diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31063-8.txt | 688 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31063-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 12082 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31063-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 13080 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31063-h/31063-h.htm | 760 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31063.txt | 688 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 31063.zip | bin | 0 -> 12064 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
9 files changed, 2152 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/31063-8.txt b/31063-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5febb7c --- /dev/null +++ b/31063-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,688 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico +and Texas, by Rollin H. Baker + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas + +Author: Rollin H. Baker + +Release Date: January 24, 2010 [EBook #31063] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TWO NEW MOLES (GENUS SCALOPUS) *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) +from Mexico and Texas + + +BY + +ROLLIN H. BAKER + + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 5, No. 2, pp. 17-24 +February 28, 1951 + + +University of Kansas +LAWRENCE +1951 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor, +A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson + + +Volume 5, No. 2, pp. 17-24 +February 28, 1951 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1951 + + +23-6626 + + + + +Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) +from Mexico and Texas + +BY + +ROLLIN H. BAKER + + +In the spring of 1950, a field party from the University of Kansas +Museum of Natural History including J. R. Alcorn, W. J. Schaldach, Jr., +George Newton, and the author collected mammals in the Mexican state of +Coahuila. A few days were spent in the Sierra del Carmen. One morning +when examining sets for pocket gophers in these mountains, Alcorn found +a mole caught in one of the traps. Subsequent examination discloses +that this specimen belongs to a heretofore unknown species which may be +named and described as follows: + + +=Scalopus montanus= new species + + _Type._--Male, adult, skin and skull plus body skeleton; no. + 35668, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; Club Sierra del Carmen, + 2 mi. N and 6 mi. W Piedra Blanca, Coahuila, Mexico; 7 April + 1950; obtained by J. R. Alcorn, original no. 11093. + + _Range._--Known only from the type locality; probably found + in other localities in the Sierra del Carmen of northern + Coahuila, Mexico. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium and slender for the genus (see + measurements); tail medium in length, sparsely covered with + whitish hairs; claws of forefeet slender; upper parts near + (h) Buffy Brown (capitalized color terms after Ridgway, + Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., + 1912), with slight rufous wash on top of head; underparts + resemble upper parts but slightly paler with longitudinal + band of near (14) Sudan Brown extending from chin + posteriorly to and around base of tail, less intense on + breast; skull small, arched, and relatively slender + especially across mastoidal region; posterior part of + cranium depressed; foramen magnum low when viewed from rear; + external pterygoid region not greatly expanded; teeth small, + especially upper third molar. + + _Comparison._--From _Scalopus aquaticus_, of which ten + subspecies have been seen including those of significant + geographic position, _S. montanus_ differs in: Skull + slenderer, less angular and relatively narrower across + mastoidal region; cranium arched with hind part flattened; + external pterygoid region less expanded; teeth relatively + small, especially last upper molar. From _S. inflatus_, + known to me from Jackson's description (N. Amer. Fauna, + 38:53-54, pls. 2, 3, September 30, 1915), _S. montanus_ + differs in: Skull less angular and slenderer, prelachrymal + region not inflated; zygomata slenderer. + +_Remarks._--_S. montanus_ is known from a single specimen, which +represents the second known occurrence of the genus _Scalopus_ in +Mexico. The other occurrence is that of _S. inflatus_ in the state of +Tamaulipas. _S. montanus_ is geographically isolated in mountainous +country from other species of _Scalopus_. Ten of the recognized +subspecies of _S. aquaticus_ were available for examination and +descriptions of others were studied. It was found that the number and +magnitude of the differences separating any one of these subspecies +from an adjoining one was less than those separating _S. montanus_ from +_S. a. texanus_ and _S. a. intermedius_, which are, geographically, +closest to _S. montanus_. _S. montanus_ seems not to be closely related +to _S. inflatus_ of Tamaulipas. _S. montanus_ is given specific rank +because of the great degree of difference between it and its nearest +relatives, and because of its geographically isolated position. + +The specimen of _S. montanus_ was taken in a tunnel found by digging +away a mound thought to be that of the pocket gopher, _Thomomys +sturgisi_. A trap set in one direction in the tunnel caught the mole; a +trap set in the other direction in the tunnel was later covered with +soil, evidently by a gopher. After the capture a thorough inspection of +the area revealed no "raised" tunnels, typical of _Scalopus_. A series +of _Thomomys_ was taken in this area in sets placed in tunnels found +under similar mounds. This locality was near the headquarters of the +Club Sierra del Carmen in a parklike stand of oak timber in a caņon, at +an elevation of 4950 ft. as recorded by our altimeter. The plant +association was judged to be characteristic of the Upper Sonoran +Life-zone, not far below the beginning of the Transition Life-zone. The +area was heavily grazed by goats, hogs and horses and had little grass +or other ground cover under the trees. The soil in this caņon was not +deep and consisted of a rocky, marly mixture, pale red in color, +evidently produced by weathering of the reddish volcanic rocks +bordering the caņon. + +The Sierra del Carmen is a high, igneous range, surrounded for the most +part by Lower Sonoran plains and desert. Zoologically, these mountains +are poorly known. Few collectors have been in the area; most of these +have been afforded accommodations through the Club Sierra del Carmen +(Carmen Mountain Hunting Club), the members of which have been +especially interested in assisting naturalists. Several kinds of +mammals are known only from this "biological island" including the +pocket gopher mentioned above and the shrew, _Sorex milleri_. The +finding of a mole in the higher elevations of this range suggests that +moles may occur in other mountainous areas of Mexico. + +Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University +Endowment Association. + + _Measurements._--The adult, male holotype measures as + follows: Total length, 150; tail vertebrae, 27; hind foot, + 20; greatest length (of skull), 32.2; palatilar length, + 13.8; mastoidal breadth, 16.2; interorbital breadth, 7.0; + maxillary tooth-row, 11.3; greatest depth of skull including + auditory bullae, 9.4; weight, 38.6 grams. + + _Specimen examined._--One, from the type locality. + +In studying _Scalopus aquaticus texanus_, I noted that Allen (Bull. +Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:221, April 29, 1891) based the original +description on a single, unsexed specimen taken in Presidio County, +Texas, by Wm. Lloyd in September, 1887. Later, Allen wrote (Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:200, August 18, 1893) that a series of moles from +Rockport, Aransas County, Texas, agreed essentially with the type. True +(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19:22, December 21, 1896) believed that the +type was actually from Aransas County rather than Presidio County. This +belief was shared by later workers. In checking the literature, I find +that the collector of the type, Wm. Lloyd, who was obtaining specimens +for George B. Sennett at the time, took other mammals in September as +well as in October of 1887 in Presidio County (see Allen, Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:221, 223, 224, April 29, 1891) and birds there in +June of 1887 (see Sennett, Auk, 5:43, January, 1888). I can find no +evidence that Lloyd collected in or near Aransas County in 1887 and see +no reason for doubting that the locality, Presidio County, as written +on the original label of the type of _S. a. texanus_ is correct. Mr. M. +J. Carroll of the Texas State Historical Association advises me that in +1887, Presidio County was reduced to its present size by the creation +of Brewster and Jeff Davis counties. Lloyd might have taken the mole in +any one of these three Trans-Pecos counties. Even so, these counties +are widely separated geographically from the range of other moles +designated as _S. a. texanus_ (see Davis, Amer. Midl. Nat., 27:386, +March, 1942). The taking of _S. montanus_ in the Sierra del Carmen +immediately south of Trans-Pecos Texas leads me to think that Lloyd's +mole might have been taken in a mountainous region within one of the +three counties mentioned above. A description of _Scalopus aquaticus +texanus_ Allen follows: + + +=Scalopus aquaticus texanus= Allen + + _Scalops argentatus texanus_ Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist., 3:221, April 29, 1891. + + _Type._--Sex unknown, adult, skin no. 3488, skull no. 2740, + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; Presidio County, Texas; September, + 1887, obtained by Wm. Lloyd. + + _Range._--Limits of range in Trans-Pecos Texas unknown. + + _Diagnosis._--Size small; rostrum heavy and broad; lower + jaws heavy; palatine space wide with upper tooth-rows arched + laterally; teeth large, especially fourth premolar and + molars. + + _Comparison._--From adults of comparable age from Rockport, + Aransas County, Texas, _S. a. texanus_ differs in: Rostrum + broader and heavier; lower jaws heavier; palatine space + wider, with upper tooth-rows more arched laterally; + individual teeth in both jaws larger, especially fourth + premolar and molars. From _S. a. intermedius_, which is + geographically nearest to the northeast (adult specimens + from Meade, Clark and Barber counties, Kansas, and Dewey + County, Oklahoma), _S. a. texanus_ differs in: Size smaller; + rostrum less massive and shorter; tooth-row shorter. + +_Remarks._--The type has been previously examined by True (_op. +cit._:44). The skin is faded and of little taxonomic worth. The +anterior part of the skull is present along with both upper tooth-rows +and most of the lower jaws. The teeth are well worn, indicative of old +adulthood. In size, _S. a. texanus_ appears closest to moles from +southern Texas (Rockport) which previously were assigned to the +subspecies _Scalopus aquaticus texanus_. The tooth-rows are of the same +length, but the individual teeth of _S. a. texanus_ are significantly +larger. + +The moles in southern Texas previously ascribed to _Scalopus aquaticus +texanus_ seem to be without a name and may be known as follows: + + +=Scalopus aquaticus alleni= new subspecies + + _Scalops texanus_, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 5:200, August 18, 1893. + + _Scalops aquaticus texanus_ True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., + 19:21, December 21, 1896. + + _Scalopus aquaticus texanus_ Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 38:50, September 30, 1915; Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus., + Bull. 128:15, April 29, 1924; Davis, Amer. Midl. Nat., + 27:386, March, 1942. + + _Type._--Male, adult, skin no. 7189, skull no. 5788, Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist.; Rockport, Aransas County, Texas; 29 January + 1893; obtained by H. P. Attwater. + + _Range._--Southern Texas, north to Bexar County and east to + Refugio County (see Davis, _loc. cit._). + + _Diagnosis._--Size small; according to Davis (_loc. cit._), + "... length of hind foot seldom more than 19 mm.; total + length seldom more than 140 mm. Skull small and flat, seldom + exceeding 33 mm. in occipitonasal length and seldom + equalling 10 mm. in depth; maxillary breadth usually less + than 10 mm.; alveolar length of maxillary tooth row seldom + more than 10.5 mm." + + _Comparison._--From _S. a. cryptus_, geographically adjacent + to the east, _S. a. alleni_ differs in: Size smaller; color + paler; skull smaller and flatter. From _S. a. intermedius_, + geographically adjacent to the north, _S. a. alleni_ differs + in: Size smaller; skull smaller and flatter with shorter + tooth-row (see Davis, _op cit._:384, 385). For comparison + with _S. a. texanus_, see account of that subspecies. + +_Remarks._--This mole is named in honor of Dr. J. A. Allen in +recognition for his work on Texas mammals. Grateful acknowledgment is +made to those in charge of the collection of Recent mammals in the +American Museum of Natural History for permitting me to examine the +moles from Aransas County and the type specimen of _Scalops argentatus +texanus_ Allen. + +_Transmitted January 15, 1951._ + + +23-6626 + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) from +Mexico and Texas, by Rollin H. Baker + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TWO NEW MOLES (GENUS SCALOPUS) *** + +***** This file should be named 31063-8.txt or 31063-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/0/6/31063/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/31063-8.zip b/31063-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bc262e --- /dev/null +++ b/31063-8.zip diff --git a/31063-h.zip b/31063-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c3f4a61 --- /dev/null +++ b/31063-h.zip diff --git a/31063-h/31063-h.htm b/31063-h/31063-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e704f03 --- /dev/null +++ b/31063-h/31063-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,760 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) +from Mexico and Texas, by Rollin H. Baker. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + h1 { text-align: center; line-height: 1.5; clear: both; } + + p.title { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 3em; } + + h2 { text-align: center; clear: both; } + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers +*/ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .i4 {display: block; margin-left: 2.5em; + padding-left: 2.5em;} + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico +and Texas, by Rollin H. Baker + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas + +Author: Rollin H. Baker + +Release Date: January 24, 2010 [EBook #31063] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TWO NEW MOLES (GENUS SCALOPUS) *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + +<h1> +Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus)<br /> +from Mexico and Texas</h1> + + +<p class="title">BY<br /><br /> + +<big>ROLLIN H. BAKER</big><br /><br /><br /> + + +University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History<br /><br /> + +Volume 5, No. 2, pp. 17-24<br /> +February 28, 1951<br /><br /><br /> + + +<small>University of Kansas</small><br /> +<small>LAWRENCE</small><br /> +<small>1951</small><br /> +</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + + + +<p class="title"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor,<br /> +A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson<br /> +<br /> +Volume 5, No. 2, pp. 17-24<br /> +February 28, 1951<br /> +<br /><br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<small>PRINTED BY</small><br /> +<small>FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER</small><br /> +<small>TOPEKA, KANSAS</small><br /> +<small>1951</small><br /> +<br /> +<small>23-6626</small><br /> +</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> +<h2> +Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus)<br /> +from Mexico and Texas +</h2> + +<p class="title"><small>BY</small><br /><br /> + +ROLLIN H. BAKER</p> + + +<p>In the spring of 1950, a field party from the University of Kansas +Museum of Natural History including J. R. Alcorn, W. J. Schaldach, +Jr., George Newton, and the author collected mammals in the +Mexican state of Coahuila. A few days were spent in the Sierra del +Carmen. One morning when examining sets for pocket gophers in +these mountains, Alcorn found a mole caught in one of the traps. +Subsequent examination discloses that this specimen belongs to a +heretofore unknown species which may be named and described as +follows:</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Scalopus montanus</b> new species</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Type.</i>—Male, adult, skin and skull plus body skeleton; no. 35668, Univ. +Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; Club Sierra del Carmen, 2 mi. N and 6 mi. W Piedra +Blanca, Coahuila, Mexico; 7 April 1950; obtained by J. R. Alcorn, original no. +11093.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Known only from the type locality; probably found in other localities +in the Sierra del Carmen of northern Coahuila, Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium and slender for the genus (see measurements); +tail medium in length, sparsely covered with whitish hairs; claws of forefeet +slender; upper parts near (h) Buffy Brown (capitalized color terms after +Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912), +with slight rufous wash on top of head; underparts resemble upper parts but +slightly paler with longitudinal band of near (14) Sudan Brown extending +from chin posteriorly to and around base of tail, less intense on breast; skull +small, arched, and relatively slender especially across mastoidal region; posterior +part of cranium depressed; foramen magnum low when viewed from rear; external +pterygoid region not greatly expanded; teeth small, especially upper third +molar.</p> + +<p><i>Comparison.</i>—From <i>Scalopus aquaticus</i>, of which ten subspecies have been +seen including those of significant geographic position, <i>S. montanus</i> differs in: +Skull slenderer, less angular and relatively narrower across mastoidal region; +cranium arched with hind part flattened; external pterygoid region less expanded; +teeth relatively small, especially last upper molar. From <i>S. inflatus</i>, +known to me from Jackson's description (N. Amer. Fauna, 38:53-54, pls. +2, 3, September 30, 1915), <i>S. montanus</i> differs in: Skull less angular and +slenderer, prelachrymal region not inflated; zygomata slenderer.</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>S. montanus</i> is known from a single specimen, which +represents the second known occurrence of the genus <i>Scalopus</i> in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +Mexico. The other occurrence is that of <i>S. inflatus</i> in the state of +Tamaulipas. <i>S. montanus</i> is geographically isolated in mountainous +country from other species of <i>Scalopus</i>. Ten of the recognized subspecies +of <i>S. aquaticus</i> were available for examination and descriptions +of others were studied. It was found that the number and +magnitude of the differences separating any one of these subspecies +from an adjoining one was less than those separating <i>S. montanus</i> +from <i>S. a. texanus</i> and <i>S. a. intermedius</i>, which are, geographically, +closest to <i>S. montanus</i>. <i>S. montanus</i> seems not to be closely related +to <i>S. inflatus</i> of Tamaulipas. <i>S. montanus</i> is given specific rank +because of the great degree of difference between it and its nearest +relatives, and because of its geographically isolated position.</p> + +<p>The specimen of <i>S. montanus</i> was taken in a tunnel found by digging +away a mound thought to be that of the pocket gopher, +<i>Thomomys sturgisi</i>. A trap set in one direction in the tunnel caught +the mole; a trap set in the other direction in the tunnel was later +covered with soil, evidently by a gopher. After the capture a +thorough inspection of the area revealed no "raised" tunnels, typical +of <i>Scalopus</i>. A series of <i>Thomomys</i> was taken in this area in sets +placed in tunnels found under similar mounds. This locality was +near the headquarters of the Club Sierra del Carmen in a parklike +stand of oak timber in a cañon, at an elevation of 4950 ft. as +recorded by our altimeter. The plant association was judged to be +characteristic of the Upper Sonoran Life-zone, not far below the beginning +of the Transition Life-zone. The area was heavily grazed +by goats, hogs and horses and had little grass or other ground cover +under the trees. The soil in this cañon was not deep and consisted +of a rocky, marly mixture, pale red in color, evidently produced by +weathering of the reddish volcanic rocks bordering the cañon.</p> + +<p>The Sierra del Carmen is a high, igneous range, surrounded for +the most part by Lower Sonoran plains and desert. Zoologically, +these mountains are poorly known. Few collectors have been in +the area; most of these have been afforded accommodations through +the Club Sierra del Carmen (Carmen Mountain Hunting Club), the +members of which have been especially interested in assisting +naturalists. Several kinds of mammals are known only from this +"biological island" including the pocket gopher mentioned above +and the shrew, <i>Sorex milleri</i>. The finding of a mole in the higher +elevations of this range suggests that moles may occur in other +mountainous areas of Mexico.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + +<p>Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University +Endowment Association.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Measurements.</i>—The adult, male holotype measures as follows: Total length, +150; tail vertebrae, 27; hind foot, 20; greatest length (of skull), 32.2; palatilar +length, 13.8; mastoidal breadth, 16.2; interorbital breadth, 7.0; maxillary +tooth-row, 11.3; greatest depth of skull including auditory bullae, 9.4; weight, +38.6 grams.</p> + +<p><i>Specimen examined.</i>—One, from the type locality.</p></div> + +<p>In studying <i>Scalopus aquaticus texanus</i>, I noted that Allen (Bull. +Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:221, April 29, 1891) based the original description +on a single, unsexed specimen taken in Presidio County, +Texas, by Wm. Lloyd in September, 1887. Later, Allen wrote (Bull. +Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:200, August 18, 1893) that a series of moles +from Rockport, Aransas County, Texas, agreed essentially with the +type. True (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19:22, December 21, 1896) +believed that the type was actually from Aransas County rather than +Presidio County. This belief was shared by later workers. In +checking the literature, I find that the collector of the type, Wm. +Lloyd, who was obtaining specimens for George B. Sennett at the +time, took other mammals in September as well as in October of +1887 in Presidio County (see Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +3:221, 223, 224, April 29, 1891) and birds there in June of 1887 (see +Sennett, Auk, 5:43, January, 1888). I can find no evidence that +Lloyd collected in or near Aransas County in 1887 and see no reason +for doubting that the locality, Presidio County, as written on the +original label of the type of <i>S. a. texanus</i> is correct. Mr. M. J. Carroll +of the Texas State Historical Association advises me that in 1887, +Presidio County was reduced to its present size by the creation of +Brewster and Jeff Davis counties. Lloyd might have taken the mole +in any one of these three Trans-Pecos counties. Even so, these +counties are widely separated geographically from the range of other +moles designated as <i>S. a. texanus</i> (see Davis, Amer. Midl. Nat., +27:386, March, 1942). The taking of <i>S. montanus</i> in the Sierra del +Carmen immediately south of Trans-Pecos Texas leads me to think +that Lloyd's mole might have been taken in a mountainous region +within one of the three counties mentioned above. A description of +<i>Scalopus aquaticus texanus</i> Allen follows:</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Scalopus aquaticus texanus</b> Allen</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="i4"><i>Scalops argentatus texanus</i> Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:221, +April 29, 1891.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Type.</i>—Sex unknown, adult, skin no. 3488, skull no. 2740, Amer. Mus. Nat. +Hist.; Presidio County, Texas; September, 1887, obtained by Wm. Lloyd.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Limits of range in Trans-Pecos Texas unknown.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small; rostrum heavy and broad; lower jaws heavy; palatine +space wide with upper tooth-rows arched laterally; teeth large, especially +fourth premolar and molars.</p> + +<p><i>Comparison.</i>—From adults of comparable age from Rockport, Aransas +County, Texas, <i>S. a. texanus</i> differs in: Rostrum broader and heavier; lower +jaws heavier; palatine space wider, with upper tooth-rows more arched laterally; +individual teeth in both jaws larger, especially fourth premolar and molars. +From <i>S. a. intermedius</i>, which is geographically nearest to the northeast (adult +specimens from Meade, Clark and Barber counties, Kansas, and Dewey County, +Oklahoma), <i>S. a. texanus</i> differs in: Size smaller; rostrum less massive and +shorter; tooth-row shorter.</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The type has been previously examined by True +(<i>op. cit.</i>:44). The skin is faded and of little taxonomic worth. The +anterior part of the skull is present along with both upper tooth-rows +and most of the lower jaws. The teeth are well worn, indicative of +old adulthood. In size, <i>S. a. texanus</i> appears closest to moles from +southern Texas (Rockport) which previously were assigned to the +subspecies <i>Scalopus aquaticus texanus</i>. The tooth-rows are of the +same length, but the individual teeth of <i>S. a. texanus</i> are significantly +larger.</p> + +<p>The moles in southern Texas previously ascribed to <i>Scalopus +aquaticus texanus</i> seem to be without a name and may be known as +follows:</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Scalopus aquaticus alleni</b> new subspecies</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="i4"><i>Scalops texanus</i>, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:200, August 18, +1893.</p> + +<p class="i4"><i>Scalops aquaticus texanus</i> True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19:21, December +21, 1896.</p> + +<p class="i4"><i>Scalopus aquaticus texanus</i> Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 38:50, September +30, 1915; Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 128:15, April 29, 1924; Davis, +Amer. Midl. Nat., 27:386, March, 1942.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Type.</i>—Male, adult, skin no. 7189, skull no. 5788, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; +Rockport, Aransas County, Texas; 29 January 1893; obtained by H. P. Attwater.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Southern Texas, north to Bexar County and east to Refugio County +(see Davis, <i>loc. cit.</i>).</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small; according to Davis (<i>loc. cit.</i>), "... length +of hind foot seldom more than 19 mm.; total length seldom more than 140 mm. +Skull small and flat, seldom exceeding 33 mm. in occipitonasal length and +seldom equalling 10 mm. in depth; maxillary breadth usually less than 10 mm.; +alveolar length of maxillary tooth row seldom more than 10.5 mm."</p> + +<p><i>Comparison.</i>—From <i>S. a. cryptus</i>, geographically adjacent to the east, <i>S. a. +alleni</i> differs in: Size smaller; color paler; skull smaller and flatter. From +<i>S. a. intermedius</i>, geographically adjacent to the north, <i>S. a. alleni</i> differs in: +Size smaller; skull smaller and flatter with shorter tooth-row (see +Davis, <i>op cit.</i>:384, 385). For comparison with <i>S. a. texanus</i>, +see account of that subspecies.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—This mole is named in honor of Dr. J. A. Allen in +recognition for his work on Texas mammals. Grateful acknowledgment +is made to those in charge of the collection of Recent mammals +in the American Museum of Natural History for permitting me to +examine the moles from Aransas County and the type specimen of +<i>Scalops argentatus texanus</i> Allen.</p> + +<p><i>Transmitted January 15, 1951.</i></p> + + +<p class="center"><small>23-6626</small></p> + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) from +Mexico and Texas, by Rollin H. Baker + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TWO NEW MOLES (GENUS SCALOPUS) *** + +***** This file should be named 31063-h.htm or 31063-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/0/6/31063/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/31063.txt b/31063.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd3c999 --- /dev/null +++ b/31063.txt @@ -0,0 +1,688 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico +and Texas, by Rollin H. Baker + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas + +Author: Rollin H. Baker + +Release Date: January 24, 2010 [EBook #31063] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TWO NEW MOLES (GENUS SCALOPUS) *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) +from Mexico and Texas + + +BY + +ROLLIN H. BAKER + + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 5, No. 2, pp. 17-24 +February 28, 1951 + + +University of Kansas +LAWRENCE +1951 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor, +A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson + + +Volume 5, No. 2, pp. 17-24 +February 28, 1951 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1951 + + +23-6626 + + + + +Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) +from Mexico and Texas + +BY + +ROLLIN H. BAKER + + +In the spring of 1950, a field party from the University of Kansas +Museum of Natural History including J. R. Alcorn, W. J. Schaldach, Jr., +George Newton, and the author collected mammals in the Mexican state of +Coahuila. A few days were spent in the Sierra del Carmen. One morning +when examining sets for pocket gophers in these mountains, Alcorn found +a mole caught in one of the traps. Subsequent examination discloses +that this specimen belongs to a heretofore unknown species which may be +named and described as follows: + + +=Scalopus montanus= new species + + _Type._--Male, adult, skin and skull plus body skeleton; no. + 35668, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; Club Sierra del Carmen, + 2 mi. N and 6 mi. W Piedra Blanca, Coahuila, Mexico; 7 April + 1950; obtained by J. R. Alcorn, original no. 11093. + + _Range._--Known only from the type locality; probably found + in other localities in the Sierra del Carmen of northern + Coahuila, Mexico. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium and slender for the genus (see + measurements); tail medium in length, sparsely covered with + whitish hairs; claws of forefeet slender; upper parts near + (h) Buffy Brown (capitalized color terms after Ridgway, + Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., + 1912), with slight rufous wash on top of head; underparts + resemble upper parts but slightly paler with longitudinal + band of near (14) Sudan Brown extending from chin + posteriorly to and around base of tail, less intense on + breast; skull small, arched, and relatively slender + especially across mastoidal region; posterior part of + cranium depressed; foramen magnum low when viewed from rear; + external pterygoid region not greatly expanded; teeth small, + especially upper third molar. + + _Comparison._--From _Scalopus aquaticus_, of which ten + subspecies have been seen including those of significant + geographic position, _S. montanus_ differs in: Skull + slenderer, less angular and relatively narrower across + mastoidal region; cranium arched with hind part flattened; + external pterygoid region less expanded; teeth relatively + small, especially last upper molar. From _S. inflatus_, + known to me from Jackson's description (N. Amer. Fauna, + 38:53-54, pls. 2, 3, September 30, 1915), _S. montanus_ + differs in: Skull less angular and slenderer, prelachrymal + region not inflated; zygomata slenderer. + +_Remarks._--_S. montanus_ is known from a single specimen, which +represents the second known occurrence of the genus _Scalopus_ in +Mexico. The other occurrence is that of _S. inflatus_ in the state of +Tamaulipas. _S. montanus_ is geographically isolated in mountainous +country from other species of _Scalopus_. Ten of the recognized +subspecies of _S. aquaticus_ were available for examination and +descriptions of others were studied. It was found that the number and +magnitude of the differences separating any one of these subspecies +from an adjoining one was less than those separating _S. montanus_ from +_S. a. texanus_ and _S. a. intermedius_, which are, geographically, +closest to _S. montanus_. _S. montanus_ seems not to be closely related +to _S. inflatus_ of Tamaulipas. _S. montanus_ is given specific rank +because of the great degree of difference between it and its nearest +relatives, and because of its geographically isolated position. + +The specimen of _S. montanus_ was taken in a tunnel found by digging +away a mound thought to be that of the pocket gopher, _Thomomys +sturgisi_. A trap set in one direction in the tunnel caught the mole; a +trap set in the other direction in the tunnel was later covered with +soil, evidently by a gopher. After the capture a thorough inspection of +the area revealed no "raised" tunnels, typical of _Scalopus_. A series +of _Thomomys_ was taken in this area in sets placed in tunnels found +under similar mounds. This locality was near the headquarters of the +Club Sierra del Carmen in a parklike stand of oak timber in a canyon, at +an elevation of 4950 ft. as recorded by our altimeter. The plant +association was judged to be characteristic of the Upper Sonoran +Life-zone, not far below the beginning of the Transition Life-zone. The +area was heavily grazed by goats, hogs and horses and had little grass +or other ground cover under the trees. The soil in this canyon was not +deep and consisted of a rocky, marly mixture, pale red in color, +evidently produced by weathering of the reddish volcanic rocks +bordering the canyon. + +The Sierra del Carmen is a high, igneous range, surrounded for the most +part by Lower Sonoran plains and desert. Zoologically, these mountains +are poorly known. Few collectors have been in the area; most of these +have been afforded accommodations through the Club Sierra del Carmen +(Carmen Mountain Hunting Club), the members of which have been +especially interested in assisting naturalists. Several kinds of +mammals are known only from this "biological island" including the +pocket gopher mentioned above and the shrew, _Sorex milleri_. The +finding of a mole in the higher elevations of this range suggests that +moles may occur in other mountainous areas of Mexico. + +Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University +Endowment Association. + + _Measurements._--The adult, male holotype measures as + follows: Total length, 150; tail vertebrae, 27; hind foot, + 20; greatest length (of skull), 32.2; palatilar length, + 13.8; mastoidal breadth, 16.2; interorbital breadth, 7.0; + maxillary tooth-row, 11.3; greatest depth of skull including + auditory bullae, 9.4; weight, 38.6 grams. + + _Specimen examined._--One, from the type locality. + +In studying _Scalopus aquaticus texanus_, I noted that Allen (Bull. +Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:221, April 29, 1891) based the original +description on a single, unsexed specimen taken in Presidio County, +Texas, by Wm. Lloyd in September, 1887. Later, Allen wrote (Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:200, August 18, 1893) that a series of moles from +Rockport, Aransas County, Texas, agreed essentially with the type. True +(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19:22, December 21, 1896) believed that the +type was actually from Aransas County rather than Presidio County. This +belief was shared by later workers. In checking the literature, I find +that the collector of the type, Wm. Lloyd, who was obtaining specimens +for George B. Sennett at the time, took other mammals in September as +well as in October of 1887 in Presidio County (see Allen, Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:221, 223, 224, April 29, 1891) and birds there in +June of 1887 (see Sennett, Auk, 5:43, January, 1888). I can find no +evidence that Lloyd collected in or near Aransas County in 1887 and see +no reason for doubting that the locality, Presidio County, as written +on the original label of the type of _S. a. texanus_ is correct. Mr. M. +J. Carroll of the Texas State Historical Association advises me that in +1887, Presidio County was reduced to its present size by the creation +of Brewster and Jeff Davis counties. Lloyd might have taken the mole in +any one of these three Trans-Pecos counties. Even so, these counties +are widely separated geographically from the range of other moles +designated as _S. a. texanus_ (see Davis, Amer. Midl. Nat., 27:386, +March, 1942). The taking of _S. montanus_ in the Sierra del Carmen +immediately south of Trans-Pecos Texas leads me to think that Lloyd's +mole might have been taken in a mountainous region within one of the +three counties mentioned above. A description of _Scalopus aquaticus +texanus_ Allen follows: + + +=Scalopus aquaticus texanus= Allen + + _Scalops argentatus texanus_ Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist., 3:221, April 29, 1891. + + _Type._--Sex unknown, adult, skin no. 3488, skull no. 2740, + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; Presidio County, Texas; September, + 1887, obtained by Wm. Lloyd. + + _Range._--Limits of range in Trans-Pecos Texas unknown. + + _Diagnosis._--Size small; rostrum heavy and broad; lower + jaws heavy; palatine space wide with upper tooth-rows arched + laterally; teeth large, especially fourth premolar and + molars. + + _Comparison._--From adults of comparable age from Rockport, + Aransas County, Texas, _S. a. texanus_ differs in: Rostrum + broader and heavier; lower jaws heavier; palatine space + wider, with upper tooth-rows more arched laterally; + individual teeth in both jaws larger, especially fourth + premolar and molars. From _S. a. intermedius_, which is + geographically nearest to the northeast (adult specimens + from Meade, Clark and Barber counties, Kansas, and Dewey + County, Oklahoma), _S. a. texanus_ differs in: Size smaller; + rostrum less massive and shorter; tooth-row shorter. + +_Remarks._--The type has been previously examined by True (_op. +cit._:44). The skin is faded and of little taxonomic worth. The +anterior part of the skull is present along with both upper tooth-rows +and most of the lower jaws. The teeth are well worn, indicative of old +adulthood. In size, _S. a. texanus_ appears closest to moles from +southern Texas (Rockport) which previously were assigned to the +subspecies _Scalopus aquaticus texanus_. The tooth-rows are of the same +length, but the individual teeth of _S. a. texanus_ are significantly +larger. + +The moles in southern Texas previously ascribed to _Scalopus aquaticus +texanus_ seem to be without a name and may be known as follows: + + +=Scalopus aquaticus alleni= new subspecies + + _Scalops texanus_, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 5:200, August 18, 1893. + + _Scalops aquaticus texanus_ True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., + 19:21, December 21, 1896. + + _Scalopus aquaticus texanus_ Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 38:50, September 30, 1915; Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus., + Bull. 128:15, April 29, 1924; Davis, Amer. Midl. Nat., + 27:386, March, 1942. + + _Type._--Male, adult, skin no. 7189, skull no. 5788, Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist.; Rockport, Aransas County, Texas; 29 January + 1893; obtained by H. P. Attwater. + + _Range._--Southern Texas, north to Bexar County and east to + Refugio County (see Davis, _loc. cit._). + + _Diagnosis._--Size small; according to Davis (_loc. cit._), + "... length of hind foot seldom more than 19 mm.; total + length seldom more than 140 mm. Skull small and flat, seldom + exceeding 33 mm. in occipitonasal length and seldom + equalling 10 mm. in depth; maxillary breadth usually less + than 10 mm.; alveolar length of maxillary tooth row seldom + more than 10.5 mm." + + _Comparison._--From _S. a. cryptus_, geographically adjacent + to the east, _S. a. alleni_ differs in: Size smaller; color + paler; skull smaller and flatter. From _S. a. intermedius_, + geographically adjacent to the north, _S. a. alleni_ differs + in: Size smaller; skull smaller and flatter with shorter + tooth-row (see Davis, _op cit._:384, 385). For comparison + with _S. a. texanus_, see account of that subspecies. + +_Remarks._--This mole is named in honor of Dr. J. A. Allen in +recognition for his work on Texas mammals. Grateful acknowledgment is +made to those in charge of the collection of Recent mammals in the +American Museum of Natural History for permitting me to examine the +moles from Aransas County and the type specimen of _Scalops argentatus +texanus_ Allen. + +_Transmitted January 15, 1951._ + + +23-6626 + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Two New Moles (Genus Scalopus) from +Mexico and Texas, by Rollin H. Baker + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TWO NEW MOLES (GENUS SCALOPUS) *** + +***** This file should be named 31063.txt or 31063.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/0/6/31063/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/31063.zip b/31063.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..371226b --- /dev/null +++ b/31063.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d715c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #31063 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31063) |