General Morgan; also Chapter IV, "King's Mountain and the Cowpens,"
+in Lodge's <i>Story of the Revolution</i>, Vol. II, p. 56.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap9">C<small>HAPTER</small> IX</a><br>
+<b>THE FINAL VICTORY</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>For a description of the battle at Yorktown, read Brady's <i>American
+Fights and Fighters</i>, p. 143, and Chapter VII in Lodge's <i>Story of
+the Revolution</i>, p. 165. Henry P. Johnston's <i>The Yorktown Campaign</i>
+is excellent for collateral reference.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap10">C<small>HAPTER</small> X</a><br>
+<b>THE CRISIS</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>Very little collateral reading should be allowed in reading this
+chapter on framing the Constitution. Sundry topics may be sparingly
+selected for reading from the index to Fiske's <i>Critical Period of
+American History</i>. Fiske's <i>Civil Government in the United States</i>
+may be utilized for reference.</p>
+
+<p>Read Brooks's <i>Century Book for Young Americans;</i> Chapter II in
+Elson's <i>Side Lights on American History</i> (First Series, p. 24), on
+"The Framing of the Constitution"; and Chapter XII, p. 283, in
+Higginson's <i>Larger History of the United States</i>, on "The Birth of a
+Nation."</p>
+
+<blockquote><small>N<small>OTE</small>.&mdash;For the War of the Revolution no more interesting books can be
+read by pupils than Brooks's <i>Century Book of the Revolution</i> and
+Coffin's <i>Boys of '76</i>. Lossing's <i>Field Book of the Revolution</i>, in
+two large volumes, is interesting, and contains hundreds of
+illustrations.</small></blockquote>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap11">C<small>HAPTER</small> XI</a><br>
+<b>A DARING EXPLOIT</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>Read "Decatur and the Philadelphia," in Brady's <i>American Fights and
+Fighters</i>, p. 199, and "The Burning of the Philadelphia," in
+Roosevelt and Lodge's <i>Hero Tales from American History</i>, p. 103.</p>
+
+<p>Read Seawell's storybook, <i>Decatur and Somers;</i> and Barnes's
+<i>Commodore Bainbridge</i>, a story.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap12">C<small>HAPTER</small> XII</a><br>
+<b>"OLD IRONSIDES"</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>Consult two chapters in Brady's <i>American Fights and Fighters:</i> "The
+Constitution's Hardest Fight," p. 215, and "The Constitution's Last
+Battle," p. 304. Hollis's <i>Frigate Constitution</i> is invaluable for
+reading and reference. Refer to Lossing's <i>History of the War of
+1812</i> and Lodge's <i>A Fighting Frigate and Other Essays</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with this chapter, read "What our Navy did in the War
+of 1812," in Blaisdell's <i>Story of American History</i>, Chapter XXI, p.
+323.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap13">C<small>HAPTER</small> XIII</a><br>
+<b>"OLD HICKORY'S" CHRISTMAS</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>Read "The Battle of New Orleans," in Roosevelt and Lodge's <i>Hero
+Tales from American History</i>, p. 139, and "The Last Battle with
+England," in Brady's <i>American Fights and Fighters</i>, p. 287. Chapter
+XVIII, p. 431, in Higginson's <i>Larger History of the United States</i>
+is well worth reading.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center><a href="#chap14">C<small>HAPTER</small> XIV</a><br>
+<b>A HERO'S WELCOME</b></center>
+<br>
+<p>Concerning Lafayette's visit to this country in 1824, no books are
+readily accessible. Consult Quincy's <i>Figures of the Past</i> and
+Brooks's <i>The True Story of Lafayette</i>.</p>
+<br>
+<br><a name="index"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>INDEX</h3>
+<br>
+
+<b>Adair,</b> John, the historic reply of, to Colonel Sevier, <a href="#page94">94</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Adams, John,</b> abroad, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first Vice President of the United States, <a href="#page155">155</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the visit of Lafayette to, at Quincy, Massachusetts, <a href="#page209">209</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Adams, John Quincy,</b> gives Lafayette a farewell dinner at the White House, <a href="#page215">215</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Adams, Samuel,</b> stays at home, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Alexandria,</b> Virginia, Washington attends dances at, <a href="#page65">65</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Algerine</b> pirates, the, in the Atlantic, <a href="#page170">170</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Ames,</b> Fisher, defends the Constitution, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Andr�,</b> Major, the British spy, <a href="#page61">61</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Annapolis,</b> delegates meet at, <a href="#page144">144</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Anti-Federalists,</b> the, <a href="#page153">153</a>.<br>
+<br><a name="arnold"></a>
+<b>Arnold,</b> Benedict, <a href="#page18">18</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forfeits his place on the monument at Saratoga, <a href="#page18">18</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sends spies into Canada, <a href="#page20">20</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;given command of the expedition to Quebec, in 1776, <a href="#page20">20</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leaves Cambridge, <a href="#page21">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;given an ovation at Newburyport, <a href="#page21">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reaches the Kennebec, <a href="#page21">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feasted at Fort Western, <a href="#page21">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;divides his army, <a href="#page22">22</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ascends the Dead River, <a href="#page24">24</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;deserted by Colonel Enos, <a href="#page24">24</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reaches the Chaudi�re River, <a href="#page25">25</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;crosses Lake Megantic, <a href="#page27">27</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;starts down the Chaudi�re River, <a href="#page28">28</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reaches Sartigan, <a href="#page28">28</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;arrives at Point Levi, <a href="#page29">29</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;before Quebec, <a href="#page30">30</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;joins Montgomery, <a href="#page30">30</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leads the attack on Quebec and is wounded, <a href="#page32">32</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the hospital, <a href="#page34">34</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lays siege to Quebec, <a href="#page34">34</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hears from Washington, <a href="#page34">34</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the death knell to the hopes of, <a href="#page35">35</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Virginia, <a href="#page124">124</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Articles of Confederation, the,</b> <a href="#page141">141</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the defects of, <a href="#page141">141-144</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>B</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Bailey,</b> Abigail, married to Daniel Morgan, <a href="#page110">110</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Bainbridge,</b> William, <a href="#page159">159</a>, <a href="#page160">160</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in command of the Constitution, <a href="#page180">180</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Barbary</b> pirates, the, <a href="#page156">156</a>, <a href="#page157">157</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Barton,</b> Colonel, captures General Prescott, <a href="#page143">143</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;imprisoned for debt, <a href="#page143">143</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Bateaux,</b> built for Arnold's expedition, <a href="#page21">21</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Bay State,</b> the, Massachusetts, <a href="#page144">144</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>, <a href="#page212">212</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Beekman</b> mansion, the, Hale a captive of Howe at, <a href="#page58">58</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Bennington,</b> Vermont, John Stark defeats the British at, <a href="#page105">105</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Boone,</b> Daniel, <a href="#page1">1</a>, <a href="#page2">2</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Bowditch,</b> Dr., an anecdote of, <a href="#page206">206</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Braddock,</b> General, defeated by the French and Indians, in 1755, <a href="#page107">107</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Brazil,</b> "Old Ironsides" destroys the British frigate Java off the coast of, <a href="#page180">180</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Bristol,</b> the, a British man-of-war, <a href="#page45">45</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Buford,</b> used as a watchword, <a href="#page101">101</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Bunker Hill,</b> the battle of, awakens in Lafayette an interest in us, <a href="#page199">199</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette visits, <a href="#page212">212</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Burgoyne,</b> marches down the valley of the Hudson, <a href="#page114">114</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defeated at Freeman's Farm and at Saratoga, <a href="#page114">114</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Burr,</b> Aaron, <a href="#page22">22</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>C</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Cahokia,</b> a Creole village in the country of the Illinois Indians, <a href="#page8">8</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Calhoun,</b> John C., favors making war on Great Britain, <a href="#page186">186</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Cambridge,</b> Massachusetts, Arnold's expedition leaves, <a href="#page21">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington's headquarters at, in the Craigie house, <a href="#page105">105</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Morgan marches to, <a href="#page112">112</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Camden,</b> defeat of Gates at, <a href="#page90">90</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Campbell, Lord,</b> royal governor of South Carolina, <a href="#page37">37</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;injured in the attack on Fort Sullivan, <a href="#page46">46</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Campbell, William,</b> rallies the backwoodsmen, <a href="#page94">94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leads the advance at King's Mountain, <a href="#page101">101</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Canada,</b> extending to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, <a href="#page3">3</a>. See the map in <a href="#page7">Chapter I</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the "back door," <a href="#page19">19</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the winters of, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Cape Fear River,</b> the, Clinton sails for, <a href="#page36">36</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Carleton,</b> Sir Guy, <a href="#page19">19</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leaves Montreal and slips into Quebec, <a href="#page31">31</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fortifies Quebec, <a href="#page31">31</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Carolina,</b> the, throws shells into the British camp, <a href="#page190">190</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Carroll,</b> Colonel, with his riflemen arrives from Nashville, <a href="#page189">189</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the battle of New Orleans, <a href="#page194">194</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Carrying</b> places, work at the, <a href="#page22">22</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Catalano,</b> the Sicilian pilot, used by Decatur, <a href="#page162">162</a>, <a href="#page164">164</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Cedars,</b> The, Hale passes a night at, <a href="#page57">57</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Champlain, Lake,</b> Lafayette visits, <a href="#page206">206</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Charleston,</b> attack on, planned by the British, <a href="#page37">37</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the patriots prepare for the defense of, <a href="#page38">38</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Charleston Harbor,</b> Sullivan's Island near, <a href="#page38">38</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Charlestown,</b> a part of Boston, "Old Ironsides" lies in the navy yard at,
+<a href="#page169">169</a>, <a href="#page183">183</a>, <a href="#page184">184</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Charlotte,</b> North Carolina, Gates flees to, <a href="#page90">90</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Chaudi�re River,</b> the, an army to enter Canada by, <a href="#page20">20</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Arnold's army scattered along, <a href="#page25">25</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the perils of, <a href="#page28">28</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Chesapeake Bay,</b> De Grasse headed for, <a href="#page126">126</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;De Grasse reaches, <a href="#page129">129</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the patriot armies march to, <a href="#page129">129</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Clinton sends a fleet to, <a href="#page130">130</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Admiral Graves forced to withdraw from, <a href="#page130">130</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;De Grasse gets control of, <a href="#page130">130</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette returns to France by, <a href="#page216">216</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Chick,</b> Mother, the tavern of, <a href="#page57">57</a>.<br>
+<br><a name="clark"></a>
+<b>Clark, Captain,</b> at Bunker Hill, <a href="#page213">213</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Clark, George Rogers,</b> <a href="#page1">1</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;starts for Kentucky, <a href="#page1">1</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tramps back to Virginia, <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page5">5</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives help from Virginia, <a href="#page3">3</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plans great deeds, <a href="#page4">4</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sends out spies, <a href="#page4">4</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;appointed colonel, <a href="#page5">5</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;helped by Jefferson and Madison, <a href="#page5">5</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;starts down the Ohio, <a href="#page6">6</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;begins his march to Kaskaskia, <a href="#page7">7</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interrupts the dance, <a href="#page8">8</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;captures Kaskaskia, <a href="#page8">8</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes friends of the Creoles, <a href="#page8">8</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shows the kind of man he is, <a href="#page9">9</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visited by Indians, <a href="#page9">9</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shows his contempt for the Indians, <a href="#page9">9</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an incident showing the boldness of, <a href="#page10">10</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;decides to recapture Vincennes, <a href="#page11">11</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;starts for Vincennes, <a href="#page12">12</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shows brave leadership, <a href="#page13">13</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes a speech to his men, <a href="#page13">13</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;captures an Indian canoe, <a href="#page14">14</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;captures a Creole hunter, <a href="#page14">14</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reaches Vincennes, <a href="#page15">15</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;punishes some Indians, <a href="#page16">16</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;captures Vincennes, <a href="#page16">16</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Clay,</b> Henry, favors making war on Great Britain, <a href="#page186">186</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Cleveland,</b> Colonel, rallies the backwoodsmen, <a href="#page94">94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;given the supreme command at King's Mountain, <a href="#page97">97</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leads the left wing at King's Mountain, <a href="#page101">101</a>.<br>
+<a name="clinton"></a><br>
+<b>Clinton,</b> Sir Henry, <a href="#page18">18</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sails for the Cape Fear River, <a href="#page36">36</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the attack on Fort Sullivan, <a href="#page44">44</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives orders to bring "Mr. Washington" to a decisive action, <a href="#page77">77</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes raids along the coast, <a href="#page78">78</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hears of the capture of Stony Point, <a href="#page87">87</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at Charleston, <a href="#page90">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hoodwinked by Washington, <a href="#page127">127</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sails for Yorktown, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page135">135</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Coffee,</b> Colonel, and his mounted riflemen at New Orleans, <a href="#page190">190</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Commerce</b> controlled by Congress, <a href="#page151">151</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Common Sense,</b> a pamphlet by Thomas Paine, <a href="#page138">138</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Compromises,</b> the three, in framing the Constitution, <a href="#page148">148-151</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Confederation,</b> the Articles of, <a href="#page141">141</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the defects of the Articles of, <a href="#page141">141-144</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Congress,</b> sends General Gates to the South, <a href="#page90">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;believed in by the people of the South, <a href="#page93">93</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;calls for ten companies, <a href="#page112">112</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gives thanks for the surrender of Cornwallis, <a href="#page136">136</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the national, erects a monument at Yorktown, <a href="#page137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the weakness of, <a href="#page139">139</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first Continental, <a href="#page140">140</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the second Continental, <a href="#page140">140</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;submits the Constitution to the states, <a href="#page153">153</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Connecticut,</b> <a href="#page54">54</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+<br><a name="constitution"></a>
+<b>Constitution, the,</b> the framing of, <a href="#page138">138-155</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the state of the country before, <a href="#page142">142-144</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the convention meets to frame, <a href="#page145">145</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the noted men who helped frame, <a href="#page146">146</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the three compromises in framing, <a href="#page148">148-151</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington signs, <a href="#page152">152</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the witty remark of Franklin about, <a href="#page152">152</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the discussions over the adoption of, by the Federalists and
+by the Anti-Federalists, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the rejoicings over the adoption of, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gladstone's opinion of, <a href="#page155">155</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Constitution, the frigate,</b> commanded by Preble, <a href="#page158">158</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the history of, <a href="#page169">169-184</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the poem on, by Oliver Wendell Holmes, <a href="#page169">169</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;built in Boston, <a href="#page170">170</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a description of, <a href="#page171">171</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sport made of, by British naval officers, <a href="#page172">172</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the launching of, <a href="#page172">172</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the battle of, before Tripoli, <a href="#page173">173</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the escape of, from a British fleet, <a href="#page174">174</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the battle of, with the Guerri�re, <a href="#page176">176</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the battle of, with the Java, <a href="#page179">179</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the battle of, with the Cyane and the Levant, <a href="#page182">182</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the after history of, <a href="#page183">183</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Constitution Wharf,</b> in Boston, <a href="#page170">170</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Continentals,</b> the ragged, <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page129">129</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Cornwallis,</b> Lord, given the command in the South, <a href="#page90">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marches north to Virginia, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attempts to crush Lafayette, <a href="#page124">124</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;retreats to Yorktown, <a href="#page125">125</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attempts to escape from Yorktown, <a href="#page131">131</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attempts to break through the American lines, <a href="#page132">132</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forced to surrender, <a href="#page134">134</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the surrender of, announced in Philadelphia, <a href="#page136">136</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Cowpens,</b> the battle of, <a href="#page116">116-120</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Craigie</b> house, the, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, becomes Washington's headquarters, <a href="#page105">105</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Creole</b> villages, the, north of the Ohio River, <a href="#page3">3</a>,
+<a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href="#page7">7-11</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Creoles,</b> the, at New Orleans, <a href="#page189">189</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Crisis,</b> the, <a href="#page138">138-155</a>. See <a href="#constitution"><b>Constitution</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Cunningham,</b> the cruelty of, to Hale, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Custis,</b> the adopted son of Washington, <a href="#page66">66</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Custis, Nellie,</b> Washington's ward, <a href="#page74">74</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Cyane,</b> the, a British frigate, destroyed by "Old Ironsides," <a href="#page182">182</a>, <a href="#page183">183</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>D</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Dale,</b> Commodore, sent to the Mediterranean Sea, <a href="#page157">157</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;captures a Tripolitan war ship, <a href="#page158">158</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Daring</b> exploit, a, <a href="#page156">156-168</a>. See <a href="#philadelphia"><b>Philadelphia, the frigate</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Davie,</b> William, a leader in the South, <a href="#page91">91</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Dayton,</b> Jonathan, of New Jersey, at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Dearborn,</b> Captain, kills his fine dog, <a href="#page26">26</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Decatur,</b> Stephen, <a href="#page158">158</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chosen to destroy the Philadelphia, <a href="#page161">161</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;calls for volunteers, <a href="#page162">162</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sails for Tripoli, <a href="#page162">162</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;boards the Philadelphia and sets her on fire, <a href="#page165">165</a>, <a href="#page166">166</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the promotion of, <a href="#page168">168</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how received by Commodore Preble, <a href="#page173">173</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Deckhard</b> rifle, the, used in the South, <a href="#page95">95</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Declaration of Independence, the,</b> <a href="#page140">140</a>,
+<a href="#page141">141</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a>, <a href="#page157">157</a>.<br>
+<br><a name="degrasse"></a>
+<b>De Grasse,</b> receives orders to act with Washington, <a href="#page125">125</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;headed for Chesapeake Bay, <a href="#page126">126</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defeats the British fleet and controls Chesapeake Bay, <a href="#page130">130</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the blockade of Yorktown, <a href="#page134">134</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Delaware,</b> the representation of, in Congress, <a href="#page149">149</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first to adopt the Constitution, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>De Peyster,</b> Colonel, the bravery of, <a href="#page103">103</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Detroit, Fort,</b> Hamilton's headquarters, <a href="#page4">4</a>,
+<a href="#page11">11</a>. See the map in <a href="#page7">Chapter I</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Dickinson,</b> John, at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Dinwiddie,</b> governor of Virginia, <a href="#page109">109</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Doak,</b> Rev. Samuel, invokes a blessing before the march to King's Mountain, <a href="#page96">96</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Dragoons,</b> the defeat of the red, <a href="#page90">90-104</a>. See <a href="#kings"><b>King's Mountain</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Du Loup River,</b> the, Arnold's men cross, <a href="#page29">29</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Dunmore,</b> Lord, driven from Virginia, <a href="#page36">36</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>E</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Ellsworth,</b> Oliver, at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Enos,</b> Colonel, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;deserts Arnold, <a href="#page24">24</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Enterprise,</b> the, fights a Tripolitan man-of-war, <a href="#page157">157</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Experiment,</b> the, a British man-of-war, <a href="#page46">46</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>F</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Farragut,</b> Admiral, <a href="#page41">41</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Federalist,</b> the, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Federalists,</b> the, <a href="#page153">153</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Ferguson,</b> Colonel, character of, <a href="#page91">91</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;enlists Tories and raids the Carolinas, <a href="#page92">92</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;threatens the backwoodsmen, <a href="#page92">92</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the rally of the backwoodsmen to attack, <a href="#page94">94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;retreats before the backwoodsmen, <a href="#page97">97</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes a stand at King's Mountain, <a href="#page99">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defeated at King's Mountain, <a href="#page101">101-103</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the death of, at King's Mountain, <a href="#page102">102</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Fish,</b> Nicholas, with Lafayette at Yorktown, <a href="#page208">208</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Fiske,</b> John, the historian, <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page139">139</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Fort Detroit,</b> Hamilton's headquarters, <a href="#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page11">11</a>. See the map in <a href="#page7">Chapter I</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Fort Pitt,</b> 5. See the map in <a href="#page7">Chapter I</a>.<br>
+<br><a name="sullivan"></a>
+<b>Fort Sullivan,</b> the defense of, <a href="#page36">36-49</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;built of palmetto logs, <a href="#page38">38</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the mounting of cannon in, <a href="#page39">39</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visited by General Lee, <a href="#page39">39</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lee advises the surrender of, <a href="#page39">39</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the British plan of attack on, <a href="#page41">41</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the attack on, <a href="#page41">41-48</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the repulse of the British attack on, <a href="#page48">48</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the moral effect of the defense of, <a href="#page49">49</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Fort Sumter,</b> <a href="#page43">43</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>France,</b> the king of, promises us aid, <a href="#page201">201</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Franklin and Holston</b> settlements, now Tennessee, <a href="#page92">92</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Franklin, Benjamin,</b> at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;work of, in framing the Constitution, <a href="#page150">150</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the witty remark of, about the Constitution, <a href="#page152">152</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a quotation from the almanac of, <a href="#page157">157</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aids Lafayette, <a href="#page200">200</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Frederick the Great</b> of Prussia, friendly to us, <a href="#page145">145</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Freeman's Farm,</b> Burgoyne defeated at, <a href="#page114">114</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>French Canadians,</b> the, help Arnold, <a href="#page28">28</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>French fleet,</b> the, under De Grasse, <a href="#page125">125</a>. See <a href="#degrasse"><b>De Grasse</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>French villages,</b> the, north of the Ohio River, <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page11">11</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>G</b><br><a name="gates"></a>
+<br>
+<b>Gates,</b> General, the statue of, at Saratoga, <a href="#page18">18</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sent to take command in the South, <a href="#page90">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defeated at Camden, South Carolina, <a href="#page90">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the character of, <a href="#page90">90</a>, <a href="#page105">105</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>George,</b> King, receives word of Cornwallis's surrender, <a href="#page137">137</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Georgia,</b> overrun by the British, <a href="#page90">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;protests against abolishing slavery, <a href="#page150">150</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Germantown,</b> Pennsylvania, Wayne at, <a href="#page82">82</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Gerry,</b> Elbridge, at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Gibault,</b> Father, aids Clark, <a href="#page8">8</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Gibbs,</b> General, leads the British at New Orleans, <a href="#page195">195</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;severely wounded, <a href="#page196">196</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Gibraltar,</b> Dacres gives Hull a dinner at, <a href="#page179">179</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Gibraltar of America,</b> the, Quebec, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page35">35</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the little, Stony Point, <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page88">88</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Gilmer,</b> Enoch, spies out Ferguson, <a href="#page100">100</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Gladstone,</b> William Ewart, how the Constitution was regarded by, <a href="#page155">155</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Gloucester,</b> Virginia, Cornwallis plans to escape by way of, <a href="#page132">132</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Graves,</b> Admiral, forced to withdraw from Chesapeake Bay, <a href="#page130">130</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Greene,</b> Nathanael, <a href="#page65">65</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington's right-hand man, <a href="#page90">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the ability of, <a href="#page105">105</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;left the army for a time, <a href="#page115">115</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defeated at Guilford, North Carolina, <a href="#page123">123</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the death of, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Grier,</b> Sergeant, and his wife, with Arnold's expedition to Quebec, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page27">27</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Guerri�re,</b> the, a British frigate, destroyed by "Old Ironsides," <a href="#page178">178</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Guilford,</b> North Carolina, Lord Cornwallis defeats Greene at, <a href="#page123">123</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>H</b><br>
+<br><a name="hale"></a>
+<b>Hale,</b> Nathan, the patriot spy, <a href="#page50">50-61</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;volunteers to serve as a spy, <a href="#page53">53</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives his instructions from Washington, <a href="#page53">53</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the parentage and the home of, <a href="#page54">54</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the boyhood of, <a href="#page54">54</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the education of, <a href="#page54">54</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;teaches school in New London, Connecticut, <a href="#page54">54</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bids his pupils farewell, <a href="#page55">55</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;starts for Cambridge, <a href="#page55">55</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the diary of, <a href="#page55">55</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;disguises himself, <a href="#page56">56</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns in safety from the British lines, but puts up at "Mother Chick's," <a href="#page57">57</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;arrested, <a href="#page57">57</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;taken to New York, <a href="#page58">58</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;condemned to die, <a href="#page59">59</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the dying speech of, <a href="#page60">60</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hanged, <a href="#page60">60</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Hamilton, Alexander,</b> the address of, at Annapolis, <a href="#page144">144</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defends the Constitution, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Hamilton, Henry,</b> the "hair buyer," <a href="#page4">4</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stirs up the savages, <a href="#page11">11</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;recaptures Vincennes, <a href="#page11">11</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;surrenders Vincennes to Clark, <a href="#page16">16</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Hampton Roads,</b> Virginia, De Grasse in, <a href="#page129">129</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Harlem Heights,</b> the patriots retreat to, <a href="#page51">51</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Harrod,</b> James, one of the leaders in Kentucky, <a href="#page2">2</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Hartford,</b> Connecticut, Lafayette visits, <a href="#page206">206</a>, <a href="#page209">209</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Hartt,</b> the naval yard of, in Boston, <a href="#page170">170</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Harvard College,</b> Lafayette attends commencement at, <a href="#page205">205</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Heights of Abraham,</b> the, Arnold climbs to, <a href="#page30">30</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wolfe climbs to, in 1759, <a href="#page30">30</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Helm,</b> Captain, a prisoner at Vincennes, <a href="#page15">15</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Henry,</b> Patrick, aids Clark, <a href="#page5">5</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;does not attend the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Hero's</b> welcome, a, <a href="#page199">199-216</a>. See <a href="#lafayette"><b>Lafayette</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Hessians,</b> the, the "ragged Continentals" meet, at Trenton, <a href="#page77">77</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wayne meets, at Germantown, <a href="#page82">82</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;march with Burgoyne, <a href="#page114">114</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Morgan's men a terror to, <a href="#page114">114</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Highlanders,</b> Scotch, in the battle of New Orleans, <a href="#page194">194-196</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the backwoodsmen compared to a clan of, <a href="#page104">104</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Holmes,</b> Oliver Wendell, saves "Old Ironsides," <a href="#page169">169</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at Harvard College, <a href="#page169">169</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Holston</b> settlements, the, now a part of Tennessee, <a href="#page1">1</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Hood,</b> Admiral, at Chesapeake Bay, <a href="#page130">130</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Horseshoe Plain,</b> the, Clark crosses, <a href="#page14">14</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Howard,</b> Colonel, commands the Continentals at Cowpens, <a href="#page118">118</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Howe,</b> General, Hale brought before, <a href="#page58">58</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;evacuates Boston, <a href="#page77">77</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Hudson River,</b> the, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page79">79</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette visits, <a href="#page206">206</a>, <a href="#page208">208</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Hull, Colonel,</b> <a href="#page82">82</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Hull, Isaac,</b> Captain, in command of the Constitution, <a href="#page174">174</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has an "interview" with Dacres, <a href="#page176">176</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at Gibraltar, <a href="#page179">179</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Humphreys,</b> Mr., of Philadelphia, the builder of "Old Ironsides," <a href="#page170">170</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>I</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Illinois</b> Indians, the, the country of, <a href="#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page6">6</a>. See the map in <a href="#page7">Chapter I</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Imprisonment</b> for debt, <a href="#page143">143</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Independence Hall,</b> the Old State House in Philadelphia, <a href="#page145">145</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Intrepid,</b> the, used by Decatur to destroy the Philadelphia, <a href="#page162">162-168</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Ironsides, Old,</b> <a href="#page169">169-184</a>. See <a href="#constitution"><b>Constitution, the frigate</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>J</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Jacataqua,</b> the Indian girl, joins Arnold's expedition to Quebec, <a href="#page21">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acts as guide, and cares for the sick and the injured, <a href="#page26">26</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Jackson,</b> Andrew, in command at New Orleans, <a href="#page188">188</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hears of the advance of the British, <a href="#page188">188</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;prepares to defend New Orleans, <a href="#page189">189</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attacks the British by night, <a href="#page190">190</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;throws up earthworks, <a href="#page193">193</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the battle of New Orleans, <a href="#page194">194</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wins a remarkable victory, <a href="#page196">196</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the after history of, <a href="#page198">198</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>James River,</b> the, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Jasper,</b> William, the heroism of, <a href="#page48">48</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Java,</b> the, destroyed by "Old Ironsides," <a href="#page180">180</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the wheel of, fitted on "Old Ironsides," <a href="#page181">181</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Jay,</b> John, defends the Constitution, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Jefferson,</b> Thomas, the narrow escape of, from Tarleton, <a href="#page124">124</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;abroad, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;President of the United States, a man of peace, <a href="#page157">157</a>, <a href="#page186">186</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visited by Lafayette, <a href="#page214">214</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Jones,</b> one of Jackson's officers, guards Lake Borgne and is killed, <a href="#page187">187</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>K</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Kaskaskia,</b> <a href="#page6">6-8</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Keane,</b> General, leads the British at New Orleans, <a href="#page195">195</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;severely wounded, <a href="#page196">196</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Kentucky,</b> the founding of Lexington, <a href="#page1">1</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the pioneers in, <a href="#page1">1</a>, <a href="#page2">2</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the fighting in, "the dark and bloody ground," <a href="#page4">4</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>King,</b> Rufus, at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>King's Ferry,</b> on the Hudson River, the British get the control of, <a href="#page78">78</a>.<br>
+<br><a name="kings"></a>
+<b>King's Mountain,</b> the battle of, <a href="#page90">90-104</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the state of affairs before the battle of, <a href="#page90">90-93</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the rally of the backwoodsmen before the battle of, <a href="#page93">93</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the march of the pioneers to, <a href="#page96">96-100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the plan of the battle of, <a href="#page100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the battle of, <a href="#page101">101-103</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the victory of the backwoodsmen at, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the effect of the victory at, <a href="#page104">104</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Knowlton,</b> Colonel, <a href="#page51">51</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interviews his officers, <a href="#page52">52</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Knox,</b> Henry, an American general, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page203">203</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>L</b><br>
+<br><a name="lafayette"></a>
+<b>Lafayette,</b> in the Yorktown campaign, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page135">135</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hears of our struggle for independence, <a href="#page199">199</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;arrives in this country, <a href="#page200">200</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;serves under Washington, <a href="#page200">200</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns to France, <a href="#page201">201</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns to America with the king's pledge of help, <a href="#page201">201</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns to France, but remembers us, <a href="#page201">201</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visits America in 1784, <a href="#page202">202</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visits us again in 1824, <a href="#page202">202</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the admiration of our people for, <a href="#page203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the personal appearance of, <a href="#page204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the interview of, with Red Jacket, <a href="#page204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the receptions given to, from New York to Boston, <a href="#page205">205</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the tour of, through the United States, <a href="#page206">206</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visits Yorktown, <a href="#page207">207</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visits New Orleans, <a href="#page208">208</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visits other towns and cities, <a href="#page208">208-210</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Mount Vernon, <a href="#page211">211</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at Boston and Bunker Hill, <a href="#page212">212-214</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the formal reception of, at Washington, <a href="#page215">215</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns to France, <a href="#page215">215</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lafayette, George Washington,</b> visits us with his father in 1824, <a href="#page203">203</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lafitte,</b> the "Pirate of the Gulf," aids Jackson, <a href="#page189">189</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lake Borgne,</b> near New Orleans, the British cross, <a href="#page187">187</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lambert, Henry,</b> Captain, commander of the British frigate Java, <a href="#page179">179</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mortally wounded, <a href="#page182">182</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lambert, John,</b> General, leads the British reserve at New Orleans, <a href="#page195">195</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;retreats from New Orleans and sails for England, <a href="#page197">197</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Langdon,</b> John, at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lawrence,</b> James, with Decatur, <a href="#page165">165</a>, <a href="#page166">166</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Ledge Falls,</b> Greene's division reaches, <a href="#page24">24</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Enos turns back at, <a href="#page24">24</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lee, Charles,</b> advises the abandoning of Fort Sullivan, <a href="#page39">39</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the character of, <a href="#page40">40</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the cowardice of, at Monmouth, <a href="#page105">105</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lee, Henry,</b> or "Light-Horse Harry," defends the Constitution, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Levant,</b> the, a British sloop of war, destroyed by "Old Ironsides," <a href="#page182">182</a>, <a href="#page183">183</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Levi,</b> Point, the arrival of Arnold at, <a href="#page29">29</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lewis,</b> Lawrence, Washington's favorite nephew, <a href="#page63">63</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lexington, Kentucky,</b> the origin of the name, <a href="#page1">1</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lexington, Massachusetts,</b> the Revolution begins at, <a href="#page1">1</a>,
+<a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page140">140</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lincoln,</b> General, surrenders Charleston, <a href="#page90">90</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives Cornwallis's sword, <a href="#page134">134</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Little Wabash,</b> the, Clark crosses, <a href="#page12">12</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Long Island, New York,</b> the patriots defeated in the battle of, <a href="#page50">50</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hale enters, in disguise, <a href="#page56">56</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Long Island, South Carolina,</b> north of Sullivan's Island, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Long Knives,</b> the, the backwoodsmen called, <a href="#page9">9</a>, <a href="#page10">10</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Louisiana,</b> the, an American war vessel, blows Sir Edward's sugar barrels to pieces, <a href="#page192">192</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lower house,</b> the, of Congress, or House of Representatives, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Lower Town,</b> the, at Quebec, Arnold's men attack, <a href="#page32">32</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>M</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Madeira Islands,</b> the, "Old Ironsides" fights a great battle near, <a href="#page182">182</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Madison,</b> James, of Virginia, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Father of the Constitution," <a href="#page148">148</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hated slavery, <a href="#page149">149</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defends the Constitution, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;President of the United States, a man of peace, <a href="#page186">186</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Maltese</b> sailors, Decatur's sailors dressed like, <a href="#page161">161</a>, <a href="#page164">164</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Manhattan Island,</b> the patriots retire from, <a href="#page51">51</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Map,</b> a, showing the line of Clark's march, <a href="#page7">7</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Arnold's route to Quebec, <a href="#page23">23</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of the military operations in the Carolinas, <a href="#page99">99</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Marion,</b> Francis, a leader in the South, <a href="#page91">91</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Marseillaise, The,</b> the national hymn of France, <a href="#page189">189</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Marshall,</b> John, defends the Constitution, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Martha's Vineyard,</b> <a href="#page78">78</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Maryland</b> called on for volunteers, <a href="#page112">112</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Mason,</b> George, of Virginia, opposed to slavery, <a href="#page150">150</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>McDaniel,</b> an anecdote of, <a href="#page47">47</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>McDonough,</b> Thomas, with Decatur, <a href="#page166">166</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>McDowell,</b> leads the refugees, <a href="#page94">94</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>McLane,</b> Captain, one of Wayne's pickets, <a href="#page81">81</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Meigs,</b> Major, a commander under Arnold, <a href="#page22">22</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Midnight</b> surprise, a, <a href="#page77">77-89</a>. See <a href="#stony"><b>Stony Point</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Midwinter</b> campaign, a, <a href="#page18">18-35</a>. See <a href="#arnold"><b>Arnold</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Minutemen,</b> the, of the Old North State, <a href="#page36">36</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Mississippi River,</b> the, Lafayette ascends, <a href="#page206">206</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Monmouth,</b> New Jersey, the battle of, <a href="#page200">200</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wayne at, <a href="#page82">82</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the cowardice of Charles Lee at, <a href="#page105">105</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Monroe,</b> President, instructed to invite Lafayette as the nation's guest, <a href="#page202">202</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives Lafayette at the White House, <a href="#page204">204</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Montgomery,</b> General, <a href="#page20">20</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;joined by Arnold, <a href="#page30">30</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;demands the surrender of Quebec, <a href="#page31">31</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;despairs of the expedition, <a href="#page31">31</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leads the attack on Quebec, <a href="#page32">32</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the death of, <a href="#page33">33</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Monticello,</b> the home of Thomas Jefferson, near Charlottesville, Virginia, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page214">214</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Montreal,</b> captured by Montgomery, <a href="#page30">30</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sir Guy Carleton leaves, <a href="#page31">31</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Monument,</b> the, at Saratoga, <a href="#page18">18</a>, <a href="#page122">122</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at Yorktown, <a href="#page137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the statues of Schuyler, Gates, and Morgan on, at Saratoga, <a href="#page18">18</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Arnold forfeits his place on, at Saratoga, <a href="#page18">18</a>.<br>
+<br><a name="morgan"></a>
+<b>Morgan,</b> Daniel, the life of, <a href="#page105">105-122</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the statue of, at Saratoga, New York, <a href="#page18">18</a>, <a href="#page122">122</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the statue of, at Spartanburg, South Carolina, <a href="#page122">122</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;joins Arnold's expedition, <a href="#page21">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leads the advance in Arnold's expedition, <a href="#page22">22</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forced to surrender at Quebec, <a href="#page34">34</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the early life of, <a href="#page106">106</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;enlists in the Virginia troops and serves as a teamster, <a href="#page106">106</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes pride in his company and shows his skill as a boxer, <a href="#page107">107</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;enlists as a teamster in Washington's regiment, <a href="#page107">107</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives one hundred lashes, <a href="#page108">108</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes his mark as a private, <a href="#page108">108</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;drives no more army wagons, <a href="#page108">108</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives the commission of an ensign, <a href="#page109">109</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;severely wounded, <a href="#page109">109</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns to his farm, <a href="#page110">110</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the marriage of, <a href="#page110">110</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marches to Cambridge, <a href="#page112">112</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the siege of Quebec, <a href="#page113">113</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;made a colonel, <a href="#page113">113</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at Freeman's Farm and at Saratoga, <a href="#page114">114</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leaves the army for a time, <a href="#page115">115</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rejoins the army in the South, under Gates, <a href="#page115">115</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;made a brigadier general, <a href="#page115">115</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes his plan for a battle with Tarleton, <a href="#page116">116</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes his stand at Cowpens, <a href="#page116">116</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;victorious at Cowpens, <a href="#page119">119</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marches to join General Greene, <a href="#page121">121</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;retires from the army again, <a href="#page121">121</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes part in the Virginia campaign of 1780, <a href="#page121">121</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the after life of, <a href="#page122">122</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the valor of, commemorated at Saratoga, New York, and at Spartanburg, South Carolina, <a href="#page122">122</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Morocco,</b> <a href="#page156">156</a>, <a href="#page158">158</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Morris, Gouverneur,</b> originator of our decimal system of money, attends the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Morris, Lieutenant,</b> with Captain Hull on "Old Ironsides," <a href="#page174">174</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Morris, Robert,</b> imprisoned for debt, <a href="#page143">143</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Morristown,</b> New Jersey, Morgan reports at, <a href="#page113">113</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Moultrie,</b> William, ordered to build a fort on Sullivan's Island, <a href="#page38">38</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visited by Charles Lee, <a href="#page39">39</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visited by the master of a privateer, <a href="#page40">40</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defends his fort, <a href="#page42">42</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;encourages his men, <a href="#page45">45</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;honored for his defense of Fort Sullivan, <a href="#page49">49</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the after life of, <a href="#page49">49</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Mount Vernon,</b> Washington's home, <a href="#page68">68-70</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page138">138</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visited by Lafayette in 1784, <a href="#page202">202</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visited by Lafayette in 1824, <a href="#page211">211</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Murfree,</b> Colonel, at Stony Point, <a href="#page86">86</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Murray</b> mansion, the, Washington's headquarters in 1776, <a href="#page50">50</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>N</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Napoleon,</b> England struggles against, <a href="#page185">185</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at Elba, <a href="#page186">186</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Nashville,</b> Tennessee, the riflemen of, <a href="#page189">189</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette visits, <a href="#page208">208</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Natural Bridge,</b> the, in Virginia, Washington throws to the top of, <a href="#page64">64</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Nelson, Governor,</b> of Virginia, <a href="#page132">132</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the house of, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page207">207</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;called the "war governor," <a href="#page133">133</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Nelson, Lord,</b> England's great admiral, <a href="#page41">41</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;praises Decatur's deed in the Mediterranean, <a href="#page168">168</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>New Jersey,</b> Trenton, <a href="#page77">77</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Monmouth, <a href="#page82">82</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Morristown, <a href="#page113">113</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Old Ironsides," the home of Commodore Stewart, <a href="#page184">184</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington plans to go to Yorktown by way of, <a href="#page127">127</a>.<br>
+<br><a name="neworleans"></a>
+<b>New Orleans,</b> the battle of, <a href="#page185">185-198</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the events leading to the battle of, <a href="#page185">185</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;foreign in character, <a href="#page187">187</a>, <a href="#page189">189</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the British plan to capture, <a href="#page187">187</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the expedition sent against, <a href="#page187">187</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jackson's headquarters in, <a href="#page188">188</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jackson plans for the defense of, <a href="#page189">189</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the arrival of the riflemen at, <a href="#page189">189</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jackson throws up earthworks below, <a href="#page190">190</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the night attack on the British below, <a href="#page190">190</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the beginning of the battle below, <a href="#page192">192</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a description of the battle of, <a href="#page194">194-196</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the British defeated at, <a href="#page196">196</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the retreat of the British after the battle of, <a href="#page197">197</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the sad part of the victory at, <a href="#page198">198</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette visits, <a href="#page206">206</a>, <a href="#page208">208</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>New Roof,</b> the, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>New York,</b> the city of, <a href="#page143">143</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette at, <a href="#page203">203</a>, <a href="#page209">209</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the state of, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Nolichucky River,</b> the, Sevier's home on, <a href="#page93">93</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Norfolk,</b> shelled and destroyed by a British fleet, <a href="#page36">36</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Norridgewock,</b> Maine, Arnold's army leaves, <a href="#page23">23</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>North, Lord,</b> receives word of Cornwallis's surrender, <a href="#page136">136</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>North State,</b> the <b>Old</b>, North Carolina, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>O</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>O'Hara,</b> General, sent by Cornwallis to deliver up his sword, <a href="#page134">134</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Ohio,</b> the representation of, in Congress, <a href="#page149">149</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Ohio River,</b> the, Clark floats down, <a href="#page6">6</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette ascends, <a href="#page206">206</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Old Dominion,</b> the, Virginia, <a href="#page215">215</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Old Hickory's</b> Christmas, <a href="#page185">185-198</a>. See <a href="#neworleans"><b>New Orleans</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Old Ironsides,</b> <a href="#page169">169-184</a>. See <a href="#constitution"><b>Constitution, the frigate</b></a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;origin of the name, <a href="#page178">178</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Old North State,</b> the, North Carolina, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Old State House,</b> the, in Philadelphia, now called Independence Hall, <a href="#page145">145</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Orang-outangs,</b> Arnold's men resemble, <a href="#page30">30</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>P</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Pakenham,</b> Sir Edward, arrives at New Orleans on Christmas Day, 1814, <a href="#page191">191</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes a look at the Americans, <a href="#page192">192</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;killed in the battle of New Orleans, <a href="#page195">195</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Palmetto</b> logs, one way of using, <a href="#page36">36-49</a>. See <a href="#sullivan"><b>Fort Sullivan</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Parker,</b> Sir Peter, arrives at Cape Fear, <a href="#page37">37</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes command of the combined British fleets and sails for Charleston, <a href="#page37">37</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;delays his attack on Charleston, <a href="#page41">41</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attacks Fort Sullivan, <a href="#page42">42</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the fleet of, defeated, <a href="#page48">48</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Pasha</b> of Tripoli, the, <a href="#page156">156</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Patriot,</b> our greatest, <a href="#page62">62-76</a>. See <a href="#washington"><b>Washington</b></a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;spy, the, <a href="#page50">50-61</a>. See <a href="#hale"><b>Hale</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Peace,</b> the treaty of, with Great Britain signed in Paris, France, in September, 1783, <a href="#page138">138</a>, <a href="#page202">202</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the treaty of, with Great Britain in 1814 was signed at Ghent,
+ Belgium, on Christmas eve, 1814, about two weeks before the battle of New Orleans, <a href="#page198">198</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Pennsylvania</b> called on for volunteers, <a href="#page112">112</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Perry,</b> Commodore, the hero of the battle of Lake Erie, <a href="#page202">202</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Petersburg,</b> Lord Cornwallis arrives at, <a href="#page123">123</a>.<br>
+<br><a name="philadelphia"></a>
+<b>Philadelphia,</b> the first Continental Congress at, <a href="#page140">140</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the second Continental Congress at, <a href="#page140">140</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Constitution drafted at, in the Old State House, <a href="#page145">145</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the visit of Lafayette to, <a href="#page210">210</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Philadelphia, the frigate,</b> the burning of, <a href="#page156">156-168</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the events leading to the capture of, <a href="#page156">156-159</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;towed into the harbor of Tripoli, <a href="#page159">159</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plans made for retaking, <a href="#page160">160</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Decatur's plan for the retaking of, <a href="#page161">161</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Decatur starts for the recapture of, <a href="#page162">162</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the capture and the burning of, <a href="#page166">166</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Phillips,</b> Samuel, carries Ferguson's threat to the backwoodsmen, <a href="#page92">92</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Pickens,</b> Andrew, a leader in the South, <a href="#page91">91</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the battle of Cowpens, <a href="#page117">117</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Pinckneys,</b> the two brilliant, Charles and Thomas, of South Carolina, at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Pirates,</b> the, on the African coast, <a href="#page156">156</a>, <a href="#page170">170</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Pitt, Fort,</b> <a href="#page5">5</a>. See the map in <a href="#page7">Chapter I</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Point Levi,</b> the arrival of Arnold at, <a href="#page29">29</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Pompey,</b> Wayne's guide at Stony Point, <a href="#page84">84</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Poor Richard's Almanac,</b> a quotation from, <a href="#page157">157</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Portland,</b> Maine, Lafayette visits, <a href="#page206">206</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Portsmouth,</b> New Hampshire, "Old Ironsides" at, <a href="#page183">183</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette visits, <a href="#page206">206</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Preble,</b> Commodore, in command of our fleet in the Mediterranean,
+<a href="#page158">158</a>, <a href="#page161">161</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sails for Sicily, <a href="#page160">160</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the quick temper of, <a href="#page173">173</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Prescott, General,</b> captured by Colonel Barton, <a href="#page143">143</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Prescott, William,</b> at the battle of Bunker Hill, <a href="#page213">213</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>Q</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Quebec,</b> an expedition planned against, <a href="#page20">20</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the "Gibraltar of America," <a href="#page30">30</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reached by Arnold's expedition, <a href="#page30">30</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the siege of, <a href="#page31">31</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the midnight attack on, <a href="#page32">32</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the siege of, raised, <a href="#page35">35</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Morgan at, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page113">113</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Quincy,</b> Massachusetts, Lafayette visits, to see John Adams, <a href="#page209">209</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>R</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Randolph,</b> Edmund, at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defends the Constitution, <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Rappahannock River,</b> the, Washington throws across, <a href="#page64">64</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Rawdon,</b> Lord, in South Carolina, <a href="#page126">126</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Red Jacket,</b> the Indian chief, meets Lafayette, <a href="#page204">204</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Rennie,</b> Colonel, a British commander at the battle of New Orleans, <a href="#page195">195</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Representatives</b> in Congress, <a href="#page149">149</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Revere,</b> Paul, furnishes the copper used in "Old Ironsides," <a href="#page172">172</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Rhode Island,</b> <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sends no delegates to Philadelphia, <a href="#page145">145</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the representation of, in Congress, <a href="#page149">149</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Old Ironsides" at Newport, <a href="#page183">183</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Rutledge,</b> John, Governor, the character of, <a href="#page40">40</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sends powder to Fort Sullivan, <a href="#page46">46</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rewards Sergeant Jasper, <a href="#page48">48</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>S</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>St. John's</b> gate at Quebec, <a href="#page35">35</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Saratoga,</b> New York, the monument at, <a href="#page18">18</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Burgoyne defeated at, <a href="#page114">114</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Morgan at, <a href="#page114">114</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Sartigan,</b> Canada, Arnold reaches, <a href="#page28">28</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Arnold's men arrive at, <a href="#page29">29</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Schoolmaster,</b> Hale disguised as a, <a href="#page56">56</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Schuyler,</b> General, the statue of, at Saratoga, <a href="#page18">18</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;left the army for a time, <a href="#page115">115</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Scotch-Irish</b> in the South, <a href="#page92">92</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Senate,</b> the, or upper house of Congress, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Senators</b> in Congress, <a href="#page149">149</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Sevier,</b> Colonel, rallies the backwoodsmen, <a href="#page93">93</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;uses the county funds to buy supplies for the riflemen, <a href="#page94">94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leads the right wing at King's Mountain, <a href="#page101">101</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Shannon,</b> the, a British frigate, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <a href="#page175">175</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Shawnees,</b> the, Clark meets, <a href="#page10">10</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Shelby,</b> Colonel, rallies the backwoodsmen, <a href="#page92">92</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leads a column of the riflemen at King's Mountain, <a href="#page101">101</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Sherman,</b> Roger, at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Sicily,</b> Commodore Preble sails to, <a href="#page100">100</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Siren,</b> the brig, accompanies Decatur to Tripoli, <a href="#page162">162</a>, <a href="#page163">163</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Slave</b> question, the, in framing the Constitution, <a href="#page149">149-151</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>South, the,</b> a blow aimed at, by the British, <a href="#page36">36</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;British success in, <a href="#page90">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the patriot leaders in, <a href="#page91">91</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the brutality of the British in, <a href="#page91">91</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>South Carolina,</b> overrun by the British, <a href="#page90">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;protests against abolishing slavery, <a href="#page150">150</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Spy,</b> the patriot, <a href="#page50">50-61</a>. See <a href="#hale"><b>Hale</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Stark,</b> John, defeats the British at Bennington, Vermont, <a href="#page105">105</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leaves the army for a time, <a href="#page115">115</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Stewart,</b> Charles, in command of the frigate Constitution, <a href="#page182">182</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the death of, <a href="#page184">184</a>.<br>
+<br><a name="stony"></a>
+<b>Stony Point,</b> on the Hudson River, the capture of, by Wayne, <a href="#page77">77-89</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the British capture and fortify, <a href="#page78">78</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington plans to attack, <a href="#page79">79</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a description of, <a href="#page79">79</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a description of the fortifications of, <a href="#page80">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the "little Gibraltar," <a href="#page80">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wayne appointed commander of the expedition against, <a href="#page80">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wayne's march to, <a href="#page82">82</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wayne's plan of attack on, <a href="#page84">84</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the attack on, <a href="#page85">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the capture of, <a href="#page86">86</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the capture of, announced to Washington, <a href="#page88">88</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Sullivan, Fort,</b> the defense of, <a href="#page36">36-49</a>. See <a href="#sullivan"><b>Fort Sullivan</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Sumter, Fort,</b> <a href="#page43">43</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Sumter,</b> Thomas, General, a leader in the South, <a href="#page91">91</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still alive in 1824, <a href="#page203">203</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Surprise,</b> a midnight, <a href="#page77">77-89</a>. See <a href="#stony"><b>Stony Point</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Sycamore Shoals,</b> <a href="#page94">94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the backwoodsmen meet at, <a href="#page95">95</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Syracuse,</b> Sicily. Commodore Preble sails to, <a href="#page160">160</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Decatur sails from, <a href="#page162">162</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>T</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Tallmadge,</b> Major, questions Andr�, <a href="#page61">61</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Tarleton,</b> Colonel, the brutality of, in the South, <a href="#page91">91</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defeated at Cowpens, <a href="#page118">118</a>, <a href="#page119">119</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the two young ladies, <a href="#page120">120</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Yorktown campaign, <a href="#page124">124</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Teamster,</b> the old, <a href="#page105">105-122</a>. See <a href="#morgan"><b>Morgan</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Thaxter,</b> Rev. Joseph, at Bunker Hill, <a href="#page213">213</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Thompson,</b> Colonel, and his sharpshooters aid Moultrie, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Tilghman,</b> Colonel, informs Congress of Cornwallis's surrender, <a href="#page136">136</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Tompkins,</b> Daniel, Vice President of the United States, entertains Lafayette in 1824, <a href="#page203">203</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Tories,</b> the, at "Mother Chick's," <a href="#page57">57</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the South, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a>,
+ <a href="#page97">97</a>, <a href="#page99">99</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a>,
+ <a href="#page102">102</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Trade,</b> free, between the states, <a href="#page151">151</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Trenton,</b> New Jersey, the British defeated at, <a href="#page77">77</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Tripoli,</b> <a href="#page156">156-168</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page180">180</a>,
+ <a href="#page184">184</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Trumbull,</b> "The Surrender of Cornwallis" painted by, <a href="#page133">133</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Tryon,</b> William, the hated, a British general, <a href="#page78">78</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Tunis,</b> <a href="#page156">156</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Twelve Mile</b> carrying place, the, <a href="#page22">22</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Enos reaches the, <a href="#page23">23</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>U</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>United Colonies,</b> the, <a href="#page141">141</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>United States,</b> the frigate, commanded by Decatur, <a href="#page158">158</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>United States of America, the,</b> <a href="#page154">154</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Constitution of, <a href="#page155">155</a>. See <a href="#constitution"><b>Constitution</b></a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the growth of, <a href="#page202">202</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>University of Virginia,</b> the, Lafayette entertained at, <a href="#page214">214</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>V</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Valley Forge,</b> Pennsylvania, Lafayette at, <a href="#page200">200</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the patriots suffer greatly at, <a href="#page200">200</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Vernon, Mount,</b> Washington's home, <a href="#page68">68</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the slaves at, <a href="#page70">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the hospitality at, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington retires to, <a href="#page138">138</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette's visits to, <a href="#page202">202</a>, <a href="#page211">211</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Verplanck's Point,</b> on the Hudson River, the British fortify, <a href="#page78">78</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Victory,</b> the final, <a href="#page123">123-137</a>. See <a href="#yorktown"><b>Yorktown campaign</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Ville de Paris,</b> the flagship of De Grasse, <a href="#page129">129</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Viller�,</b> Major, informs Jackson of the approach of the British, <a href="#page188">188</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Vincennes,</b> the hero of, <a href="#page1">1-17</a>. See <a href="#clark"><b>Clark</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Virginia,</b> in the struggle with Great Britain, <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page5">5</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aids Clark, <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page5">5</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;called on for volunteers, <a href="#page112">112</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes the lead in sending delegates to Philadelphia, <a href="#page145">145</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the University of, Lafayette visits, <a href="#page214">214</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Vulture,</b> the, a British war ship at Stony Point, <a href="#page87">87</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>W</b><br>
+<br>
+<b>Wabash River,</b> the <b>Little,</b> Clark crosses, <a href="#page12">12</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Wabash River,</b> the, Clark crosses, <a href="#page13">13</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Wagoner,</b> the old, <a href="#page105">105-122</a>. See <a href="#morgan"><b>Morgan</b></a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Warner,</b> James, and his wife with Arnold's expedition to Quebec, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>.<br>
+<br><a name="washington"></a>
+<b>Washington, Lafayette</b> received by President Monroe at, <a href="#page204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette's farewell dinner at, <a href="#page215">215</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Washington, George,</b> in the Revolution, <a href="#page2">2</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes command of the patriots at Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#page19">19</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;meets Benedict Arnold, <a href="#page19">19</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;confers with his officers at the Murray mansion, <a href="#page50">50</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gives Hale his orders, <a href="#page53">53</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;informed of Hale's execution, <a href="#page61">61</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our greatest patriot, <a href="#page62">62-76</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the personal appearance of, <a href="#page63">63</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the strength of, <a href="#page64">64</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;likes dancing, <a href="#page65">65</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eats simple food, <a href="#page66">66</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fond of fine clothes, <a href="#page66">66</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a fine horseman, <a href="#page67">67</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;methodical in business, <a href="#page68">68</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;owns much land, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dislikes slaves, <a href="#page70">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the generosity of, <a href="#page71">71</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attends the meeting at Newburgh, New York, <a href="#page72">72</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the appearance of, on his first visit to Congress, described by an eyewitness, <a href="#page73">73</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the formal receptions of, <a href="#page74">74</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the state dinners of, <a href="#page75">75</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the greatness of, <a href="#page76">76</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a hard nut to crack, says General Clinton, <a href="#page77">77</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plans an attack on Stony Point, <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visits Stony Point, <a href="#page88">88</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;famous men gathered about, in the siege of Boston, <a href="#page105">105</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;meets Daniel Morgan, <a href="#page112">112</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Yorktown campaign, <a href="#page123">123-136</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bids farewell to his generals, <a href="#page138">138</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;retires to Mount Vernon, <a href="#page138">138</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the "legacy" of, to the American people, <a href="#page140">140</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;works at the problem of our national existence, <a href="#page143">143</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attends the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page145">145</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;made president of the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page147">147</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;holds the Philadelphia convention to its duty, <a href="#page148">148</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;signs the Constitution, <a href="#page152">152</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first President of the United States, <a href="#page155">155</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette serves under, <a href="#page200">200</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette visits, at Mount Vernon, <a href="#page202">202</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tomb of, at Mount Vernon, <a href="#page211">211</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Washington, William,</b> at the battle of Cowpens, <a href="#page117">117-119</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in a hand to hand fight with Tarleton, <a href="#page120">120</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"knows how to make his mark," <a href="#page120">120</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Wayne,</b> Anthony, the personal appearance of, <a href="#page80">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chosen to attack Stony Point, <a href="#page80">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at Germantown and at Monmouth, <a href="#page82">82</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the march of, to Stony Point, <a href="#page82">82</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reads his order of battle at Stony Point, <a href="#page83">83</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;writes to a friend at Philadelphia, <a href="#page83">83</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leads the attack on Stony Point, <a href="#page85">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wounded in the head, <a href="#page86">86</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;captures the fort, <a href="#page87">87</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;writes a letter to Washington, <a href="#page88">88</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Yorktown campaign, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page124">124</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Webster,</b> Daniel, speaks at the dedication of the Bunker Hill Monument, <a href="#page214">214</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Wellington,</b> the Duke of, a British general, <a href="#page186">186</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;called the "Iron Duke," <a href="#page187">187</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>West Point,</b> the Americans at, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington's headquarters at, <a href="#page127">127</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Wilson,</b> James, the learned lawyer, at the Philadelphia convention, <a href="#page146">146</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Winchester,</b> Virginia, <a href="#page108">108</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Wolfe</b> captures Quebec in 1759, <a href="#page30">30</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Worcester,</b> Massachusetts, Lafayette visits, <a href="#page206">206</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<b>Y</b><br>
+<br><a name="yorktown"></a>
+<b>Yorktown,</b> the monument at, <a href="#page137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the visit of Lafayette to, <a href="#page207">207</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<b>Yorktown campaign,</b> the, <a href="#page123">123-137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the state of affairs in the South before, <a href="#page123">123</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first move of Cornwallis in, <a href="#page124">124</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;made possible by the aid of a French fleet, <a href="#page125">125</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;planned by Washington, <a href="#page126">126</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington's first move in, <a href="#page128">128</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Continental and French troops march to take part in, <a href="#page128">128</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Clinton awakens to the importance of, <a href="#page130">130</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;De Grasse aids in, with a large fleet, <a href="#page130">130</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the siege in, <a href="#page132">132</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cornwallis surrenders in, <a href="#page134">134</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the effect of the victory in, upon King George and his ministers, <a href="#page136">136</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center>THE END</center>
+<br>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,9161 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hero Stories from American History, by 
+Albert F. Blaisdell and Francis K. Ball
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hero Stories from American History
+       For Elementary Schools
+
+Author: Albert F. Blaisdell
+        Francis K. Ball
+
+Release Date: January 26, 2010 [EBook #31092]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HERO STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ron Swanson
+
+
+
+
+
+[Frontispiece: "'Tis the star-spangled banner: O, long may it wave
+               O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!"]
+
+
+
+
+HERO STORIES
+FROM AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+_FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS_
+
+
+BY
+
+ALBERT F. BLAISDELL
+AUTHOR OF "STORIES FROM ENGLISH HISTORY," "THE STORY OF AMERICAN
+HISTORY," ETC., ETC.
+
+AND
+
+FRANCIS K. BALL
+INSTRUCTOR IN THE PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY
+
+
+
+
+GINN AND COMPANY
+BOSTON . NEW YORK . CHICAGO . LONDON
+ATLANTA . DALLAS . COLUMBUS . SAN FRANCISCO
+
+
+
+
+ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL
+COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY ALBERT F. BLAISDELL AND FRANCIS K. BALL
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+
+
+
+The Athenaeum Press
+GINN AND COMPANY . PROPRIETORS . BOSTON . U.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+TO
+Edwin Ginn
+FINANCIER EDUCATOR PHILANTHROPIST
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This book is intended to be used as a supplementary historical reader
+for the sixth and seventh grades of our public schools, or for any
+other pupils from twelve to fifteen years of age. It is also designed
+for collateral reading in connection with the study of a formal
+text-book on American history.
+
+The period here included is the first fifty years of our national
+life. No attempt has been made, however, to present a connected
+account, or to furnish a bird's-eye view, of this half century.
+
+It is the universal testimony of experienced teachers that such
+materials as are pervaded with reality serve a useful purpose with
+young pupils. The reason is plain. Historical matter that is instinct
+with human life attracts and holds the attention of boys and girls,
+and whets their desire to know more of the real meaning of their
+country's history. For this reason the authors have selected rapid
+historical narratives, treating of notable and dramatic events, and
+have embellished them with more details than is feasible within the
+limits of most school-books. Free use has been made of personal
+incidents and anecdotes, which thrill us because of their human
+element, and smack of the picturesque life of our forefathers.
+
+It has seemed advisable to arrange the subjects in chronological
+order. As the various chapters have appeared in proof, they have been
+put to a practical test in the sixth grade in several grammar
+schools. In a number of instances the pupils learned that, in the
+first reading, some of the stories were less difficult than others.
+From the nature of the subject-matter this is inevitable. For
+instance, it was found easier, and doubtless more interesting, to
+read "The Patriot Spy" and "A Daring Exploit" before beginning "The
+Hero of Vincennes" and "The Crisis." "Old Ironsides" will at first
+probably appeal to more young people than "The Final Victory."
+
+An historical reader would truly be of little value if it could be
+read at a glance, like so many insipid storybooks, and then thrown
+aside.
+
+Hence, it is suggested that teachers, after becoming familiar with
+the general scope of this book and gauging with some care the
+capabilities of their pupils, should, if they find it for the best
+interests of their classes, change the order of the chapters for the
+first reading. But in the second, or review reading, they should
+follow the chronological order.
+
+The attention of teachers is called to the questions for review, the
+pronunciation of proper names, and the reference books and
+supplementary reading in American history mentioned after the
+chapters below. The index (also below) is made full for purposes of
+reference and review.
+
+In the preparation of this book, old journals, original records and
+documents, and sundry other trustworthy sources have been diligently
+consulted and freely utilized.
+
+We would acknowledge our indebtedness to Mrs. Janet Nettleton Ball,
+who has aided us materially at several stages of our work; and to Mr.
+Ralph Hartt Bowles, Instructor in English in The Phillips Exeter
+Academy, for valuable assistance in reading the manuscript and the
+proofs.
+
+  ALBERT F. BLAISDELL,
+  FRANCIS K. BALL.
+
+  BOSTON, March, 1903.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER I                                          PAGE
+THE HERO OF VINCENNES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1
+
+CHAPTER II
+A MIDWINTER CAMPAIGN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
+
+CHAPTER III
+HOW PALMETTO LOGS MAY BE USED . . . . . . . . . . .  36
+
+CHAPTER IV
+THE PATRIOT SPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
+
+CHAPTER V
+OUR GREATEST PATRIOT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
+
+CHAPTER VI
+A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
+
+CHAPTER VII
+THE DEFEAT OF THE RED DRAGOONS  . . . . . . . . . .  90
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+FROM TEAMSTER TO MAJOR GENERAL  . . . . . . . . . . 105
+
+CHAPTER IX
+THE FINAL VICTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
+
+CHAPTER X
+THE CRISIS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
+
+CHAPTER XI
+A DARING EXPLOIT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
+
+CHAPTER XII
+"OLD IRONSIDES" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+"OLD HICKORY'S" CHRISTMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+A HERO'S WELCOME  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
+
+PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES . . . . . . . . . . . 231
+
+BOOKS FOR REFERENCE AND READING IN THE STUDY OF
+  AMERICAN HISTORY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
+
+INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
+
+
+{1}
+
+
+HERO STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+THE HERO OF VINCENNES
+
+
+Early in 1775 Daniel Boone, the famous hunter and Indian fighter,
+with thirty other backwoodsmen, set out from the Holston settlements
+to clear the first trail, or bridle path, to what is now Kentucky. In
+the spring of the same year, George Rogers Clark, although a young
+fellow of only twenty-three years, tramped through the wilderness
+alone. When he reached the frontier settlements, he at once became
+the leader of the little band of pioneers.
+
+One evening in the autumn of 1775, Clark and his companions were
+sitting round their camp fire in the wilderness. They had just drawn
+the lines for a fort, and were busy talking about it, when a
+messenger came with tidings of the bloodshed at Lexington, in
+far-away Massachusetts. With wild cheers these hunters listened to
+the story of the minutemen, and, in honor of the event, named their
+log fort "Lexington."
+
+[Illustration: A Minuteman of 1776]
+
+{2} At the close of this eventful year, three hundred resolute men
+had gained a foothold in Kentucky. In the trackless wilderness,
+hemmed in by savage foes, these pioneers with their wives and their
+children began their struggle for a home. In one short year, this
+handful of men along the western border were drawn into the midst of
+the war of the Revolution. From now on, the East and the West had
+each its own work to do. While Washington and his "ragged
+Continentals" fought for our independence, "the rear guard of the
+Revolution," as the frontiersmen were called, were not less busy.
+
+Under their brave leaders, Boone, Clark, and Harrod, in half a dozen
+little blockhouses and settlements, they were laying the foundations
+of a great commonwealth, while between them and the nearest eastern
+settlements were two hundred miles of wilderness. The struggle became
+so desperate in the fall of 1776 that Clark tramped back to Virginia,
+to ask the governor for help and to trade for powder.
+
+Virginia was at this time straining every nerve to do her part in the
+fight against Great Britain, and could not spare men to defend her
+distant county of Kentucky; {3} but, won by Clark's earnest appeal,
+the governor lent him, on his own personal security, five hundred
+pounds of powder. After many thrilling adventures and sharp fighting
+with the Indians, Clark got the powder down the Ohio River, and
+distributed it among the settlers. The war with their savage foes was
+now carried on with greater vigor than ever.
+
+Now we must remember that the vast region north of the Ohio was at
+this time a part of Canada. In this wilderness of forests and
+prairies lived many tribes of warlike Indians. Here and there were
+clusters of French Creole villages, and forts occupied by British
+soldiers; for with the conquest of Canada these French settlements
+had passed to the English crown. When the war of the American
+Revolution broke out, the British government tried to unite all the
+tribes of Indians against its rebellious subjects in America. In this
+way the people were to be kept from going west to settle.
+
+[Illustration: Indians attacking a Stockaded Fort on the Frontier]
+
+{4} Colonel Henry Hamilton was the lieutenant governor of Canada,
+with headquarters at Detroit. It was his task to let loose the
+redskins that they might burn the cabins of the settlers on the
+border, and kill their women and children, or carry them into
+captivity. The British commander supplied the savages with rum,
+rifles, and powder; and he paid gold for the scalps which they
+brought him. The pioneers named Hamilton the "hair buyer."
+
+For the next two years Kentucky well deserved the name of "the dark
+and bloody ground." It was one long, dismal story of desperate
+fighting, in which heroic women, with tender hearts but iron muscles,
+fought side by side with their husbands and their lovers.
+
+Meanwhile, Clark was busy planning deeds never dreamed of by those
+round him. He saw that the Kentucky settlers were losing ground, and
+were doing little harm to their enemies. The French villages, guarded
+by British forts, were the headquarters for stirring up, arming, and
+guiding the savages. It seemed to Clark that the way to defend
+Kentucky was to carry the war across the Ohio, and to take these
+outposts from the British. He made up his mind that the whole region
+could be won for the United States by a bold and sudden march.
+
+In 1777, he sent two hunters as spies through the Illinois country.
+They brought back word that the French took little interest in the
+war between England {5} and her colonies; that they did not care for
+the British, and were much afraid of the pioneers. Clark was a keen
+and far-sighted soldier. He knew that it took all the wisdom and
+courage of his fellow settlers to defend their own homes. He must
+bring the main part of his force from Virginia.
+
+Two weeks before Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, he tramped through
+the woods for the third time, to lay his cause before Patrick Henry,
+who was then governor of Virginia. Henry was a fiery patriot, and he
+was deeply moved by the faith and the eloquence of the gallant young
+soldier.
+
+Virginia was at this time nearly worn out by the struggle against
+King George. A few of the leading patriots, such as Jefferson and
+Madison, listened favorably to Clark's plan of conquest, and helped
+him as much as they could. At last the governor made Clark a colonel,
+and gave him power to raise three hundred and fifty men from the
+frontier counties west of the Blue Ridge. He also gave orders on the
+state officers at Fort Pitt for boats, supplies, and powder. All this
+did not mean much except to show good will and to give the legal
+right to relieve Kentucky. {6} Everything now depended on Clark's own
+energy and influence.
+
+[Illustration: General George Rogers Clark]
+
+During the winter he succeeded in raising one hundred and fifty
+riflemen. In the spring he took his little army, and, with a few
+settlers and their families, drifted down the Ohio in flatboats to
+the place where stands to-day the city of Louisville.
+
+The young leader now weeded out of his army all who seemed to him
+unable to stand hardship and fatigue. Four companies of less than
+fifty men each, under four trusty captains, were chosen. All of these
+were familiar with frontier warfare.
+
+On the 24th of June, the little fleet shot the Falls of the Ohio amid
+the darkness of a total eclipse of the sun. Clark planned to land at
+a deserted French fort opposite the mouth of the Tennessee River, and
+from there to march across the country against Kaskaskia, the nearest
+Illinois town. He did not dare to go up the Mississippi, the usual
+way of the fur traders, for fear of discovery.
+
+At the landing place, the army was joined by a band of American
+hunters who had just come from the French settlements. These hunters
+said that the fort at Kaskaskia was in good order; and that the
+Creole militia not only were well drilled, but greatly outnumbered
+the invading force. They also said that the only chance of success
+was to surprise the town; and they offered to guide the frontier
+leader by the shortest route.
+
+{7} With these hunters as guides, Clark began his march of a hundred
+miles through the wilderness. The first fifty miles led through a
+tangled and pathless forest. On the prairies the marching was less
+difficult. Once the chief guide lost his course, and all were in
+dismay. Clark, fearing treachery, coolly told the man that he should
+shoot him in two hours if he did not find the trail. The guide was,
+however, loyal; and, marching by night and hiding by day, the party
+reached the river Kaskaskia, within three miles of the town that lay
+on the farther side.
+
+[Illustration: A Map showing the Line of Clark's March]
+
+The chances were greatly against our young leader. Only the speed and
+the silence of his march gave him hope of success. Under the cover of
+darkness, and in silence, Clark ferried his men across the river, and
+spread his little army as if to surround the town.
+
+Fortune favored him at every move. It was a hot July night; and
+through the open windows of the fort came the sound of music and
+dancing. The officers were giving a ball to the light-hearted
+Creoles. All the men of the village were there; even the sentinels
+had left their posts.
+
+{8} Leaving a few men at the entrance, Clark walked boldly into the
+great hall, and, leaning silently against the doorpost, watched the
+gay dancers as they whirled round in the light of the flaring
+torches. Suddenly an Indian lying on the floor spied the tall
+stranger, sprang to his feet, and gave a whoop. The dancing stopped.
+The young ladies screamed, and their partners rushed toward the
+doors.
+
+"Go on with your dance," said Clark, "but remember that henceforth
+you dance under the American flag, and not under that of Great
+Britain."
+
+[Illustration: Clark interrupts the Dance]
+
+The surprise was complete. Nobody had a chance to resist. The town
+and the fort were in the hands of the riflemen.
+
+Clark now began to make friends with the Creoles. He formed them into
+companies, and drilled them every day. A priest known as Father
+Gibault, a man of ability and influence, became a devoted friend to
+the Americans. He persuaded the people at Cahokia and at other Creole
+villages, and even at Vincennes, about one hundred and {9} forty
+miles away on the Wabash, to turn from the British and to raise the
+American flag. Thus, without the loss of a drop of blood, all the
+posts in the Wabash valley passed into the hands of the Americans,
+and the boundary of the rising republic was extended to the
+Mississippi.
+
+Clark soon had another chance to show what kind of man he was. With
+less than two hundred riflemen and a few Creoles, he was hemmed in by
+tribes of faithless savages, with no hope of getting help or advice
+for months; but he acted as few other men in the country would have
+dared to act. He had just conquered a territory as large as almost
+any European kingdom. If he could hold it, it would become a part of
+the new nation. Could he do it?
+
+From the Great Lakes to the Mississippi came the chiefs and the
+warriors to Cahokia to hear what the great chief of the "Long Knives"
+had to say for himself. The sullen and hideously painted warriors
+strutted to and fro in the village. At times there were enough of
+them to scalp every white man at one blow, if they had only dared.
+Clark knew exactly how to treat them.
+
+One day when it seemed as if there would be trouble at any moment,
+the fearless commander did not even shift his lodging to the fort. To
+show his contempt of the peril, he held a grand dance, and "the
+ladies and gentlemen danced nearly the whole night," while the sullen
+warriors spent the time in secret council. Clark appeared not to
+care, but at the same time he had a large {10} room near by filled
+with trusty riflemen. It was hard work, but the young Virginian did
+not give up. He won the friendship and the respect of the different
+tribes, and secured from them pledges of peace. It was little trouble
+to gain the good will of the Creoles.
+
+Let me tell you of an incident which showed Clark's boldness in
+dealing with Indians. Years after the Illinois campaign, three
+hundred Shawnee warriors came in full war paint to Fort Washington,
+the present site of Cincinnati, to meet the great "Long Knife" chief
+in council. Clark had only seventy men in the stockade. The savages
+strode into the council room with a war belt and a peace belt. Full
+of fight and ugliness, they threw the belts on the table, and told
+the great pioneer leader to take his choice.
+
+[Illustration: Fort Washington, a Stockaded Fort on the Ohio, the
+Present Site of Cincinnati]
+
+Quick as a flash, Clark rose to his feet, swept both the belts to the
+floor with his cane, stamped upon them, and thrust the savages out of
+the hall, telling them to make peace at once, or he would drive them
+off the {11} face of the earth. The Shawnees held a council which
+lasted all night, but in the morning they humbly agreed to bury the
+hatchet.
+
+Great was the wrath of Hamilton, the "hair buyer general," when he
+heard what the young Virginian had done. He at once sent out runners
+to stir up the savages; and, in the first week of October, he set out
+in person from Detroit with five hundred British regulars, French,
+and Indians. He recaptured Vincennes without any trouble. Clark had
+been able to leave only a few of the men he had sent there, and some
+of them deserted the moment they caught sight of the redcoats.
+
+If Hamilton had pushed on through the Illinois country, he could
+easily have crushed the little American force; but it was no easy
+thing to march one hundred and forty miles over snow-covered
+prairies, and so the British commander decided to wait until spring.
+
+When Clark heard of the capture of Vincennes, he knew that he had not
+enough men to meet Hamilton in open fight. What was he to do? Fortune
+again came to his aid.
+
+The last of January, he heard that Hamilton had sent most of his men
+back to Detroit; that the Indians had scattered among the villages;
+and that the British commander himself was now wintering at Vincennes
+with about a hundred men. Clark at once decided to do what Hamilton
+had failed to do. Having selected the best of his riflemen, together
+with a few Creoles, {12} one hundred and seventy men in all, he set
+out on February 7 for Vincennes.
+
+All went well for the first week. They marched rapidly. Their rifles
+supplied them with food. At night, as an old journal says, they
+"broiled their meat over the huge camp fires, and feasted like Indian
+war dancers." After a week the ice had broken up, and the thaw
+flooded everything. The branches of the Little Wabash now made one
+great river five miles wide, the water even in the shallow places
+being three feet deep.
+
+It took three days of the hardest work to ferry the little force
+across the flooded plain. All day long the men waded in the icy
+waters, and at night they slept as well as they could on some muddy
+hillock that rose above the flood. By this time they had come so near
+Vincennes that they dared not fire a gun for fear of being
+discovered.
+
+Marching at the head of his chilled and foot-sore army, Clark was the
+first to test every danger.
+
+"Come on, boys!" he would shout, as he plunged into the flood.
+
+Were the men short of food? "I am not hungry," he would say, "help
+yourself." Was some poor fellow chilled to the bone? "Take my
+blanket," said Clark, "I am glad to get rid of it."
+
+In fact, as peril and suffering increased, the courage and the
+cheerfulness of the young leader seemed to grow stronger.
+
+{13} On February 17, the tired army heard Hamilton's sunrise gun on
+the fort at Vincennes, nine miles away, boom across the muddy flood.
+
+Their food had now given out. The bravest began to lose heart, and
+wished to go back. In hastily made dugouts the men were ferried, in a
+driving rain, to the eastern bank of the Wabash; but they found no
+dry land for miles round. With Clark leading the way, the men waded
+for three miles with the water often up to their chins, and camped on
+a hillock for the night. The records tell us that a little drummer
+boy, whom some of the tallest men carried on their shoulders, made a
+deal of fun for the weary men by his pranks and jokes.
+
+Death now stared them in the face. The canoes could find no place to
+ford. Even the riflemen huddled together in despair. Clark blacked
+his face with damp gunpowder, as the Indians did when ready to die,
+gave the war whoop, and leaped into the ice-cold river. With a wild
+shout the men followed. The whole column took up their line of march,
+singing a merry song. They halted six miles from Vincennes. The night
+was bitterly cold, and the half-frozen and half-starved men tried to
+sleep on a hillock.
+
+The next morning the sun rose bright and beautiful. Clark made a
+thrilling speech and told his famished men that they would surely
+reach the fort before dark. One of the captains, however, was sent
+with twenty-five trusty riflemen to bring up the rear, with orders to
+shoot any man that tried to turn back.
+
+{14} The worst of all came when they crossed the Horseshoe Plain,
+which the floods had made a shallow lake four miles wide, with dense
+woods on the farther side. In the deep water the tall and the strong
+helped the short and the weak. The little dugouts picked up the poor
+fellows who were clinging to bushes and old logs, and ferried them to
+a spot of dry land. When they reached the farther shore, so many of
+the men were chilled that the strong ones had to seize those
+half-frozen, and run them up and down the bank until they were able
+to walk.
+
+One of the dugouts captured an Indian canoe paddled by some squaws.
+It proved a rich prize, for in it were buffalo meat and some kettles.
+Broth was soon made and served to the weakest. The strong gave up
+their share. Then amid much joking and merry songs, the column
+marched in single file through a bit of timber. Not two miles away
+was Vincennes, the goal of all their hopes.
+
+A Creole who was out shooting ducks was captured. From him it was
+learned that nobody suspected the coming of the Americans, and that
+two hundred Indians had just come into town.
+
+With the hope that the Creoles would not dare to fight, and that the
+Indians would escape, Clark boldly sent the duck hunter back to town
+with the news of his arrival. He sent warning to the Creoles to
+remain in their houses, for he came only to fight the British.
+
+{15} So great was the terror of Clark's name that the French shut
+themselves up in their houses, while most of the Indians took to the
+woods. Nobody dared give a word of warning to the British.
+
+Just after dark the riflemen marched into the streets of the village
+before the redcoats knew what was going on.
+
+Crack! crack! sharply sounded half a dozen rifles outside the fort.
+
+"That is Clark, and your time is short!" cried Captain Helm, who was
+Hamilton's prisoner at this time; "he will have this fort tumbling on
+your heads before to-morrow morning."
+
+[Illustration: Defending a Frontier Fort against the British and
+Indians]
+
+During the night the Americans threw up an intrenchment within rifle
+shot of the fort, and at daybreak opened a hot fire into the
+portholes. The men begged their leader to let them storm the fort,
+but he dared not risk their lives. A party {16} of Indians that had
+been pillaging the Kentucky settlements came marching into the
+village, and were caught red-handed with scalps hanging at their
+belts.
+
+Clark was not slow to show his power.
+
+"Think, men," he said sternly, "of the cries of the widows and the
+fatherless on our frontier. Do your duty."
+
+Six of the savages were tomahawked before the fort, where the
+garrison could see them, and their dead bodies were thrown into the
+river.
+
+The British defended their fort for a few days, but could not stand
+against the fire of the long rifles. It was sure death for a gunner
+to try to fire a cannon. Not a man dared show himself at a porthole,
+through which the rifle bullets were humming like mad hornets.
+
+Hamilton the "hair buyer" gave up the defense as a bad job, and
+surrendered the fort, defended by cannon and occupied by regular
+troops, as he says in his journal, "to a set of uncivilized Virginia
+backwoodsmen armed with rifles."
+
+Tap! tap! sounded the drums, as Clark gave the signal, and down came
+the British colors.
+
+Thirteen cannon boomed the salute over the flooded plains of the
+Wabash, and a hundred frontier soldiers shouted themselves hoarse
+when the stars and stripes went up at Vincennes, never to come down
+again.
+
+The British authority over this region was forever at an end. It only
+remained for Clark to defend what he had so gallantly won.
+
+{17} Of all the deeds done west of the Alleghanies during the war of
+the Revolution, Clark's campaign, in the region which seemed so
+remote and so strange to our forefathers, is the most remarkable. The
+vast region north of the Ohio River was wrested from the British
+crown. When peace came, a few years later, the boundary lines of the
+United States were the Great Lakes on the north, and on the west the
+Mississippi River.
+
+
+{18}
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+A MIDWINTER CAMPAIGN
+
+
+A splendid monument overlooks the battlefield of Saratoga. Heroic
+bronze statues of Schuyler, Gates, and Morgan, three of the four
+great leaders in this battle, stand each in a niche on three faces of
+the obelisk. On the south side the space is empty. The man who led
+the patriots to victory forfeited his place on this monument. What a
+sermon in stone is the empty niche on that massive granite shaft! We
+need no chiseled words to tell us of the great name so gallantly won
+by Arnold the hero, and so wretchedly lost by Arnold the traitor.
+
+Only a few months after Benedict Arnold had turned traitor, and was
+fighting against his native land, he was sent by Sir Henry Clinton,
+the British commander, to sack and plunder in Virginia. In one of
+these raids a captain of the colonial army was taken prisoner.
+
+"What will your people do with me if they catch me?" Arnold is said
+to have asked his prisoner.
+
+"They will cut off your leg that was shot at Quebec and Saratoga,"
+said the plucky and witty officer, "and bury it with the honors of
+war, and hang the rest of your body on a gibbet."
+
+{19} This bold reply of the patriot soldier showed the hatred and the
+contempt in which Arnold was held by all true Americans; it also
+hints at an earlier fame which this strange and remarkable man had
+won in fighting the battles of his country.
+
+Now that war with the mother country had begun, an attack upon Canada
+seemed to be an act of self-defense; for through the valley of the
+St. Lawrence the colonies to the south could be invaded. The "back
+door," as Canada was called, which was now open for such invasion,
+must be tightly shut. In fact it was believed that Sir Guy Carleton,
+the governor of Canada, was even now trying to get the Indians to
+sweep down the valley of the Hudson, to harry the New England
+frontier.
+
+[Illustration: The Washington Elm in Cambridge, Massachusetts, under
+which Washington took Command]
+
+Meanwhile, under the old elm in Cambridge, Washington had taken
+command of the Continental army. Shortly afterwards he met Benedict
+Arnold for the first time. The great Virginian found the young
+officer a man after his own heart. Arnold was at this time captain of
+the best-drilled and best-equipped company that the patriot army
+could boast. {20} He had already proved himself a man of energy and
+of rare personal bravery.
+
+Before his meeting with Washington, Arnold had hurried spies into
+Canada to find out the enemy's strength; and he had also sent Indians
+with wampum, to make friends with the redskins along the St.
+Lawrence. Some years before, he had been to Canada to buy horses; and
+through his friends in Quebec and in Montreal he was now able to get
+a great deal of information, which he promptly sent to Congress.
+
+Congress voted to send out an expedition. An army was to enter Canada
+by the way of the Kennebec and Chaudiere rivers; there to unite
+forces with Montgomery, who had started from Ticonderoga; and then,
+if possible, to surprise Quebec.
+
+The patriot army of some eighteen thousand men was at this time
+engaged in the siege of Boston. During the first week in September,
+orders came to draft men for Quebec. For the purpose of carrying the
+troops up the Kennebec River, a force of carpenters was sent ahead to
+build two hundred bateaux, or flat-bottomed boats. To Arnold, as
+colonel, was given the command of the expedition. For the sake of
+avoiding any ill feeling, the officers were allowed to draw lots. So
+eager were the troops to share in the possible glories of the
+campaign that several thousand at once volunteered.
+
+About eleven hundred men were chosen, the very flower of the
+Continental army. More than one half of {21} these came from New
+England; three hundred were riflemen from Pennsylvania and from
+Virginia, among whom were Daniel Morgan and his famous riflemen from
+the west bank of the Potomac.
+
+On September 13, the little army left Cambridge and marched through
+Essex to Newburyport. The good people of this old seaport gave the
+troops an ovation, on their arrival Saturday night. They escorted
+them to the churches on Sunday, and on Tuesday morning bade them
+good-by, "with colors flying, drums and fifes playing, the hills all
+around being covered with pretty girls weeping for their departing
+swains."
+
+On the following Thursday, with a fair wind, the troops reached the
+mouth of the Kennebec, one hundred and fifty miles away. Working
+their way up the river, they came to anchor at what is now the city
+of Gardiner. Near this place, the two hundred bateaux had been
+hastily built of green pine. The little army now advanced six miles
+up the river to Fort Western, opposite the present city of Augusta.
+Here they rested for three days, and made ready for the ascent of the
+Kennebec.
+
+An old journal tells us that the people who lived near prepared a
+grand feast for the soldiers, with three bears roasted whole in
+frontier fashion, and an abundance of venison, smoked salmon, and
+huge pumpkin pies, all washed down with plenty of West India rum.
+
+Among the guests at this frontier feast was a half-breed Indian girl
+named Jacataqua, who had fallen in {22} love with a handsome young
+officer of the expedition. This officer was Aaron Burr, who
+afterwards became Vice President of the United States. When the young
+visitor found that the wives of two riflemen, James Warner and
+Sergeant Grier, were going to tramp to Canada with the troops, she,
+too, with some of her Indian friends, made up her mind to go with
+them. This trifling incident, as we shall see later, saved the lives
+of many brave men.
+
+The season was now far advanced. There must be no delay, or the early
+Canadian winter would close in upon them. The little army was divided
+into four divisions. On September 25, Daniel Morgan and his riflemen
+led the advance, with orders to go with all speed to what was called
+the Twelve Mile carrying place. The second division, under the
+command of Colonel Greene, started the next day. Then came the third
+division, under Major Meigs, while Colonel Enos brought up the rear.
+There were fourteen companies, each provided with sixteen bateaux.
+
+These boats were heavy and clumsy. When loaded, four men could hardly
+haul or push them through the shallow channels, or row them against
+the strong current of the river. It was hard and rough work. And
+those dreadful carrying places! Before they reached Lake Megantic,
+they dragged these boats, or what was left of them, round the rapids
+twenty-four times. At each carrying place, kegs of powder and of
+bullets, barrels of {23} flour and of pork, iron kettles, and all
+manner of camp baggage had to be unpacked from the boats, carried
+round on the men's backs, and reloaded again. Sometimes the "carry"
+was only a matter of a few rods, and again it was two miles long.
+
+[Illustration: A Map of Arnold's Route to Quebec]
+
+From the day the army left Norridgewock, the last outpost of
+civilization, troubles came thick and fast. Water from the leaky
+boats spoiled the dried codfish and most of the flour. The salt beef
+was found unfit for use. There was now nothing left to eat but flour
+and pork. The all-day exposure in water, the chilling river fogs at
+night, and the sleeping in uniforms which were frozen stiff even in
+front of the camp fires, all began to thin the ranks of these sturdy
+backwoodsmen.
+
+On October 12, Colonel Enos and the rear guard reached the Twelve
+Mile carrying place. The army that had set out from Fort Western with
+nearly twelve hundred men could now muster only nine hundred and
+fifty well men. And yet they were only beginning the most perilous
+stage of their journey. All about them stood the dark and silent
+wilderness, through which they were to make their way for sixteen
+miles, to reach the Dead River. In this dreaded route there were four
+carrying places. The last was three miles long, a third of which was
+a miry spruce and cedar swamp. It took {24} five days of hardest toil
+to cut their way through the unbroken wilderness. Fortunately, the
+hunters shot four moose and caught plenty of salmon trout.
+
+Now began the snail-like advance for eighty-six miles up the crooked
+course of the Dead River. Sometimes they cut their way through the
+thickets and the underbrush, but oftener they waded along the banks.
+Then came a heavy rainstorm, which grew into a hurricane during the
+night. The river overflowed its banks for a mile or more on either
+side. Many of the boats sank or were dashed to pieces. Barrels of
+pork and of flour were swept away. For the next ten days, these
+heroic men seemed to be pressing forward to a slow death by
+starvation. Each man's ration was reduced to half a pint of flour a
+day.
+
+The old adage tells us that misfortunes never come singly. The rear
+guard under Colonel Enos, with its trail hewn out for it, had carried
+the bulk of the supplies; but, after losing most of the provisions in
+the freshet, he refused any more flour for his half-starved comrades
+at the front.
+
+On October 25, the rear guard having caught up with Greene's
+division, which was in the worst plight of all, encamped at a place
+called Ledge Falls. At a council of war held in the midst of a
+driving snowstorm, Enos himself voted at first to go forward; but
+afterwards he decided to go back. So the rear guard, grudgingly
+giving up two barrels of flour, turned their backs, and, {25} in
+spite of the jeers and the threats of their comrades, started home.
+Greene and his brave fellows showed no signs of faltering, but, as a
+diary reads, "took each man his duds to his back, bid them adieu, and
+marched on."
+
+Just over the boundary between Maine and Canada there was a great
+swamp. In this bog two companies lost their way, and waded knee-deep
+in the mire for ten miles in endless circles. Reaching a little
+hillock after dark, they stood up all night long to keep from
+freezing. Each man was for himself in the struggle for life. The
+strong dared not halt to help the weak for fear they too should
+perish.
+
+"Alas! alas!" writes one soldier, "these horrid spectacles! my heart
+sickens at the recollection."
+
+That each man might fully realize how little food was left, a final
+division was made of the remaining provisions. Five pints of flour
+were given to each man! This must last him for a hundred miles
+through the pathless wilderness, a tramp of at least six days. In the
+ashes of the camp fire, each man baked his flour, Indian fashion,
+into five little cakes. Though the officers coaxed and threatened,
+some of the poor frantic fellows ate all their cakes at one meal.
+
+On November 2, our little army, scattered for more than forty miles
+along the banks of the Chaudiere River, was still dragging out its
+weary way. Tents, boats, and camp supplies were all gone, except here
+and there a tin camp kettle or an ax. A rifleman tells us that one
+day {26} he roasted and chewed his shot pouch, and adds, "in a short
+time there was not a shot pouch to be seen among all those in my
+view." For four days this man had not eaten anything except a
+squirrel skin, which he had picked up some days before.
+
+Several dogs that had faithfully followed their masters were now
+killed and roasted; and even their feet, skin, and entrails were
+eaten. Captain Dearborn tells us how downcast he was when he was
+forced to kill and eat his fine Newfoundland dog. He writes, "we even
+pounded up the dog's bones and made broth for another meal."
+
+A dozen men, who had been left behind to die, caught a stray horse
+that had run away from some settlement. They shot it and ate heartily
+of the flesh while they rested, and at last reached the main army.
+For seven days these men had had nothing for food but roots and black
+birch bark.
+
+The Indian girl Jacataqua, with a pet dog, still followed the troops.
+She proved herself of the greatest service as a guide. She knew,
+also, about roots and herbs, and these she prepared in Indian fashion
+for the sick and the injured. The men did not dare to kill her dog,
+for she threatened to leave them to their fate if they harmed the
+faithful animal.
+
+At one place James Warner, whose wife Jemima was marching with the
+troops, lagged behind, and, before his wife knew it, sank exhausted.
+The faithful woman ran back alone, and stayed with him until he died.
+She {27} buried him with leaves; and then, taking his musket and
+girding on his cartridge belt, she hurried breathless and panting for
+twenty miles, until she caught up with the troops. And as for
+Sergeant Grier's good wife, she tramped and starved her way with the
+men. No wonder that one writer, a boy of seventeen at the time, says,
+as he saw this plucky woman wading through the rivers, "My mind was
+humbled, yet astonished at the exertions of this good woman."
+
+[Illustration: Arnold's Men marching through the Flooded Wilderness]
+
+Where was the bold commander all this time, the man who was to lead
+these sturdy riflemen to easy victory? After paddling thirteen miles
+across Lake Megantic, {28} Arnold performed one of those brilliant
+and reckless deeds for which he was noted. Perhaps no other man in
+the American army would have dared to do what he did. The remnant of
+his famishing soldiers must be saved, and the time was short.
+
+On October 28, he started down the swollen Chaudiere River with only
+a few men and without a guide. Sartigan, the nearest French
+settlement where provisions could be bought, was nearly seventy miles
+away. The swift current carried the frail canoes down the first
+twenty miles in two hours. Here through the rapids, there over hidden
+ledges, now escaping the driftwood and the sharp-edged rocks, Arnold
+and his men wrestled with the angry river.
+
+At one place they plunged over a fall, and every canoe was capsized.
+Six of the men found themselves swimming in a large rock-bound basin,
+while the angry flood thundered thirty feet over the ledges just
+beyond them. The men swam ashore, thankful to escape death.
+
+The last twenty miles was tramped through the wilderness, but such
+was the energy of their leader that Sartigan was reached on the
+evening of the second day. Long before daybreak, cattle and bags of
+flour were ready, and, with a relief party of French Canadians on
+horseback, Arnold was on his way back to the starving army.
+
+Four days later, from the famished men in the frozen wilderness was
+heard far and wide the joyful cry, "Provisions!" "Provisions!"
+
+{29} The cry was echoed from hill to hill, and along the snow-covered
+banks of the great river. The grim fight for life was over. They had
+won. How like a pack of famished wolves did they kill, cook, and
+devour the cattle!
+
+The next day, two companies dashed through the icy waters of the Du
+Loup River, and, shortly afterwards, greeted with cheers the first
+house they had seen for thirty days. Six miles beyond, was
+Sartigan,--a half dozen log cabins and a few Indian wigwams.
+
+A snowstorm now set in, but the joyful men hastily built huts of pine
+boughs, kindled huge camp fires, and waited for the stragglers. The
+severe Canadian winter was well begun. It kept on snowing heavily. As
+Quebec might be re-enforced at any moment, every captain was ordered
+to get his men over the remaining fifty-four miles with all possible
+speed.
+
+"Quebec!" "Quebec!" was in everybody's mouth.
+
+Five days later, on November 9, the patriots reached Point Levi, a
+little French village opposite Quebec. The people looked on with
+astonishment as they straggled out of the woods, a worn-out army of
+perhaps six hundred men, with faces haggard, clothing in tatters, and
+many barefooted and bareheaded. Over eighty had died in the
+wilderness, and a hundred were on the sick list. So pitiful and so
+ludicrous was their appearance that one man wrote in his diary that
+they "resembled those animals of New Spain called {30}
+orang-outangs," and "unlike the children of Israel, whose clothes
+waxed not old in the wilderness, theirs hardly held together."
+
+With his usual bravado, Arnold planned to capture the "Gibraltar of
+America" at one stroke. He little knew that, a few days before, some
+treacherous Indians had warned the British commander of his approach.
+
+On the night of November 13, Arnold ferried five hundred of his men
+across the St. Lawrence, and climbed to the Heights of Abraham, at
+the very place where Wolfe had climbed to victory sixteen years
+before. At daybreak the walls of the city were covered with soldiers
+and with citizens. Within half a mile of the walls, which fairly
+bristled with cannon, the ragged soldiers halted and began to cheer
+lustily. The redcoats shouted back their defiance. Arnold wrote a
+letter to the governor of Quebec, demanding the surrender of the
+city. The bearer of the letter, although under a flag of truce, was
+not even allowed to come near the walls.
+
+After six days the little army slipped away one dark night, and
+tramped to a village some twenty miles to the west of Quebec. Here
+they hoped to join forces with Montgomery, who had already captured
+Montreal, and then come back to renew the siege.
+
+Ten days later, on December 1, Arnold paraded his troops in front of
+the village church to greet Montgomery with his army. The united
+forces, still less than a thousand men, now trudged their way back to
+Quebec. On {31} arriving there, Montgomery boldly demanded the
+surrender of the town.
+
+Meanwhile, on November 19, Sir Guy Carleton had left Montreal, and,
+having made his way down the river, in the disguise of a farmer,
+slipped into Quebec. This was the salvation of Canada.
+
+The British general was an able soldier. He at once took energetic
+steps for the defense of the city. At every available point he built
+blockhouses, barricades, and palisades; and mounted one hundred and
+fifty cannon. He took five hundred sailors from the war vessels to
+help man the guns, and thus increased the garrison to eighteen
+hundred fighting men.
+
+For two weeks the patriot army fired their little three-pounders, and
+threw several hundred "fire pills," as the men called them, against
+the granite ramparts and into the town. Even the women laughed at
+them, for they did no more harm than so many popguns. The redcoats
+kept up the bloodless contest by raking with their cannon the
+patriots' feeble breastworks of ice and snow.
+
+Montgomery spoke hopefully to his men, but in his heart was despair.
+How could he ever go home without taking Quebec? Washington and
+Congress expected it, and the people at home were waiting for it.
+When he bade his young wife good-by at their home on the Hudson, he
+said, "You shall never blush for your Montgomery." What was his duty
+now? Should he not make at least one desperate attempt? Did not Wolfe
+{32} take equally desperate chances and win deathless renown? At last
+it was decided to wait for a dark night, in which to attack the Lower
+Town.
+
+At midnight on the last day of 1775, came the snowstorm so long
+awaited. The word was given, and about half past three the columns
+marched to the assault. Every man pinned to his hat a piece of white
+paper, on which was written the motto of Morgan's far-famed riflemen,
+"Liberty or Death!"
+
+Arnold and Morgan, with about six hundred men, were to make the
+attack on one side of the town, and Montgomery, with three hundred
+men, on the other side.
+
+The storm had become furious. With their heads down and their guns
+under their coats, the men had enough to do to keep up with Arnold as
+he led the attack. Presently a musket ball shattered his leg and
+stretched him bleeding in the snow. Morgan at once took command, and,
+cheering on his men, carried the batteries; then, forcing his way
+into the streets of the Lower Town, he waited for the promised signal
+from Montgomery.
+
+Meantime, the precious moments slipped by, while the young Montgomery
+was forcing his way through the darkness and the huge snowdrifts,
+along the shores of the St. Lawrence. When the head of his column
+crept cautiously round a point of the steep cliff, they came face to
+face with the redcoats standing beside their cannon with lighted
+matches.
+
+{33} "On, boys, Quebec is ours!" shouted Montgomery, as he sprang
+forward.
+
+[Illustration: The Midnight Attack on Quebec]
+
+A storm of grape and canister swept the narrow pass, and the young
+general fell dead. In dismay and confusion, the column gave way. The
+command to retreat was hastily given and obeyed. Strange to say, so
+dazed were the British by the fierce attack that they, too, ran {34}
+away, but soon rallied. The driving snow quickly covered the dead and
+the wounded in a funeral shroud.
+
+The enemy were now free to close in upon Morgan and his riflemen, on
+the other side of the town. All night long, fierce hand to hand
+fighting went on in the narrow streets, amid the howling storm of
+driving snow; and the morning light broke slowly upon scenes of
+confusion and horror. Morgan and his men fought like heroes, but they
+were outnumbered, and were forced to surrender.
+
+The rest of this sad story may be briefly told. Arnold was given the
+chief command. Although he was weakened from loss of blood, and
+helpless from his shattered leg, nothing could break his dauntless
+will. Expecting the enemy at any moment to attack the hospital, he
+had his pistols and his sword placed on his bed, that he might die
+fighting. From that bedside, he kept his army of seven hundred men
+sternly to its duty. In a month he was out of doors, hobbling about
+on crutches, and hopeful as ever of success.
+
+Washington sent orders for Arnold to stand his ground, and as late as
+January 27 wrote him that "the glorious work must be accomplished
+this winter." With bulldog grip, Arnold obeyed orders, and kept up
+the hopeless siege. During the winter, more troops came to his help
+from across the lakes, but they only closed the gaps made by
+hardships and smallpox.
+
+{35} On the 14th of March, a flag of truce was again sent to the
+city, demanding its surrender.
+
+"No flag will be received," said the officer of the day, "unless it
+comes to implore the mercy of the king."
+
+A wooden horse was mounted on the walls near the famous old St.
+John's gate, with a bundle of hay before it. Upon the horse was
+tacked a placard, on which was written, "When this horse has eaten
+this bunch of hay, we will surrender."
+
+Although they were short of food, and were forced to tear down the
+houses for firewood, the garrison was safe and quite comfortable
+behind the snow-covered ramparts.
+
+The end of the coldest winter ever known in Canada save one came at
+last. The river was full of ice during the first week of May. A few
+days later, three men-of-war forced their way up the St. Lawrence
+through the floating ice, and relieved the besieged city. The salute
+of twenty-one guns fired by the fleet was joyful music to the people
+of Quebec. Amid the thundering of the guns from the citadel, the
+great bell of the Cathedral clanged the death knell to Arnold's
+hopes.
+
+The "Gibraltar of America" still remained in the possession of
+England.
+
+
+{36}
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+HOW PALMETTO LOGS MAY BE USED
+
+
+In 1775, in Virginia, the patriots forced the royal governor, Lord
+Dunmore, to take refuge on board a British man-of-war in Norfolk
+Harbor. In revenge, the town of Norfolk, the largest and the most
+important in the Old Dominion, was, on New Year's Day, 1776, shelled
+and destroyed. This bombardment, and scores of other less wanton acts
+of the men-of-war, alarmed every coastwise town from Maine to
+Georgia.
+
+Early in the fall of 1775, the British government planned to strike a
+hard blow against the Southern colonies. North Carolina was to be the
+first to receive punishment. It was the first colony, as perhaps you
+know, to take decided action in declaring its independence from the
+mother country. To carry out the intent of the British, Sir Henry
+Clinton, with two thousand troops, sailed from Boston for the Cape
+Fear River.
+
+The minutemen of the Old North State rallied from far and near, as
+they had done in Massachusetts after the battle of Lexington. Within
+ten days, there were ten thousand men ready to fight the redcoats.
+And so when Sir Henry arrived off the coast, he decided, {37} like a
+prudent man, not to land; but cruised along the shore, waiting for
+the coming of war vessels from England.
+
+This long-expected fleet was under the command of Sir Peter Parker.
+Baffled by head winds, and tossed about by storms, the ships were
+nearly three months on the voyage, and did not arrive at Cape Fear
+until the first of May. There they found Clinton.
+
+Sir Peter and Sir Henry could not agree as to what action was best.
+Clinton, with a wholesome respect for the minutemen of the Old North
+State, wished to sail to the Chesapeake; while Lord Campbell, the
+royal governor of South Carolina, who was now an officer of the
+fleet, begged that the first hard blow should fall upon Charleston.
+He declared that, as soon as the city was captured, the loyalists
+would be strong enough to restore the king's power. Campbell, it
+seems, had his way at last, and it was decided to sail south, to
+capture Charleston.
+
+Meanwhile, the people of South Carolina had received ample warning.
+So they were not surprised when, on the last day of May, a British
+fleet under a cloud of canvas was seen bearing up for Charleston. On
+the next day, Sir Peter Parker cast anchor off the bar, with upwards
+of fifty war ships and transports. Affairs looked serious for the
+people of this fair city; but they were of fighting stock, and, with
+the war thus brought to their doors, were not slow to show their
+mettle.
+
+{38} For weeks the patriots had been pushing the works of defense.
+Stores and warehouses were leveled to the ground, to give room for
+the fire of cannon and muskets from various lines of earthworks;
+seven hundred wagons belonging to loyalists were pressed into
+service, to help build redoubts; owners of houses gave the lead from
+their windows, to be cast into bullets; fire boats were made ready to
+burn the enemy's vessels, if they passed the forts. The militia came
+pouring in from the neighboring colonies until there were sixty-five
+hundred ready to defend the city.
+
+It was believed that a fort built on the southern end of Sullivan's
+Island, within point-blank shot of the channel leading into
+Charleston Harbor, might help prevent the British fleet from sailing
+up to the city. At all events it would be worth trying. So, in the
+early spring of 1776, Colonel William Moultrie, a veteran of the
+Indian wars, was ordered to build a square fort large enough to hold
+a thousand men.
+
+[Illustration: Colonel William Moultrie]
+
+The use of palmetto logs was a happy thought. Hundreds of negroes
+were set at work cutting down the trees and hauling them to the
+southern end of the island. The long straight logs were laid one upon
+another in two parallel rows sixteen feet apart, and were bound
+together with cross timbers dovetailed and bolted into the logs. The
+space between the two rows of logs was filled with sand. This made
+the walls of the fort.
+
+{39} The cannon were mounted upon platforms six feet high, which
+rested upon brick pillars. Upon these platforms the men could stand
+and fire through the openings. The rear of the fort and the eastern
+side were left unfinished, being merely built up seven feet with
+logs. Thirty-one cannon were mounted, but only twenty-five could at
+any one time be brought to bear upon the enemy.
+
+On the day of the battle, there were about four hundred and fifty men
+in the fort, only thirty of whom knew anything about handling cannon.
+But most of the garrison were expert riflemen, and it was soon found
+that their skill in small arms helped them in sighting the artillery.
+
+One day early in June, General Charles Lee, who had been sent down to
+take the chief command, went over to the island to visit the fort. As
+the old-time soldier, who had seen long service in the British army,
+looked over the rudely built affair, and saw that it was not even
+finished, he gravely shook his head.
+
+"The ships will anchor off there," said he to Moultrie, pointing to
+the channel, "and will make your fort a mere slaughter pen."
+
+{40} The weak-kneed general, who afterwards sold himself to the
+British, went back and told Governor Rutledge that the only thing to
+do was to abandon the fort. The governor, however, was made of better
+stuff, and, besides, had the greatest faith in Colonel Moultrie. But
+he did ask his old friend if he thought he really could defend the
+cob-house fort, which Lee had laughed to scorn.
+
+Moultrie was a man of few words, and replied simply, "I think I can."
+
+"General Lee wishes you to give up the fort," added Rutledge, "but
+you are not to do it without an order from me, and I will sooner cut
+off my right hand than write one."
+
+The idea of retreating seems never to have occurred to the brave
+commander.
+
+"I was never uneasy," wrote Moultrie in after years, "because I never
+thought the enemy could force me to retire."
+
+It was indeed fortunate that Colonel Moultrie was a stout-hearted
+man, for otherwise he might well have been discouraged. A few days
+before the battle, the master of a privateer, whose vessel was laid
+up in Charleston harbor, paid him a visit. As the two friends stood
+on the palmetto walls, looking at the fleet in the distance, the
+naval officer said, "Well, Colonel Moultrie, what do you think of it
+now?"
+
+Moultrie replied, "We shall beat them."
+
+{41} "Sir," exclaimed his visitor, pointing to the distant
+men-of-war, "when those ships come to lay alongside of your fort,
+they will knock it down in less than thirty minutes."
+
+"We will then fight behind the ruins," said the stubborn patriot,
+"and prevent their men from landing."
+
+The British plan of attack, to judge from all military rules, should
+have been successful. First, the redcoat regulars were to land upon
+Long Island, lying to the north, and wade across the inlet which
+separates it from Sullivan's Island. Then, after the war ships had
+silenced the guns in the fort, the land troops were to storm the
+position, and thus leave the channel clear for the combined forces to
+sail up and capture the city.
+
+If a great naval captain like Nelson or Farragut had been in command,
+probably the ships would not have waited a month, but would at once
+have made a bold dash past the fort, and straightway captured
+Charleston. Sir Peter, however, was slow, and felt sure of success.
+For over three weeks he delayed the attack, thus giving the patriots
+more time for completing their defenses.
+
+Friday morning, June 28, was hot, but bright and beautiful. Early in
+the day, Colonel Moultrie rode to the northern end of the island to
+see Colonel Thompson. The latter had charge of a little fort manned
+by sharpshooters, and it was his duty to prevent Clinton's troops
+from getting across the inlet.
+
+Suddenly the men-of-war begin to spread their topsails and raise
+their anchors. The tide is coming in. {42} The wind is fair. One
+after another, the war ships get under way and come proudly up the
+harbor, under full sail. The all-important moment of Moultrie's life
+is at hand. He puts spurs to his horse and gallops back to the
+palmetto fort.
+
+"Beat the long roll!" he shouts to his officers, Colonel Motte and
+Captain Marion.
+
+The drums beat, and each man hurries to his chosen place beside the
+cannon. The supreme test for the little cob-house fort has come. The
+men shout, as a blue flag with a crescent, the colors of South
+Carolina, is flung to the breeze.
+
+Just as a year before, the people of Boston crowded the roofs and the
+belfries, to watch the outcome of Bunker Hill; so now, the old men
+and the women and children of Charleston cluster on the wharves, the
+church towers, and the roofs, all that hot day, to watch the duel
+between the palmetto fort and the British fleet.
+
+Sir Peter Parker has a powerful fleet. He is ready to do his work.
+Two of his ships carry fifty guns each, and four carry twenty-eight
+guns each. With a strong flood tide and a favorable southwest wind,
+the stately men-of-war sweep gracefully to their positions.
+Moultrie's fighting blood is up, and his dark eyes flash with
+delight. The men of South Carolina, eager to fight for their homes,
+train their cannon upon the war ships.
+
+"Fire! fire!" shouts Moultrie, as the men-of-war come within
+point-blank shot. The low palmetto cob house begins to thunder with
+its heavy guns.
+
+{43} A bomb vessel casts anchor about a mile from the fort. Puff!
+bang! a thirteen-inch shell rises in the air with a fine curve and
+falls into the fort. It bursts and hurls up cart loads of sand, but
+hurts nobody. Four of the largest war ships are now within easy
+range. Down go the anchors, with spring ropes fastened to the cables,
+to keep the vessels broadside to the fort. The smaller men-of-war
+take their positions in a second line, in the rear. Fast and furious,
+more than one hundred and fifty cannon bang away at the little
+inclosure.
+
+But, even from the first, things did not turn out as the British
+expected. After firing some fifty shells, which buried themselves in
+the loose sand and did not explode, the bomb vessel broke down.
+
+About noon, the flagship signaled to three of the men-of-war, "Move
+down and take position southwest of the fort."
+
+Once there, the platforms inside the fort could be raked from end to
+end. As good fortune would have it, two of these vessels, in
+attempting to carry out their orders, ran afoul of each other, and
+all three stuck fast on the shoal on which is now the famed Fort
+Sumter.
+
+How goes the battle inside the fort? The men, stripped to the waist
+and with handkerchiefs bound round their heads, stand at the guns all
+that sweltering day, with the coolness and the courage of old
+soldiers. The supply of powder is scant. They take careful aim, fire
+slowly, and make almost every shot tell. The twenty-six-pound balls
+{44} splinter the masts, and make sad havoc on the decks. Crash!
+crash! strike the enemy's cannon balls against the palmetto logs. The
+wood is soft and spongy, and the huge shot either bury themselves
+without making splinters, or else bound off like rubber balls.
+
+Meanwhile, where was Sir Henry Clinton? For nearly three weeks he had
+been encamped with some two thousand men on the sand bar known as
+Long Island. The men had suffered fearfully from the heat, from lack
+of water, and from the mosquitoes.
+
+During the bombardment of Fort Sullivan, Sir Henry marched his men
+down to the end of the sand island, but could not cross; for the
+water in the inlet proved to be seven feet deep even at low tide.
+Somebody had blundered about the ford. The redcoats, however, were
+paraded on the sandy shore while some armed boats made ready to cross
+the inlet. The grapeshot from two cannon, and the bullets of Colonel
+Thompson's riflemen, so raked the decks that the men could not stay
+at their posts. Memories of Bunker Hill, perhaps, made the British
+officers a trifle timid about crossing the inlet, and marching over
+the sandy shore, to attack intrenched sharpshooters. Thus it happened
+that Clinton and his men, through stupidity, were kept prisoners on
+the sand island, mere spectators of the thrilling scene. They had to
+content themselves with fighting mosquitoes, under the sweltering
+rays of a Southern sun.
+
+{45} [Illustration: Defending the Palmetto Fort]
+
+All this time, Sir Peter was doing his best to pound the fort down.
+The fort trembled and shook, but it stood. Moultrie and his men, with
+perfect coolness and with steady aim, made havoc of the war ships.
+Colonel Moultrie prepared grog by the pailful, which, with a negro as
+helper, he dipped out to the tired men at the guns.
+
+"Take good aim, boys," he said, as he passed from gun to gun, "mind
+the big ships, and don't waste the powder."
+
+The mainmast of the flagship Bristol was hit nine times, and the
+mizzenmast was struck by seven thirty-two-pound balls, and had to be
+cut away. In short, the flagship was pierced so many times that she
+would have sunk had not the wind been light and the water smooth.
+While the battle raged in all its fury, the carpenters worked like
+beavers to keep the vessel afloat.
+
+{46} At one time a cannon ball shot off one of the cables, and the
+ship swung round with the tide.
+
+"Give it to her, boys!" shouts Moultrie, "now is your time!" and the
+cannon balls rake the decks from stem to stern.
+
+The captain of the flagship was struck twice, Lord Campbell was hurt,
+and one hundred men were either killed or wounded. Once Sir Peter was
+the only man left on the quarter-deck, and he himself was twice
+wounded.
+
+The other big ship, the Experiment, fared fully as hard as did the
+flagship. The captain lost his right arm, and nearly a hundred of his
+men were killed or wounded.
+
+In fact, these two vessels were about to be left to their fate, when
+suddenly the fire of the fort slackened.
+
+"Fire once in ten minutes," orders Colonel Moultrie, for the supply
+of powder is becoming dangerously small.
+
+An aid from General Lee came running over to the fort. "When your
+powder is gone, spike your guns and retreat," wrote the general.
+
+Moultrie was not that kind of man.
+
+Between three and five o'clock in the afternoon, the fire of the fort
+almost stopped. The British thought the guns were silenced. Not a bit
+of it! Even then a fresh supply of five hundred pounds of powder had
+nearly reached the fort. It came from Governor Rutledge with a note,
+saying, "Honor and victory, my {47} good sir, to you and your worthy
+men with you. Don't make too free with your cannon. Keep cool and do
+mischief."
+
+How those men shouted when the powder came! Bang! bang! the cannon in
+the fort thunder again. The British admiral tries to batter down the
+fort by firing several broadsides at the same moment. At times it
+seemed as if it would tumble in a heap. Once the broadsides of four
+vessels struck the fort at one time; but the palmetto logs stood
+unharmed. A gunner by the name of McDaniel was mortally wounded by a
+cannon ball. As the dying soldier was being carried away, he cried
+out to his comrades in words that will never be forgotten, "Fight on,
+brave boys, and don't let liberty die with this day!"
+
+In the hottest of the fight, the flagstaff is shot away. Down falls
+the blue banner upon the beach, outside the fort.
+
+{48} "The flag is down!" "The fort has surrendered!" cry the people
+of Charleston, with pale faces and tearful eyes.
+
+Out from one of the cannon openings leaps Sergeant William Jasper.
+Walking the whole length of the fort, he tears away the flag from the
+staff. Returning with it, he fastens it to the rammer of a cannon,
+and plants it on the ramparts, amidst the rain of shot and shell.
+
+[Illustration: Sergeant Jasper saves the Flag]
+
+With the setting of the sun, the roar of battle slackens. The victory
+is Moultrie's. Twilight and silence fall upon the smoking fort. Here
+and there lights glimmer in the city, as the joyful people of
+Charleston return to their homes. The stars look down upon the
+lapping waters of the bay, where ride at anchor the shadowy vessels
+of the British fleet. Towards midnight, when the tide begins to ebb,
+the battered war ships slip their cables and sail out into the
+darkness with their dead.
+
+The next day, hundreds came from the city to rejoice with Moultrie
+and his sturdy fighters. Governor Rutledge came down with a party of
+ladies, and presented a silk banner to the fort. Calling for Sergeant
+Jasper, he took his own short sword from his side, buckled it on him,
+and thanked him in the name of his country. He also offered him a
+lieutenant's commission, but the young hero modestly refused the
+honor, saying, "I am not fitted for an officer; I am only a
+sergeant."
+
+For several days, the crippled British fleet lay in the harbor, too
+much shattered to fight or to go to sea. In {49} fact, it was the
+first week in August before the patriots of South Carolina saw the
+last war ship and the last transport put out to sea, and fade away in
+the distance. The hated redcoats were gone.
+
+In the ten hours of active fighting, the British fleet fired
+seventeen tons of powder and nearly ten thousand shot and shell, but,
+in that little inclosure of green logs and sand, only one gun was
+silenced.
+
+The defense of Fort Sullivan ranks as one of the few complete
+American victories of the Revolution. The moral effect of the victory
+was perhaps more far-reaching than the battle of Bunker Hill. Many of
+the Southern people who had been lukewarm now openly united their
+fortunes with the patriot cause.
+
+Honors were showered upon the brave Colonel Moultrie. His services to
+his state and to his country continued through life. He died at a
+good old age, beloved by his fellow citizens.
+
+
+{50}
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+THE PATRIOT SPY
+
+
+It was plain that Washington was troubled. As he paced the piazza of
+the stately Murray mansion one fine autumn afternoon, he was saying
+half aloud to himself, "Shall we defend or shall we quit New York?"
+
+At this time Washington's headquarters were on Manhattan Island, at
+the home of the Quaker merchant, Robert Murray; and here, in the
+first week of September, 1776, he had asked his officers to meet him
+in council.
+
+Was it strange that Washington's heart was heavy? During the last
+week of August, the Continental army had been defeated in the battle
+of Long Island. A fourth of the army were on the sick list; a third
+were without tents. Winter was close at hand, and the men, mostly new
+recruits, were short of clothing, shoes, and blankets. Only fourteen
+thousand men were fit for duty, and they were scattered all the way
+from the Battery to Kingsbridge, a distance of a dozen miles or more.
+
+The British army, numbering about twenty-five thousand, lay encamped
+along the shores of New York Bay and the East River. The soldiers
+were veterans, and {51} they were led by veterans. A large fleet of
+war ships, lying at anchor, was ready to assist the land forces at a
+moment's notice. Scores of guard ships sailed to and fro, watching
+every movement of the patriot troops.
+
+To give up the city to the British without battle seemed a great
+pity. The effect upon the patriot cause in all the colonies would be
+bad. Still, there was no help for it. What was the use of fighting
+against such odds? Why run the risk of almost certain defeat?
+Washington always looked beyond the present, and he did not intend
+now to be shut up on Manhattan Island, perhaps to lose his entire
+army; so, with the main body, he moved north to Harlem Heights. Here
+he was soon informed by scouts that the British were getting ready to
+move at once. Whither, nobody could tell. Such was the state of
+affairs that led Washington to call his chief officers to the Murray
+mansion, on that September afternoon.
+
+Of course they talked over the situation long and calmly. After all,
+the main question was, What shall be done? Among other things, it was
+thought best to find the right sort of man, and send him in disguise
+into the British camp on Long Island, to find out just where the
+enemy were planning to attack.
+
+"Upon this, gentlemen," said Washington, "depends at this time the
+fate of our army."
+
+The commander in chief sent for Colonel Knowlton, the hero of the
+rail fence at Bunker Hill.
+
+{52} "I want you to find for me in your regiment or in some other,"
+he said, "some young officer to go at once into the British camp, to
+discover what is going on. The man must have a quick eye, a cool
+head, and nerves of steel. I wish him to make notes of the position
+of the enemy, draw plans of the forts, and listen to the talk of the
+officers. Can you find such a man for me this very afternoon?"
+
+"I will do my best, General Washington," said the colonel, as he took
+leave to go to his regiment.
+
+On arriving at his quarters that afternoon, Knowlton called together
+a number of officers. He briefly told them what Washington wanted,
+and asked for volunteers. There was a long pause, amid deep surprise.
+These soldiers were willing to serve their country; but to play the
+spy, the hated spy, was too much even for Washington to ask.
+
+One after another of the officers, as Knowlton called them by name,
+declined. His task seemed hopeless. At last, he asked a grizzled
+Frenchman, who had fought in many battles and was noted for his rash
+bravery.
+
+"No, no! Colonel Knowlton," he said, "I am ready to fight the
+redcoats at any place and at any time; but, sir, I am not willing to
+play the spy, and be hanged like a dog if I am caught."
+
+Just as Knowlton gave up hope of finding a man willing to go on the
+perilous mission, there came to him the painfully thrilling but
+cheering words, "I will undertake {53} it." It was the voice of
+Captain Nathan Hale. He had just entered Knowlton's tent. His face
+was still pale from a severe sickness. Every man was astonished. The
+whole company knew the brilliant young officer, and they loved him.
+Now they all tried to dissuade him. They spoke of his fair prospects,
+and of the fond hopes of his parents and his friends. It was all in
+vain. They could not turn him from his purpose.
+
+"I wish to be useful," he said, "and every kind of service necessary
+for the public good becomes honorable by being necessary. If my
+country needs a peculiar service, its claims upon me are imperious."
+
+These patriotic words of a man willing to give up his life, if
+necessary, for the good of his country silenced his brother officers.
+
+"Good-by, Nathan!" "Don't you let the redcoats catch you!" "Good luck
+to you!" "We never expect to see you again!" cried his nearest
+friends in camp, as, in company with Colonel Knowlton, the young
+captain rode out that same afternoon to receive his orders from
+Washington himself.
+
+[Illustration: Hale receiving his Orders from Washington]
+
+{54} Nathan Hale was born, as were his eight brothers and his three
+sisters, in an old-fashioned, two-storied house, in a little country
+village of Connecticut. His father, a man of integrity, was a stanch
+patriot. Instead of allowing his family to use the wool raised on his
+farm, he saved it to make blankets for the Continental army. The
+mother of this large family was a woman of high moral and domestic
+worth, devoted to her children, for whom she sought the highest good.
+It was a quiet, strict household, Puritan in its faith and its
+manners, where the Bible ruled, where family prayers never failed,
+nor was grace ever omitted at meals. On a Saturday night, no work was
+done after sundown.
+
+Young Nathan was a bright, active American boy. He liked his gun and
+his fishing pole. He was fond of running, leaping, wrestling, and
+playing ball. One of his pupils said that Hale would put his hand
+upon a fence as high as his head, and clear it easily at a bound. He
+liked books, and read much out of school. Like two of his brothers,
+he was to be educated for the ministry. When only sixteen, he entered
+Yale College, and was graduated two years before the battle of Bunker
+Hill. Early in the fall of 1773, the young graduate began to teach
+school, and was soon afterwards made master of a select school in New
+London, in his native state.
+
+At this time young Hale was about six feet tall, and well built. He
+had a broad chest, full face, light blue eyes, fair complexion, and
+light brown hair. He had a {55} large mole on his neck, just where
+the knot of his cravat came. At college his friends used to joke him
+about it, declaring that he was surely born to be hanged.
+
+Such was Nathan Hale when the news of the bloodshed at Lexington
+reached New London. A rousing meeting was held that evening. The
+young schoolmaster was one of the speakers.
+
+"Let us march at once," he said, "and never lay down our arms until
+we obtain our independence."
+
+The next morning, Hale called his pupils together, "gave them earnest
+counsel, prayed with them, and shaking each by the hand," took his
+leave, and during the same forenoon marched with his company for
+Cambridge.
+
+The young officer from Connecticut took an active part in the siege
+of Boston, and soon became captain of his company. Hale's diary is
+still preserved, and after all these years it is full of interest. It
+seems that he took charge of his men's clothing, rations, and money.
+Much of his time he was on picket duty, and took part in many lively
+skirmishes with the redcoats. Besides studying military tactics, he
+found time to make up wrestling matches, to play football and
+checkers, and, on Sundays, to hold religious meetings in barns.
+
+Within a few hours after bidding good-by to General Washington,
+Captain Hale, taking with him one of his own trusty soldiers, left
+the camp at Harlem, intending at the first opportunity to cross Long
+Island Sound. There were so many British guard ships on the watch
+{56} that he and his companion found no safe place to cross until
+they had reached Norwalk, fifty miles up the Sound on the Connecticut
+shore. Here a small sloop was to land Hale on the other side.
+
+Stripping off his uniform, the young captain put on a plain brown
+suit of citizen's clothes, and a broad-brimmed hat. Thus attired in
+the dress of a schoolmaster, he was landed across the Sound, and
+shortly afterwards reached the nearest British camp.
+
+The redcoats received the pretended schoolmaster cordially. A captain
+of the dragoons spoke of him long afterwards as a "jolly good
+fellow." Hale pretended that he was tired of the "rebel cause," and
+that he was in search of a place to teach school.
+
+It would be interesting to know just what the "schoolmaster" did in
+the next two weeks. Think of the poor fellow's eagerness to make the
+most of his time, drawing plans of the forts, and going rapidly from
+one point to another to watch the marching of troops, patrols, and
+guards. Think of his sleepless nights, his fearful risk, the
+ever-present dread of being recognized by some Tory. All this we know
+nothing about, but his brave and tender heart must sometimes have
+been sorely tried.
+
+From the midst of all these dangers Hale, unharmed, began his return
+trip to the American lines. He had threaded his way through the
+woods, and round all the British camps on Long Island, until he
+reached in safety the point where he had first landed. Here he had
+{57} planned for a boat to meet him early the next morning, to take
+him over to the mainland.
+
+Many a patriotic American boy has thought what he should have done if
+he could have exchanged places with Nathan Hale on this evening. Near
+by, at a place then called and still called "The Cedars," a woman by
+the name of Chichester, and nicknamed "Mother Chick," kept a tavern,
+which was the favorite resort of all the Tories in that region. Hale
+was sure that nobody would know him in his strange dress, and so he
+ventured into the tavern. A number of people were in the barroom. A
+few minutes afterwards, a man whose face seemed familiar to Hale
+suddenly left the room, and was not seen again.
+
+The pretended schoolmaster spent the night at the tavern.
+
+Early the next morning, the landlady rushed into the barroom, crying
+out to her guests, "Look out, boys! there is a strange boat close in
+shore!"
+
+The Tories scampered as if the house were on fire.
+
+"That surely is the very boat I'm looking for," thought Hale on
+leaving the tavern, and hastened towards the beach, where the boat
+had already landed.
+
+A moment more, and the young captain was amazed at the sight of six
+British marines, standing erect in the boat, with their muskets aimed
+at him. He turned to run, when a loud voice cried out, "Surrender or
+die!" He was within close range of their guns. Escape was {58} not
+possible. The poor fellow gave himself up. He was taken on board the
+British guard ship Halifax, which lay at anchor close by, hidden from
+sight by a point of land.
+
+Some have declared that the man who so suddenly left the tavern was a
+Tory cousin to Hale, and saw at once through the patriot's disguise;
+that, being quite a rascal, he hurried away to get word to the
+British camp. There seems to be no good reason, however, to believe
+that the fellow was a kinsman.
+
+However this may be, the British captured Captain Hale in disguise.
+They stripped him and searched him, and found his drawings and his
+notes. These were written in Latin, and had been tucked away between
+the soles of his shoes.
+
+"I am sorry that so fine a fellow has fallen into my hands," said the
+captain of the guard ship, "but you are my prisoner, and I think a
+spy. So to New York you must go!"
+
+General Howe's headquarters were at this time in the elegant Beekman
+mansion, situated near what is now the corner of Fifty-First Street
+and First Avenue. Calm and fearless, the captured spy stood before
+the British commander. He bravely owned that he was an American
+officer, and said that he was sorry he had not been able to serve his
+country better. No time was to be wasted in calling a court-martial.
+Without trial of any kind, Captain Hale was condemned to die the
+death of a spy. {59} The verdict was that he should be hanged by the
+neck, "to-morrow morning at daybreak."
+
+[Illustration: The Patriot Spy before the British General]
+
+That night, which was Saturday, September 21, the condemned man was
+kept under a strong guard, in the greenhouse near the Beekman
+mansion. He had been given over to the care of the brutal Cunningham,
+the infamous British provost marshal, with orders to carry out the
+sentence before sunrise the next morning.
+
+"To-morrow morning at daybreak."
+
+How cruelly brief! Nathan Hale, the patriot spy, was left to himself
+for the night.
+
+When morning came, Cunningham found his prisoner ready. While
+preparations were being made, a young officer, moved in spite of
+himself, allowed Hale to sit in his tent long enough to write brief
+letters to his parents and his friends. The letters were passed to
+Cunningham to be sent. He read them, and as he saw the noble spirit
+which breathed in every line, the wretch {60} began to curse, and
+tore the letters into bits before the face of his victim. He said
+that the rebels should never know they had a man who could die with
+such firmness.
+
+It was just before sunrise on a lovely Sabbath morning that Nathan
+Hale was led out to death. The gallows was the limb of an apple tree.
+Early as it was, a number of men and women had come to witness the
+execution.
+
+"Give us your dying speech, you young rebel!" shouted the brutal
+Cunningham.
+
+The young patriot, standing upon the fatal ladder, lifted his eyes
+toward heaven, and said, in a calm, clear voice, "I only regret that
+I have but one life to lose for my country."
+
+These were his last words. The women sobbed, and some of the men
+began to show signs of sympathy.
+
+"Swing the rebel off!" cried Cunningham, in a voice hoarse with
+anger. The order was obeyed.
+
+[Illustration: Statue of Nathan Hale, standing in City Hall Park in
+New York City]
+
+Half an hour later, the body of the patriot spy was buried, probably
+beneath the apple tree, but the grave {61} was not marked, and the
+exact spot is now unknown. A British officer was sent, under a flag
+of truce, to tell Washington of the fate of his gallant young
+captain.
+
+Thus died in the bloom of life, Captain Nathan Hale, the early martyr
+in the cause of our freedom. Gifted, educated, ambitious, he laid
+aside every thought of himself, and entered upon a service of the
+greatest risk to life and to honor, because Washington deemed it
+important to the sacred cause to which they had both given their best
+efforts.
+
+"What was to have been your reward in case you succeeded?" asked
+Major Tallmadge, Hale's classmate, of the British spy, Major Andre,
+as his prisoner was being rowed across the Hudson River to be tried
+by court-martial.
+
+"Military glory was all I sought for," replied Andre; "the thanks of
+my general and the approbation of my king would have been a rich
+reward."
+
+Hale did not expect, nor did he care, to be a hero. He had no thought
+of reward or of promotion. He sacrificed his life from a pure sense
+of what he thought to be his duty.
+
+
+{62}
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+OUR GREATEST PATRIOT
+
+
+If American boys and girls were asked to name the one great man in
+their country's history whom they would like to have seen and talked
+with, nine out of every ten would probably say, "Washington." Many an
+old man of our day has asked his grandfather or his great-grandfather
+how Washington looked. Indeed, so much has been said and written of
+the "Father of his Country" that we are apt to think of him as
+something more than human.
+
+Washington was truly a remarkable man, from whatever point of view we
+choose to study his life. He left, as a priceless legacy to his
+fellow citizens, an example of what a man with a pure and noble
+character can do for himself and for his country. Duty performed with
+faithfulness was the keynote to every word and every act of his life.
+
+Still, we must not overlook the fact that Washington was, after all,
+quite human. Like all the rest of us, he had his faults, his trials,
+and his failures. Knowing this, we are only drawn nearer to him, and
+find ourselves possessed of a more abiding admiration for the life he
+lived.
+
+{63} Washington was tall, and straight as an arrow. His favorite
+nephew, Lawrence Lewis, once asked him about his height. He replied,
+"In my best days, Lawrence, I stood six feet and two inches, in
+ordinary shoes."
+
+[Illustration: George Washington]
+
+During his whole life, Washington was rather spare than fleshy. Most
+of his portraits, it is said, give to his person a fullness that it
+did not have. He once said that the best weight of his best days
+never exceeded two hundred and twenty pounds. His chest was broad but
+not well rounded. His arms and his legs were long, large, and sinewy.
+His feet and his hands were especially large. Lafayette, who aided us
+in the Revolution, once said to a friend, "I never saw so large a
+hand on any human being, as the general's."
+
+Washington's eyes were of a light, grayish blue, and were so deep
+sunken that they gave him an unusually serious expression. On being
+asked why he painted these eyes of a deeper blue than life, the
+artist said, "In a hundred years they will have faded to the right
+{64} color." This painting, by Stuart, of the bust of Washington, is
+said to be wonderfully true to life.
+
+Many stories are told of the mighty power of Washington's right arm.
+It is said that he once threw a stone from the bed of the stream to
+the top of the Natural Bridge, in Virginia. Again, we are told that
+once upon a time he rounded a piece of slate to the size of a silver
+dollar, and threw it across the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, the
+slate falling at least thirty feet on the other side. Many strong men
+have since tried the same feat, but have never cleared the water.
+
+Peale, who was called the soldier artist, was once visiting
+Washington at Mount Vernon. One day, he tells us, some athletic young
+men were pitching the iron bar in the presence of their host.
+Suddenly, without taking off his coat, Washington grasped the bar and
+hurled it, with little effort, much farther than any of them had
+done. "We were indeed amazed," said one of the young men, "as we
+stood round, all stripped to the buff, and having thought ourselves
+very clever fellows, while the colonel, on retiring, pleasantly said,
+'When you beat my pitch, young gentlemen, I'll try again.'"
+
+At another time, Washington witnessed a wrestling match. The champion
+of the day challenged him, in sport, to wrestle. Washington did not
+stop to take off his coat, but grasped the "strong man of Virginia."
+{65} It was all over in a moment, for, said the wrestler, "in
+Washington's lionlike grasp, I became powerless, and was hurled to
+the ground with a force that seemed to jar the very marrow in my
+bones."
+
+In the days of the Revolution, some of the riflemen and the
+backwoodsmen were men of gigantic strength, but it was generally
+believed, by good judges, that their commander in chief was the
+strongest man in the army.
+
+During all his life, Washington was fond of dancing. He learned in
+boyhood, and danced at "balls and routs" until he was sixty-four. To
+attend a dance, he often rode to Alexandria, ten miles distant from
+Mount Vernon. The year he died he was forced, on account of his
+failing health, to give up this recreation. "Alas!" he wrote, "my
+dancing days are no more."
+
+Many and merry were the dances at the army headquarters during the
+long winter evenings. General Greene once wrote to a friend, "We had
+a little dance and His Excellency and Mrs. Greene danced upwards of
+three hours, without once sitting down." Another winter, although
+they had not a ton of hay for the horses, as Greene wrote, and the
+provisions had about given out, and for two weeks there was not cash
+enough in camp to forward the public dispatches, Washington
+subscribed to a series of dancing parties.
+
+Amid all the hardships of campaign life, Washington was ever the same
+dignified and self-contained gentleman. At one time, the headquarters
+were in an old log {66} house, in which there was only one bed. He
+alone occupied this, while the fourteen members of his staff slept on
+the floor in the same room. Food, except mush and milk, was scarce.
+At this homely but wholesome fare, the commander in chief presided
+with his usual dignity.
+
+For a man so large and so strong, Washington ate sparingly and of the
+simplest food. We are told that he "breakfasted at seven o'clock on
+three small Indian hoecakes, and as many dishes of tea." Custis, his
+adopted son, once said that the general ate for breakfast "Indian
+cakes, honey, and tea," and that "he was excessively fond of fish."
+In fact, salt codfish was at Mount Vernon the regular Sunday dinner.
+Even at the state banquets, the President generally dined on a single
+dish, and that of a very simple kind. When asked to eat some rich
+food, his courteous refusal was, "That is too good for me." People at
+a distance, hearing of the great man's liking for honey, took pride
+in sending him great quantities of it. During fast days, he
+religiously went without food the entire day.
+
+Washington was fond of rich and costly clothes. In truth, he was in
+early life a good deal of a dandy. His clothes were made in London;
+and from his long letters to his tailor we know that he was fussy
+about their quality and their fit. Even while away from home fighting
+Indians and making surveys, he did not neglect to write to London for
+"Silver Lace for a Hatt," "Ruffled Shirts;" "Waistcoat of superfine
+scarlet Cloth and gold {67} Lace," "Marble colored Silk Hose," "a
+fashionable gold lace Hat," "a superfine blue Broadcloth Coat with
+silver Trimmings," and many other costly and highly colored articles
+of apparel worn by the rich young men of that period. As he grew
+older, he wore more subdued clothing, and in old age reminded his
+nephew that "fine Cloathes do not make fine Men more than fine
+Feathers make fine Birds."
+
+You have noticed, of course, the wrong spelling of certain words
+quoted from Washington's letters and journals. These words are
+spelled as he wrote them. The truth is, the "Father of his Country"
+was all his life a poor speller. He was always sensitive over what he
+called his "defective education." His more formal letters and his
+state papers were in many instances put into shape by his aids or his
+secretaries, or by others associated with him in official life.
+
+If Washington had an amiable weakness, it was for horses. From early
+boyhood, he was a skillful and daring rider. He rode on horseback,
+year in and year out, until shortly before his death. Many were the
+stories told by the "ragged Continentals" of the superb appearance of
+their commander in chief at the head of the army or in battle. In
+speaking of the battle of Monmouth, Lafayette said, "Amid the roar
+and confusion of that conflict I took time to admire our beloved
+chief, mounted on a splendid charger, as he rode along the ranks amid
+the shouts of the soldiers. I thought then, {68} as now," continued
+he, "that never had I beheld so superb a man." Jefferson summed it
+all up in one brief sentence: "Washington was the best horseman of
+his age, and the most graceful figure that could be seen on
+horseback."
+
+[Illustration: Washington before Trenton]
+
+During all his life, Washington was thrifty, and very methodical in
+business. He grew so wealthy that when he died his estate was valued
+at half a million dollars. This large fortune for those days did not
+include his wife's estate, or the Mount Vernon property, which he
+inherited from his brother. He was the richest American of his time.
+
+[Illustration: Mount Vernon, the Home of Washington]
+
+His management of the Mount Vernon estate would make of itself an
+interesting and instructive book. Of {69} the eight thousand acres,
+nearly one half was under cultivation during the last part of its
+owner's life. We must not forget that at this time few tools and very
+little machinery were used in farming. At Mount Vernon, the negroes
+and the hired laborers numbered more than five hundred. The owner's
+orders were, "Buy nothing you can make within yourselves." The Mount
+Vernon gristmill not only ground all the flour and the meal for the
+help, but it also turned out a brand of flour which sold at a fancy
+price. The coopers of the place made the flour barrels, and
+Washington's own sloop carried the flour to market. A dozen kinds of
+cloth, from woolen and linen to bedticking and toweling, were woven
+on the premises.
+
+{70} In 1793, although he had one hundred and one cows on his farms,
+Washington writes that he was obliged to buy butter for the use of
+his family. Another time, he says that one hundred and fifteen
+hogsheads of "sweetly scented and neatly managed Tobacco" were
+raised, and that in a single year he sold eighty-five thousand
+herring, taken from the Potomac.
+
+For his services in the French and Indian Wars, Washington received
+as a bounty fifteen thousand acres of Western lands. By buying the
+claims of his fellow officers who needed money, he secured nearly as
+much more. After the Revolution, Washington and General Clinton
+bought six thousand acres "amazingly cheap," in the Mohawk valley. No
+wonder Washington was spoken of as "perhaps the greatest landholder
+in America."
+
+Like many other Southern proprietors, Washington had no end of bother
+with his slaves. He bought and sold negroes as he did his cattle and
+his horses, but, as he said, "except on the richest of Soils they
+only add to the Expense." In 1791, the slaves on the Mount Vernon
+estate alone numbered three hundred. In this same year, the owner
+wrote one day in his diary that he would never buy another slave; but
+the next night his cook ran away, and not being able to hire one,
+"white or black," he had to buy one. "Something must be done," he
+said, "or I shall be ruined. It would be for my Interest to set them
+free, rather than give them Victuals and Clooths."
+
+{71} Washington was too kind-hearted ever to flog his slaves, and yet
+his kindness was often abused. Fat and lazy, they made believe to be
+sick, or they ran away, and they played all kinds of pranks. In his
+diary, we read the tale of woe. We are told that his slaves would
+steal his sheep and his potatoes; would burn their tools; and wasted
+six thousand twelvepenny nails in building a corn-house.
+
+Like other rich Virginians of his time, Washington kept open house.
+He once said that his home had become "a well resorted tavern."
+Indeed it was, for guests of all sorts and conditions were dined and
+wined to their hearts' content. According to the diary, it seemed to
+matter little whether it was a real nobleman, or a tramp "who called
+himself a French Nobleman," a sick or a wounded soldier, or "a Farmer
+who came to see the new drill Plow," all "were desired to tarry," to
+help eat the hot roasts and drink the choice wines.
+
+There seems to have been almost no end to the sums of money, both
+large and small, which Washington gave away. Through the pages of his
+ledgers, we find hundreds of items of cash paid in charity. Here are
+a few entries which are typical of the whole: "10 Shillings for a
+wounded Soldier"; "gave a poor Man $2.00"; "two deserving French
+Women, $25"; "a poor blind Man, $1.50"; "a Lady in Distress, $50";
+"the poor in Alexandria, $100"; "Sufferers by Fire, $300"; "School in
+Kentucky, $100." His lavish hospitality and his {72} unceasing
+charity were a constant drain on his income. Had he not been so
+thorough in business, he surely would have been brought to financial
+ruin.
+
+[Illustration: General Washington and Staff riding through a Country
+Village]
+
+After the war of the Revolution was over, Congress having failed to
+pay certain prominent officers of the army, an outbreak was
+threatened. A meeting was held at Newburgh, New York. Washington was
+there. Everybody present knew that he had served without pay and had
+advanced large sums from his private fortune, to pay the army
+expenses. There was a deathlike stillness when the commander in chief
+rose to read his address. His eyesight had become so poor that he was
+now using glasses. He had never worn these in public, but, finding
+his sight dim, he stopped reading, took his spectacles from his
+pocket, and put them on, saying quietly, "You will permit me to put
+on my spectacles. I have grown gray in the service of my country, and
+now find myself growing blind." It was not merely what the beloved
+general said, but the way he spoke the few, simple words. The pathos
+of this act, and the solemn address of this majestic man touched
+every heart. No wonder that some of the veterans were moved to tears.
+
+One day a schoolboy stood on the stone steps before the old State
+House, in Philadelphia, as the first President of the United States
+was driven up to make his formal visit to Congress. This small boy
+glided into the hall, under the cover of the long coats of the finely
+dressed escort. Boylike he climbed to a hiding place, {73} from which
+he watched the proceedings with the deepest awe. The boy lived to
+write fifty years afterwards a pleasing description of the affair. He
+tells us that while Washington entered, and walked up the broad
+aisle, and ascended the steps leading to the speaker's chair, the
+large and crowded chamber "was as profoundly still as a house of
+worship in the most solemn pauses of devotion."
+
+On this occasion, Washington was dressed in a full suit of the
+richest black velvet, with diamond knee buckles, and square silver
+buckles set upon shoes japanned with the greatest neatness, black
+silk stockings, his shirt ruffled at the breast and the wrists, a
+light sword, his hair fully {74} dressed, so as to project at the
+sides, and gathered behind in a silk bag, ornamented with a large
+rose of black ribbon. As he advanced toward the chair, he held in his
+hand his cocked hat, which had a large black cockade. When seated, he
+laid his hat upon the table. Amid the most profound silence,
+Washington, taking a roll of paper from his inside coat pocket, arose
+and read with a deep, rich voice his opening address.
+
+Those who knew Washington have said that his presence inspired a
+feeling of awe and veneration rarely experienced in the presence of
+any other American. His countenance rarely softened or changed its
+habitual gravity, and his manner in public life was always grave and
+self-contained. In vain did the merry young women at Lady
+Washington's receptions do their best to make the stately President
+laugh. Some declared that he could not laugh. Beautiful Nellie
+Custis, his ward and foster child, used to boast of her occasional
+success in making the sedate President laugh aloud.
+
+We may be sure that President Washington's receptions, every other
+Tuesday afternoon, were formal. On such occasions, he was in the full
+dress of a gentleman of that day,--black velvet, powdered hair
+gathered in a large silk bag, and yellow gloves. At his side was a
+long, finely wrought sword, with a scabbard of white polished
+leather. He always stood in front of the fireplace, with his face
+toward the door. He received each visitor with a dignified bow, but
+never shook hands, even with his {75} nearest friends. He considered
+himself visited, not as a friend, but as President of the United
+States.
+
+[Illustration: Washington at Mount Vernon]
+
+While President, Washington used to give a public dinner, every
+Thursday at four o'clock, "to as many as my table will hold." He
+allowed five minutes for difference in watches, and, at exactly five
+minutes past four by his hall clock, went to the table. His only
+apology to the laggard guest was, "I have a cook who never asks
+whether the company has come, but whether the hour has come."
+
+If we may judge from the very full accounts of these grand dinners,
+as described in the diaries of the {76} guests, they must have been
+stiff affairs. These people probably wrote the truth when they said,
+"glad it is over," "great formality," "my duty to submit to it,"
+"scarcely a word was said," "there was a dead silence." No doubt
+there was much good food to eat and choice wine to drink, but the
+formal manners of the times were emphasized by awe of their grave
+host. Very few of the guests, both at Mount Vernon and at
+Philadelphia, failed to allude to the habit that Washington had of
+playing with his fork and striking on the table with it.
+
+It would take a book many times larger than this to tell you all that
+has been written about Washington's everyday life. Some day you will
+delight to read more about him, and learn why he was, in every sense
+of the word, a wise, a good, and a great man,--the man who "without a
+beacon, without a chart, but with an unswerving eye and steady hand,
+guided his country safe through darkness and through storm."
+
+Every young American should remember of Washington that "there is no
+word spoken, no line written, no deed done by him, which justice
+would reverse or wisdom deplore." His greatness did not consist so
+much in his intellect, his skill, and his genius, though he possessed
+all these, as in his honor, his integrity, his truthfulness, his high
+and controlling sense of duty--in a word, his _character_, honest,
+pure, noble, great.
+
+
+{77}
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE
+
+
+We have certainly read enough about General Washington to know that
+he often planned to steal a march on the British. Don't you remember
+how surprised General Howe was one morning to find that Washington
+had gone to Dorchester Heights, with a big force of men, horses, and
+carts, and how he threw up breastworks, mounted cannon, and forced
+the British general after a few days to quit the good city of Boston?
+Haven't we also read how the "ragged Continentals" left their bloody
+footprints in the snow, as they marched to Trenton all that bitter
+cold night in December, 1777, and gave the Hessians a Christmas
+greeting they little expected?
+
+In January, 1779, England sent orders to General Clinton "to bring
+Mr. Washington to a general and decisive action at the opening of the
+campaign," and also "to harry the frontiers and coasts north and
+south."
+
+General Clinton wrote back that he had found "Mr. Washington" a hard
+nut to crack, but he would do his level best, he said, "to strike at
+Washington while he was in motion."
+
+{78} The main American force was still in winter quarters in northern
+New Jersey, near New York. Various brigades were stationed up and
+down the Hudson as far as West Point. As at the beginning of the war,
+so now in 1779, the line of the Hudson from Albany to New York was
+the key to the general situation. Its protection, as Washington had
+written, was of "infinite consequence to our cause."
+
+The first real move in the game was made in May, when a large British
+force marched up, captured, and strongly fortified the two forts at
+Stony Point and Verplanck's Point, only thirteen miles below West
+Point. The enemy thus secured the control of King's Ferry, where
+troops and supplies for the patriot army were ferried across the
+Hudson.
+
+Our spies now sent word to Washington that the British were ready to
+move on some secret service. The patriot army was at once marched up,
+and went into camp within easy reach of West Point, to wait for the
+next move in the game. Once more these far-famed Hudson Highlands
+were to become the storm center of the struggle.
+
+For some reason, Clinton did not push farther up the Hudson. On the
+contrary, he began to make raids into various parts of the country,
+from Martha's Vineyard to the James River. These raids were marked by
+cruelties unknown in the earlier years of the war. The hated Tryon,
+once the royal governor of New York, led {79} twenty-six hundred men
+into Connecticut. His brutal soldiers killed unarmed and helpless men
+and women, and sacked and burned houses and churches.
+
+One of Clinton's objects in sending out the raiders was to coax
+Washington to weaken his army by sending out forces to offset them,
+or to tease him into making what he called a "false move." Washington
+was, of course, keenly alive to the misery brought upon the people of
+the country by these brutalities, but he was too wise a general to
+run any risk of losing his hold upon the line of the Hudson. The
+Continental army could not muster ten thousand men. Although not
+strong enough to begin a vigorous campaign, yet it was sufficiently
+powerful to hold the key to the Highlands.
+
+Washington could, if need be, strike a quick, hard blow, either in
+New England or farther south. It might be, to be sure, a sort of side
+play, and yet it was to have the effect of a great battle. Indeed, it
+was high time to give the enemy another surprise.
+
+At length it was decided to attack Stony Point. Any open assault,
+however, would be hopeless. This stronghold, if taken at all, must be
+taken by night.
+
+What kind of place was this Stony Point?
+
+It was a huge rocky bluff, shooting out into the river more than half
+a mile from the shore, and rising, at its highest point, nearly two
+hundred feet. It was joined to the shore by a marshy neck of land,
+crossed by a rude bridge, or causeway.
+
+{80} The British had fortified the top of this rocky point with half
+a dozen separate batteries. The cannon were so mounted as to defend
+all sides. Between the fort and the mainland, two rows of logs were
+set into the ground, with their ends sharpened to a point and
+directed outwards, forming what is known in military language as an
+abatis. This stronghold was defended by six hundred men.
+
+Washington Irving well describes Stony Point as "a natural sentinel
+guarding the gateway of the far-famed Highlands of the Hudson." The
+British called it their "little Gibraltar," and defied the rebels to
+come and take it.
+
+And now for a leader! Who was the best man to perform this desperate
+exploit?
+
+There was really no choice, for there was only one officer in the
+whole army who was fitted for the undertaking,--General Anthony
+Wayne.
+
+Wayne was a little over thirty years old. He was a fine-looking man
+with a high forehead and fiery hazel eyes. He had a youthful face,
+full of beauty. He liked handsome uniforms and fine military
+equipments. Some of his officers used to speak of him in fun as
+"Dandy Wayne." But the men who followed their dashing, almost
+reckless leader called him "Mad Anthony," and this name has clung to
+him ever since.
+
+Wayne was, without doubt, the hardest fighter produced on either side
+during the American Revolution. {81} He had an eager love of battle;
+and he was cautions, vigilant, and firm as a rock. This gallant
+officer eagerly caught at the idea when the commander in chief told
+him what he wanted. And so it came to pass that Washington did the
+planning, and Wayne did the fighting.
+
+[Illustration: General Anthony Wayne]
+
+Washington's plans were made with the greatest care. The dogs for
+three miles about the fort were killed the day before the intended
+attack, lest some indiscreet bark might alarm the garrison. The
+commander in chief himself rode down and spent the whole day looking
+over the situation. Trusty men, who knew every inch of the region,
+guarded every road and every trail by which spies and deserters could
+pass.
+
+"Ten minutes' notice to the enemy blasts all your hopes," wrote
+Washington to Wayne.
+
+The orders were "to take and keep all stragglers."
+
+"Took the widow Calhoun and another widow going to the enemy with
+chickens and greens," reported Captain McLane. "Drove off twenty head
+of horned cattle from their pasture."
+
+The hour of attack was to be midnight. Washington hoped for a dark
+night and even a rainy one. Not a gun was to be loaded except by two
+companies who were to {82} make the false attack. The bayonet alone
+was to be used, Wayne's favorite weapon. At Germantown, it was
+Wayne's men who drove the Hessians at the point of the bayonet. And
+at Monmouth, these men had met, with cold steel, the fierce bayonet
+charge of the far-famed British grenadiers.
+
+About thirteen hundred men of the famous light infantry were chosen
+to make the attack. Both officers and men were veterans and the
+flower of the Continental army.
+
+On the forenoon of July 15, the companies were called in from the
+various camps, and drawn up for inspection as a battalion,
+"fresh-shaved and well-powdered," as Wayne had commanded.
+
+At twelve o'clock the inspection was over, but the men, instead of
+being sent to their quarters, were wheeled into the road, with the
+head of the column facing southward. The march to Stony Point had
+begun.
+
+"If any soldier loads his musket, or fires from the ranks, or tries
+to skulk in the face of danger, he is at once to be put to death by
+the officer nearest him." One soldier did begin to load his gun,
+saying that he did not know how to fight without firing. His captain
+warned him once. The soldier would not stop. The officer then ran his
+sword through him in an instant. The next day, however, the captain
+came to Colonel Hull and said he was sorry that he had killed the
+poor fellow. "You performed a painful service," said Hull, "by which,
+{83} perhaps, victory has been secured, and the life of many a brave
+man saved. Be satisfied."
+
+All that hot July afternoon, the men picked their way along rough and
+narrow roads, up steep hillsides, and through swamps and dense
+ravines, often in single file. No soldier was allowed to leave the
+ranks, on any excuse whatever, except at a general halt, and then
+only in company with an officer.
+
+At eight o'clock the little army came to a final halt at a farmhouse,
+thirteen miles from their camp, and a little more than a mile back of
+Stony Point. Nobody was permitted to speak. The tired men dropped
+upon the ground, and ate in silence their supper of bread and cold
+meat.
+
+A little later, Wayne's order of battle was read. For the first time
+the men knew what was before them. No doubt many a brave fellow's
+knees shook and his cheek grew pale, when he thought of what might
+happen before another sunrise.
+
+Until half past eleven o'clock they rested.
+
+Each man now pinned a piece of white paper "to the most conspicuous
+part of his hat or his cap," so that, in the thick of the midnight
+fight, he might not run his bayonet through some comrade. No man was
+to speak until the parapet of the main fort was reached. Then all
+were to shout the watchword of the night, "The fort's our own!"
+
+One of the last things that Wayne did was to write a letter to a
+friend at his home in Philadelphia, dated {84} "Eleven o'clock and
+near the hour and scene of carnage." He wrote that he hoped his
+friend would look after the education of his children.
+
+"I am called to sup," he wrote, "but where to breakfast? Either
+within the enemy's lines in triumph, or in another world."
+
+Half past eleven! It was time to start.
+
+A negro, named Pompey, who sold cherries and strawberries to the
+garrison, was used as a guide. This shrewd darkey had got the British
+password for the night, by claiming that his master would not let him
+come in during the daytime, because he was needed to hoe corn. You
+will be glad to know that Pompey, as a reward for this eventful
+night's service, never had to hoe corn again, and that his master not
+only gave him a horse to ride, but also set him free.
+
+[Illustration: Pompey guiding General Wayne]
+
+Wayne divided his little army into two main columns, to attack right
+and left, having detached two companies, with loaded guns, to move in
+between the two columns and make a false attack.
+
+Each column was divided into three parts. A "forlorn hope" of twenty
+men was to be the first to rush headlong into the hand to hand fight.
+Then followed an advance guard of one hundred and fifty men, who,
+with axes in hand and muskets slung, were to cut away the timbers.
+Last of all came the main body.
+
+The silent band reaches the edge of the marsh at midnight, the hour
+set by Washington for the assault. {85} Wayne himself leads the right
+column, to attack by the south approach. The tide has not ebbed, and
+the water is in places waist deep. The marsh is fully six hundred
+feet across. No matter for that! Straight ahead the column moves as
+if on parade. Now they have crossed, and are close to the outer
+defense. The British pickets hear the noise, open fire, and give the
+general alarm. The drums on the hill beat the "long roll." Quick and
+sharp come the orders. The redcoats leap from the barracks, and in a
+few moments every man is at his post.
+
+[Illustration: Wayne leads the Assault]
+
+Up rush the pioneers with their axes, and cut away the sharpened
+timbers the best they can in the darkness, while the bullets whiz
+over their heads. Then follow the main columns, who climb over, and
+form on the other side. Now they reach the second defense. They cut
+and tear away the sharp stakes. The bullets fall like hail. On, on,
+the two columns rush. They push up the steep hill, and dash {86} for
+the main fort on the top. On the left, the "forlorn hope" has lost
+seventeen out of twenty men, either killed or wounded.
+
+Meanwhile, Colonel Murfree and his two companies take their stand
+directly in front of the fort, and open a brisk and rapid fire, to
+make the garrison believe that they are the real attacking party. The
+redcoats are surely fooled, for they hurry down with a strong force
+to meet them, only to find their fort captured before they can get
+back.
+
+Wayne is struck in the head by a musket ball, and falls. The blood
+flows over his face. He fears in the confusion that he has received
+his death wound.
+
+He cries to his aids, "Carry me into the fort and let me die at the
+head of the column."
+
+Two of his officers pick up their gallant leader, and hurry forward;
+but it is only a scalp wound, and Wayne returns to the fight.
+
+Wayne's column scales the ramparts.
+
+The first man over shouts, "The fort's our own," and pulls down the
+British flag.
+
+The second main column follows.
+
+"The fort's our own!" "The fort's our own!" echoes and re-echoes over
+the hills.
+
+The bayonet is now doing its grim work. The darkness is lighted only
+by the flashes from the guns of the redcoats. The bewildered British
+are driven at the point of the bayonet into the corners of the fort,
+and {87} cry, "Mercy, mercy, dear Americans!" "Quarter! quarter!"
+"Don't kill us! we surrender!"
+
+At one o'clock the work was done,--thirty minutes from the time the
+marsh was crossed! As soon as they were sure of victory, Wayne's men
+gave three rousing cheers. The British on the war vessels in the
+river, and at the fort on the opposite side of the river, answered;
+for they thought that the attacking party had been defeated. The only
+British soldier to escape from Stony Point was a captain. Leaping
+into the Hudson, he swam a mile to the Vulture and told its captain
+what had happened. In this way the news of the disaster reached Sir
+Henry Clinton at breakfast.
+
+{88} After the surrender, Wayne wrote the following letter to
+Washington:
+
+
+Stony Point, 16th July, 1779, 2 o'clock.
+
+Dear General,
+
+The fort and garrison with Colonel Johnson are ours. Our officers and
+men behaved like men who are determined to be free.
+
+Yours most sincerely,
+Ant'y Wayne.
+
+General Washington.
+
+
+The news spread like wildfire. Wayne and his light infantry were the
+heroes of the hour.
+
+Two days afterwards, Washington, with his chief officers, rode down
+to Stony Point and heard the whole story. The commander in chief
+shook hands with the men, and "with joy that glowed in his
+countenance, here offered his thanks to Almighty God, that He had
+been our shield and protector amidst the dangers we had been called
+to encounter."
+
+Washington did not, of course, intend to hold Stony Point, for the
+enemy could besiege it by land and by water. The prisoners, the
+cannon, and the supplies were carried away, and very little was left
+to the foe but the bare rock of their "little Gibraltar."
+
+This exploit gave the Continental soldier greater confidence in
+himself. It proved to the British that the "rebel" could use the
+bayonet with as much boldness and effect as the proudest grenadier.
+The fight {89} was not a great affair in itself. Only fifteen
+Americans were killed and eighty-three wounded; of the British,
+sixty-three were killed and some seventy wounded.
+
+As for Clinton, although he put on a bold face in the matter, and
+spoke of the event as an accident, he owned that he felt the blow
+keenly.
+
+"Mr. Washington" was still master of the situation.
+
+
+{90}
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+THE DEFEAT OF THE RED DRAGOONS
+
+
+If what the proverb tells us is true, that it is always darkest
+before dawn, the patriots of the South in 1780 must indeed have
+prayed for the light. Affairs had gone rapidly from bad to worse. Sir
+Henry Clinton had come again from New York, and in May of that year
+had captured Charleston with all of Lincoln's army.
+
+Sir Henry went back to New York, leaving Lord Cornwallis in command.
+Washington desired to send his right-hand man, General Greene, to
+stem the tide of British success, but the Continental Congress chose
+to send General Gates.
+
+In August, this weak general was utterly defeated in the battle of
+Camden, in South Carolina. How the bitter words of General Charles
+Lee, "Beware lest your Northern laurels change to Southern willows,"
+must have rung in his ears! Gates fled from Camden like the commonest
+coward in the army. Mounted on a fast horse, he did not stop until he
+reached Charlotte, seventy miles away.
+
+No organized American force now held the field in the South, and the
+red dragoons easily overran Georgia and South Carolina. There seemed
+to be little left for {91} Cornwallis to do; for the three Southern
+colonies were for the time ground under the iron heel of the enemy.
+
+Crushing blows, however, only nerved the leaders, Sumter, Pickens,
+Marion, Davie, and others, to greater efforts. The insolence, the
+cruelty, and the tyranny of the British soldiers, and the bitter
+hatred of the Tories, had brought to the front a new class of
+patriots. These men cared little about the original cause of the war,
+but the burning of their houses, the stealing of their cattle and
+their horses, and the brutal insulting of their wives and their
+daughters, aroused them to avenge their wrongs to the bitter end. And
+many were the skirmishes they brought about with the British.
+
+Thirty days had now passed since the battle of Camden, and Cornwallis
+on his return march had not yet reached the Old North State. It was
+still a long way to Virginia, and the road thither was beset with
+many dangers.
+
+Meanwhile, the British commander had intrusted to two of his
+officers, Tarleton and Ferguson, the task of pillaging plantations,
+raising and drilling troops among the Tories, and breaking up the
+bands of armed patriots.
+
+The brutal manner in which Tarleton and his men plundered, burned,
+and hanged does not concern this story.
+
+Ferguson was the colonel of a regular regiment that had been
+recruited in this country, instead of in England. With his kind heart
+and his winning manner, he was bold {92} and brave, and always ready
+to take desperate chances in battle. He was noted for hard riding,
+night attacks, and swift movements with his troopers; and as a
+marksman he was unsurpassed. In short, Ferguson was just the leader
+to win the respect and the admiration of the Tories; and they eagerly
+enlisted in his service.
+
+With a few regulars and a large force of loyalists, he pushed his
+victories to the foot of the mountains, in the western borders of the
+Carolinas. For the first time, he learned that over the high ranges
+in front of him were the homes of the men who had been causing him
+annoyance, and who were harboring those that had fled before his
+advance.
+
+The proud young Briton now made the mistake of his life. He sent a
+prisoner, Samuel Phillips, over to the frontier settlements, to
+Colonel Isaac Shelby, with the insolent message that, if the
+"backwater" men did not quit resisting the royal arms, he would march
+his army over the mountains, and would straightway lay waste their
+homes with fire and sword, and hang their leaders.
+
+He little knew what kind of men he had stirred to wrath. The frontier
+settlers of Franklin and Holston, which grew into the great
+commonwealth of Tennessee, were, for the most part, Scotch-Irish
+people. They had grappled with the wilderness, and had hewn out homes
+for themselves. Along with their log cabins they had built
+meetinghouses and schoolhouses. Their life was {93} full of
+ever-present peril and hardship; for they were engaged in a ceaseless
+struggle with the Indians. The minister preached with his gun at his
+side, and the men listened with their rifles within their grasp.
+
+As we should expect, these hardy settlers were generally stanch
+patriots. They believed in Washington and in the Continental
+Congress. They knew that British gold bribed the Indians, and
+furnished them with weapons to butcher their women and children. It
+was British gold, too, that hired the wild and lawless among them to
+enlist in the invading army; and it was British officers that drilled
+them to become expert in killing their brethren of the lowlands.
+
+At the time of the Revolution, these backwoodsmen were still fighting
+with the savages, and so had not taken an active part in the war on
+the seaboard. Like a rear guard of well-seasoned veterans, they stood
+between the Indians and their people on the coast.
+
+Now these hardy mountaineers took Ferguson's threat seriously. Their
+Scotch-Irish blood was up.
+
+Colonel Shelby, one of the county lieutenants of Washington County,
+rode posthaste to John Sevier's home, sixty miles away, to carry
+Ferguson's threat.
+
+Sevier lived on the Nolichucky River, and from his deeds of daring
+and his hospitality was nicknamed "Chucky Jack." When Shelby arrived,
+it was a day of merrymaking. They were having a barbecue; that is,
+they were roasting oxen whole on great spits; and a {94} horse race
+was to be run. The colonel told his story, and the merrymakers agreed
+to turn out.
+
+Shelby now rode home at full speed to muster his own men, and sent
+urgent word to Colonel William Campbell, a famous Indian fighter, who
+lived forty miles away, to call out the Holston Virginians.
+
+The place appointed for meeting was at Sycamore Shoals, a central
+point on the Watauga River. The day set was September 25.
+
+Hither came Shelby and Sevier with about five hundred men, William
+Campbell with four hundred Virginians, and McDowell with about one
+hundred and sixty refugees from North Carolina.
+
+Word was sent to Colonel Cleveland, a hunter and Indian fighter of
+Wilkes County in North Carolina, to come with all the men he could
+raise east of the mountains.
+
+Colonel Sevier tried in vain to borrow money to furnish the men with
+horses and supplies. The people were willing to give their last
+dollar, but they had paid out all their money for land, and the cash
+was in the hands of the county entry taker, John Adair.
+
+Sevier appealed to him.
+
+This patriot's reply is historic: "I have no authority by law,
+Colonel Sevier, to make that disposition of this money. It belongs to
+the treasury of North Carolina, and I dare not appropriate a penny of
+it to any purpose. But if the country is overrun by the British,
+liberty is {95} gone. Let the money go, too. Take it. If the enemy,
+by its use, is driven from the country, I can trust that country to
+justify and vindicate my conduct. Take it."
+
+This money, thirteen thousand dollars in silver and gold, was taken,
+and the supplies bought. Shelby and Sevier pledged themselves to
+refund the money, or to have the act legalized by the legislature.
+
+September 25 was a day of intense excitement in those frontier
+settlements. The entire military force of what is now Tennessee met
+at Sycamore Shoals. The younger and more vigorous men were to march,
+while the older men with poorer guns were to remain behind, to help
+the women defend their homes against the savages. But all came, to
+bid good-by to husbands, to brothers, and to lovers. Food, horses,
+guns, blankets,--everything except money was brought without stint.
+
+The backwoodsmen were mounted on swift, wiry horses. Their long
+hunting shirts were girded with bead-worked belts. Some wore caps
+made of mink or of coonskins, with the tails hanging down behind;
+others had soft hats, in each of which was fastened either a sprig of
+evergreen or a buck's tail.
+
+Nearly all were armed with what was called the Deckhard rifle,
+remarkable for the precision and the distance of its shot. Every man
+carried a tomahawk and a scalping knife. There was not a bayonet in
+the whole force. Here and there an officer wore a sword.
+
+{96} There was no staff, no commissary, no quartermaster, and no
+surgeon.
+
+Early in the morning of September 26, the little army was ready to
+march. Before leaving camp, all met in an open grove to hear their
+minister, the Rev. Samuel Doak, invoke divine blessing on their
+perilous undertaking.
+
+[Illustration: Praying for the Success of the Riflemen]
+
+Years before, this God-fearing man had crossed the mountains, driving
+before him an "old flea-bitten gray horse" loaded with Bibles, and
+had cast his lot with the Holston settlers. By his energy in founding
+churches and in building schoolhouses, as well as by his skill in
+shooting Indians, he had become a potent influence for good among
+these frontier people.
+
+Every man doffed his hat and bowed his head on his long rifle, as the
+white-headed Presbyterian prayed in burning words that they might
+stand bravely in battle, and that the sword of the Lord and of Gideon
+might smite their foes.
+
+{97} Our little army now pushed on over the mountains. On the third
+day they crossed the Blue Ridge, and saw far away the fertile valleys
+of the upper Catawba. The next day they reached the lovely lowlands,
+where Colonel Cleveland with three hundred and fifty militia joined
+them.
+
+Hitherto, each band of the mountain army had been under the command
+of its own leader. Some of the men were unruly; others were disposed
+to plunder. This would never do, if they were to be successful; and
+so, on October 2, it was decided to give the supreme command to
+Colonel Cleveland.
+
+Before the army set out on the following day, the colonels told their
+men what was expected of them.
+
+"Now, my brave fellows," said Colonel Cleveland, "the redcoats are at
+hand. We must up and at them. When the pinch comes, I shall be with
+you."
+
+"Everybody must be his own officer!" cried Colonel Shelby. "Give them
+Indian play, boys; and now if a single man among you wants to go back
+home, this is your chance; let him step three paces to the rear."
+
+Not a man did so.
+
+The pioneer army continued its march, picking up small bands of
+refugees. When they reached Gilberttown the next night, they numbered
+nearly fifteen hundred men. They hoped to find Ferguson at this
+place, but the wily partisan had sharp eyes and quick ears. He had
+been told by his Tory friends that the army of riflemen were after
+him.
+
+{98} The Briton sent posthaste to Cornwallis for more men; he called
+upon the Tories to rally to his support; and he issued a
+proclamation, in which he called the backwoodsmen "the dregs of
+mankind," "a set of mongrels," and other bad names. "Something must
+be done," he wrote to Cornwallis.
+
+All this showed to the patriot riflemen that Ferguson was retreating
+because he feared them. Doubtless he would have escaped easily enough
+from ordinary soldiers; but his pursuers were made of different
+stuff. They had hunted wild beasts and savages all their lives. Now
+they were after the redcoats in the same way they would pursue a band
+of Indians. They had come over the mountains to fight, and fight they
+would.
+
+Seven hundred and fifty men, mounted on the strongest horses, now
+hurried forward, leaving the rest to follow.
+
+At sunset, on October 6, they reached Cowpens, where three months
+later Morgan was to defeat Tarleton. Here several hundred militia
+under noted partisan leaders joined them. Seated round their blazing
+camp fires, the hungry men roasted for supper the corn which they had
+stripped from the field of a rich Tory.
+
+The colonels decided in council to pick out about nine hundred men,
+and with these to push on all night in pursuit of their hated foe.
+Some were so eager to fight that they followed on foot, and actually
+arrived in time for the battle.
+
+{99} All this time Ferguson was working to keep out of the way of the
+patriots. Several large bands of Tories were already on their way to
+help him. He also expected help from Cornwallis. The one thing needed
+was a day or two of time, and then he would be able to make a stand
+against his pursuers.
+
+[Illustration: A Map of the Military Operations in the Carolinas]
+
+On the same night of October 6, Ferguson halted at King's Mountain,
+about a day's march from the riflemen at Cowpens, and thirty-five
+miles from the camp of Cornwallis. The ridge on which he pitched his
+camp was nearly half a mile long, and about sixty feet above the
+level of the valley. Its steep sides were covered with timber.
+
+The next day the British did not move. The heavy baggage wagons were
+massed along the northeast part of the ridge, while the soldiers
+camped on the south side.
+
+{100} In his pride, the haughty young Briton declared that he could
+defend the hill against any rebel force, and "that God Almighty
+Himself could not drive him from it."
+
+Through that dark and rainy night the mountaineers marched. It rained
+hard all the next forenoon, but the men wrapped their blankets and
+the skirts of their hunting shirts round their gunlocks, and hurried
+on after Ferguson. A few of Shelby's men stopped at a Tory's house.
+
+"How many are there of you?" asked a young girl.
+
+"Enough," said one of the riflemen, "to whip Ferguson, if we can
+catch him."
+
+"He is on that hill yonder," replied the girl, pointing to the high
+range about three miles away.
+
+Shelby had sent out Enoch Gilmer as a spy. He came back, saying that
+he had met a young woman who had been at the enemy's camp to sell
+chickens, and that Ferguson was encamped on the spot where some
+hunters had been the year before. These same hunters were with
+Shelby, and at once said they knew every inch of the way. Two
+captured Tories were compelled to tell how the British leader was
+dressed.
+
+It was now three o'clock. It had stopped raining, and the sun was
+shining. All was hurry and bustle. The plan was to surround the hill,
+to give the men a better chance to fire upward, without firing into
+each other.
+
+When the patriots came within about a mile of the ridge, they
+dismounted and tied their horses. The {101} watchword was "Buford,"
+the name of the brave officer whose troops had been massacred by
+Tarleton after their surrender. Each man was ordered to fight for
+himself. He might retreat before the British bayonets, but he must
+rally at once to the fight, and let the redcoats have "Indian play."
+
+Sevier led the right wing. Some of his men by hard riding got to the
+rear of Ferguson's army, and cut off the only chance for retreat.
+Cleveland had charge of the left wing, while Campbell and Shelby were
+to attack in front. So swiftly did the different detachments reach
+their {102} places that Ferguson found himself attacked on every side
+at once.
+
+On horseback the gallant Briton leads his regulars in a bayonet
+charge down the steep hillside. With the Indian war whoop, which
+echoes and re-echoes, Campbell's riflemen rush forward. They have no
+bayonets, and are driven down the hill. In a voice of thunder,
+Campbell rallies his men, and up the hill they go with a still
+deadlier fire, as the regulars retreat.
+
+[Illustration: Charging the British at King's Mountain]
+
+Now Shelby's men swarm up on the other side. Again the bayonets drive
+these new foes down the rocky cliffs. No sooner do the redcoats
+retire, than up comes Shelby again at the head of his men, nearer the
+top than before.
+
+Meanwhile the riflemen, behind every tree and every rock, were
+picking off the redcoats. Clad in a hunting shirt, and blowing his
+silver whistle, the brave Ferguson dashes here and there to rally his
+men. He cuts and slashes with his sword until it is broken off at the
+hilt. Two horses are killed under him.
+
+Some of the Tories raise a white flag. Ferguson rides up and cuts it
+down. A second flag is raised elsewhere. He rides there and cuts that
+down.
+
+Now he flies at Sevier's riflemen, who had just made their way to the
+top of the hill. At once they recognize their man. In an instant,
+half a dozen bullets strike the gallant officer, and he falls dead
+from his horse. No longer is the shrill whistle heard.
+
+{103} Colonel De Peyster, the next in command, bravely keeps up the
+fight, but the deadly rifles have done their work. The British are
+hemmed in and there is no escape. At the head of their men the
+several colonels arrive at the top of the hill about the same time.
+The Tories are now huddled together near the baggage wagons.
+
+"Quarter! quarter!" they cry everywhere.
+
+"Remember Buford!" madly shout the victorious patriots.
+
+"Throw down your arms, if you want quarter!" cries Shelby.
+
+In despair, De Peyster at last raises a white flag, and white
+handkerchiefs are waved from ramrods. Some of the younger
+backwoodsmen did not know what a white flag meant, and kept on
+firing. The colonels ordered them to stop, and then made the Tories
+take off their hats and sit down on the ground.
+
+There had been fierce and bloody work this beautiful autumn
+afternoon, on the crest of that rocky hill. Friends, neighbors, and
+relatives, in their bitter hatred, taunted and jeered one another, as
+they shot and stabbed in the desperate struggle.
+
+Ferguson had about eleven hundred men in the action. Of these about
+four hundred were killed, wounded, or missing, and some seven hundred
+made prisoners. Of the patriots, twenty-eight were killed and about
+sixty wounded.
+
+{104} Under bold and resolute leaders, the backwoods riflemen had
+swept over the mountains like a Highland clan. Their work done, they
+wished to return home. They knew too well the dangers of an Indian
+attack on those they had left in their distant log cabins.
+
+After burying their dead, and loading their horses with the captured
+guns and supplies, the victors shouldered their rifles, and, carrying
+their wounded on litters made of the captured tents, vanished from
+the mountains as suddenly as they had appeared.
+
+Such was the defeat of the red dragoons at King's Mountain. It proved
+to be one of the decisive battles of the Revolution, and was the turn
+of the tide of British success in the South. The courage of the
+Southern patriots rose at a bound, and the Tories of the Carolinas
+never recovered from the blow.
+
+
+{105}
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+FROM TEAMSTER TO MAJOR GENERAL
+
+
+On July 3, 1775, under the great elm on Cambridge Common, Washington
+took command of the patriot army. During the siege of Boston, which
+followed, his headquarters were in that fine old mansion, the Craigie
+house, where, from time to time, met men whose names became great in
+the history of the Revolution.
+
+[Illustration: Washington taking Command of the American Army, at
+Cambridge]
+
+Hither came to consult with the commander in chief three men who died
+hated and scorned by their countrymen. The first was Horatio Gates, a
+vainglorious man, given to intrigue and treachery. Next came tall and
+slovenly Charles Lee of Virginia, a restless adventurer, who, by his
+cowardice in the battle of Monmouth, stirred even Washington to
+anger. Then there was a young man for whom Washington had a peculiar
+liking on account of his great personal bravery, who afterward became
+the despised Benedict Arnold.
+
+But here were also gathered men of another stamp,--men whom the
+nation delights to honor. From the granite hills of New Hampshire,
+came rough and ready John Stark, who afterwards whipped the British
+at Bennington. From little Rhode Island, came Nathanael Greene, a
+young Quaker, who began life as a blacksmith, {106} but who became
+the ablest general of the Revolution except Washington.
+
+Into this group of patriot leaders came also Daniel Morgan of
+Virginia. Little is known of the early life of this remarkable man.
+He would rarely say anything about his family. It is believed that he
+was born of obscure Welsh people, in New Jersey, about the year 1737.
+
+At seventeen, Morgan could barely read and write. He was rude of
+speech and uncouth in manners, but his heart was brave, and he
+scorned to lie.
+
+The next two years did wonders for this awkward boy. He grew to be
+over six feet tall, with limbs of fine build, and with muscles like
+iron. In some way he had found time to study, and was regarded by the
+village people as a promising young fellow.
+
+Stirring times were at hand. The bitter struggle between the French
+and the English in the Ohio valley was raging.
+
+Morgan at once enlisted in the Virginia troops, and served one of the
+companies as a teamster. An incident revealed the stuff of which the
+young wagoner was made. The captain of his company had trouble with a
+surly fellow who was a great bully and a skillful boxer. It was
+agreed, according to the unwritten rules of the time, that the matter
+should be settled by a fight at the next stopping place; and so when
+the troops halted for dinner, out strode the captain to meet his foe.
+
+{107} "You must not fight this man," said Morgan, stepping to the
+front.
+
+"Why not?" asked the officer.
+
+"Because you are our captain," replied the young teamster, "and if
+the fellow whips you, we shall all be disgraced. Let me fight him,
+and if he whips me, it will not hurt the name of the company."
+
+The captain said it would never do, but at last yielded. Morgan
+promptly gave the bully a sound thrashing.
+
+After the defeat of Braddock, in 1755, the French and the redskins
+wreaked their vengeance upon the terrified frontier settlements. A
+regiment of a thousand men was raised, and Washington was made its
+colonel. With this small force, he was supposed to guard a frontier
+of two hundred and fifty miles.
+
+Morgan enlisted as a teamster. It was his duty to carry supplies to
+the various military posts on this long frontier. This meant almost
+daily exposure to all kinds {108} of dangers. It was a rough, hard
+school for a young man of twenty; but it made him an expert with the
+rifle and the tomahawk, and a master of Indian warfare, which was so
+useful to him in after years.
+
+During one of these wild campaigns on the frontier, a British captain
+took offense at something young Morgan had said or done, and struck
+him with the flat of his sword. This was too much for the high-strung
+teamster. He straightway knocked the redcoat officer senseless.
+
+A drumhead court-martial sentenced the young Virginian to receive one
+hundred lashes on the bare back. He was at once stripped, tied up,
+and punished. Morgan said in joke that there was a miscount, and that
+he actually received only ninety-nine blows. With his wonderful power
+of endurance, the young fellow stood the punishment like a hero, and
+came out of it alive and defiant.
+
+This act, extreme even in those days of British cruelty, doubtless
+nerved him to incredible deeds of bravery in fighting the hated
+redcoats.
+
+Shortly after this, he became a private in the militia. He made his
+mark when the French and Indians attacked a fort near Winchester. The
+story is that he killed four savages in as many minutes.
+
+The young Virginian never drove any more army wagons. From this time,
+he stood forth as a born fighter and a leader of men. Such was his
+coolness in danger, his sound judgment, and, more than all else, his
+great {109} influence over his men, that he was recommended to
+Governor Dinwiddie for a captain's commission.
+
+"What!" exclaimed the governor, "to a camp boxer and a teamster?"
+
+Still, the best men of Virginia urged it, and the royal governor so
+far yielded as to give him the commission of an ensign.
+
+Not long afterwards, in one of the bloody fights with the French and
+Indians, Morgan was shot through the back of the neck. The bullet
+went through his mouth and came out through the left cheek, knocking
+out all the teeth on the left side. Supposing that he was {110}
+mortally wounded, and resolved not to lose his scalp, the fainting
+rifleman clasped his arms tightly round the neck of his good horse,
+and galloped for life through the woods. A fleet Indian ran after
+him, tomahawk in hand. Finding at last that the horse was leaving him
+behind, the panting savage hurled his weapon, and with a wild yell
+gave up the chase.
+
+[Illustration: Morgan's Escape from the Indian]
+
+The hardy frontiersman lay for months hovering between life and
+death, but finally recovered, and was once more in the thick of the
+wild warfare.
+
+In his old age, Morgan used to tell his grandchildren of the fiendish
+look on the Indian's face while he felt sure of another scalp, and he
+would also imitate the horrible yell the redskin made when he was
+forced to give up the pursuit.
+
+At last the war was over, and Morgan went back to his farm. He
+brought home with him, however, the vices of his wild campaign life.
+He used strong drink, and gambled. Far and near, he was noted as a
+boxer and a wrestler. Pugilists came from a distance to try their
+skill with the noted Indian fighter and athlete, who weighed over two
+hundred pounds, and yet had not an extra ounce of flesh.
+
+But these were only passing incidents in the life of the great man.
+With a giant's frame, he had a tender heart. His good angel came to
+him in the person of a farmer's daughter, Abigail Bailey. She had
+great beauty; and she was a loving, Christian woman.
+
+{111} They were soon married, and, as the fairy books say, were happy
+ever after. As if by a magic spell, the strong man left his tavern
+chums and their rough sports, his boxing, his gambling, and his
+strong drink, and to the day of his death lived an upright life.
+
+The young wife taught her husband to believe in God, and to trust in
+prayer. In his simple-hearted way, Morgan tells us that, just before
+the fierce attack on the fort at Quebec, he knelt in the drifting
+snow, and felt that God had nerved him to fight.
+
+In riding over the battlefield after his great victory at Cowpens,
+old soldiers saw with wonder the fierce fighter stop his horse and
+pray aloud, and, with tears running down his face, thank God for the
+victory.
+
+{112} His men never scoffed at their leader's prayers, for it was
+noticed that the harder "old Dan Morgan" prayed, the more certain
+they were of being soon led into the jaws of death itself.
+
+Meanwhile, he and his young bride were thrifty and prosperous. They
+were both ignorant of books, but they studied early and late to make
+up for lost time. For the next nine years, Morgan, with his household
+treasures,--his good wife, and his two little daughters,--lived in
+the pure atmosphere of a Christian home.
+
+[Illustration: Riflemen treating with Indians in the Wilderness of
+Virginia]
+
+The storm cloud of the Revolution was now gathering thick and fast.
+Events followed each other with startling rapidity. Morgan watched
+keenly. He never did anything in a half-hearted way; and we may be
+sure that he took up the cause of the Revolution with all the fervor
+of his strong nature.
+
+After the bloodshed at Lexington, the Continental Congress called for
+ten companies from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Morgan
+received his commission as captain, five days after Bunker Hill. When
+he shouted, "Come, boys, who's for the camp before Cambridge?" every
+man in his section turned out.
+
+In less than ten days, Morgan at the head of ninety-six expert
+riflemen started for Boston. It was six hundred miles away, but they
+marched the distance in twenty-one days without the loss of a single
+man.
+
+One day as Washington was riding out to inspect the redoubts, he met
+these Virginians.
+
+{113} Morgan halted his men, and saluted the commander in chief,
+saying, "From the right bank of the Potomac, General!"
+
+Washington dismounted, and, walking along the line, shook hands with
+each of them.
+
+Late in the fall of 1775, Morgan and his famous sharpshooters marched
+with about a thousand other troops on Arnold's ill-fated expedition
+to Quebec. This campaign, as you have read, was one of the most
+remarkable exploits of the war.
+
+In the attack upon Quebec, after Arnold had been carried wounded from
+the field, and Montgomery had been killed, Morgan took Arnold's place
+and fought like a hero. He forced his way so far into the city that
+he and all his men were surrounded and captured.
+
+A British officer who greatly admired his daring visited him in
+prison, and offered him the rank and pay of a colonel in the royal
+army.
+
+"I hope, sir," answered the Virginian patriot, "you will never again
+insult me, in my present distressed and unfortunate situation, by
+making me offers which plainly imply that you think me a scoundrel."
+
+Soon after his release, Congress voted him a colonel's commission,
+with orders to raise a regiment. The regiment reported for service at
+Morristown, New Jersey, in the winter of 1776.
+
+Five hundred of the best riflemen were selected from the various
+regiments, and put under the command of {114} Colonel Morgan. He was
+well fitted to be the leader of this celebrated corps of
+sharpshooters. They were always to be at the front, to watch every
+movement of the enemy, and to furnish prompt and accurate news for
+Washington. They were to harass the British, and to fight with the
+enemy's outposts for every inch of ground.
+
+Meanwhile, in the fall of 1777, Burgoyne, with a large army of
+British, Hessians, and Indians, marched down from Canada, through the
+valley of the Hudson. The country was greatly alarmed. Washington
+could ill spare Morgan, but generously sent him with his riflemen to
+help drive back the invaders.
+
+Two great battles, the first at Freeman's Farm, the second at
+Saratoga, sealed Burgoyne's fate. In each battle, the sharpshooters
+did signal service. Before their deadly rifles, the British officers,
+clad in scarlet uniforms, fell with frightful rapidity. They were a
+terror to the Hessians. As Morgan would often say in high glee, "The
+very sight of my riflemen was always enough for the Hessian pickets.
+They would scamper into their lines as if the devil drove them,
+shouting in all the English they knew, 'Rebel in de bush! rebel in de
+bush!'"
+
+After the surrender, when Burgoyne was introduced to Morgan, he took
+him warmly by the hand and said, "Sir, you command the finest
+regiment in the world."
+
+For over a year and a half after Saratoga, Morgan and his riflemen
+were attached to Washington's army, and saw hard service. Their
+incessant attacks on the enemy's {115} outposts, and their numberless
+picket skirmishes, are all lost to history, and are now forgotten.
+
+Just before the battle of Monmouth, a painful disease, known as
+sciatica, brought on by constant exposure and hardship, disabled
+Morgan. Sick and discouraged because he had seen officers who were
+favorites with Congress promoted over his head, he, like Greene,
+Stark, and Schuyler, now left the army for a time.
+
+But after Gates was defeated at Camden, the fighting blood of the old
+Virginian was greatly stirred. He declared that no man should have
+any personal feeling when his country was in peril. So he hurried
+down South, and took, under Gates, his old place as colonel.
+
+After the battle at King's Mountain, Congress very wisely made Morgan
+a brigadier general.
+
+[Illustration: General Daniel Morgan]
+
+The glorious and ever-memorable victory at Cowpens made him more
+famous than ever before. Hitherto he had fought in battles that other
+men had planned. Now he had a chance to plan and to fight as he
+pleased. It was not a great battle so far as numbers were concerned,
+but "in point of tactics," says John Fiske, the historian, "it was
+the most brilliant battle of the war for independence."
+
+{116} After leading eleven hundred men into the northeast part of
+South Carolina, to cut off Cornwallis from the seacoast, General
+Greene gave Morgan the command of about a thousand men, with orders
+to march to the southwest, and threaten the inland posts and their
+garrisons. Cornwallis, the English earl, scarcely knew which way to
+turn; but he followed Greene's example, and, dividing his army, sent
+Colonel Tarleton to crush Morgan.
+
+Tarleton, confident of success, dashed away with his eleven hundred
+troopers to pounce upon the "old wagoner" and crush him at a single
+blow. Morgan, well trained in the school of Washington and Greene,
+and wishing just then to avoid a decisive battle, skillfully fell
+back until he found a spot in which to fight after his own fashion.
+
+His choice was at a place where cattle were rounded up and branded,
+known as Cowpens. A broad, deep river, which lay in the rear, cut off
+all hope of retreat. A long, thickly wooded slope commanded the
+enemy's approach for a great distance. Morgan afterwards said that he
+made this choice purposely, that the militia might know they could
+not run away, but must fight or die.
+
+At Cowpens, then, the patriot army lay encamped the night before the
+expected battle. A trusty spy was sent to Tarleton, to say that the
+Americans had faced about, and were waiting to fight him sometime the
+next day. There was no fuss and feathers about Morgan. In the {117}
+evening, he went round among the various camp fires, and with
+fatherly words talked the situation over.
+
+"Stand by me, boys," said he in his blunt way, "and the old 'wagoner'
+will crack his whip for sure over Tarleton to-morrow."
+
+The British commander, eager to strike a sudden blow, put his army in
+motion at three o'clock in the morning. He was not early enough,
+however, to catch the old rifleman napping. Morgan had rested his men
+during the night, and given them a good breakfast early in the
+morning. When Tarleton appeared upon the scene about sunrise, he
+found the patriots ready.
+
+In the skirmish line, Morgan placed one hundred and twenty riflemen
+that could bring down a squirrel from the tallest tree. The militia,
+under the command of Colonel Pickens, were drawn up about three
+hundred yards in front of the hill. Along the brow of the hill, and
+about one hundred and fifty yards behind the militia, were the
+veterans of the Continental line. And beyond the brow of the hill, he
+stationed Colonel Washington with his cavalry, out of sight, and
+ready to move in an instant.
+
+"Be firm, keep cool, take good aim. Give two volleys at killing
+distance, and fall back," were the orders to the raw militia.
+
+"Don't lose heart," said Morgan to the Continentals, "when the
+skirmishers and the militia fall back. 'Tis a part of the plan. Stand
+firm, and fire low. Listen for my turkey call."
+
+{118} Morgan was in the habit of using a small turkey call such as
+hunters use to decoy turkeys. In the heat of battle he would blow a
+loud blast. This he said was to let the boys know that he was still
+alive and was watching them fight.
+
+Tarleton, unmindful of the fact that Morgan's retreat was "sullen,
+stern, and dangerous," had marched his men all night through the mud.
+They were tired out and hungry. Never mind, their restless leader
+would crush "old wagoner" first, and eat breakfast afterwards. He
+could hardly wait to form his line or to allow his reserves to come
+up.
+
+The battle begins in real earnest. The militia fire several
+well-aimed volleys, and fall back behind the Continentals. With a
+wild hurrah, the redcoats advance on the run. They are met with a
+deadly volley. They overlap the Continentals a little, who fall back
+a short distance, to save their left flank. Tarleton hurls his whole
+force upon them. The veterans stand their ground and pour in a heavy
+and well-sustained fire. Quick as a flash, Morgan sees his golden
+chance.
+
+"They are coming on like a mob!" shouts Colonel Washington to the
+gallant Colonel Howard, the commander of the Continentals. "Face
+about and fire, and I will charge them."
+
+Then is heard the shrill whistle of the turkey call, and Morgan's
+voice rings along the lines, "Face about! One good fire, and the
+victory is ours!"
+
+{119} Like a thunderbolt, Colonel Washington and his troopers, flying
+their famous crimson flag, sweep down in a semicircle round the hill,
+and charge the enemy's right flank.
+
+"Charge bayonets!" shouts Howard.
+
+Instantly the splendid veterans face about, open a deadly fire, and
+charge the disordered British line with the bayonet.
+
+[Illustration: The Carolina Militia resisting the British Grenadiers
+at Cowpens]
+
+All was over in a few minutes. The old "teamster" had set his trap,
+and the redcoats were caught. Finding themselves surrounded, six
+hundred threw down their guns, and cried for quarter. The rest,
+including Tarleton himself, by hard riding, escaped.
+
+{120} Colonel Washington and his troopers rode in hot haste to
+capture Tarleton, if possible. In the eagerness of his pursuit,
+Washington rode in advance of his men. Tarleton and two of his aids
+turned upon him. Just as one of the aids was about to strike the
+colonel with his saber, a trooper came up and disabled the redcoat's
+arm. Before the other aid could strike, he was wounded by
+Washington's little bugler, who, too small to handle a sword, fired
+his pistol. Tarleton now made a thrust at the colonel with his sword.
+The latter parried the blow, and wounded his enemy in the hand.
+
+[Illustration: Hand to Hand Fight between Colonel Washington and
+Colonel Tarleton]
+
+As the story is told, this wound was twice the subject for witty
+remarks by two young women, the daughters of a North Carolina
+patriot. Tarleton remarked to one of these sisters that he understood
+Colonel Washington was an unlettered fellow, hardly able to write his
+name.
+
+"Ah, Colonel," said the lady, "you ought to know better, for you can
+testify that he knows how to make his mark."
+
+At another time, Tarleton said with a sneer to the other sister, "I
+should be happy to see Colonel Washington."
+
+"If you had looked behind you at the battle of Cowpens, Colonel
+Tarleton," she replied, "you would have enjoyed that pleasure."
+
+In the battle of Cowpens, the British lost two hundred and thirty,
+killed and wounded. The Americans had twelve killed and sixty-one
+wounded.
+
+{121} Morgan did not rest for one moment after his victory. He knew
+that Lord Cornwallis, stung by the defeat of Tarleton, would do his
+best to crush him before he could rejoin Greene's army. By forced
+marches, he got to the fords of the Catawba first, and when his
+lordship reached the river, he learned that the patriots had crossed
+with all their prisoners and booty two days before, and were well on
+their way to join General Greene.
+
+Soon after the battle of Cowpens, repeated attacks of his old enemy,
+sciatica, so disabled Morgan that he was forced to retire from the
+service and go back to his home, in Virginia.
+
+During the summer of 1780, when the British invaded the Old Dominion,
+he again took the field. With Wayne and Lafayette, he took part in a
+series of movements which led to the capture of Cornwallis. The
+exposure of camp life again brought on a severe illness.
+
+"I lay out the night after coming into camp," Morgan wrote General
+Greene, "and caught cold."
+
+{122} Crippled and suffering great pain, he went home with the belief
+that he had dealt his last blow for the cause he loved so well. He
+afterward received from Washington, Greene, Jefferson, Lafayette, and
+other leaders, letters that stir our blood after so many years.
+
+From a simple teamster, Morgan had become a major general. After
+taking part in fifty battles, he lived to serve his country in peace
+as well as in war, and was returned to Congress the second time. His
+valor at the North is commemorated, as you already know, by the
+statue on the monument at Saratoga. In the little city of
+Spartanburg, in South Carolina, stands another figure of Daniel
+Morgan, the "old wagoner of the Alleghanies," the hero of Cowpens.
+
+
+{123}
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+THE FINAL VICTORY
+
+
+About the middle of March, 1781, Lord Cornwallis defeated Greene in a
+stubborn battle at Guilford, North Carolina. Although victorious, the
+British general was in desperate straits. He had lost a fourth of his
+whole army, and was over two hundred miles from his base of supplies.
+He could not afford to risk another battle.
+
+There was now really only one thing for Cornwallis to do, and that
+was to make a bee line for Wilmington, the nearest point on the
+coast, and look for help from the fleet.
+
+General Greene must have guessed that the British general would march
+northwards, to unite forces with Arnold, who was already in Virginia.
+At all events, the sagacious American general made a bold move. He
+followed Cornwallis for about fifty miles from Guilford, and then,
+facing about, marched with all speed to Camden, a hundred and sixty
+miles away.
+
+His lordship was not a little vexed. He was simply ignored by his
+wily foe, and left to do as he pleased. So he made his way into
+Virginia, and on May 20 arrived at Petersburg.
+
+{124} Benedict Arnold, who was now fighting under the British flag,
+had been sent to Virginia to burn and to pillage. Washington
+dispatched Lafayette to check the traitor's dastardly work. When Lord
+Cornwallis reached Virginia, Arnold had been recalled, and the young
+Frenchman was at Richmond.
+
+Cornwallis thought he might now regain his reputation by some grand
+stroke. The first thing to do was to crush the young Lafayette.
+
+"The boy cannot escape me," he said.
+
+But Lafayette was so skillful at retreating and avoiding a decisive
+action that his lordship could get no chance to deal him a blow.
+
+"I am not strong enough even to be beaten," wrote the French general
+to the commander in chief.
+
+Away to the west rode our friend Colonel Tarleton, still smarting
+from the sound thrashing he had received from old Dan Morgan at
+Cowpens. He was trying to break up the State Assembly, and capture
+Thomas Jefferson, governor of Virginia.
+
+It was a narrow escape for the man who wrote the Declaration of
+Independence. The story is told that Jefferson had only five minutes
+in which to take flight into the woods, before Tarleton's hard riders
+surrounded his house at Monticello.
+
+About this time, Mad Anthony Wayne, with a thousand Pennsylvania
+regulars, appeared upon the scene and joined Lafayette.
+
+{125} Now Cornwallis, finding that he could not catch "the boy," and
+having a wholesome respect for Wayne, stopped his marching and
+countermarching, and retreated to Williamsburg by way of Richmond and
+the York peninsula.
+
+During the first week in August, the British commander continued his
+retreat to the coast, and occupied Yorktown, with about seven
+thousand men. Lafayette was encamped on Malvern Hill, in the York
+peninsula, where he was waiting for the next act in the drama.
+
+[Illustration: General Lafayette]
+
+Far away in the North, at West Point, Washington was keeping a sharp
+lookout over the whole field. The main part of the patriot army was
+encamped along the Hudson.
+
+At Newport, there was a French force under General Rochambeau. Late
+in May, Washington rode over to a little town in Connecticut, to
+consult with him. It was decided that the French army should march to
+the Hudson as speedily as possible, and unite with the patriot forces
+encamped there.
+
+The plan at this time was to capture New York. This could not be done
+without the aid of a large fleet.
+
+Early in the spring of this year, 1781, the French government had
+sent a powerful fleet to the West Indies, under the command of Count
+de Grasse. De Grasse now had orders to act in concert with Washington
+and Rochambeau, against the common enemy. This was joyful news.
+
+{126} News traveled very slowly in those times. It took ten days for
+Washington to hear from Lafayette that Cornwallis had retreated to
+Yorktown, and thirty days to learn that Greene was marching southward
+against Lord Rawdon in South Carolina. And as for De Grasse, it was
+uncertain just when and where he would arrive on the coast.
+
+Washington had some hard thinking to do. The storm center of the
+whole war might suddenly shift to Virginia.
+
+Now came the test for his military genius. Hitherto, the British
+fleet had been in control of our coast. Now, however, nobody but a
+Nelson would ever hope to defeat the French men-of-war that were
+nearing our shores. Cornwallis was safe enough on the York peninsula
+so long as the British fleet had control of the Virginia coast. But
+suppose De Grasse should take up a position on the three sides of
+Yorktown, would it not be an easy matter, with the aid of a large
+land force, to entrap Cornwallis?
+
+The supreme moment for the patriot cause was now at hand. In the
+middle of August, word came from De Grasse that he was headed with
+his whole fleet for Chesapeake Bay.
+
+As might be expected, Washington was equal to the occasion. The
+capture of New York must wait. He made up his mind that he would
+swoop down with his army upon Yorktown, four hundred miles away, and
+crush Cornwallis.
+
+{127} Yes, but what about Sir Henry Clinton, the British commander in
+chief in New York? If Sir Henry should happen to get an inkling of
+what Washington intended to do, what would prevent his sending an
+army by sea to the relief of Yorktown?
+
+Nothing, of course, and so the all-important point was to hoodwink
+the British commander. It was cleverly done, as we shall see.
+
+Clinton knew that the French fleet was expected; but everything
+pointed to an attack on New York.
+
+If we glance at the map of this section, we shall see that, from his
+headquarters at West Point, Washington could march half way to
+Yorktown, by way of New Jersey, without arousing suspicions of his
+real design.
+
+Nobody but Rochambeau had the least knowledge of what he intended to
+do. Bodies of troops were moved toward Long Island. Ovens were built
+as if to bake bread for a large army. The patriots seemed merely to
+be waiting for the French fleet before beginning in earnest the siege
+of New York.
+
+Washington wrote a letter to Lafayette which was purposely sent in
+such a way as to be captured by Clinton. In this letter, the American
+general said he should be {128} happy if Cornwallis fortified
+Yorktown or Old Point Comfort, because in that case he would remain
+under the protection of the British fleet.
+
+Washington wrote similar letters to throw Clinton off his guard. For
+instance, to one of his generals he wrote in detail just how he had
+planned to lay siege to New York. He selected a young minister, by
+the name of Montaigne, to carry the dispatch to Morristown, through
+what was called the Clove.
+
+"If I go through the Clove," said Montaigne, "the cowboys will
+capture me."
+
+"Your duty, young man, is to obey," sternly replied Washington.
+
+The hope of the ever-alert commander in chief was fulfilled, for the
+young clergyman soon found himself a prisoner in the famous Sugar
+House, in New York. The next day, the dispatch was printed with great
+show in Rivington's Tory paper.
+
+On August 19, or just five days after receiving the dispatch from De
+Grasse, Washington crossed the Hudson at King's Ferry, and set out on
+his long march, with two thousand Continental and four thousand
+French troops.
+
+They had nearly reached Philadelphia before their real destination
+was suspected.
+
+The good people of the Quaker city had just heard of Greene's
+successes in the South. The popular feeling showed itself in the
+rousing welcome they gave to the {129} "ragged Continentals" and to
+the finely dressed French troops, as the combined forces marched
+hurriedly through the streets. The drums and fifes played "The White
+Cockade and the Peacock's Feather"; everywhere the stars and stripes
+were flung to the breeze; and ladies threw flowers from the windows.
+
+"Long live Washington!" shouted the people, as the dusty soldiers
+marched by in a column nearly two miles long.
+
+"He has gone to catch Cornwallis in his mouse trap!" shouted the
+crowd, in great glee.
+
+Even the self-possessed Washington was a trifle nervous. Galloping
+ahead to Chester on his favorite charger, Nelson, he sent back word
+that De Grasse had arrived in Chesapeake Bay.
+
+By rapid marches, the combined armies reached the head of the Bay on
+September 6. From this point, most of the men were carried in
+transports to the scene of action. In another week, an army of more
+than sixteen thousand men was closing round Cornwallis.
+
+Soon after his arrival, Washington, accompanied by Rochambeau, Knox,
+Hamilton, and others, made a formal call on Admiral De Grasse on
+board his flagship, the famous ship of the line, Ville de Paris, then
+at anchor in Hampton Roads.
+
+When Washington reached the quarter-deck, the little French admiral
+ran to embrace his guest, and kissed him on each cheek, after the
+French fashion.
+
+{130} "My dear little general!" he exclaimed, hugging him.
+
+Now when the excited admiral stood on tiptoe to embrace the majestic
+Washington, and began to call him "petit," or "little," the scene was
+ludicrous. The French officers politely turned aside; but it was too
+much for General Knox, who was a big, jolly man. He simply forgot his
+politeness, and laughed aloud until his sides shook.
+
+Where was the British fleet all this time?
+
+Its commander, Admiral Hood, had followed sharply after De Grasse,
+and had outsailed him. Not finding the enemy's fleet in the
+Chesapeake, he sailed on to New York and reported to Admiral Graves.
+
+Then Sir Henry began to open his eyes to the real state of affairs.
+All was bustle and hurry. Crowding on all sail, the British fleet
+headed for the Chesapeake, and there found De Grasse blockading the
+bay.
+
+It would be all up with Washington's plans if the British fleet
+should now defeat the French. The French fleet, however, was much the
+stronger, and Graves was no Nelson. There was a sharp fight for two
+hours. On the two fleets, the killed and the wounded amounted to
+seven hundred. The British admiral was then forced to withdraw; and
+after a few days he sailed back to New York. De Grasse was now in
+complete control of the Chesapeake.
+
+Cornwallis did not as yet know that Washington was marching at full
+speed straight for Yorktown. Still, his {131} lordship began to
+realize that he was fast getting himself into a tight place.
+
+Why not cross the James River and retreat to a safe place in North
+Carolina?
+
+It was too late. Three thousand French troops had already landed on
+the neck of the peninsula, and were united with the patriot forces.
+The "boy" had now more than eight thousand men, with which he could
+easily cut off every chance for his lordship's retreat.
+
+In the American camp, the combined armies were working with a hearty
+good will to hasten the siege. There could be no delay. The British
+fleet was sure to return, and another fleet was hourly expected from
+England. Again, Sir Henry might at any moment come by sea to the
+rescue. Day and night the men toiled. Nobody was permitted to speak
+aloud, for they were close to the British pickets. Intrenchments were
+made, and cannon were rapidly dragged up and placed in position. By
+October 10, all was ready.
+
+[Illustration: General Washington in the Trenches before Yorktown]
+
+{132} The siege begins in earnest. Shot and shell are hurled into the
+British lines. All day and all night long, are heard the roaring of
+cannon and the bursting of shells. Bang! bang! The French fire
+red-hot shot across the water and set fire to the British transports.
+
+New lines of redoubts are thrown up during the night, and guns are
+mounted, which pound away at the doomed army. Two of the British
+redoubts are troublesome. These are gallantly captured.
+
+On the next night, Cornwallis makes a vigorous effort to break
+through the American lines, but is driven back into the town. With
+seventy cannon pounding away, the British earthworks are fast
+crumbling. The British commander grows desperate. He thinks that, by
+leaving his baggage and his sick behind, he can cross the river to
+Gloucester in boats, by night, cut through the French, and by forced
+marches make his way to New York.
+
+On the night of the 16th, a few of the redcoats actually succeeded in
+reaching the opposite shore, when a storm of wind and rain suddenly
+arose and continued till morning. This last ray of hope was gone.
+
+Cornwallis had his headquarters in a large brick mansion owned by a
+Tory. It was a fine target for the artillery, and was soon riddled.
+His lordship stayed in the house until a cannon ball killed his
+steward, as he was carrying a tureen of soup to his master's table.
+
+The British general now moved his headquarters into Governor Nelson's
+fine stone mansion. Its owner was {133} in command of the Virginia
+troops in the besieging army. He was the "war governor" who had left
+his crops to their fate, and his plows in the furrows, while his
+horses and his oxen were harnessed to the cannon that were being
+hurried to the siege. When Nelson learned, through a deserter, where
+Cornwallis and his staff were, regardless of his personal loss, he
+ordered the bombarding of the house.
+
+In Trumbull's famous painting, "The Surrender of Cornwallis,"
+Governor Nelson's mansion is plainly seen.
+
+By this time, the only safe place in Yorktown was a cave, which had
+been dug under the bank of the river. To this spot, as the story
+goes, Cornwallis moved his headquarters. Here he received a British
+colonel who had made his way in the night through the French fleet,
+to bring orders from Sir Henry Clinton. Cornwallis was to hold out to
+the last. Seven thousand troops had sailed to his relief.
+
+His lordship served a lunch for his guest, and while they were
+drinking their wine, the colonel declared his intention of going up
+on the ramparts for a moment, to take a look at the Yankees. As he
+left, he gayly said that on his return he would give Washington's
+health in a bumper. It was useless to urge him to remain under
+shelter. He had scarcely climbed to the top of the redoubt when his
+head was shot off by a cannon ball.
+
+On October 17, the thirteenth day of the siege and the fourth
+anniversary of Burgoyne's surrender, a red-coated {134} drummer boy
+stands on the rampart and beats a parley. A white flag is raised on
+the British works. The roar of the cannon ceases. Cornwallis sends an
+officer to ask that fighting be stopped for twenty-four hours.
+
+Twenty-four hours! No! "No more fighting for two hours," says
+Washington.
+
+Held in an iron grasp both by land and by sea, the British commander
+knows that all is lost. He can do nothing but surrender.
+
+At two o'clock on the afternoon of October 19, in a field not far
+from Washington's headquarters, the formal surrender takes place.
+This ceremony, so joyful to the one side, so painful to the other, is
+carried out in stately form. The officers on both sides wear their
+best uniforms and military equipments. Washington rides his favorite
+charger, Nelson. The stars and stripes of America, and the white flag
+and lilies of France, wave in triumph. While the band plays a quaint
+old English melody, "The World Turned Upside Down," the British
+troops, over seven thousand in number, slowly march between the
+columns of the combined armies and lay down their arms.
+
+Cornwallis was not there. Saying that he was sick, he sent O'Hara,
+one of his generals, to deliver up his sword, while Washington, with
+his usual high regard for official dignity, sent General Lincoln.
+
+As perhaps you may remember, when General Lincoln was forced to
+surrender to Cornwallis, at Charleston {135} in 1780, the haughty
+British general turned him over to an inferior officer, as if to
+treat his surrender with contempt.
+
+Lafayette said, in after years, that the captive redcoats, while they
+gazed at the French soldiers with their showy trappings, "did not as
+much as look at my darling light infantry, the apple of my eye and
+the pride of my heart." Whereupon the lively young French general
+ordered his fife and drum corps to strike up "Yankee Doodle." "Then,"
+he said, "they did look at us, but were not very well pleased."
+
+After the surrender, both the Americans and the British hastened
+away. Scores of brave men, whom thus far the bullets had spared, were
+the victims of camp fever and smallpox. Fourteen days afterwards,
+Yorktown became again a sleepy little hamlet of sixty houses.
+
+On the same day that Cornwallis found "the world turned upside down,"
+Clinton sailed from New York, with thirty-five ships and over seven
+thousand of his best troops. Had this great force reached the scene
+ten days earlier, the story of Yorktown might have been different.
+
+{136} "Cornwallis is taken!" How quickly the news spread! Men, women,
+and children pour in from the country, and wait along the road
+leading to Philadelphia, for the long-expected news.
+
+At length a horseman is seen riding at headlong speed.
+
+He waves his hat and shouts to the eager people, "Cornwallis is
+taken!"
+
+It is Colonel Tilghman, whom Washington sent posthaste to
+Philadelphia to inform Congress of the surrender.
+
+It is after midnight when he arrives. The drowsy night watchman is
+slowly pacing the streets. Suddenly is heard the joyful cry, "Past
+three o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken!"
+
+[Illustration: The Night Watchman announcing the Capture of
+Cornwallis]
+
+Up go the windows. Men and women rush into the streets, all eager to
+hear the news. An hour before daylight, old Independence bell rings
+out its loudest peals, and sunrise is greeted with the boom of
+cannon.
+
+Congress meets during the forenoon, to read Washington's dispatches.
+In the afternoon, the members go in solemn procession to the Lutheran
+church, "and return thanks to Almighty God for crowning the allied
+armies of the United States and France with success."
+
+At noon on Sunday, November 25, the news reached London. Somebody
+asked a member of the cabinet how Lord North, the prime minister,
+received the "communication."
+
+"As he would have taken a cannon ball in his chest," was the reply;
+"for he opened his arms, exclaimed {137} wildly, as he walked up and
+down the room during a few minutes, 'O God! it is all over! it is all
+over!'"
+
+The news was sent to King George, who replied the same evening. It
+was noted that His Majesty being a trifle stupid, wrote very calmly,
+but forgot to mark the exact hour and minute of his writing. This
+circumstance, the like of which had never happened before, seemed to
+indicate to his cabinet some unusual disturbance. Shortly afterwards,
+however, the old king took some comfort in declaring that the Yankees
+were a wretched set of knaves, whom he was glad to get rid of at any
+price.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+On a gentle slope at Yorktown stands a monument, erected a century
+later by Congress, in commemoration of the surrender of Lord
+Cornwallis. There it stands, a tall, white shaft, solitary, glorious,
+and impressive, a landmark for many miles along that sleepy shore.
+
+
+{138}
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+THE CRISIS
+
+
+Exactly eight years from the day when
+
+              "the embattled farmers stood,
+    And fired the shot heard round the world,"
+
+the Continental Congress informed General Washington that the war was
+over. In September, 1783, the formal treaty of peace was signed; a
+month later, the Continental army was disbanded; and three weeks
+later, the British army sailed from New York.
+
+What a pathetic and impressive scene took place at a little tavern,
+in lower New York, when Washington said good-by to his generals! With
+hearts too full for words, and with eyes dimmed with tears, these
+veterans embraced their chief and bade him farewell.
+
+[Illustration: Washington's Farewell to his Generals]
+
+A few days before Christmas, Washington gave up the command of the
+army, and hurried away to spend the holidays at Mount Vernon.
+
+"The times that tried men's souls are over," wrote the author of
+"Common Sense," a man whose writings voiced the opinions of the
+people.
+
+Freedom was indeed won, but the country was in a sad plight.
+
+{139} "It is not too much to say," says John Fiske, "that the period
+of five years following the peace of 1783 was the most critical
+moment in all the history of the American people."
+
+Thirteen little republics, fringing the Atlantic, were hemmed in on
+the north, the south, and the west, by two hostile European nations
+that were capable of much mischief.
+
+In 1774, under the pressure of a common peril and the need of quick
+action, the colonies had banded together for the common good. By a
+kind of general consent their representatives in the Continental
+Congress had assumed the task of carrying on the war. But for nine
+years Congress had steadily declined in power, and now that peace had
+come and the need of united action was removed, there was danger that
+this shadowy union would dissolve. Believing strongly in their own
+state governments, the people had almost no feeling in favor of
+federation.
+
+{140} Just before the disbanding of the army and his retirement to
+private life, Washington wrote a letter to the governor of each
+colony. This letter, he said, was his "legacy" to the American
+people.
+
+He urged the necessity of forming a more perfect union, under a
+single government. He declared that the war debt must be paid to the
+last penny; that the people must be willing to sacrifice some of
+their local interests for the common good; and that they must regard
+one another as fellow citizens of a common country.
+
+We must not make the mistake of thinking that the Continental
+Congress was like our present national Congress.
+
+When the struggle between the colonies and the mother country
+threatened war, the colonies through their assemblies, or special
+conventions, chose delegates to represent them in Philadelphia. These
+delegates composed the first Continental Congress. It met on
+September 5, 1774, and broke up during the last week of the following
+October.
+
+Three weeks after Lexington, a second Congress met in the same city.
+This was the Congress that appointed Washington commander in chief,
+and issued the immortal Declaration of Independence.
+
+In the strict sense of the word, this body had no legal authority. It
+was really a meeting of delegates from the several colonies, to
+advise and consult with each other concerning the public welfare.
+
+{141} There was war in the land. Something must be done to meet the
+crisis. The Continental Congress, therefore, acted in the name of the
+"United Colonies."
+
+Many of the ablest and most patriotic men of the country were sent as
+delegates to this Congress; and until the crowning victory at
+Yorktown, although without clearly defined powers, it continued to
+act, by common consent, as if it had the highest authority. It made
+an alliance with France; it built a navy; it granted permits to
+privateers; it raised and organized an army; it borrowed large sums
+of money, and issued paper bills.
+
+A few days after the Declaration of Independence was signed, a form
+of government, called the "Articles of Confederation," was brought
+before Congress; but it was not adopted until several weeks after the
+surrender of Burgoyne, in 1777.
+
+The "Articles" were not finally ratified by the states until the
+spring of 1781.
+
+The constitution thus adopted was a league of friendship between the
+states. It was bad from beginning to end; for it dealt with the
+thirteen states as thirteen units, and not with the people of the
+several states. It never secured a hold upon the people of the
+country, and for very good reasons.
+
+Each state, whether large or small, had only one vote. A single
+delegate from Delaware or from Rhode Island could balance the whole
+delegation from New York or from Virginia.
+
+{142} Congress had no power to enforce any law whatever. It could
+recommend all manner of things to the states, but it could do nothing
+more. It could not even protect itself.
+
+Hence, the states violated the "Articles" whenever they pleased. Thus
+Congress might call for troops, but the states could refuse to obey.
+Without the consent of every state, not a dollar could be raised by
+taxation.
+
+At one time, twelve states voted to allow Congress to raise money to
+pay the soldiers; but little Rhode Island flatly refused, and the
+plan failed. The next year Rhode Island consented, but New York
+refused.
+
+Although Congress had authority to coin money, to issue bills of
+credit, and to make its notes legal tender for debts, each one of the
+thirteen states had the same authority.
+
+Money affairs got into a wretched condition. Paper money became
+almost worthless. The year after Saratoga, a paper dollar was worth
+only sixteen cents, and early in 1780 its value had fallen to two
+cents.
+
+A trader in Philadelphia papered his shop with dollar bills, to show
+what he thought of the flimsy stuff. In the year of Cornwallis's
+surrender, a bushel of corn sold for one hundred and fifty dollars;
+and Samuel Adams, the Boston patriot, had to pay two thousand dollars
+for a hat and a suit of clothes.
+
+A private soldier had to serve four months before his pay would buy a
+bushel of wheat. When he could {143} not collect this beggarly sum,
+is it any wonder that he deserted or rebelled?
+
+At one time, being unable to get money for the army, Congress asked
+the states to contribute supplies of corn, pork, and hay.
+
+To add to the general misery, the states began to quarrel with one
+another, like a lot of schoolboys. They almost came to bloodshed over
+boundary lines, and levied the most absurd taxes and duties.
+
+If a Connecticut farmer brought a load of firewood into New York, he
+had to pay a heavy duty. Sloops that sailed through Hell Gate, and
+Jersey market boats that crossed to Manhattan Island, were treated as
+if from foreign ports. Entrance fees had to be paid, and clearance
+papers must be got at the custom house.
+
+The country was indeed in a bad condition. There were riots,
+bankruptcy, endless wranglings, foreclosed mortgages, and
+imprisonment for debt.
+
+The gallant Colonel Barton, who captured General Prescott, was kept
+locked up because he could not pay a small sum of money. Robert
+Morris, once a wealthy merchant, was sent to jail for debt, although
+he had given his whole fortune to the patriot cause.
+
+Thoughtful and patriotic men and women throughout the country felt
+that something must be done.
+
+Washington and other far-sighted men of Virginia began to work out
+the problem. First it was proposed that delegates from two or three
+states should meet at {144} Annapolis, to discuss the question of
+trade. Finally all the states were invited to send delegates.
+
+At this meeting, only twelve delegates, from five states, were
+present. Alexander Hamilton wrote an eloquent address, which it was
+voted to send to the state assemblies, strongly recommending that
+delegates should be appointed to meet at Philadelphia on the second
+day of May, 1787.
+
+[Illustration: Alexander Hamilton]
+
+This plan, however, Congress promptly rejected.
+
+During the winter of 1786, the times were perhaps even harder, and
+the country nearer to the brink of civil war and ruin. There were
+riots in New Hampshire and in Vermont and Shays's Rebellion in the
+old Bay State. There were also the threatened separation of the
+Northern and Southern states, the worthless paper money, wildcat
+speculation, the failure to carry out certain provisions of the
+treaty of peace, and many troubles of less importance.
+
+As we may well suppose, all this discord made King George and his
+court happy. He declared that the several states would soon repent,
+and beg on bended knees to be taken back into the British empire.
+
+{145} When it was predicted in Parliament that we should become a
+great nation, a British statesman, who bore us no ill will, said, "It
+is one of the idlest and most visionary notions that was ever
+conceived even by a writer of romance."
+
+Frederick the Great was friendly to us, but he declared that nobody
+but a king could ever rule so large a country.
+
+All these unhappy events produced a great change in public opinion.
+People were convinced that anarchy might be worse than the union of
+these thirteen little commonwealths, under a strong, central
+government.
+
+At this great crisis in affairs, Virginia boldly took the lead, and
+promptly sent seven of her ablest citizens, one of whom was
+Washington, to the Philadelphia convention. This was a masterly
+stroke of policy. People everywhere applauded, and the tide of
+popular sentiment soon favored the convention. At last Congress
+yielded to the voice of the people and approved the plan. Every state
+except Rhode Island sent delegates.
+
+[Illustration: The Old State House, in Philadelphia, now called
+Independence Hall]
+
+It was a notable group of Americans that met in one of the upper
+rooms of old Independence Hall, the last {146} week of May, 1787.
+There were fifty-five delegates in all, some of whom, however, did
+not arrive for several weeks after the convention began its meetings.
+
+Eight of the delegates had signed the Declaration of Independence, in
+the same room; twenty-eight had been members of the Continental
+Congress, and seven had been governors of states. Two afterwards
+became presidents of the United States, and many others in after
+years filled high places in the national government.
+
+Head and shoulders above all others towered George Washington. The
+man most widely known, except Washington, was Benjamin Franklin,
+eighty-one years old; the youngest delegate was Mr. Dayton of New
+Jersey, who was only twenty-six.
+
+Here also were two of the ablest statesmen of their time, Alexander
+Hamilton of New York, and James Madison of Virginia.
+
+Connecticut sent two of her great men, Oliver Ellsworth, afterwards
+chief justice of the United States, and Roger Sherman, the learned
+shoemaker.
+
+Near Robert Morris, the great financier, sat his namesake, Gouverneur
+Morris, who originated our decimal system of money, and James Wilson,
+one of the most learned lawyers of his day.
+
+The two brilliant Pinckneys and John Rutledge, the silver-tongued
+orator, were there to represent South Carolina.
+
+{147} Then there were Elbridge Gerry and Rufus King of Massachusetts,
+John Langdon of New Hampshire, John Dickinson of Delaware, and the
+great orator, Edmund Randolph of Virginia.
+
+Thomas Jefferson and John Adams would no doubt have been delegates,
+had they not been abroad in the service of their country. Patrick
+Henry and Samuel Adams remained at home; for they did not approve of
+the convention.
+
+How Rhode Island must have missed her most eminent citizen, Nathanael
+Greene, who had just died of sunstroke, in the prime of manhood!
+
+Washington was elected president of the convention. The doors were
+locked, and, every member being pledged to secrecy, they settled down
+to work.
+
+Just what was said and done during those four months was for more
+than fifty years kept a profound secret. After the death of James
+Madison, often called the {148} "Father of the Constitution," his
+journal was published, giving a complete account of the proceedings.
+
+[Illustration: James Madison]
+
+When the delegates began their work, they soon realized what a
+problem it was to frame a government for the whole country. As might
+have been expected, some of these men had a fit of moral cowardice.
+They began to cut and to trim, and tried to avoid any measure of
+thorough reform.
+
+Washington was equal to the occasion. He was not a brilliant orator,
+and his speech was very brief; but the solemn words of this majestic
+man, as his tall figure drawn up to its full height rose from the
+president's chair, carried conviction to every delegate.
+
+"If, to please the people," he said, "we offer what we ourselves
+disapprove, how can we afterward defend our work? Let us raise a
+standard to which the wise and the honest can repair; the event is in
+the hand of God."
+
+The details of what this convention did would be dull reading; but
+some day we shall want to study in our school work the noble
+Constitution which these men framed.
+
+The gist of the whole matter is that our Federal Constitution is
+based upon three great compromises.
+
+The first compromise was between the small and the large states. In
+the upper house, or Senate, equal representation was conceded to all
+the states, but in the lower house of Congress, representation was
+arranged according to the population.
+
+{149} Thus, as you know, little Rhode Island and Delaware have each
+two senators, while the great commonwealths of New York and Ohio have
+no more. In the House of Representatives, on the other hand, New York
+has forty-three representatives, and Ohio has twenty-two, while Rhode
+Island has three, and Delaware only one.
+
+The second compromise was between the free and the slave states.
+
+Were the slaves to be counted as persons or as goods?
+
+South Carolina and Georgia maintained that they were persons; the
+Northern states said they were merely property.
+
+Now indeed there was a clashing over local interest; but it was
+decided that in counting the population, whether for taxation, or for
+representation in the lower house, a slave should be considered as
+three fifths of an individual. And so it stood until the outbreak of
+the Civil War.
+
+It was a bitter pill for far-sighted men like Washington, Madison,
+and others, who did not believe in slavery. Without this compromise,
+however, they believed that nine slave states would never adopt the
+Constitution, and doubtless they were right.
+
+The slave question was the real bone of contention that resulted in
+the third compromise. The majority of the delegates, especially those
+from Virginia, were not in favor of slavery.
+
+{150} "This infernal traffic that brings the judgment of Heaven on a
+country!" said George Mason of Virginia.
+
+At first, it was proposed to abolish foreign slave trade. South
+Carolina and Georgia sturdily protested.
+
+"Are we wanted in the Union?" they said.
+
+They declared that it was not a question of morality or of religion,
+but purely a matter of business.
+
+Rhode Island had refused to send delegates; and those from New York
+had gone home in anger. The discussions were bitter, and the
+situation became dangerous.
+
+While the convention "was scarcely held together by the strength of a
+hair," the question came up for discussion, whether Congress or the
+individual states should have control over commerce.
+
+The New England states, with their wealth of shipping, said that by
+all means Congress should have the control, and should make a uniform
+tariff in all the states. This, it was believed, would put an end to
+all the wranglings and the unjust acts which were so ruinous to
+commerce.
+
+The extreme Southern states that had no shipping said it would never
+do; for New England, by controlling the carrying trade, would extort
+ruinous prices for shipping tobacco and rice.
+
+When the outlook seemed darkest, two of the Connecticut delegates
+suggested a compromise.
+
+"Yes," said Franklin, "when a carpenter wishes to fit two boards, he
+sometimes pares off a bit from each."
+
+{151} It was finally decided that there should be free trade between
+the states, and that Congress should control commerce.
+
+To complete the "bargain," nothing was to be done about the African
+slave trade for twenty years. Slavery had been slowly dying out both
+in the North and in the South, for nearly fifty years. The wisest men
+of 1787 believed that it would speedily die a natural death and give
+way to a better system of labor.
+
+It was upon these three great foundation stones, or compromises, that
+our Constitution was built. The rest of the work, while very
+important, was not difficult or dangerous. The question of choosing a
+president, and a hundred other less important matters were at last
+settled.
+
+{152} The scorching summer of 1787 was well-nigh spent before the
+great document was finished. The convention broke up on September 17.
+Few of its members were satisfied with their work. None supposed it
+complete.
+
+Tradition says that Washington, who was the first to sign, standing
+by the table, held up his pen and said solemnly, "Should the states
+reject this excellent Constitution, they probably will never sign
+another in peace. The next will be drawn in blood."
+
+Of the delegates who were present on the last day of the convention,
+all but three signed the Constitution.
+
+[Illustration: Signing the Constitution]
+
+It is said that when the last man had signed, many of the delegates
+seemed awe-struck at what they had done. Washington himself sat with
+head bowed in deep thought.
+
+Thirty-three years before this, and before some of the delegates then
+present were born, Franklin had done his best to bring the colonies
+into a federal union. He was sixty years of age when, in this very
+room, he put his name to the Declaration of Independence. Now, as the
+genial old man saw the noble aim of his life accomplished, he
+indulged in one of his homely bits of pleasantry.
+
+There was a rude painting of a half sun, gorgeous with its yellow
+rays, on the back of the president's black armchair. When Washington
+solemnly rose, as the meeting was breaking up, Franklin pointed to
+the chair and said, "As I have been sitting here all these weeks, I
+have often wondered whether that sun behind our president is rising
+or setting. Now I do know that it is a rising sun."
+
+{153} [Illustration: Benjamin Franklin]
+
+The Constitution was sent to the Continental Congress, who submitted
+it to the people of the several states for their approval. It was
+agreed that when it was adopted by nine states, it should become the
+supreme law of the land.
+
+Now for the first time there was a real national issue. The people
+arranged themselves into two great political parties, the
+Federalists, who believed in a strong government and the new
+Constitution, and the Anti-Federalists, who were opposed to a
+stronger union between the states.
+
+And now what keen discussions, bitter quarrels, and scurrilous and
+abusive newspaper articles! A bloodless war of squibs, broadsides,
+pamphlets, and frenzied oratory was waged everywhere.
+
+Hamilton and Madison were "mere boys" and "visionary young men";
+Franklin was an "old dotard" and "in his second childhood"; and as
+for Washington, "What did he know about politics?"
+
+{154} The Constitution was called "a triple-headed monster." Many
+able men sincerely believed it to be "as deep and wicked a conspiracy
+as ever was invented in the darkest ages against the liberties of the
+people."
+
+How eloquently did such men as Hamilton, Madison, Randolph, Jay,
+"Light-Horse Harry" Lee, John Marshall, Fisher Ames, and a score of
+other "makers of our country" defend the "New Roof," as the people
+were then fond of calling the Federal Constitution!
+
+A series of short essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, and
+published under the name of "The Federalist," were widely read.
+Although written at a white heat, their grave and lofty eloquence and
+their stern patriotism carried conviction to the hearts of the
+people.
+
+"The Delaware State," as it was called, was the first to adopt the
+Constitution. It was not until the next June that Massachusetts and
+Virginia ratified it, as the sixth and tenth states. New York next
+fell into line in July.
+
+The victory was won! The "New Roof" was up and finished, supported by
+eleven stout pillars!
+
+On the glorious "Fourth" in 1788, there was great rejoicing
+throughout the land. Bonfires, stump speeches, fireworks,
+processions, music, gorgeous banners, and barbecues of oxen expressed
+the joy of the people over the establishment of a federal government.
+
+"Hurrah for the United States of America!" shouted every patriot.
+
+{155} "The good ship Constitution" was at last fairly launched.
+
+The wheels of the new government began to turn slowly and with much
+friction. It was not until the first week of April, 1789, that the
+House of Representatives and the Senate met and counted the electoral
+votes for a President of the newly born nation. There were sixty-nine
+votes in all, and of these every one was for George Washington. John
+Adams was the second choice of the electoral college. He received
+thirty-four votes, and was accordingly declared Vice President.
+
+Thus was formed and adopted our just and wise Constitution, which,
+except for a few amendments, has ever since been the supreme law of
+the land. This document has been called by Gladstone "the greatest
+work ever struck off at any time by the mind and purpose of man." To
+it we owe our prosperity and our high place among nations.
+
+
+{156}
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+A DARING EXPLOIT
+
+
+About a century ago, pirates on the northern coast of Africa were
+causing a great deal of trouble. They used to dash out in their
+vessels, and capture and plunder the merchant ships of all nations.
+The poor sailors were sold as slaves, and then kicked and cuffed
+about by cruel masters.
+
+[Illustration: American Sailors sold into Slavery by the Barbary
+Pirates]
+
+You will hardly believe it, but our country used to do exactly what
+other nations did. We used to buy the good will of these Barbary
+pirates, by giving them, every year, cannon, powder, and great sums
+of money. In fact we could not at first help it; for we were then a
+young and feeble nation with many troubles, and our navy was so small
+that we could not do as we pleased.
+
+The payment of this blackmail soon became a serious affair. The
+ruler, or pasha, of Tripoli was bold enough to declare war against
+this country, and cut down the flagstaff in front of our consul's
+house. Two other Barbary states, Morocco and Tunis, began to be
+impudent because they did not get enough money.
+
+This was more than our people could stand. These scamps needed a
+lesson.
+
+{157} You will, of course, remember Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the
+Declaration of Independence. He was at this time President of the
+United States. As you may well think, he was not the man to put up
+with such insults.
+
+[Illustration: Thomas Jefferson]
+
+"It reminds me," said Jefferson, "of what my good friend, Ben
+Franklin, once said in his Poor Richard's Almanac: 'If you make
+yourself a sheep, the wolves will eat you.' We must put a stop to
+paying this blood money, and deal with these pirates with an iron
+hand."
+
+So it came to pass that Commodore Dale was sent to the Mediterranean,
+with a small fleet of war ships.
+
+When our little fleet arrived off the Barbary coast, Morocco and
+Tunis stopped grumbling and soon came to terms. We were then free to
+deal with Tripoli.
+
+Our war ships had orders simply to look after our merchantmen,
+without doing any fighting. Still, to give the proud ruler of Tripoli
+a hint of what he might soon expect, one of our small vessels, the
+Enterprise, afterwards {158} commanded by Decatur, fought a short but
+furious battle with a Tripolitan man-of-war.
+
+The pirate captain hauled his flag down three times, but hoisted it
+again when the fire of the Enterprise ceased. This insult was too
+much for Dale. Bringing his vessel alongside the pirate craft, he
+sprang over her side, followed by fifty of his men. The pirate crew,
+with their long curved swords, fought hard; yet in fifteen minutes
+they were beaten.
+
+[Illustration: Fight between Dale and the Tripolitan Pirates]
+
+Our sailors now cut away the masts of the enemy's vessel, and,
+stripping her of everything except one old sail and a single spar,
+let her drift back to Tripoli, as a hint of how the new nation across
+the Atlantic was likely to deal with pirates.
+
+"Tell your pasha," shouted the American captain, as the Barbary ship
+drifted away, "that this is the way my country will pay him tribute
+after this."
+
+In the year 1803, the command of our fleet was given to Commodore
+Preble, who had just forced the ruler of Morocco to pay for an attack
+upon one of our merchant ships. The famous frigate Constitution,
+better known to every wide-awake American boy and girl as "Old
+Ironsides," was his flagship.
+
+Among his officers, or "schoolboy captains," as he called them, were
+many bright young men, who afterwards gained fame in fighting their
+country's battles. One of these officers was Stephen Decatur, the
+hero of this story, who afterwards, as captain of the frigate United
+States, {159} whipped the British frigate Macedonian after a fight of
+an hour and a half.
+
+One morning late in the fall of 1803, the frigate Philadelphia, one
+of the best ships of our little navy, while chasing a piratical
+craft, ran upon a sunken reef near the harbor of Tripoli. The good
+ship was helpless either to fight or to get away.
+
+The officers and crew worked with all their might. They threw some of
+the cannon overboard, they cut away the foremast, they did everything
+they could to float the vessel. It was no use; the ship stuck fast.
+
+Of course it did not take long for the Tripolitans to see that the
+American war ship was helpless. Their gunboats swarmed round the
+ill-fated vessel and opened fire. It was a trying hour for the
+gallant Captain Bainbridge and his men. Down must come the colors,
+and down they came. The officers and the sailors were taken ashore
+and thrown into prison.
+
+After a time, the Tripolitans got the Philadelphia off the reef.
+Then, towing her into the harbor of Tripoli, they anchored her close
+under the guns of their forts. {160} The vessel was refitted, cannon
+were put on board, together with a crew of several hundred sailors,
+and the crescent flag was raised. She was now ready to sail out to
+attack our shipping.
+
+Just think of the days of grief and shame for Captain Bainbridge and
+his men! Think of them as they looked day after day out of the narrow
+windows of the pasha's castle, and saw this vessel, one of the
+handsomest in the world, flying the colors of the enemy! These brave
+Americans had need of all their grit; but they kept up their courage
+and bided their time.
+
+Commodore Preble now sailed to Sicily, and cast anchor in the harbor
+of Syracuse.
+
+Don't you suppose the recapture of the Philadelphia was talked of
+every day?
+
+Of course it was. Everybody in the fleet, from the commodore to the
+powder monkey, was thinking about it. They must do something, and the
+sooner the better.
+
+Even Captain Bainbridge in his prison cell wrote several letters with
+lemon juice, which could be read on being held to the fire, and sent
+them to Preble. These letters contained plans for sinking the
+ill-fated ship.
+
+Every one of Preble's young captains was eager to try it. It might
+mean glory, and promotion, or perhaps failure, and death.
+
+Somehow or other all looked to the dashing Stephen Decatur; for from
+the first he had taken a leading part in planning the desperate deed.
+
+{161} "For the honor of the flag, sir, the ship must be destroyed.
+She must never be allowed to sail under that pirate flag," said
+Commodore Preble to Decatur.
+
+"My father was the ship's first commander," replied the young
+officer, whose fine black eyes gleamed, "and if I can only rescue
+her, it will be glory enough for a lifetime."
+
+"You have spoken first," said the commodore, "and it is only right
+that you should have the first chance."
+
+[Illustration: Commodore Stephen Decatur]
+
+No time was lost. All hands went to work.
+
+What was their plan?
+
+With a vessel made to look like a Maltese trader, and with his men
+dressed like Maltese sailors, Decatur meant to steal into the harbor
+at night, set fire to the Philadelphia, and then make a race for
+life.
+
+A short time before this, Decatur had captured a small vessel, known
+as a ketch. As this kind of boat was common here, nobody would
+suspect her.
+
+{162} The little craft, now named the Intrepid, was soon loaded with
+all kinds of things that would catch fire easily.
+
+On board the Enterprise on the afternoon of February 3, 1803, the
+order was, "All hands to muster!"
+
+"I want sixty-one men out of this ship's crew," said Decatur, "to
+leave to-morrow in the Intrepid, to help destroy the Philadelphia.
+Let each man who wants to go take two steps ahead."
+
+With a cheer, every officer, every sailor, and even the smallest
+powder boys stepped forward. No wonder the young captain's fine face
+beamed with joy.
+
+"A thousand thanks, my men," he said, and the tears came into his
+eyes; "I am sorry, but you can't all go. I will now choose the men I
+want to take with me." He picked out about sixty of the youngest and
+most active.
+
+"Thankee, sir," said each man when his name was called.
+
+Besides his own younger officers and his surgeon, Decatur took five
+young officers from the Constitution, and a Sicilian pilot named
+Catalano, who knew the harbor of Tripoli.
+
+That same evening, the little ketch, with its crew of some
+seventy-five men, sailed out of the harbor of Syracuse amid three
+lusty cheers. The war brig Siren went with her.
+
+In four days, the two vessels reached the harbor of Tripoli, but a
+bad storm drove them off shore. What a time they had for six days!
+The Intrepid was a poor {163} affair at best, and there was no
+shelter from the fury and the cold of the storm. The sailors slept on
+the hard deck, nibbled what little ship bread was not water-soaked,--
+for they had lost all their bacon,--and caught rain water to drink.
+In cold, hunger, and wet, these men, like true American sailors, sang
+their songs, cracked their jokes, and kept up their courage.
+
+After a week, the fury of the storm abated, the bright sunshine
+brought comfort, and the two vessels set sail for Tripoli.
+
+As they drew near the coast, towards evening, the wind was so light
+that the Siren was almost becalmed. The Intrepid, however, met a
+light breeze, which sped her toward the rocky harbor.
+
+Decatur saw that his best hope now was to make a bold dash, without
+waiting for the brig.
+
+"Never mind, boys," he said, "the fewer the number, the greater the
+glory. Keep your heads level; obey orders every time; and do your
+duty."
+
+About sunset, the ketch with her alert crew came in sight of the
+white-walled city. They could see the chain of forts and the frowning
+castle. The tall black hull and the shining masts of the Philadelphia
+stood out boldly against the bright blue African sky. Two huge
+men-of-war and a score of gunboats were moored near her. {164} The
+harbor was like a giant cavern, at the back of which lay the
+Philadelphia, manned by pirates armed to the teeth, who were waiting
+for an attack from the dreaded Americans.
+
+Into these jaws of death, Decatur boldly steered his little craft.
+The breeze was still fresh. It would never do to take in sail, for
+the ever-watchful pirates would think it strange. So spare sails and
+buckets were towed astern to act as a drag, for fear they should
+reach their goal too early.
+
+The men now hid themselves by lying flat upon the deck, behind the
+bulwarks, the rails, and the masts. Only a few persons, dressed like
+Maltese sailors, could be seen. Decatur stood calmly at the wheel by
+the side of Catalano, the pilot.
+
+"We lay packed closer than sardines in a box, and were still as so
+many dead men," said one of the men long afterwards to his
+grandchildren.
+
+About nine o'clock the moon rose, and by its clear light the ketch
+was steered straight across the blue waters for the bows of the
+Philadelphia.
+
+"Vessel ahoy! What vessel is that?" shouted an officer of the
+frigate, as the Intrepid boldly came nearer.
+
+Decatur whispered to his pilot.
+
+"This is the ketch Stella, from Malta," shouted Catalano, in Italian.
+"We have lost our anchors, and were nearly wrecked in the gale; we
+want to ride near you during the night."
+
+{165} "All right! but only until daylight," replied the officer, and
+ordered a line to be lowered.
+
+Without a moment's delay, a boat under the command of young Lawrence
+put off from the Intrepid. On meeting the pirate boat, he took the
+line and rowed back to the ketch.
+
+The Americans, in their red jackets and fezzes, hauled away with a
+right good will, and brought their little craft steadily in toward
+the huge black hull of the frigate, where they were soon being made
+fast under her port side.
+
+As the ketch now drifted into a patch of moonlight, the pirate
+officer spied the anchors with their cables coiled up.
+
+"Keep off! You have lied to me," he shouted, and ordered his men to
+cut the hawser.
+
+As if by magic, the deck of the ketch swarmed with men, whose strong
+arms forced their vessel up against the side of the Philadelphia.
+
+"Americans! Americans!" cried the dazed Tripolitans.
+
+"Board! board!" shouted Decatur, as he made a spring for the deck of
+the frigate, followed by his gallant men.
+
+Although taken by surprise, the Tripolitans fought hard. They were
+called the best hand to hand fighters in the world, but they were no
+match for American sailors. As Preble's orders were "to carry all
+with the sword," no firearms were used. The only weapons {166} were
+cutlasses. The watchword was "Philadelphia," which they were to use
+in the darkness.
+
+The Americans formed a line from one side of the ship to the other,
+and, with Decatur as leader, swept everything before them on the main
+deck. On the gun deck, Lawrence and McDonough did the same thing. In
+fifteen minutes, every Tripolitan had been cut down or driven
+overboard. In spite of the close, sharp fighting, not one of our men
+received a scratch.
+
+But now comes the tug of war! Every man knows exactly what to do, for
+he has been well drilled. Some hand up kegs of powder and balls of
+oakum soaked in tar. Others carry these along the deck and down
+below. Now they drag two eighteen-pounders amidships, double-shot
+them, and point them down the main hatch, so as to blow out the
+bottom of the ship. In a few minutes everything is ready.
+
+"Start the fires!" A puff of smoke, a little blaze, then flames
+everywhere!
+
+Quick and sharp comes the order to leap aboard the ketch. Decatur,
+sure that the work thus far is well done, is the last man to leave.
+
+Now all are safe aboard the Intrepid. The order is given to cast off.
+The ketch still clings to the blazing frigate, from whose portholes
+the flames are shooting out. The gunpowder left on the deck is
+covered only with canvas. Life is in peril. They find that the stern
+rope has not been cast off. Up rush Decatur and his {167} officers,
+and cut the hawser with their swords. The boat swings clear, and the
+men row for their lives.
+
+The fierce flames of the burning ship bring the Intrepid into plain
+view. She is a target for every gun. Bang! bang! thunder a hundred
+cannon.
+
+"Stop rowing, boys, and give 'em three cheers," shouts Decatur.
+
+Everybody is on his feet in an instant, and joins in the hurrahs.
+
+Solid shot, grape, and shells whistle and scream in the air above the
+little ketch, and throw up showers of spray as they strike the water.
+Only one shot hits, and that whizzes through the mainsail. The men
+bend to their oars and pull for dear life. They are soon well out of
+{168} range, and, in a short time, safe under the guns of the Siren.
+
+What wild hurrahs were heard when Decatur, clad in a sailor's
+pea-jacket, and begrimed with powder, sprang on board and shouted,
+"Didn't she make a glorious bonfire, and we didn't lose a man!"
+
+In telling the story afterwards, the men said it was a superb sight.
+The flames burst out and ran rapidly up the masts and the rigging,
+and lighted up the sea and the sky with a lurid glare. The guns soon
+became heated and began to go off. They fired their hot shot into the
+shipping, and even into the town. Then, as if giving a last salute,
+the Philadelphia parted her cables, drifted ashore, and blew up.
+
+[Illustration: The Burning of the Philadelphia]
+
+As a popular saying goes, "Nothing succeeds like success." So it was
+with Decatur's deed. His cool head and the fine discipline of his men
+won success. The famous Lord Nelson, the greatest naval commander of
+his time, said it was "the most bold and daring act of the age."
+
+Decatur was well rewarded. At twenty-five he was made a captain, and
+given the command of "Old Ironsides," probably the finest frigate at
+that time in the world.
+
+
+{169}
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+"OLD IRONSIDES"
+
+  "Ay, tear her tattered ensign down!
+     Long has it waved on high,
+   And many an eye has danced to see
+     That banner in the sky."
+
+
+In 1833, when the old war ship Constitution, unfit for service, lay
+in the navy yard in Charlestown, the Secretary of the Navy decided to
+sell her or to break her up. On the appearance of this bit of news in
+a Boston paper, Oliver Wendell Holmes, a law student at Harvard,
+scribbled some verses and sent them to the editor.
+
+This poem of twenty-four lines was at once published, and was soon
+copied into the leading newspapers of the country. In our large
+cities, the poem was circulated as a handbill. Popular indignation
+rose to a white heat, and swept everything before it.
+
+The order was at once revoked, and Congress decided that the old
+frigate, so dear to the hearts of the American people, should be
+rebuilt.
+
+Why did the people care so much about "Old Ironsides"?
+
+[Illustration: "Old Ironsides"]
+
+For twenty-five years after the adoption of the Constitution, we had
+a rough road to travel. We were {170} nearly crushed by our foreign
+debts, and could do little to defend ourselves on the high seas.
+England boarded our ships and carried off our sailors, and France
+captured our vessels and stole their cargoes. Even the Barbary
+pirates, when they spied the new flag, began to plunder and burn our
+merchantmen, and sell their crews into slavery.
+
+In the fall of 1793, eight Algerine pirate craft sailed out into the
+Atlantic, and within a month had captured eleven of our ships and
+made slaves of more than a hundred of our sailors.
+
+Think of our consul at Lisbon writing home, "Another Algerine pirate
+in the Atlantic. God preserve us!"
+
+In behalf of American citizens held as slaves by these pirates, a
+petition was sent to Congress. A bill was then passed, allowing
+President Washington to build or to buy six frigates.
+
+It was a fortunate day for our nation when the plans of Mr.
+Humphreys, a shipbuilder of Philadelphia, were accepted. He was
+directed by Congress to prepare the models of six war ships, to be
+built in different towns on the coast.
+
+The design of the Constitution was sent to Boston, and her keel was
+laid in Hartt's Naval Yard, near what is now Constitution Wharf. The
+ideas of Mr. Humphreys were carried out to the letter. The new
+frigate was to have better guns, greater speed, greater cruising
+capacity,--in fact, was to be a little better {171} in every respect
+than the British and the French ships of the same rating.
+
+The Constitution was called a forty-four-gun frigate, although she
+actually carried thirty twenty-four-pounders on her main deck, and
+twenty-two thirty-two-pounders on her spar deck. She had one gun deck
+instead of two, and her cannon were heavier than were usually carried
+on foreign war ships of her own class. She was twenty feet longer and
+about five feet broader than {172} the far-famed thirty-eight-gun
+British frigates. In comparison with a modern war ship, she was less
+than one half as long as the armed cruiser New York, and not far from
+the size of one of our gunboats.
+
+The British naval officers made much sport of these new ships; but
+after "Old Ironsides" had destroyed two fine British frigates, and
+had outsailed a large British fleet, they went to work and made over
+some of their line of battle ships into large frigates.
+
+The Constitution was built of the best material, and with unusual
+care. A Boston shipwright was sent South to select live oak, red
+cedar, and hard pine. Paul Revere, who made the famous midnight ride
+to Concord, received nearly four thousand dollars for the copper
+which he furnished for the new frigate.
+
+From the laying of the keel to the final equipment, the Constitution
+was kept in the shipyard fully three years. Her live oak timbers,
+having had two years to season, were hard as iron.
+
+After many delays, the stanch ship was set afloat at midday, October
+21, 1797, "before a numerous and brilliant collection of citizens."
+
+In 1803, a fleet was sent to the north of Africa, to force the
+pirates of the Barbary coast to respect the persons and the property
+of American citizens. Commodore Preble was made commander, with the
+Constitution as his flagship. He had under him the Philadelphia, a
+fine new frigate, and five smaller war ships.
+
+{173} Preble was a remarkable man, and his "schoolboy captains," as
+he called them, all under twenty-five years of age, were also
+remarkable men.
+
+For two years or more, there was plenty of stubborn fighting. Within
+forty days, five attacks were made on the forts and the war ships of
+Tripoli. In three of these attacks, the Constitution took part; and
+once, while supporting the fleet, she silenced more than a hundred
+guns behind the forts of the pirate capital.
+
+Even from the first, the new frigate was lucky. She was never
+dismasted, or seriously injured, in battle or by weather. In all her
+service, not one commanding officer was ever lost, and few of her
+crew were ever killed.
+
+On one occasion, six of our gunboats made a savage hand to hand
+attack on twenty-one Tripolitan gunboats, and drove them back into
+the harbor with great loss.
+
+"There, Commodore Preble," said young Decatur, as he came over the
+side of the Constitution, and walked joyfully up to his commander on
+the quarter-deck, "I have brought you out three of the gunboats."
+
+Preble had a kind heart, but a very quick temper. Like a flash, he
+seized Decatur by the collar and shook him, shouting, "Aye, sir, why
+did you not bring me out more?" and walked into his cabin.
+
+The stern old fighter was over his temper in a moment. He sent for
+his young officer, and made ample amends for bad temper and hasty
+words. Ever afterwards these two great men were the best of friends.
+
+{174} During the war of 1812, "the war for free trade and sailors'
+rights," the Constitution won her chief honors. The story of her
+remarkable escape from a British squadron has been often told.
+
+It was at daybreak about the middle of July, 1812, off the New Jersey
+coast. Not a breath ruffled the ocean. Captain Isaac Hull, every inch
+of him a sailor, was in command. A British fleet of five frigates and
+some smaller vessels, which had been sighted the day before, had
+crept up during the night, and at daylight almost surrounded "Old
+Ironsides."
+
+[Illustration: Isaac Hull]
+
+Hull knew his ship and his men. Not for one moment did he think of
+giving up his vessel. Of course he could not fight his powerful foe
+with his single ship. He must get away. But how?
+
+One of the British frigates, the Shannon, had furled her sails, and
+was being towed by all the boats of the fleet.
+
+"This," said Lieutenant Morris, "seemed to decide our fate."
+
+A moment later, however, a puff of wind carried our frigate out of
+gunshot.
+
+"How deep is the water?" shouts Captain Hull.
+
+"Twenty fathoms," is the reply.
+
+"Out with the kedge anchor!" cries Hull.
+
+All the spare ropes and cables are fastened together and payed out to
+an anchor, which is dropped into the sea a mile ahead. The sailors on
+the frigate go round {175} the windlass on the run, and the vessel is
+slowly drawn ahead to the anchor, which is now quickly taken up and
+carried out once more. This is called kedging.
+
+Our sailor boys give cheer on cheer as they whirl the windlass and
+pull at the oars.
+
+The captain of one of the enemy's frigates now sees the game, and
+tries kedging, but does not get near enough to throw a shot.
+
+Three of the pursuing frigates open fire at long range, without doing
+any damage.
+
+All day long this pursuit is kept up. Every gun is loaded, ready to
+fire. The men rest by the cannon, with their rammers and their
+sponges beside them. All the next day the chase goes on. At last,
+slowly but surely, the American frigate gains on her pursuers. At
+four o'clock in the afternoon, the Shannon is four miles astern.
+
+Two hours later, a squall gave Hull a chance to play a trick on his
+pursuers. Sail was shortened the moment the squall struck. The
+British captain, seeing the apparent confusion on board the Yankee
+frigate, also shortened sail. The moment his vessel was hidden by
+{176} the rain, Hull quickly made sail again. When the weather
+cleared, his nearest pursuer was far astern.
+
+At daylight the next morning, the British fleet was almost out of
+sight, and, after a chase of three nights and two days, gave up the
+contest.
+
+Six days later, the good people of Boston went wild with delight, as
+their favorite frigate ran the blockade and came to anchor in the
+harbor.
+
+Captain Hull was not the man to be shut up in Boston harbor if he
+could help it. In less than two weeks he ran the blockade and sailed
+out upon the broad ocean. A powerful British fleet was off the coast.
+Hull knew it, but out he sailed with his single ship to battle for
+his country.
+
+Now the British had a fine frigate named the Guerriere. This vessel
+was one of the fleet that had given the Constitution such a hot chase
+a few days before. Captain Dacres, her commander, and Captain Hull
+were personal friends, and had wagered a hat on the result of a
+possible battle between their frigates. The British captain had just
+written a challenge to the commander of our fleet, saying that he
+should like to meet any frigate of the United States, to have a few
+minutes _tete-a-tete_.
+
+On the afternoon of August 19, about seven hundred miles northeast of
+Boston, these two finest frigates in the world, the Guerriere and the
+Constitution, met for the "interview" that Dacres so much wanted.
+
+All is hurry and bustle on "Old Ironsides."
+
+{177} "Clear for action!" shrilly sounds the boatswain's whistle.
+
+The fife and drum call to quarters. Everybody hurries to his place.
+
+The British frigate, as if in defiance, flings out a flag from each
+topmast. Her big guns flash, but the balls fall short.
+
+"Don't fire until I give the word," orders Captain Hull.
+
+Now the Guerriere, drawing nearer and nearer, pours in a broadside.
+
+"Shall we not fire, sir?" asks Lieutenant Morris.
+
+"Not yet," is Hull's reply.
+
+Another broadside tears through the rigging, wounding several men.
+The sailors are restless at their double-shotted guns.
+
+Now the two frigates are fairly abreast, and within pistol shot of
+each other.
+
+"Now, boys, do your duty. Fire!" shouts the gallant commander, at the
+top of his voice.
+
+Hull is a short and stout man. As he leans over to give the order to
+fire, his breeches burst from hip to knee. The men roar with
+laughter. There is no time to waste, however, and so he finishes the
+battle in his laughable plight.
+
+An officer, pointing to the captain, cries, "Hull her, boys! hull
+her!"
+
+The men, catching the play upon words, shout, "Hull her! Yes, we'll
+hull her!"
+
+{178} "Old Ironsides" now lets fly a terrible broadside at close
+range. The Guerriere's mizzenmast goes overboard.
+
+"My lads, you have made a brig of that craft!" cries Hull.
+
+"Wait a moment, sir, and we'll make her a sloop!" shout back the
+sailors.
+
+Sure enough, the Guerriere swings round and gets a raking fire, which
+cuts away the foremast and much of the rigging, and leaves her a
+helpless hulk in the trough of the sea. The flag goes down with the
+rigging, and there is nothing to do but to surrender.
+
+In just thirty minutes, the British frigate is a wreck.
+
+During the hottest part of the battle, a sailor, at least so runs the
+story, saw a cannon ball strike the side of the vessel and fall back
+into the sea.
+
+"Hurrah, boys! hurrah for 'Old Ironsides'!" he shouted to his mates;
+"her sides are made of iron."
+
+Some say that from this incident the nickname of "Old Ironsides" took
+its origin.
+
+Captain Hull received his old friend Dacres, kindly, on board the
+Constitution, and said, "I see you are wounded, Dacres. Let me help
+you."
+
+When the British captain offered his sword, Hull said, "No, Dacres, I
+cannot take the sword of a man who knows so well how to use it, but I
+will thank you for that hat!"
+
+[Illustration: Hull refuses Dacres's Sword]
+
+Just as they were ready to blow up the Guerriere, Dacres remembered
+that a Bible, his wife's gift, which {179} he had carried with him
+for years, had been left behind. Captain Hull at once sent a boat
+after it.
+
+Twenty-five years after this incident, Captain Dacres, then an
+admiral, gave Hull a dinner on his flagship, at Gibraltar, and told
+the ladies the story of his wife's Bible.
+
+When "Old Ironsides" came sailing up the harbor, on the last day of
+August, what a rousing reception the people of Boston gave Captain
+Hull and his gallant men!
+
+All the people of the town crowded the wharves or filled the windows
+and the housetops overlooking the bay. The streets were gay with
+bunting, and there was a grand dinner, with many patriotic speeches
+and deafening cheers.
+
+In less than five months after her battle with the Guerriere, the
+Constitution had her hardest fight. It was with the Java, one of the
+best frigates in the British navy. Her commander, Captain Lambert,
+was said to be {180} one of the ablest sailors that ever handled a
+war ship. The battle took place some thirty miles off the northeast
+coast of Brazil.
+
+The Constitution was commanded by Captain William Bainbridge. Before
+this, he had done some feats of seamanship, but thus far in his
+career he had not been fortunate. As you remember, Captain
+Bainbridge, through no fault of his own, lost the Philadelphia off
+the harbor of Tripoli.
+
+The battle began about two o'clock in the afternoon, with broadsides
+from both frigates.
+
+Bainbridge was soon wounded in the hip by a musket ball; then the
+wheel was shattered, and a small copper bolt was driven into his
+thigh. Unwilling to leave the deck a moment, he had his wounds
+dressed while directing the battle.
+
+Finding that he could not get near enough to the swift British
+frigate, Bainbridge boldly headed for the enemy. There was great risk
+of getting raked, but fortunately the Java's shots went wild.
+
+[Illustration: "Old Ironsides" bearing down on a British Man-of-War]
+
+"Old Ironsides" was now within close range of the Java, and the fire
+of her heavy cannon soon left the British frigate dismasted and
+helpless. The British did not surrender, however, until every stick
+in the ship except a part of the mainmast had been cut away.
+
+Captain Lambert was mortally injured, his first lieutenant severely
+hurt, and nearly fifty men were killed and more than one hundred
+wounded. "Old Ironsides" came out of the battle with every spar in
+place.
+
+{181} The wheel of the Java was removed and fitted on the
+Constitution, to replace the one which had been shot away.
+
+A few years after the war, some British naval officers paid a visit
+to "Old Ironsides."
+
+"You have a most perfect vessel," said one of them, "but I must say
+that you have a very ugly wheel for so beautiful a frigate."
+
+"Yes," said the American captain to whom the remark was made, "it is
+ugly. We lost our wheel in fighting the Java, and after the battle we
+replaced it with her wheel, and somehow we have never felt like
+changing it."
+
+{182} Bainbridge was a great-hearted and heroic man. When he was told
+that Captain Lambert was mortally injured, he forgot his own wounds
+and had his men carry him to the blood-stained quarter-deck, where
+the British officer lay. He then put into the dying man's hand the
+sword he had just surrendered.
+
+On Captain Bainbridge's return to Boston, another long procession
+marched up State Street, and another grand dinner was given. When he
+traveled by coach to Washington, the people along the route turned
+out in great crowds to honor the naval hero.
+
+The Constitution fought her last battle off the Madeira Islands, on
+February 20, 1815, under the command of Captain Charles Stewart, one
+of the hardest fighters in the history of our navy.
+
+"What shall I bring you for a present?" said Captain Stewart to his
+bride.
+
+"A British frigate," promptly replied the patriotic young wife.
+
+"I will bring you two," answered Stewart.
+
+On the afternoon of February 20, two British men-of-war hove in
+sight. They proved to be the frigate Cyane and the sloop of war
+Levant.
+
+"Old Ironsides" made all sail to overhaul them.
+
+Stewart's superb seamanship in this sharp battle has excited the
+admiration of naval experts, even to our own day. It is generally
+admitted that no American ship was ever better handled. He raked one
+vessel and then {183} the other, repeatedly. Neither of the enemy's
+war ships got in a single broadside.
+
+Just forty minutes after Stewart's first fire, the Cyane surrendered.
+A full moon then rose in all its splendor, and the battle went
+stoutly on with the Levant. At ten o'clock, however, she, too,
+perfectly helpless, struck her colors.
+
+"Old Ironsides'" last great battle was over. Singlehanded, she had
+fought two British war ships at one time and defeated them, and that,
+too, with only three men killed and twelve wounded. In less than
+three hours our stanch frigate was again in fighting trim.
+
+With the exception of long periods of rest, "Old Ironsides" carried
+her country's flag with dignity and honor for forty years.
+
+Her cruising days ended just before the outburst of the Civil War, in
+1861, when she was taken to Newport, Rhode Island, to serve as a
+school-ship for the Naval Academy. Later, she was housed over, and
+used as a receiving ship at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In the fall of
+1897, she was towed to the navy yard at Charlestown, to take part in
+her centennial celebration, October 21, 1897.
+
+The old Constitution has been rebuilt in parts, and repaired many
+times; so that little remains of the original vessel except her keel
+and her floor frames. These huge pieces of her framework, hewn by
+hand from solid oak, are the same that thrilled with the shock of the
+old guns, {184} before the granite forts of Tripoli. Over them
+floated the American flag and the pennants of Preble, Hull,
+Bainbridge, Decatur, Stewart, and many other gallant men, whose
+heroic deeds have shed luster on the American navy.
+
+It is interesting to know that Commodore Stewart was the last
+survivor of the great captains of the war of 1812. He served his
+country faithfully for seventy-one years, and lived to be ninety-one.
+He died at his home, called "Old Ironsides," in New Jersey, in 1869.
+
+The loss of a few frigates did not matter much to England, but the
+loss of her naval prestige in the war of 1812 was of importance to
+the whole world. For the first time, Europe realized that there was a
+new nation, which was able and willing to fight for its freedom on
+the ocean, as it had fought for its independence on land.
+
+"Old Ironsides" still survives, a weather-beaten and battle-scarred
+hull, but a precious memorial of the nation's glory. She has earned a
+lasting place in the affections of the American people.
+
+
+{185}
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+"OLD HICKORY'S" CHRISTMAS
+
+
+At the beginning of the last century, England was fighting for her
+very life against the mighty Napoleon. We remained neutral; but our
+ships were doing a fine business in carrying supplies to the two
+nations.
+
+England, however, looked at us with a jealous eye, and was determined
+to prevent our trade with France. On the other hand, Napoleon was
+eager to shut us out from England.
+
+Thus trouble arose. Both nations began to meddle with our commerce,
+and to capture and plunder our ships. What did they care for the
+rights of a feeble nation so long as each could cut off the other's
+supplies?
+
+Great Britain, moreover, could not man her enormous navy. To get
+sailors, she overhauled our merchantmen on the high seas and carried
+men away to supply her war ships. In 1807, nearly two hundred of our
+merchantmen had been taken by the British, and fully as many more by
+the French. The time had come when we must either fight or give up
+our trade.
+
+It was hard to know what was best to do. Some were for fighting both
+England and France at the same time.
+
+{186} Thomas Jefferson, who was President at this time, and James
+Madison, who followed him in 1809, were men of peace, and believed
+that the nation should keep out of war.
+
+In 1811, however, the pent-up wrath of the people, roused by even
+greater insults, found relief in electing a "war" Congress. Then,
+through men like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, President Madison
+yielded to popular feeling, and in June, 1812, war was declared with
+Great Britain.
+
+It was a bold thing to do. England had thousands of well-seasoned
+troops, commanded by officers who had been trained by Wellington. Our
+regular army had less than seven thousand men, and our main
+dependence was upon the militia, who proved of little service. To
+meet England on the water, we had only six frigates and a dozen or
+more little craft. England had more than two hundred war ships larger
+than any of ours.
+
+The war began, and was carried on, in a haphazard sort of way. Most
+of our land battles were inglorious enough; but the story of our
+naval battles is another thing. England, the "mistress of the seas,"
+met with some unpleasant surprises. Out of fifteen naval contests,
+with equal forces, we won twelve. Never before had the British navy
+met with such defeats.
+
+Early in the year 1814, Napoleon was driven into exile at Elba, and
+Europe was for a time free from war. England was now able to send
+larger fleets and more {187} troops to our shores, and planned to
+capture New Orleans, the gateway to the commerce of the Mississippi.
+The hour of trial had indeed come for the fair Creole city.
+
+New Orleans was foreign in character, having been joined to our
+republic by purchase, with little in common with our people except a
+bitter hatred for England.
+
+In the last week of November, a great fleet with ten thousand
+veterans sailed across the Gulf of Mexico, in the direction of New
+Orleans. The troops, most of whom had just served in Spain, under the
+"Iron Duke," were held to be the best fighting men in the world.
+
+The voyage seems to have been a kind of gala trip. The wives of many
+of the officers sailed with their husbands; and the time was spent in
+dancing, in musical and theatrical performances, and in other
+festivities.
+
+So sure were the proud Britons of taking the Creole city that they
+brought officers to govern it.
+
+On December 9, in the midst of a storm, the ships anchored off the
+delta of the Mississippi.
+
+The British, having planned to approach New Orleans from the east,
+sent the lighter craft to cross Lake Borgne, some fifteen miles from
+the city.
+
+Five American gunboats, commanded by a young officer named Jones,
+with less than two hundred men, were guarding the lake. The British
+landed twelve hundred marines. There was a sharp hand to hand fight
+for an hour, in which over three hundred of the British were {188}
+killed or wounded. But it was twelve hundred against two hundred.
+Young Jones was severely wounded, and his gunboats were captured.
+
+It was now two days before Christmas. In a little dwelling house in
+Royal Street all was hurry and bustle. This was General Jackson's
+headquarters. Early in the afternoon, a young French officer, Major
+Villere, had galloped to the door, with the word that an outpost on
+his father's plantation, twelve miles below New Orleans, had been
+surprised that morning by the British.
+
+"The redcoats are marching in full force straight for the city," he
+said; "and if they keep on, they will reach here this very night."
+
+"By the Eternal!" exclaimed Jackson. His eyes flashed, his reddish
+gray hair began to bristle, and he brought his fist down upon the
+table. "They shall not sleep upon our soil this night."
+
+"Gentlemen," he continued to his officers and to the citizens round
+him, "the British are below; we must fight them to-night."
+
+[Illustration: On the Eve of the Battle, Spies Inform Jackson of the
+Enemy's Position]
+
+The great bell on the old cathedral of St. Louis begins to ring,
+cannon are fired three times to signify danger, and messengers ride
+to and fro in hot haste, with orders for the troops to take up their
+line of march.
+
+The people of New Orleans had heard how the rough Britons dealt with
+the cities of Spain, and they knew well enough that the hated
+redcoats would treat their own loved city in like manner.
+
+{189} Jackson put every able-bodied man at work. It was a motley
+crowd. Creoles, Frenchmen, Spaniards, prison convicts, negroes, and
+even Lafitte, the far-famed "Pirate of the Gulf," and his crew of
+buccaneers, answered Jackson's call. The people cheerfully submitted
+to martial law. The streets resounded with "Yankee Doodle" and with
+"The Marseillaise" sung in English, French, and Spanish.
+
+The backwoodsmen once more came to the front, as they had done at
+King's Mountain, thirty-five years before. The stern features of "Old
+Hickory" relaxed a bit at the sight of Colonel Carroll and his
+riflemen from Nashville. They arrived in flatboats on the same day
+that the British vanguard reached the river. Clad in coonskin caps
+and fringed leggins, and {190} with their long rifles on their
+shoulders, these rough pioneers came tramping into the city. They
+were tall, gaunt fellows, with powder horns over their buckskin
+shirts, and with hunting knives in their belts.
+
+Colonel Coffee, too, had come with his regiment of mounted riflemen,
+and was encamped five miles below the city.
+
+Now Jackson knew that if he did not have time to throw up some
+earthworks, the city was likely to fall. In his usual fiery way, he
+made up his mind to attack the enemy that very night.
+
+Meanwhile the British had built their camp fires along the levee, and
+were eating their supper. Not once did they think themselves in
+danger.
+
+Soon after dark, a strange vessel, dropping quietly down the river,
+anchored within musket shot. Some of the redcoats thought it best to
+stir up the stranger, and so fired several times at her.
+
+Suddenly a hoarse voice was heard, "Now give it to them, boys, for
+the honor of America!"
+
+It was the Carolina, an American war schooner.
+
+At once shot and shell rained on the British camp, killing or
+wounding at least a hundred men in ten minutes. The redcoats trampled
+out their camp fires, and fled behind the levee for shelter.
+
+This was a rather warm reception, but it became a great deal warmer
+when Jackson charged into their camp. For two hours in the dark was
+fought a series {191} of deadly hand to hand fights. The British used
+their bayonets, the riflemen their hunting knives.
+
+At last, a thick fog from the river made it impossible to tell friend
+from foe. The redcoats retreated and found shelter behind the levee.
+The Americans fell back about three miles and camped.
+
+This bold night attack cost the British five hundred in killed and
+wounded, and saved New Orleans from capture. Jackson had gained his
+point. He had dealt the enemy a sudden, stinging blow.
+
+[Illustration: General Jackson, nicknamed "Old Hickory"]
+
+Christmas opened drearily enough for the invaders, but before night,
+to their great joy, Sir Edward Pakenham arrived from England, and
+took command. The British had now about ten thousand men, led by
+three veterans. Surely, it would be nothing but boy's play for the
+great Sir Edward to defeat the "backwoods general" and his motley
+army. On his return home, his reward was to be a peerage.
+
+Pakenham went to work bright and early the next morning. Within two
+days, eleven cannon and a mortar were brought from the fleet, and
+mounted in a redoubt on the bank of the river. The battery at once
+began {192} to throw red-hot shells at the two war vessels in the
+river. The little Carolina soon blew up, while the Louisiana was
+towed out of range and escaped.
+
+The next morning, Sir Edward thought that by marching out his army he
+might get a look at the enemy. He was not disappointed, for after
+advancing nearly three miles, he stumbled on the Americans in good
+earnest.
+
+No sooner were the British columns in sight than they were driven
+back by a brisk fire of shot and shell. Then followed a furious
+artillery duel. In vain the British pounded away with field pieces,
+rocket guns, and mortars; they were forced back by the cannon of the
+Americans.
+
+The British commander now saw that he must lay regular siege to the
+American position.
+
+Shortly after midnight, on New Year's morning, his men silently
+advanced to within three hundred yards of Jackson's first
+intrenchments, which were made of cotton bales, and threw up a
+redoubt of mud and hogsheads of sugar. When the fog lifted at ten
+o'clock, the Americans were surprised to see the British cannon
+frowning upon them.
+
+The artillery began to roar. Jackson's cotton bales were soon
+burning. On the other hand, the Louisiana and a water battery did
+fine work with their raking fire, and soon blew the sugar barrels
+into thousands of pieces. The British guns were quickly silenced, and
+only the gallantry of the sailors from the war ships saved them from
+capture.
+
+{193} Sir Edward had boasted that he should pass this New Year's
+night in New Orleans; but his reception had been so warm that he was
+now forced to withdraw. Jackson had made it so lively for the
+invaders that they had been without sleep and food for nearly sixty
+hours.
+
+The British admiral tried a grim joke by sending word to Sir Edward
+that, if he did not hurry and capture the city, he should land his
+marines and do up the job himself.
+
+The British now decided to carry by storm the American lines on both
+sides of the river, and chose Sunday morning, January 8, for the
+attack.
+
+Jackson gave himself and his men no rest, night or day. He had
+redoubts thrown up even to the city itself.
+
+The main line of defense, over which not a single British soldier
+passed, except as prisoner, was a mud bank about a mile and a half
+long. In front of it was a ditch, or half choked canal, which ran
+from the river to an impassable cypress swamp on the left wing.
+
+All Saturday night, January 7, was heard in the British camp the
+sound of pickax and shovel, the rumble of artillery, and the muffled
+tread of the regiments, as they marched to their several positions in
+the line of battle.
+
+After a day of great fatigue, Jackson lay down upon a sofa to rest.
+At midnight, he looked at his watch and spoke to his aids.
+
+"Gentlemen," he said, "we have slept long enough. The enemy will be
+upon us in a few moments."
+
+{194} Long before daylight, "Old Hickory" saw to it that every man
+was at his post. Leaning on their rifles, or grouped about the great
+guns, the men in silence saluted their beloved general, as he rode
+from post to post, in the thick fog of that long, wakeful night.
+
+The lifting of the fog in the early light revealed the long scarlet
+lines of British veterans, in battle array. Surely it was only
+something to whet their appetites for breakfast, for such
+well-trained fighters to carry that low, mud earthwork.
+
+The bugle sounded, and the red-coated grenadiers and the kilted
+Highlanders moved steadily forward in columns. Not a rifle cracked,
+but the cannon from the mud earthwork thundered furiously. Grape and
+solid shot tore long lanes through the advancing battalions.
+
+General Gibbs led the attack on the left, which a deserter had told
+Pakenham was the weakest part of the earthwork. So it was; but on the
+day before the battle, Jackson had stationed there his Tennessee
+riflemen.
+
+Nearer come the British regulars on the double-quick. The four lines
+of sturdy riflemen wait until three fourths of the distance is
+covered.
+
+Suddenly the clear voice of General Carroll rings out, "Fire!"
+
+A sheet of flame bursts from the earthwork. The advancing columns
+falter, stop, break, and run. Not a man reaches the redoubt.
+
+{195} It was said that an old thirty-two-pounder had been loaded to
+the muzzle with musket balls, the first volley of which killed or
+wounded two hundred of the enemy.
+
+"Here comes the Ninety-Third! Rally on the Ninety-Third!" shouts
+Pakenham, as this splendid regiment of eight hundred kilted
+Highlanders advances amid the confusion.
+
+The brave men now rally for another desperate charge.
+
+"Hurrah, boys! the day is ours!" shouts Colonel Rennie, as he leads
+the attack on the right flank.
+
+But the day is not theirs. A few officers and men actually get across
+the ditch, but every one of them is shot dead the moment his head
+shows over the earthwork. The wavering columns stagger and give way.
+
+Sir Edward leaves General Lambert in command of the reserve, and,
+with generals Gibbs and Keane, now leads the assault. The mud
+earthwork again belches its sheets of flame, as the backwoods
+riflemen fire their death-dealing volleys. Again the proud columns
+give way.
+
+"Forward, men, forward!" cries Pakenham, ordering the bugler to sound
+the charge.
+
+A rifle ball carries away the bugle before a note is sounded.
+
+"Order up the reserve!" shouts the British commander, and leads his
+men to another deadly charge.
+
+A rifle bullet shatters his right leg, another kills his horse, and
+finally a third, fired by a negro, instantly {196} kills him. Gibbs
+and Keane are both severely wounded. The officers in the brilliant
+uniforms are easy targets for the sharpshooters.
+
+It is what Bunker Hill might have been if the patriots had had
+stronger breastworks and plenty of ammunition.
+
+The eight hundred Highlanders, with pale faces but firm step, advance
+to the ditch, and, too proud to run, stand the fire until few more
+than a hundred are left. These slowly retire with their faces still
+toward the Americans.
+
+The battle lasted only twenty-five minutes. During this time the
+American flag was kept flying near the middle of the line. A military
+band roused the troops. Just after the fight, Jackson and his staff
+in full uniform rode slowly along the lines. The wild uproar of that
+motley army was echoed by thousands of spectators, who with fear and
+trembling had watched the issue of the contest.
+
+[Illustration: General Jackson riding along the Lines, after the
+Battle]
+
+In the final and decisive action on that Sunday morning, the British
+had about six thousand men, while Jackson had less than three
+thousand. Of the British, seven hundred were killed, fourteen hundred
+wounded, and five hundred taken prisoners. The Americans had only
+eight killed and fourteen wounded!
+
+It was the most astonishing battle ever fought on this continent.
+There had never been a defeat so crushing, with a loss so small.
+
+{197} For a week or more, the British kept sullenly within their
+lines. Jackson clung to his intrenchments. He was a fearless fighter,
+but was unwilling to risk a battle with well-tried veterans in an
+open field. He kept up, however, a continual pounding with his big
+guns, and his mounted riflemen gave the redcoats no rest.
+
+In about three weeks, General Lambert skillfully retreated to the
+ships, and, soon afterwards, the entire army sailed for England.
+
+Such was the glorious but dreadful battle of New Orleans, the
+anniversary of which is still celebrated.
+
+{198} Honors fell thick and fast upon "Old Hickory." Fourteen years
+later, he became the seventh President of the United States.
+
+The sad part of this astounding victory is that peace had been
+declared about two weeks before the battle was fought. A "cablegram,"
+or even an ocean greyhound, could have saved the lives of many brave
+men.
+
+When peace was made, nothing was said about impressing our sailors,
+or about the rights of our merchantmen. From that day to this,
+however, no American citizen has been forced to serve on a British
+war ship, and no American vessel has ever been searched on the high
+seas.
+
+The war of 1812 was not fought in vain. The nations of the world saw
+that we would fight to maintain our rights. Best of all, perhaps,
+this war served to strengthen the feeling of nationality among our
+own people.
+
+
+{199}
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+A HERO'S WELCOME
+
+
+Rarely has the benefactor of a people been awarded such measure of
+gratitude as we gave Lafayette, in 1824. Eager crowds flocked into
+the cities and the villages to welcome this hero. Thousands of
+children, the boys in blue jackets and the girls in white dresses,
+scattered flowers before him. If you could get your grandfather or
+your grandmother to tell you of this visit, it would be as
+interesting as a storybook.
+
+The conditions in the United States were just right for such an
+outburst of feeling. Everybody knew the story of the rich French
+nobleman, who, at the age of nineteen, had left friends, wife, home,
+and native land, to cast his lot with strange people, three thousand
+miles away, engaged in fighting for freedom.
+
+It was not until after the battle of Bunker Hill that, at a grand
+dinner party, the young marquis heard of our struggle for
+independence. He knew neither our country nor our people, and he did
+not speak our language; but his sympathies were at once awakened, and
+he made up his mind to fight for us.
+
+In the spring of 1777, at his own expense, he bought and fitted out a
+vessel with military supplies, and sailed {200} for America. Seven
+weeks later, he landed in South Carolina, and at once went to
+Philadelphia to offer his services to Congress.
+
+He wrote a note to a member of Congress, in which he said, "After the
+sacrifices I have made, I have the right to exact two favors; one is,
+to serve at my own expense, the other, to serve as a volunteer."
+
+These manly words and the striking appearance of the young Frenchman,
+together with letters from Benjamin Franklin, had their effect. His
+services were accepted, and he was made a major general.
+
+For seven years Lafayette served Washington as an aid and a personal
+friend. His deep sympathy, his generous conduct, and his gracious
+ways won all hearts, from the stately Washington to the humblest
+soldier. Personal bravery on the battlefield at once gained fame for
+him as a soldier, and made him one of the heroes of the hour. His
+example worked wonders in getting the best young men of the country
+to enlist in the army.
+
+During the fearful winter at Valley Forge, the young nobleman
+suddenly changed his manner of living. Used to ease and personal
+comforts, he became even more frugal and self-denying than the
+half-starved and half-frozen soldiers. How different it must have
+been from the gayeties and the luxuries of the French court of the
+winter before!
+
+The battle of Monmouth was fought on a hot Sunday in June, 1778. From
+four o'clock in the morning until {201} dusk, Lafayette fought like a
+hero. Late at night, when the battle was over, he and Washington lay
+upon the same cloak, under a tree, and talked over the strange events
+of the day until they fell asleep.
+
+After the battle of Monmouth, Lafayette went back to France to visit
+his family, and to plead the cause of his adopted country. He was
+kindly received at court.
+
+"Tell us all the good news about our dearly-beloved Americans,"
+begged the queen.
+
+To the king, Lafayette spoke plainly: "The money that you spend,
+Sire, on one of your court balls would go far towards sending an army
+to the colonies in America, and dealing England a blow where she
+would most feel it."
+
+In the spring of 1780, Lafayette returned to America with the French
+king's pledge of help.
+
+At the close of the Revolution, the gallant young marquis went back
+to France, the hero of his nation, but {202} his interest in America
+never grew less. When the treaty of peace was signed at Paris, he
+hired a vessel and hurried it across the ocean, with the good news.
+
+In 1784, the year after peace was declared, Lafayette visited this
+country for the third time. He made Washington a long visit at Mount
+Vernon, went over the old battlefields, and met his old comrades.
+
+[Illustration: Lafayette's Visit to Washington at Mount Vernon, in
+1784]
+
+In 1824, it was known that Lafayette, now an old man, longed to visit
+once more the American people and the scenes he loved so well.
+Congress at once requested President Monroe to invite him as the
+nation's guest.
+
+Forty years had wrought a marvelous change in America. The thirteen
+colonies, in whose cause the young Frenchman came over the sea, had
+been united into a nation of twenty-four states. The experiment of
+laying the foundation of a great republic had proved successful. The
+problem of self-government had been solved.
+
+The United States had taken its place among the great nations of the
+world,--a republic of twelve millions of prosperous and happy people.
+Towns and cities had sprung up like magic. The tide of immigration
+had taken possession of mountain and valley of what was then the far
+West.
+
+The people of the young nation were still rejoicing over the glorious
+victories of Hull, Decatur, Bainbridge, Perry, and other heroes of
+the sea. Less than ten years {203} before, General Jackson had won
+his great victory at New Orleans.
+
+Time had dealt heavily with the great generals of the Revolution.
+Washington had been laid away in the tomb at Mount Vernon,
+twenty-five years before. Greene, Wayne, Marion, Morgan, Schuyler,
+Knox, and Lincoln were all dead. Stark had died only two years
+before. Sumter was still living. Lafayette was the last surviving
+major general of the Revolution.
+
+The people of this country were familiar with Lafayette's remarkable
+history since he had left America. They had heard of his lifelong
+struggle against tyranny in his native land. They knew him as the
+gallant knight who had dealt hard blows in the cause of freedom. They
+cared little about the turmoils of French politics, but knew that
+this champion of liberty had been for five years in an Austrian
+dungeon.
+
+Do you wonder that the grateful people of the sturdy young republic
+were eager to receive him as their guest?
+
+In company with his son, George Washington Lafayette, and his private
+secretary, Lafayette landed at Staten Island, New York, on Sunday,
+August 15, 1824. He spent the night at the house of Vice President
+Tompkins. The next day, six thousand citizens came, in a grand
+procession of gayly decked vessels, to escort the national guest to
+the city. The cannon from the forts and from the men-of-war boomed a
+welcome, while two hundred thousand people cheered themselves hoarse.
+
+{204} Within a few days Lafayette went to Washington, and was
+formally received as the nation's guest by President Monroe, at the
+White House.
+
+[Illustration: President Monroe, who received the Nation's Guest]
+
+As our guest now enters upon an unbroken series of receptions and
+triumphal ovations in the twenty-four states of the Union, let us
+take a glimpse at his personal appearance.
+
+Lafayette was tall, rather stout, and had a large head. His face was
+oval and regular, with a high forehead. His complexion was light, and
+his cheeks were red. He had a long nose, and well-arched eyebrows
+overhanging grayish blue eyes. He had lost his hair in the Austrian
+prison, and in its place wore a curly, reddish brown wig, set low
+upon his forehead, thus concealing the heavy wrinkles upon his brow.
+
+"Time has much changed us, for then we were young and active," said
+Lafayette to his old friend, the famous Indian chief Red Jacket, whom
+he met at Buffalo.
+
+{205} "Alas!" said the aged warrior, who did not suspect the finely
+made French wig, "time has left my white brother red cheeks and a
+head covered with hair; but for me,--look!" and, untying the
+handkerchief that covered his head, the old chieftain showed with a
+grim smile that he was entirely bald.
+
+The veteran soldiers of the Revolution said they could not see any
+resemblance to their youthful hero of nearly half a century before.
+He was always a plain-looking, if not a homely man, but his smile was
+magnetic, his face singularly attractive, and his manner full of
+sweet and gracious courtesy. To the people of the Revolution he was
+always known as "the young marquis."
+
+Lafayette remained in New York four days; but, having promised to
+attend the graduating exercises at Harvard College, he was forced to
+hasten to Boston. The trip was made by a relay of carriages, with a
+large civic and military escort.
+
+Although the party traveled from five o'clock in the morning until
+midnight, it took five days to reach the city. Every village along
+the route had its triumphal arch, trimmed with flowers and patriotic
+mottoes. People came for many miles round, to welcome the great man
+and his party. At night the long file of carriages was escorted by
+men on horseback, carrying torches. Cannon were fired and church
+bells rung, all along the route; while, after dark, huge bonfires
+were lighted on the hilltops and on every village green.
+
+{206} When Lafayette appeared, there was wild excitement in the staid
+city of Boston. He rode in an open barouche drawn by six white
+horses; and was escorted by companies of militia, and by twelve
+hundred mounted tradesmen, clad in white frocks.
+
+It seems that Dr. Bowditch, the famous mathematician, a man too
+dignified to smile on ordinary occasions, was caught in the crowd
+that was waiting for Lafayette. He walked up a flight of steps, that
+he might with proper dignity let the crowd pass. At the sight of the
+famous Frenchman, he seemed to lose his senses; for in an instant he
+was in the front ranks of the crowd, trying to shake hands with the
+honored guest, and shouting with all his might.
+
+On this trip Lafayette went east as far as Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
+His tour was then directed by way of Worcester, Hartford, and the
+familiar scenes of the Hudson, to the South and the Southwest, where
+he visited all the large cities. From New Orleans, he ascended the
+Mississippi and the Ohio. He then crossed Lake Erie, and, passing
+through the state of New York and the old Bay State, visited
+Portland, Maine. Returning by Lake Champlain and the Hudson, he
+reached New York in time for the magnificent celebration of the
+Fourth of July, 1825. The tour was brought to an end in September, by
+a visit to the national capital.
+
+Lafayette's journey through the country lasted for more than a year,
+and was one unbroken ovation. {207} Towns and cities all over the
+land vied with each other in paying him honor. It was one long series
+of public dinners, patriotic speeches, bonfires, flower-decked
+arches, processions of school children, and brilliant balls.
+
+The old veterans who had fought under Washington eagerly put on their
+faded uniforms, and found themselves the heroes of the hour, as they
+fought their battles over again to crowds of eager listeners. In
+fact, Lafayette's interviews with the old soldiers and the few
+surviving officers appear to have been the most interesting and the
+most pathetic features of the whole journey.
+
+A few weeks after his arrival in this country, Lafayette went to
+Yorktown, to celebrate the anniversary of that notable victory. He
+was entertained in the house which had been the headquarters of
+Cornwallis, forty-three years before. A single bed was found for the
+marquis; but the little village was so crowded that the governor of
+Virginia and the great officers of the state were forced to camp on
+straw spread on the floor.
+
+A big box of candles, which once belonged to Cornwallis's supplies,
+was found in good order in the cellar. They were lighted and arranged
+in the middle of the camp, where the ladies and the soldiers danced.
+
+The next day, Lafayette received his callers in the large Washington
+tent, which had been brought from Mount Vernon for this purpose.
+Branches cut from a fine laurel in front of the Nelson house were
+woven into a crown, and placed on the head of the honored guest.
+
+{208} Lafayette at once took it off, and, putting it on the head of
+his old comrade, Colonel Nicholas Fish, who helped him carry the
+redoubt at Yorktown, said, "Take it; this wreath belongs to you also;
+keep it as a deposit for which we must account to our comrades."
+
+"Nick," said Lafayette at another time to this aged man, as the two
+old friends sailed up the Hudson, "do you remember when we used to
+slide down that hill with the Newburgh girls, on an ox sled?"
+
+On the trip through the Southwest, one of the grandest ovations took
+place at Nashville, Tennessee. General Jackson, the hero of New
+Orleans, with forty veterans of the Revolution, and thousands of
+people from far and near, gave their guest a rousing welcome.
+
+One old German veteran, who came over with Lafayette in 1777, and who
+served with him during the whole war, traveled a hundred and fifty
+miles over the mountains to reach Nashville.
+
+As he threw himself into his general's arms, he exclaimed, "I have
+seen you once again; I have nothing more to wish for; I have lived
+long enough."
+
+In the grand procession at New Orleans, one hundred Choctaw Indians
+marched in single file. They had been in camp near the city for a
+month, that they might be on hand to see "the great warrior," "the
+brother of their great father Washington."
+
+It would fill a good-sized book to tell you all the incidents and the
+courtesies that marked this triumphal tour.
+
+{209} At Hartford, Connecticut, eight hundred school children, who
+had saved their pennies, gave Lafayette a gold medal, and a hundred
+veterans of the Revolution escorted him through the city to the boat.
+
+When the grand cavalcade reached Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the rain
+came down in torrents, but a thousand school children, crowned with
+flowers, lined the road to greet the far-famed man, and not one left
+the ranks.
+
+In New York City, there was a firemen's parade with nearly fifty hand
+engines, each drawn by thirty red-shirted men. A sham house was built
+and set on fire; then, at the captain's signal, the firemen leaped to
+the brakes and showed their foreign guest how fire was put out in
+America.
+
+Sixty Boston boys, from twelve to fourteen years of age, formed a
+flying artillery company, and, keeping just ahead of the long
+procession, fired salute after salute as the party neared the city.
+
+While in Boston, Lafayette rode out to Quincy one Sunday, to pay a
+visit of respect to the venerable John Adams, and dine with him. He
+was astonished to find this noted man and ex-President of the United
+States living in a one-story frame house. Although the old statesman
+was so feeble that his grandchildren had to put the food into his
+mouth, Lafayette said "he kept up the conversation on the old times
+with an ease and readiness of memory which made us forget his
+eighty-nine years."
+
+{210} One beautiful night while Lafayette was the guest of
+Philadelphia, the whole city was illuminated in his honor. Forty
+thousand strangers flocked into town for the night. The next morning
+the mayor called upon the distinguished guest, and told him that
+although it was "a night of joyous and popular effervescence,"
+perfect order prevailed, and not a single arrest was made.
+
+A word was coined to express this flood tide of popular homage, and,
+for many years afterwards, whenever special honors were paid to
+anybody, he was said to be "Lafayetted."
+
+A touching incident shows the spirit of gratitude which seemed to
+seize even the humblest of citizens, in trying to please the nation's
+guest. The party stopped at a small tavern on a byroad in Virginia,
+to rest the horses. The landlord came out and begged Lafayette to
+come into his house, if only for five minutes. The marquis, with his
+usual courtesy, yielded to the request, and entered.
+
+The plain but neat living room was trimmed with fir trees, and upon
+its whitewashed wall was written, in charcoal, "Welcome, Lafayette."
+On a small table was a bottle of strong drink, with glasses, as was
+the custom in those days. There was also a plate of thin slices of
+bread, all neatly covered with a napkin. The landlord introduced his
+wife, and brought in his little five-year old boy. The food was
+served, and the health of the guest was drunk.
+
+{211} [Illustration: Lafayette's Reception at a Roadside Tavern in
+Virginia]
+
+The speech for the occasion was recited by the boy: "General
+Lafayette, I thank you for the liberty which you have won for my
+father, for my mother, for myself, and for my country."
+
+Lafayette was much moved by the sincerity of it all; and after
+kissing the boy and getting into his carriage, he said, with tears in
+his eyes, that it was one of the happiest moments of his life.
+
+While on his way to Yorktown, in October, Lafayette paid a visit to
+Mount Vernon. Again he passed through the rooms and over the grounds
+with which he was so familiar. What memories of its owner, his great
+and faithful friend for twenty-two years, must have crowded upon the
+old hero!
+
+The remains of Washington then lay in the old tomb near the river.
+The door was opened, and Lafayette went down into the vault, where he
+remained some moments beside the coffin of his great chief. He came
+out with his head bowed, and with tears streaming down {212} his
+face. He then led his son into the tomb, where they knelt reverently,
+and, after the French fashion, kissed the coffin.
+
+Meanwhile, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill was
+near at hand. The prosperous and happy people of the old Bay State
+were preparing a celebration. The corner stone of Bunker Hill
+Monument was to be laid by Lafayette.
+
+[Illustration: Bunker Hill Monument]
+
+The weather on this memorable June day was perfect. Never before had
+such a crowd been seen in Boston.
+
+A Yankee stage driver very aptly said, "Everything that had wheels
+and everything that had legs used them to get to Boston."
+
+Through the densely crowded streets, a grand civic and military
+procession of seven thousand people escorted the guests to Bunker
+Hill.
+
+As one famous man said, "It seemed as if no spot where a human foot
+could plant itself was left unoccupied."
+
+Two hundred officers and soldiers of the Revolution marched at the
+head of the procession. One old man, who had been a drummer in the
+battle of Bunker Hill, carried the same drum with which he had
+rallied the patriot forces.
+
+{213} How they shouted when the hero of the day came riding slowly
+along, in an open barouche drawn by six white horses! The women waved
+their handkerchiefs and the gayly decked school children scattered
+flowers.
+
+How thrilling it was to see those forty white-haired men, the
+survivors of Bunker Hill!
+
+During the morning, these honored heroes had been presented to
+Lafayette. He had shaken hands with them, had called them by name,
+and had spoken a few tender words to each of them, as if to some dear
+friend.
+
+[Illustration: Lafayette's Reception, in Boston, to the Veterans of
+the Revolution]
+
+Not a field officer or a staff officer of the battle was living.
+Captain Clark, the highest surviving officer, came tottering along
+under the weight of ninety-five years, to shake hands with the French
+nobleman.
+
+The young man who introduced the veterans, and who in after years
+became one of the most honored citizens and mayors of Boston, said of
+this occasion, "If there were dry eyes in the room, mine were not
+among them."
+
+{214} What a scene it was for an historical picture, when the brave
+old minister, the Reverend Joseph Thaxter, who was chaplain of
+Colonel Prescott's regiment, rose to offer prayer and to give the
+benediction! As his feeble voice was lifted to ask for the blessing
+of God, it did not seem possible that fifty years before, on the same
+spot, this man had stood and prayed for the patriot cause.
+
+Daniel Webster was the orator of the day. A famous Englishman once
+said that no man could be as great as Webster looked, and on this day
+the majestic orator seemed to tower above all other men.
+
+[Illustration: Daniel Webster]
+
+Every American schoolboy who has had "to speak his piece" knows by
+heart the famous passage from this oration, beginning, "Venerable
+men! you have come down to us from a former generation. Heaven has
+bounteously lengthened out your lives, that you might behold this
+joyous day."
+
+Mr. Webster's voice was in such good order that fifteen thousand
+people are said to have been able to hear him.
+
+At the banquet during the same evening, the great orator said, "I
+shall never desire to behold again the {215} awful spectacle of so
+many human faces all turned towards me."
+
+Near the end, Lafayette visited Thomas Jefferson at Monticello. The
+veteran statesman, now eighty-one years old, drove his old-time
+friend and guest over to a grand banquet at the University of
+Virginia. James Madison was present. When the students and the great
+crowd of people saw Washington's friend seated between the two aged
+statesmen, a shout went up, the like of which, it was said, was never
+before heard in the Old Dominion.
+
+When Lafayette arrived in America, in August, 1824, he first visited
+the national capital, and was formally received at the White House by
+President Monroe and by many of the great men of the country. On his
+return to Washington in 1825, he was told that Congress had voted him
+two hundred thousand dollars and two large tracts of land, for his
+services during the Revolution.
+
+It was now September, and Lafayette had remained in this country much
+longer than he had expected. The new President, John Quincy Adams,
+gave him a farewell dinner at the White House, with a large party of
+notable men. The President's formal farewell to the country's guest
+is a classic in our literature.
+
+Amid the blessings and the prayers of a grateful people, Lafayette
+sailed for France in the new and beautiful frigate Brandywine, which
+had been built and named in his honor.
+
+{216} For years afterwards, some people used to tell their children,
+with a peculiar thrill and feeling of awe, that a beautiful rainbow
+arched the heavens just before Lafayette landed at Staten Island, and
+that an equally beautiful symbol of peace spanned the broad ocean, as
+the steamboat moved slowly down Chesapeake Bay, to take the nation's
+guest on board the Brandywine.
+
+
+
+
+QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
+
+
+CHAPTER I, PAGE 1
+THE HERO OF VINCENNES
+
+1. Who was Daniel Boone?
+
+2. When did Boone live?
+
+3. How old was George Rogers Clark at this time?
+
+4. Was Clark brave?
+
+5. Why were the pioneers so long in hearing of the battle of
+Lexington, which was fought in April?
+
+6. How did Lexington, Kentucky, get its name?
+
+7. What kind of life did the pioneers lead in the wilderness?
+
+8. Did the pioneers have other enemies besides the Indians?
+
+9. Why did Clark go back to Virginia?
+
+10. Who lived north of the Ohio?
+
+11. Why did England try to keep the Americans from going west?
+
+12. Who was Hamilton the "hair buyer"?
+
+13. What made the Indians so hostile to the pioneers?
+
+14. How did Clark plan to defend Kentucky?
+
+15. Where was the Illinois country?
+
+16. Why did Clark go back a second time to Virginia?
+
+17. Did anybody think well of Clark's plan of campaign?
+
+18. How much of an army did Clark have for his campaign?
+
+19. Where did Clark plan to begin his campaign?
+
+20. Why did Clark avoid the Mississippi River?
+
+21. Whom did Clark have as guides?
+
+22. How long a march was it to Kaskaskia?
+
+23. What time of year was it when Clark marched to Kaskaskia?
+
+24. Did Clark have trouble in getting into the town of Kaskaskia?
+
+25. What were the people of Kaskaskia doing?
+
+26. How did Clark introduce himself?
+
+27. Who were the Creoles? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+28. Who helped Clark make friends?
+
+29. What sort of man was Clark?
+
+30. What did Hamilton do when he heard of Clark's conquest?
+
+31. Why did not Hamilton march from Vincennes to Kaskaskia?
+
+32. Why did Clark decide to push on to Vincennes?
+
+33. At what time of year did Clark start for Vincennes?
+
+34. What did the little army have for food?
+
+35. What hindered Clark's march?
+
+36. How long did it take to cross the plain of the Wabash River?
+
+37. What is a dugout?
+
+38. How did the army get along in crossing the Horseshoe Plain?
+
+39. Who announced Clark's arrival at Vincennes?
+
+40. At what time did Clark reach the village?
+
+41. Why did not Clark allow his men to storm the fort?
+
+42. How did Clark get possession of the fort?
+
+43. Why was Clark's campaign so important?
+
+44. What states are now in this region of Clark's conquest?
+
+45. Do you think Clark was a hero?
+
+
+CHAPTER II, PAGE 18
+A MIDWINTER CAMPAIGN
+
+1. Who led the patriots to victory at Saratoga, New York?
+
+2. Why did Arnold's leg deserve to be buried with the honors of war?
+
+3. When the Revolution began, why did Washington wish to attack
+Canada?
+
+4. Why did Washington like Benedict Arnold?
+
+5. How had Arnold got information about Canada?
+
+6. How did Arnold try to make friends of the Indians?
+
+7. What is wampum?
+
+8. How was the expedition to reach Canada?
+
+9. Why was it easy to get soldiers for this campaign?
+
+10. What time of year was it when the army started?
+
+11. How were the soldiers treated at Newburyport and at Fort Western?
+
+12. Who was Jacataqua?
+
+13. Why did Jacataqua decide to go with the troops?
+
+14. How was the army divided?
+
+15. What trouble did they have with their boats?
+
+16. What is a carrying place?
+
+17. What made the army diminish in numbers?
+
+18. Why was it so hard to reach the Dead River?
+
+19. Why was the ascent of the Dead River so difficult?
+
+20. How many cups of flour in half a pint?
+
+21. What sort of patriot was Colonel Enos?
+
+22. When the flour was gone, what did the army do for food?
+
+23. What did Jacataqua do?
+
+24. What did Arnold do to save his army?
+
+25. What sort of man was Arnold at this time?
+
+26. How far did Arnold have to go to get provisions?
+
+27. When did the army reach Point Levi?
+
+28. What was the condition of the army when it reached Point Levi?
+
+29. What did the Indians do who learned of Arnold's approach?
+
+30. How did Arnold reach the city of Quebec?
+
+31. How did the British treat Arnold and his men?
+
+32. Why did Arnold leave Quebec?
+
+33. What did Sir Guy Carleton do to save Quebec?
+
+34. Why did the patriots wait so long before attacking the city?
+
+35. How was the attack to be made?
+
+36. What happened to Montgomery, Arnold, and Morgan?
+
+37. How did relief finally come to Quebec?
+
+38. How long had this campaign lasted?
+
+
+CHAPTER III, PAGE 36
+HOW PALMETTO LOGS MAY BE USED
+
+1. Why did the British destroy Norfolk?
+
+2. Why did England wish to punish North Carolina first of all?
+
+3. Why did Sir Henry Clinton delay the attack upon North Carolina?
+
+4. Why did Lord Campbell wish to capture Charleston?
+
+5. What sort of people were the South Carolinians?
+
+6. Why was a fort built on Sullivan's Island?
+
+7. Who was Moultrie?
+
+8. How were the walls of the fort made?
+
+9. How many cannon did Moultrie have?
+
+10. What made the patriots skillful in firing the cannon?
+
+11. What was the difference between General Charles Lee and Governor
+Rutledge?
+
+12. What sort of man was Colonel Moultrie?
+
+13. How did the British plan to attack the fort?
+
+14. How was the weather on the day of the battle?
+
+15. How many cannon were the British able to fire at one time?
+
+16. What happened to the men-of-war when they were changing their
+positions?
+
+17. What sort of men were in the palmetto fort?
+
+18. Do you know a good use for palmetto logs?
+
+19. What share in the battle did Sir Henry Clinton and his men have?
+
+20. Did the patriots have plenty of powder?
+
+21. What did McDaniel think about when he was dying?
+
+22. Why did the people of Charleston suppose the fort had
+surrendered?
+
+23. What did Jasper do to save the flag?
+
+24. Why did not Jasper accept promotion?
+
+25. The people of South Carolina decreed that the fort on Sullivan's
+Island should forever be called Fort Moultrie. Why do you think they
+did so?
+
+26. What was the effect of Moultrie's victory?
+
+27. What can you say of Moultrie's after life?
+
+
+CHAPTER IV, PAGE 50
+THE PATRIOT SPY
+
+1. What condition of affairs was troubling Washington at this time?
+
+2. Were the British well situated at this time?
+
+3. Why did Washington withdraw from New York?
+
+4. What did Washington think should be done?
+
+5. What kind of man was needed to carry out Washington's plan?
+
+6. Why did Knowlton find it hard to get a man for Washington's
+purpose?
+
+7. What reason did Nathan Hale give for volunteering to act as spy?
+
+8. What kind of home did Hale have?
+
+9. What kind of boy had Hale been?
+
+10. What was Hale doing at the time of the battle of Lexington?
+
+11. What did Hale do when he learned of the battle of Lexington?
+
+12. What kind of life did Hale lead when captain in the army?
+
+13. How did Hale disguise himself?
+
+14. What sort of place was "The Cedars"?
+
+15. Was it wise for Hale to spend the night at "Mother Chick's"
+tavern?
+
+16. What did the British marines do with Hale?
+
+17. Where did the captain of the Halifax send Hale?
+
+18. Did Hale receive a trial?
+
+19. What do you think of Cunningham?
+
+20. What regret did Hale have?
+
+21. How was Hale executed?
+
+22. Where was Hale buried?
+
+23. Was Hale a patriot?
+
+24. Would you call Hale a hero?
+
+
+CHAPTER V, PAGE 62
+OUR GREATEST PATRIOT
+
+1. Whom do you consider our greatest patriot?
+
+2. What kind of example has Washington set us?
+
+3. Why do we admire Washington?
+
+4. What was Washington's appearance?
+
+5. What do you know of Washington's strength?
+
+6. What was Washington's favorite amusement?
+
+7. What can you say of Washington's dignity?
+
+8. What was Washington's diet?
+
+9. What do you know of Washington's fondness for fine dress?
+
+10. What can you say of Washington's education?
+
+11. What kind of horseman was Washington?
+
+12. How wealthy was Washington?
+
+13. How did Washington become so wealthy?
+
+14. How much land did Washington have?
+
+15. What did Washington think of slaves?
+
+16. How did Washington treat his slaves?
+
+17. How did Washington's slaves treat him?
+
+18. Why did Washington call his house "a well resorted tavern"?
+
+19. What can you say of Washington's charity?
+
+20. What kept Washington from financial ruin?
+
+21. How did Washington look when at the meeting at Newburgh, New
+York?
+
+22. How was the first President of the United States dressed when he
+made his formal visit to Congress?
+
+23. What can you say of Washington's gravity?
+
+24. What do you know of President Washington's public receptions?
+
+25. How did the guests enjoy President Washington's grand dinners?
+
+26. In what did Washington's greatness consist?
+
+
+CHAPTER VI, PAGE 77
+A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE
+
+1. What sort of general was Washington?
+
+2. What did General Clinton think of Washington?
+
+3. What part of the country did Washington need to protect?
+
+4. What did the British do in May, 1779?
+
+5. Why was it important for the Americans to have possession of
+King's Ferry?
+
+6. Where did the patriot army now take up its quarters?
+
+7. How did the British soldiers act in Connecticut?
+
+8. Why did General Clinton send out raiders?
+
+9. Why did not Washington follow up Clinton's raiders?
+
+10. What did Washington decide to do?
+
+11. What kind of place was Stony Point?
+
+12. Who had possession of Stony Point?
+
+13. How was Stony Point defended?
+
+14. How many soldiers were in the garrison at Stony Point?
+
+15. What does Washington Irving say of Stony Point?
+
+16. What name did the British give to Stony Point?
+
+17. Who led the attack on Stony Point?
+
+18. How old was General Anthony Wayne at this time?
+
+19. How did Wayne look?
+
+20. Why was Wayne called "Mad Anthony"?
+
+21. What sort of soldier was Anthony Wayne?
+
+22. What was Washington's plan of attack?
+
+23. At what hour was the attack to be made?
+
+24. What weapons were to be used in attacking Stony Point?
+
+25. How many men were chosen to go to Stony Point?
+
+26. What time of year was it now?
+
+27. Why was the soldier put to death for loading his gun?
+
+28. What sort of road was it to Stony Point?
+
+29. When did the men learn where they were going?
+
+30. What was the watchword?
+
+31. What did Wayne write to his friend?
+
+32. What did Pompey do?
+
+33. How did Wayne divide his army to make the attack?
+
+34. What is a "forlorn hope"? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+35. How did the Americans show their good discipline?
+
+36. What are pioneers? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+37. What was the effect of having Colonel Murfree and his men appear
+in front of the fort?
+
+38. How long did the fight last?
+
+39. How many of the British escaped from Stony Point?
+
+40. Why did not Washington hold Stony Point?
+
+41. What effect did this victory have on the American soldier?
+
+42. What did the British think of the "rebels"?
+
+43. How did General Clinton take it all?
+
+
+CHAPTER VII, PAGE 90
+THE DEFEAT OF THE RED DRAGOONS
+
+1. How did the patriots of the South get on in 1780?
+
+2. What have we already learned about Sir Henry Clinton? (See the
+Index entry for Clinton.)
+
+3. What were General Gates's "Northern laurels"? (See Chapter II.)
+
+4. What sort of man was Gates? (Compare Chapter VIII.)
+
+5. What effect did the crushing blows of the British have on the
+Southern patriots?
+
+6. What orders did Tarleton and Ferguson receive from Lord
+Cornwallis?
+
+7. What sort of man was Ferguson?
+
+8. What threat did Ferguson send to the backwoodsmen?
+
+9. What was the character of the Franklin and Holston settlers?
+
+10. What is the name of the state that grew out of the Franklin and
+Holston settlements?
+
+11. What have we already learned about the Holston settlements? (See
+Chapter I.)
+
+12. What had become of the lawless men of the Franklin and Holston
+settlements?
+
+13. What did the people do when they heard Ferguson's threat?
+
+14. Where was the money got to buy supplies for the army?
+
+15. What do you know of the gathering at Sycamore Shoals?
+
+16. How were the backwoodsmen dressed?
+
+17. What arms did the backwoodsmen have?
+
+18. Who was Samuel Doak?
+
+19. Why were the bands of pioneers put under one supreme commander?
+
+20. Why did the backwoodsmen not find Ferguson at Gilberttown?
+
+21. What kind of spirit did the pioneers show in their pursuit of
+Ferguson?
+
+22. How far away were the patriots when Ferguson camped at King's
+Mountain?
+
+23. Why did Ferguson choose King's Mountain for his camp?
+
+24. How long were the riflemen in getting from Cowpens to King's
+Mountain?
+
+25. What was the riflemen's plan of attack?
+
+26. How was Ferguson killed?
+
+27. Who succeeded Ferguson in command?
+
+28. Why was this battle so fierce?
+
+29. What was the effect of the victory at King's Mountain?
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII, PAGE 105
+FROM TEAMSTER TO MAJOR GENERAL
+
+1. What have we already learned of Gates? (See the Index entry for
+Gates.)
+
+2. Where was Daniel Morgan's home?
+
+3. What kind of education did Morgan have?
+
+4. Why was Morgan well thought of by the village people?
+
+5. What kind of times were at hand?
+
+6. Why did Morgan wish to fight the bully?
+
+7. What is a drumhead court-martial? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+8. What do you know of Morgan's strength?
+
+9. Why did Morgan stop driving army wagons?
+
+10. Why did Governor Dinwiddie object to promoting Morgan?
+
+11. How did Morgan escape from the Indian?
+
+12. What effect did the army life have on Morgan?
+
+13. What can you say of Morgan's marriage?
+
+14. What do you know of Morgan's religious life?
+
+15. When was Morgan appointed captain?
+
+16. How many men answered Morgan's call?
+
+17. How long a march was it to Boston?
+
+18. When was Morgan made a colonel?
+
+19. What kind of regiment did Morgan command?
+
+20. What was the duty of Morgan and his sharpshooters?
+
+21. What have we already learned about Morgan at Saratoga, New York?
+(See Chapter II.)
+
+22. How did the Hessians like Morgan's riflemen?
+
+23. What did Burgoyne think of Morgan's regiment?
+
+24. Why did Morgan leave the army for a while?
+
+25. Why did Morgan return to the army?
+
+26. When was Morgan made a brigadier general?
+
+27. What do you remember about King's Mountain? (See the last half of
+Chapter VII.)
+
+28. Why did the battle of Cowpens make Morgan so famous?
+
+29. What does John Fiske say of this battle?
+
+30. What do you know of Colonel Tarleton? (See Chapter VII.)
+
+31. Where did Morgan get the names "old wagoner," "wagoner," and
+"teamster"? (See earlier in this chapter.)
+
+32. Why did not Morgan meet Tarleton at once?
+
+33. Why did Morgan choose Cowpens for his battle ground?
+
+34. What did Tarleton do when the spy told him that Morgan had
+halted?
+
+35. What was the condition of Morgan and his men when Tarleton
+appeared?
+
+36. What was the condition of Tarleton's soldiers when they began the
+battle?
+
+37. What did Tarleton do when defeat came?
+
+38. What did the young ladies say to Tarleton?
+
+39. How did Morgan outwit Lord Cornwallis?
+
+40. Why did Morgan again retire from service?
+
+41. When did Morgan again take part in the war?
+
+42. What do you know about Wayne? (See Chapter VI.)
+
+43. How was Morgan remembered by Washington and other leaders?
+
+44. In how many battles did Morgan take part?
+
+45. What was Morgan besides being a great soldier?
+
+46. What was Morgan's success due to?
+
+47. How is Morgan's valor commemorated?
+
+
+CHAPTER IX, PAGE 123
+THE FINAL VICTORY
+
+1. What have you already learned about General Greene? (See Chapter
+VIII.)
+
+2. What was the condition of Lord Cornwallis after his victory over
+Greene?
+
+3. What did Cornwallis now do?
+
+4. Where is Petersburg, Virginia? (See the map in Chapter VII.)
+
+5. What was the nationality of Lafayette?
+
+6. Where is Yorktown? (See the map in Chapter VII.)
+
+7. Where was Washington at this time?
+
+8. Where was the main part of the patriot army at this time?
+
+9. What was Washington planning to do?
+
+10. Who was Count de Grasse?
+
+11. Why did news travel so slowly in those days?
+
+12. Why did Washington need a fleet?
+
+13. What did Washington hope to do with the assistance of the French
+fleet?
+
+14. Where was Sir Henry Clinton at this time?
+
+15. Why did Washington send troops to Long Island?
+
+16. Why was the young minister sent through the Clove?
+
+17. How were the Continental and French troops received at
+Philadelphia?
+
+18. How large an army did Washington have in Virginia?
+
+19. What have we already learned of Rochambeau? (See earlier in this
+chapter.)
+
+20. When did Sir Henry Clinton begin to open his eyes?
+
+21. How did the British fleet fare at Chesapeake Bay?
+
+22. Why did not Lord Cornwallis retreat from Yorktown?
+
+23. Why did the patriots hasten the siege of Yorktown?
+
+24. What last attempt did Lord Cornwallis make?
+
+25. Where did Lord Cornwallis have his headquarters?
+
+26. What kind of man was Governor Nelson?
+
+27. Where did Lord Cornwallis finally make his headquarters?
+
+28. What message did Sir Henry Clinton send Lord Cornwallis?
+
+29. How long did the siege of Yorktown continue?
+
+30. Why did Lord Cornwallis wish a truce for so long a time?
+
+31. What was Washington's reply to Lord Cornwallis?
+
+32. How many soldiers were there in Cornwallis's army?
+
+33. Why did not Cornwallis take part in the surrender?
+
+34. Whom did Washington send to receive Cornwallis's sword?
+
+35. Why did the armies hurry away from Yorktown?
+
+36. How might Sir Henry Clinton have changed the history of Yorktown?
+
+37. How did the people get news of the surrender?
+
+38. How was the news received by the prime minister of England, and
+by the king?
+
+39. What did King George say of the Yankees?
+
+40. How is the surrender of Cornwallis commemorated?
+
+
+CHAPTER X, PAGE 138
+THE CRISIS
+
+1. What battle began the war of the Revolution? (See Chapter I.)
+
+2. How long did the war last?
+
+3. What did Thomas Paine, the author of the pamphlet called "Common
+Sense," say of the Revolutionary War?
+
+4. What does John Fiske say of our condition after peace was made?
+
+5. Why did the colonies band together in 1774?
+
+6. Why did the Continental Congress decline in power?
+
+7. What is a federation? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+8. Why did the people care so little about a federation, or federal
+government?
+
+9. What did Washington say in his letter to the colonies?
+
+10. What authority did the Continental Congress have?
+
+11. What kind of men were delegates to the Continental Congress?
+
+12. How long did the Continental Congress continue to act?
+
+13. What was done by the Continental Congress?
+
+14. What is a privateer? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+15. What can you say of the Articles of Confederation?
+
+16. What power did the Articles of Confederation grant to each state?
+
+17. What power did Congress have under the Articles of Confederation?
+
+18. How obedient were the states to the Articles of Confederation?
+
+19. What was the condition of paper money in 1780?
+
+20. How long had a soldier to serve before he could buy a bushel of
+wheat?
+
+21. How did the states begin to treat each other?
+
+22. What can you say of imprisonment for debt?
+
+23. How did Washington and others begin to work out the problem of
+our national existence?
+
+24. How successful was the meeting at Annapolis?
+
+25. What further troubles occurred in 1786?
+
+26. How was England affected by our troubles?
+
+27. What prediction about our nation was made in Parliament?
+
+28. What opinion of us did Frederick the Great, King of Prussia,
+have?
+
+29. What did the people of the several states at last begin to think?
+
+30. What state took the lead in sending delegates to Philadelphia?
+
+31. How many states were represented at Philadelphia?
+
+32. What kind of men were sent to the Philadelphia convention?
+
+33. Who, next to Washington, was the most noted man at the
+Philadelphia convention?
+
+34. Can you name some others of the delegates to the Philadelphia
+convention?
+
+35. Why did not Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Patrick Henry, and
+Samuel Adams attend the Philadelphia convention?
+
+36. What do you know of Nathanael Greene? (See page 105.)
+
+37. Who was chosen president of the Philadelphia convention?
+
+38. How long did the Philadelphia convention continue in session?
+
+39. How did some of the delegates wish to deal with the great problem
+of the national government?
+
+40. How did Washington convince the delegates of their duty?
+
+41. By what means did the delegates at Philadelphia succeed in
+agreeing on a form of federal government?
+
+42. What is a compromise? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+43. What was the first compromise in framing the Constitution?
+
+44. What was the second compromise in framing the Constitution?
+
+45. What question about the slaves arose?
+
+46. How was it decided to count the slaves?
+
+47. How did Washington and others feel about the second compromise?
+
+48. What was the cause of the third compromise?
+
+49. What was the third compromise?
+
+50. What did Washington think of the Constitution?
+
+51. What was Franklin's opinion of the Constitution?
+
+52. When was the Constitution to become law?
+
+53. To what two political parties did the Constitution give rise?
+
+54. What did many of the people throughout the country think of the
+Constitution?
+
+55. Which was the first state to sign the Constitution?
+
+56. Why was the Fourth of July in 1788 so glorious?
+
+57. Who was the first President, and who the first Vice President, of
+the new nation?
+
+58. What did Gladstone say of the Constitution?
+
+59. Why do we owe such a debt of gratitude to the builders of "the
+good ship Constitution"?
+
+
+CHAPTER XI, PAGE 156
+A DARING EXPLOIT
+
+1. Who were the Barbary pirates?
+
+2. Why did we buy the good will of the Barbary pirates?
+
+3. What is blackmail? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+4. What did Thomas Jefferson think should be done concerning the
+Barbary pirates?
+
+5. Who was sent to the Mediterranean Sea?
+
+6. What was the exploit of the Enterprise?
+
+7. What is a pasha? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+8. What happened to the frigate Philadelphia and her crew?
+
+9. What did Commodore Preble do when the Philadelphia was captured?
+
+10. Why was Stephen Decatur chosen to destroy the Philadelphia?
+
+11. What was Decatur's plan for destroying the Philadelphia?
+
+12. What is a ketch? (Consult a large dictionary.)
+
+13. How many men volunteered for the dangerous undertaking?
+
+14. What kind of time did Decatur and his men have off the shore of
+Tripoli?
+
+15. What happened to the Siren?
+
+16. How was the Philadelphia guarded?
+
+17. What was the object in dragging sails and buckets in the water?
+
+18. How did Decatur deceive the pirate officer?
+
+19. How did the pirates discover the Americans?
+
+20. What kind of fighters were the Tripolitan pirates said to be?
+
+21. How long did the fight on board the Philadelphia last?
+
+22. How many of Decatur's men were injured?
+
+23. What did the Americans do with the Philadelphia?
+
+24. Why were the Americans obliged to burn the Philadelphia? (Read
+earlier in this chapter.)
+
+25. How successful were the pirates in firing at the Americans?
+
+26. What did the sailors say afterwards about the burning ship?
+
+27. Why was it the Americans were so successful in burning the
+Philadelphia?
+
+28. What did Nelson say of Decatur's deed?
+
+29. What promotion did Decatur receive?
+
+
+CHAPTER XII, PAGE 169
+"OLD IRONSIDES"
+
+1. What did the Secretary of the Navy in 1833 intend to do with the
+Constitution?
+
+2. Why did Congress decide to rebuild the Constitution?
+
+3. What troubles did we have with other nations during the first
+twenty-five years of our national life?
+
+4. Why was Washington instructed to add six war ships to our navy?
+
+5. Where was the Constitution built?
+
+6. How does the Constitution compare in size with our modern war
+ships?
+
+7. Why did England model some of her ships after "Old Ironsides"?
+
+8. When was the Constitution launched?
+
+9. What success did the Constitution have in fighting with Tripoli?
+
+10. How did Commodore Preble treat Decatur after his capture of the
+Tripolitan gunboats?
+
+11. How did Captain Isaac Hull get away from the British fleet?
+
+12. How did Captain Hull win a hat from Captain Dacres?
+
+13. How is the Constitution said to have received the name "Old
+Ironsides"?
+
+14. What kind of welcome did Boston have in store for Captain Hull?
+
+15. What was the hardest battle that "Old Ironsides" had?
+
+16. What was done with the wheel of the Java?
+
+17. Why was not a new wheel put on "Old Ironsides"?
+
+18. How did Captain Bainbridge treat the dying Captain Lambert?
+
+19. What was the Constitution's last battle?
+
+20. What is said of Captain Stewart's seamanship in the last battle
+of "Old Ironsides"?
+
+21. When was "Old Ironsides" taken to Newport?
+
+22. How was "Old Ironsides" used at Newport?
+
+23. What is a receiving ship? (Consult a large dictionary, under the
+word "receive" or "receiving.")
+
+24. When was "Old Ironsides" taken to Charlestown?
+
+25. How much of the original ship Constitution still exists?
+
+26. Why were the battles of "Old Ironsides" so important to us as a
+nation?
+
+27. Why should we continue to preserve "Old Ironsides"?
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII, PAGE 185
+"OLD HICKORY'S" CHRISTMAS
+
+1. Why were both England and France so jealous of us a century ago?
+
+2. What did England and France do to our merchantmen?
+
+3. Why did we not declare war on Great Britain before 1812?
+
+4. How did our navy compare with England's in 1812?
+
+5. What was England's plan in 1814?
+
+6. What was the character of New Orleans?
+
+7. Who was the "Iron Duke"? (Wellington.)
+
+8. When did the British fleet arrive at the delta of the Mississippi?
+
+9. Why was General Jackson so busy just before Christmas?
+
+10. How was the alarm sounded to the people of New Orleans?
+
+11. Who answered Jackson's call for assistance?
+
+12. Who came from outside New Orleans to help defend the city?
+
+13. How did the riflemen look as they came into town?
+
+14. Why did Jackson plan to attack the British at once?
+
+15. What did the war schooner Carolina do?
+
+16. How were the British re-enforced on Christmas day?
+
+17. What did Sir Edward Pakenham think of the task before him?
+
+18. How did Pakenham begin his operations?
+
+19. How did Sir Edward fare when he marched out to get a look at the
+Americans?
+
+20. What were Jackson's first intrenchments made of?
+
+21. What did Pakenham use for making a redoubt?
+
+22. What happened to Jackson's defenses?
+
+23. Of how much use was Pakenham's redoubt?
+
+24. What did the British now decide to do?
+
+25. What was Jackson's main line of defense?
+
+26. How early did Jackson's men go to their posts on that last Sunday
+morning?
+
+27. What happened to Sir Edward Pakenham, and to Generals Gibbs and
+Keane?
+
+28. Why did the British lose so many officers in the battle?
+
+29. How long did the engagement on Sunday morning continue?
+
+30. How many men did the British have in the final action, and how
+many did the Americans have?
+
+31. How many men did the British lose in the final action, and how
+many did the Americans lose?
+
+32. What did General Lambert do after the battle?
+
+33. How was "Old Hickory" honored?
+
+34. Why is the victory a sad one to think of?
+
+35. What was the result of the war of 1812?
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV, PAGE 199
+A HERO'S WELCOME
+
+1. What kind of welcome did we give Lafayette in 1824?
+
+2. Who was Lafayette?
+
+3. Why did Lafayette first come to this country?
+
+4. When did Lafayette first come to this country?
+
+5. Why did Congress accept Lafayette's services?
+
+6. What was the effect of Lafayette's manner and example?
+
+7. How did Lafayette live at Valley Forge?
+
+8. What did Lafayette do on his return to France?
+
+9. What did Lafayette do when peace was declared?
+
+10. When did Lafayette make his third trip to this country?
+
+11. How had our country changed when Lafayette came in 1824?
+
+12. What had been Lafayette's career in his own country?
+
+13. Why did it take Lafayette so long to go from New York to Boston?
+
+14. Who was Dr. Bowditch?
+
+15. How much of our country did Lafayette visit?
+
+16. What did Lafayette do with the laurel wreath presented to him at
+Yorktown?
+
+17. Can you describe some of the incidents of Lafayette's visit?
+
+18. What did "Lafayetted" mean?
+
+19. What occurred at the tavern in Virginia?
+
+20. How did Lafayette show his affection for Washington?
+
+21. What can you say of the scenes connected with the fiftieth
+anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill?
+
+22. Who was the orator at the laying of the corner stone of Bunker
+Hill Monument?
+
+23. How was Lafayette received at the University of Virginia?
+
+24. How did Congress show its gratitude for Lafayette's services
+during the Revolution?
+
+25. What was the last honor shown the departing guest? (The frigate
+on which Lafayette sailed for France was named in commemoration of
+Lafayette's gallantry at the battle of the Brandywine. Although
+wounded in the leg, Lafayette kept the field till the battle was
+over. To the surgeon who cared for the injured Lafayette, Washington
+said, "Take care of him as though he were my son.")
+
+
+
+
+PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES
+
+
+A
+
+Abigail, _ab'i-gl_.
+
+Adair, _a-dair'_.
+
+Algerine, _al-je-reen'_.
+
+Alleghanies, _al'e-ga-nies_.
+
+Andre, _an'dray_.
+
+Annapolis, _an-nap'o-lis_.
+
+
+B
+
+Bailey, _bay'ly_.
+
+Bainbridge, _bain'bridge_.
+
+Barbary, _bar'ba-ry_.
+
+Belgium, _bel'ji-um_.
+
+Borgne, _born_.
+
+Brandywine, _bran'dy-wine_.
+
+Brazil, _bra-zil'_.
+
+Burgoyne, _bur-goin'_.
+
+
+C
+
+Cahokia, _ka-ho'ki-a_.
+
+Calhoun, _kal-hoon'_.
+
+Carleton, _karl'ton_.
+
+Carolina, _kar-o-li'na_.
+
+Catalano, _kah-tah-lah'no_.
+
+Catawba, _ka-taw'ba_.
+
+Champlain, _sham-plain'_.
+
+Chaudiere, _sho-de-air'_.
+
+Chesapeake, _ches'a-peek_.
+
+Connecticut, _kon-net'i-kut_.
+
+Cornwallis, _korn-wall'iss_.
+
+Creole, _kre'ole_.
+
+Cunningham, _kun'ing-am_.
+
+Cyane, _see-ann'_.
+
+
+D
+
+Dacres, _day'kers_.
+
+Dearborn, _deer'burn_.
+
+Decatur, _de-kay'tur_.
+
+De Grasse, _de-grass'_.
+
+Detroit, _de-troit'_.
+
+Dickinson, _dik'in-son_.
+
+Dinwiddie, _din-wid'y_.
+
+
+F
+
+Farragut, _far'a-gut_.
+
+
+G
+
+Gardiner, _gard'ner_.
+
+Gerry, _ger'y_ (_g_ as in _get_).
+
+Ghent, _jent_.
+
+Gibault, _zhe-bo'_.
+
+Gibraltar, _ji-brall'tar_.
+
+Gladstone, _glad'ston_.
+
+Gloucester, _gloss'ter_.
+
+Gouverneur, _goo-ver-ner'_.
+
+Grier, _greer_.
+
+Guerriere, _ger-i-air'_ (_g_ as in _get_).
+
+Guilford, _gil'ford_ (_g_ as in _get_).
+
+
+H
+
+Hessians, _hesh'ans_.
+
+
+I
+
+Illinois, _il-i-noi'_ or _il-i-noiz'_.
+
+
+J
+
+Jacataqua, _ja-cat'a-quah_.
+
+
+K
+
+Kaskaskia, _kas-kas'ki-a_.
+
+Keane, _keen_.
+
+Kennebec, _ken-e-bek'_.
+
+
+L
+
+Lafayette, _lah-fa-yet'_.
+
+Lafitte, _lah-fit'_.
+
+Levant, _le-vant'_.
+
+Louisiana, _loo-eez-i-an'a_.
+
+Louisville, _loo'is-vill_ or _loo'y-vill_.
+
+
+M
+
+McDonough, _mak-don'oh_.
+
+Madeira, _ma-de'ra_ or _ma-day'i-ra_.
+
+Maltese, _mall-tees'_ or _mall-teez'_.
+
+Marseillaise, _mar-se-layz'_.
+
+Maryland, _mer'i-land_.
+
+Mediterranean, _med-i-ter-ra'ne-an_.
+
+Megantic, _me-gan'tic_.
+
+Meigs, _megs_.
+
+Montaigne, _mon-tain'_.
+
+Monticello, _mon-te-sel'lo_.
+
+Montreal, _mont-re-all'_.
+
+Morocco, _mo-rock'o_.
+
+Moultrie, _moo'try_ or _mool'try_.
+
+
+N
+
+Napoleon, _na-po'le-on_.
+
+Newburyport, _new-ber-y-port'_.
+
+Newfoundland, _new'fund-land_.
+
+Nolichucky, _nol-i-chuck'y_.
+
+Norridgewock, _nor'ij-walk_.
+
+
+O
+
+O'Hara, _o-hah'ra_.
+
+
+P
+
+Pakenham, _pak'en-am_.
+
+Portsmouth, _ports'muth_.
+
+Preble, _preb'el_.
+
+Prussia, _prush'a_.
+
+
+Q
+
+Quebec, _kwee-bek'_.
+
+Quincy, _kwin'zy_.
+
+
+R
+
+Randolph, _ran'dolf_.
+
+Rappahannock, _rap-a-han'ok_.
+
+Rawdon, _raw'don_.
+
+Rennie, _ren'y_.
+
+Revere, _re-veer'_.
+
+Rochambeau, _ro-sham-bo'_.
+
+
+S
+
+St. Louis, _saint loo'is_ or _saint loo'y_.
+
+Saratoga, _sar-a-to'ga_.
+
+Sartigan, _sar'ti-gan_.
+
+Schuyler, _sky'ler_.
+
+Sevier, _se-veer'_.
+
+Shawnees, _shaw-neez'_.
+
+Staten, _stat'en_.
+
+
+T
+
+Tallmadge, _tal'mij_.
+
+Ticonderoga, _ti-kon-de-ro'ga_.
+
+Tilghman, _till'man_.
+
+Tompkins, _tomp'kins_.
+
+Tripoli, _trip'o-ly_.
+
+
+V
+
+Ville de Paris, _vill de_ (_e_ as in _her_) _pah-ree'_.
+
+Villere, _vil-ray'_.
+
+Vincennes, _vin-senz'_.
+
+
+W
+
+Wabash, _waw'bash_.
+
+Watauga, _wa-taw'ga_.
+
+Wayne, _wain_.
+
+Worcester, _woos'ter_ (_oo_ as in _foot_).
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+BOOKS FOR REFERENCE AND READING IN THE STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+
+This book is designed to be used either before the formal text-book
+on American history is begun, or to be read in connection with it. It
+is also intended to serve as a convenient basis for more extended
+work on the part of both teacher and pupils. Hence, to the reading of
+the preceding chapters should be added a systematic course in
+supplementary reading.
+
+The following plan is suggested, which may be readily modified to
+meet the needs of any particular class of pupils:
+
+
+REFERENCE BOOKS FOR TEACHERS
+
+Two books are of special value to teachers. These are Channing and
+Hart's _Guide to American History_ (Ginn & Company, $2.00), and Gordy
+and Twitchell's _Pathfinder in American History_ (Lee & Shepard,
+$1.20. In separate parts, Part I, 60 cents; Part II, 90 cents).
+
+These two works are replete with suggestions, hints, and helps on
+collateral study, with numerous references, detailed lists of topics,
+and a wide range of other subjects which make them indispensable to
+the teacher of American history.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+NOTE.--The subject of reference books on American history is treated
+thoroughly in Montgomery's _American History_ (see "Short List of
+Books," page xxxiii in Appendix), and Fiske's _History of the United
+States_ (see Appendix D, page 530, Appendix E, page 539, and Appendix
+F, page 542).
+
+For original materials pertaining to the colonial period and the
+Revolution, admirably edited for school use, consult Hart's
+"Source-Readers in American History": No. 1, _Colonial Children_; No.
+2, _Camps and Firesides of the Revolution_; No. 3, _How our
+Grandfathers Lived_.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+In searching libraries for books on the Revolution, the teacher will
+find Winsor's _Reader's Handbook of the American Revolution_ very
+useful.
+
+
+SCHOOL TEXT-BOOKS FOR READING AND REFERENCE
+
+Pupils should have easy access, by means of the school library or
+otherwise, to a few of the formal school text-books on American
+history. In connection with this book, Montgomery's _Leading Facts of
+American History_, Fiske's _History of the United States_,
+Eggleston's _History of the United States_, and Steele's _Brief
+History of the United States_ (usually known as "Barnes's History")
+are especially valuable.
+
+If less difficult and much smaller works are thought desirable, the
+following five books are recommended: Montgomery's _Beginner's
+American History_, McMaster's _Primary History of the United States_,
+Tappan's _Our Country's Story_, Thorpe's _Junior History of the
+United States_, and Eggleston's _First Book in American History_.
+
+These books are useful for additional topics, for dates, maps,
+illustrations, reference tables, and for filling in subjects which do
+not come within the scope of this book.
+
+Pupils should also have easy reference to books from which topics may
+be read, or from which may be read sparingly passages indicated by
+the teacher. Some of the books which have been suggested are more
+useful on account of their interesting style than for strict
+historical accuracy. Read the designated works not as a whole, but
+only by topics or by selections. They will do much to awaken and
+maintain a lively interest in American history.
+
+
+READING AT HOME
+
+While the study of this book is in progress, it is well for the
+pupils to limit their home reading to such books as bear directly
+upon the subject. Under this head we have suggested several books
+which belong to the "storybook" order. Wholesome books of fiction and
+semifiction may certainly do much to stimulate and hold the attention
+of young students of American history. Thus, Churchill's _Richard
+Carvel_ and Cooper's _Pilot_ furnish stirring scenes in the career of
+Paul Jones.
+
+With the home reading, as with all other collateral reading, the
+teacher should exercise a careful supervision.
+
+The work in history should be enlivened by reading occasionally,
+before the class or the school, poems or prose selections which bear
+directly upon the general topic under consideration.[1] For instance,
+in the appropriate chapters Finch's well-known poem, "Nathan Hale,"
+Simms's "Ballad of King's Mountain," and Holmes's "Old Ironsides" may
+be read.
+
+[Footnote 1: For a list of books which may be classed as useful under
+the preceding paragraphs, see Blaisdell's _Story of American
+History_, pp. 431-434.]
+
+
+A TOPIC BOOK, OR NOTEBOOK
+
+Teacher and pupil should appreciate the scope and the usefulness of a
+topic book, or notebook. By this is meant a blank book of a
+convenient size, with semiflexible or board covers, and of at least
+forty-eight pages. Into this blank book should be written carefully,
+with ink, brief notes, as the several chapters of this book are read
+or studied. It may well be a kind of enlarged diary of the pupil's
+work.
+
+Make brief notes of the various books read in whole or in part; of
+topics not treated in this book but discussed in the class, such as
+the treason of Benedict Arnold, the battle of Bennington, etc.; of
+references to new books to be reserved for future reading; and of
+other subjects which will readily suggest themselves.
+
+This notebook should be enlivened with inexpensive photographic
+copies (sold for about one cent each) of famous pictures illustrating
+important events in American history. Catalogues giving the exact
+titles, the cost, and other details are frequently advertised.
+
+The notebook may be illustrated with photographic reproductions of
+such works as Stuart's "Washington"; Faed's "Washington at Trenton";
+Trumbull's "The Surrender of Cornwallis" and "Signing the Declaration
+of Independence"; Benjamin West's "Penn's Treaty"; Leutze's
+"Washington crossing the Delaware"; Vanderlyn's "The Landing of
+Columbus"; Johnson's "Old Ironsides"; Overend's "An August Morning
+with Farragut"; and many other historical subjects.
+
+Portraits, maps, facsimiles of documents and autographs, etc., etc.
+are often easily obtained from book catalogues, guide books,
+advertising pages, and secondhand text-books.
+
+All this illustrative material should be pasted into the notebook at
+the proper place, neatly and with good judgment, with plenty of space
+for margins. Such a compilation is, of course, a matter of slow
+growth. It should be preserved as a pleasant reminder of school days.
+
+
+
+
+REFERENCE BOOKS AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING TO BE USED WITH "HERO
+STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY"
+
+
+CHAPTER I, PAGE 1
+THE HERO OF VINCENNES
+
+For two short articles on George Rogers Clark, read Roosevelt and
+Lodge's _Hero Tales from American History_, p. 29, and Brady's
+_Border Fights and Fighters_, p. 211. For a more extended account,
+consult Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_, Vol. II, p. 31.
+
+A novel by Maurice Thompson, _Alice of Old Vincennes_, gives a
+graphic description of Clark's campaign.
+
+
+CHAPTER II, PAGE 18
+A MIDWINTER CAMPAIGN
+
+For an account of Arnold's expedition to Canada, read articles in
+_The Century Magazine_ for January and February, 1903, by Professor
+Justin H. Smith. Codman's _Arnold's Expedition to Quebec_ is a
+fair-sized volume, and full of interest. Read also Lodge's _Story of
+the Revolution_, Vol. I, p. 106.
+
+Tomlinson's _Under Colonial Colors_, the story of Arnold's expedition
+to Quebec told for boys, is an interesting and stimulating work of
+fiction.
+
+
+CHAPTER III, PAGE 36
+HOW PALMETTO LOGS MAY BE USED
+
+The defense of Fort Sullivan is well described in Brady's _American
+Fights and Fighters_, p. 5, and Lodge's _Story of the Revolution_,
+Vol. I, p. 126.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV, PAGE 50
+THE PATRIOT SPY
+
+Perhaps the most readable account of Nathan Hale is to be found in
+Lossing's _Two Spies_ (Andre and Hale). Consult Partridge's _Nathan
+Hale_, a character study.
+
+In connection with this story, Chapter XVII, "The Story of Arnold's
+Treason," in Blaisdell's _Story of American History_ may be
+profitably read.
+
+
+CHAPTER V, PAGE 62
+OUR GREATEST PATRIOT
+
+For the everyday life of Washington, consult Paul Leicester Ford's
+_The True George Washington_. Refer to sundry sections in Bolton's
+_The Private Soldier under Washington_ and in Herbert's _Washington:
+His Homes and his Households_.
+
+Read the stirring romance about Washington, _A Virginia Cavalier_, by
+Molly Elliot Seawell.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI, PAGE 77
+A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE
+
+For the capture of Stony Point, read Lodge's _Story of the
+Revolution_, Vol. II, p. 130; Brady's _American Fights and Fighters_,
+p. 121; and Roosevelt and Lodge's _Hero Tales from American History_,
+p. 79. Henry P. Johnston's _The Storming of Stony Point_ is perhaps
+the best account ever written of this famous exploit.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII, PAGE 90
+THE DEFEAT OF THE RED DRAGOONS
+
+Read Roosevelt and Lodge's _Hero Tales from American History_, p. 69,
+and Lodge's _Story of the Revolution_, p. 56.
+
+In connection with Chapters VII and VIII, read "The War of the
+Revolution in the South," in Blaisdell's _Story of American History_,
+Chapter XVI, p, 250.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII, PAGE 105
+FROM TEAMSTER TO MAJOR GENERAL
+
+Read Brady's _American Fights and Fighters_, p. 84, for an account of
+General Morgan; also Chapter IV, "King's Mountain and the Cowpens,"
+in Lodge's _Story of the Revolution_, Vol. II, p. 56.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX, PAGE 123
+THE FINAL VICTORY
+
+For a description of the battle at Yorktown, read Brady's _American
+Fights and Fighters_, p. 143, and Chapter VII in Lodge's _Story of
+the Revolution_, p. 165. Henry P. Johnston's _The Yorktown Campaign_
+is excellent for collateral reference.
+
+
+CHAPTER X, PAGE 138
+THE CRISIS
+
+Very little collateral reading should be allowed in reading this
+chapter on framing the Constitution. Sundry topics may be sparingly
+selected for reading from the index to Fiske's _Critical Period of
+American History_. Fiske's _Civil Government in the United States_
+may be utilized for reference.
+
+Read Brooks's _Century Book for Young Americans_; Chapter II in
+Elson's _Side Lights on American History_ (First Series, p. 24), on
+"The Framing of the Constitution"; and Chapter XII, p. 283, in
+Higginson's _Larger History of the United States_, on "The Birth of a
+Nation."
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+NOTE.--For the War of the Revolution no more interesting books can be
+read by pupils than Brooks's _Century Book of the Revolution_ and
+Coffin's _Boys of '76_. Lossing's _Field Book of the Revolution_, in
+two large volumes, is interesting, and contains hundreds of
+illustrations.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI, PAGE 156
+A DARING EXPLOIT
+
+Read "Decatur and the Philadelphia," in Brady's _American Fights and
+Fighters_, p. 199, and "The Burning of the Philadelphia," in
+Roosevelt and Lodge's _Hero Tales from American History_, p. 103.
+
+Read Seawell's storybook, _Decatur and Somers_; and Barnes's
+_Commodore Bainbridge_, a story.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII, PAGE 169
+"OLD IRONSIDES"
+
+Consult two chapters in Brady's _American Fights and Fighters_: "The
+Constitution's Hardest Fight," p. 215, and "The Constitution's Last
+Battle," p. 304. Hollis's _Frigate Constitution_ is invaluable for
+reading and reference. Refer to Lossing's _History of the War of
+1812_ and Lodge's _A Fighting Frigate and Other Essays_.
+
+In connection with this chapter, read "What our Navy did in the War
+of 1812," in Blaisdell's _Story of American History_, Chapter XXI, p.
+323.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII, PAGE 185
+"OLD HICKORY'S" CHRISTMAS
+
+Read "The Battle of New Orleans," in Roosevelt and Lodge's _Hero
+Tales from American History_, p. 139, and "The Last Battle with
+England," in Brady's _American Fights and Fighters_, p. 287. Chapter
+XVIII, p. 431, in Higginson's _Larger History of the United States_
+is well worth reading.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV, PAGE 199
+A HERO'S WELCOME
+
+Concerning Lafayette's visit to this country in 1824, no books are
+readily accessible. Consult Quincy's _Figures of the Past_ and
+Brooks's _The True Story of Lafayette_.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Adair, John, the historic reply of, to Colonel Sevier, 94.
+
+Adams, John, abroad, 147.
+  the first Vice President of the United States, 155.
+  the visit of Lafayette to, at Quincy, Massachusetts, 209.
+
+Adams, John Quincy, gives Lafayette a farewell dinner at the White
+    House, 215.
+
+Adams, Samuel, stays at home, 147.
+
+Alexandria, Virginia, Washington attends dances at, 65.
+
+Algerine pirates, the, in the Atlantic, 170.
+
+Ames, Fisher, defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Andre, Major, the British spy, 61.
+
+Annapolis, delegates meet at, 144.
+
+Anti-Federalists, the, 153.
+
+Arnold, Benedict, 18.
+  forfeits his place on the monument at Saratoga, 18.
+  sends spies into Canada, 20.
+  given command of the expedition to Quebec, in 1776, 20.
+  leaves Cambridge, 21.
+  given an ovation at Newburyport, 21.
+  reaches the Kennebec, 21.
+  feasted at Fort Western, 21.
+  divides his army, 22.
+  ascends the Dead River, 24.
+  deserted by Colonel Enos, 24.
+  reaches the Chaudiere River, 25.
+  crosses Lake Megantic, 27.
+  starts down the Chaudiere River, 28.
+  reaches Sartigan, 28.
+  arrives at Point Levi, 29.
+  before Quebec, 30.
+  joins Montgomery, 30.
+  leads the attack on Quebec and is wounded, 32.
+  in the hospital, 34.
+  lays siege to Quebec, 34.
+  hears from Washington, 34.
+  the death knell to the hopes of, 35.
+  in Virginia, 124.
+
+Articles of Confederation, the, 141.
+  the defects of, 141-144.
+
+
+B
+
+Bailey, Abigail, married to Daniel Morgan, 110.
+
+Bainbridge, William, 159, 160.
+  in command of the Constitution, 180.
+
+Barbary pirates, the, 156, 157, 172.
+
+Barton, Colonel, captures General Prescott, 143.
+  imprisoned for debt, 143.
+
+Bateaux, built for Arnold's expedition, 21.
+
+Bay State, the, Massachusetts, 144, 206, 212.
+
+Beekman mansion, the, Hale a captive of Howe at, 58, 59.
+
+Bennington, Vermont, John Stark defeats the British at, 105.
+
+Boone, Daniel, 1, 2.
+
+Bowditch, Dr., an anecdote of, 206.
+
+Braddock, General, defeated by the French and Indians, in 1755, 107.
+
+Brazil, "Old Ironsides" destroys the British frigate Java off the
+    coast of, 180.
+
+Bristol, the, a British man-of-war, 45.
+
+Buford, used as a watchword, 101.
+
+Bunker Hill, the battle of, awakens in Lafayette an interest in us,
+    199.
+  Lafayette visits, 212.
+
+Burgoyne, marches down the valley of the Hudson, 114.
+  defeated at Freeman's Farm and at Saratoga, 114.
+
+Burr, Aaron, 22.
+
+
+C
+
+Cahokia, a Creole village in the country of the Illinois Indians, 8.
+
+Calhoun, John C., favors making war on Great Britain, 186.
+
+Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arnold's expedition leaves, 21.
+  Washington's headquarters at, in the Craigie house, 105.
+  Morgan marches to, 112.
+
+Camden, defeat of Gates at, 90.
+
+Campbell, Lord, royal governor of South Carolina, 37.
+  injured in the attack on Fort Sullivan, 46.
+
+Campbell, William, rallies the backwoodsmen, 94.
+  leads the advance at King's Mountain, 101.
+
+Canada, extending to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, 3. See the map
+    in Chapter I.
+  the "back door," 19.
+  the winters of, 22, 29.
+
+Cape Fear River, the, Clinton sails for, 36.
+
+Carleton, Sir Guy, 19.
+  leaves Montreal and slips into Quebec, 31.
+  fortifies Quebec, 31.
+
+Carolina, the, throws shells into the British camp, 190.
+
+Carroll, Colonel, with his riflemen arrives from Nashville, 189.
+  in the battle of New Orleans, 194.
+
+Carrying places, work at the, 22.
+
+Catalano, the Sicilian pilot, used by Decatur, 162, 164.
+
+Cedars, The, Hale passes a night at, 57.
+
+Champlain, Lake, Lafayette visits, 206.
+
+Charleston, attack on, planned by the British, 37.
+  the patriots prepare for the defense of, 38.
+
+Charleston Harbor, Sullivan's Island near, 38.
+
+Charlestown, a part of Boston, "Old Ironsides" lies in the navy yard
+    at, 169, 183, 184.
+
+Charlotte, North Carolina, Gates flees to, 90.
+
+Chaudiere River, the, an army to enter Canada by, 20.
+  Arnold's army scattered along, 25.
+  the perils of, 28.
+
+Chesapeake Bay, De Grasse headed for, 126.
+  De Grasse reaches, 129.
+  the patriot armies march to, 129.
+  Clinton sends a fleet to, 130.
+  Admiral Graves forced to withdraw from, 130.
+  De Grasse gets control of, 130.
+  Lafayette returns to France by, 216.
+
+Chick, Mother, the tavern of, 57.
+
+Clark, Captain, at Bunker Hill, 213.
+
+Clark, George Rogers, 1.
+  starts for Kentucky, 1.
+  tramps back to Virginia, 2, 5.
+  receives help from Virginia, 3.
+  plans great deeds, 4.
+  sends out spies, 4.
+  appointed colonel, 5.
+  helped by Jefferson and Madison, 5.
+  starts down the Ohio, 6.
+  begins his march to Kaskaskia, 7.
+  interrupts the dance, 8.
+  captures Kaskaskia, 8.
+  makes friends of the Creoles, 8.
+  shows the kind of man he is, 9.
+  visited by Indians, 9.
+  shows his contempt for the Indians, 9.
+  an incident showing the boldness of, 10.
+  decides to recapture Vincennes, 11.
+  starts for Vincennes, 12.
+  shows brave leadership, 13.
+  makes a speech to his men, 13.
+  captures an Indian canoe, 14.
+  captures a Creole hunter, 14.
+  reaches Vincennes, 15.
+  punishes some Indians, 16.
+  captures Vincennes, 16.
+
+Clay, Henry, favors making war on Great Britain, 186.
+
+Cleveland, Colonel, rallies the backwoodsmen, 94.
+  given the supreme command at King's Mountain, 97.
+  leads the left wing at King's Mountain, 101.
+
+Clinton, Sir Henry, 18.
+  sails for the Cape Fear River, 36.
+  at the attack on Fort Sullivan, 44.
+  receives orders to bring "Mr. Washington" to a decisive action, 77.
+  makes raids along the coast, 78.
+  hears of the capture of Stony Point, 87.
+  at Charleston, 90.
+  hoodwinked by Washington, 127.
+  sails for Yorktown, 133, 135.
+
+Coffee, Colonel, and his mounted riflemen at New Orleans, 190.
+
+Commerce controlled by Congress, 151.
+
+Common Sense, a pamphlet by Thomas Paine, 138.
+
+Compromises, the three, in framing the Constitution, 148-151.
+
+Confederation, the Articles of, 141.
+  the defects of the Articles of, 141-144.
+
+Congress, sends General Gates to the South, 90.
+  believed in by the people of the South, 93.
+  calls for ten companies, 112.
+  gives thanks for the surrender of Cornwallis, 136.
+  the national, erects a monument at Yorktown, 137.
+  the weakness of, 139, 142.
+  the first Continental, 140.
+  the second Continental, 140.
+  submits the Constitution to the states, 153.
+
+Connecticut, 54, 125, 143, 146.
+
+Constitution, the, the framing of, 138-155.
+  the state of the country before, 142-144.
+  the convention meets to frame, 145.
+  the noted men who helped frame, 146, 147.
+  the three compromises in framing, 148-151.
+  Washington signs, 152.
+  the witty remark of Franklin about, 152.
+  the discussions over the adoption of, by the Federalists and by the
+    Anti-Federalists, 153, 154.
+  the rejoicings over the adoption of, 154.
+  Gladstone's opinion of, 155.
+
+Constitution, the frigate, commanded by Preble, 158.
+  the history of, 169-184.
+  the poem on, by Oliver Wendell Holmes, 169.
+  built in Boston, 170.
+  a description of, 171.
+  sport made of, by British naval officers, 172.
+  the launching of, 172.
+  the battle of, before Tripoli, 173.
+  the escape of, from a British fleet, 174.
+  the battle of, with the Guerriere, 176.
+  the battle of, with the Java, 179.
+  the battle of, with the Cyane and the Levant, 182.
+  the after history of, 183.
+
+Constitution Wharf, in Boston, 170.
+
+Continentals, the ragged, 2, 77, 129.
+
+Cornwallis, Lord, given the command in the South, 90.
+  marches north to Virginia, 91, 123.
+  attempts to crush Lafayette, 124.
+  retreats to Yorktown, 125.
+  attempts to escape from Yorktown, 131.
+  attempts to break through the American lines, 132.
+  forced to surrender, 134.
+  the surrender of, announced in Philadelphia, 136.
+
+Cowpens, the battle of, 116-120.
+
+Craigie house, the, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, becomes Washington's
+    headquarters, 105.
+
+Creole villages, the, north of the Ohio River, 3, 6, 7-11, 14.
+
+Creoles, the, at New Orleans, 189.
+
+Crisis, the, 138-155. See Constitution.
+
+Cunningham, the cruelty of, to Hale, 59, 60.
+
+Custis, the adopted son of Washington, 66.
+
+Custis, Nellie, Washington's ward, 74.
+
+Cyane, the, a British frigate, destroyed by "Old Ironsides," 182,
+    183.
+
+
+D
+
+Dale, Commodore, sent to the Mediterranean Sea, 157.
+  captures a Tripolitan war ship, 158.
+
+Daring exploit, a, 156-168. See Philadelphia, the frigate.
+
+Davie, William, a leader in the South, 91.
+
+Dayton, Jonathan, of New Jersey, at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Dearborn, Captain, kills his fine dog, 26.
+
+Decatur, Stephen, 158.
+  chosen to destroy the Philadelphia, 161.
+  calls for volunteers, 162.
+  sails for Tripoli, 162.
+  boards the Philadelphia and sets her on fire, 165, 166.
+  the promotion of, 168.
+  how received by Commodore Preble, 173.
+
+Deckhard rifle, the, used in the South, 95.
+
+Declaration of Independence, the, 140, 141, 146, 157.
+
+De Grasse, receives orders to act with Washington, 125.
+  headed for Chesapeake Bay, 126.
+  defeats the British fleet and controls Chesapeake Bay, 130.
+  at the blockade of Yorktown, 134.
+
+Delaware, the representation of, in Congress, 149.
+  the first to adopt the Constitution, 154.
+
+De Peyster, Colonel, the bravery of, 103.
+
+Detroit, Fort, Hamilton's headquarters, 4, 11. See the map in Chapter
+I.
+
+Dickinson, John, at the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+
+Dinwiddie, governor of Virginia, 109.
+
+Doak, Rev. Samuel, invokes a blessing before the march to King's
+    Mountain, 96.
+
+Dragoons, the defeat of the red, 90-104. See King's Mountain.
+
+Du Loup River, the, Arnold's men cross, 29.
+
+Dunmore, Lord, driven from Virginia, 36.
+
+
+E
+
+Ellsworth, Oliver, at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Enos, Colonel, 22, 23.
+  deserts Arnold, 24.
+
+Enterprise, the, fights a Tripolitan man-of-war, 157.
+
+Experiment, the, a British man-of-war, 46.
+
+
+F
+
+Farragut, Admiral, 41.
+
+Federalist, the, 154.
+
+Federalists, the, 153.
+
+Ferguson, Colonel, character of, 91.
+  enlists Tories and raids the Carolinas, 92.
+  threatens the backwoodsmen, 92.
+  the rally of the backwoodsmen to attack, 94.
+  retreats before the backwoodsmen, 97.
+  makes a stand at King's Mountain, 99.
+  defeated at King's Mountain, 101-103.
+  the death of, at King's Mountain, 102.
+
+Fish, Nicholas, with Lafayette at Yorktown, 208.
+
+Fiske, John, the historian, 115, 139.
+
+Fort Detroit, Hamilton's headquarters, 4, 11. See the map in Chapter
+I.
+
+Fort Pitt, 5. See the map in Chapter I.
+
+Fort Sullivan, the defense of, 36-49.
+  built of palmetto logs, 38.
+  the mounting of cannon in, 39.
+  visited by General Lee, 39.
+  Lee advises the surrender of, 39, 46.
+  the British plan of attack on, 41.
+  the attack on, 41-48.
+  the repulse of the British attack on, 48.
+  the moral effect of the defense of, 49.
+
+Fort Sumter, 43.
+
+France, the king of, promises us aid, 201.
+
+Franklin and Holston settlements, now Tennessee, 92.
+
+Franklin, Benjamin, at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+  work of, in framing the Constitution, 150, 152.
+  the witty remark of, about the Constitution, 152.
+  a quotation from the almanac of, 157.
+  aids Lafayette, 200.
+
+Frederick the Great of Prussia, friendly to us, 145.
+
+Freeman's Farm, Burgoyne defeated at, 114.
+
+French Canadians, the, help Arnold, 28.
+
+French fleet, the, under De Grasse, 125. See De Grasse.
+
+French villages, the, north of the Ohio River, 3, 11, 15.
+
+
+G
+
+Gates, General, the statue of, at Saratoga, 18.
+  sent to take command in the South, 90.
+  defeated at Camden, South Carolina, 90.
+  the character of, 90, 105.
+
+George, King, receives word of Cornwallis's surrender, 137.
+
+Georgia, overrun by the British, 90.
+  protests against abolishing slavery, 150.
+
+Germantown, Pennsylvania, Wayne at, 82.
+
+Gerry, Elbridge, at the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+
+Gibault, Father, aids Clark, 8.
+
+Gibbs, General, leads the British at New Orleans, 195.
+  severely wounded, 196.
+
+Gibraltar, Dacres gives Hull a dinner at, 179.
+
+Gibraltar of America, the, Quebec, 30, 35.
+  the little, Stony Point, 80, 88.
+
+Gilmer, Enoch, spies out Ferguson, 100.
+
+Gladstone, William Ewart, how the Constitution was regarded by, 155.
+
+Gloucester, Virginia, Cornwallis plans to escape by way of, 132.
+
+Graves, Admiral, forced to withdraw from Chesapeake Bay, 130.
+
+Greene, Nathanael, 65.
+  Washington's right-hand man, 90.
+  the ability of, 105.
+  left the army for a time, 115.
+  defeated at Guilford, North Carolina, 123.
+  the death of, 147.
+
+Grier, Sergeant, and his wife, with Arnold's expedition to Quebec,
+    22, 27.
+
+Guerriere, the, a British frigate, destroyed by "Old Ironsides," 178.
+
+Guilford, North Carolina, Lord Cornwallis defeats Greene at, 123.
+
+
+H
+
+Hale, Nathan, the patriot spy, 50-61.
+  volunteers to serve as a spy, 53.
+  receives his instructions from Washington, 53.
+  the parentage and the home of, 54.
+  the boyhood of, 54.
+  the education of, 54.
+  teaches school in New London, Connecticut, 54.
+  bids his pupils farewell, 55.
+  starts for Cambridge, 55.
+  the diary of, 55.
+  disguises himself, 56.
+  returns in safety from the British lines, but puts up at "Mother
+    Chick's," 57.
+  arrested, 57.
+  taken to New York, 58.
+  condemned to die, 59.
+  the dying speech of, 60.
+  hanged, 60.
+
+Hamilton, Alexander, the address of, at Annapolis, 144.
+  at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+  defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Hamilton, Henry, the "hair buyer," 4.
+  stirs up the savages, 11.
+  recaptures Vincennes, 11.
+  surrenders Vincennes to Clark, 16.
+
+Hampton Roads, Virginia, De Grasse in, 129.
+
+Harlem Heights, the patriots retreat to, 51.
+
+Harrod, James, one of the leaders in Kentucky, 2.
+
+Hartford, Connecticut, Lafayette visits, 206, 209.
+
+Hartt, the naval yard of, in Boston, 170.
+
+Harvard College, Lafayette attends commencement at, 205.
+
+Heights of Abraham, the, Arnold climbs to, 30.
+  Wolfe climbs to, in 1759, 30.
+
+Helm, Captain, a prisoner at Vincennes, 15.
+
+Henry, Patrick, aids Clark, 5.
+  does not attend the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+
+Hero's welcome, a, 199-216. See Lafayette.
+
+Hessians, the, the "ragged Continentals" meet, at Trenton, 77.
+  Wayne meets, at Germantown, 82.
+  march with Burgoyne, 114.
+  Morgan's men a terror to, 114.
+
+Highlanders, Scotch, in the battle of New Orleans, 194-196.
+  the backwoodsmen compared to a clan of, 104.
+
+Holmes, Oliver Wendell, saves "Old Ironsides," 169.
+  at Harvard College, 169.
+
+Holston settlements, the, now a part of Tennessee, 1, 92.
+
+Hood, Admiral, at Chesapeake Bay, 130.
+
+Horseshoe Plain, the, Clark crosses, 14.
+
+Howard, Colonel, commands the Continentals at Cowpens, 118.
+
+Howe, General, Hale brought before, 58.
+  evacuates Boston, 77.
+
+Hudson River, the, 78, 79.
+  Lafayette visits, 206, 208.
+
+Hull, Colonel, 82.
+
+Hull, Isaac, Captain, in command of the Constitution, 174.
+  has an "interview" with Dacres, 176.
+  at Gibraltar, 179.
+
+Humphreys, Mr., of Philadelphia, the builder of "Old Ironsides," 170.
+
+
+I
+
+Illinois Indians, the, the country of, 4, 6. See the map in Chapter
+I.
+
+Imprisonment for debt, 143.
+
+Independence Hall, the Old State House in Philadelphia, 145.
+
+Intrepid, the, used by Decatur to destroy the Philadelphia, 162-168.
+
+Ironsides, Old, 169-184. See Constitution, the frigate.
+
+
+J
+
+Jacataqua, the Indian girl, joins Arnold's expedition to Quebec, 21.
+  acts as guide, and cares for the sick and the injured, 26.
+
+Jackson, Andrew, in command at New Orleans, 188.
+  hears of the advance of the British, 188.
+  prepares to defend New Orleans, 189.
+  attacks the British by night, 190.
+  throws up earthworks, 193.
+  at the battle of New Orleans, 194.
+  wins a remarkable victory, 196.
+  the after history of, 198.
+
+James River, the, 78, 131.
+
+Jasper, William, the heroism of, 48.
+
+Java, the, destroyed by "Old Ironsides," 180.
+  the wheel of, fitted on "Old Ironsides," 181.
+
+Jay, John, defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Jefferson, Thomas, the narrow escape of, from Tarleton, 124.
+  abroad, 147.
+  President of the United States, a man of peace, 157, 186.
+  visited by Lafayette, 214.
+
+Jones, one of Jackson's officers, guards Lake Borgne and is killed,
+    187.
+
+
+K
+
+Kaskaskia, 6-8.
+
+Keane, General, leads the British at New Orleans, 195.
+  severely wounded, 196.
+
+Kentucky, the founding of Lexington, 1.
+  the pioneers in, 1, 2.
+  the fighting in, "the dark and bloody ground," 4.
+
+King, Rufus, at the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+
+King's Ferry, on the Hudson River, the British get the control of,
+    78.
+
+King's Mountain, the battle of, 90-104.
+  the state of affairs before the battle of, 90-93.
+  the rally of the backwoodsmen before the battle of, 93.
+  the march of the pioneers to, 96-100.
+  the plan of the battle of, 100.
+  the battle of, 101-103.
+  the victory of the backwoodsmen at, 103, 104.
+  the effect of the victory at, 104.
+
+Knowlton, Colonel, 51.
+  interviews his officers, 52.
+
+Knox, Henry, an American general, 130, 203.
+
+
+L
+
+Lafayette, in the Yorktown campaign, 124, 131, 135.
+  hears of our struggle for independence, 199.
+  arrives in this country, 200.
+  serves under Washington, 200.
+  returns to France, 201.
+  returns to America with the king's pledge of help, 201.
+  returns to France, but remembers us, 201.
+  visits America in 1784, 202.
+  visits us again in 1824, 202.
+  the admiration of our people for, 203.
+  the personal appearance of, 204.
+  the interview of, with Red Jacket, 204.
+  the receptions given to, from New York to Boston, 205.
+  the tour of, through the United States, 206.
+  visits Yorktown, 207.
+  visits New Orleans, 208.
+  visits other towns and cities, 208-210.
+  goes to Mount Vernon, 211.
+  at Boston and Bunker Hill, 212-214.
+  the formal reception of, at Washington, 215.
+  returns to France, 215.
+
+Lafayette, George Washington, visits us with his father in 1824, 203.
+
+Lafitte, the "Pirate of the Gulf," aids Jackson, 189.
+
+Lake Borgne, near New Orleans, the British cross, 187.
+
+Lambert, Henry, Captain, commander of the British frigate Java, 179.
+  mortally wounded, 182.
+
+Lambert, John, General, leads the British reserve at New Orleans,
+    195.
+  retreats from New Orleans and sails for England, 197.
+
+Langdon, John, at the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+
+Lawrence, James, with Decatur, 165, 166.
+
+Ledge Falls, Greene's division reaches, 24.
+  Enos turns back at, 24.
+
+Lee, Charles, advises the abandoning of Fort Sullivan, 39, 46.
+  the character of, 40.
+  the cowardice of, at Monmouth, 105.
+
+Lee, Henry, or "Light-Horse Harry," defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Levant, the, a British sloop of war, destroyed by "Old Ironsides,"
+    182, 183.
+
+Levi, Point, the arrival of Arnold at, 29.
+
+Lewis, Lawrence, Washington's favorite nephew, 63.
+
+Lexington, Kentucky, the origin of the name, 1.
+
+Lexington, Massachusetts, the Revolution begins at, 1, 36, 112, 140.
+
+Lincoln, General, surrenders Charleston, 90, 134.
+  receives Cornwallis's sword, 134.
+
+Little Wabash, the, Clark crosses, 12.
+
+Long Island, New York, the patriots defeated in the battle of, 50.
+  Hale enters, in disguise, 56.
+
+Long Island, South Carolina, north of Sullivan's Island, 41, 44.
+
+Long Knives, the, the backwoodsmen called, 9, 10.
+
+Louisiana, the, an American war vessel, blows Sir Edward's sugar
+    barrels to pieces, 192.
+
+Lower house, the, of Congress, or House of Representatives, 148, 149,
+    155.
+
+Lower Town, the, at Quebec, Arnold's men attack, 32.
+
+
+M
+
+Madeira Islands, the, "Old Ironsides" fights a great battle near,
+    182.
+
+Madison, James, of Virginia, 146.
+  "Father of the Constitution," 148.
+  hated slavery, 149.
+  defends the Constitution, 154.
+  President of the United States, a man of peace, 186.
+
+Maltese sailors, Decatur's sailors dressed like, 161, 164.
+
+Manhattan Island, the patriots retire from, 51.
+
+Map, a, showing the line of Clark's march, 7.
+  of Arnold's route to Quebec, 23.
+  of the military operations in the Carolinas, 99.
+
+Marion, Francis, a leader in the South, 91.
+
+Marseillaise, The, the national hymn of France, 189.
+
+Marshall, John, defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Martha's Vineyard, 78.
+
+Maryland called on for volunteers, 112.
+
+Mason, George, of Virginia, opposed to slavery, 150.
+
+McDaniel, an anecdote of, 47.
+
+McDonough, Thomas, with Decatur, 166.
+
+McDowell, leads the refugees, 94.
+
+McLane, Captain, one of Wayne's pickets, 81.
+
+Meigs, Major, a commander under Arnold, 22.
+
+Midnight surprise, a, 77-89. See Stony Point.
+
+Midwinter campaign, a, 18-35. See Arnold.
+
+Minutemen, the, of the Old North State, 36.
+
+Mississippi River, the, Lafayette ascends, 206.
+
+Monmouth, New Jersey, the battle of, 200.
+  Wayne at, 82.
+  the cowardice of Charles Lee at, 105.
+
+Monroe, President, instructed to invite Lafayette as the nation's
+    guest, 202.
+  receives Lafayette at the White House, 204.
+
+Montgomery, General, 20.
+  joined by Arnold, 30.
+  demands the surrender of Quebec, 31.
+  despairs of the expedition, 31.
+  leads the attack on Quebec, 32.
+  the death of, 33.
+
+Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson, near Charlottesville,
+    Virginia, 124, 214.
+
+Montreal, captured by Montgomery, 30.
+  Sir Guy Carleton leaves, 31.
+
+Monument, the, at Saratoga, 18, 122.
+  at Yorktown, 137.
+  the statues of Schuyler, Gates, and Morgan on, at Saratoga, 18.
+  Arnold forfeits his place on, at Saratoga, 18.
+
+Morgan, Daniel, the life of, 105-122.
+  the statue of, at Saratoga, New York, 18, 122.
+  the statue of, at Spartanburg, South Carolina, 122.
+  joins Arnold's expedition, 21.
+  leads the advance in Arnold's expedition, 22.
+  forced to surrender at Quebec, 34.
+  the early life of, 106.
+  enlists in the Virginia troops and serves as a teamster, 106.
+  takes pride in his company and shows his skill as a boxer, 107.
+  enlists as a teamster in Washington's regiment, 107.
+  receives one hundred lashes, 108.
+  makes his mark as a private, 108.
+  drives no more army wagons, 108.
+  receives the commission of an ensign, 109.
+  severely wounded, 109.
+  returns to his farm, 110.
+  the marriage of, 110.
+  marches to Cambridge, 112.
+  at the siege of Quebec, 113.
+  made a colonel, 113.
+  at Freeman's Farm and at Saratoga, 114.
+  leaves the army for a time, 115.
+  rejoins the army in the South, under Gates, 115.
+  made a brigadier general, 115.
+  makes his plan for a battle with Tarleton, 116.
+  makes his stand at Cowpens, 116.
+  victorious at Cowpens, 119.
+  marches to join General Greene, 121.
+  retires from the army again, 121.
+  takes part in the Virginia campaign of 1780, 121.
+  the after life of, 122.
+  the valor of, commemorated at Saratoga, New York, and at
+    Spartanburg, South Carolina, 122.
+
+Morocco, 156, 158.
+
+Morris, Gouverneur, originator of our decimal system of money,
+    attends the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Morris, Lieutenant, with Captain Hull on "Old Ironsides," 174, 177.
+
+Morris, Robert, imprisoned for debt, 143.
+  at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Morristown, New Jersey, Morgan reports at, 113.
+
+Moultrie, William, ordered to build a fort on Sullivan's Island, 38.
+  visited by Charles Lee, 39.
+  visited by the master of a privateer, 40.
+  defends his fort, 42.
+  encourages his men, 45.
+  honored for his defense of Fort Sullivan, 49.
+  the after life of, 49.
+
+Mount Vernon, Washington's home, 68-70, 76, 138.
+  visited by Lafayette in 1784, 202.
+  visited by Lafayette in 1824, 211.
+
+Murfree, Colonel, at Stony Point, 86.
+
+Murray mansion, the, Washington's headquarters in 1776, 50.
+
+
+N
+
+Napoleon, England struggles against, 185.
+  at Elba, 186.
+
+Nashville, Tennessee, the riflemen of, 189.
+  Lafayette visits, 208.
+
+Natural Bridge, the, in Virginia, Washington throws to the top of,
+    64.
+
+Nelson, Governor, of Virginia, 132.
+  the house of, 132, 133, 207.
+  called the "war governor," 133.
+
+Nelson, Lord, England's great admiral, 41.
+  praises Decatur's deed in the Mediterranean, 168.
+
+New Jersey, Trenton, 77.
+  Monmouth, 82.
+  Morristown, 113.
+  "Old Ironsides," the home of Commodore Stewart, 184.
+  Washington plans to go to Yorktown by way of, 127.
+
+New Orleans, the battle of, 185-198.
+  the events leading to the battle of, 185.
+  foreign in character, 187, 189.
+  the British plan to capture, 187.
+  the expedition sent against, 187.
+  Jackson's headquarters in, 188.
+  Jackson plans for the defense of, 189.
+  the arrival of the riflemen at, 189.
+  Jackson throws up earthworks below, 190.
+  the night attack on the British below, 190.
+  the beginning of the battle below, 192.
+  a description of the battle of, 194-196.
+  the British defeated at, 196.
+  the retreat of the British after the battle of, 197.
+  the sad part of the victory at, 198.
+  Lafayette visits, 206, 208.
+
+New Roof, the, 154.
+
+New York, the city of, 143.
+  Lafayette at, 203, 209.
+  the state of, 142, 149.
+
+Nolichucky River, the, Sevier's home on, 93.
+
+Norfolk, shelled and destroyed by a British fleet, 36.
+
+Norridgewock, Maine, Arnold's army leaves, 23.
+
+North, Lord, receives word of Cornwallis's surrender, 136.
+
+North State, the Old, North Carolina, 36, 37, 91.
+
+
+O
+
+O'Hara, General, sent by Cornwallis to deliver up his sword, 134.
+
+Ohio, the representation of, in Congress, 149.
+
+Ohio River, the, Clark floats down, 6.
+  Lafayette ascends, 206.
+
+Old Dominion, the, Virginia, 215.
+
+Old Hickory's Christmas, 185-198. See New Orleans.
+
+Old Ironsides, 169-184. See Constitution, the frigate.
+  origin of the name, 178.
+
+Old North State, the, North Carolina, 36, 37, 91.
+
+Old State House, the, in Philadelphia, now called Independence Hall,
+    145.
+
+Orang-outangs, Arnold's men resemble, 30.
+
+
+P
+
+Pakenham, Sir Edward, arrives at New Orleans on Christmas Day, 1814,
+    191.
+  takes a look at the Americans, 192.
+  killed in the battle of New Orleans, 195.
+
+Palmetto logs, one way of using, 36-49. See Fort Sullivan.
+
+Parker, Sir Peter, arrives at Cape Fear, 37.
+  takes command of the combined British fleets and sails for
+    Charleston, 37.
+  delays his attack on Charleston, 41.
+  attacks Fort Sullivan, 42.
+  the fleet of, defeated, 48.
+
+Pasha of Tripoli, the, 156.
+
+Patriot, our greatest, 62-76. See Washington.
+  spy, the, 50-61. See Hale.
+
+Peace, the treaty of, with Great Britain signed in Paris, France, in
+    September, 1783, 138, 202.
+  the treaty of, with Great Britain in 1814 was signed at Ghent,
+    Belgium, on Christmas eve, 1814, about two weeks before the
+    battle of New Orleans, 198.
+
+Pennsylvania called on for volunteers, 112.
+
+Perry, Commodore, the hero of the battle of Lake Erie, 202.
+
+Petersburg, Lord Cornwallis arrives at, 123.
+
+Philadelphia, the first Continental Congress at, 140.
+  the second Continental Congress at, 140.
+  the Constitution drafted at, in the Old State House, 145.
+  the visit of Lafayette to, 210.
+
+Philadelphia, the frigate, the burning of, 156-168.
+  the events leading to the capture of, 156-159.
+  towed into the harbor of Tripoli, 159.
+  plans made for retaking, 160.
+  Decatur's plan for the retaking of, 161.
+  Decatur starts for the recapture of, 162.
+  the capture and the burning of, 166.
+
+Phillips, Samuel, carries Ferguson's threat to the backwoodsmen, 92.
+
+Pickens, Andrew, a leader in the South, 91.
+  at the battle of Cowpens, 117.
+
+Pinckneys, the two brilliant, Charles and Thomas, of South Carolina,
+    at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Pirates, the, on the African coast, 156, 170.
+
+Pitt, Fort, 5. See the map in Chapter I.
+
+Point Levi, the arrival of Arnold at, 29.
+
+Pompey, Wayne's guide at Stony Point, 84.
+
+Poor Richard's Almanac, a quotation from, 157.
+
+Portland, Maine, Lafayette visits, 206.
+
+Portsmouth, New Hampshire, "Old Ironsides" at, 183.
+  Lafayette visits, 206.
+
+Preble, Commodore, in command of our fleet in the Mediterranean, 158,
+    161, 172.
+  sails for Sicily, 160.
+  the quick temper of, 173.
+
+Prescott, General, captured by Colonel Barton, 143.
+
+Prescott, William, at the battle of Bunker Hill, 213.
+
+
+Q
+
+Quebec, an expedition planned against, 20.
+  the "Gibraltar of America," 30.
+  reached by Arnold's expedition, 30.
+  the siege of, 31.
+  the midnight attack on, 32.
+  the siege of, raised, 35.
+  Morgan at, 34, 111, 113.
+
+Quincy, Massachusetts, Lafayette visits, to see John Adams, 209.
+
+
+R
+
+Randolph, Edmund, at the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+  defends the Constitution, 154.
+
+Rappahannock River, the, Washington throws across, 64.
+
+Rawdon, Lord, in South Carolina, 126.
+
+Red Jacket, the Indian chief, meets Lafayette, 204.
+
+Rennie, Colonel, a British commander at the battle of New Orleans,
+    195.
+
+Representatives in Congress, 149.
+
+Revere, Paul, furnishes the copper used in "Old Ironsides," 172.
+
+Rhode Island, 142, 147.
+  sends no delegates to Philadelphia, 145.
+  the representation of, in Congress, 149.
+  "Old Ironsides" at Newport, 183.
+
+Rutledge, John, Governor, the character of, 40.
+  sends powder to Fort Sullivan, 46.
+  rewards Sergeant Jasper, 48.
+  at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+
+S
+
+St. John's gate at Quebec, 35.
+
+Saratoga, New York, the monument at, 18.
+  Burgoyne defeated at, 114.
+  Morgan at, 114.
+
+Sartigan, Canada, Arnold reaches, 28.
+  Arnold's men arrive at, 29.
+
+Schoolmaster, Hale disguised as a, 56.
+
+Schuyler, General, the statue of, at Saratoga, 18.
+  left the army for a time, 115.
+
+Scotch-Irish in the South, 92, 93.
+
+Senate, the, or upper house of Congress, 148, 155.
+
+Senators in Congress, 149.
+
+Sevier, Colonel, rallies the backwoodsmen, 93.
+  uses the county funds to buy supplies for the riflemen, 94.
+  leads the right wing at King's Mountain, 101.
+
+Shannon, the, a British frigate, 174, 175.
+
+Shawnees, the, Clark meets, 10.
+
+Shelby, Colonel, rallies the backwoodsmen, 92, 93.
+  leads a column of the riflemen at King's Mountain, 101.
+
+Sherman, Roger, at the Philadelphia convention, 146.
+
+Sicily, Commodore Preble sails to, 100.
+
+Siren, the brig, accompanies Decatur to Tripoli, 162, 163.
+
+Slave question, the, in framing the Constitution, 149-151.
+
+South, the, a blow aimed at, by the British, 36.
+  British success in, 90.
+  the patriot leaders in, 91.
+  the brutality of the British in, 91.
+
+South Carolina, overrun by the British, 90.
+  protests against abolishing slavery, 150.
+
+Spy, the patriot, 50-61. See Hale.
+
+Stark, John, defeats the British at Bennington, Vermont, 105.
+  leaves the army for a time, 115.
+
+Stewart, Charles, in command of the frigate Constitution, 182.
+  the death of, 184.
+
+Stony Point, on the Hudson River, the capture of, by Wayne, 77-89.
+  the British capture and fortify, 78.
+  Washington plans to attack, 79.
+  a description of, 79.
+  a description of the fortifications of, 80.
+  the "little Gibraltar," 80.
+  Wayne appointed commander of the expedition against, 80.
+  Wayne's march to, 82.
+  Wayne's plan of attack on, 84.
+  the attack on, 85.
+  the capture of, 86.
+  the capture of, announced to Washington, 88.
+
+Sullivan, Fort, the defense of, 36-49. See Fort Sullivan.
+
+Sumter, Fort, 43.
+
+Sumter, Thomas, General, a leader in the South, 91.
+  still alive in 1824, 203.
+
+Surprise, a midnight, 77-89. See Stony Point.
+
+Sycamore Shoals, 94.
+  the backwoodsmen meet at, 95.
+
+Syracuse, Sicily. Commodore Preble sails to, 160.
+  Decatur sails from, 162.
+
+
+T
+
+Tallmadge, Major, questions Andre, 61.
+
+Tarleton, Colonel, the brutality of, in the South, 91.
+  defeated at Cowpens, 118, 119.
+  and the two young ladies, 120.
+  in the Yorktown campaign, 124.
+
+Teamster, the old, 105-122. See Morgan.
+
+Thaxter, Rev. Joseph, at Bunker Hill, 213.
+
+Thompson, Colonel, and his sharpshooters aid Moultrie, 41, 44.
+
+Tilghman, Colonel, informs Congress of Cornwallis's surrender, 136.
+
+Tompkins, Daniel, Vice President of the United States, entertains
+    Lafayette in 1824, 203.
+
+Tories, the, at "Mother Chick's," 57.
+  in the South, 91, 92, 97, 99, 100, 102.
+
+Trade, free, between the states, 151.
+
+Trenton, New Jersey, the British defeated at, 77.
+
+Tripoli, 156-168, 173, 180, 184.
+
+Trumbull, "The Surrender of Cornwallis" painted by, 133.
+
+Tryon, William, the hated, a British general, 78.
+
+Tunis, 156.
+
+Twelve Mile carrying place, the, 22.
+  Enos reaches the, 23.
+
+
+U
+
+United Colonies, the, 141.
+
+United States, the frigate, commanded by Decatur, 158.
+
+United States of America, the, 154.
+  the Constitution of, 155. See Constitution.
+  the growth of, 202.
+
+University of Virginia, the, Lafayette entertained at, 214.
+
+
+V
+
+Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Lafayette at, 200.
+  the patriots suffer greatly at, 200.
+
+Vernon, Mount, Washington's home, 68.
+  the slaves at, 70.
+  the hospitality at, 71, 76.
+  Washington retires to, 138.
+  Lafayette's visits to, 202, 211.
+
+Verplanck's Point, on the Hudson River, the British fortify, 78.
+
+Victory, the final, 123-137. See Yorktown campaign.
+
+Ville de Paris, the flagship of De Grasse, 129.
+
+Villere, Major, informs Jackson of the approach of the British, 188.
+
+Vincennes, the hero of, 1-17. See Clark.
+
+Virginia, in the struggle with Great Britain, 2, 5.
+  aids Clark, 3, 5.
+  called on for volunteers, 112.
+  takes the lead in sending delegates to Philadelphia, 145.
+  the University of, Lafayette visits, 214.
+
+Vulture, the, a British war ship at Stony Point, 87.
+
+
+W
+
+Wabash River, the Little, Clark crosses, 12.
+
+Wabash River, the, Clark crosses, 13.
+
+Wagoner, the old, 105-122. See Morgan.
+
+Warner, James, and his wife with Arnold's expedition to Quebec, 22,
+    26.
+
+Washington, Lafayette received by President Monroe at, 204.
+  Lafayette's farewell dinner at, 215.
+
+Washington, George, in the Revolution, 2.
+  takes command of the patriots at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 19.
+  meets Benedict Arnold, 19.
+  confers with his officers at the Murray mansion, 50.
+  gives Hale his orders, 53.
+  informed of Hale's execution, 61.
+  our greatest patriot, 62-76.
+  the personal appearance of, 63.
+  the strength of, 64.
+  likes dancing, 65.
+  eats simple food, 66.
+  fond of fine clothes, 66.
+  a fine horseman, 67.
+  methodical in business, 68.
+  owns much land, 69, 70.
+  dislikes slaves, 70.
+  the generosity of, 71.
+  attends the meeting at Newburgh, New York, 72.
+  the appearance of, on his first visit to Congress, described by an
+    eyewitness, 73.
+  the formal receptions of, 74.
+  the state dinners of, 75.
+  the greatness of, 76.
+  a hard nut to crack, says General Clinton, 77.
+  plans an attack on Stony Point, 79, 81.
+  visits Stony Point, 88.
+  famous men gathered about, in the siege of Boston, 105.
+  meets Daniel Morgan, 112.
+  in the Yorktown campaign, 123-136.
+  bids farewell to his generals, 138.
+  retires to Mount Vernon, 138.
+  the "legacy" of, to the American people, 140.
+  works at the problem of our national existence, 143.
+  attends the Philadelphia convention, 145.
+  made president of the Philadelphia convention, 147.
+  holds the Philadelphia convention to its duty, 148.
+  signs the Constitution, 152.
+  the first President of the United States, 155.
+  Lafayette serves under, 200.
+  Lafayette visits, at Mount Vernon, 202.
+  tomb of, at Mount Vernon, 211.
+
+Washington, William, at the battle of Cowpens, 117-119.
+  in a hand to hand fight with Tarleton, 120.
+  "knows how to make his mark," 120.
+
+Wayne, Anthony, the personal appearance of, 80.
+  chosen to attack Stony Point, 80.
+  at Germantown and at Monmouth, 82.
+  the march of, to Stony Point, 82.
+  reads his order of battle at Stony Point, 83.
+  writes to a friend at Philadelphia, 83.
+  leads the attack on Stony Point, 85.
+  wounded in the head, 86.
+  captures the fort, 87.
+  writes a letter to Washington, 88.
+  in the Yorktown campaign, 121, 124.
+
+Webster, Daniel, speaks at the dedication of the Bunker Hill
+    Monument, 214.
+
+Wellington, the Duke of, a British general, 186.
+  called the "Iron Duke," 187.
+
+West Point, the Americans at, 78, 125.
+  Washington's headquarters at, 127.
+
+Wilson, James, the learned lawyer, at the Philadelphia convention,
+    146.
+
+Winchester, Virginia, 108.
+
+Wolfe captures Quebec in 1759, 30.
+
+Worcester, Massachusetts, Lafayette visits, 206.
+
+
+Y
+
+Yorktown, the monument at, 137.
+  the visit of Lafayette to, 207.
+
+Yorktown campaign, the, 123-137.
+  the state of affairs in the South before, 123.
+  the first move of Cornwallis in, 124.
+  made possible by the aid of a French fleet, 125.
+  planned by Washington, 126.
+  Washington's first move in, 128.
+  the Continental and French troops march to take part in, 128.
+  Clinton awakens to the importance of, 130.
+  De Grasse aids in, with a large fleet, 130.
+  the siege in, 132.
+  Cornwallis surrenders in, 134.
+  the effect of the victory in, upon King George and his ministers,
+    136, 137.
+
+
+
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hero Stories from American History, by 
+Albert F. Blaisdell and Francis K. Ball
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HERO STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY ***
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