diff options
Diffstat (limited to '30976.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 30976.txt | 2164 |
1 files changed, 2164 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/30976.txt b/30976.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b631e82 --- /dev/null +++ b/30976.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2164 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, +Volume 7, Slice 1, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 1 + Prependix + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 15, 2010 [EBook #30976] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** + + + + +Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + THE + ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA + + ELEVENTH EDITION + + + + + FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771. + SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784. + THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797. + FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810. + FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817. + SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824. + SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842. + EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860. + NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889. + TENTH " ninth edition and eleven + supplementary volumes, 1902-1903. + ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911. + + + + + COPYRIGHT + in all countries subscribing to the + Bern Convention + + by + THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS + of the + UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE + + _All rights reserved_ + + + + + THE + ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA + + A + DICTIONARY + OF + ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL + INFORMATION + + ELEVENTH EDITION + + VOLUME VII + + CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH to DEMIDOV + + + New York + Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. + 342 Madison Avenue + + + Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, + by + The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. + + + + +INITIALS USED IN VOLUME VII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] +WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. + + +A. B. F. Y. + ALEXANDER BELL FILSON YOUNG. + Formerly Editor of the _Outlook_. Author of _Christopher + Columbus_; _Master-singers_; _The Complete Motorist_; _Wagner + Stories_; &c. + + Dance (_in part_). + + +A. Bo.* + AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L. + Professor of Canon Law in the Catholic University of Paris. + Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste contemporain_. + + Curia Romana; + Decretals. + + +A. Ca. + ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S. + See the biographical article: CAYLEY, ARTHUR. + + Curve (_in part_). + + +A. E. B. + REV. ANDREW EWBANK BURN, M.A., D.D. + Vicar of Halifax and Prebendary of Lichfield. Author of _An + Introduction to the Creeds and the Te Deum_; _Niceta of + Remesiana_; &c. + + Creeds. + + +A. E. J. + ARTHUR ERNEST JOLLIFFE, M.A. + Fellow of, and Tutor and Mathematical Lecturer at, Corpus Christi + College, Oxford. Senior Mathematical Scholar, 1892. + + Continued Fractions. + + +A. F. P. + ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC. + Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Professor of English History + in the University of London. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary + of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Author of _England under the + Protector Somerset_; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c. + + Coverdale; + Cox, Richard; + Craig, John; + Cranmer; + Cromwell, Thomas; + Crowley. + + +A. G. + MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908). + H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of _The Chronicles of + Newgate_; _Secrets of the Prison House_; &c. + + Crime; + Criminology. + + +A. Go.* + REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A. + Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester. + + Coornhert. + + +A. H. J. G. + ABEL HENDY JONES GREENIDGE, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.) (d. 1905). + Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of + St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Infamia in Roman Law_; + _Handbook of Greek Constitutional History_; _Roman Public Life_; + _History of Rome_. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History, + 133-70 B.C._ + + Consul: Roman. + + +A. H. P. + REV. ARNOLD HILL PAYNE, M.A. + Chaplain, Oxford Diocesan Mission to the Deaf and Dumb. Late + Normal Fellow, National Deaf Mute College, Washington, U.S.A. + Author of _The Mental Development of the Orally and Manually + taught Deaf_; _The Pure Oral Method of necessity a Comparative + Failure_; &c. + + Deaf and Dumb. + + +A. J. B. + ALFRED JOSHUA BUTLER, M.A., D.LITT. + Fellow and Bursar of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of Eton + College. Author of _The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt_; _The + Arab Conquest of Egypt_; &c. + + Copts: _The Coptic Church_. + + +A. J. B.* + ARTHUR JOHN BUTLER, M.A. (1844-1910). + Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of + Italian Language and Literature, University College, London. + Author of a prose translation of Dante's _Divine Comedy_; _Dante + and his Times_; &c. + + Dante. + + +A. J. E. + ARTHUR JOHN EVANS, M.A., D.LITT., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A. + Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, + Oxford, 1884-1908. Hon. Keeper since 1908. Made archaeological + discoveries in Crete, 1893; excavated the Palace of Knossos. + Author of _Through Bosnia on Foot_; _Cretan Pictographs and + Prae-Phoenician Script_; and other works on archaeology. + + Crete: _Archaeology and Ancient History_. + + +A. L. + ANDREW LANG. + See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW. + + Crystal-Gazing. + + +A. Mw. + ALLEN MAWER, M.A. + Professor of English Language and Literature, Armstrong College, + Newcastle-on-Tyne. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, + Cambridge. Formerly Lecturer in English at the University of + Sheffield. + + Danelagh. + + +A. M. C. + AGNES MARY CLERKE. + See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M. + + Copernicus; + Delambre; + Delisle, J. N. + + +A. M. Cl. + AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS. WILDE). + Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. + Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History, 133-70 B.C._ + + Curia; + Decemviri; + Decurio. + + +A. N. + ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S. + See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED. + + Coot; + Cormorant; + Crane; + Crossbill; + Crow; + Cuckoo; + Curlew. + + +A. N.* + REV. ALEXANDER NAIRNE, M.A. + Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis in King's College, + London. Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of St Albans. Fellow of + King's College, London. Formerly Fellow of Jesus College, + Cambridge. Crosse Scholar, 1886. Author of _The Bible Doctrine of + Atonement_; &c. + + Creatianism and Traducianism. + + +A. N. M. + A. N. MONKHOUSE. + Member of Editorial Staff of _Manchester Guardian_. + + Cotton (_in part_). + + +A. van M. + ALEXANDER VAN MILLINGEN, M.A., D.D. + Professor of History, Robert College, Constantinople. Author of + _Byzantine Constantinople_; _Constantinople_; &c. + + Constantinople. + + +A. W. H.* + ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND. + Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of + Gray's Inn, 1900. + + Curia Regis. + + +A. Wi. + ANEURIN WILLIAMS, M A., M.P. + Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple. Chairman of Executive, + International Cooperative Alliance. M.P. for Plymouth, 1910. + Author of _Twenty-eight Years of Co-partnership at Guise_; &c. + + Co-operation. + + +A. W. R. + ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A, L.L.B. + Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of + _Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_. + + Corporal Punishment; + Covenant. + + +A. W. W. + ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D. + See the biographical article: WARD, A. W. + + Cumberland, Richard: Dramatist. + + +C. E.* + CHARLES EVERITT, A.M., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. + Sometime Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford. + + Constellation. + + +C. E. N. + CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LL.D. + See the biographical article: NORTON, CHARLES E. + + Curtis, George William. + + +C. F. A. + CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON. + Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of + London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold + Harbour_. + + Crimean War; + Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_) + + +C. F. B. + CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D. + Regius Professor of Law and Professor of Political Economy in the + University of Dublin. Author of _Public Finance_; _Commerce of + Nations_; _Theory of International Trade_; &c. + + Decimal Coinage. + + +C. K. + WILLIAM CHARLES MARK KENT. + Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Edited the _London Sun_ for + twenty-five years; the _Weekly Register_, 1874-1881. Author of + _The Humour and Pathos of Charles Dickens_; &c. + + Dalling, Lord. + + +C. K. S. + CLEMENT KING SHORTER. + Editor of the _Sphere_. Author of _Sixty Years of Victorian + Literature_; _Immortal Memories_; _The Brontes: Life and Letters_; + &c. + + Cowper, William; + Crabbe, George. + + +C. L. + H. CALDWELL LIPSETT. + Formerly Editor of the _Civil and Military Gazette_, Lahore, + India. Author of _Lord Curzon in India_. + + Coolie. + + +C. Pf. + CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D. ES L. + Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of + Honour. Author of _Etude sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_; _Le + Duche merovingien d'Alsace et la legende de Sainte-Odile_. + + Dagobert. + + +C. R. B. + CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S. + Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. + Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer + in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. + Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; + _The Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c. + + Conti, Nicolo de'; + Cook, Captain; + Dampier; + Daniel of Kiev; + Davis, John. + + +D. C. T. + DAVID CROAL THOMSON. + Formerly Editor of the _Art Journal_. Author of _The Brothers + Maris_; _The Barbizon School of Painters_; _Life of "Phiz"_; _Life + of Bewick_; &c. + + Corot; + Daubigny. + + +D. F. T. + DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY. + Balliol College, Oxford. Author of _Essays in Musical Analyses, + comprising Classical Concerto, The Goldberg Variations_; and + analyses of many other classical works. + + Contrapuntal Forms; + Counterpoint. + + +D. G. H. + DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A. + Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen + College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at + Paphos, 1888; Naukratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; + Assiut, 1906-1907. Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900; + Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899. + + Cyrenaica; + Cyrene. + + +D. H. + DAVID HANNAY. + Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short + History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c. + + Convoy (_in part_); + Copenhagen, Battle of; + Cordoba, Gonzalo Fernandez de; + Dahlgren, John Adolf. + + +D. Mn. + REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A. + Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director + of the London Missionary Society. + + Cruden, Alexander. + + +E. Br. + ERNEST BARKER, M.A. + Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, St John's College, + Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven + Scholar, 1895. + + Crusades. + + +E. B. El. + EDWIN BAILEY ELLIOTT, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. + Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics and Fellow of Magdalen + College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. + President of London Mathematical Society, 1896-1898. Author of + _Algebra of Quantics_; &c. + + Curve (_in part_). + + +E. B. P. + EDWARD BAGNALL POULTON, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., LL.D. + Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford. Fellow of + Jesus College, Oxford. Author of _The Colours of Animals_; _Essays + on Evolution_; _Darwin and the Original Species_; &c. + + Darwin. + + +E. C. Q. + EDMUND CROSBY QUIGGIN, M.A. + Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; Lecturer in + Modern Languages, and Monro Lecturer in Celtic. + + Cuchulinn. + + +E. F. S. + EDWARD FAIRBROTHER STRANGE. + Assistant Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. + Member of Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art + subjects. Joint-editor of Bell's "Cathedral" Series. + + Della Quercia. + + +E. G. + EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D. + See the biographical article: GOSSE, EDMUND. + + Conte; + Couplet; + Cowley; + Crashaw; + Criticism; + Daniel, Samuel; + Davenant, Sir William; + Dekker, Edward Douwes. + + +E. Gr. + ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER, M.A. + See the biographical article: GARDNER, PERCY. + + Corfu (_in part_); + Corinth: _Isthmus of_; + Cos (_in part_); + Crisa; + Daphne; + Delos; + Delphi. + + +E. Ma. + EDWARD MANSON. + Barrister-at-Law. Joint-editor of _Journal of Comparative + Legislation_. Author of _Debentures and Debenture Stock_; &c. + + Debentures and Debenture Stock. + + +Ed. M. + EDUARD MEYER, D.LITT. (Oxon.), LL.D., PH.D. + Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author + of _Geschichte des Alterthums_; _Forschungen zur alten + Geschichte_; _Geschichte des alten Aegyptens_; _Die Israeliten und + ihre Nachbarstaemme_; &c. + + Ctesiphon; + Cyaxares; + Cyrus; + Darius; + Deioces; + Demetrius of Bactria. + + +E. M. W. + REV. EDWARD MEWBURN WALKER, M.A. + Fellow, Senior Tutor and Librarian of Queen's College, Oxford. + + Constitution of Athens. + + +E. Pr. + EDGAR PRESTAGE. + Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of + Manchester. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. + Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences and + Lisbon Geographical Society, &c. + + Corte-Real, Jeronymo; + Cruz e Silva. + + +E. R. B. + EDWYN ROBERT BEVAN, M.A. + Formerly Scholar of New College, Oxford. Author of _House of + Seleucus_; _Jerusalem under the High Priests_. + + Demetrius of Macedonia. + + +E. Tn. + REV. ETHELRED LEONARD TAUNTON (d. 1907). + Author of _The English Black Monks of St Benedict_; _History of + the Jesuits in England_. + + Cullen, Paul; + Curci. + + +E. V. + REV. EDMUND VENABLES, M.A., D.D. (1819-1895). + Canon and Precentor of Lincoln. Author of _Episcopal Palaces of + England_. + + Crypt. + + +F. E. W. + REV. FREDERICK EDWARD WARREN, M.A., B.D., F.S.A. + Rector of Bardwell, Bury St Edmunds. Fellow of St John's College, + Oxford, 1865-1882. Author of _The Old Catholic Ritual done into + English and compared with the Corresponding Offices in the Roman + and Old German Manuals_; _The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic + Church_; &c. + + Dedication. + + +F. G. M. B. + FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BECK, M.A. + Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge. + + Deira. + + +F. Lu. + FRIEDRICH LUCKWALDT, PH.D. + Professor of History at the Royal Technical High School, Danzig. + Author of _Oesterreich und die Anfaenge des Befreiungskriege von + 1813_; &c. + + Dahlmann. + + +F. Ll. G. + FRANCIS LLEWELLYN GRIFFITH, M.A., PH.D., F.S.A. + Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Formerly Scholar of + Queen's College, Oxford. Editor of the _Archaeological Survey_ and + _Archaeological Reports_ of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow of + Imperial German Archaeological Institute. + + Copts (_in part_). + + +F. Po. + SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, BART., LL.D., D.C.L. + See the biographical article: POLLOCK: _Family_. + + Contract. + + +F. S. P. + FRANCIS SAMUEL PHILBRICK, A.M., B.SC. + Formerly Scholar and Resident Fellow of Harvard University. Member + of American Historical Association. + + Cuba. + + +F. T. M. + SIR FRANK THOMAS MARZIALS, K.C.B. + Formerly Accountant-General of the Army. Editor of "Great Writers" + Series. + + Daudet. + + +F. W. Ha. + FREDERICK WILLIAM HASLUCK, M.A. + Assistant Director, British School of Archaeology, Athens. Fellow + of King's College, Cambridge. Browne's Medallist, 1901. + + Cyzicus. + + +F. W. R.* + FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S. + Curator and Librarian at the Museum of Practical Geology, London, + 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889. + + Corundum; + Cryolite; + Demantoid. + + +G. A. B. + GEORGE A. BOULENGER, F.R.S. + In charge of the Collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department of + Zoology, British Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological Society + of London. + + Cyprinodonts. + + +G. C. B. + GILBERT CHARLES BOURNE, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S. + Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Oxford. Fellow of Merton + College, Oxford. Author of _An Introduction to the Study of + Comparative Anatomy of Animals_; &c. + + Coral-reefs. + + +G. C. C. + G. C. CHUBB. + + Cytology. + + +G. C. W. + GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON, LITT. D. + Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Portrait + Miniatures_; _Life of Richard Cosway, R.A._; _George Engleheart_; + _Portrait Drawings_; &c. Editor of new edition of Bryan's + _Dictionary of Painters and Engravers_. + + Cooper, Alexander; + Cooper, Samuel; + Cosway, Richard. + + +G. F. Z. + G. F. ZIMMER, A.M.INST.C.E., F.Z.S. + Author of _Mechanical Handling of Material_. + + Conveyors. + + +G. H. Fo. + GEORGE HERBERT FOWLER, F.Z.S., F.L.S., PH.D. + Formerly Berkeley Fellow of Owens College, Manchester, and + Assistant Professor of Zoology at University College, London. + + Ctenophora. + + +G. J. T. + GEORGE JAMES TURNER. + Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Editor of _Select Pleas of the + Forest_ for the Selden Society. + + County. + + +G. P. R. + GERALD PHILIP ROBINSON. + President of the Society of Mezzotint Engravers. Mezzotint + Engraver to Queen Victoria and to King Edward VII. + + Cousins, Samuel. + + +G. Sa. + GEORGE SAINTSBURY, L.L.D., LITT.D. + See the biographical article: SAINTSBURY, G. E. B. + + Corneille, Pierre; + Corneille, Thomas. + + +G. Sn. + GRANT SHOWERMAN, A.M., PH.D. + Professor of Latin at the University of Wisconsin. Member of the + Archaeological Institute of America. Member of American + Philological Association. Author of _With the Professor_; _The + Great Mother of the Gods_; &c. + + Corybantes; + Criobolium; + Curetes; + Cybele. + + +G. W. T. + REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D. + Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew + and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford. + + Damiri. + + +H. Br. + HENRY BRADLEY, M.A., PH.D. + Joint-editor of the _New English Dictionary_ (Oxford). Fellow of + the British Academy. Author of _The Story of the Goths_; _The + Making of English_; &c. + + Cynewulf. + + +H. B. W. + HORACE BOLINGBROKE WOODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S. + Late Assistant Director, Geological Survey of England and Wales. + Wollaston Medallist, Geological Society. Author of _The History of + the Geological Society of London_; &c. + + Dechen. + + +H. F. G. + HANS FRIEDRICH GADOW, M.A., F.R.S., PH.D. + Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of + Cambridge. Author of _Amphibia and Reptiles_ (Cambridge Natural + History). + + Crocodile. + + +H. Fr. + HENRI FRANTZ. + Art Critic, _Gazette des Beaux Arts_, Paris. + + Courbet. + + +H. M. W. + H. MARSHALL WARD, M.A., F.R.S., D.SC. (d. 1905). + Formerly Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. + President of the British Mycological Society. Author of _Timber + and some of its Diseases_; _The Oak_; _Disease in Plants_; &c. + + De Bary. + + +H. St. + HENRY STURT, M.A. + Author of _Idola Theatri_; _The Idea of a Free Church_; and + _Personal Idealism_. + + Crusius; + Cudworth, R. + + +H. S. J. + HENRY STUART JONES, M.A. + Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford, and Director + of the British School at Rome. Member of the German Imperial + Archaeological Institute. Author of _The Roman Empire_; &c. + + Costume: _Aegean, Greek, Etruscan and Roman_. + + +H. Th. + SIR HENRY THOMPSON, BART. + See the biographical article: THOMPSON, SIR HENRY. + + Cremation. + + +H. Tr. + SIR HENRY TROTTER, K.C.M.G., C.B. + Lieutenant-Colonel, Royal Engineers. H.B.M. Consul-General for + Roumania, 1894-1906, and British Delegate on the European + Commission of the Danube. Victoria Medallist, Royal Geographical + Society, 1878. + + Danube. + + +H. W. C. D. + HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAVIS, M.A. + Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls' + College, 1895-1902. Author of _England under the Normans and + Angevins_; _Charlemagne_. + + Coutances, Walter of. + + +I. A. + ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A. + Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of + Cambridge. President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author + of _A Short History of Jewish Literature; Jewish Life in the + Middle Ages_. + + Crescas; + Delmedigo. + + +J. An. + JOSEPH ANDERSON, LL.D. + Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Assistant + Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and Rhind + Lecturer, 1879-1882 and 1892. Editor of Drummond's _Ancient + Scottish Weapons_; &c. + + Crannog. + + +J. A. C. + SIR JOSEPH ARCHER CROWE, K.C.M.G. + See the biographical article: CROWE, SIR J. A. + + Cranach; + Cuyp. + + +J. A. H. + JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC. + Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London. + + Corallian; + Cornbrash; Culm. + + +J. C. S.-H. + JOHN CASTLEMAN SWINBURNE-HANHAM, J.P. + Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Hon. Secretary of Cremation + Society of England. + + Cremation: _Statistics_. + + +J. D. B. + JAMES DAVID BOURCHIER, M.A., F.R.G.S. + King's College, Cambridge. Correspondent of _The Times_ in + South-Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of + Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order + of St Alexander of Bulgaria. + + Crete: _Geography and Statistics_; and _Modern History_. + + +J. D. Pr. + JOHN DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D. + Professor of Semitic Languages at Columbia University, New York. + Daniel (_in part_). + + + +J. E. B. + JOHN EGLINTON BAILEY. + Author of _John Dee and the Steganographia of Trithemius_; _Life + of Thomas Fuller_. + + Cryptography. + + +J. Go.* + JOSEPH GREGO. + Art Critic. Author of _A History of Parliamentary Elections_; _A + History of Dancing_; _Thomas Rowlandson_; _James Gillray_; &c. + + Cruikshank. + + +J. G. K. + JOHN GRAHAM KERR, M.A., F.R.S. + Regius Professor of Zoology in the University of Glasgow. Formerly + Demonstrator in Animal Morphology in the University of Cambridge. + Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, 1898-1904. Walsingham + Medallist, 1898. Neill Prizeman, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1904. + + Cyclostomata. + + +J. H. F. + JOHN HENRY FREESE, M.A. + Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. + + Demeter. + + +J. H. M. + JOHN HENRY MIDDLETON, M.A., F.S.A., LITT.D., D.C.L. (1846-1896). + Formerly Slade Professor of Fine Art in the University of + Cambridge, and Art Director of the South Kensington Museum. Author + of _The Engraved Gems of Classical Times_; _Illuminated + Manuscripts in Classical and Medieval Times_. + + Della Robbia (_in part_). + + +J. H. R. + JOHN HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.). + Author of _Feudal England_; _Studies in Peerage and Family + History_; _Peerage and Pedigree_; &c. + + Court Baron. + + +J. Hl. R. + JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D. + Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local + Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic + Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of + Pitt_; &c. + + Daru, Count; + Decaen. + + +J. H. Rs. + REV. JAMES HARDY ROPES, D.D. + Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, + and Dexter Lecturer on Bible Literature, Harvard University. + Author of _The Apostolic Age in the Light of Modern Criticism_; + &c. + + Corinthians: _Epistles to the_. + + +J. L. M. + JOHN LINTON MYRES, M.A., F.S.A. + Wykeham Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. + Formerly Gladstone Professor of Greek, and Lecturer in Ancient + Geography, University of Liverpool; and Lecturer on Classical + Archaeology in University of Oxford. + + Cyprus (_in part_). + + +J. Mo. + VISCOUNT MORLEY OF BLACKBURN. + See the biographical article: MORLEY, VISCOUNT. + + Danton. + + +J. McF. + JOHN MACFARLANE. + Formerly Librarian of the Imperial Library, Calcutta. Author of + _Library Administration_; &c. + + Damien, Father. + + +J. M. M. + JOHN MALCOLM MITCHELL. + Sometime Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Lecturer in Classics, + East London College (University of London). Joint-editor of + Grote's _History of Greece_. + + Delian League. + + +J. P. Pe. + REV. JOHN PUNNETT PETERS, PH.D., D.D. + Canon Residentiary, Cathedral of New York. Formerly Professor of + Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania. Director of the + University Expedition to Babylonia, 1888-1895. Author of _Nippur, + or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates_. + + Deir. + + +J. S. F. + JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC., F.G.S. + Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on + Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal + Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society + of London. + + Crystallite; + Dacite. + + +J. T. Be. + JOHN T. BEALBY. + Joint-author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly Editor of the + _Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's + _Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c. + + Crimea (_in part_); + Daghestan (_in part_). + + +J. T. C. + JOSEPH THOMAS CUNNINGHAM, M.A., F.Z.S. + Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London. + Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Assistant Professor + of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. Naturalist to + the Marine Biological Association. + + Cuttle-fish. + + +J. V. + JOHN VEITCH, LL.D. + See the biographical article: VEITCH, JOHN. + + Cousin, V. (_in part_). + + +K. G. J. + KINGSLEY GARLAND JAYNE. + Sometime Scholar of Wadham College, Oxford. Matthew Arnold + Prizeman, 1903. Author of _Vasco da Gama and his Successors_. + + Croatia-Slavonia; + Dalmatia. + + +K. S. + KATHLEEN SCHLESINGER. + Author of _The Instruments of the Orchestra_; &c. + + Contrafagotto; Cor Anglais; + Cornet (_in part_); + Cromorne (_in part_); + Crowd; Cymbals. + + +L. + COUNT LUeTZOW, LITT.D. (Oxon.), D.PH. (Prague), F.R.G.S. + Chamberlain of H.M. the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia. Hon. + Member of the Royal Society of Literature. Member of the Bohemian + Academy, &c. Author of _Bohemia, a Historical Sketch_; _The + Historians of Bohemia_ (Ilchester Lecture, Oxford, 1904); _The + Life and Times of John Hus_; &c. + + Czech. + + +L. D.* + LOUIS DUCHESNE. + See the biographical article: DUCHESNE, L.M.O. + + Damasus. + + +L. J. S. + LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A. + Assistant in Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly + Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. + Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_. + + Copper-glance; + Copper Pyrites; + Covellite; Crocoite; + Crystallography; + Cuprite; Cyanite; + Datolite. + + +L. V.* + LUIGI VILLARI. + Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Department). Formerly Newspaper + Correspondent in East of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New + Orleans, 1906; Philadelphia, 1907; and Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910. + Author of _Italian Life in Town and Country_; _Fire and Sword in + the Caucasus_; &c. + + Contarini; Cornaro; + Correnti; Corsini; + Dandolo; Della Gherardesca. + + +M. A. C. + MAURICE A. CANNEY, M.A. + Assistant Lecturer in Semitic Languages in the University of + Manchester. Formerly Exhibitioner of St John's College, Oxford. + Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew Scholar, Oxford, 1892; Kennicott Hebrew + Scholar, 1895; Houghton Syriac Prize, 1896. + + Daub, Karl. + + +M. Ha. + MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.SC., F.L.S. + Professor of Zoology, University College, Cork. Author of + "Protozoa" in _Cambridge Natural History_, and papers for various + scientific journals. + + Cystoflagellata. + + +M. N. T. + MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD, M.A. + Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. University Lecturer in + Epigraphy. Joint-author of _Catalogue of the Sparta Museum_. + + Demaratus. + + +M. O. B. C. + MAXIMILIAN OTTO BISMARCK CASPARI, M.A. + Reader in Ancient History at London University. Lecturer in Greek + at Birmingham University, 1905-1908. + + Corfu (_in part_); + Corinth (_in part_); + Cos (_in part_). + + +N. D. M. + NEWTON DENNISON MERENESS, A.M., PH.D. + Author of _Maryland as a Proprietary Province_. + + Davis, Jefferson (_in part_). + + +N. W. T. + NORTHCOTE WHITBRIDGE THOMAS, M.A. + Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding + Member of the Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris. Author of _Thought + Transference_; _Kinship and Marriage in Australia_; &c. + + Death-warning. + + +O. Ba. + OSWALD BARRON, F.S.A. + Editor of the _Ancestor_, 1902-1905. Hon. Genealogist to Standing + Council of the Honourable Society of the Baronetage. + + Costume: _Medieval and Modern European_; + Courtenay: _Family_. + + +O. J. R. H. + OSBERT JOHN RADCLIFFE HOWARTH, M.A. + Christ Church, Oxford. Geographical Scholar, 1901. Assistant + Secretary of the British Association. + + Copenhagen. + + +P. A. K. + PRINCE PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN. + See the biographical article: KROPOTKIN, P. A. + + Cossacks; + Crimea (_in part_); + Daghestan (_in part_). + + +P. C. Y. + PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE, M.A. + Magdalen College, Oxford. + + Cottington, F. C., Baron; + Coventry, Sir William; + Craven, Earl of; + Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_); + Cromwell, Richard. + + +P. G. + PERCY GARDNER, LITT.D., D.C.L., F.S.A. + See the biographical article: Gardner, Percy. + + Daedalus; + Demetrius (Sculptor). + + +P. Gl. + PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D. + Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and + University Reader in Comparative Philology. Late Secretary of the + Cambridge Philological Society. Author of _Manual of Comparative + Philology_; &c. + + D. + + +P. G. K. + PAUL G. KONODY. + Art Critic of the _Observer_ and the _Daily Mail_. Formerly Editor + of _The Artist_. Author of _The Art of Walter Crane_; _Velasquez, + Life and Work_; &c. + + David, Gerard. + + +R. A.* + ROBERT ANCHEL. + Archivist to the Departement de l'Eure. + + Convention, The National; + Cordeliers, Club of the. + + +R. A. S. M. + ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A. + St John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the + Palestine Exploration Fund. + + Damascus; + Dead Sea; + Decapolis. + + +R. B. McK. + RONALD BRUNLEES MCKERROW. + Trinity College, Cambridge. + + Dekker, Thomas (_in part_). + + +R. B. R. + RUFUS BYAM RICHARDSON, PH.D., B.D. + Formerly Director of American School of Classical Studies, Athens. + Member of American Geological Society, British Society of + Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Greek Archaeological Society, &c. + Author of _History of Greek Sculpture_; _Vacation Days in Greece_; + _Greece through the Stereoscope_; &c. + + Corinth (_in part_). + + +R. H. C. + REV. ROBERT HENRY CHARLES, M.A., D.D., D.LITT. + Grinfield Lecturer and Lecturer in Biblical Studies, Oxford. + Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Professor of Biblical + Greek, Trinity College, Dublin. Author of _Critical History of the + Doctrine of a Future Life_; _Book of Jubilees_; &c. + + Daniel (_in part_). + + +R. H. L. + ROBIN HUMPHREY LEGGE. + Principal Musical Critic for _Daily Telegraph_. Author of _Annals + of the Norwich Festivals_; &c. + + Debussy. + + +R. J. M. + RONALD JOHN MCNEILL, M.A. + Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the + _St James's Gazette_, London. + + Conway, Henry Seymour; + Cowper, William C., 1st Earl; + Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_). + + +R. L.* + RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. + Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882. + Author of _Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in + British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_, &c. + + Coyote; + Creodonta; + Deer. + + +R. N. B. + ROBERT NISBET BAIN (d. 1909). + Formerly Assistant Librarian, British Museum. Author of + _Scandinavia: the Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, + 1513-1900_; _The First Romanovs, 1613 to 1725_; _Slavonic Europe: + the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c. + + Corvinus; + Czartoryski; + Damjanich; + Deak; + De Geer; + De la Gardie; + Demetrius Donskoi; + Demetrius, Pseudo. + + +R. P. S. + R. PHENE SPIERS, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. + Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, + London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and + Fellow of King's College, London. Corresponding Member of the + Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson's _History of + Architecture_. Author of _Architecture: East and West_; &c. + + Decorated Period. + + +R. So. + ROBERT SOMERS (1822-1891). + Editor of _North British Daily Mail_, 1849-1859. Author of + _Letters from the Highlands_; _The Southern States since the War_. + + Corn Laws (_in part_). + + +R. S. C. + ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY, M.A., D.LITT. (Cantab.). + Professor of Latin in the University of Manchester. Formerly + Professor of Latin of University College, Cardiff, and Fellow of + Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. + + Cumae (_in part_). + + +R. W. R. + ROBERT WILLIAM ROGERS, D.D., LITT.D., LL.D., PH.D. + Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Drew Theological + Seminary, Madison, New Jersey. Author of _Inscriptions of + Sennacherib_; _History of Babylonia and Assyria_; _The Religion of + Babylonia and Assyria_; &c. + + Cuneiform. + + +S. A. C. + STANLEY ARTHUR COOK, M.A. + Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Lecturer in Hebrew and + Syriac, and formerly Fellow Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. + Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908. + Author of _Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions_; _The Laws of Moses + and the Code of Hammurabi_; _Critical Notes on Old Testament + History_; _Religion of Ancient Palestine_; &c. + + Costume: _Ancient, Oriental_; + Cush; + Dan; + David (_in part_); + Deborah; + Decalogue (_in part_). + + +S. E. B. + HON. SIMEON EBEN BALDWIN, M.A., LL.D. + Professor of Constitutional and Private International Law in Yale + University. Director of the Bureau of Comparative Law of the + American Bar Association. Formerly Chief Justice of Connecticut. + Author of _Modern Political Institutions_; _American Railroad + Law_; &c. + + Conveyancing (_United States_). + + +S. J. C. + SYDNEY JOHN CHAPMAN, M.A. + Professor of Political Economy and Dean of the Faculty of Commerce + in the University of Manchester. Author of _The Lancashire Cotton + Industry_; _The Cotton Industry and Trade_; &c. + + Cotton: _Marketing and Supply_; + Cotton Manufacture. + + +S. Wa. + SAMUEL WADSWORTH, M.A. + Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple and of Lincoln's Inn. + Joint-editor of the 17th edition of Davidson's _Concise Precedents + in Conveyancing_. + + Conveyancing (_in part_). + + +T. As. + THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.). + Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly + Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1897. Conington + Prizeman, 1906. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological + Institute. + + Corfinium; + Cori; + Cortona; + Cosa; + Cosenza; + Cremona; + Crotona; + Cumae (_in part_); + Cures. + + +T. A. I. + THOMAS ALLAN INGRAM, M.A., LL.D. + Trinity College, Dublin. + + Convocation (_in part_); + Corn Laws (_in part_); + Coroner; + Cruelty; + Day. + + +T. A. J. + THOMAS ATHOL JOYCE, M.A. + Assistant in Department of Ethnography, British Museum. Hon. Sec., + Royal Anthropological Institute. + + Costume (_in part_). + + +T. Ba. + SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P. + Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the + Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of + Honour. Author of _Problems of International Practice and + Diplomacy_; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910. + + Contraband; + Convoy (_in part_); + Declaration of Paris. + + +T. F. C. + THEODORE FREYLINGHUYSEN COLLIER, PH.D. + Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown, + Mass., U.S.A. + + Constantinople, Councils of. + + +T. K. C. + THOMAS KELLY CHEYNE, D.D. + See the biographical article: CHEYNE, T. K. + + Cosmogony; + Deluge, The. + + +T. M. F. + THOMAS MACALL FALLOW, M.A., F.S.A. + Editor of the _Antiquary_, 1895-1899. Author of _Memorials of Old + Yorkshire_; _The Cathedral Churches of Ireland_. + + Coronation; + Cross and Crucifixion; + Crown and Coronet. + + +T. Se. + THOMAS SECCOMBE. + Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University + of London. Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887. Assistant Editor of + _Dictionary of National Biography_, 1891-1901. Author of _The Age + of Johnson_; &c. + + Constantine Pavlovich. + + +T. T. + SIR TRAVERS TWISS, K.C., D.C.L., F.R.S. + See the biographical article: TWISS, SIR TRAVERS. + + Consulate of the Sea; + Convocation (_in part_). + + +T. W. F. + THOMAS WILLIAM FOX, M.SC.TECH. + Professor of Textiles, Manchester University. Author of _Mechanism + of Weaving_. + + Cotton-spinning Machinery. + + +V. M. + VICTOR CHARLES MAHILLON. + Principal of the Conservatoire Royal de Musique at Brussels. + Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. + + Cornet (_in part_); + Cromorne (_in part_). + + +W. A. B. C. + REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S., PH.D. (Bern.). + Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, + St David's College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide du Haut + Dauphine_; _The Range of the Toedi_; _Guide to Grindelwald_; _Guide + to Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_; &c. Editor + of the _Alpine Journal_, 1880-1889; &c. + + Crousaz, Jean Pierre de; + Dauphine; + Davos. + + +W. A. P. + WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A. + Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St + John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c. + + Cope; + Crete (_in part_); + Costume: _National, Class and Official_; + Dalmatic. + + +W. B.* + WILLIAM BURTON, M.A., F.C.S. + Chairman, Joint Committee of Pottery Manufacturers of Great + Britain. Author of _English Stoneware and Earthenware_; &c. + + Della Robbia (_in part_). + + +W. B. Sc. + WILLIAM BELL SCOTT. + See the biographical article: SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL. + + Cox, David; + Delaroche. + + +W. C. S. + WILLIAM CHARLES SMITH, K.C., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. (Edin.). + Formerly Sheriff of Ross, Cromarty and Sutherland. Editor of + _Judicial Review_, 1889-1900. + + Dance (_in part_). + + +W. C. T. + W. CAVE THOMAS. + Author of _Symmetrical Education_; _Mural or Monumental + Decoration_; _Revised Theory of Light_. + + Cornelius, Peter von. + + +W. E. Co. + RT. REV. WILLIAM EDWARD COLLINS, D.D. + Bishop of Gibraltar. Formerly Professor of Ecclesiastical History, + King's College, London. Lecturer at Selwyn and St John's Colleges, + Cambridge. Author of _The Study of Ecclesiastical History_; + _Beginnings of English Christianity_; &c. + + Cyprus: Church of. + + +W. E. H. + WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY. + See the biographical article: HENLEY, W. E. + + Cooper, James Fenimore. + + +W. Fr. + WILLIAM FREAM. LL.D. (d. 1907). + Formerly Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, University of + Edinburgh, and Agricultural Correspondent of _The Times_. + + Dairy and Dairy-farming. + + +W. F. C. + WILLIAM FEILDEN CRAIES, M.A. + Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Lecturer on Criminal Law, King's + College, London. Editor of Archbold's _Criminal Pleading_ (23rd + edition). + + Contempt of Court; + Conversion; + Costs; + Criminal Law; + Damages. + + +W. G. F. + WILLIAM GEORGE FREEMAN, B.SC. (London), A.R.C.S. + Joint-author of _Nature Teaching_; _The World's Commercial + Products_. Joint-editor of _Science Progress in the Twentieth + Century_. + + Cotton (_in part_). + + +W. L. H. D. + WYNFRID LAWRENCE HENRY DUCKWORTH, M.A., M.D., D.SC. + Lecturer in Physical Anthropology, and Senior Demonstrator of + Human Anatomy in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of Jesus + College. Author of _Morphology and Anthropology_; &c. + + Craniometry. + + +W. L.-W. + SIR WILLIAM LEE-WARNER, M.A., K.C.S.I. + Member of Council of India. Formerly Secretary in the Political + and Secret Department of the India Office. Author of _Life of the + Marquis of Dalhousie_; _Memoirs of Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wylie + Norman_; &c. + + Dalhousie, 1st Marquis. + + +W. M. + WILLIAM MINTO, M.A. + See the biographical article: MINTO, WILLIAM. + + Dekker, Thomas (_in part_). + + +W. M. R. + WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI. + See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE G. + + Correggio; + Crivelli, Carlo. + + +W. P.* + WALTER PITT, M.INST.C.E., M.I.M.E. + Member of the Committee of International Maritime Conference, + London, &c. + + Cranes. + + +W. R. E. H. + WILLIAM RICHARD EATON HODGKINSON, PH.D., F.R.S. + Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Ordnance College, Woolwich. + Formerly Professor of Chemistry and Physics, R.M.A., Woolwich. + Part-author of Valentin-Hodgkinson's _Practical Chemistry_; &c. + + Cordite. + + +W. R. S. + WILLIAM ROBERTSON SMITH, LL.D. + See the biographical article: SMITH, W. R. + + David (_in part_); + Decalogue (_in part_). + + +W. T. Ca. + WILLIAM THOMAS CALMAN, D.SC., F.Z.S. + Assistant in charge of Crustacea, Natural History Museum, South + Kensington. Author of "Crustacea" in _A Treatise on Zoology_, + edited by Sir E. Ray Lankester. + + Crab; + Crayfish; + Crustacea. + + +W. Wr. + WILLISTON WALKER, PH.D., D.D. + Professor of Church History, Yale University. Author of _History + of the Congregational Churches in the United States_; _The + Reformation_; _John Calvin_; &c. + + Cotton, John. + + +W. W. H.* + HON. WILLIAM WIRT HENRY, M.A. (d. 1900). + Formerly President of the American Historical Association and of + the Virginia Historical Society. Author and Editor of the _Life, + Correspondence and Speeches of Patrick Henry_. + + Davis, Jefferson (_in part_). + + +W. W. R.* + WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL. LIC. THEOL. + Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, + New York. + + Council. + + +FOOTNOTE: + + [1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in + the final volume. + + + + +PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES + + + Constitution and Cricket. + Constitutional Law. Crocus. + Consul. Croquet. + Cookery. Cruciferae. + Coorg. Culdees. + Copper. Cumberland. + Coprolites. Curling. + Copyhold. Currant. + Copyright. Cursor Mundi. + Coral. Cutlery. + Cork. Cycling. + Cornell University. Cycloid. + Cornwall. Cynics. + Corporation. Cyrenaics. + Corrupt Practices. Dacia. + Corsica. Dahomey. + Corvee. Damask. + Costa Rica. Darfur. + Count. Deacon. + Court. Dean. + Couvade. Death. + Covenanters. Debt. + Crawford, Earls of. Deccan. + Crecy. Deism. + Cretaceous System. Delaware. + Cribbage. Delirium. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th +Edition, Volume 7, Slice 1, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** + +***** This file should be named 30976.txt or 30976.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/9/7/30976/ + +Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |