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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/30976-8.txt b/30976-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba5d746 --- /dev/null +++ b/30976-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2164 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, +Volume 7, Slice 1, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 1 + Prependix + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 15, 2010 [EBook #30976] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** + + + + +Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + THE + ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA + + ELEVENTH EDITION + + + + + FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771. + SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784. + THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797. + FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810. + FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817. + SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824. + SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842. + EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860. + NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889. + TENTH " ninth edition and eleven + supplementary volumes, 1902-1903. + ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911. + + + + + COPYRIGHT + in all countries subscribing to the + Bern Convention + + by + THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS + of the + UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE + + _All rights reserved_ + + + + + THE + ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA + + A + DICTIONARY + OF + ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL + INFORMATION + + ELEVENTH EDITION + + VOLUME VII + + CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH to DEMIDOV + + + New York + Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. + 342 Madison Avenue + + + Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, + by + The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. + + + + +INITIALS USED IN VOLUME VII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] +WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. + + +A. B. F. Y. + ALEXANDER BELL FILSON YOUNG. + Formerly Editor of the _Outlook_. Author of _Christopher + Columbus_; _Master-singers_; _The Complete Motorist_; _Wagner + Stories_; &c. + + Dance (_in part_). + + +A. Bo.* + AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L. + Professor of Canon Law in the Catholic University of Paris. + Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste contemporain_. + + Curia Romana; + Decretals. + + +A. Ca. + ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S. + See the biographical article: CAYLEY, ARTHUR. + + Curve (_in part_). + + +A. E. B. + REV. ANDREW EWBANK BURN, M.A., D.D. + Vicar of Halifax and Prebendary of Lichfield. Author of _An + Introduction to the Creeds and the Te Deum_; _Niceta of + Remesiana_; &c. + + Creeds. + + +A. E. J. + ARTHUR ERNEST JOLLIFFE, M.A. + Fellow of, and Tutor and Mathematical Lecturer at, Corpus Christi + College, Oxford. Senior Mathematical Scholar, 1892. + + Continued Fractions. + + +A. F. P. + ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC. + Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Professor of English History + in the University of London. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary + of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Author of _England under the + Protector Somerset_; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c. + + Coverdale; + Cox, Richard; + Craig, John; + Cranmer; + Cromwell, Thomas; + Crowley. + + +A. G. + MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908). + H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of _The Chronicles of + Newgate_; _Secrets of the Prison House_; &c. + + Crime; + Criminology. + + +A. Go.* + REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A. + Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester. + + Coornhert. + + +A. H. J. G. + ABEL HENDY JONES GREENIDGE, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.) (d. 1905). + Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of + St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Infamia in Roman Law_; + _Handbook of Greek Constitutional History_; _Roman Public Life_; + _History of Rome_. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History, + 133-70 B.C._ + + Consul: Roman. + + +A. H. P. + REV. ARNOLD HILL PAYNE, M.A. + Chaplain, Oxford Diocesan Mission to the Deaf and Dumb. Late + Normal Fellow, National Deaf Mute College, Washington, U.S.A. + Author of _The Mental Development of the Orally and Manually + taught Deaf_; _The Pure Oral Method of necessity a Comparative + Failure_; &c. + + Deaf and Dumb. + + +A. J. B. + ALFRED JOSHUA BUTLER, M.A., D.LITT. + Fellow and Bursar of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of Eton + College. Author of _The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt_; _The + Arab Conquest of Egypt_; &c. + + Copts: _The Coptic Church_. + + +A. J. B.* + ARTHUR JOHN BUTLER, M.A. (1844-1910). + Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of + Italian Language and Literature, University College, London. + Author of a prose translation of Dante's _Divine Comedy_; _Dante + and his Times_; &c. + + Dante. + + +A. J. E. + ARTHUR JOHN EVANS, M.A., D.LITT., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A. + Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, + Oxford, 1884-1908. Hon. Keeper since 1908. Made archaeological + discoveries in Crete, 1893; excavated the Palace of Knossos. + Author of _Through Bosnia on Foot_; _Cretan Pictographs and + Prae-Phoenician Script_; and other works on archaeology. + + Crete: _Archaeology and Ancient History_. + + +A. L. + ANDREW LANG. + See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW. + + Crystal-Gazing. + + +A. Mw. + ALLEN MAWER, M.A. + Professor of English Language and Literature, Armstrong College, + Newcastle-on-Tyne. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, + Cambridge. Formerly Lecturer in English at the University of + Sheffield. + + Danelagh. + + +A. M. C. + AGNES MARY CLERKE. + See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M. + + Copernicus; + Delambre; + Delisle, J. N. + + +A. M. Cl. + AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS. WILDE). + Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. + Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History, 133-70 B.C._ + + Curia; + Decemviri; + Decurio. + + +A. N. + ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S. + See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED. + + Coot; + Cormorant; + Crane; + Crossbill; + Crow; + Cuckoo; + Curlew. + + +A. N.* + REV. ALEXANDER NAIRNE, M.A. + Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis in King's College, + London. Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of St Albans. Fellow of + King's College, London. Formerly Fellow of Jesus College, + Cambridge. Crosse Scholar, 1886. Author of _The Bible Doctrine of + Atonement_; &c. + + Creatianism and Traducianism. + + +A. N. M. + A. N. MONKHOUSE. + Member of Editorial Staff of _Manchester Guardian_. + + Cotton (_in part_). + + +A. van M. + ALEXANDER VAN MILLINGEN, M.A., D.D. + Professor of History, Robert College, Constantinople. Author of + _Byzantine Constantinople_; _Constantinople_; &c. + + Constantinople. + + +A. W. H.* + ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND. + Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of + Gray's Inn, 1900. + + Curia Regis. + + +A. Wi. + ANEURIN WILLIAMS, M A., M.P. + Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple. Chairman of Executive, + International Cooperative Alliance. M.P. for Plymouth, 1910. + Author of _Twenty-eight Years of Co-partnership at Guise_; &c. + + Co-operation. + + +A. W. R. + ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A, L.L.B. + Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of + _Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_. + + Corporal Punishment; + Covenant. + + +A. W. W. + ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D. + See the biographical article: WARD, A. W. + + Cumberland, Richard: Dramatist. + + +C. E.* + CHARLES EVERITT, A.M., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. + Sometime Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford. + + Constellation. + + +C. E. N. + CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LL.D. + See the biographical article: NORTON, CHARLES E. + + Curtis, George William. + + +C. F. A. + CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON. + Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of + London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold + Harbour_. + + Crimean War; + Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_) + + +C. F. B. + CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D. + Regius Professor of Law and Professor of Political Economy in the + University of Dublin. Author of _Public Finance_; _Commerce of + Nations_; _Theory of International Trade_; &c. + + Decimal Coinage. + + +C. K. + WILLIAM CHARLES MARK KENT. + Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Edited the _London Sun_ for + twenty-five years; the _Weekly Register_, 1874-1881. Author of + _The Humour and Pathos of Charles Dickens_; &c. + + Dalling, Lord. + + +C. K. S. + CLEMENT KING SHORTER. + Editor of the _Sphere_. Author of _Sixty Years of Victorian + Literature_; _Immortal Memories_; _The Brontës: Life and Letters_; + &c. + + Cowper, William; + Crabbe, George. + + +C. L. + H. CALDWELL LIPSETT. + Formerly Editor of the _Civil and Military Gazette_, Lahore, + India. Author of _Lord Curzon in India_. + + Coolie. + + +C. Pf. + CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D. ÈS L. + Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of + Honour. Author of _Étude sur le règne de Robert le Pieux_; _Le + Duché merovingien d'Alsace et la legende de Sainte-Odile_. + + Dagobert. + + +C. R. B. + CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S. + Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. + Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer + in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. + Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; + _The Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c. + + Conti, Nicolo de'; + Cook, Captain; + Dampier; + Daniel of Kiev; + Davis, John. + + +D. C. T. + DAVID CROAL THOMSON. + Formerly Editor of the _Art Journal_. Author of _The Brothers + Maris_; _The Barbizon School of Painters_; _Life of "Phiz"_; _Life + of Bewick_; &c. + + Corot; + Daubigny. + + +D. F. T. + DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY. + Balliol College, Oxford. Author of _Essays in Musical Analyses, + comprising Classical Concerto, The Goldberg Variations_; and + analyses of many other classical works. + + Contrapuntal Forms; + Counterpoint. + + +D. G. H. + DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A. + Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen + College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at + Paphos, 1888; Naukratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; + Assiut, 1906-1907. Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900; + Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899. + + Cyrenaica; + Cyrene. + + +D. H. + DAVID HANNAY. + Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short + History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c. + + Convoy (_in part_); + Copenhagen, Battle of; + Cordoba, Gonzalo Fernandez de; + Dahlgren, John Adolf. + + +D. Mn. + REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A. + Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director + of the London Missionary Society. + + Cruden, Alexander. + + +E. Br. + ERNEST BARKER, M.A. + Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, St John's College, + Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven + Scholar, 1895. + + Crusades. + + +E. B. El. + EDWIN BAILEY ELLIOTT, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. + Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics and Fellow of Magdalen + College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. + President of London Mathematical Society, 1896-1898. Author of + _Algebra of Quantics_; &c. + + Curve (_in part_). + + +E. B. P. + EDWARD BAGNALL POULTON, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., LL.D. + Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford. Fellow of + Jesus College, Oxford. Author of _The Colours of Animals_; _Essays + on Evolution_; _Darwin and the Original Species_; &c. + + Darwin. + + +E. C. Q. + EDMUND CROSBY QUIGGIN, M.A. + Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; Lecturer in + Modern Languages, and Monro Lecturer in Celtic. + + Cuchulinn. + + +E. F. S. + EDWARD FAIRBROTHER STRANGE. + Assistant Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. + Member of Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art + subjects. Joint-editor of Bell's "Cathedral" Series. + + Della Quercia. + + +E. G. + EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D. + See the biographical article: GOSSE, EDMUND. + + Conte; + Couplet; + Cowley; + Crashaw; + Criticism; + Daniel, Samuel; + Davenant, Sir William; + Dekker, Edward Douwes. + + +E. Gr. + ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER, M.A. + See the biographical article: GARDNER, PERCY. + + Corfu (_in part_); + Corinth: _Isthmus of_; + Cos (_in part_); + Crisa; + Daphne; + Delos; + Delphi. + + +E. Ma. + EDWARD MANSON. + Barrister-at-Law. Joint-editor of _Journal of Comparative + Legislation_. Author of _Debentures and Debenture Stock_; &c. + + Debentures and Debenture Stock. + + +Ed. M. + EDUARD MEYER, D.LITT. (Oxon.), LL.D., PH.D. + Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author + of _Geschichte des Alterthums_; _Forschungen zur alten + Geschichte_; _Geschichte des alten Ägyptens_; _Die Israeliten und + ihre Nachbarstämme_; &c. + + Ctesiphon; + Cyaxares; + Cyrus; + Darius; + Deioces; + Demetrius of Bactria. + + +E. M. W. + REV. EDWARD MEWBURN WALKER, M.A. + Fellow, Senior Tutor and Librarian of Queen's College, Oxford. + + Constitution of Athens. + + +E. Pr. + EDGAR PRESTAGE. + Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of + Manchester. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. + Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences and + Lisbon Geographical Society, &c. + + Corte-Real, Jeronymo; + Cruz e Silva. + + +E. R. B. + EDWYN ROBERT BEVAN, M.A. + Formerly Scholar of New College, Oxford. Author of _House of + Seleucus_; _Jerusalem under the High Priests_. + + Demetrius of Macedonia. + + +E. Tn. + REV. ETHELRED LEONARD TAUNTON (d. 1907). + Author of _The English Black Monks of St Benedict_; _History of + the Jesuits in England_. + + Cullen, Paul; + Curci. + + +E. V. + REV. EDMUND VENABLES, M.A., D.D. (1819-1895). + Canon and Precentor of Lincoln. Author of _Episcopal Palaces of + England_. + + Crypt. + + +F. E. W. + REV. FREDERICK EDWARD WARREN, M.A., B.D., F.S.A. + Rector of Bardwell, Bury St Edmunds. Fellow of St John's College, + Oxford, 1865-1882. Author of _The Old Catholic Ritual done into + English and compared with the Corresponding Offices in the Roman + and Old German Manuals_; _The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic + Church_; &c. + + Dedication. + + +F. G. M. B. + FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BECK, M.A. + Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge. + + Deira. + + +F. Lu. + FRIEDRICH LUCKWALDT, PH.D. + Professor of History at the Royal Technical High School, Danzig. + Author of _Österreich und die Anfänge des Befreiungskriege von + 1813_; &c. + + Dahlmann. + + +F. Ll. G. + FRANCIS LLEWELLYN GRIFFITH, M.A., PH.D., F.S.A. + Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Formerly Scholar of + Queen's College, Oxford. Editor of the _Archaeological Survey_ and + _Archaeological Reports_ of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow of + Imperial German Archaeological Institute. + + Copts (_in part_). + + +F. Po. + SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, BART., LL.D., D.C.L. + See the biographical article: POLLOCK: _Family_. + + Contract. + + +F. S. P. + FRANCIS SAMUEL PHILBRICK, A.M., B.SC. + Formerly Scholar and Resident Fellow of Harvard University. Member + of American Historical Association. + + Cuba. + + +F. T. M. + SIR FRANK THOMAS MARZIALS, K.C.B. + Formerly Accountant-General of the Army. Editor of "Great Writers" + Series. + + Daudet. + + +F. W. Ha. + FREDERICK WILLIAM HASLUCK, M.A. + Assistant Director, British School of Archaeology, Athens. Fellow + of King's College, Cambridge. Browne's Medallist, 1901. + + Cyzicus. + + +F. W. R.* + FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S. + Curator and Librarian at the Museum of Practical Geology, London, + 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889. + + Corundum; + Cryolite; + Demantoid. + + +G. A. B. + GEORGE A. BOULENGER, F.R.S. + In charge of the Collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department of + Zoology, British Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological Society + of London. + + Cyprinodonts. + + +G. C. B. + GILBERT CHARLES BOURNE, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S. + Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Oxford. Fellow of Merton + College, Oxford. Author of _An Introduction to the Study of + Comparative Anatomy of Animals_; &c. + + Coral-reefs. + + +G. C. C. + G. C. CHUBB. + + Cytology. + + +G. C. W. + GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON, LITT. D. + Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Portrait + Miniatures_; _Life of Richard Cosway, R.A._; _George Engleheart_; + _Portrait Drawings_; &c. Editor of new edition of Bryan's + _Dictionary of Painters and Engravers_. + + Cooper, Alexander; + Cooper, Samuel; + Cosway, Richard. + + +G. F. Z. + G. F. ZIMMER, A.M.INST.C.E., F.Z.S. + Author of _Mechanical Handling of Material_. + + Conveyors. + + +G. H. Fo. + GEORGE HERBERT FOWLER, F.Z.S., F.L.S., PH.D. + Formerly Berkeley Fellow of Owens College, Manchester, and + Assistant Professor of Zoology at University College, London. + + Ctenophora. + + +G. J. T. + GEORGE JAMES TURNER. + Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Editor of _Select Pleas of the + Forest_ for the Selden Society. + + County. + + +G. P. R. + GERALD PHILIP ROBINSON. + President of the Society of Mezzotint Engravers. Mezzotint + Engraver to Queen Victoria and to King Edward VII. + + Cousins, Samuel. + + +G. Sa. + GEORGE SAINTSBURY, L.L.D., LITT.D. + See the biographical article: SAINTSBURY, G. E. B. + + Corneille, Pierre; + Corneille, Thomas. + + +G. Sn. + GRANT SHOWERMAN, A.M., PH.D. + Professor of Latin at the University of Wisconsin. Member of the + Archaeological Institute of America. Member of American + Philological Association. Author of _With the Professor_; _The + Great Mother of the Gods_; &c. + + Corybantes; + Criobolium; + Curetes; + Cybele. + + +G. W. T. + REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D. + Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew + and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford. + + Damiri. + + +H. Br. + HENRY BRADLEY, M.A., PH.D. + Joint-editor of the _New English Dictionary_ (Oxford). Fellow of + the British Academy. Author of _The Story of the Goths_; _The + Making of English_; &c. + + Cynewulf. + + +H. B. W. + HORACE BOLINGBROKE WOODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S. + Late Assistant Director, Geological Survey of England and Wales. + Wollaston Medallist, Geological Society. Author of _The History of + the Geological Society of London_; &c. + + Dechen. + + +H. F. G. + HANS FRIEDRICH GADOW, M.A., F.R.S., PH.D. + Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of + Cambridge. Author of _Amphibia and Reptiles_ (Cambridge Natural + History). + + Crocodile. + + +H. Fr. + HENRI FRANTZ. + Art Critic, _Gazette des Beaux Arts_, Paris. + + Courbet. + + +H. M. W. + H. MARSHALL WARD, M.A., F.R.S., D.SC. (d. 1905). + Formerly Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. + President of the British Mycological Society. Author of _Timber + and some of its Diseases_; _The Oak_; _Disease in Plants_; &c. + + De Bary. + + +H. St. + HENRY STURT, M.A. + Author of _Idola Theatri_; _The Idea of a Free Church_; and + _Personal Idealism_. + + Crusius; + Cudworth, R. + + +H. S. J. + HENRY STUART JONES, M.A. + Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford, and Director + of the British School at Rome. Member of the German Imperial + Archaeological Institute. Author of _The Roman Empire_; &c. + + Costume: _Aegean, Greek, Etruscan and Roman_. + + +H. Th. + SIR HENRY THOMPSON, BART. + See the biographical article: THOMPSON, SIR HENRY. + + Cremation. + + +H. Tr. + SIR HENRY TROTTER, K.C.M.G., C.B. + Lieutenant-Colonel, Royal Engineers. H.B.M. Consul-General for + Roumania, 1894-1906, and British Delegate on the European + Commission of the Danube. Victoria Medallist, Royal Geographical + Society, 1878. + + Danube. + + +H. W. C. D. + HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAVIS, M.A. + Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls' + College, 1895-1902. Author of _England under the Normans and + Angevins_; _Charlemagne_. + + Coutances, Walter of. + + +I. A. + ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A. + Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of + Cambridge. President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author + of _A Short History of Jewish Literature; Jewish Life in the + Middle Ages_. + + Crescas; + Delmedigo. + + +J. An. + JOSEPH ANDERSON, LL.D. + Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Assistant + Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and Rhind + Lecturer, 1879-1882 and 1892. Editor of Drummond's _Ancient + Scottish Weapons_; &c. + + Crannog. + + +J. A. C. + SIR JOSEPH ARCHER CROWE, K.C.M.G. + See the biographical article: CROWE, SIR J. A. + + Cranach; + Cuyp. + + +J. A. H. + JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC. + Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London. + + Corallian; + Cornbrash; Culm. + + +J. C. S.-H. + JOHN CASTLEMAN SWINBURNE-HANHAM, J.P. + Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Hon. Secretary of Cremation + Society of England. + + Cremation: _Statistics_. + + +J. D. B. + JAMES DAVID BOURCHIER, M.A., F.R.G.S. + King's College, Cambridge. Correspondent of _The Times_ in + South-Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of + Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order + of St Alexander of Bulgaria. + + Crete: _Geography and Statistics_; and _Modern History_. + + +J. D. Pr. + JOHN DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D. + Professor of Semitic Languages at Columbia University, New York. + Daniel (_in part_). + + + +J. E. B. + JOHN EGLINTON BAILEY. + Author of _John Dee and the Steganographia of Trithemius_; _Life + of Thomas Fuller_. + + Cryptography. + + +J. Go.* + JOSEPH GREGO. + Art Critic. Author of _A History of Parliamentary Elections_; _A + History of Dancing_; _Thomas Rowlandson_; _James Gillray_; &c. + + Cruikshank. + + +J. G. K. + JOHN GRAHAM KERR, M.A., F.R.S. + Regius Professor of Zoology in the University of Glasgow. Formerly + Demonstrator in Animal Morphology in the University of Cambridge. + Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, 1898-1904. Walsingham + Medallist, 1898. Neill Prizeman, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1904. + + Cyclostomata. + + +J. H. F. + JOHN HENRY FREESE, M.A. + Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. + + Demeter. + + +J. H. M. + JOHN HENRY MIDDLETON, M.A., F.S.A., LITT.D., D.C.L. (1846-1896). + Formerly Slade Professor of Fine Art in the University of + Cambridge, and Art Director of the South Kensington Museum. Author + of _The Engraved Gems of Classical Times_; _Illuminated + Manuscripts in Classical and Medieval Times_. + + Della Robbia (_in part_). + + +J. H. R. + JOHN HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.). + Author of _Feudal England_; _Studies in Peerage and Family + History_; _Peerage and Pedigree_; &c. + + Court Baron. + + +J. Hl. R. + JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D. + Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local + Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic + Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of + Pitt_; &c. + + Daru, Count; + Decaen. + + +J. H. Rs. + REV. JAMES HARDY ROPES, D.D. + Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, + and Dexter Lecturer on Bible Literature, Harvard University. + Author of _The Apostolic Age in the Light of Modern Criticism_; + &c. + + Corinthians: _Epistles to the_. + + +J. L. M. + JOHN LINTON MYRES, M.A., F.S.A. + Wykeham Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. + Formerly Gladstone Professor of Greek, and Lecturer in Ancient + Geography, University of Liverpool; and Lecturer on Classical + Archaeology in University of Oxford. + + Cyprus (_in part_). + + +J. Mo. + VISCOUNT MORLEY OF BLACKBURN. + See the biographical article: MORLEY, VISCOUNT. + + Danton. + + +J. McF. + JOHN MACFARLANE. + Formerly Librarian of the Imperial Library, Calcutta. Author of + _Library Administration_; &c. + + Damien, Father. + + +J. M. M. + JOHN MALCOLM MITCHELL. + Sometime Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Lecturer in Classics, + East London College (University of London). Joint-editor of + Grote's _History of Greece_. + + Delian League. + + +J. P. Pe. + REV. JOHN PUNNETT PETERS, PH.D., D.D. + Canon Residentiary, Cathedral of New York. Formerly Professor of + Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania. Director of the + University Expedition to Babylonia, 1888-1895. Author of _Nippur, + or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates_. + + Deir. + + +J. S. F. + JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC., F.G.S. + Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on + Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal + Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society + of London. + + Crystallite; + Dacite. + + +J. T. Be. + JOHN T. BEALBY. + Joint-author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly Editor of the + _Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's + _Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c. + + Crimea (_in part_); + Daghestan (_in part_). + + +J. T. C. + JOSEPH THOMAS CUNNINGHAM, M.A., F.Z.S. + Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London. + Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Assistant Professor + of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. Naturalist to + the Marine Biological Association. + + Cuttle-fish. + + +J. V. + JOHN VEITCH, LL.D. + See the biographical article: VEITCH, JOHN. + + Cousin, V. (_in part_). + + +K. G. J. + KINGSLEY GARLAND JAYNE. + Sometime Scholar of Wadham College, Oxford. Matthew Arnold + Prizeman, 1903. Author of _Vasco da Gama and his Successors_. + + Croatia-Slavonia; + Dalmatia. + + +K. S. + KATHLEEN SCHLESINGER. + Author of _The Instruments of the Orchestra_; &c. + + Contrafagotto; Cor Anglais; + Cornet (_in part_); + Cromorne (_in part_); + Crowd; Cymbals. + + +L. + COUNT LÜTZOW, LITT.D. (Oxon.), D.PH. (Prague), F.R.G.S. + Chamberlain of H.M. the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia. Hon. + Member of the Royal Society of Literature. Member of the Bohemian + Academy, &c. Author of _Bohemia, a Historical Sketch_; _The + Historians of Bohemia_ (Ilchester Lecture, Oxford, 1904); _The + Life and Times of John Hus_; &c. + + Czech. + + +L. D.* + LOUIS DUCHESNE. + See the biographical article: DUCHESNE, L.M.O. + + Damasus. + + +L. J. S. + LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A. + Assistant in Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly + Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. + Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_. + + Copper-glance; + Copper Pyrites; + Covellite; Crocoite; + Crystallography; + Cuprite; Cyanite; + Datolite. + + +L. V.* + LUIGI VILLARI. + Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Department). Formerly Newspaper + Correspondent in East of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New + Orleans, 1906; Philadelphia, 1907; and Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910. + Author of _Italian Life in Town and Country_; _Fire and Sword in + the Caucasus_; &c. + + Contarini; Cornaro; + Correnti; Corsini; + Dandolo; Della Gherardesca. + + +M. A. C. + MAURICE A. CANNEY, M.A. + Assistant Lecturer in Semitic Languages in the University of + Manchester. Formerly Exhibitioner of St John's College, Oxford. + Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew Scholar, Oxford, 1892; Kennicott Hebrew + Scholar, 1895; Houghton Syriac Prize, 1896. + + Daub, Karl. + + +M. Ha. + MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.SC., F.L.S. + Professor of Zoology, University College, Cork. Author of + "Protozoa" in _Cambridge Natural History_, and papers for various + scientific journals. + + Cystoflagellata. + + +M. N. T. + MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD, M.A. + Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. University Lecturer in + Epigraphy. Joint-author of _Catalogue of the Sparta Museum_. + + Demaratus. + + +M. O. B. C. + MAXIMILIAN OTTO BISMARCK CASPARI, M.A. + Reader in Ancient History at London University. Lecturer in Greek + at Birmingham University, 1905-1908. + + Corfu (_in part_); + Corinth (_in part_); + Cos (_in part_). + + +N. D. M. + NEWTON DENNISON MERENESS, A.M., PH.D. + Author of _Maryland as a Proprietary Province_. + + Davis, Jefferson (_in part_). + + +N. W. T. + NORTHCOTE WHITBRIDGE THOMAS, M.A. + Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding + Member of the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris. Author of _Thought + Transference_; _Kinship and Marriage in Australia_; &c. + + Death-warning. + + +O. Ba. + OSWALD BARRON, F.S.A. + Editor of the _Ancestor_, 1902-1905. Hon. Genealogist to Standing + Council of the Honourable Society of the Baronetage. + + Costume: _Medieval and Modern European_; + Courtenay: _Family_. + + +O. J. R. H. + OSBERT JOHN RADCLIFFE HOWARTH, M.A. + Christ Church, Oxford. Geographical Scholar, 1901. Assistant + Secretary of the British Association. + + Copenhagen. + + +P. A. K. + PRINCE PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN. + See the biographical article: KROPOTKIN, P. A. + + Cossacks; + Crimea (_in part_); + Daghestan (_in part_). + + +P. C. Y. + PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE, M.A. + Magdalen College, Oxford. + + Cottington, F. C., Baron; + Coventry, Sir William; + Craven, Earl of; + Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_); + Cromwell, Richard. + + +P. G. + PERCY GARDNER, LITT.D., D.C.L., F.S.A. + See the biographical article: Gardner, Percy. + + Daedalus; + Demetrius (Sculptor). + + +P. Gl. + PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D. + Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and + University Reader in Comparative Philology. Late Secretary of the + Cambridge Philological Society. Author of _Manual of Comparative + Philology_; &c. + + D. + + +P. G. K. + PAUL G. KONODY. + Art Critic of the _Observer_ and the _Daily Mail_. Formerly Editor + of _The Artist_. Author of _The Art of Walter Crane_; _Velasquez, + Life and Work_; &c. + + David, Gerard. + + +R. A.* + ROBERT ANCHEL. + Archivist to the Département de l'Eure. + + Convention, The National; + Cordeliers, Club of the. + + +R. A. S. M. + ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A. + St John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the + Palestine Exploration Fund. + + Damascus; + Dead Sea; + Decapolis. + + +R. B. McK. + RONALD BRUNLEES MCKERROW. + Trinity College, Cambridge. + + Dekker, Thomas (_in part_). + + +R. B. R. + RUFUS BYAM RICHARDSON, PH.D., B.D. + Formerly Director of American School of Classical Studies, Athens. + Member of American Geological Society, British Society of + Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Greek Archaeological Society, &c. + Author of _History of Greek Sculpture_; _Vacation Days in Greece_; + _Greece through the Stereoscope_; &c. + + Corinth (_in part_). + + +R. H. C. + REV. ROBERT HENRY CHARLES, M.A., D.D., D.LITT. + Grinfield Lecturer and Lecturer in Biblical Studies, Oxford. + Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Professor of Biblical + Greek, Trinity College, Dublin. Author of _Critical History of the + Doctrine of a Future Life_; _Book of Jubilees_; &c. + + Daniel (_in part_). + + +R. H. L. + ROBIN HUMPHREY LEGGE. + Principal Musical Critic for _Daily Telegraph_. Author of _Annals + of the Norwich Festivals_; &c. + + Debussy. + + +R. J. M. + RONALD JOHN MCNEILL, M.A. + Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the + _St James's Gazette_, London. + + Conway, Henry Seymour; + Cowper, William C., 1st Earl; + Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_). + + +R. L.* + RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. + Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882. + Author of _Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in + British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_, &c. + + Coyote; + Creodonta; + Deer. + + +R. N. B. + ROBERT NISBET BAIN (d. 1909). + Formerly Assistant Librarian, British Museum. Author of + _Scandinavia: the Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, + 1513-1900_; _The First Romanovs, 1613 to 1725_; _Slavonic Europe: + the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c. + + Corvinus; + Czartoryski; + Damjanich; + Deak; + De Geer; + De la Gardie; + Demetrius Donskoi; + Demetrius, Pseudo. + + +R. P. S. + R. PHENÉ SPIERS, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. + Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, + London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and + Fellow of King's College, London. Corresponding Member of the + Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson's _History of + Architecture_. Author of _Architecture: East and West_; &c. + + Decorated Period. + + +R. So. + ROBERT SOMERS (1822-1891). + Editor of _North British Daily Mail_, 1849-1859. Author of + _Letters from the Highlands_; _The Southern States since the War_. + + Corn Laws (_in part_). + + +R. S. C. + ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY, M.A., D.LITT. (Cantab.). + Professor of Latin in the University of Manchester. Formerly + Professor of Latin of University College, Cardiff, and Fellow of + Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. + + Cumae (_in part_). + + +R. W. R. + ROBERT WILLIAM ROGERS, D.D., LITT.D., LL.D., PH.D. + Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Drew Theological + Seminary, Madison, New Jersey. Author of _Inscriptions of + Sennacherib_; _History of Babylonia and Assyria_; _The Religion of + Babylonia and Assyria_; &c. + + Cuneiform. + + +S. A. C. + STANLEY ARTHUR COOK, M.A. + Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Lecturer in Hebrew and + Syriac, and formerly Fellow Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. + Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908. + Author of _Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions_; _The Laws of Moses + and the Code of Hammurabi_; _Critical Notes on Old Testament + History_; _Religion of Ancient Palestine_; &c. + + Costume: _Ancient, Oriental_; + Cush; + Dan; + David (_in part_); + Deborah; + Decalogue (_in part_). + + +S. E. B. + HON. SIMEON EBEN BALDWIN, M.A., LL.D. + Professor of Constitutional and Private International Law in Yale + University. Director of the Bureau of Comparative Law of the + American Bar Association. Formerly Chief Justice of Connecticut. + Author of _Modern Political Institutions_; _American Railroad + Law_; &c. + + Conveyancing (_United States_). + + +S. J. C. + SYDNEY JOHN CHAPMAN, M.A. + Professor of Political Economy and Dean of the Faculty of Commerce + in the University of Manchester. Author of _The Lancashire Cotton + Industry_; _The Cotton Industry and Trade_; &c. + + Cotton: _Marketing and Supply_; + Cotton Manufacture. + + +S. Wa. + SAMUEL WADSWORTH, M.A. + Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple and of Lincoln's Inn. + Joint-editor of the 17th edition of Davidson's _Concise Precedents + in Conveyancing_. + + Conveyancing (_in part_). + + +T. As. + THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.). + Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly + Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1897. Conington + Prizeman, 1906. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological + Institute. + + Corfinium; + Cori; + Cortona; + Cosa; + Cosenza; + Cremona; + Crotona; + Cumae (_in part_); + Cures. + + +T. A. I. + THOMAS ALLAN INGRAM, M.A., LL.D. + Trinity College, Dublin. + + Convocation (_in part_); + Corn Laws (_in part_); + Coroner; + Cruelty; + Day. + + +T. A. J. + THOMAS ATHOL JOYCE, M.A. + Assistant in Department of Ethnography, British Museum. Hon. Sec., + Royal Anthropological Institute. + + Costume (_in part_). + + +T. Ba. + SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P. + Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the + Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of + Honour. Author of _Problems of International Practice and + Diplomacy_; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910. + + Contraband; + Convoy (_in part_); + Declaration of Paris. + + +T. F. C. + THEODORE FREYLINGHUYSEN COLLIER, PH.D. + Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown, + Mass., U.S.A. + + Constantinople, Councils of. + + +T. K. C. + THOMAS KELLY CHEYNE, D.D. + See the biographical article: CHEYNE, T. K. + + Cosmogony; + Deluge, The. + + +T. M. F. + THOMAS MACALL FALLOW, M.A., F.S.A. + Editor of the _Antiquary_, 1895-1899. Author of _Memorials of Old + Yorkshire_; _The Cathedral Churches of Ireland_. + + Coronation; + Cross and Crucifixion; + Crown and Coronet. + + +T. Se. + THOMAS SECCOMBE. + Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University + of London. Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887. Assistant Editor of + _Dictionary of National Biography_, 1891-1901. Author of _The Age + of Johnson_; &c. + + Constantine Pavlovich. + + +T. T. + SIR TRAVERS TWISS, K.C., D.C.L., F.R.S. + See the biographical article: TWISS, SIR TRAVERS. + + Consulate of the Sea; + Convocation (_in part_). + + +T. W. F. + THOMAS WILLIAM FOX, M.SC.TECH. + Professor of Textiles, Manchester University. Author of _Mechanism + of Weaving_. + + Cotton-spinning Machinery. + + +V. M. + VICTOR CHARLES MAHILLON. + Principal of the Conservatoire Royal de Musique at Brussels. + Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. + + Cornet (_in part_); + Cromorne (_in part_). + + +W. A. B. C. + REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S., PH.D. (Bern.). + Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, + St David's College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide du Haut + Dauphiné_; _The Range of the Tödi_; _Guide to Grindelwald_; _Guide + to Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_; &c. Editor + of the _Alpine Journal_, 1880-1889; &c. + + Crousaz, Jean Pierre de; + Dauphiné; + Davos. + + +W. A. P. + WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A. + Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St + John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c. + + Cope; + Crete (_in part_); + Costume: _National, Class and Official_; + Dalmatic. + + +W. B.* + WILLIAM BURTON, M.A., F.C.S. + Chairman, Joint Committee of Pottery Manufacturers of Great + Britain. Author of _English Stoneware and Earthenware_; &c. + + Della Robbia (_in part_). + + +W. B. Sc. + WILLIAM BELL SCOTT. + See the biographical article: SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL. + + Cox, David; + Delaroche. + + +W. C. S. + WILLIAM CHARLES SMITH, K.C., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. (Edin.). + Formerly Sheriff of Ross, Cromarty and Sutherland. Editor of + _Judicial Review_, 1889-1900. + + Dance (_in part_). + + +W. C. T. + W. CAVE THOMAS. + Author of _Symmetrical Education_; _Mural or Monumental + Decoration_; _Revised Theory of Light_. + + Cornelius, Peter von. + + +W. E. Co. + RT. REV. WILLIAM EDWARD COLLINS, D.D. + Bishop of Gibraltar. Formerly Professor of Ecclesiastical History, + King's College, London. Lecturer at Selwyn and St John's Colleges, + Cambridge. Author of _The Study of Ecclesiastical History_; + _Beginnings of English Christianity_; &c. + + Cyprus: Church of. + + +W. E. H. + WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY. + See the biographical article: HENLEY, W. E. + + Cooper, James Fenimore. + + +W. Fr. + WILLIAM FREAM. LL.D. (d. 1907). + Formerly Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, University of + Edinburgh, and Agricultural Correspondent of _The Times_. + + Dairy and Dairy-farming. + + +W. F. C. + WILLIAM FEILDEN CRAIES, M.A. + Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Lecturer on Criminal Law, King's + College, London. Editor of Archbold's _Criminal Pleading_ (23rd + edition). + + Contempt of Court; + Conversion; + Costs; + Criminal Law; + Damages. + + +W. G. F. + WILLIAM GEORGE FREEMAN, B.SC. (London), A.R.C.S. + Joint-author of _Nature Teaching_; _The World's Commercial + Products_. Joint-editor of _Science Progress in the Twentieth + Century_. + + Cotton (_in part_). + + +W. L. H. D. + WYNFRID LAWRENCE HENRY DUCKWORTH, M.A., M.D., D.SC. + Lecturer in Physical Anthropology, and Senior Demonstrator of + Human Anatomy in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of Jesus + College. Author of _Morphology and Anthropology_; &c. + + Craniometry. + + +W. L.-W. + SIR WILLIAM LEE-WARNER, M.A., K.C.S.I. + Member of Council of India. Formerly Secretary in the Political + and Secret Department of the India Office. Author of _Life of the + Marquis of Dalhousie_; _Memoirs of Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wylie + Norman_; &c. + + Dalhousie, 1st Marquis. + + +W. M. + WILLIAM MINTO, M.A. + See the biographical article: MINTO, WILLIAM. + + Dekker, Thomas (_in part_). + + +W. M. R. + WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI. + See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE G. + + Correggio; + Crivelli, Carlo. + + +W. P.* + WALTER PITT, M.INST.C.E., M.I.M.E. + Member of the Committee of International Maritime Conference, + London, &c. + + Cranes. + + +W. R. E. H. + WILLIAM RICHARD EATON HODGKINSON, PH.D., F.R.S. + Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Ordnance College, Woolwich. + Formerly Professor of Chemistry and Physics, R.M.A., Woolwich. + Part-author of Valentin-Hodgkinson's _Practical Chemistry_; &c. + + Cordite. + + +W. R. S. + WILLIAM ROBERTSON SMITH, LL.D. + See the biographical article: SMITH, W. R. + + David (_in part_); + Decalogue (_in part_). + + +W. T. Ca. + WILLIAM THOMAS CALMAN, D.SC., F.Z.S. + Assistant in charge of Crustacea, Natural History Museum, South + Kensington. Author of "Crustacea" in _A Treatise on Zoology_, + edited by Sir E. Ray Lankester. + + Crab; + Crayfish; + Crustacea. + + +W. Wr. + WILLISTON WALKER, PH.D., D.D. + Professor of Church History, Yale University. Author of _History + of the Congregational Churches in the United States_; _The + Reformation_; _John Calvin_; &c. + + Cotton, John. + + +W. W. H.* + HON. WILLIAM WIRT HENRY, M.A. (d. 1900). + Formerly President of the American Historical Association and of + the Virginia Historical Society. Author and Editor of the _Life, + Correspondence and Speeches of Patrick Henry_. + + Davis, Jefferson (_in part_). + + +W. W. R.* + WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL. LIC. THEOL. + Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, + New York. + + Council. + + +FOOTNOTE: + + [1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in + the final volume. + + + + +PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES + + + Constitution and Cricket. + Constitutional Law. Crocus. + Consul. Croquet. + Cookery. Cruciferae. + Coorg. Culdees. + Copper. Cumberland. + Coprolites. Curling. + Copyhold. Currant. + Copyright. Cursor Mundi. + Coral. Cutlery. + Cork. Cycling. + Cornell University. Cycloid. + Cornwall. Cynics. + Corporation. Cyrenaics. + Corrupt Practices. Dacia. + Corsica. Dahomey. + Corvée. Damask. + Costa Rica. Darfur. + Count. Deacon. + Court. Dean. + Couvade. Death. + Covenanters. Debt. + Crawford, Earls of. Deccan. + Crécy. Deism. + Cretaceous System. Delaware. + Cribbage. Delirium. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th +Edition, Volume 7, Slice 1, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** + +***** This file should be named 30976-8.txt or 30976-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/9/7/30976/ + +Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 1 + Prependix + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 15, 2010 [EBook #30976] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** + + + + +Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="pt2"> </div> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 200%">THE</p> +<p class="center" style="font-size: 300%">ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA</p> +<div class="pt2"> </div> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 170%">ELEVENTH EDITION</p> +<div class="pt3"> </div> +<div class="pt3"> </div> + +<table class="nobctr" width="70%" summary="Contents"> + +<tr><td class="tc5">FIRST</td> + <td class="tc6">edition,</td> + <td class="tc6">published in</td> + <td class="tc5">three</td> + <td class="tc6">volumes,</td> + <td class="tc5">1768-1771.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tc5">SECOND</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">ten</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">1777-1784.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tc5">THIRD</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">eighteen</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">1788-1797.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tc5">FOURTH</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">twenty</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">1801-1810.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tc5">FIFTH</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">twenty</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">1815-1817.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tc5">SIXTH</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">twenty</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">1823-1824.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tc5">SEVENTH</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">twenty-one</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">1830-1842.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tc5">EIGHTH</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">twenty-two</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">1853-1860.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tc5">NINTH</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">twenty-five</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc5">1875-1889.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tc5">TENTH</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc6" colspan="3">ninth edition and eleven supplementary volumes,</td> + <td class="tc5">1902-1903.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tc5">ELEVENTH</td> + <td class="tc6">"</td> + <td class="tc6" colspan="3">published in twenty-nine volumes,</td> + <td class="tc5">1910-1911.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="pt3"> </div> +<hr class="full" /> +<div class="pt3"> </div> + + +<p class="center">COPYRIGHT</p> +<p class="center">in all countries subscribing to the<br /> +Bern Convention</p> + +<p class="center">by</p> +<p class="center">THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS</p> +<p class="center">of the</p> +<p class="center">UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE</p> + +<div class="pt3"> </div> +<div class="pt3"> </div> + +<p class="center"><i>All rights reserved</i></p> + +<div class="pt3"> </div> +<hr class="full" /> +<div class="pt3"> </div> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 180%">THE</p> +<p class="center" style="font-size: 250%">ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA</p> +<p> </p> +<p class="center">A</p> +<p class="center" style="font-size: 180%">DICTIONARY</p> + +<p class="center">OF</p> +<p class="center" style="font-size: 150%">ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL</p> +<p class="center" style="font-size: 150%">INFORMATION</p> +<p> </p> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 120%">ELEVENTH EDITION</p> +<p> </p> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 170%; font-family: 'Courier New';">VOLUME VII</p> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 140%; font-family: 'Courier New';">CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH to DEMIDOV</p> +<div class="pt2"> </div> +<div class="pt2"> </div> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 130%">New York</p> +<p> </p> +<p class="center">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</p> +<p class="center f80">342 Madison Avenue</p> + +<div class="pt2"> </div> +<div class="pt2"> </div> +<p class="center">Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,<br /> +by<br /> +The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.</p> +<div class="pt2"> </div> +<hr class="full" /> +<div class="pt2"> </div> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 130%">INITIALS USED IN VOLUME VII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL<br /> +CONTRIBUTORS,<a name="FnAnchor_1" id="FnAnchor_1" href="#Footnote_1"><span class="sp">1</span></a> WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE<br /> +ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> +<div class="pt2"> </div> + +<table class="nobctr" width="100%" summary="Contents"> + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. B. F. Y.</td> + <td class="tc2" style="width: 60%;"><span class="sc">Alexander Bell Filson Young.</span><br /> + Formerly Editor of the <i>Outlook</i>. Author of <i>Christopher Columbus</i>; <i>Master-singers</i>; + <i>The Complete Motorist</i>; <i>Wagner Stories</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dance <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>).</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. Bo.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Auguste Boudinhon, D.D., D.C.L.</span><br /> + Professor of Canon Law in the Catholic University of Paris. Honorary Canon of + Paris. Editor of the <i>Canoniste contemporain</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Curia Romana; + Decretals.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. Ca.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Arthur Cayley, LL.D., F.R.S.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Cayley, Arthur</span>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Curve <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>).</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. E. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Andrew Ewbank Burn, M.A., D.D.</span><br /> + Vicar of Halifax and Prebendary of Lichfield. Author of <i>An Introduction to the + Creeds and the Te Deum; Niceta of Remesiana</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Creeds.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. E. J.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Arthur Ernest Jolliffe, M.A.</span><br /> + Fellow of, and Tutor and Mathematical Lecturer at, Corpus Christi College, Oxford. + Senior Mathematical Scholar, 1892.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Continued Fractions.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. F. P.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Albert Frederick Pollard, M.A., F.R.Hist.Soc.</span><br /> + Fellow of All Souls’ College, Oxford. Professor of English History in the University + of London. Assistant Editor of the <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, 1893-1901. + Author of <i>England under the Protector Somerset</i>; <i>Life of Thomas Cranmer</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 5em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Coverdale; + Cox, Richard; + Craig, John; + Cranmer; + Cromwell, Thomas; + Crowley.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. G.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Major Arthur George Frederick Griffiths</span> (d. 1908).<br /> + H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of <i>The Chronicles of Newgate</i>; + <i>Secrets of the Prison House</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crime; + Criminology.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. Go.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Alexander Gordon, M.A.</span><br /> + Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Coornhert.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. H. J. G.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Abel Hendy Jones Greenidge, M.A., D.LITT.</span> (Oxon.) (d. 1905).<br /> + Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of St John’s College, + Oxford. Author of <i>Infamia in Roman Law</i>; <i>Handbook of Greek Constitutional + History</i>; <i>Roman Public Life</i>; <i>History of Rome</i>. Joint-author of <i>Sources of Roman + History, 133-70 B.C</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Consul: Roman.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. H. P.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Arnold Hill Payne, M.A.</span><br /> + Chaplain, Oxford Diocesan Mission to the Deaf and Dumb. Late Normal Fellow, + National Deaf Mute College, Washington, U.S.A. Author of <i>The Mental Development + of the Orally and Manually taught Deaf</i>; <i>The Pure Oral Method of necessity a + Comparative Failure</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Deaf and Dumb.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. J. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Alfred Joshua Butler, M.A., D.Litt.</span><br /> + Fellow and Bursar of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of Eton College. Author + of <i>The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt</i>; <i>The Arab Conquest of Egypt</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Copts: <span class="no"><i>The Coptic Church</i>.</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. J. B.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Arthur John Butler, M.A.</span> (1844-1910).<br /> + Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of Italian Language + and Literature, University College, London. Author of a prose translation of + Dante’s <i>Divine Comedy</i>; <i>Dante and his Times</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dante.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. J. E.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Arthur John Evans, M.A., D.Litt., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A.</span><br /> + Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 1884-1908. + Hon. Keeper since 1908. Made archaeological discoveries in Crete, 1893; + excavated the Palace of Knossos. Author of <i>Through Bosnia on Foot</i>; <i>Cretan + Pictographs and Prae-Phoenician Script</i>; and other works on archaeology.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crete: <span class="no"><i>Archaeology and Ancient History</i>.</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. L.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Andrew Lang.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Lang, Andrew</span>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crystal-Gazing.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. Mw.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Allen Mawer, M.A.</span><br /> + Professor of English Language and Literature, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. + Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Formerly Lecturer in + English at the University of Sheffield.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Danelagh.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. M. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Agnes Mary Clerke.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Clerke, A. M.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Copernicus; + Delambre; + Delisle, J. N.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. M. Cl.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Agnes Muriel Clay (Mrs. Wilde).</span><br /> + Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint-author of <i>Sources + of Roman History, 133-70 B.C.</i></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Curia; + Decemviri; + Decurio.</td></tr> + + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. N.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Alfred Newton, F.R.S.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Newton, Alfred</span>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 4em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Coot; + Cormorant; + Crane; + Crossbill; + Crow; + Cuckoo; + Curlew.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. N.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Alexander Nairne, M.A.</span><br /> + Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis in King’s College, London. + Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of St Albans. Fellow of King’s College, London. + Formerly Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge. Crosse Scholar, 1886. Author of + <i>The Bible Doctrine of Atonement</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Creatianism and Traducianism.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. N. M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">A. N. Monkhouse.</span><br /> + Member of Editorial Staff of <i>Manchester Guardian</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cotton <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. van M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Alexander van Millingen, M.A., D.D.</span><br /> + Professor of History, Robert College, Constantinople. Author of <i>Byzantine Constantinople</i>; + <i>Constantinople</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Constantinople.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. W. H.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Arthur William Holland.</span><br /> + Formerly Scholar of St John’s College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray’s Inn, 1900.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Curia Regis.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. Wi.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Aneurin Williams, M A., M.P.</span><br /> + Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple. Chairman of Executive, International Cooperative + Alliance. M.P. for Plymouth, 1910. Author of <i>Twenty-eight Years + of Co-partnership at Guise</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Co-operation.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. W. R.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Alexander Wood Renton, M.A, L.L.B.</span><br /> + Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of <i>Encyclopaedia of the Laws + of England</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corporal Punishment; + Covenant.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">A. W. W.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Adolphus William Ward, Litt.D., LL.D.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Ward, A. W.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cumberland, Richard: <span class="no">Dramatist.</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">C. E.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Charles Everitt, A.M., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S.</span><br /> + Sometime Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Constellation.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">C. E. N.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Charles Eliot Norton, LL.D.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Norton, Charles E.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Curtis, George William.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">C. F. A.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Charles Francis Atkinson.</span><br /> + Formerly Scholar of Queen’s College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal + Fusiliers). Author of <i>The Wilderness and Cold Harbour</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crimean War; + Cromwell, Oliver <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">C. F. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Charles Francis Bastable, M.A., LL.D.</span><br /> + Regius Professor of Law and Professor of Political Economy in the University of + Dublin. Author of <i>Public Finance</i>; <i>Commerce of Nations</i>; <i>Theory of International + Trade</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Decimal Coinage.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">C. K.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Charles Mark Kent.</span><br /> + Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Edited the <i>London Sun</i> for twenty-five years; + the <i>Weekly Register</i>, 1874-1881. Author of <i>The Humour and Pathos of Charles + Dickens</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dalling, Lord.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">C. K. S.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Clement King Shorter.</span><br /> + Editor of the <i>Sphere</i>. Author of <i>Sixty Years of Victorian Literature</i>; <i>Immortal + Memories</i>; <i>The Brontës: Life and Letters</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cowper, William; + Crabbe, George.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">C. L.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">H. Caldwell Lipsett.</span><br /> + Formerly Editor of the <i>Civil and Military Gazette</i>, Lahore, India. Author of <i>Lord + Curzon in India</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Coolie.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">C. Pf.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Christian Pfister, D. ès L.</span><br /> + Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of + <i>Étude sur le règne de Robert le Pieux</i>; <i>Le Duché merovingien d’Alsace et la legende de + Sainte-Odile</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dagobert.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">C. R. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Charles Raymond Beazley, M.A., D.Litt., F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S.</span><br /> + Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow + of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of Geography. + Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of + <i>Henry the Navigator</i>; <i>The Dawn of Modern Geography</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 4em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Conti, Nicolo de’; + Cook, Captain; + Dampier; + Daniel of Kiev; + Davis, John.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">D. C. T.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">David Croal Thomson.</span><br /> + Formerly Editor of the <i>Art Journal</i>. Author of <i>The Brothers Maris</i>; <i>The Barbizon + School of Painters</i>; <i>Life of “Phiz”</i>; <i>Life of Bewick</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corot; + Daubigny.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">D. F. T.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Donald Francis Tovey.</span><br /> + Balliol College, Oxford. Author of <i>Essays in Musical Analyses, comprising + Classical Concerto, The Goldberg Variations</i>; and analyses of many other classical + works.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Contrapuntal Forms; + Counterpoint.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">D. G. H.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">David George Hogarth, M.A.</span><br /> + Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. + Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at Paphos, 1888; Naukratis, 1899 + and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; Assiut, 1906-1907. Director, British School at + Athens, 1897-1900; Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cyrenaica; + Cyrene.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">D. H.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">David Hannay.</span><br /> + Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of <i>Short History of Royal Navy, + 1217-1688</i>; <i>Life of Emilio Castelar</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 5em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Convoy <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Copenhagen, Battle of; + Cordoba, Gonzalo Fernandez de; + Dahlgren, John Adolf.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">D. Mn.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Dugald Macfadyen, M.A.</span><br /> + Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director of the London + Missionary Society.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cruden, Alexander.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. Br.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Ernest Barker, M.A.</span><br /> + Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, St John’s College, Oxford. Formerly + Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar, 1895.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crusades.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. B. El.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Edwin Bailey Elliott, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S.</span><br /> + Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics and Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. + Formerly Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford. President of London Mathematical + Society, 1896-1898. Author of <i>Algebra of Quantics</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Curve <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. B. P.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Edward Bagnall Poulton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., LL.D.</span><br /> + Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford. Fellow of Jesus College, + Oxford. Author of <i>The Colours of Animals</i>; <i>Essays on Evolution</i>; <i>Darwin and the + Original Species</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Darwin.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. C. Q.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Edmund Crosby Quiggin, M.A.</span><br /> + Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; Lecturer in Modern Languages, + and Monro Lecturer in Celtic.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cuchulinn.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. F. S.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Edward Fairbrother Strange.</span><br /> + Assistant Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Member of + Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art subjects. Joint-editor + of Bell’s “Cathedral” Series.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Della Quercia.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. G.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Edmund Gosse, LL.D.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Gosse, Edmund.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 4em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Conte; + Couplet; + Cowley; + Crashaw; + Criticism; + Daniel, Samuel; + Davenant, Sir William; + Dekker, Edward Douwes.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. Gr.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Ernest Arthur Gardner, M.A.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Gardner, Percy.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 4em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corfu <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Corinth: <span class="no"><i>Isthmus of</i>;</span> + Cos <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Crisa; + Daphne; + Delos; + Delphi.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. Ma.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Edward Manson.</span><br /> + Barrister-at-Law. Joint-editor of <i>Journal of Comparative Legislation</i>. Author of + <i>Debentures and Debenture Stock</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Debentures and Debenture Stock.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">Ed. M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Eduard Meyer, D.Litt.</span> (Oxon.), <span class="sc">LL.D., Ph.D.</span><br /> + Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author of <i>Geschichte des + Alterthums</i>; <i>Forschungen zur alten Geschichte</i>; <i>Geschichte des alten Ägyptens</i>; <i>Die + Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Ctesiphon; + Cyaxares; + Cyrus; + Darius; + Deioces; + Demetrius of Bactria.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. M. W.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Edward Mewburn Walker, M.A.</span><br /> + Fellow, Senior Tutor and Librarian of Queen’s College, Oxford.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Constitution of Athens.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. Pr.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Edgar Prestage.</span><br /> + Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of Manchester. Commendador, + Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal + Academy of Sciences and Lisbon Geographical Society, &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corte-Real, Jeronymo; + Cruz e Silva.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. R. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Edwyn Robert Bevan, M.A.</span><br /> + Formerly Scholar of New College, Oxford. Author of <i>House of Seleucus</i>; <i>Jerusalem + under the High Priests</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Demetrius of Macedonia.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. Tn.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Ethelred Leonard Taunton</span> (d. 1907).<br /> + Author of <i>The English Black Monks of St Benedict</i>; <i>History of the Jesuits in England</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cullen, Paul; + Curci.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">E. V.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Edmund Venables, M.A., D.D.</span> (1819-1895).<br /> + Canon and Precentor of Lincoln. Author of <i>Episcopal Palaces of England</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crypt.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">F. E. W.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Frederick Edward Warren, M.A., B.D., F.S.A.</span><br /> + Rector of Bardwell, Bury St Edmunds. Fellow of St John’s College, Oxford, 1865-1882. + Author of <i>The Old Catholic Ritual done into English and compared with the + Corresponding Offices in the Roman and Old German Manuals</i>; <i>The Liturgy and Ritual + of the Celtic Church</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dedication.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">F. G. M. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Frederick George Meeson Beck, M.A.</span><br /> + Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Deira.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">F. Lu.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Friedrich Luckwaldt, Ph.D.</span><br /> + Professor of History at the Royal Technical High School, Danzig. Author of + <i>Österreich und die Anfänge des Befreiungskriege von 1813</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dahlmann.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">F. Ll. G.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Francis Llewellyn Griffith, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A.</span><br /> + Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Formerly Scholar of Queen’s College, + Oxford. Editor of the <i>Archaeological Survey</i> and <i>Archaeological Reports</i> of the + Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow of Imperial German Archaeological Institute.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Copts <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">F. Po.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Sir Frederick Pollock, Bart., LL.D., D.C.L.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Pollock:</span> <i>Family</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Contract.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">F. S. P.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Francis Samuel Philbrick, A.M., B.Sc.</span><br /> + Formerly Scholar and Resident Fellow of Harvard University. Member of American + Historical Association.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cuba.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">F. T. M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Sir Frank Thomas Marzials, K.C.B.</span><br /> + Formerly Accountant-General of the Army. Editor of “Great Writers” Series.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Daudet.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">F. W. Ha.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Frederick William Hasluck, M.A.</span><br /> + Assistant Director, British School of Archaeology, Athens. Fellow of King’s + College, Cambridge. Browne’s Medallist, 1901.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cyzicus.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">F. W. R.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Frederick William Rudler, I.S.O., F.G.S.</span><br /> + Curator and Librarian at the Museum of Practical Geology, London, 1879-1902. + President of the Geologists’ Association, 1887-1889.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corundum; + Cryolite; + Demantoid.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">G. A. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">George A. Boulenger, F.R.S.</span><br /> + In charge of the Collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department of Zoology, British + Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological Society of London.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cyprinodonts.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">G. C. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Gilbert Charles Bourne, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.</span><br /> + Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Oxford. Fellow of Merton College, + Oxford. Author of <i>An Introduction to the Study of Comparative Anatomy of + Animals</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Coral-reefs.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">G. C. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">G. C. Chubb.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 1.5em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cytology.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">G. C. W.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">George Charles Williamson, Litt. D.</span><br /> + Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of <i>Portrait Miniatures</i>; <i>Life of Richard + Cosway, R.A.</i>; <i>George Engleheart</i>; <i>Portrait Drawings</i>; &c. Editor of new edition + of Bryan’s <i>Dictionary of Painters and Engravers</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 4em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cooper, Alexander; + Cooper, Samuel; + Cosway, Richard.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">G. F. Z.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">G. F. Zimmer, A.M.Inst.C.E., F.Z.S.</span><br /> + Author of <i>Mechanical Handling of Material</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Conveyors.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">G. H. Fo.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">George Herbert Fowler, F.Z.S., F.L.S., Ph.D.</span><br /> + Formerly Berkeley Fellow of Owens College, Manchester, and Assistant Professor + of Zoology at University College, London.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Ctenophora.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">G. J. T.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">George James Turner.</span><br /> + Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln’s Inn. Editor of <i>Select Pleas of the Forest</i> for the Selden + Society.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">County.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">G. P. R.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Gerald Philip Robinson.</span><br /> + President of the Society of Mezzotint Engravers. Mezzotint Engraver to Queen + Victoria and to King Edward VII.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cousins, Samuel.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">G. Sa.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">George Saintsbury, L.L.D., Litt.D.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Saintsbury, G. E. B.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corneille, Pierre; + Corneille, Thomas.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">G. Sn.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Grant Showerman, A.M., Ph.D.</span><br /> + Professor of Latin at the University of Wisconsin. Member of the Archaeological + Institute of America. Member of American Philological Association. Author of + <i>With the Professor</i>; <i>The Great Mother of the Gods</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corybantes; + Criobolium; + Curetes; + Cybele.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">G. W. T.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Griffithes Wheeler Thatcher, M.A., B.D.</span><br /> + Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and Old + Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Damiri.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">H. Br.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Henry Bradley, M.A., Ph.D.</span><br /> + Joint-editor of the <i>New English Dictionary</i> (Oxford). Fellow of the British Academy. + Author of <i>The Story of the Goths</i>; <i>The Making of English</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cynewulf.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">H. B. W.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Horace Bolingbroke Woodward, F.R.S., F.G.S.</span><br /> + Late Assistant Director, Geological Survey of England and Wales. Wollaston + Medallist, Geological Society. Author of <i>The History of the Geological Society of + London</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dechen.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">H. F. G.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Hans Friedrich Gadow, M.A., F.R.S., Ph.D.</span><br /> + Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of Cambridge. + Author of <i>Amphibia and Reptiles</i> (Cambridge Natural History).</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crocodile.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">H. Fr.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Henri Frantz.</span><br /> + Art Critic, <i>Gazette des Beaux Arts</i>, Paris.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Courbet.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">H. M. W.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">H. Marshall Ward, M.A., F.R.S., D.Sc.</span> (d. 1905).<br /> + Formerly Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. President of the + British Mycological Society. Author of <i>Timber and some of its Diseases</i>; <i>The Oak</i>; + <i>Disease in Plants</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">De Bary.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">H. St.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Henry Sturt, M.A.</span><br /> + Author of <i>Idola Theatri</i>; <i>The Idea of a Free Church</i>; and <i>Personal Idealism</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crusius; + Cudworth, R.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">H. S. J.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Henry Stuart Jones, M.A.</span><br /> + Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford, and Director of the British + School at Rome. Member of the German Imperial Archaeological Institute. + Author of <i>The Roman Empire</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Costume: <span class="no"><i>Aegean, Greek, Etruscan and Roman</i>.</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">H. Th.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Sir Henry Thompson, Bart.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Thompson, Sir Henry.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cremation.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">H. Tr.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Sir Henry Trotter, K.C.M.G., C.B.</span><br /> + Lieutenant-Colonel, Royal Engineers. H.B.M. Consul-General for Roumania, + 1894-1906, and British Delegate on the European Commission of the Danube. + Victoria Medallist, Royal Geographical Society, 1878.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Danube.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">H. W. C. D.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Henry William Carless Davis, M.A.</span><br /> + Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls’ College, 1895-1902. + Author of <i>England under the Normans and Angevins</i>; <i>Charlemagne</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Coutances, Walter of.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">I. A.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Israel Abrahams, M.A.</span><br /> + Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge. President, + Jewish Historical Society of England. Author of <i>A Short History of Jewish Literature; + Jewish Life in the Middle Ages</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crescas; + Delmedigo.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. An.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Joseph Anderson, LL.D.</span><br /> + Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Assistant Secretary + to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and Rhind Lecturer, 1879-1882 and 1892. + Editor of Drummond’s <i>Ancient Scottish Weapons</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crannog.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. A. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Sir Joseph Archer Crowe, K.C.M.G.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Crowe, Sir J. A.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cranach; + Cuyp.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. A. H.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Allen Howe, B.Sc.</span><br /> + Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corallian; + Cornbrash; Culm.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. C. S.-H.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Castleman Swinburne-hanham, J.P.</span><br /> + Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Hon. Secretary of Cremation Society of England.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cremation: <span class="no"><i>Statistics</i>.</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. D. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">James David Bourchier, M.A., F.R.G.S.</span><br /> + King’s College, Cambridge. Correspondent of <i>The Times</i> in South-Eastern Europe. + Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of Montenegro and of the Saviour of + Greece, and Officer of the Order of St Alexander of Bulgaria.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crete: <span class="no"><i>Geography and Statistics; + and Modern History</i>.</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. D. Pr.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Dyneley Prince, Ph.D.</span><br /> + Professor of Semitic Languages at Columbia University, New York.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Daniel <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. E. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Eglinton Bailey.</span><br /> + Author of <i>John Dee and the Steganographia of Trithemius</i>; <i>Life of Thomas Fuller</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cryptography.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. Go.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Joseph Grego.</span><br /> + Art Critic. Author of <i>A History of Parliamentary Elections</i>; <i>A History of Dancing</i>; + <i>Thomas Rowlandson</i>; <i>James Gillray</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cruikshank.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. G. K.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Graham Kerr, M.A., F.R.S.</span><br /> + Regius Professor of Zoology in the University of Glasgow. Formerly Demonstrator + in Animal Morphology in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of Christ’s College, + Cambridge, 1898-1904. Walsingham Medallist, 1898. Neill Prizeman, Royal + Society of Edinburgh, 1904.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cyclostomata.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. H. F.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Henry Freese, M.A.</span><br /> + Formerly Fellow of St John’s College, Cambridge.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Demeter.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. H. M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Henry Middleton, M.A., F.S.A., Litt.D., D.C.L.</span> (1846-1896).<br /> + Formerly Slade Professor of Fine Art in the University of Cambridge, and Art + Director of the South Kensington Museum. Author of <i>The Engraved Gems of</i> + <i>Classical Times; Illuminated Manuscripts in Classical and Medieval Times</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Della Robbia <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. H. R.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Horace Round, M.A., LL.D.</span> (Edin.).<br /> + Author of <i>Feudal England</i>; <i>Studies in Peerage and Family History</i>; <i>Peerage and + Pedigree</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Court Baron.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. Hl. R.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Holland Rose, M.A., Litt.D.</span><br /> + Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate. + Author of <i>Life of Napoleon I.</i>; <i>Napoleonic Studies</i>; <i>The Development of the European + Nations</i>; <i>The Life of Pitt</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Daru, Count; + Decaen.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. H. Rs.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. James Hardy Ropes, D.D.</span><br /> + Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, and Dexter + Lecturer on Bible Literature, Harvard University. Author of <i>The Apostolic Age + in the Light of Modern Criticism</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corinthians: <span class="no"><i>Epistles to the</i>.</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. L. M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Linton Myres, M.A., F.S.A.</span><br /> + Wykeham Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Formerly + Gladstone Professor of Greek, and Lecturer in Ancient Geography, University of + Liverpool; and Lecturer on Classical Archaeology in University of Oxford.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cyprus <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. Mo.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Viscount Morley of Blackburn.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Morley, Viscount</span>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Danton.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. McF.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Macfarlane.</span><br /> + Formerly Librarian of the Imperial Library, Calcutta. Author of <i>Library Administration</i>; + &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Damien, Father.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. M. M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Malcolm Mitchell.</span><br /> + Sometime Scholar of Queen’s College, Oxford. Lecturer in Classics, East London + College (University of London). Joint-editor of Grote’s <i>History of Greece</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Delian League.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. P. Pe.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. John Punnett Peters, Ph.D., D.D.</span><br /> + Canon Residentiary, Cathedral of New York. Formerly Professor of Hebrew in the + University of Pennsylvania. Director of the University Expedition to Babylonia, + 1888-1895. Author of <i>Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Deir.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. S. F.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Smith Flett, D.Sc., F.G.S.</span><br /> + Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on Petrology in + Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby + Medallist of the Geological Society of London.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crystallite; + Dacite.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. T. Be.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John T. Bealby.</span><br /> + Joint-author of Stanford’s <i>Europe</i>. Formerly Editor of the <i>Scottish Geographical + Magazine</i>. Translator of Sven Hedin’s <i>Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crimea <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Daghestan <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. T. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Joseph Thomas Cunningham, M.A., F.Z.S.</span><br /> + Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London. Formerly Fellow + of University College, Oxford. Assistant Professor of Natural History in the + University of Edinburgh. Naturalist to the Marine Biological Association.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cuttle-fish.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">J. V.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">John Veitch, LL.D.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Veitch, John.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cousin, V. <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">K. G. J.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Kingsley Garland Jayne.</span><br /> + Sometime Scholar of Wadham College, Oxford. Matthew Arnold Prizeman, 1903. + Author of <i>Vasco da Gama and his Successors</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Croatia-Slavonia; + Dalmatia.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">K. S.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Kathleen Schlesinger.</span><br /> + Author of <i>The Instruments of the Orchestra</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 4em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Contrafagotto; Cor Anglais; + Cornet <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Cromorne <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Crowd; Cymbals.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">L.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Count Lützow, Litt.D.</span> (Oxon.), <span class="sc">D.Ph.</span> (Prague), <span class="sc">F.R.G.S.</span><br /> + Chamberlain of H.M. the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia. Hon. Member + of the Royal Society of Literature. Member of the Bohemian Academy, &c. + Author of <i>Bohemia, a Historical Sketch</i>; <i>The Historians of Bohemia</i> (Ilchester Lecture, + Oxford, 1904); <i>The Life and Times of John Hus</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Czech.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">L. D.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Louis Duchesne.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Duchesne, L. M. O.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Damasus.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">L. J. S.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Leonard James Spencer, M.A.</span><br /> + Assistant in Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly Scholar of + Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. Editor of the <i>Mineralogical + Magazine</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 4em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Copper-glance; + Copper Pyrites; + Covellite; Crocoite; + Crystallography; + Cuprite; Cyanite; + Datolite.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">L. V.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Luigi Villari.</span><br /> + Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Department). Formerly Newspaper Correspondent + in East of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New Orleans, 1906; Philadelphia, + 1907; and Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910. Author of <i>Italian Life in Town + and Country</i>; <i>Fire and Sword in the Caucasus</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Contarini; Cornaro; + Correnti; Corsini; + Dandolo; Della Gherardesca.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">M. A. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Maurice A. Canney, M.A.</span><br /> + Assistant Lecturer in Semitic Languages in the University of Manchester. Formerly + Exhibitioner of St John’s College, Oxford. Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew Scholar, + Oxford, 1892; Kennicott Hebrew Scholar, 1895; Houghton Syriac Prize, 1896.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Daub, Karl.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">M. Ha.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Marcus Hartog, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S.</span><br /> + Professor of Zoology, University College, Cork. Author of “Protozoa” in <i>Cambridge + Natural History</i>, and papers for various scientific journals.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cystoflagellata.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">M. N. T.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Marcus Niebuhr Tod, M.A.</span><br /> + Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. University Lecturer in Epigraphy. + Joint-author of <i>Catalogue of the Sparta Museum</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Demaratus.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">M. O. B. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Maximilian Otto Bismarck Caspari, M.A.</span><br /> + Reader in Ancient History at London University. Lecturer in Greek at Birmingham + University, 1905-1908.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corfu <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Corinth <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Cos <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">N. D. M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Newton Dennison Mereness, A.M., Ph.D.</span><br /> + Author of <i>Maryland as a Proprietary Province</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Davis, Jefferson <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">N. W. T.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Northcote Whitbridge Thomas, M.A.</span><br /> + Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding Member of the + Société d’Anthropologie de Paris. Author of <i>Thought Transference</i>; <i>Kinship and + Marriage in Australia</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Death-warning.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">O. Ba.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Oswald Barron, F.S.A.</span><br /> + Editor of the <i>Ancestor</i>, 1902-1905. Hon. Genealogist to Standing Council of the + Honourable Society of the Baronetage.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Costume: <span class="no"><i>Medieval and + Modern European</i>;</span> + Courtenay: <span class="no"><i>Family</i></span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">O. J. R. H.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Osbert John Radcliffe Howarth, M.A.</span><br /> + Christ Church, Oxford. Geographical Scholar, 1901. Assistant Secretary of the + British Association.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Copenhagen.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">P. A. K.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Prince Peter Alexeivitch Kropotkin.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Kropotkin, P. A.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cossacks; + Crimea <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Daghestan <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">P. C. Y.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Philip Chesney Yorke, M.A.</span><br /> + Magdalen College, Oxford.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 4em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cottington, F. C., Baron; + Coventry, Sir William; + Craven, Earl of; + Cromwell, Oliver <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Cromwell, Richard.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">P. G.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Percy Gardner, Litt.D., D.C.L., F.S.A.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Gardner, Percy.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Daedalus; + Demetrius (Sculptor).</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">P. Gl.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Peter Giles, M.A., LL.D., Litt.D.</span><br /> + Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and University + Reader in Comparative Philology. Late Secretary of the Cambridge Philological + Society. Author of <i>Manual of Comparative Philology</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">D.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">P. G. K.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Paul G. Konody.</span><br /> + Art Critic of the <i>Observer</i> and the <i>Daily Mail</i>. Formerly Editor of <i>The Artist</i>. + Author of <i>The Art of Walter Crane</i>; <i>Velasquez, Life and Work</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">David, Gerard.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. A.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Robert Anchel.</span><br /> + Archivist to the Département de l’Eure.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Convention, The National; + Cordeliers, Club of the.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. A. S. M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Robert Alexander Stewart Macalister, M.A., F.S.A.</span><br /> + St John’s College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the Palestine Exploration + Fund.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Damascus; + Dead Sea; + Decapolis.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. B. McK.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Ronald Brunlees Mckerrow.</span><br /> + Trinity College, Cambridge.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dekker, Thomas <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. B. R.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D., B.D.</span><br /> + Formerly Director of American School of Classical Studies, Athens. Member of + American Geological Society, British Society of Promotion of Hellenic Studies, + Greek Archaeological Society, &c. Author of <i>History of Greek Sculpture</i>; <i>Vacation + Days in Greece</i>; <i>Greece through the Stereoscope</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corinth <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. H. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Robert Henry Charles, M.A., D.D., D.Litt.</span><br /> + Grinfield Lecturer and Lecturer in Biblical Studies, Oxford. Fellow of the British + Academy. Formerly Professor of Biblical Greek, Trinity College, Dublin. Author + of <i>Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life</i>; <i>Book of Jubilees</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Daniel <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. H. L.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Robin Humphrey Legge.</span><br /> + Principal Musical Critic for <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. Author of <i>Annals of the Norwich + Festivals</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Debussy.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. J. M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Ronald John Mcneill, M.A.</span><br /> + Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the <i>St James’s + Gazette</i>, London.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 4em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Conway, Henry Seymour; + Cowper, William C., 1st Earl; + Cromwell, Oliver <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. L.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Richard Lydekker, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.</span><br /> + Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882. Author of + <i>Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in British Museum</i>; <i>The Deer of + all Lands</i>, &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Coyote; + Creodonta; + Deer.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. N. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Robert Nisbet Bain</span> (d. 1909).<br /> + Formerly Assistant Librarian, British Museum. Author of <i>Scandinavia: the + Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 1513-1900</i>; <i>The First Romanovs, + 1613 to 1725</i>; <i>Slavonic Europe: the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 + to 1796</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 5em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corvinus; + Czartoryski; + Damjanich; + Deak; + De Geer; + De la Gardie; + Demetrius Donskoi; + Demetrius, Pseudo.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. P. S.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">R. Phené Spiers, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.</span><br /> + Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, London. Past + President of Architectural Association. Associate and Fellow of King’s College, + London. Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson’s + <i>History of Architecture</i>. Author of <i>Architecture: East and West</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Decorated Period.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. So.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Robert Somers</span> (1822-1891).<br /> + Editor of <i>North British Daily Mail</i>, 1849-1859. Author of <i>Letters from the Highlands</i>; + <i>The Southern States since the War</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corn Laws <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. S. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Robert Seymour Conway, M.A., D.Litt.</span> (Cantab.).<br /> + Professor of Latin in the University of Manchester. Formerly Professor of Latin + of University College, Cardiff, and Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cumae <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">R. W. R.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Robert William Rogers, D.D., Litt.D., LL.D., Ph.D.</span><br /> + Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Drew Theological Seminary, + Madison, New Jersey. Author of <i>Inscriptions of Sennacherib</i>; <i>History of Babylonia + and Assyria</i>; <i>The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cuneiform.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">S. A. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Stanley Arthur Cook, M.A.</span><br /> + Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Lecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and + formerly Fellow Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Examiner in Hebrew and + Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908. Author of <i>Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions</i>; + <i>The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi</i>; <i>Critical Notes on Old Testament + History</i>; <i>Religion of Ancient Palestine</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 4em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Costume: <span class="no"><i>Ancient, Oriental</i>;</span> + Cush; + Dan; + David <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Deborah; + Decalogue <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">S. E. B.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Hon. Simeon Eben Baldwin, M.A., LL.D.</span><br /> + Professor of Constitutional and Private International Law in Yale University. + Director of the Bureau of Comparative Law of the American Bar Association. + Formerly Chief Justice of Connecticut. Author of <i>Modern Political Institutions</i>; + <i>American Railroad Law</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Conveyancing <span class="no">(<i>United States</i>).</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">S. J. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Sydney John Chapman, M.A.</span><br /> + Professor of Political Economy and Dean of the Faculty of Commerce in the University + of Manchester. Author of <i>The Lancashire Cotton Industry</i>; <i>The Cotton + Industry and Trade</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cotton: <span class="no"><i>Marketing and Supply</i>;</span> + Cotton Manufacture.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">S. Wa.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Samuel Wadsworth, M.A.</span><br /> + Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple and of Lincoln’s Inn. Joint-editor of the 17th + edition of Davidson’s <i>Concise Precedents in Conveyancing</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Conveyancing <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">T. As.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Thomas Ashby, M.A., D.Litt.</span> (Oxon.).<br /> + Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly Scholar of Christ + Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1897. Conington Prizeman, 1906. Member of the + Imperial German Archaeological Institute.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 4em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Corfinium; + Cori; + Cortona; + Cosa; + Cosenza; + Cremona; + Crotona; + Cumae <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Cures.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">T. A. I.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Thomas Allan Ingram, M.A., LL.D.</span><br /> + Trinity College, Dublin.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Convocation <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Corn Laws <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Coroner; + Cruelty; + Day.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">T. A. J.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Thomas Athol Joyce, M.A.</span><br /> + Assistant in Department of Ethnography, British Museum. Hon. Sec., Royal + Anthropological Institute.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Costume <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">T. Ba.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Sir Thomas Barclay, M.P.</span><br /> + Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the Supreme Council + of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Author of <i>Problems of + International Practice and Diplomacy</i>; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Contraband; + Convoy <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Declaration of Paris.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">T. F. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Theodore Freylinghuysen Collier, Ph.D.</span><br /> + Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., U.S.A.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Constantinople, Councils of.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">T. K. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Thomas Kelly Cheyne, D.D.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Cheyne, T. K.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cosmogony; + Deluge, The.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">T. M. F.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Thomas Macall Fallow, M.A., F.S.A.</span><br /> + Editor of the <i>Antiquary</i>, 1895-1899. Author of <i>Memorials of Old Yorkshire</i>; <i>The + Cathedral Churches of Ireland</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Coronation; + Cross and Crucifixion; + Crown and Coronet.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">T. Se.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Thomas Seccombe.</span><br /> + Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University of London. + Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887. Assistant Editor of <i>Dictionary of National + Biography</i>, 1891-1901. Author of <i>The Age of Johnson</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Constantine Pavlovich.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">T. T.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Sir Travers Twiss, K.C., D.C.L., F.R.S.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Twiss, Sir Travers.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Consulate of the Sea; + Convocation <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">T. W. F.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Thomas William Fox, M.Sc.Tech.</span><br /> + Professor of Textiles, Manchester University. Author of <i>Mechanism of Weaving</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cotton-spinning Machinery.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">V. M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Victor Charles Mahillon.</span><br /> + Principal of the Conservatoire Royal de Musique at Brussels. Chevalier of the + Legion of Honour.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cornet <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Cromorne <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. A. B. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. William Augustus Brevoort Coolidge, M.A., F.R.G.S., Ph.D.</span> (Bern.).<br /> + Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, St David’s + College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of <i>Guide du Haut Dauphiné</i>; <i>The Range of + the Tödi</i>; <i>Guide to Grindelwald</i>; <i>Guide to Switzerland</i>; <i>The Alps in Nature and in + History</i>; &c. Editor of the <i>Alpine Journal</i>, 1880-1889; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crousaz, Jean Pierre de; + Dauphiné; + Davos.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. A. P.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Walter Alison Phillips, M.A.</span><br /> + Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St John’s College, + Oxford. Author of <i>Modern Europe</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cope; + Crete <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Costume: <span class="no"><i>National, Class and Official</i>;</span> + Dalmatic.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. B.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Burton, M.A., F.C.S.</span><br /> + Chairman, Joint Committee of Pottery Manufacturers of Great Britain. Author of + <i>English Stoneware and Earthenware</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Della Robbia <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. B. Sc.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Bell Scott.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Scott, William Bell.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cox, David; + Delaroche.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. C. S.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Charles Smith, K.C., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.</span> (Edin.).<br /> + Formerly Sheriff of Ross, Cromarty and Sutherland. Editor of <i>Judicial Review</i>, + 1889-1900.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dance <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. C. T.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">W. Cave Thomas.</span><br /> + Author of <i>Symmetrical Education</i>; <i>Mural or Monumental Decoration</i>; <i>Revised Theory + of Light</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cornelius, Peter von.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. E. Co.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rt. Rev. William Edward Collins, D.D.</span><br /> + Bishop of Gibraltar. Formerly Professor of Ecclesiastical History, King’s College, + London. Lecturer at Selwyn and St John’s Colleges, Cambridge. Author of <i>The + Study of Ecclesiastical History</i>; <i>Beginnings of English Christianity</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cyprus: <span class="no"><i>Church of</i>.</span></td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. E. H.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Ernest Henley.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Henley, W. E.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cooper, James Fenimore.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. Fr.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Fream. LL.D.</span> (d. 1907).<br /> + Formerly Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, University of Edinburgh, and + Agricultural Correspondent of <i>The Times</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dairy and Dairy-farming.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. F. C.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Feilden Craies, M.A.</span><br /> + Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Lecturer on Criminal Law, King’s College, London. + Editor of Archbold’s <i>Criminal Pleading</i> (23rd edition).</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Contempt of Court; + Conversion; + Costs; + Criminal Law; + Damages.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. G. F.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William George Freeman, B.Sc.</span> (London), <span class="sc">A.R.C.S.</span><br /> + Joint-author of <i>Nature Teaching</i>; <i>The World’s Commercial Products</i>. Joint-editor + of <i>Science Progress in the Twentieth Century</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cotton <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. L. H. D.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Wynfrid Lawrence Henry Duckworth, M.A., M.D., D.Sc.</span><br /> + Lecturer in Physical Anthropology, and Senior Demonstrator of Human Anatomy + in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of Jesus College. Author of <i>Morphology + and Anthropology</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Craniometry.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. L.-W.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Sir William Lee-warner, M.A., K.C.S.I.</span><br /> + Member of Council of India. Formerly Secretary in the Political and Secret + Department of the India Office. Author of <i>Life of the Marquis of Dalhousie</i>; + <i>Memoirs of Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wylie Norman</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dalhousie, 1st Marquis.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. M.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Minto, M.A.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Minto, William.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Dekker, Thomas <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. M. R.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Michael Rossetti.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Rossetti, Dante G.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 2em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Correggio; + Crivelli, Carlo.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. P.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Walter Pitt, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E.</span><br /> + Member of the Committee of International Maritime Conference, London, &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cranes.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. R. E. H.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Richard Eaton Hodgkinson, Ph.D., F.R.S.</span><br /> + Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Ordnance College, Woolwich. Formerly Professor + of Chemistry and Physics, R.M.A., Woolwich. Part-author of Valentin-Hodgkinson’s + <i>Practical Chemistry</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cordite.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. R. S.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Robertson Smith, LL.D.</span><br /> + See the biographical article: <span class="sc">Smith, W. R.</span></td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">David <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>; + Decalogue <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. T. Ca.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Thomas Calman, D.Sc., F.Z.S.</span><br /> + Assistant in charge of Crustacea, Natural History Museum, South Kensington. + Author of “Crustacea” in <i>A Treatise on Zoology</i>, edited by Sir E. Ray Lankester.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Crab; + Crayfish; + Crustacea.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. Wr.</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Williston Walker, Ph.D., D.D.</span><br /> + Professor of Church History, Yale University. Author of <i>History of the Congregational + Churches in the United States</i>; <i>The Reformation</i>; <i>John Calvin</i>; &c.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Cotton, John.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. W. H.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Hon. William Wirt Henry, M.A.</span> (d. 1900).<br /> + Formerly President of the American Historical Association and of the Virginia Historical + Society. Author and Editor of the <i>Life, Correspondence and Speeches of + Patrick Henry</i>.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Davis, Jefferson <span class="no">(<i>in part</i>)</span>.</td></tr> + + +<tr> <td class="tc1">W. W. R.*</td> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">William Walker Rockwell. Lic. Theol.</span><br /> + Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York.</td> + <td class="tc3" style="font-size: 3em;">{</td> + <td class="tc4">Council.</td></tr> + +</table> + +<hr class="foot" /> +<div class="note"> +<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FnAnchor_1"><span class="fn">1</span></a> A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume.</p> +</div> + +<div class="pt2"> </div> +<hr class="full" /> +<div class="pt2"> </div> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 130%">PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES</p> + +<table class="nobctr" width="90%" summary="Contents"> + +<tr><td class="tc51 bold"><p>Constitution and</p> +<p> Constitutional Law.</p> +<p>Consul.</p> +<p>Cookery.</p> +<p>Coorg.</p> +<p>Copper.</p> +<p>Coprolites.</p> +<p>Copyhold.</p> +<p>Copyright.</p> +<p>Coral.</p> +<p>Cork.</p> +<p>Cornell University.</p> +<p>Cornwall.</p></td> + +<td class="tc51 bold"><p>Corporation.</p> +<p>Corrupt Practices.</p> +<p>Corsica.</p> +<p>Corvée.</p> +<p>Costa Rica.</p> +<p>Count.</p> +<p>Court.</p> +<p>Couvade.</p> +<p>Covenanters.</p> +<p>Crawford, Earls of.</p> +<p>Crécy.</p> +<p>Cretaceous System.</p> +<p>Cribbage.</p></td> + +<td class="tc51 bold"><p>Cricket.</p> +<p>Crocus.</p> +<p>Croquet.</p> +<p>Cruciferae.</p> +<p>Culdees.</p> +<p>Cumberland.</p> +<p>Curling.</p> +<p>Currant.</p> +<p>Cursor Mundi.</p> +<p>Cutlery.</p> +<p>Cycling.</p> +<p>Cycloid.</p> +<p>Cynics.</p></td> + +<td class="tc5 bold"><p>Cyrenaics.</p> +<p>Dacia.</p> +<p>Dahomey.</p> +<p>Damask.</p> +<p>Darfur.</p> +<p>Deacon.</p> +<p>Dean.</p> +<p>Death.</p> +<p>Debt.</p> +<p>Deccan.</p> +<p>Deism.</p> +<p>Delaware.</p> +<p>Delirium.</p></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="pt2"> </div> +<hr class="full" /> +<div class="pt2"> </div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th +Edition, Volume 7, Slice 1, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** + +***** This file should be named 30976-h.htm or 30976-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/9/7/30976/ + +Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 1 + Prependix + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 15, 2010 [EBook #30976] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** + + + + +Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + THE + ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA + + ELEVENTH EDITION + + + + + FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771. + SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784. + THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797. + FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810. + FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817. + SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824. + SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842. + EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860. + NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889. + TENTH " ninth edition and eleven + supplementary volumes, 1902-1903. + ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911. + + + + + COPYRIGHT + in all countries subscribing to the + Bern Convention + + by + THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS + of the + UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE + + _All rights reserved_ + + + + + THE + ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA + + A + DICTIONARY + OF + ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL + INFORMATION + + ELEVENTH EDITION + + VOLUME VII + + CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH to DEMIDOV + + + New York + Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. + 342 Madison Avenue + + + Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, + by + The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. + + + + +INITIALS USED IN VOLUME VII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] +WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. + + +A. B. F. Y. + ALEXANDER BELL FILSON YOUNG. + Formerly Editor of the _Outlook_. Author of _Christopher + Columbus_; _Master-singers_; _The Complete Motorist_; _Wagner + Stories_; &c. + + Dance (_in part_). + + +A. Bo.* + AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L. + Professor of Canon Law in the Catholic University of Paris. + Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste contemporain_. + + Curia Romana; + Decretals. + + +A. Ca. + ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S. + See the biographical article: CAYLEY, ARTHUR. + + Curve (_in part_). + + +A. E. B. + REV. ANDREW EWBANK BURN, M.A., D.D. + Vicar of Halifax and Prebendary of Lichfield. Author of _An + Introduction to the Creeds and the Te Deum_; _Niceta of + Remesiana_; &c. + + Creeds. + + +A. E. J. + ARTHUR ERNEST JOLLIFFE, M.A. + Fellow of, and Tutor and Mathematical Lecturer at, Corpus Christi + College, Oxford. Senior Mathematical Scholar, 1892. + + Continued Fractions. + + +A. F. P. + ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC. + Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Professor of English History + in the University of London. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary + of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Author of _England under the + Protector Somerset_; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c. + + Coverdale; + Cox, Richard; + Craig, John; + Cranmer; + Cromwell, Thomas; + Crowley. + + +A. G. + MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908). + H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of _The Chronicles of + Newgate_; _Secrets of the Prison House_; &c. + + Crime; + Criminology. + + +A. Go.* + REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A. + Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester. + + Coornhert. + + +A. H. J. G. + ABEL HENDY JONES GREENIDGE, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.) (d. 1905). + Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of + St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Infamia in Roman Law_; + _Handbook of Greek Constitutional History_; _Roman Public Life_; + _History of Rome_. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History, + 133-70 B.C._ + + Consul: Roman. + + +A. H. P. + REV. ARNOLD HILL PAYNE, M.A. + Chaplain, Oxford Diocesan Mission to the Deaf and Dumb. Late + Normal Fellow, National Deaf Mute College, Washington, U.S.A. + Author of _The Mental Development of the Orally and Manually + taught Deaf_; _The Pure Oral Method of necessity a Comparative + Failure_; &c. + + Deaf and Dumb. + + +A. J. B. + ALFRED JOSHUA BUTLER, M.A., D.LITT. + Fellow and Bursar of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of Eton + College. Author of _The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt_; _The + Arab Conquest of Egypt_; &c. + + Copts: _The Coptic Church_. + + +A. J. B.* + ARTHUR JOHN BUTLER, M.A. (1844-1910). + Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of + Italian Language and Literature, University College, London. + Author of a prose translation of Dante's _Divine Comedy_; _Dante + and his Times_; &c. + + Dante. + + +A. J. E. + ARTHUR JOHN EVANS, M.A., D.LITT., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A. + Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, + Oxford, 1884-1908. Hon. Keeper since 1908. Made archaeological + discoveries in Crete, 1893; excavated the Palace of Knossos. + Author of _Through Bosnia on Foot_; _Cretan Pictographs and + Prae-Phoenician Script_; and other works on archaeology. + + Crete: _Archaeology and Ancient History_. + + +A. L. + ANDREW LANG. + See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW. + + Crystal-Gazing. + + +A. Mw. + ALLEN MAWER, M.A. + Professor of English Language and Literature, Armstrong College, + Newcastle-on-Tyne. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, + Cambridge. Formerly Lecturer in English at the University of + Sheffield. + + Danelagh. + + +A. M. C. + AGNES MARY CLERKE. + See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M. + + Copernicus; + Delambre; + Delisle, J. N. + + +A. M. Cl. + AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS. WILDE). + Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. + Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History, 133-70 B.C._ + + Curia; + Decemviri; + Decurio. + + +A. N. + ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S. + See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED. + + Coot; + Cormorant; + Crane; + Crossbill; + Crow; + Cuckoo; + Curlew. + + +A. N.* + REV. ALEXANDER NAIRNE, M.A. + Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis in King's College, + London. Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of St Albans. Fellow of + King's College, London. Formerly Fellow of Jesus College, + Cambridge. Crosse Scholar, 1886. Author of _The Bible Doctrine of + Atonement_; &c. + + Creatianism and Traducianism. + + +A. N. M. + A. N. MONKHOUSE. + Member of Editorial Staff of _Manchester Guardian_. + + Cotton (_in part_). + + +A. van M. + ALEXANDER VAN MILLINGEN, M.A., D.D. + Professor of History, Robert College, Constantinople. Author of + _Byzantine Constantinople_; _Constantinople_; &c. + + Constantinople. + + +A. W. H.* + ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND. + Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of + Gray's Inn, 1900. + + Curia Regis. + + +A. Wi. + ANEURIN WILLIAMS, M A., M.P. + Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple. Chairman of Executive, + International Cooperative Alliance. M.P. for Plymouth, 1910. + Author of _Twenty-eight Years of Co-partnership at Guise_; &c. + + Co-operation. + + +A. W. R. + ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A, L.L.B. + Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of + _Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_. + + Corporal Punishment; + Covenant. + + +A. W. W. + ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D. + See the biographical article: WARD, A. W. + + Cumberland, Richard: Dramatist. + + +C. E.* + CHARLES EVERITT, A.M., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. + Sometime Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford. + + Constellation. + + +C. E. N. + CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LL.D. + See the biographical article: NORTON, CHARLES E. + + Curtis, George William. + + +C. F. A. + CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON. + Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of + London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold + Harbour_. + + Crimean War; + Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_) + + +C. F. B. + CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D. + Regius Professor of Law and Professor of Political Economy in the + University of Dublin. Author of _Public Finance_; _Commerce of + Nations_; _Theory of International Trade_; &c. + + Decimal Coinage. + + +C. K. + WILLIAM CHARLES MARK KENT. + Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Edited the _London Sun_ for + twenty-five years; the _Weekly Register_, 1874-1881. Author of + _The Humour and Pathos of Charles Dickens_; &c. + + Dalling, Lord. + + +C. K. S. + CLEMENT KING SHORTER. + Editor of the _Sphere_. Author of _Sixty Years of Victorian + Literature_; _Immortal Memories_; _The Brontes: Life and Letters_; + &c. + + Cowper, William; + Crabbe, George. + + +C. L. + H. CALDWELL LIPSETT. + Formerly Editor of the _Civil and Military Gazette_, Lahore, + India. Author of _Lord Curzon in India_. + + Coolie. + + +C. Pf. + CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D. ES L. + Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of + Honour. Author of _Etude sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_; _Le + Duche merovingien d'Alsace et la legende de Sainte-Odile_. + + Dagobert. + + +C. R. B. + CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S. + Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. + Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer + in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. + Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; + _The Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c. + + Conti, Nicolo de'; + Cook, Captain; + Dampier; + Daniel of Kiev; + Davis, John. + + +D. C. T. + DAVID CROAL THOMSON. + Formerly Editor of the _Art Journal_. Author of _The Brothers + Maris_; _The Barbizon School of Painters_; _Life of "Phiz"_; _Life + of Bewick_; &c. + + Corot; + Daubigny. + + +D. F. T. + DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY. + Balliol College, Oxford. Author of _Essays in Musical Analyses, + comprising Classical Concerto, The Goldberg Variations_; and + analyses of many other classical works. + + Contrapuntal Forms; + Counterpoint. + + +D. G. H. + DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A. + Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen + College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at + Paphos, 1888; Naukratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; + Assiut, 1906-1907. Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900; + Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899. + + Cyrenaica; + Cyrene. + + +D. H. + DAVID HANNAY. + Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short + History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c. + + Convoy (_in part_); + Copenhagen, Battle of; + Cordoba, Gonzalo Fernandez de; + Dahlgren, John Adolf. + + +D. Mn. + REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A. + Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director + of the London Missionary Society. + + Cruden, Alexander. + + +E. Br. + ERNEST BARKER, M.A. + Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, St John's College, + Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven + Scholar, 1895. + + Crusades. + + +E. B. El. + EDWIN BAILEY ELLIOTT, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. + Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics and Fellow of Magdalen + College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. + President of London Mathematical Society, 1896-1898. Author of + _Algebra of Quantics_; &c. + + Curve (_in part_). + + +E. B. P. + EDWARD BAGNALL POULTON, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., LL.D. + Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford. Fellow of + Jesus College, Oxford. Author of _The Colours of Animals_; _Essays + on Evolution_; _Darwin and the Original Species_; &c. + + Darwin. + + +E. C. Q. + EDMUND CROSBY QUIGGIN, M.A. + Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; Lecturer in + Modern Languages, and Monro Lecturer in Celtic. + + Cuchulinn. + + +E. F. S. + EDWARD FAIRBROTHER STRANGE. + Assistant Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. + Member of Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art + subjects. Joint-editor of Bell's "Cathedral" Series. + + Della Quercia. + + +E. G. + EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D. + See the biographical article: GOSSE, EDMUND. + + Conte; + Couplet; + Cowley; + Crashaw; + Criticism; + Daniel, Samuel; + Davenant, Sir William; + Dekker, Edward Douwes. + + +E. Gr. + ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER, M.A. + See the biographical article: GARDNER, PERCY. + + Corfu (_in part_); + Corinth: _Isthmus of_; + Cos (_in part_); + Crisa; + Daphne; + Delos; + Delphi. + + +E. Ma. + EDWARD MANSON. + Barrister-at-Law. Joint-editor of _Journal of Comparative + Legislation_. Author of _Debentures and Debenture Stock_; &c. + + Debentures and Debenture Stock. + + +Ed. M. + EDUARD MEYER, D.LITT. (Oxon.), LL.D., PH.D. + Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author + of _Geschichte des Alterthums_; _Forschungen zur alten + Geschichte_; _Geschichte des alten Aegyptens_; _Die Israeliten und + ihre Nachbarstaemme_; &c. + + Ctesiphon; + Cyaxares; + Cyrus; + Darius; + Deioces; + Demetrius of Bactria. + + +E. M. W. + REV. EDWARD MEWBURN WALKER, M.A. + Fellow, Senior Tutor and Librarian of Queen's College, Oxford. + + Constitution of Athens. + + +E. Pr. + EDGAR PRESTAGE. + Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of + Manchester. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. + Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences and + Lisbon Geographical Society, &c. + + Corte-Real, Jeronymo; + Cruz e Silva. + + +E. R. B. + EDWYN ROBERT BEVAN, M.A. + Formerly Scholar of New College, Oxford. Author of _House of + Seleucus_; _Jerusalem under the High Priests_. + + Demetrius of Macedonia. + + +E. Tn. + REV. ETHELRED LEONARD TAUNTON (d. 1907). + Author of _The English Black Monks of St Benedict_; _History of + the Jesuits in England_. + + Cullen, Paul; + Curci. + + +E. V. + REV. EDMUND VENABLES, M.A., D.D. (1819-1895). + Canon and Precentor of Lincoln. Author of _Episcopal Palaces of + England_. + + Crypt. + + +F. E. W. + REV. FREDERICK EDWARD WARREN, M.A., B.D., F.S.A. + Rector of Bardwell, Bury St Edmunds. Fellow of St John's College, + Oxford, 1865-1882. Author of _The Old Catholic Ritual done into + English and compared with the Corresponding Offices in the Roman + and Old German Manuals_; _The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic + Church_; &c. + + Dedication. + + +F. G. M. B. + FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BECK, M.A. + Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge. + + Deira. + + +F. Lu. + FRIEDRICH LUCKWALDT, PH.D. + Professor of History at the Royal Technical High School, Danzig. + Author of _Oesterreich und die Anfaenge des Befreiungskriege von + 1813_; &c. + + Dahlmann. + + +F. Ll. G. + FRANCIS LLEWELLYN GRIFFITH, M.A., PH.D., F.S.A. + Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Formerly Scholar of + Queen's College, Oxford. Editor of the _Archaeological Survey_ and + _Archaeological Reports_ of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow of + Imperial German Archaeological Institute. + + Copts (_in part_). + + +F. Po. + SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, BART., LL.D., D.C.L. + See the biographical article: POLLOCK: _Family_. + + Contract. + + +F. S. P. + FRANCIS SAMUEL PHILBRICK, A.M., B.SC. + Formerly Scholar and Resident Fellow of Harvard University. Member + of American Historical Association. + + Cuba. + + +F. T. M. + SIR FRANK THOMAS MARZIALS, K.C.B. + Formerly Accountant-General of the Army. Editor of "Great Writers" + Series. + + Daudet. + + +F. W. Ha. + FREDERICK WILLIAM HASLUCK, M.A. + Assistant Director, British School of Archaeology, Athens. Fellow + of King's College, Cambridge. Browne's Medallist, 1901. + + Cyzicus. + + +F. W. R.* + FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S. + Curator and Librarian at the Museum of Practical Geology, London, + 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889. + + Corundum; + Cryolite; + Demantoid. + + +G. A. B. + GEORGE A. BOULENGER, F.R.S. + In charge of the Collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department of + Zoology, British Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological Society + of London. + + Cyprinodonts. + + +G. C. B. + GILBERT CHARLES BOURNE, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S. + Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Oxford. Fellow of Merton + College, Oxford. Author of _An Introduction to the Study of + Comparative Anatomy of Animals_; &c. + + Coral-reefs. + + +G. C. C. + G. C. CHUBB. + + Cytology. + + +G. C. W. + GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON, LITT. D. + Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Portrait + Miniatures_; _Life of Richard Cosway, R.A._; _George Engleheart_; + _Portrait Drawings_; &c. Editor of new edition of Bryan's + _Dictionary of Painters and Engravers_. + + Cooper, Alexander; + Cooper, Samuel; + Cosway, Richard. + + +G. F. Z. + G. F. ZIMMER, A.M.INST.C.E., F.Z.S. + Author of _Mechanical Handling of Material_. + + Conveyors. + + +G. H. Fo. + GEORGE HERBERT FOWLER, F.Z.S., F.L.S., PH.D. + Formerly Berkeley Fellow of Owens College, Manchester, and + Assistant Professor of Zoology at University College, London. + + Ctenophora. + + +G. J. T. + GEORGE JAMES TURNER. + Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Editor of _Select Pleas of the + Forest_ for the Selden Society. + + County. + + +G. P. R. + GERALD PHILIP ROBINSON. + President of the Society of Mezzotint Engravers. Mezzotint + Engraver to Queen Victoria and to King Edward VII. + + Cousins, Samuel. + + +G. Sa. + GEORGE SAINTSBURY, L.L.D., LITT.D. + See the biographical article: SAINTSBURY, G. E. B. + + Corneille, Pierre; + Corneille, Thomas. + + +G. Sn. + GRANT SHOWERMAN, A.M., PH.D. + Professor of Latin at the University of Wisconsin. Member of the + Archaeological Institute of America. Member of American + Philological Association. Author of _With the Professor_; _The + Great Mother of the Gods_; &c. + + Corybantes; + Criobolium; + Curetes; + Cybele. + + +G. W. T. + REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D. + Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew + and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford. + + Damiri. + + +H. Br. + HENRY BRADLEY, M.A., PH.D. + Joint-editor of the _New English Dictionary_ (Oxford). Fellow of + the British Academy. Author of _The Story of the Goths_; _The + Making of English_; &c. + + Cynewulf. + + +H. B. W. + HORACE BOLINGBROKE WOODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S. + Late Assistant Director, Geological Survey of England and Wales. + Wollaston Medallist, Geological Society. Author of _The History of + the Geological Society of London_; &c. + + Dechen. + + +H. F. G. + HANS FRIEDRICH GADOW, M.A., F.R.S., PH.D. + Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of + Cambridge. Author of _Amphibia and Reptiles_ (Cambridge Natural + History). + + Crocodile. + + +H. Fr. + HENRI FRANTZ. + Art Critic, _Gazette des Beaux Arts_, Paris. + + Courbet. + + +H. M. W. + H. MARSHALL WARD, M.A., F.R.S., D.SC. (d. 1905). + Formerly Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. + President of the British Mycological Society. Author of _Timber + and some of its Diseases_; _The Oak_; _Disease in Plants_; &c. + + De Bary. + + +H. St. + HENRY STURT, M.A. + Author of _Idola Theatri_; _The Idea of a Free Church_; and + _Personal Idealism_. + + Crusius; + Cudworth, R. + + +H. S. J. + HENRY STUART JONES, M.A. + Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford, and Director + of the British School at Rome. Member of the German Imperial + Archaeological Institute. Author of _The Roman Empire_; &c. + + Costume: _Aegean, Greek, Etruscan and Roman_. + + +H. Th. + SIR HENRY THOMPSON, BART. + See the biographical article: THOMPSON, SIR HENRY. + + Cremation. + + +H. Tr. + SIR HENRY TROTTER, K.C.M.G., C.B. + Lieutenant-Colonel, Royal Engineers. H.B.M. Consul-General for + Roumania, 1894-1906, and British Delegate on the European + Commission of the Danube. Victoria Medallist, Royal Geographical + Society, 1878. + + Danube. + + +H. W. C. D. + HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAVIS, M.A. + Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls' + College, 1895-1902. Author of _England under the Normans and + Angevins_; _Charlemagne_. + + Coutances, Walter of. + + +I. A. + ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A. + Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of + Cambridge. President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author + of _A Short History of Jewish Literature; Jewish Life in the + Middle Ages_. + + Crescas; + Delmedigo. + + +J. An. + JOSEPH ANDERSON, LL.D. + Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Assistant + Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and Rhind + Lecturer, 1879-1882 and 1892. Editor of Drummond's _Ancient + Scottish Weapons_; &c. + + Crannog. + + +J. A. C. + SIR JOSEPH ARCHER CROWE, K.C.M.G. + See the biographical article: CROWE, SIR J. A. + + Cranach; + Cuyp. + + +J. A. H. + JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC. + Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London. + + Corallian; + Cornbrash; Culm. + + +J. C. S.-H. + JOHN CASTLEMAN SWINBURNE-HANHAM, J.P. + Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Hon. Secretary of Cremation + Society of England. + + Cremation: _Statistics_. + + +J. D. B. + JAMES DAVID BOURCHIER, M.A., F.R.G.S. + King's College, Cambridge. Correspondent of _The Times_ in + South-Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of + Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order + of St Alexander of Bulgaria. + + Crete: _Geography and Statistics_; and _Modern History_. + + +J. D. Pr. + JOHN DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D. + Professor of Semitic Languages at Columbia University, New York. + Daniel (_in part_). + + + +J. E. B. + JOHN EGLINTON BAILEY. + Author of _John Dee and the Steganographia of Trithemius_; _Life + of Thomas Fuller_. + + Cryptography. + + +J. Go.* + JOSEPH GREGO. + Art Critic. Author of _A History of Parliamentary Elections_; _A + History of Dancing_; _Thomas Rowlandson_; _James Gillray_; &c. + + Cruikshank. + + +J. G. K. + JOHN GRAHAM KERR, M.A., F.R.S. + Regius Professor of Zoology in the University of Glasgow. Formerly + Demonstrator in Animal Morphology in the University of Cambridge. + Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, 1898-1904. Walsingham + Medallist, 1898. Neill Prizeman, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1904. + + Cyclostomata. + + +J. H. F. + JOHN HENRY FREESE, M.A. + Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. + + Demeter. + + +J. H. M. + JOHN HENRY MIDDLETON, M.A., F.S.A., LITT.D., D.C.L. (1846-1896). + Formerly Slade Professor of Fine Art in the University of + Cambridge, and Art Director of the South Kensington Museum. Author + of _The Engraved Gems of Classical Times_; _Illuminated + Manuscripts in Classical and Medieval Times_. + + Della Robbia (_in part_). + + +J. H. R. + JOHN HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.). + Author of _Feudal England_; _Studies in Peerage and Family + History_; _Peerage and Pedigree_; &c. + + Court Baron. + + +J. Hl. R. + JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D. + Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local + Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic + Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of + Pitt_; &c. + + Daru, Count; + Decaen. + + +J. H. Rs. + REV. JAMES HARDY ROPES, D.D. + Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, + and Dexter Lecturer on Bible Literature, Harvard University. + Author of _The Apostolic Age in the Light of Modern Criticism_; + &c. + + Corinthians: _Epistles to the_. + + +J. L. M. + JOHN LINTON MYRES, M.A., F.S.A. + Wykeham Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. + Formerly Gladstone Professor of Greek, and Lecturer in Ancient + Geography, University of Liverpool; and Lecturer on Classical + Archaeology in University of Oxford. + + Cyprus (_in part_). + + +J. Mo. + VISCOUNT MORLEY OF BLACKBURN. + See the biographical article: MORLEY, VISCOUNT. + + Danton. + + +J. McF. + JOHN MACFARLANE. + Formerly Librarian of the Imperial Library, Calcutta. Author of + _Library Administration_; &c. + + Damien, Father. + + +J. M. M. + JOHN MALCOLM MITCHELL. + Sometime Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Lecturer in Classics, + East London College (University of London). Joint-editor of + Grote's _History of Greece_. + + Delian League. + + +J. P. Pe. + REV. JOHN PUNNETT PETERS, PH.D., D.D. + Canon Residentiary, Cathedral of New York. Formerly Professor of + Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania. Director of the + University Expedition to Babylonia, 1888-1895. Author of _Nippur, + or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates_. + + Deir. + + +J. S. F. + JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC., F.G.S. + Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on + Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal + Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society + of London. + + Crystallite; + Dacite. + + +J. T. Be. + JOHN T. BEALBY. + Joint-author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly Editor of the + _Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's + _Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c. + + Crimea (_in part_); + Daghestan (_in part_). + + +J. T. C. + JOSEPH THOMAS CUNNINGHAM, M.A., F.Z.S. + Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London. + Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Assistant Professor + of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. Naturalist to + the Marine Biological Association. + + Cuttle-fish. + + +J. V. + JOHN VEITCH, LL.D. + See the biographical article: VEITCH, JOHN. + + Cousin, V. (_in part_). + + +K. G. J. + KINGSLEY GARLAND JAYNE. + Sometime Scholar of Wadham College, Oxford. Matthew Arnold + Prizeman, 1903. Author of _Vasco da Gama and his Successors_. + + Croatia-Slavonia; + Dalmatia. + + +K. S. + KATHLEEN SCHLESINGER. + Author of _The Instruments of the Orchestra_; &c. + + Contrafagotto; Cor Anglais; + Cornet (_in part_); + Cromorne (_in part_); + Crowd; Cymbals. + + +L. + COUNT LUeTZOW, LITT.D. (Oxon.), D.PH. (Prague), F.R.G.S. + Chamberlain of H.M. the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia. Hon. + Member of the Royal Society of Literature. Member of the Bohemian + Academy, &c. Author of _Bohemia, a Historical Sketch_; _The + Historians of Bohemia_ (Ilchester Lecture, Oxford, 1904); _The + Life and Times of John Hus_; &c. + + Czech. + + +L. D.* + LOUIS DUCHESNE. + See the biographical article: DUCHESNE, L.M.O. + + Damasus. + + +L. J. S. + LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A. + Assistant in Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly + Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. + Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_. + + Copper-glance; + Copper Pyrites; + Covellite; Crocoite; + Crystallography; + Cuprite; Cyanite; + Datolite. + + +L. V.* + LUIGI VILLARI. + Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Department). Formerly Newspaper + Correspondent in East of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New + Orleans, 1906; Philadelphia, 1907; and Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910. + Author of _Italian Life in Town and Country_; _Fire and Sword in + the Caucasus_; &c. + + Contarini; Cornaro; + Correnti; Corsini; + Dandolo; Della Gherardesca. + + +M. A. C. + MAURICE A. CANNEY, M.A. + Assistant Lecturer in Semitic Languages in the University of + Manchester. Formerly Exhibitioner of St John's College, Oxford. + Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew Scholar, Oxford, 1892; Kennicott Hebrew + Scholar, 1895; Houghton Syriac Prize, 1896. + + Daub, Karl. + + +M. Ha. + MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.SC., F.L.S. + Professor of Zoology, University College, Cork. Author of + "Protozoa" in _Cambridge Natural History_, and papers for various + scientific journals. + + Cystoflagellata. + + +M. N. T. + MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD, M.A. + Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. University Lecturer in + Epigraphy. Joint-author of _Catalogue of the Sparta Museum_. + + Demaratus. + + +M. O. B. C. + MAXIMILIAN OTTO BISMARCK CASPARI, M.A. + Reader in Ancient History at London University. Lecturer in Greek + at Birmingham University, 1905-1908. + + Corfu (_in part_); + Corinth (_in part_); + Cos (_in part_). + + +N. D. M. + NEWTON DENNISON MERENESS, A.M., PH.D. + Author of _Maryland as a Proprietary Province_. + + Davis, Jefferson (_in part_). + + +N. W. T. + NORTHCOTE WHITBRIDGE THOMAS, M.A. + Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding + Member of the Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris. Author of _Thought + Transference_; _Kinship and Marriage in Australia_; &c. + + Death-warning. + + +O. Ba. + OSWALD BARRON, F.S.A. + Editor of the _Ancestor_, 1902-1905. Hon. Genealogist to Standing + Council of the Honourable Society of the Baronetage. + + Costume: _Medieval and Modern European_; + Courtenay: _Family_. + + +O. J. R. H. + OSBERT JOHN RADCLIFFE HOWARTH, M.A. + Christ Church, Oxford. Geographical Scholar, 1901. Assistant + Secretary of the British Association. + + Copenhagen. + + +P. A. K. + PRINCE PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN. + See the biographical article: KROPOTKIN, P. A. + + Cossacks; + Crimea (_in part_); + Daghestan (_in part_). + + +P. C. Y. + PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE, M.A. + Magdalen College, Oxford. + + Cottington, F. C., Baron; + Coventry, Sir William; + Craven, Earl of; + Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_); + Cromwell, Richard. + + +P. G. + PERCY GARDNER, LITT.D., D.C.L., F.S.A. + See the biographical article: Gardner, Percy. + + Daedalus; + Demetrius (Sculptor). + + +P. Gl. + PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D. + Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and + University Reader in Comparative Philology. Late Secretary of the + Cambridge Philological Society. Author of _Manual of Comparative + Philology_; &c. + + D. + + +P. G. K. + PAUL G. KONODY. + Art Critic of the _Observer_ and the _Daily Mail_. Formerly Editor + of _The Artist_. Author of _The Art of Walter Crane_; _Velasquez, + Life and Work_; &c. + + David, Gerard. + + +R. A.* + ROBERT ANCHEL. + Archivist to the Departement de l'Eure. + + Convention, The National; + Cordeliers, Club of the. + + +R. A. S. M. + ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A. + St John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the + Palestine Exploration Fund. + + Damascus; + Dead Sea; + Decapolis. + + +R. B. McK. + RONALD BRUNLEES MCKERROW. + Trinity College, Cambridge. + + Dekker, Thomas (_in part_). + + +R. B. R. + RUFUS BYAM RICHARDSON, PH.D., B.D. + Formerly Director of American School of Classical Studies, Athens. + Member of American Geological Society, British Society of + Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Greek Archaeological Society, &c. + Author of _History of Greek Sculpture_; _Vacation Days in Greece_; + _Greece through the Stereoscope_; &c. + + Corinth (_in part_). + + +R. H. C. + REV. ROBERT HENRY CHARLES, M.A., D.D., D.LITT. + Grinfield Lecturer and Lecturer in Biblical Studies, Oxford. + Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Professor of Biblical + Greek, Trinity College, Dublin. Author of _Critical History of the + Doctrine of a Future Life_; _Book of Jubilees_; &c. + + Daniel (_in part_). + + +R. H. L. + ROBIN HUMPHREY LEGGE. + Principal Musical Critic for _Daily Telegraph_. Author of _Annals + of the Norwich Festivals_; &c. + + Debussy. + + +R. J. M. + RONALD JOHN MCNEILL, M.A. + Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the + _St James's Gazette_, London. + + Conway, Henry Seymour; + Cowper, William C., 1st Earl; + Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_). + + +R. L.* + RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. + Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882. + Author of _Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in + British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_, &c. + + Coyote; + Creodonta; + Deer. + + +R. N. B. + ROBERT NISBET BAIN (d. 1909). + Formerly Assistant Librarian, British Museum. Author of + _Scandinavia: the Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, + 1513-1900_; _The First Romanovs, 1613 to 1725_; _Slavonic Europe: + the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c. + + Corvinus; + Czartoryski; + Damjanich; + Deak; + De Geer; + De la Gardie; + Demetrius Donskoi; + Demetrius, Pseudo. + + +R. P. S. + R. PHENE SPIERS, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. + Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, + London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and + Fellow of King's College, London. Corresponding Member of the + Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson's _History of + Architecture_. Author of _Architecture: East and West_; &c. + + Decorated Period. + + +R. So. + ROBERT SOMERS (1822-1891). + Editor of _North British Daily Mail_, 1849-1859. Author of + _Letters from the Highlands_; _The Southern States since the War_. + + Corn Laws (_in part_). + + +R. S. C. + ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY, M.A., D.LITT. (Cantab.). + Professor of Latin in the University of Manchester. Formerly + Professor of Latin of University College, Cardiff, and Fellow of + Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. + + Cumae (_in part_). + + +R. W. R. + ROBERT WILLIAM ROGERS, D.D., LITT.D., LL.D., PH.D. + Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Drew Theological + Seminary, Madison, New Jersey. Author of _Inscriptions of + Sennacherib_; _History of Babylonia and Assyria_; _The Religion of + Babylonia and Assyria_; &c. + + Cuneiform. + + +S. A. C. + STANLEY ARTHUR COOK, M.A. + Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Lecturer in Hebrew and + Syriac, and formerly Fellow Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. + Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908. + Author of _Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions_; _The Laws of Moses + and the Code of Hammurabi_; _Critical Notes on Old Testament + History_; _Religion of Ancient Palestine_; &c. + + Costume: _Ancient, Oriental_; + Cush; + Dan; + David (_in part_); + Deborah; + Decalogue (_in part_). + + +S. E. B. + HON. SIMEON EBEN BALDWIN, M.A., LL.D. + Professor of Constitutional and Private International Law in Yale + University. Director of the Bureau of Comparative Law of the + American Bar Association. Formerly Chief Justice of Connecticut. + Author of _Modern Political Institutions_; _American Railroad + Law_; &c. + + Conveyancing (_United States_). + + +S. J. C. + SYDNEY JOHN CHAPMAN, M.A. + Professor of Political Economy and Dean of the Faculty of Commerce + in the University of Manchester. Author of _The Lancashire Cotton + Industry_; _The Cotton Industry and Trade_; &c. + + Cotton: _Marketing and Supply_; + Cotton Manufacture. + + +S. Wa. + SAMUEL WADSWORTH, M.A. + Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple and of Lincoln's Inn. + Joint-editor of the 17th edition of Davidson's _Concise Precedents + in Conveyancing_. + + Conveyancing (_in part_). + + +T. As. + THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.). + Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly + Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1897. Conington + Prizeman, 1906. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological + Institute. + + Corfinium; + Cori; + Cortona; + Cosa; + Cosenza; + Cremona; + Crotona; + Cumae (_in part_); + Cures. + + +T. A. I. + THOMAS ALLAN INGRAM, M.A., LL.D. + Trinity College, Dublin. + + Convocation (_in part_); + Corn Laws (_in part_); + Coroner; + Cruelty; + Day. + + +T. A. J. + THOMAS ATHOL JOYCE, M.A. + Assistant in Department of Ethnography, British Museum. Hon. Sec., + Royal Anthropological Institute. + + Costume (_in part_). + + +T. Ba. + SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P. + Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the + Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of + Honour. Author of _Problems of International Practice and + Diplomacy_; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910. + + Contraband; + Convoy (_in part_); + Declaration of Paris. + + +T. F. C. + THEODORE FREYLINGHUYSEN COLLIER, PH.D. + Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown, + Mass., U.S.A. + + Constantinople, Councils of. + + +T. K. C. + THOMAS KELLY CHEYNE, D.D. + See the biographical article: CHEYNE, T. K. + + Cosmogony; + Deluge, The. + + +T. M. F. + THOMAS MACALL FALLOW, M.A., F.S.A. + Editor of the _Antiquary_, 1895-1899. Author of _Memorials of Old + Yorkshire_; _The Cathedral Churches of Ireland_. + + Coronation; + Cross and Crucifixion; + Crown and Coronet. + + +T. Se. + THOMAS SECCOMBE. + Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University + of London. Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887. Assistant Editor of + _Dictionary of National Biography_, 1891-1901. Author of _The Age + of Johnson_; &c. + + Constantine Pavlovich. + + +T. T. + SIR TRAVERS TWISS, K.C., D.C.L., F.R.S. + See the biographical article: TWISS, SIR TRAVERS. + + Consulate of the Sea; + Convocation (_in part_). + + +T. W. F. + THOMAS WILLIAM FOX, M.SC.TECH. + Professor of Textiles, Manchester University. Author of _Mechanism + of Weaving_. + + Cotton-spinning Machinery. + + +V. M. + VICTOR CHARLES MAHILLON. + Principal of the Conservatoire Royal de Musique at Brussels. + Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. + + Cornet (_in part_); + Cromorne (_in part_). + + +W. A. B. C. + REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S., PH.D. (Bern.). + Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, + St David's College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide du Haut + Dauphine_; _The Range of the Toedi_; _Guide to Grindelwald_; _Guide + to Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_; &c. Editor + of the _Alpine Journal_, 1880-1889; &c. + + Crousaz, Jean Pierre de; + Dauphine; + Davos. + + +W. A. P. + WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A. + Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St + John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c. + + Cope; + Crete (_in part_); + Costume: _National, Class and Official_; + Dalmatic. + + +W. B.* + WILLIAM BURTON, M.A., F.C.S. + Chairman, Joint Committee of Pottery Manufacturers of Great + Britain. Author of _English Stoneware and Earthenware_; &c. + + Della Robbia (_in part_). + + +W. B. Sc. + WILLIAM BELL SCOTT. + See the biographical article: SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL. + + Cox, David; + Delaroche. + + +W. C. S. + WILLIAM CHARLES SMITH, K.C., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. (Edin.). + Formerly Sheriff of Ross, Cromarty and Sutherland. Editor of + _Judicial Review_, 1889-1900. + + Dance (_in part_). + + +W. C. T. + W. CAVE THOMAS. + Author of _Symmetrical Education_; _Mural or Monumental + Decoration_; _Revised Theory of Light_. + + Cornelius, Peter von. + + +W. E. Co. + RT. REV. WILLIAM EDWARD COLLINS, D.D. + Bishop of Gibraltar. Formerly Professor of Ecclesiastical History, + King's College, London. Lecturer at Selwyn and St John's Colleges, + Cambridge. Author of _The Study of Ecclesiastical History_; + _Beginnings of English Christianity_; &c. + + Cyprus: Church of. + + +W. E. H. + WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY. + See the biographical article: HENLEY, W. E. + + Cooper, James Fenimore. + + +W. Fr. + WILLIAM FREAM. LL.D. (d. 1907). + Formerly Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, University of + Edinburgh, and Agricultural Correspondent of _The Times_. + + Dairy and Dairy-farming. + + +W. F. C. + WILLIAM FEILDEN CRAIES, M.A. + Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Lecturer on Criminal Law, King's + College, London. Editor of Archbold's _Criminal Pleading_ (23rd + edition). + + Contempt of Court; + Conversion; + Costs; + Criminal Law; + Damages. + + +W. G. F. + WILLIAM GEORGE FREEMAN, B.SC. (London), A.R.C.S. + Joint-author of _Nature Teaching_; _The World's Commercial + Products_. Joint-editor of _Science Progress in the Twentieth + Century_. + + Cotton (_in part_). + + +W. L. H. D. + WYNFRID LAWRENCE HENRY DUCKWORTH, M.A., M.D., D.SC. + Lecturer in Physical Anthropology, and Senior Demonstrator of + Human Anatomy in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of Jesus + College. Author of _Morphology and Anthropology_; &c. + + Craniometry. + + +W. L.-W. + SIR WILLIAM LEE-WARNER, M.A., K.C.S.I. + Member of Council of India. Formerly Secretary in the Political + and Secret Department of the India Office. Author of _Life of the + Marquis of Dalhousie_; _Memoirs of Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wylie + Norman_; &c. + + Dalhousie, 1st Marquis. + + +W. M. + WILLIAM MINTO, M.A. + See the biographical article: MINTO, WILLIAM. + + Dekker, Thomas (_in part_). + + +W. M. R. + WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI. + See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE G. + + Correggio; + Crivelli, Carlo. + + +W. P.* + WALTER PITT, M.INST.C.E., M.I.M.E. + Member of the Committee of International Maritime Conference, + London, &c. + + Cranes. + + +W. R. E. H. + WILLIAM RICHARD EATON HODGKINSON, PH.D., F.R.S. + Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Ordnance College, Woolwich. + Formerly Professor of Chemistry and Physics, R.M.A., Woolwich. + Part-author of Valentin-Hodgkinson's _Practical Chemistry_; &c. + + Cordite. + + +W. R. S. + WILLIAM ROBERTSON SMITH, LL.D. + See the biographical article: SMITH, W. R. + + David (_in part_); + Decalogue (_in part_). + + +W. T. Ca. + WILLIAM THOMAS CALMAN, D.SC., F.Z.S. + Assistant in charge of Crustacea, Natural History Museum, South + Kensington. Author of "Crustacea" in _A Treatise on Zoology_, + edited by Sir E. Ray Lankester. + + Crab; + Crayfish; + Crustacea. + + +W. Wr. + WILLISTON WALKER, PH.D., D.D. + Professor of Church History, Yale University. Author of _History + of the Congregational Churches in the United States_; _The + Reformation_; _John Calvin_; &c. + + Cotton, John. + + +W. W. H.* + HON. WILLIAM WIRT HENRY, M.A. (d. 1900). + Formerly President of the American Historical Association and of + the Virginia Historical Society. Author and Editor of the _Life, + Correspondence and Speeches of Patrick Henry_. + + Davis, Jefferson (_in part_). + + +W. W. R.* + WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL. LIC. THEOL. + Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, + New York. + + Council. + + +FOOTNOTE: + + [1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in + the final volume. + + + + +PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES + + + Constitution and Cricket. + Constitutional Law. Crocus. + Consul. Croquet. + Cookery. Cruciferae. + Coorg. Culdees. + Copper. Cumberland. + Coprolites. Curling. + Copyhold. Currant. + Copyright. Cursor Mundi. + Coral. Cutlery. + Cork. Cycling. + Cornell University. Cycloid. + Cornwall. Cynics. + Corporation. Cyrenaics. + Corrupt Practices. Dacia. + Corsica. Dahomey. + Corvee. Damask. + Costa Rica. Darfur. + Count. Deacon. + Court. Dean. + Couvade. Death. + Covenanters. Debt. + Crawford, Earls of. Deccan. + Crecy. Deism. + Cretaceous System. Delaware. + Cribbage. Delirium. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th +Edition, Volume 7, Slice 1, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** + +***** This file should be named 30976.txt or 30976.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/9/7/30976/ + +Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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