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diff --git a/30893-h/30893-h.htm b/30893-h/30893-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27aa4d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/30893-h/30893-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4570 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Little Book of the Flag, by Eva March Tappan. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +.p2 {text-indent:-20px; + padding-left: 20px; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +/* INDEX */ +ul { list-style-type: none; } +li.pad { padding-top: 2.0%; } + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.col3 { + width:250px; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Footnotes */ + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ + .poem { + margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 25%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: left; + } + .poem .stanza { + margin: 1em 0em; + } + .poem p { + padding-left: 3em; margin: 0px; text-indent: -3em; + } + .poem p.i2 { + margin-left: 1em; + } + .poem p.i4 { + margin-left: 2em; + } + .poem p.i6 { + margin-left: 3em + } + .poem p.i8 { + margin-left: 4em + } + +/* Transcriber Notes */ +div.tn { + background-color:#EEE; + border:dashed 1px; + color:#000; + font-size:80%; + margin:10em; + padding:1em; +} + +ul.corrections { + list-style-type:circle; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's The Little Book of the Flag, by Eva March Tappan + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Little Book of the Flag + +Author: Eva March Tappan + +Release Date: January 8, 2010 [EBook #30893] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LITTLE BOOK OF THE FLAG *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<h1> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br />THE LITTLE BOOK<br /> +OF THE FLAG</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> +<h2>EVA MARCH TAPPAN</h2> + +<h2>HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY</h2> + +<h3>BOSTON · NEW YORK · CHICAGO · DALLAS<br /> +SAN FRANCISCO</h3> + +<h3>The Riverside Press Cambridge</h3> + +<h4>COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY EVA MARCH TAPPAN<br /> +ALL RIGHTS RESERVED</h4> + +<h4>The Riverside Press<br /> +CAMBRIDGE · MASSACHUSETTS<br /> +PRINTED IN THE U. S. A.</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<table width="70%" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align="right">I.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">The Flags that brought the Colonists</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">Flags under which the early colonists sailed—TheEnglish "ancient flag"—The "meteor flag," +"Union Jack," or "King's Flag"—Endicott cuts the cross from the English flag—The militia object to the cross on the flag—A flagless +fort—Dr. Cotton's decision.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">II.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">The Pine-Tree Flag and Others</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">Flags common among the colonists—The New England Alliance—The pine-tree flag and coins—Flags of the +militia—The red coat flag.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">III.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">Liberty and Liberty Poles</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">The demand for liberty—Opposition to the Stamp Act—Oliver hanged in effigy—The Liberty Tree in +Boston—The liberty pole in New York—The Albany plan—The snake design.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">IV.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">The Land of Many Flags</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">The Bedford flag—Flags at the beginning of the Revolution—Sergeant Jasper saves the flag—The +rattlesnake on the flag.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">V.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">When Washington went to Cambridge</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">The Philadelphia Light Horse Troop—The army at Cambridge—The backwoodsmen—Indians offer +their services—General Putnam unfurls a scarlet flag—The Liberty Tree.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VI.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">The "Grand Union Flag"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">The "Grand Union Flag"—Possible sources of the design—First raised in Somerville—Flags on sea and +land—Flag hoisted over the Alfred by John Paul Jones—Franklin's letters of marque.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VII.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">The First United States Flag</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">The flag of the United States as decreed by Congress—The Betsy Ross flag—Significance of the Colors—Captain +Jones put in command of the Ranger—The "quilting party"—The Drake strikes her colors to the Ranger—The United States flag is saluted by +the French—The flag goes down with the Bon Homme Richard.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VIII.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">Flags One would have liked to see</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">The Fort Stanwix flag—Pulaski's banner—The first Fourth of July celebration—General use of +"thirteen"—Copley's delay to paint in the flag—A Nantucket skipper carries the flag to London—The +last battle of the Revolution—The New Haven peace rejoicing.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">IX.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">The Flag of Fifteen Stripes and Fifteen Stars</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">The flag of fifteen stripes and fifteen stars decreed by Congress—Worn by "Old Ironsides"—Leads against +Tripoli—Seen at Constantinople—Among the Indians of the Louisiana Territory—"The Star-Spangled +Banner"—Marking the birthplace of Washington.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">X.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">The Star-Spangled Banner</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">Congress decrees the present flag—No law for the arrangement of the stars—The manufacture of bunting—Flags +for the navy—Flags for the War Department—"Old Glory."</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XI.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">The Flag in War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">The flag at Chapultepec—The surrender of Fort Sumter—The flag raised again at Fort Sumter—The +Arizona flag of the Rough Riders.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XII.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">The Flag in Peace</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2">Perry opens Japan to the world—Raising the flag over the legation in Sweden—Hauling down the flag in +Cuba—The flag at the North Pole—The flag on Westminster Palace.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XIII.</td><td colspan="2" class="smcap">How to behave toward the Flag</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left" colspan="2" class="smcap">Flag Anniversaries</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left" colspan="2" class="smcap">Selections</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Star-Spangled Banner</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Francis Scott Key</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Flag in the Darkness</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Benjamin Harrison</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Song for Flag Day</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Wilbur D. Nesbit</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Flag goes by</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Henry Holcomb Bennett</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">What the Flag stands for</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Henry Cabot Lodge</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Union and Liberty</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Oliver Wendell Holmes</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Your Country and your Flag</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Edward Everett Hale</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Home Flag</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Old Flag</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Hubbard Parker</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Britannia to Columbia</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Alfred Austin</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Makers of the Flag</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Franklin K. Lane</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Our Flag</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Margaret Sangster</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Our History and our Flag</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>William Backus Guitteau</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The American Flag</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Joseph Rodman Drake</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Flag of our Country</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Robert C. Winthrop</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">America</span></td><td align="right"> +<i>Samuel Francis Smith</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left" colspan="2" class="smcap">Index</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg vi]<br />[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h1>THE LITTLE BOOK OF<br /> +THE FLAG</h1> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<a href="images/frontis-b.png"> +<img src="images/frontis-a.png" width="127" height="200" alt="Famous American Flags" title=""/> </a> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER I</h2> + +<h3>THE FLAGS THAT BROUGHT THE COLONISTS</h3> + +<p>More than three hundred years ago a little +sailing vessel set out from Holland, crossed the +Atlantic Ocean, and followed down our coast +from Greenland. Its captain, Henry Hudson, was +in search of a quick and easy route to Asia, and +when he entered the mouth of the river that is +named for him, he hoped that he had found a +strait leading to the Asiatic coast. He was disappointed +in this, but the Indians welcomed +him, the mountains were rich in forests, and the +ground was fertile. "It is the most beautiful +land in all the world," declared the enthusiastic +navigator.</p> + +<p>Henry Hudson was an Englishman, but he +sailed in the employ of the Dutch East India +Company, and soon the flag of this Company was +well known along the Hudson River. It was the +old flag of Holland, three horizontal stripes, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +orange, white, and blue, with the initials of the +Company on the white stripe. Hudson had not +found a new route to Asia, but he had opened the +way for the fur-trade. In a few years the Dutch +had established trading-posts as far north as +Albany. They had also founded a city which we +call "New York," but which they named "New +Amsterdam." So it was that in 1609 the Dutch +flag first came to the New World.</p> + +<p>Nearly thirty years after the voyage of Henry +Hudson, a company of Swedes made a settlement +on the Delaware River. This had been planned +by the great Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden. +"That colony will be the jewel of my kingdom," +he said; but the "Lion of the North" was slain +in battle, and his twelve-year-old daughter Christina +had become queen. That is why the loyal +Swedes named their little fortification Fort +Christiana, and over it they raised the flag of +their country, a blue banner with a yellow +cross.</p> + +<p>In course of time the Swedes were overpowered +by the Dutch, and then the Dutch by +the English; so that before many years had +passed, the only flag that floated over the "Old +Thirteen" colonies was that of England. This +was brought across the sea by the settlers of +our first English colony, Jamestown, in Virginia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +Moreover, they had the honor of sailing away +from England in all the glories of a brand-new +flag made in a brand-new design. The flag of +England had been white with a red upright +cross known as "St. George's Cross"; but a new +king, James I, had come to the throne, and the +flag as well as many other things had met with +a change. James was King of Scotland by birth, +and the Scotch flag was blue with the white +diagonal cross of St. Andrew. When James became +King of England, he united the two flags +by placing on a blue background the upright +cross of St. George over the diagonal cross of St. +Andrew; and he was so well pleased with the +result that he commanded every English vessel +to bear in its maintop this flag, "joined together +according to the form made by our own heralds," +the King declared with satisfaction. It was the +custom at that time to call "ancient" whatever +was not perfectly new, and therefore the flag used +before James became king was spoken of as the +"ancient flag," while the new one became the +"King's Flag" or the "Union Jack." This change +was made in the very year when the grant for +Virginia was obtained, and therefore the little +company of settlers probably sailed for America +with the "King's Flag" in the maintop and the +"ancient flag" in the foretop.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>On land, among the colonists, sometimes one +flag was floated and sometimes the other. In +Massachusetts the red cross of St. George seems +to have been much in use; but before long that +red cross began to hurt the consciences of the +Puritans most grievously. To them the cross +was the badge of the Roman Catholic Church. +Still, it was on the flag of their mother country, +the flag that floated over their forts and their +ships. The Puritan conscience was a stern master, +however, and when one day John Endicott +led the little company of Salem militia out for +a drill, and saw that cross hanging over the +governor's gate, the sight was more than he +could bear, and he—but Hawthorne has already +told the story:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Endicott gazed around at the excited countenances +of the people, now full of his own spirit, and then +turned suddenly to the standard-bearer, who stood +close behind him.</p> + +<p>"Officer, lower your banner!" said he.</p> + +<p>The officer obeyed; and brandishing his sword, +Endicott thrust it through the cloth, and, with his +left hand, rent the red cross completely out of the +banner. He then waved the tattered ensign above his +head.</p> + +<p>"Sacrilegious wretch!" cried the High Churchman +in the pillory, unable longer to restrain himself, +"thou hast rejected the symbol of our holy +religion!"</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>"Treason, treason!" roared the Royalist in the +stocks. "He hath defaced the King's banner!"</p> + +<p>"Before God and man, I will avouch the deed," +answered Endicott. "Beat a flourish, drummer!—shout, +soldiers and people!—in honor of the ensign +of New England. Neither Pope nor Tyrant hath +part in it now!"</p> + +<p>With a cry of triumph the people gave their sanction +to one of the boldest exploits which our history +records.</p></div> + +<p>Endicott was one of the court assistants, but +he was now removed from his position and forbidden +to hold any public office for one year. He +was fortunate in being permitted to retain his +head.</p> + +<p>Endicott had been punished, but the Puritan +conscience was not yet at rest, and now many of +the militia declared that they did not think it +right to march under the cross. The whole militia +could not well be punished, and the commissioners +for military affairs were as doubtful +as the honest militia men about what should be +done. "We will leave it to the next General +Court to decide," they said, "and in the meantime +no flags shall be used anywhere."</p> + +<p>This seemed a comfortable way to settle the +question, but unluckily there was a fort on Castle +Island at the entrance to Boston Harbor, and +when an English vessel came sailing in, its captain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +refused to pay any attention to a fort without +a flag. Then the officer in command rose to +his dignity and made the ship—maybe with the +aid of a ball across her bows—strike her colors. +The captain complained to the authorities that +the commandant of this flagless fort had insulted +his flag and his country. The authorities were +just a bit alarmed. To insult a flag and a country +was a serious matter. "What shall we do to +make amends?" they queried. "Let the officer +who proffered the insult come on board of my +vessel and say in the presence of the ship's company +that he was in fault," replied the captain. +This was done, and the sky cleared.</p> + +<p>But the troubles of the colonists were by no +means over. The mate of another vessel declared +with considerable emphasis that these +people were all rebels and traitors to the King. +Surely the thought of such a report as this +going back to England from a tiny colony clinging +to the edge of the continent was enough to +alarm the boldest. Discussions were held, and +Dr. John Cotton was appealed to.</p> + +<p>A canny man was this Dr. John Cotton, and +he decided that inasmuch as the fort belonged +to the King, it was proper that it should display +the King's Flag, whatever it might be,—"while +vessels are passing," he added shrewdly;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +but that, as for the militia, each company +might have its own colors, and not one of +them need bear a cross. So the great tempest +passed by.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER II</h2> + +<h3>THE PINE-TREE FLAG AND OTHERS</h3> + +<p>In some of the colonies at least, the people must +have led a rather somber life, with little pleasure, +much hard work, and much discomfort; but they +fairly reveled in flags. The Indians in their warfare +preferred to hide behind trees rather than to +flourish banners, and the white men soon learned +to follow their example. Nevertheless, it always +seemed to the minds of the colonists a little +irregular and out of place not to carry a flag of +some sort when they were setting out on an expedition.</p> + +<p>Probably we do not know one in twenty of all +the designs for banners that entered the fertile +minds of these colonists, but they were so numerous +that if they had all been displayed at the +same time, they would have almost hidden the +settlements. Not all colonists were as afraid of +a cross as were the good folk of Salem. In Newbury, +Massachusetts, a certain company of foot +rejoiced in a flag of vivid green. In the upper +corner next the staff was a square of white containing +a red cross. The kindly councilor, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +had ordered the flag to be made in England +"with all convenient speed," evidently had some +sense of humor, for he wrote at the end of his +letter to the company, "The number of bullets +to be put into your colors for distinction may be +left out at present without damage in the making +of them." Another flag, belonging to a company +of Massachusetts cavalry, seems to have +been something quite out of the common, for it +was of damask and silk and adorned with silver +fringe. A real artist must have used his brush +upon it, for the bill read, "For painting in oyle on +both sides a Cornett on rich crimson damask, +with a hand and sword and invelloped with a +scarfe about the arms of gold, black and silver"; +and for all that gorgeousness, generously painted +"on both sides," the charge was the moderate one +of £5 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> This was made for what was known +as the "Three County Troop," composed of cavalry +from Essex, Middlesex, and Suffolk Counties +in Massachusetts, and was probably used in +King Philip's War.</p> + +<p>Now, wherever a discoverer planted the sole +of his foot, he took possession for his sovereign of +all the land in sight and all the land which joined +that land. Naturally, the claims of the colonies +soon conflicted. The good folk of New England +made an alliance to defend themselves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +against the Dutch, Swedes, and French. They +managed to be good allies for forty years without +a flag. Then came one brilliant enough to +make up for the delay, and sent to them across +the sea by no less a man than King James II himself. +This was of white with a St. George's cross of +red. In the center of the cross was a golden crown +and under it the King's monogram in black. A +few years later matters in England had changed. +King James II had proved to be a very poor sort +of sovereign, and it was made clear to him that +for his health and comfort—possibly for his head—it +would be wise for him to leave the country. +This he did in alarm and at full speed, tossing +the royal seal into the Thames on his way. It +is small wonder that New Englanders preferred +a new flag. The only marvel is that they waited +so long a time before getting it. When it was +finally chosen, it proved to be red with a white +canton or union cut by a red St. George's cross +into four squares. In one of these squares was the +representation of a pine tree. This representation +can hardly have been a work of art, for one +historian says unkindly of it that it "no more resembled +a pine tree than a cabbage." Evidently +the brave colonists were not artists. Nevertheless, +even if the good folk of Massachusetts could +not draw a pine tree, they were fond of it, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +their General Court decreed that it should be +stamped upon the coins minted in that colony. +Now it was the right of the King to coin money, +and when Charles II heard that the ambitious +colonists were making it for themselves, he was +not pleased. "But it is only for their own use," +said a courtier who favored the colonies, and +taking a New England coin from his pocket, he +showed it to the King. "What tree is that?" +demanded the aggrieved monarch. "That," said +the quick-witted courtier, "is the royal oak which +saved Your Majesty's life." "Well, well," said +the King, "those colonists are not so bad after +all. They're a parcel of honest dogs!" Perhaps +they were, even if their likenesses of pine trees +could not be distinguished from cabbages and +oaks. Hawthorne's story, "The Pine-Tree Shillings," +is written about this inartistic coinage.</p> + +<p>So the story of the flags went on. Besides the +English flag every little company of militia had +its standard. One flag bore a hemisphere in the +corner in place of a pine tree, and another bore +nothing but a tree. The colonists did not trouble +themselves about being artistic or choosing colors +of any special significance; if the ground of the +flag was of one color and the cross or whatever +other figure was chosen was of another, they +were satisfied. Charleston, South Carolina, had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +a specially elegant flag—blue with a silver crescent—to +use on "dress-up" days. After a time +even the Indians were sometimes furnished with +flags, for one kindly governor gave them a Union +Jack as a protection. He presented them also with +a red flag to indicate war and a white one as a +sign of peace; and probably the fortunate Indians +felt with all this magnificence quite like +white folk.</p> + +<p>In 1745, when that remarkable expedition +of New Englanders—which had "a lawyer for +contriver, a merchant for general, and farmers, +fishermen, and mechanics for soldiers"—set +off to capture Louisburg from the French, they +sailed proudly away under a flag whereon was +written in Latin, "Never despair, for Christ is +our leader." It was on this same expedition that +a new flag was hoisted, the like of which was +never seen before. An officer discovered that a +battery on the shore of the harbor was apparently +vacant. There was no flag flying from the +staff and no smoke rising from the chimney. It +looked as if that battery might be taken easily. +On the other hand it was also quite possible +that this was a ruse and was meant to decoy +the colonists within. The officer concluded to +run the risk—of losing the life of some one else. +Holding up a bottle of brandy before the thirsty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +gaze of an Indian, he said, "If I give you this, +will you creep in at that embrasure and open the +gate?" The red man grunted assent, crept in, +and opened the gate. Then the officer and +twelve men took possession. Soon a message +went from the officer to his general as follows: +"May it please your honor to be informed that +by the grace of God and the courage of thirteen +men, I entered the royal battery about nine +o'clock, and am awaiting for a reinforcement +and a flag." Sometimes the colonists were wanting +in the grace of patience, and this was one of +the occasions. A soldier, tired of delay, decided +that, although he could not provide reinforcements, +he could provide a flag; so up the staff +he clambered with a red coat in his teeth. He +nailed it to the top of the staff, and it swung +out in the wind, much to the alarm of the citizens, +who sent one hundred men in boats to recapture +the battery. The hundred men fired, but +the brave little company kept them from landing +and held their position till the general could +send help.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER III</h2> + +<h3>LIBERTY AND LIBERTY POLES</h3> + +<p>After the middle of the eighteenth century +there was much talk among the colonies of liberty. +It is possible that not all the people were +quite clear in their minds what that "liberty" +might mean; but whatever it was, they wanted it. +England required nothing more of her colonies +than other nations required of theirs. The colonies +asked nothing of England that would not be +granted to-day as a matter of course. The difficulty +was that the mother country was living +in the eighteenth century, while the colonists +were looking forward into the nineteenth. A demand +for liberty was in the air. The pole on +which a flag was hung was not called a flag pole, +but a liberty pole.</p> + +<p>Most of the flags on these liberty poles bore +mottoes, many of them decidedly bold and defiant. +When the Stamp Act was passed, the +wrath of the people rose, and now they knew +exactly what they wanted—"No taxation +without representation." The stamped paper +brought to South Carolina was carefully stowed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +away in a fort. Thereupon three volunteer companies +from Charleston took possession of the +fort, ran up a blue flag marked with three white +crescents, and destroyed the paper. New York's +flag had one word only, but that one word was +"Liberty." Portsmouth, New Hampshire, had +a banner inscribed "Liberty, Property, and +no Stamps." In Newburyport, Massachusetts, +there was a regular patrol of men armed with +stout sticks. "What do you say, stamps or no +stamps?" they demanded of every stranger, and +if he had a liking for a whole skin, he replied emphatically, +"No stamps." One wary newcomer +replied courteously, "I am what you are," and +was uproariously cheered.</p> + +<p>In going from one colony to another, it was +not uncommon for a man to get a passport from +the sons of Liberty to attest to his standing as a +"Liberty man." When the stamps made their +first appearance, Boston tolled her church bells +and put her flags at half-mast. Indeed, a new +sort of flag appeared in the shape of an effigy of +Oliver, the stamp distributor, swinging from the +bough of a great elm which stood by the main +entrance to town. The Chief Justice ordered +this image to be removed. "Certainly," replied +the people politely, "we will take it down ourselves +this very evening." So they did, but they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +laid it upon a bier and marched in a long <a name="processsion" id="processsion"></a> procession +through the old State House. Here, in +the Council Chamber, the Governor and his +Council were deliberating. Shouts came up from +below, "Liberty, Property, and no Stamps!" and +"Death to the man who offers a piece of stamped +paper to sell!" "Beat an alarm," the Chief +Justice commanded the colonel of the militia. +"But I cannot," replied the colonel, "my drummers +are in the mob." The procession marched +on, burned the effigy in front of the distributor's +house, gave three rousing cheers, and went home. +In New York, when the rumor spread that a ship +laden with stamps was approaching, all the vessels +in the harbor put their colors at half-mast.</p> + +<p>When every distributor of stamps had resigned +his office, there was another outburst of +banners. Charleston, South Carolina, hoisted a +liberty flag, surmounted by a branch of laurel. +The tree in Boston on which the effigy of the +stamp distributor had been hung had become an +important member of colonial society. It had +been formally named the "Liberty Tree," and +the ground under it was called "Liberty Hall." +Banners were often swung from its branches, and +notices were nailed to its trunk. Fastened firmly +to the trunk was a tall liberty pole, and whenever +any one caught a glimpse of a red flag<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +waving from the top of the pole, he knew that the +Sons of Liberty were to hold a meeting. When +the Stamp Act was repealed, the Liberty Tree was +the very center of rejoicing. At one o'clock in +the morning, the church bell nearest it was rung +joyfully. At the first rays of dawn, the houses +about it, even the steeple of the church, all blossomed +out with banners, and at night the tree +itself was aglow with lanterns. In New York +a liberty pole was set up with a splendid new +flag on which was inscribed, "The King, Pitt, +and Liberty." It almost seemed as if "liberty" +meant having whatever sort of flag might suit +one's whim.</p> + +<p>This New York pole had rather a hard time. +British soldiers cut it down twice, and when a +third pole was raised, sheathed with iron around +its base, they managed to cut that down also, although +it bore the legend, "To His Most Gracious +Majesty George III, Mr. Pitt, and Liberty." +The city authorities would not risk planting another +pole on city land, and thereupon the Sons +of Liberty bought a piece of land for themselves, +and marched up in brilliant procession; first a +full band, playing with all its might, then six +horses, made gorgeous with bright ribbons, +drawing from the shipyard a fine new pole, +sheathed in iron two thirds of its length. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +escorted by the Sons of Liberty in full numbers. +Three flags floated over the little procession, but +their mottoes were not so impressively loyal as +the earlier ones. These read, "Liberty and Property." +Nevertheless, "liberty" did not yet mean +separation from the mother country; it meant +only freedom in making some of their own laws; +and what was known as the "Union Flag" did +not refer to any union of the colonies, but rather +to the union of Scotland and England. This +flag, the regular flag of England, was red, with +the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew on a +blue field forming the Jack.</p> + +<p>Once, however, more than twenty years before +the Revolutionary War, there had been some talk +of a union of colonies, beginning with the suggestions +of the most far-sighted man in America, +Benjamin Franklin. In 1754, when war between +France and England was on the point of breaking +out, there was a meeting at Albany of delegates +from several colonies. They had come to see if +they could make sure of the aid of the Six Nations +of Indian tribes; and here the sagacious +Franklin brought forward his plan for a union. +His scheme was for the colonies to elect a Grand +Council, which should meet every year in Philadelphia, +to levy taxes, enlist soldiers, plan for defense, +and, in short, to attend to whatever concerned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +all the colonies. Whatever affected them +separately was to be managed by the colony interested. +This Council was to have much the +same powers as our Congress of to-day; but there +must be a place in the scheme for the King, +of course; so Franklin proposed that the King +should appoint a president who should have the +right to veto the acts of the Grand Council. This +was the "Albany Plan." Franklin was much +in earnest about the matter, and had a cut made +for the <i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i> picturing a rather +unpleasant device, a snake sliced uncomfortably +into ten parts, the head marked "NE," for +New England, and each of the other pieces with +the initials of some one of the other nine colonies. +With the motto, "Unite or die," this work of +art appeared for a number of issues at the head +of the <i>Gazette</i>; but many years passed before +the colonies began to make any practical use of +the wisdom of Franklin in 1754.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<h3>THE LAND OF MANY FLAGS</h3> + +<p>When Paul Revere galloped through the villages +of Middlesex, calling "for the country folk +to be up and to arm," there was not much spare +time for collecting flags, and probably when</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i4">"The farmers gave them ball for ball,</p> +<p>From behind each fence and farmyard wall,"—</p> +</div></div> + +<p>they did not trouble themselves to flourish a +flag before they shot. Yet, if we may trust a +family tradition, at least one flag waved over the +plucky farmers. It seems that for a long while +one member or another of the Page family of +Bedford had been accustomed to carrying the +colors of the militia, and therefore when the +alarm was given and Nathaniel Page started for +Concord, it was as natural for him to seize his +flag as his gun. Moreover, this story has the +bunting to back it up, for the Bedford flag remained +in the Page family until presented to the +town a century after the close of the war. It is +rather a pity that it did not come a little sooner, +for an old lady of Page descent confessed that in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +her giddy girlhood she had irreverently ripped +off the silver fringe to make trimming for her +ball dress.</p> + +<p>The Revolution was fairly on, and two months +later, the battle of Bunker Hill was fought. +Possibly the colonists thought of spades rather +than standards when they were throwing up the +fortifications, and yet I fancy that to these flag-loving +fighters a battle without a banner would +have seemed like an undignified riot. Some +writers say positively that no flag was to be seen—rather +a difficult statement to prove. The +daughter of one of the soldiers declared that +her father helped hoist the standard known as +the "New England Flag." "He called it a 'noble +flag,'" she said. "It was blue with the red cross +of St. George in a white corner, and in one section +was a pine tree." The artist Trumbull, who +painted the picture of this battle now in the +Capitol at Washington, made the flag red instead +of blue, but both were familiar colonial flags, and +there is no reason why both should not have +waved over the famous hill. Tradition says +that one flag bore the motto, "Come if you +dare." General Gage is said to have had difficulty +in reading it, but maybe that was because +of its audacity. Some verses written soon after +the battle say that</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>"Columbia's troops are seen in dread array,</p> +<p>And waving streamers in the air display";—</p> +</div></div> + +<p>but, unluckily, the poet forgot to mention the +color of those "waving streamers." In Savannah, +after the battle, but before any news of it +could have arrived, the independent Georgians +hoisted a Union flag and suggestively placed two +pieces of artillery directly under it. New York +chose a white flag with a black beaver thereon. +Rhode Island had also a white flag, but with a +blue anchor instead of a beaver, and a blue canton +with thirteen white stars. Her motto was +"Hope." Connecticut meant that there should +be no mistake in the whereabouts of her regiments, +for she gave them flags of solid color: to +the first, yellow; the second, blue; the third, +scarlet; and so on with crimson, white, azure, +another shade of blue, and orange. For a motto +Connecticut chose "Qui transtulit sustinet"; +that is, "He who brought us here sustains us." +Massachusetts chose for her motto "An Appeal +to Heaven." Charleston had a blue flag with a +white crescent in the upper corner next to the +staff and inscribed upon her banner the daring +words, "Liberty or Death." Later she adopted +a rattlesnake flag. Her troops wore blue and had +silver crescents on the front of their caps, inscribed +with the same motto. It is small wonder<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +that timid folk were alarmed and whispered to +one another, "That is going too far; it looks like +a declaration of war." This blue and silver flag +was planned by Colonel Moultrie. When Fort +Moultrie—which received this name because of +his brave defense—was shelled the following +year, the anxious folk in the town watched with +troubled faces, for it was doubtful whether the +little fort with its scant supply of ammunition +could sustain the attack. Suddenly the crescent +flag fell from its staff. A groan ran through the +crowd—Colonel Moultrie had struck his flag! +"Forward!" cried one among them, and they +marched to the water's edge to fight for their +homes. Within the little fort one William Jasper, +a sergeant, saw that a ball had cut down the flag +and it had fallen over the rampart. "Colonel," +he said to his commander, "don't let us fight +without a flag." "What can you do?" demanded +Colonel Moultrie, "the staff is broken." Sergeant +Jasper was a man of few words and many +deeds. He leaped through an embrasure, walked +the whole length of the fort in a heavy fire from +the ships, caught up the flag, brought it safely +back, and fastened it to a sponge-staff. Then, +in the midst of cheers,—in which I fancy the +British also joined,—he fastened the rescued +banner upon the bastion. The following day the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +Governor came to the fort, asked for Sergeant +Jasper, presented him with his own sword, and +gave him hearty thanks in behalf of his country. +Then he said, "I will gladly give you a lieutenant's +commission," but the honest man refused. +"I am only a sergeant," he said. "I don't +know how to read or write, and I am not fit to +keep company with officers." Colonel Moultrie +then gave him a roving commission, and he often +made some little trip with half a dozen men and +returned with a band of prisoners before any +one realized that he had gone. The wife of Major +Elliot presented the regiment with a pair of +beautiful silken colors, which were afterwards +carried in the assault upon Savannah. The +standard-bearers were shot down; another man +seized them, but he was also shot; then Sergeant +Jasper caught them and fastened them on the +parapet, when he too was fatally wounded by +a ball. "Tell Mrs. Elliot," he said, "that I lost +my life supporting the colors she gave to our +regiment." A tablet in honor of the brave sergeant +was long ago placed in Savannah.</p> + +<p>The rattlesnake as an emblem seems to have +been somewhat of a favorite among the colonists. +Besides Franklin's snake of the many initials—which, +indeed, might have stood, or coiled, for +any sort of serpent—there was the one borne by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +Patrick Henry's men when they forced the +Governor of Virginia to pay for the powder which +he had carried away from the colonial magazine. +Then, too, there was a third variety of snake, +the one that stretched itself across a colonial +naval flag and proclaimed—from the top of the +mast—"Don't tread on me." On another flag +the rattlesnake appeared coiled in the roots of +a pine tree and ready to strike. The Culpeper +Minute Men of Virginia had a coiled snake on +their flag. In the winter of 1775 there appeared in +the <i>Pennsylvania Journal</i> an article setting forth +the propriety of choosing the rattlesnake to +represent America. The style of the article and +its keenness are like Franklin, but there is no +proof that he was its author. Whoever did write +it notes that the "rattler" is peculiar to America; +that the brightness of its eyes and their lack +of lids fit it to be an emblem of vigilance. It never +begins an attack and never surrenders, never +wounds till it has given warning. The writer had +counted the rattles on the naval flag, and found +them to be exactly thirteen, the number of the +colonies. He had also noted that the rattles were +independent of one another, and yet most firmly +united; and that while one rattle alone is incapable +of producing any sound, the ringing of +the thirteen together is sufficient to alarm the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +boldest man living. Whether Franklin wrote this +or not, let us at least be thankful that these arguments +did not prevail, and that on the flag of the +United States there are stars and not serpents.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER V</h2> + +<h3>WHEN WASHINGTON WENT TO CAMBRIDGE</h3> + +<p>Washington, chosen commander-in-chief, set +out on June 21, 1775, on his eleven-days' ride +to Boston. From Philadelphia to New York he +was escorted by the Philadelphia Light Horse +Troop. It was an escort worth having. Their +uniform was "a dark brown short coat, faced and +lined with white; high-topped boots; round black +hat, bound with silver cord; a buck's tail, saddlecloths +brown edged with white, and the letters +'L.H.' worked on them. Their arms were a carbine, +a pair of pistols and holsters; a horseman's +sword; white belts for the sword and carbine." +Officers of the militia, the Massachusetts members +of the Continental Congress, and many +others were also of the company. The horses +pranced, the music played, and the cavalcade +started from the Quaker City for the war that +was to make the country free. The flag that was +borne before them is now carefully preserved +between two heavy plates of glass, and is kept +in the Troop's armory, in a fireproof safe made +expressly for that purpose. The banner is only +forty inches long, but its richness makes up for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +its lack of size. It is of yellow silk with heavy +silver fringe. Around the flag is a graceful running +vine. The crest is a horse's head. In the +center are figures representing Fame and Liberty. +Under them is the motto, "For these we +strive." Some verses written many years ago +say of this flag:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"For these we strive; what brighter name</p> +<p class="i2">Can man achieve or beauty see,</p> +<p>Than worth to share his country's FAME,</p> +<p class="i2">Or perish for her LIBERTY?"</p> +</div></div> + +<p>It is a precious relic for its associations, and still +more precious because the canton is made of +thirteen stripes, blue and silver alternating. +Apparently these stand for the thirteen colonies, +and so far as is known, this was the first +time that the colonies were represented, as on +our flag of to-day, by thirteen stripes.</p> + +<p>Before Washington and his escort reached +New York, couriers reported the battle of Bunker +Hill. Washington pushed on, and July 2, he had +his first glimpse of his forces. It must have been +a discouraging glimpse. A few wore uniforms, +but most of the men had come in "what they +had." The men of a few companies were provided +with tents, others slept in the halls of Harvard +College, in the pews of the Episcopal Church, +or in private houses. Still others had built their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +own huts, of boards, turf, sailcloth, stones, or +brush. Powder and artillery were scanty, and +the commander-in-chief had been furnished with +no money. Perhaps this was not so remarkable, +however, for the members of the Continental +Congress had no power to collect taxes, and in +reality had no control over any money except +what was in their own pockets. Officers and men +chatted together as freely as if in their own +homes; and if an order did not impress a man as +being wise, he sometimes stopped and patiently +explained to the officer why he thought another +course was better.</p> + +<p>Twelve of the most independent companies, +and yet the most vigilant and best disciplined of +all, were composed of backwoodsmen who had +come on foot from four to eight hundred miles. +A little later, five Indians came to Cambridge +to help fight for liberty. They were welcomed +cordially and entered the service. It is probable +that every little company marched to Cambridge +under its own colors, but of course there +was no flag representing the colonies as a whole.</p> + +<p>Immediately after the battle of Bunker Hill, +Major-General Israel Putnam took up his stand +on Prospect Hill. One month later he called together +all the troops under his command, and +read them the statement issued by the Continental<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +Congress which declared just why the +colonies had had recourse to arms. The chaplain +made an address and a prayer, at the end of +which the troops responded, "Amen." Then +there was unfurled a scarlet standard, which +it is said John Hancock had just presented to +General Putnam and his men in recognition of +their bravery at Bunker Hill. Tradition says this +standard bore on one side the motto of Connecticut, +"Qui transtulit sustinet," and on the other +a pine tree and the motto of Massachusetts, +"An Appeal to Heaven."</p> + +<p>It is a little strange that the Massachusetts +colonists did not put the likeness of an elm on +any of their banners, for so much of their history +was associated with the "Liberty Elm." A +few flags on both land and sea were inscribed +"Liberty Tree," but no exercise of the imagination +can make the pictured tree look in the least +like an elm. Under the Liberty Elm of Boston +the meetings of the Sons of Liberty were held, +as has been said, and here it was that the resolutions +were adopted which resulted in dropping +three hundred and forty chests of tea into Boston +Harbor. The Liberty Tree of Charleston, South +Carolina, was a beautiful live-oak. It is said +that under this tree Christopher Gadsden, even +before the Stamp Act, ventured to speak of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +possible independence of the colonies. Here, as in +Boston, the patriots came together to discuss the +way to liberty, and with hand clasped in hand +solemnly promised that when the hour for resistence +should come, they would not be found +unready. There is something refreshing in the +thought of all the free, open-air discussion that +went on under the Liberty Trees. There was no +stifling of thought in closed rooms with bolted +doors. Every new idea, daring as it might be, +was blown upon by the free winds of heaven. +Naturally, the British commanders hated these +trees and thoroughly enjoyed destroying them +whenever they had opportunity. The Boston +tree was cut down even before the battle of Lexington. +In 1780 Sir Henry Clinton cut down the +live-oak in Charleston, piled its severed branches +over the stump, and set fire to them. Even the +iron-girt Liberty Pole of New York was cut +down by the red coats in 1776. It is little wonder +that Thomas Paine's poem on the "Liberty +Tree" was so roundly applauded. This closes:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"But hear, O ye swains,—'tis a tale most profane,</p> +<p class="i2">How all the tyrannical powers,</p> +<p>Kings, Commons, and Lords, are uniting amain,</p> +<p class="i2">To cut down this guardian of ours.</p> +<p>From the East to the West, blow the trumpet to arms,</p> +<p class="i2">Through the land let the sound of it flee,</p> +<p>Let the far and the near all unite with a cheer,</p> +<p class="i2">In defense of our Liberty Tree."</p> +</div></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VI</h2> + +<h3>THE "GRAND UNION FLAG"</h3> + +<p>During the summer following the battle of +Bunker Hill, the colonies had a congress without +authority, a commander-in-chief without +money, and an army without discipline, equipments, +or flag—or rather, with so many flags +that they must have had little significance except +to the respective groups of men who had +marched under each. Before Christmas a flag +was designed and made, but how, where, and +by whom is not known. Neither Washington nor +Franklin gives any information, and the <i>Journal</i> +of Congress says nothing about its designer or +maker. It is true that a committee of three,—all +signers of the Declaration of Independence +a few months later,—Benjamin Franklin, of +Pennsylvania, Benjamin Harrison, of Virginia, +whose son Benjamin was afterwards to become +President of the United States, and Thomas +Lynch, of South Carolina, were sent by Congress +to Cambridge, to discuss with Washington +and others many necessary questions, but there +is no proof that the design of a flag was among<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +them. The flag, however, was made. This was +what is known as the "Grand Union Flag." +The British flag, red with a blue union, marked +by the upright cross of St. George and the diagonal +cross of St. Andrew, was known as the +"Union Flag," because it typified, as has been +said before, the union of England and Scotland. +The new flag retained the blue union with its +two crosses, but instead of a red field it had red +and white stripes. These thirteen stripes represented +the thirteen colonies; the blue union suggested +that the colonies still clung to the mother +country.</p> + +<p>Where the idea of using stripes came from is a +question that has never been solved. The Philadelphia +Troop had thirteen stripes on their banner, +but they were blue and white. Washington's +coat of arms contained red and white +stripes; but Washington was too modest a man +to suggest using his own family arms, and as to +any one's suggesting it for him, it must be remembered +that he was not yet the revered +"Father of his Country," but simply a Virginia +planter of forty-three years who had been successful +in fighting the Indians, and who, because +of his good judgment and uprightness of character, +had been made a member of the Virginia +Legislature and then of the Continental Congress.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +The flag of the Netherlands—but chosen thirty +years after the Pilgrims left that country for +America—was red, white, and blue, in three +horizontal stripes. The ensign of the English +East India Company was a flag of thirteen horizontal +red and white stripes with a white canton +containing a red St. George's Cross; but there is +no reason to suppose that this inspired the flag +of the colonies. Bunting was scarce and Franklin +was always a thrifty soul. If that committee of +three did design the flag, it is not at all unlikely +that Franklin suggested utilizing the standards +they already had, and changing their character +by stitching on white stripes. To deface the flag +of Britain was a serious offense, and maybe it +was thought just as well that the name of the +originator of this "Grand Union" should not be +on record. The flag was first raised on the 1st +of January, 1776, in what is now Somerville, +on Prospect Hill, and was saluted with thirteen +guns and thirteen rousing cheers. It was seen by +the British troops in Boston, and for some reason +they took it as a sign of submission brought +about by the King's hostile proclamation, which +they supposed had been read in Cambridge. +Washington wrote:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Before the proclamation came to hand, we had +hoisted the Union Flag in compliment to the United<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +Colonies. But, behold, it was received in Boston as a +token of the deep impression the speech had made +upon us, and as a signal of submission. By this time, +I presume, they begin to think it strange that we have +not made a formal surrender of our lines.</p></div> + +<p>The colonists had adopted a flag, but all sorts +of colors continued to be borne on both sea and +land. On the sea the favorite seems to have +been a white flag displaying a green pine tree. +One year after the battle of Lexington, Massachusetts +formally decreed that this flag should +be used on her vessels, and that their officers +should wear a green and white uniform. Even +two years later than this, the Pine-Tree Flag +was borne by floating batteries on the Delaware +River. Sometimes the British ran up an American +flag to deceive the colonial vessels, and +sometimes the colonists ran up a flag made of +horizontal red and white stripes to persuade the +British that it was one of their own signal flags. +Sometimes rattlesnake flags were used.</p> + +<p>Congress ordered the building of war vessels +as promptly as possible, five cruisers first of all. +The Alfred, on which John Paul Jones was lieutenant, +became the flagship of Commander-in-Chief +Esek Hopkins. This vessel was of English +build and had been employed in commerce for +nine or ten years, making two voyages to the Indian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +Ocean during that time. She had space for +two hundred and twenty men, and had sixteen +guns, carried for the benefit of pirates. She had +been put in full repair and had now become a +frigate of twenty-eight guns. Such was the first +vessel of the Continental Navy. An old account +of the embarkation of Commodore Hopkins at +Philadelphia says:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Alfred was anchored at the foot of Walnut +Street. On a brilliant morning early in February, +1776, gay streamers were seen floating from every +masthead and spar on the river. At nine o'clock a full-manned +barge threaded its way among the floating +ice to the Alfred, bearing the commodore, who had +chosen that vessel for his flagship. He was greeted +with thunders of artillery and the shouts of the multitude.</p></div> + +<p>When he stepped on board the deck of the +Alfred, Captain Saltonstall gave a signal, and +Lieutenant Jones hoisted a new flag prepared for +the occasion. It is believed to have displayed a +union with thirteen stripes crossed by a rattlesnake +in some position, with the ominous motto, +"Don't tread on me." When the flag reached +the mast-head, the crowds cheered and the guns +fired a salute,—as well they might, for this was +the first ensign ever flung to the breeze on an +American man-of-war. Paul Jones appreciated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +the honor of raising it, but he was no admirer of +the rattlesnake flag. In his journal he wrote:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I was always at loss to know by what queer fancy +or by whose notion that device was first adopted. For +my own part, I never could see how or why a venomous +serpent could be the combatant emblem of a +brave and honest folk fighting to be free. Of course I +had no choice but to break the pennant as it was given +to me. But I always abhorred the device.</p></div> + +<p>Three weeks after the Alfred was put in commission, +the little fleet sailed away from Philadelphia +amid the cheers of thousands of people. +One of the eye-witnesses said that the ships wore +the Union Flag with thirteen stripes in the field. +Of the admiral's flag an English writer said, "We +learn that the vessels bearing this flag have a +sort of commission from a society of people at +Philadelphia, calling themselves the continental +congress." Scornfully as he spoke of Congress, +there is at least one record of which it may +be proud. Franklin, under its authority, issued +letters of marque with a lavish hand, but, hard-pressed +as the colonists were, he bade John Paul +Jones "not to burn defenseless towns on the +British coast except in case of military necessity; +and in such cases he was to give notice, so that +the women and children with the sick and aged +inhabitants might be removed betimes." Moreover,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +he bade all American cruisers if they +chanced to meet Captain Cook, the great English +explorer of that day, to "forget the temporary +quarrel in which they were fighting and not +merely suffer him to pass unmolested, but offer +him every aid and service in their power."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VII</h2> + +<h3>THE FIRST UNITED STATES FLAG</h3> + +<p>The "society of people at Philadelphia calling +themselves the continental congress" had had, +so far as records go, nothing to do with choosing +any flag. The "Grand Union" unfurled at +Cambridge was regarded as symbolizing the +union of colonies, but no one knows who designed +it or chose it. To alter the design of our flag +to-day would be a very serious matter, but the +colonies were so accustomed to the making of +flags according to the whim of some militia +company or some sea captain that the appearance +of a new design, especially one so slightly +changed from the familiar flag of the mother +country, cannot have created any great sensation. +Moreover, flags were not for sale at department +stores; they had to be ordered, and in this +time of war, bunting was not easy to procure. +Flag-makers were few, and many a captain +sailed away with a flag manufactured by his +wife's own unaccustomed hands.</p> + +<p>July 4, 1776, less than fifteen months after the +battle of Lexington, it was declared in Congress<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +"That these united colonies are, and of right +ought to be, free and independent states." June +14, 1777, the following resolution was adopted:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Resolved</i>, That the flag of the thirteen United States +be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the +union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing +a new constellation.</p></div> + +<p>So much for the share that Congress had in the +flag. The story of the making of the first flag with +stars and stripes is as follows. Betsy Ross, or, to +speak more respectfully, Mrs. Elizabeth Griscom +Ross, lived on Arch Street, Philadelphia, in a +tiny house of two stories and an attic. She was +called the most skillful needlewoman in the city, +and there is a tradition that before Washington +became commander-in-chief, she embroidered +ruffles for his shirts—quite an important branch +of fine sewing in those days. Whether she ever +embroidered the great man's ruffles or not, it is +said that, whenever folk wanted any especially +fine work done, they always went to "Betsy +Ross." She could do more than sew, for she could +draw freehand the complicated patterns that +were used in quilting, the supreme proof of artistic +ability in the household. One day three gentlemen +entered her house through its humble doorway. +One was her uncle by marriage, Colonel +Ross; one is thought to have been Robert Morris;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +one was General Washington. The commander-in-chief +told her that they had come from Congress +to ask her if she could make a flag. "I +don't know," she replied, "but I can try." Then +they showed her a rough sketch of a flag and +asked what she thought of it. She replied that +she thought it ought to be longer, that a flag +looked better if the length was one third greater +than the width. She ventured to make two more +suggestions. One was that the stars which they +had scattered irregularly over the blue canton +would look better if they were arranged in some +regular form, such as a circle or a star or in parallel +rows. The second suggestion was that a +star with five points was prettier than one with +six. Some one seems to have remarked that it +would be more difficult to make; and thereupon +the skillful little lady folded a bit of paper and +with one clip of her scissors produced a star with +five points. The three gentlemen saw that her +suggestions were good, and General Washington +drew up his chair to a table and made another +sketch according to her ideas.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Ross could make wise suggestions about +flags, but how to sew them she did not know; +so it was arranged that she should call on a +shipping merchant and borrow a flag from him. +This she soon did. He opened a chest and took<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +out a ship's flag to show her how the sewing was +done. She carried it home to use as a guide, and +when she reached the little house on Arch Street, +she set to work to make the first flag bearing the +stars and stripes. To try the effect, it was run +up to the peak of one of the vessels in the Delaware, +and the result was so pleasing that it +was carried into Congress on the day that it was +completed. Congress approved of the work of +the little lady. Colonel Ross told her to buy all +the material she could and make as many flags +as possible. And for more than fifty years she +continued to make flags for the Government.</p> + +<p>This is the account that has come down to us, +not by tradition merely, but by written statements +of Mrs. Ross's daughters, grandchildren, +and others, to whom she often told the +story. Mrs. Ross says that this sample flag was +made just before the Declaration of Independence, +although the Resolution endorsing it was +not passed until June 14, 1777. This, however, +would not argue to the incorrectness of the account, +for Congress had a fashion of writing with +the utmost brevity the results of its deliberations, +and not putting in a word about the discussions +that must have taken place before the +passing of a resolution. Affairs of the utmost importance +were on hand, and after all it was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +usefulness and convenience of the flag, rather +than its sentiment or the fact of its having +congressional authority, that was most in the +minds of men, and it is not impossible that this +design was in use long before the date of its official +recognition by Congress. The one real +weakness in the story is its lack of contemporary +evidence.</p> + +<p>The significance of the new flag no one has +expressed better than Washington. "We take +the star from Heaven," he said, "red from our +mother country, separating it by white stripes, +thus showing that we have separated from her, +and the white stripes shall go down to posterity +representing liberty."</p> + +<p>On the day of the passing of the resolution +about the Stars and Stripes, another one was +passed, which read as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Resolved</i>, That Captain John Paul Jones be appointed +to command the ship Ranger.</p></div> + +<p>"The flag and I are twins, born the same +hour," said Captain Jones. The Ranger was +launched in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and +there her captain went to take command. She +had no flag, but the captain was a favorite <a name="whereever" id="whereever"></a> whereever +he went, and a group of Portsmouth girls +soon held a "quilting party," but made a flag<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +instead of a quilt. Moreover, as silk enough of +the proper colors could not be found in the stores +of Portsmouth, they made it from breadths of +their best silken gowns, red, white, and blue, the +story declares. Then Jones sailed away to see +how his little Ranger would behave when she +met a British man-of-war. He soon found out, +for the Ranger and the Drake met in combat, and +for the first time a British man-of-war struck her +colors to the new flag. This same little silken flag +was the first to receive a genuine foreign salute. +Early in 1778 the Ranger spoke the French fleet, +off Brest Roads. Captain Jones was willing to +take chances in a sea fight, but not in the matter +of a salute, and he sent a courteous note to +the French commander, informing him that the +flag worn by the Ranger was the new American +standard, which had never yet received a salute +from any foreign power. "If I offer a salute, will +it be returned gun for gun?" he queried. The +reply was that the same salute would be given +as to an admiral of Holland, or any other republic; +that is, four guns less than the salute +given. Captain Jones anchored in the entrance +of the bay and sought for further information. +He found that the reply of the admiral was +correct and according to custom. Therefore, on +the following day, he sailed through the French<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +fleet, saluting with thirteen guns, and receiving +nine. This was an acknowledgment of American +independence, and the first salute ever paid by +a foreign naval power to the Stars and Stripes. +It is true that a salute had been given to the +American brig, the Andrea Doria, before this, +by the Governor of one of the West Indian Islands; +but a salute which his Government immediately +disowned and for which he was called +home is rather an individual than a national +salute. Then, too, there is no proof that the +flag flown by the Andrea Doria was the Stars +and Stripes.</p> + +<p>After a while Jones was put in command of +the Bon Homme Richard, a larger vessel than +the Ranger, but she flew the same little silken +flag. Off Flamborough Head he came up with +the British Serapis. After two hours of fighting, +Captain Pearson of the Serapis shouted, in a +moment's lull, "Have you struck your colors +yet?" "I haven't yet begun to fight," was +Jones's reply. The two ships were lashed together, +guns burst, cartridges exploded, wide +gaps were torn out of the sides of both vessels. +"Have you struck?" cried the British captain. +"No!" thundered Paul Jones. At last the Serapis +yielded; but the Bon Homme Richard was +fast sinking. Captain Jones left her and took<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +possession of the Serapis. The American vessel +rolled and lurched and pitched and plunged. +The little silken flag that had never been conquered +waved in the morning breeze for the last +time, and then went down, "flying on the ship +that conquered and captured the ship that sank +her."</p> + +<p>When Paul Jones returned to America he met +one of the young girls who had given him the +flag. He told her how eagerly he had longed to +give it back into the hands of those who had +given it to him four years earlier. "But, Miss +Mary," he said, "I couldn't bear to strip it +from the poor old ship in her last agony, nor +could I deny to my dead on her decks, who had +given their lives to keep it flying, the glory of +taking it with them." In his journal he wrote +eloquently and almost as simply:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>No one was now left aboard the Richard but her +dead. To them I gave the good old ship for their +coffin, and in her they found a sublime sepulcher. +She rolled heavily in the long swell, her gun-deck +awash to the port-sills, settled slowly by the head, +and sank peacefully in about forty fathoms. The +ensign-gaff, shot away in action, had been fished and +put in place, soon after firing ceased, and our torn +and tattered flag was left flying when we abandoned +her. As she plunged down by the head at the last, her +taffrail momentarily rose in the air; so the very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +last vestige mortal eyes ever saw of the Bon Homme +Richard was the defiant waving of her unconquered +and unstricken flag as she went down. And as I had +given them the good old ship for their sepulcher, I +now bequeathed to my immortal dead the flag they +had so desperately defended, for their winding sheet!</p></div> + +<p>This is the story of the Portsmouth flag. At +first its truth was accepted without a doubt; +then it was seriously questioned. Within the last +few years, new evidence in the shape of family +tradition has strengthened its position.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII</h2> + +<h3>FLAGS ONE WOULD HAVE LIKED TO SEE</h3> + +<p>Probably the flag made by the skillful fingers +of Mrs. Elizabeth Griscom Ross was sewed with +the tiniest of stitches imaginable; but it is absolutely +certain that the flag which made its +appearance August 3, 1777, at Fort Schuyler, +afterwards Fort Stanwix, was not put together +with any such daintiness of workmanship. For +twenty days the little fort in the New York +wilderness, where Rome now stands, was besieged +by British and Indians. Reinforcements +brought the news of the adoption of the new +flag. The troops within the fort had no flag, and +therefore, in true American fashion, they set to +work to make one. There was not even a country +store to draw upon for materials, so they +made the best of what they had. As the story +has been handed down, a white shirt provided the +white stripes and the stars, and the petticoat of +a soldier's wife the red stripes. As for the blue +ground for the stars, it was cut from the cloak of +Captain Abram Swartwout. The result was not +very elegant, but it was a flag, and it was <i>the</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> +flag, and the besieged men were as proud of it +and stood for it as bravely as if it had been made +of damask with the daintiest of needlework. +August 22, 1777, the fort was relieved, and after +a few days Captain Swartwout began to be anxious +about his blue cloak. Colonel Peter Gansevoort, +who commanded the fort, had promised +him a new one to take the place of the one which +he had sacrificed for the flag, but it had not +arrived. Seven days he waited. At the end of +the seventh day he sent a note from Poughkeepsie, +where he then was, back to the fort, saying: +"You may Remember Agreeable to Your +promise, I was to have an Order for Eight Yards +of Broad-Cloath, on the Commissary for Cloathing +of this State In Lieu of my Blue Cloak, which +we Used for Coulours at Fort Schuyler. An opportunity +Now presenting itself, I beg You to +send me an Order." Broadcloth was broadcloth +in those days, and a "Blue Cloak" was not so +easily obtained. It is no wonder he wrote it with +capitals. It is to be hoped that the good captain +received his order; but it must have been a very +large cloak to require eight yards of "Broad-Cloath."</p> + +<p>Another interesting banner was that borne by +Count Pulaski, a gallant Pole, who came to help +in the struggle for freedom. He visited Lafayette<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +when the Frenchman was wounded and in the +care of the Moravian Sisterhood in Bethlehem, +Pennsylvania. The embroidery of these Sisters +was very beautiful, and Pulaski engaged them to +make him a banner, which they did. On one side +were the letters "U.S.," and on the other the +thirteen stars in a circle, surrounding an eye +which is rather uncomfortably set in a triangle. +They made a mistake in spelling their Latin +motto, but the crimson banner, with its silver +fringe and its exquisite embroidery, was very +handsome. Longfellow's poem about this banner, +"Hymn of the Moravian Nuns of Bethlehem," +is excellent poetry, but hardly accurate +history. It is quite probable that the good +women sent the banner forth with their blessing, +but it is rather doubtful whether they said anything +like the following:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Take thy banner, and if e'er</p> +<p>Thou shouldst press the soldier's bier,</p> +<p>And the muffled drums should beat</p> +<p>To the tread of mournful feet,</p> +<p>Then this crimson flag shall be</p> +<p>Martial cloak and shroud for thee";—</p> +</div></div> + +<p>for the beautiful little banner was only twenty +inches square! When Lafayette visited this +country in 1824, this little flag was borne in the +procession which welcomed him to Baltimore.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>In the midst of the grief and horrors of war, +there was one day when all the armed ships in +the Delaware River were ablaze with the colors +of the United States in token of rejoicing. It +was July 4, 1777, the first anniversary of the +Declaration of Independence. Thirteen cannon +were fired, a great dinner was served to the members +of Congress and the officials of the army and +of the State. The Hessian band, which had been +captured at Trenton six months previously, performed +some of their merriest music. Toasts +followed the dinner, each one honored by a discharge +of artillery and small arms and a piece +of music by the Hessians. At night the city was +illuminated and the streets resounded with hurrahs +and the ringing of bells. Then came fireworks, +which began and ended with thirteen +rockets in honor of the thirteen United States.</p> + +<p>"Thirteen" appeared not only as the number +of stars on the flag, but everywhere else, and at +Valley Forge, in the rejoicing over the new alliance +with France, the officers marched up to +the place of entertainment thirteen abreast and +with arm linked in arm. A disrespectful English +paper declared that the "rebels" ate thirteen +dried clams a day, that it took thirteen "Congress +paper dollars" to equal one English shilling, +that "every well-organized rebel household has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +thirteen children, all of whom expect to be major-generals +or members of the high and mighty +congress of the thirteen United States when they +attain the age of thirteen years."</p> + +<p>When the war had come to an end, the artist +Copley was in London working on the portrait +of an American, Elkanah Watson. In the background +of the portrait was a ship supposed to be +bearing to America the news of the acknowledgment +of Independence. The rising sun was shining +upon the place where the flag should have +been, but no flag was there. Copley's studio was +often visited by the royal family, so he waited. +But a day came when the artist heard the speech +of the King acknowledging the Independence of +America. He went straightway to his studio and +painted in the flag floating in the rays of the +rising sun.</p> + +<p>Soon after the close of the war, a wide-awake +skipper of Nantucket, who had some +whale oil to sell, appeared at London. Nantucket +was so helpless for both offense and defense that +it had remained neutral, and the captain had +received from Admiral Digby a license to go to +London. A London magazine of the time said, +"This is the first vessel which has displayed the +thirteen rebellious stripes of America in any +British port." Nobody knew exactly what to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +do, but apparently the whale oil was soon sold, +for the enterprising whaler returned directly to +Nantucket.</p> + +<p>In October, 1783, most of the British troops +had sailed away from the United States, but Sir +Guy Carleton was delayed in New York waiting +for vessels. When the day came for him to leave +the city, a strong, determined woman who kept +a boarding-house brought out a United States +flag and ran it up on a pole in front of her house. +Down the street came a British officer with headlong +speed. "We do not evacuate this city until +noon. Haul down that flag!" he shouted angrily. +"That flag went up to stay, and it will not be +hauled down!" declared the indignant housekeeper, +and went on sweeping in front of her +door. "Then I will pull it down myself," thundered +the irate officer, and set to work. But the +halyards were entangled, and all the officer's +swearing and scolding did not help matters. The +militant lady of the broom then applied her +weapon to the officer. The powder flew from his +wig in a cloud, and at last he himself had to fly, +leaving the flag to float serenely on the morning +breeze. This encounter has been called the last +battle of the Revolution.</p> + +<p>Before leaving Fort George, at the foot of +Broadway, in New York, the British soldiers mischievously<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +nailed their flag to the top of the pole, +took down the halyards, greased the pole from +top to bottom, and knocked off the cleats. They +did not know how well the American boys could +climb; in a very short time new cleats were nailed +on, the English flag was pulled down, and the Stars +and Stripes floated from the top of the pole.</p> + +<p>News of King George's proclamation did not +reach the United States till the middle of April, +and then there was rejoicing, indeed. It is no +wonder that the joy of the country at the closing +of the war burst out in celebrations and silken +flags. The diary of President Stiles, of Yale, +tells what took place in New Haven. It reads +as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>April 24, 1783.</i> Public rejoicing for the Peace in +New Haven. At sunrise thirteen cannon discharged +in the Green, and the continental flag displayed, being +a grand silk flag presented by the ladies, cost 120 dollars. +The stripes red and white, with an azure field +in the upper part charged with thirteen stars. On the +same field and among the stars was the arms of the +United States, the field of which contained a ship, a +plough, and three sheaves of wheat; the crest an eagle +volant; the supporters two white horses. The arms +were put on with paint and gilding. It took —— yards. +When displayed it appeared well.</p></div> + +<p>The patriotic ladies who presented the flag +had taken the arms and motto, "Virtue, Liberty,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +Independence," from the title-page of a family +Bible; but unluckily, this Bible, having been +published in Philadelphia, displayed the arms +and motto, not of the United States, but of +Pennsylvania. The moral is, learn the arms of +your country.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IX</h2> + +<h3>THE FLAG OF FIFTEEN STRIPES AND<br /> +FIFTEEN STARS</h3> + +<p>The worthy fathers of our country were long-sighted +men. In many respects they peered far +into the future and they laid well the foundations +for a great republic. One thing, however, they +forgot; when they chose a design for a flag with +thirteen stripes and a circle of thirteen stars, +they did not realize that the number of States +would probably increase, and that these States +would wish to be represented on the flag. In +1791 Vermont was admitted as a State, and in +1792 Kentucky also came into the Union. In +1794 the Senate passed a bill increasing to fifteen +the number of both stripes and stars. This bill +was sent to the House, and then came exciting +times. Some members thought it of great importance +not to offend new States by giving them +no recognition on the flag. Others called it dishonorable +to waste time over what one man +called "a consummate piece of frivolity," when +matters "of infinitely greater consequence" +ought to be discussed. Another declared that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +the Senate sent the bill for the want of something +better to do. Yet another honorable member did +not think it worth while either to adopt or reject +the proposed law, but supposed "the shortest +way to get rid of it was to agree to it." Whether +to "get rid of it" or not, the bill was passed, and +went into effect May 1, 1795.</p> + +<p>This flag of fifteen stripes and fifteen stars was +the one worn by the frigate Constitution, "Old +Ironsides." When, in 1830, it was reported that +this vessel, with its magnificent record, was to be +broken up, Holmes wrote his stirring poem, "Old +Ironsides," which ends:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Oh, better that her shattered hulk</p> +<p class="i2">Should sink beneath the wave;</p> +<p>Her thunders shook the mighty deep,</p> +<p class="i2">And there should be her grave;</p> +<p>Nail to the mast her holy flag,</p> +<p class="i2">Set every threadbare sail,</p> +<p>And give her to the god of storms,</p> +<p class="i2">The lightning and the gale!"</p> +</div></div> + +<p>It was this flag under which we went forth to +three wars, each one fought to uphold the rights +of American citizens. The first was with France, +the second with Tripoli, and the third with Great +Britain. It had long been the custom for nations +using the Mediterranean Sea to pay tribute to +the pirates of Tripoli. In 1800 Captain Bainbridge +carried the annual tribute to Algiers. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +seemed that the Dey wished to send an ambassador +to Constantinople, and under threat of +capture Captain Bainbridge was ordered to +carry him there. The captain obeyed, but very +unwillingly. When the new flag appeared at +Constantinople, it was reported to the Sultan +that a ship from the United States of America +was in the harbor. "What's that?" he demanded. +"I never heard of that nation." "They +live in the New World which Columbus discovered," +was the reply. The Sultan had heard +of Columbus, and he sent to the frigate a bouquet +of flowers in welcome, and a lamp in token +of friendship.</p> + +<p>The Dey of Algiers became dissatisfied with +the tribute paid by America, and declared +haughtily that if he did not receive from our +country a handsome present within six months, +he should declare war. This he did, but to his +great surprise a small American fleet, under the +fifteen stars and stripes, sailed up to his city and +began to bombard it. It was not long before he +became the very picture of meekness. He freed +all his American captives, paid well for all the +property that he had destroyed, and the Mediterranean +Sea became safe for commerce.</p> + +<p>In 1803 the United States purchased from +France the immense Louisiana Territory. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +French flag was hauled down and the flag of the +United States was raised in token of the change +of ownership. This country had first been in +the hands of Spain, and the Spaniards had presented +flags to various Indians. When Lieutenant +Z. M. Pike made a journey of exploration in +the new territory, he came to an Indian village +where there was quite a display of Spanish banners. +The Lieutenant made a little speech to the +Indians, and said among other things that the +Spanish flag at the chief's door ought to be given +up to him and the flag of the United States put +in its place. The Indians listened, but made +no reply. Lieutenant Pike spoke again to the +same effect. "Your nation cannot have two fathers," +he said. "You must be the children of +the Spaniards or else of the Americans." The red +men sat in silence awhile, then an old man arose, +walked slowly to the door, took the Spanish flag +down, and put the American in its place. Then +he gave the flag of Spain to his followers, bidding +them, "Never hoist this again—while the Americans +are here." Surely, the old chief must have +been akin to Dr. John Cotton of Colonial fame. +This scene occurred in what is now Kansas, and +is thought to have been the first raising of the +United States flag in that State.</p> + +<p>The banner of fifteen stripes and fifteen stars<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +has a proud record, for this was the flag that inspired +Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled +Banner." Every one knows the story +of the poem, how the author and an agent for +the exchange of prisoners went on board a British +vessel in 1814 to try to secure the release of a +physician who had been captured. The English +admiral granted their request, but as he was +about to attack Fort McHenry, he told them +that they would not be permitted to return at +once, but must remain on their own vessel, with +a British guard, until the fort was reduced. If +this order had been carried out, they would have +been on board to-day, for the fort never was reduced. +All day the Americans could see the +Stars and Stripes flying over its ramparts, in +spite of attacks by sea and by land. Night came, +and it was only by "the rockets' red glare, the +bombs bursting in air," that they knew whether +the fort yet stood. At length the firing ceased, +and all was darkness. They could do nothing but +wait for the first rays of morning in the hope that +"by the dawn's early light" they could catch a +glimpse of the flag and know that the fort had +not yielded, that "our flag was still there," and +that the British were retreating. Then it was that +Key wrote, on the back of an old envelope, "The +Star-Spangled Banner," and put into it such a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +thrill of sincerity that it is just as throbbing with +life and patriotism as it was on that September +dawn a century ago. The banner that inspired +the poem is in the National Museum in Washington.</p> + +<p>Francis Scott Key died in Baltimore in 1843, +and is buried in Frederick, Maryland. Over his +grave a large national flag flies day and night, +never removed save when wear and tear make +a new flag necessary. In Baltimore a noble +monument has been reared in his honor. It is +surmounted by the figure of the poet, who waves +his hat with one hand and with the other points +joyfully toward the fort. The figure is so life-like +that one almost expects it to cry,—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave</p> +<p>O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>A few months after "The Star-Spangled Banner" +was written, a plan was formed to rear +in the city of Baltimore a monument in honor +of George Washington. It was fitting that the +place of his birth should also be marked, and a +few days before the laying of the corner-stone +of the monument, a little company sailed from +Alexandria, Virginia, to Pope's Creek, Westmoreland +County, where Washington was born. +With them they carried a simple freestone slab<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +on which was chiseled his name and the date of +his birth. Wrapped in the banner of fifteen stars, +it was borne reverently to its resting-place by +the hands of the descendants of four Revolutionary +patriots.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<h3>THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER</h3> + +<p>"Time makes ancient good uncouth," said +Lowell, and so it was with the flag. The flag of +fifteen stars and fifteen stripes that was decreed +in 1795 then represented each State; but in less +than one year it was out of date. Tennessee had +come into the Union. Then followed Ohio, Louisiana, +and Indiana. Here were four States with no +representation in the colors of the country. Then, +too, people began to realize that in giving up the +thirteen stripes they had lost their old significant +"Thirteen," and dropped a valuable historical +association. At length the matter came before +Congress, and for nearly sixteen months it remained +there. Occasionally there was some little +discussion about it. One member proposed that +the matter be postponed indefinitely. "Are you +willing to neglect the banner of freedom?" demanded +another. Yet another thought it unnecessary +to insist upon thirteen stripes, and +thought they might as well fix upon nine or +eleven or any other arbitrary number as thirteen.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +The committee pleaded for the significant thirteen, +and so it went on. At length Peter H. +Wendover, of New York, through whose efforts +Congress was held to its duty, called the attention +of the House to the fact that the Government +itself was paying no respect to its own laws +in regard to the flag; that the law demanded +fifteen stripes, but that Congress was at that +moment displaying a banner of thirteen stripes; +that the navy yard and the marine barracks +were flying flags of eighteen stripes; and that during +the first session of the preceding Congress +the flag floating over their deliberations had had, +from some unknown cause or other, only nine +stripes.</p> + +<p>It is small wonder that after such an arraignment +as this the lawmakers aroused themselves. +The following bill was passed, and was signed by +President Monroe, April 4, 1818:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> <i>Be it enacted, etc.</i>, That from and after +the fourth day of July next, the flag of the United +States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red +and white; that the union have twenty stars, white +in a blue field.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 2.</span> <i>Be it further enacted</i>, That on the +admission of every new State into the Union, one +star be added to the union of the flag; and that such +addition shall take effect on the fourth of July next +succeeding such admission.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>So it was that the flag of the United States +was finally decided upon. Captain S. C. Reid +designed it, and his wife made a specimen flag, +which was hoisted on the flagstaff of the House +of Representatives a few days after the law +legalizing it was passed. Forty-one years later, +in 1859, Congress formally thanked Captain +Reid. The one weak point in this law was that +the arrangement of the stars on the blue field +was left to the taste of the owner of the flag. +Captain Reid arranged them in one large star; +but it was evident that if this plan was continued, +as new States were admitted, the stars would +become too small to be seen distinctly. The +Navy Commissioners issued the order that in +naval flags the stars should be arranged in five +rows, four stars in a row; but for many years +merchant vessels paid small attention to this +decree. Indeed, in 1837 the Dutch Government +inquired, with all respect, "What is the American +flag?" Twenty years later an observant man +in Jersey City amused himself on the Fourth of +July by noting the numerous fashions in which +the stars were arranged. He said that all flags +had the thirteen stripes—though not always +in the proper order—but that he had counted +nine different fashions in which the stars were +arranged. They appeared in one large star, in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +lozenge, a diamond, or a circle, and one vessel +in the river flaunted an anchor formed of stars. +It was suggested that Congress ought to order +some regular arrangement, but Congress did not +take the hint. The Secretary of War and the +Secretary of the Navy gave orders in 1912, after +the admission of New Mexico and Arizona, that +the stars, now forty-eight, should be arranged in +six rows of eight stars each. This was approved +by the President, but no decree has been passed +by Congress.</p> + +<p>Until 1866 our country's flag was manufactured +in a foreign land. Bunting in a flag has +a hard life. It must meet sun, wind, and storm; +it must be light enough to float at every breeze +and strong enough to endure severe wear. Attempts +had been made many years earlier to +make bunting in the United States, and flags +of home manufacture had been tried again and +again, but they had never stood the tests. In +1865, however, Congress put a duty of forty per +cent on imported bunting, and also made it +lawful for the Government to purchase its flags +in the United States. With this duty manufacturers +could compete with the lower wages paid +in England, and now it became worth while to +set to work in earnest. Within a year the thing +had been done. A company in Lowell, Massachusetts,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +presented to the Senate a flag manufactured +in the United States. It was hoisted over +the Capitol, and for the first time this country, +then ninety years old, floated over its Congress a +banner of bunting woven and made "at home." +This banner stood all the tests, and soon the +price of the material was greatly reduced. Since +the manufacture of this flag all bunting used in +flags for the navy has come from Lowell. It must +be of a fixed weight and strength and must be +absolutely fast color in sun and rain. These +flags are made in the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and +they must be accurate in every detail. Even the +number of stitches to the inch is a matter of rule. +After the stripes have been sewed together and +the stars stitched upon the canton, the hoist, or +end of the flag which is to be next to the staff, is +firmly bound with canvas, and the lines, etc., +attached. Then the flag is stamped with the +date. Many silken flags are used in the navy, but +these are made entirely by hand.</p> + +<p>A warship must have not only her own flags, +but those of foreign countries, sometimes two +hundred and fifty or more. Some of these flags +are of very complicated design, and the flag-makers +tried the experiment of painting the designs +on the bunting. This was not a success, +because the flags stuck together, and now the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +whole design is worked out in bunting. The +navy makes its own flags, but the War Department +buys what are needed. Manufacturers +make large numbers for general sale; between +nine and ten million a year even in times of +peace.</p> + +<p>The pet name, "Old Glory," is believed to +have been given to the flag by Captain William +Driver. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts, +became a shipmaster, and at length made his +home in Nashville, Tennessee. When the Civil +War broke out, he stood boldly by the Union, +even though his own family were against him. +More than thirty years before this date, just as +he was starting on a voyage, some of his friends +made him a present of a handsome American +flag. When the breeze first caught it and spread +out its folds, Captain Driver exclaimed, "Old +Glory!" and "Old Glory" it was to him all the +years of his life. The flag went to Tennessee with +him, and was hung out on every day of public +rejoicing. When the war broke out, his Confederate +neighbors tried their best to get possession +of that flag; but they did not realize the resources +of the old captain. Sailors know how to sew, and +he had carefully quilted his beloved banner into +his comforter. No wonder that he had not the +least objection to having his house searched for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +it. When the Union troops entered the city, +Captain Driver asked permission to run up his +flag over the State Capitol. This was granted, +and with an escort he marched to the building +and ran up the flag. As he stood gazing at it with +tears in his eyes, he said, "I have always said +that if I could see it float over that Capitol, I +should have lived long enough; now Old Glory +is up there, gentlemen, and I am ready to die." +The captain's own particular "Old Glory" was +full of years and weakened by service, and on the +following day he reverently took it down and ran +up a flag that was new and strong. For a quarter +of a century he saw the Union flag float over the +Capitol of his chosen State. Then, at his death +in 1886, his own "Old Glory" was sent to the +Essex Institute at his birthplace.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XI</h2> + +<h3>THE FLAG IN WAR</h3> + +<p>"Old Glory" has flown over the battle-fields +of three wars; the Mexican, the Civil War, and +the war with Spain. In the war with Mexico +victory depended upon taking the City of Mexico, +and the path to that lay in the capture of the +strong castle of Chapultepec. Long before sunrise +one bright September morning, the American +guns began to roar. All day long the Americans +fired from below and the Mexicans from +above. Fortunately for the attackers, the aim +of the Mexicans was anything but accurate, +and in twenty-four hours the American troops +were pushing forward up the hillside, through a +grove full of sharpshooters, over rocks and gullies, +even over mines, which the Mexicans had no +chance to set off. Cannon roared and volleys of +musketry were fired at the assailants, but they +dashed over the redoubt, up, still up, to the +escarpment, and over it they tumbled. Meanwhile +the Mexicans were standing on the city +walls and peering out from the spires of the +cathedral. They saw, as the Americans pushed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +on and up, the Stars and Stripes appear, now to +the right, now to the left, as point after point +was taken. Now the Americans had reached the +main works. The scaling-ladders were planted +and the men scrambled over the wall. Even +then the Mexicans were not without a faint hope, +for their banner still floated over the highest +pinnacle. Suddenly it disappeared, and the +Stars and Stripes took its place. The victory had +been won. On the second day after the first gun +was fired at Chapultepec, the American troops +were following their flag into the City of Mexico.</p> + +<p>The Civil War began with the firing upon Fort +Sumter. Shot came in a whirlwind, half a score +of balls at a time. The woodwork blazed, the +brick and stone flew in all directions. Red-hot +balls from the furnace in Moultrie dashed down +like a pitiless hailstorm. The barracks were +ablaze, streams of fire burst out of the quarters. +Ninety barrels of powder were rolled into the +water lest it should explode in the awful heat. +The men were stifled with fumes from the burning +buildings. Over the horrors of this attack +the Stars and Stripes floated serenely from the +staff, flashing out, as each gust of wind tossed +the clouds of smoke aside for a moment, the +glories of the red, white, and blue, clear and calm +and unscathed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>Beams fell with a crash, ammunition in one +magazine exploded, black clouds of smoke filled +the fort, and for hours the men covered their +faces with wet cloths to keep from suffocating. +Nine times the flagstaff was struck by a shot, +and at the ninth the flag fell. Lieutenant Hall +dashed into the storm of balls, caught up the +flag, and brought it away. The halyards were +cut and tangled. The flag could not be raised, +but it was nailed to the staff, and in the midst of +the incessant fire, Sergeant Peter Hart fastened +it up on the ramparts. The fort surrendered, but +not the flag; for as Major Anderson and his men +left the burning ruins, they saluted "Old Glory" +with fifty guns, then lowered it, and, as the +Major stated to the Government, "marched +out of the fort with colors flying and drums +beating."</p> + +<p>This was on April 14, 1861. On April 14, 1865, +when the war was virtually over, Major Anderson, +now General Anderson, was, by order of +President Lincoln, called to Fort Sumter to +raise again the flag which he had so unwillingly +lowered. A special steamer carried from New +York to the fort a number of prominent citizens. +Hundreds came from elsewhere by land to +Charleston and were taken to the fort by vessel. +Two hundred officers of the navy were present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +and many army officers. After the opening exercises, +Sergeant Hart opened a big carpetbag +and drew forth the identical flag that had been +hauled down four years earlier. The banner was +unfurled, the assemblage cheered to the echo, and +slowly the beloved banner rose to its old position, +every one trying his best to catch hold of the +rope and help raise it. Hats were waved and the +old fort rang with cheers. The band struck up +"The Star-Spangled Banner." A salute was +fired by the guns on Fort Sumter, and this was +responded to by every fort and battery that had +fired upon Sumter in April, 1861. Henry Ward +Beecher, orator of the day, made a thrilling +address. Of the flag he said:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There flies the same flag that was insulted. In the +storm of that assault this glorious ensign was often +struck; but, memorable fact, not one of its stars was +torn out, by shot or shell. It was a prophecy.... +Lifted to the air, to-day it proclaims, after four years +of war, "Not a State is blotted out!"</p> + +<p>Hail to the flag of our fathers, and our flag! Glory +to the banner that has gone through four years black +with tempests of war, to pilot the nation back to +peace without dismemberment! And glory be to +God, who, above all hosts and banners, hath ordained +victory, and shall ordain peace!... In the name of +God, we lift up our banner, and dedicate it to Peace, +Union and Liberty, now and forevermore.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>A few years later General Anderson died. He +was buried at West Point and was carried to his +grave wrapped in the flag that he had defended +so bravely. On the death of his wife the flag +passed by her gift into the hands of the War +Department.</p> + +<p>One of the most interesting flags of the recent +war with Spain was borne by the First Regiment +of the United States Volunteer Cavalry. +A squadron of men for this regiment left Phœnix, +Arizona, on their way to the field of war. It was +noticed that they had no flag. The women of +the Relief Corps attached to the Grand Army of +the Republic took the matter in hand, for if this +was not a case where relief was needed, where +should one be found?</p> + +<p>Night and day were the same to these energetic +women. They bought silk and they sewed, +all day and all night. The stores of Phœnix did +not provide just the right sort of cord, so the +staff of the battle-flag was daintily adorned with +a knot of satin ribbon, red, white, and blue. +Then the flag was carried to camp, and presented +with all courtesy and dignity to the two hundred +men who were to form a part of the First Regiment +of the United States Volunteer Cavalry, +better known as the "Rough Riders."</p> + +<p>The little silken flag came to glories that it had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +not dreamed of, for the regular bunting flags +were scarce, and therefore it held the most prominent +place in parades and was even set up as +guest of honor before the tent of Colonel Leonard +Wood. In the attack on Santiago, the little +party that first landed at Daiquiri, a small town +on the coast a few miles from the city, carried +the flag with them. On a transport in the +harbor an officer from Arizona, observing the +troops climb the hill, had seen the raising of +the flag and discovered with a glass what it was. +As the story is told:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>He threw his hat to the deck, jumped to the top of +the bulwark, and yelled: "Howl, you Arizona men,—it's +our flag up there!"</p> + +<p>And the men howled as only Arizona cowboys +could. Some one on the hurricane deck grabbed the +whistle cord and tied it down, the band of the Second +Infantry whisked up instruments and played +"A Hot Time" on the inspiration of the moment, +and every man who had a revolver emptied it over the +side. Almost in an instant every whistle of the fifty +transports and supply vessels in the harbor took up +the note of rejoicing. Twenty thousand men were +cheering. A dozen bands increased the din. Then +guns of the warships on the flanks joined in a mighty +salute to the flag of the Nation. And the flag was the +flag of the Arizona squadron.</p> + +<p>The Arizona flag led the regiment in the fight +of Las Guasimas, where three thousand intrenched +Spaniards were driven back by nine hundred unmounted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +cavalry; it was at the front all through +the heat of the battles of Kettle Hill and San Juan +Hill; it waved over the trenches before Santiago, and +was later borne through the captured city to the +transport.</p></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XII</h2> + +<h3>THE FLAG IN PEACE</h3> + +<p>One of the greatest achievements of our flag +in peace was the opening of Japan. In 1852 +Commodore M. C. Perry was sent with a letter +from President Fillmore to prepare the way for +a treaty of peace and friendship and commerce +with Japan. Its delivery was a matter of much +ceremony. After a long delay a day was set for +its reception. When the time had come, the +officers in full uniform, the marines in blue and +white, the sailors in navy blue and tarpaulins, +and last of all the Commodore entered the boats. +As the Commodore stepped into his barge, a +salute of thirteen guns was given. Then the +two bands struck up lively tunes and the boats +made for the shore.</p> + +<p>Along the beach were ranged nine tall crimson +standards, surrounded by flags of all sorts +and colors. Five or six thousand soldiers were +drawn up in line, and the hills behind them +were crowded with people. When the Americans +came to land, a procession was formed. +First, the marines and sailors, then the one flag of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +the procession, the Stars and Stripes, its brilliant +colors flashing in the bright sunshine. It was +borne by the two tallest, broadest-shouldered +men among the sailors of the squadron. After +the flag came two of the younger men, carrying a +rosewood box mounted with gold and carefully +wrapped in a scarlet cloth. In this were the credentials +of the Commodore and the letter of the +President. These were written on vellum, and +the seals were attached by cords of silk and +gold, ending in tassels of gold. Then came the +Commodore, and on either side of him was a tall +negro of fine proportions and armed to the teeth. +After the Commodore walked the officers of the +squadron. Commodore and officers were escorted +into the handsomely decorated hall of reception. +The court interpreter asked if the letter +was ready. The two pages, guarded by the two +stalwart negroes, were summoned and placed +the letter upon a handsome box of red lacquer, +which was ready to receive them. The Commodore +made a formal bow. The bands played our +national airs, and all returned to the vessels as +ceremoniously as they had come.</p> + +<p>This was the beginning of intercourse between +the United States and Japan. Two years later +a treaty was signed, and in 1860 an embassy +from Japan visited this country.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>So it was that Japan was opened to the world. +In 1901 the Japanese Minister of Justice said: +"Commodore Perry's visit was, in a word, the +turn of the key which opened the doors of the +Japanese Empire. Japan has not forgotten—nor +will she ever forget—that, next to her +reigning and most beloved sovereign, whose +rare virtue and great wisdom is above all praise, +she owes her present state of prosperity to the +United States of America." "Are you coming +over here to fight us?" a young Japanese in this +country was playfully asked. "Fight the United +States?" he exclaimed. "The United States is +our friend." And drawing himself up to his full +height, he said proudly, "The Japanese do not +forget. We know what your Commodore Perry +and your country have done for us."</p> + +<p>The American flag was first seen in China in +1784. The Chinese said it was "as beautiful as +a flower," and for many years they always spoke +of it as the "flower flag."</p> + +<p>A custom of great significance and value, that +of raising the home flag over legations and consulates +in foreign lands whenever a home holiday +comes around, is due to the tact and ready wit +of one of our Ministers to Sweden, William W. +Thomas, Jr. The following is his own account +of the event:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>On taking possession of the archives and property +of the United States at Stockholm, I was surprised to +find there was no American flag there. Talking with +my colleagues, the Ministers of other countries, I was +informed that no foreign Minister at Stockholm ever +hoisted his country's flag, and that to do so would be +considered a breach of diplomatic etiquette.</p> + +<p>What was I to do? I did not wish to offend my +good friends, the Swedes; that was the last thing a +Minister should be guilty of. And I certainly did not +want to see an American holiday go by without +hoisting the American flag from the American Legation. +The question troubled me a great deal.</p> + +<p>All at once a thought seized me, like an inspiration. +I sent to America for a flag. I procured flagstaff and +halyards, and from my own drawings I had carved +an American eagle, which was gilded and perched on +top of the flag pole. Flag, eagle, and staff I concealed +in the Legation, and bided my time.</p> + +<p>Undoubtedly the greatest character Sweden has +ever produced is Gustavus Adolphus. His life and +deeds belong not to Sweden along, but to the world. +Well, when the anniversary of the death and victory +of this great captain of the Swedish host came round,—the +6th of November, 1883,—and when the great +choral societies of Stockholm, bearing banners and +followed by vast multitudes of the Swedish populace, +marched through the streets of Sweden's capital, +and gathered about the mausoleum on the Island +of Knights, where lies the mighty dead, sang pæans +in his praise, then it happened, somehow, that, regardless +of precedent or custom, the flag of the free +republic—aye! flag, flagstaff, golden eagle, and all—was +run out from the American Legation; and the +starry banner of America waved in unison with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +yellow cross of Sweden, in honor of the mightiest +warrior for the freedom of our faith.</p> + +<p>This act was everywhere approved in Sweden. It +was praised by both the people and the press. After +this, it may well be believed, the flag of America +floated unchallenged in the capital of the Northland. +It waved on high on the birthday of Washington, on +that Memorial Day when we decorate the graves of +our brave boys in blue who saved the Union, and on +the Fourth of July, that gave the Republic birth. +But I hoisted our flag impartially, on Swedish holidays +as well as our own; and the Stars and Stripes +floated out as proudly on the birthday of King Oscar +as on that of Washington.</p></div> + +<p>"If any man attempts to haul down the American +flag, shoot him on the spot," commanded +General Dix; but the United States may well +be proud of having herself hauled down her +flag on one occasion not many years ago. After +the Spanish-American War had been fought, +the treaty of peace with Spain put Cuba into +the hands of the United States, and the star-spangled +banner was raised and saluted. This +was in 1899. The three years following this act +were busy ones with the War Department, for +in its control was left the management of all +Cuban affairs. Cuba was cleaned up, the yellow +fever stamped out, schools were established, +peace restored, a constitution adopted by the +people, and a president elected. May 20, 1902,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +was the date set for the sovereignty of Cuba to +pass into the hands of the Cubans. The island +had been made free, and now she was coming to +her own. Havana was in her best. Flags floated +from every house. Ships displayed both the +American and the Cuban flags. When the moment +arrived, General Leonard Wood read the +transfer, and the President-elect signed it in the +name of the new Republic. To free Cuba from +oppression the United States had entered into +war. Our country sought nothing for itself, and +now the freedom of the island was attained, and +the American forces were to be withdrawn.</p> + +<p>After the signing of the transfer Governor-General +Wood loosened the halyards and the +star-spangled banner was lowered, having accomplished +nobly that for which it had been +raised. As it sank slowly down the Union salute +of forty-five guns was fired. Then, by the hands +of General Wood, the Cuban flag was hoisted +to its position and floated proudly over a free +country. A national salute of twenty-one guns +was fired in its honor, and the history of the +Cuban Republic had begun. As the <i>New York +Sun</i> said, "No country ever before conquered a +territory at great sacrifice to set up a government +other than its own."</p> + +<p>In the hands of Admiral Robert E. Peary our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +flag has won the honors of the Northland. Many +others had gone <i>far</i> north; for Peary it was reserved +to go <i>farthest</i> north, to the Pole itself. +This was no chance success, brought about by +fine equipment and favorable weather; it was +the fair result of careful preparation and hard +work. The Admiral wrote in his journal:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Pole at last! The prize of three centuries, my +dream and goal for twenty years, mine at last! I cannot +bring myself to realize it.</p> + +<p>It all seems so simple and commonplace. As Bartlett +said when turning back, when speaking of his +being in these exclusive regions, which no mortal had +ever penetrated before, "It is just like every day!"</p></div> + +<p>A little later, in acknowledging with gratitude +the generous aid which he had received, the +Admiral wrote:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Their assistance has enabled me to tell the last of +the great earth stories, the story the world has been +waiting to hear for three hundred years—the story +of the discovery of the North Pole.</p></div> + +<p>Such is the history of the flag of the United +States of America from the time when a little +group of colonies dared to raise their own standard +and oppose their feeble strength and their +slender resources to the trained armies and the +ample wealth of England.</p> + +<p>This was a century and a half ago. The Republic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +has come of age and has accepted her +rightful share of the responsibilities of the world. +The mother country rejoiced to do her honor, +and on one brilliant April morning in 1917 the +cities of England flung out her banner beside +their own. In London the Stars and Stripes were +everywhere—in the hands of the people in the +streets, on private houses, on public buildings, +even on the "Victory Tower" of Westminster +Palace, where before that day no other flag save +the Union Jack or the royal standard had ever +been raised. In the historic cathedral of St. Paul +four thousand people had come together to +thank God for the alliance between the mother +country and her eldest child, that in this war of +the world "they should go forth and try the matter +in fight by the help of God"—to quote the +text of the Bishop of London. The two flags, +of Great Britain and of the United States of +America, hung side by side over the chancel rail. +The thousands of people rose with reverence and +sang, first, "The Star-Spangled Banner," and +then, "God Save the King." And so it was that +Great Britain and the United States took their +stand shoulder to shoulder in the world-wide +struggle to make sure "that government of the +people, by the people, for the people, shall not +perish from the earth."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIII</h2> + +<h3>HOW TO BEHAVE TOWARD THE FLAG</h3> + +<p>Except the cross there is nothing that the +American should hold more sacred than the flag +of the United States, because of its record in +peace and in war, and because it stands for the +rights and the freedom of one hundred million +citizens.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Sign of a nation great and strong,</p> +<p>To ward her people from foreign wrong."</p> +</div></div> + +<p>There are definite rules in regard to the use +of the flag. The following are the most necessary +to know:—</p> + +<p>The flag should be raised at sunrise and lowered +at sunset. It should not be left out at night +unless under fire. It should not be allowed to +touch the ground. If possible, a pole rather than +a staff should be used.</p> + +<p>In raising a flag to half-mast or half-staff, +it should be run to the top of the pole, and then +lowered the width of the flag. Before being +retired, it should be run to the top again. On +Memorial Day the flag should be at half-mast<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +until noon, and at the peak from noon until +sunset.</p> + +<p>When the flag goes by, rise if you are sitting; +halt if you are walking, and take off your hat.</p> + +<p>In decorating, never drape the flag; always +hang it flat. The Union should be at the observer's +left, whether the stripes are perpendicular +or horizontal. If our flag is crossed +with the flags of other countries, or carried in +a parade beside them, it should always be at the +right.</p> + +<p>In unveiling a monument, the flag should +never be allowed to drop to the ground, but so +arranged that it can be drawn up and will then +float over the monument.</p> + +<p>If draped over a casket, the blue field should +be at the head. If used as the covering of an +altar, nothing except the Bible should be placed +upon it, and the union should be at the right.</p> + +<p>Distress at sea is indicated by hanging the +flag union down.</p> + +<p>Always stand when "The Star-Spangled Banner" +is played.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>For those people who, whether maliciously +or ignorantly, show any disrespect to the flag, +strenuous laws have been passed in most of the +States. In Massachusetts, a post of the Grand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +Army or a camp of Spanish War veterans may +put the name of the organization upon the +flag, but no other lettering is permitted. Any +one who mutilates the flag or in any way treats +it with contempt is likely to fare worse than did +John Endicott in colonial days. The same respect +is required to be shown to the flags of all +countries with which the United States is at +peace.</p> + +<p>The representation of the flag must not be +used to advertise merchandise, but it may be +used on any publication designed to give information +about the flag, or to promote patriotism, +or to encourage the study of American +history.</p> + +<p>June 14, the anniversary of the day in 1777 +on which the flag was adopted, has been chosen +as "Flag Day."</p> + +<p>The length of a flag should be very nearly +twice its height, or, to be exact, in the proportion +of 1.9 to 1. The length of the union should +be three fourths the height of the whole flag; +the height of the union should be that of seven +stripes.</p> + +<p>Perhaps a little fancifully, a star has been +assigned to each State in the order of its ratification +of the Constitution and admission to +the Union. Beginning at the left upper corner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> +and reading each row from left to right, the +stars of the separate States are as follows:—</p> + +<table width="30%" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="States and relevant stars"> +<tr><td> </td><td><i>First row</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Delaware</td><td align="right">December 7, 1787</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pennsylvania</td><td align="right">December 12, 1787</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New Jersey</td><td align="right">December 18, 1787</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Georgia</td><td align="right">January 2, 1788</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Connecticut</td><td align="right">January 9, 1788</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Massachusetts</td><td align="right">February 6, 1788</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Maryland</td><td align="right">April 28, 1788</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">South Carolina</td><td align="right">May 23, 1788</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><i> </i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><i>Second row</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New Hampshire</td><td align="right">June 21, 1788</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Virginia</td><td align="right">June 25, 1788</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New York</td><td align="right">July 26, 1788</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">North Carolina</td><td align="right">November 21, 1789</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rhode Island</td><td align="right">May 29, 1790</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Vermont</td><td align="right">March 4, 1791</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Kentucky</td><td align="right">June 1, 1792</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tennessee</td><td align="right">June 1, 1796</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><i> </i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><i>Third row</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ohio</td><td align="right">February 19, 1803</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Louisiana</td><td align="right">April 30, 1812</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Indiana</td><td align="right">December 11, 1816</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mississippi</td><td align="right">December 10, 1817</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Illinois</td><td align="right">December 3, 1818</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Alabama</td><td align="right">December 14, 1819</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Maine</td><td align="right">March 15, 1820</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Missouri</td><td align="right">August 10, 1821</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><i> </i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><i>Fourth row</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arkansas</td><td align="right">June 15, 1836</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Michigan</td><td align="right">January 26, 1837</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Florida</td><td align="right">March 3, 1845</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Texas</td><td align="right">December 29, 1845</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Iowa</td><td align="right">December 28, 1846</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wisconsin</td><td align="right">May 29, 1848</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">California</td><td align="right">September 9, 1850</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Minnesota</td><td align="right">May 11, 1858</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><i> </i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><i>Fifth row</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oregon</td><td align="right">February 14, 1859</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Kansas</td><td align="right">January 29, 1861</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">West Virginia</td><td align="right">June 19, 1863</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nevada</td><td align="right">October 31, 1864</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nebraska</td><td align="right">March 1, 1867</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Colorado</td><td align="right">August 1, 1876</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">North Dakota</td><td align="right">November 2, 1889</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">South Dakota</td><td align="right">November 2, 1889</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><i> </i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><i>Sixth row</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Montana</td><td align="right">November 8, 1889</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washington</td><td align="right">November 11, 1889</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Idaho</td><td align="right">July 3, 1890</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wyoming</td><td align="right">July 10, 1890</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Utah</td><td align="right">January 4, 1896</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oklahoma</td><td align="right">November 16, 1907</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New Mexico</td><td align="right">January 6, 1912</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arizona</td><td align="right">February 14, 1912</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> +<h2>FLAG ANNIVERSARIES</h2> + +<p class="p2">January 1-2, 1776: Grand Union Flag (British Union +and thirteen stripes) hoisted over Washington's +headquarters at Cambridge, Massachusetts. +This was the first real flag of the colonies.</p> + +<p class="p2">January 13, 1794: American flag changed by act of +Congress, owing to two new States (Kentucky +and Vermont) being admitted to the Union. The +flag now had two stars and two stripes added to +it, making fifteen stripes and stars. This was +the "Star-Spangled Banner," and under this +flag our country fought and won three wars—the +so-called naval war with France, in 1798-1800; +that with the Barbary States in 1801-1805; +and that with England in 1812-1815.</p> + +<p class="p2">February 3, <a name="February" id="February"></a> 1783: First appearance of the American +flag in a British port by the ship Bedford, +of Massachusetts, which arrived in the river +Thames on this date.</p> + +<p class="p2">February 8, 1776: Colonial Congressional Committee +accepted a naval flag, consisting of thirteen +stripes, alternate red and white, with a rattlesnake +diagonally across it.</p> + +<p class="p2">February 14, 1778: First foreign salute to the Stars +and Stripes. John Paul Jones entered Quiberon +Bay, near Brest, France, and received a salute +of nine guns from the French fleet, under +Admiral La Motte Piquet. Jones had previously +saluted the French fleet with thirteen guns.</p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>March 17, 1776: The first display of the Grand +Union Flag in Boston was on the day that town +was evacuated by the British.</p> + +<p class="p2">April 4, 1818: Congress by act decreed a return to the +original thirteen stripes and a star for every +State in the Union, to be added to the flag on +the July 4 following a State's admission to the +Union. This is the present law in relation to the +flag.</p> + +<p class="p2">April 24, 1778: John Paul Jones achieved the honor +of being the first officer of the American Navy +to compel a regular British man-of-war to strike +her colors to the new flag.</p> + +<p class="p2">June 14, 1777: First strictly American flag decreed +by Congress. This flag displaced the British +Union by thirteen stars, and the making of the +first flag of this design is accredited to Betsy +Ross of Philadelphia. It contained thirteen +stripes, alternate red and white, and thirteen +white stars upon a blue field.</p> + +<p class="p2">June 14, 1777: Captain John Paul Jones appointed to +the command of the Ranger. It was Jones who +first displayed the Stars and Stripes on a naval +vessel. It was also he who had previously first +hoisted "the flag of America" on board the naval +vessel Alfred in 1775.</p> + +<p class="p2">June 28, 1778: First appearance on a foreign strong-hold +at Nassau, Bahama Islands. The Americans +captured Fort Nassau from the British, and +promptly raised the Stars and Stripes.</p> + +<p class="p2">August 3, 1777: First display of the Stars and Stripes +on land was over Fort Stanwix, New York.</p> + +<p class="p2">August 10, 1831: The name "Old Glory" given to +our national flag by Captain William Driver,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +of the brig Charles Doggert. The flag was presented +to the captain and contained one hundred +and ten yards of bunting. It is said to be now in +the Essex Institute, at Salem, Massachusetts.</p> + +<p class="p2">September 11, 1777: The American flag first carried +in battle at the Brandywine. This was the first +great battle fought after its adoption by the +Continental Congress.</p> + +<p class="p2">September 13, 1784: The Stars and Stripes first displayed +in China by Captain John Green, of the +ship Empress, in Canton River. The natives +said it was as beautiful as a flower, and the +Chinese continued to call it the "flower flag" +for many years.</p> + +<p class="p2">September 30, <a name="September" id="September"></a> 1787–August 10, 1790: The American +flag completed its first trip around the world, +borne by the ship Columbia, sailing from Boston.</p> + +<p class="p2">October 18, 1867: First official display of the American +flag in Alaska. On this day, at Sitka, the +capital, the Russian flag was hauled down and +the American flag run up before the barracks +and in the presence of both Russian and American +troops.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p> +<h2>SELECTIONS</h2> + +<h3>THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER</h3> + +<h4>FRANCIS SCOTT KEY</h4> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light,</p> +<p class="i4">What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,</p> +<p>Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight,</p> +<p class="i4">O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?</p> +<p>And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,</p> +<p>Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.</p> +<p class="i4">Oh! say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave</p> +<p class="i4">O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep,</p> +<p class="i4">Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,</p> +<p>What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,</p> +<p class="i4">As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?</p> +<p>Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,</p> +<p>In full glory reflected now shines in the stream,—</p> +<p class="i4">'Tis the star-spangled banner; Oh! long may it wave,</p> +<p class="i4">O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>And where is that band who so vauntingly swore</p> +<p class="i4">That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion</p> +<p>A home and a country should leave us no more?</p> +<p class="i4">Their blood has washed out their foul footstep's pollution.</p> +<p>No refuge could save the hireling and slave</p> +<p>From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave;</p> +<p class="i4">And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave</p> +<p class="i4">O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand</p> +<p class="i4">Between their loved homes and the war's desolation;</p> +<p>Blest with victory and peace, may the Heaven-rescued land</p> +<p class="i4">Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!</p> +<p>Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,</p> +<p>And this be our motto—"In God is our trust";</p> +<p class="i4">And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave</p> +<p class="i4">O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!</p> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> +<h3>THE FLAG IN THE DARKNESS</h3> + +<h4>BENJAMIN HARRISON</h4> + +<p>I was never so profoundly touched with the beauty +of our flag as at night time in one of our immense +political demonstrations. One of the features of the +occasion was the sending upward of a mighty stream +of electric light which, piercing the darkness of the +night, reached a large flag which had been carried on +cords a thousand feet from the earth. The scene was +too impressive for me to describe. I can only say that +it did seem as though the flag of our country was +waving from the very battlements of heaven.... +God pity the American citizen who does not love the +flag; who does not see in it the story of our great, free +institutions, and the hope of the home as well as +the Nation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> +<h3>A SONG FOR FLAG DAY</h3> + +<h4>WILBUR D. NESBIT</h4> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">Your Flag and my Flag!</p> +<p class="i8">And how it flies to-day</p> +<p class="i6">In your land and my land</p> +<p class="i8">And half a world away!</p> +<p class="i6">Rose-red and blood-red</p> +<p class="i8">The stripes forever gleam;</p> +<p class="i6">Snow-white and soul-white—</p> +<p class="i8">The good forefathers' dream;</p> +<p>Sky-blue and true blue, with stars to gleam aright—</p> +<p>The gloried guidon of the day; a shelter through the night.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">Your Flag and my Flag!</p> +<p class="i8">And, oh, how much it holds—</p> +<p class="i6">Your land and my land—</p> +<p class="i8">Secure within its folds!</p> +<p class="i6">Your heart and my heart</p> +<p class="i8">Beat quicker at the sight;</p> +<p class="i6">Sun-kissed and wind-tossed,</p> +<p class="i8">Red and blue and white.</p> +<p>The one Flag,—the great Flag—the Flag for me and you—</p> +<p>Glorified all else beside—the red and white and blue!</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">Your Flag and my Flag!</p> +<p class="i8">To every star and stripe</p> +<p class="i6">The drums beat as hearts beat</p> +<p class="i8">And fifers shrilly pipe!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> +<p class="i6">Your Flag and my Flag—</p> +<p class="i8">A blessing in the sky;</p> +<p class="i6">Your hope and my hope—</p> +<p class="i8">It never hid a lie!</p> +<p>Home land and far land and half the world around,</p> +<p>Old Glory hears our glad salute and ripples to the sound.</p> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> +<h3>THE FLAG GOES BY</h3> + +<h4>HENRY HOLCOMB BENNETT</h4> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">Hats off!</p> +<p>Along the street there comes</p> +<p>A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums,</p> +<p>A flash of color beneath the sky:</p> +<p class="i6">Hats off!</p> +<p>The flag is passing by!</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Blue and crimson and white it shines,</p> +<p>Over the steel-tipped, ordered lines.</p> +<p class="i6">Hats off!</p> +<p>The colors before us fly;</p> +<p>But more than the flag is passing by.</p> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<p>Sea-fights and land-fights, grim and great,</p> +<p>Fought to make and to save the State:</p> +<p>Weary marches and sinking ships;</p> +<p>Cheers of victory on dying lips;</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Days of plenty and years of peace;</p> +<p>March of a strong land's swift increase;</p> +<p>Equal justice, right and law,</p> +<p>Stately honor and reverent awe;</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Sign of a nation, great and strong</p> +<p>To ward her people from foreign wrong:</p> +<p>Pride and glory and honor,—all</p> +<p>Live in the colors to stand or fall.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6">Hats off!</p> +<p>Along the street there comes</p> +<p>A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums;</p> +<p>And loyal hearts are beating high:</p> +<p class="i6">Hats off!</p> +<p>The flag is passing by!</p> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p> +<h3>WHAT THE FLAG STANDS FOR</h3> +<h4>HENRY CABOT LODGE</h4> + +<p>The flag stands for all that we hold dear—freedom, +democracy, government of the people, by the people, +and for the people. These are the great principles for +which the flag stands, and when that democracy and +that freedom and that government of the people are +in danger, then it is our duty to defend the flag which +stands for them all, and in order to defend the flag +and keep it soaring as it soars here to-day, undimmed, +unsullied, victorious over the years, we must be ready +to defend it, and like the men of '76 and '61, pledge +to it our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p> +<h3>UNION AND LIBERTY</h3> + +<h4>OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES</h4> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>Flag of the heroes who left us their glory,</p> +<p class="i2">Borne through their battle-fields' thunder and flame,</p> +<p>Blazoned in song and illumined in story,</p> +<p class="i2">Wave o'er us all who inherit their fame!</p> +<p class="i4">Up with our banner bright,</p> +<p class="i4">Sprinkled with starry light,</p> +<p class="i2">Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore,</p> +<p class="i4">While through the sounding sky</p> +<p class="i4">Loud rings the Nation's cry,—</p> +<p class="i2">UNION AND LIBERTY! ONE EVERMORE!</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Light of our firmament, guide of our Nation,</p> +<p class="i2">Pride of her children, and honored afar,</p> +<p>Let the wide beams of thy full constellation</p> +<p class="i2">Scatter each cloud that would darken a star!</p> +<p class="i4">Up with our banner bright, etc.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Empire unsceptred! What foe shall assail thee,</p> +<p class="i2">Bearing the standard of Liberty's van?</p> +<p>Think not the God of thy fathers shall fail thee,</p> +<p class="i2">Striving with men for the birthright of man.</p> +<p class="i4">Up with our banner bright, etc.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Yet if, by madness and treachery blighted,</p> +<p class="i2">Dawns the dark hour when the sword thou must draw,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p> +<p class="i2">Then with the arms of thy millions united,</p> +<p class="i2">Smite the bold traitors to Freedom and Law!</p> +<p class="i4">Up with our banner bright, etc.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Lord of the Universe: shield us and guide us,</p> +<p class="i2">Trusting thee always, through shadow and sun!</p> +<p>Thou hast united us, who shall divide us?</p> +<p class="i2">Keep us, oh keep us the MANY IN ONE!</p> +<p class="i4">Up with <b>our</b> banner bright,</p> +<p class="i4">Sprinkled with starry light,</p> +<p class="i2">Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore,</p> +<p class="i4">While through the sounding sky</p> +<p class="i4">Loud rings the nation's cry,—</p> +<p class="i2">UNION AND LIBERTY! ONE EVERMORE!</p> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p> +<h3>YOUR COUNTRY AND YOUR FLAG</h3> + +<h4>EDWARD EVERETT HALE</h4> + +<p>"If you are ever tempted to say a word or to do +a thing that shall put a bar between you and your +country, pray God in His mercy to take you that +instant home to His own heaven. Stick by your family, +boy; forget you have a self, while you do everything +for them. Think of your home, boy; write and +send, and talk about it. Let it be nearer and nearer +to your thoughts, the farther you have to travel from +it; and rush back to it when you are free. And for +your country, boy,"—and the words rattled in his +throat,—"and for that flag,"—and he pointed to +the ship,—"never dream a dream but of serving her +as she bids you, though the service carry you through +a thousand hells. No matter what happens to you, +no matter who flatters you or who abuses you, never +look to another flag, never let a night pass but you +pray God to bless that flag. Remember, boy, that +behind all these men you have to do with, behind +officers, and government, and people even, there is +the Country Herself, your Country, and that you +belong to Her as you belong to your own mother. +Stand by Her, boy, as you would stand by your +mother."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> +<h3>THE HOME FLAG</h3> + +<h4>HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW</h4> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>And at the masthead,</p> +<p>White, blue, and red,</p> +<p>A flag unrolls the stripes and stars.</p> +<p>Ah! when the wanderer, lonely, friendless,</p> +<p>In foreign harbors shall behold</p> +<p>That flag unrolled,</p> +<p>'T will be as a friendly hand</p> +<p>Stretched out from his native land,</p> +<p>Filling his heart with memories sweet and endless!</p> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> +<h3>OLD FLAG</h3> + +<h4>HUBBARD PARKER</h4> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>What shall I say to you, Old Flag?</p> +<p>You are so grand in every fold,</p> +<p>So linked with mighty deeds of old,</p> +<p>So steeped in blood where heroes fell,</p> +<p>So torn and pierced by shot and shell,</p> +<p>So calm, so still, so firm, so true,</p> +<p>My throat swells at the sight of you, Old Flag.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>What of the men who lifted you, Old Flag,</p> +<p>Upon the top of Bunker's Hill,</p> +<p>Who crushed the Briton's cruel will,</p> +<p>'Mid shock and roar and crash and scream,</p> +<p>Who crossed the Delaware's frozen stream,</p> +<p>Who starved, who fought, who bled, who died,</p> +<p>That you might float in glorious pride, Old Flag?</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Who of the women brave and true, Old Flag,</p> +<p>Who, while the cannon thundered wild,</p> +<p>Sent forth a husband, lover, child.</p> +<p>Who labored in the field by day,</p> +<p>Who, all the night long, knelt to pray,</p> +<p>And thought that God great mercy gave,</p> +<p>If only freely you might wave, Old Flag?</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>What is your mission now, Old Flag?</p> +<p>What but to set all people free,</p> +<p>To rid the world of misery,</p> +<p>To guard the right, avenge the wrong,</p> +<p>And gather in one joyful throng</p> +<p>Beneath your folds in close embrace</p> +<p>All burdened ones of every race, Old Flag?</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Right nobly do you lead the way, Old Flag,</p> +<p>Your stars shine out for liberty.</p> +<p>Your white stripes stand for purity,</p> +<p>Your crimson claims that courage high</p> +<p>For Honor's sake to fight and die.</p> +<p>Lead on against the alien shore!</p> +<p>We'll follow you e'en to Death's door, Old Flag!</p> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> +<h3>BRITANNIA TO COLUMBIA</h3> + +<h4>ALFRED AUSTIN</h4> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>What is the voice I hear</p> +<p class="i4">On the winds of the western sea?</p> +<p>Sentinel, listen from out Cape Clear</p> +<p class="i4">And say what the voice may be.</p> +<p class="i4">'Tis a proud free people calling loud to a people proud and free.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>And it says to them: "Kinsmen, hail;</p> +<p class="i4">We severed have been too long.</p> +<p>Now let us have done with a worn-out tale—</p> +<p class="i4">The tale of an ancient wrong—</p> +<p class="i4">And our friendship last long as love doth last and be stronger than death is strong."</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Answer them, sons of the self-same race,</p> +<p class="i4">And blood of the self-same clan;</p> +<p>Let us speak with each other face to face</p> +<p class="i4">And answer as man to man,</p> +<p class="i4">And loyally love and trust each other as none but free men can.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Now fling them out to the breeze,</p> +<p class="i4">Shamrock, Thistle, and Rose,</p> +<p>And the Star-Spangled Banner unfurl with these—</p> +<p class="i4">A message of friends and foes</p> +<p class="i4"><a name="wherever" id="wherever"></a>Wherever the sails of peace are seen and wherever the war wind blows—</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>A message to bond and thrall to wake,</p> +<p class="i4">For wherever we come, we twain,</p> +<p>The throne of the tyrant shall rock and quake,</p> +<p class="i4">And his menace be void and vain,</p> +<p class="i4">For you are lords of a strong young land and we are lords of the main.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Yes, this is the voice on the bluff March gale;</p> +<p class="i4">We severed have been too long,</p> +<p>But now we are done with a worn-out tale—</p> +<p class="i4">The tale of an ancient wrong—</p> +<p class="i4">And our friendship shall last long as love doth last and be stronger than death is strong.</p> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> +<h3>MAKERS OF THE FLAG</h3> + +<h4>FRANKLIN K. LANE</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>[A portion of an address delivered by the Secretary of the +Interior to the employees of the Department of the Interior, +on Flag Day, 1914.]</p></div> + +<p>This morning as I passed into the Land Office, +The Flag dropped me a most cordial salutation, and +from its rippling folds I heard it say: "Good-morning +Mr. Flag Maker."</p> + +<p>"I beg your pardon, Old Glory," I said, "aren't +you mistaken? I am not the President of the United +States, nor a member of Congress, nor even a general +in the army. I am only a Government clerk."</p> + +<p>"I greet you again, Mr. Flag Maker," replied the +gay voice; "I know you well. You are the man who +worked in the swelter of yesterday straightening out +the tangle of that farmer's homestead in Idaho, or +perhaps you found the mistake in that Indian contract +in Oklahoma, or helped to clear that patent for the +hopeful inventor in New York, or pushed the opening +of that new ditch in Colorado, or made that mine +in Illinois more safe, or brought relief to the old soldier +in Wyoming. No matter; whichever one of these +beneficient individuals you may happen to be, I give +you greeting, Mr. Flag Maker."</p> + +<p>I was about to pass on, when The Flag stopped me +with these words:—</p> + +<p>"Yesterday the President spoke a word that made +happier the future of ten million peons in Mexico; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +that act looms no larger on the flag than the struggle +which the boy in Georgia is making to win the Corn +Club prize this summer.</p> + +<p>"Yesterday the Congress spoke a word which will +open the door of Alaska; but a mother in Michigan +worked from sunrise until far into the night, to give +her boy an education. She, too, is making the flag.</p> + +<p>"Yesterday we made a new law to prevent financial +panics, and yesterday, maybe, a school teacher in +Ohio taught his first letters to a boy who will one day +write a song that will give cheer to the millions of our +race. We are all making the flag."</p> + +<p>"But," I said impatiently, "these people were only +working!"</p> + +<p>Then came a great shout from The Flag:—</p> + +<p>"The work that we do is the making of the flag.</p> + +<p>"I am not the flag; not at all. I am nothing more +than its shadow.</p> + +<p>"I am whatever you make me, nothing more.</p> + +<p>"I am your belief in yourself, your dream of what +a People may become.</p> + +<p>"I live a changing life, a life of moods and passions, +of heart breaks and tired muscles.</p> + +<p>"Sometimes I am strong with pride, when workmen +do an honest piece of work, fitting the rails together +truly.</p> + +<p>"Sometimes I droop, for then purpose has gone +from me, and cynically I play the coward.</p> + +<p>"Sometimes I am loud, garish, and full of that ego +that blasts judgment.</p> + +<p>"But always, I am all that you hope to be, and +have the courage to try for.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I am song and fear, struggle and panic, and ennobling +hope.</p> + +<p>"I am the day's work of the weakest man, and the +largest dream of the most daring.</p> + +<p>"I am the Constitution and the courts, statutes and +the statute makers, soldier and dreadnaught, drayman +and street sweep, cook, counselor, and clerk.</p> + +<p>"I am the battle of yesterday, and the mistake of +to-morrow.</p> + +<p>"I am the mystery of the men who do without +knowing why.</p> + +<p>"I am the clutch of an idea, and the reasoned purpose +of resolution.</p> + +<p>"I am no more than what you believe me to be, +and I am all that you believe I can be.</p> + +<p>"I am what you make me, nothing more.</p> + +<p>"I swing before your eyes as a bright gleam of color, +a symbol of yourself, the pictured suggestion of that +big thing which makes this nation. My stars and my +stripes are your dream and your labors. They are +bright with cheer, brilliant with courage, firm with +faith, because you have made them so out of your +hearts. For you are the makers of the flag and it is +well that you glory in the making."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> +<h3>OUR FLAG</h3> + +<h4>MARGARET SANGSTER</h4> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>Flag of the fearless-hearted,</p> +<p class="i2">Flag of the broken chain,</p> +<p>Flag in a day-dawn started,</p> +<p class="i2">Never to pale or wane.</p> +<p>Dearly we prize its colors,</p> +<p class="i2">With the heaven light breaking through,</p> +<p>The clustered stars and the steadfast bars,</p> +<p class="i2">The red, the white, and the blue.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Flag of the sturdy fathers,</p> +<p class="i2">Flag of the royal sons,</p> +<p>Beneath its folds it gathers</p> +<p class="i2">Earth's best and noblest ones.</p> +<p>Boldly we wave its colors,</p> +<p class="i2">Our veins are thrilled anew</p> +<p>By the steadfast bars, the clustered stars,</p> +<p class="i2">The red, the white, and the blue.</p> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> +<h3>OUR HISTORY AND OUR FLAG<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h3> + +<h4>WILLIAM BACKUS GUITTEAU</h4> + +<p>Love of country is a sentiment common to all peoples +and ages; but no land has ever been dearer to its +people than our own America. No nation has a history +more inspiring, no country has institutions more +deserving of patriotic love. Turning the pages of our +nation's history, the young citizen sees Columbus, +serene in the faith of his dream; the Mayflower, bearing +the lofty soul of the Puritan; Washington girding +on his holy sword; Lincoln, striking the shackles from +the helpless slave; the constitution, organizing the +farthest west with north and south and east into one +great Republic; the tremendous energy of free life +trained in free schools, utilizing our immense natural +resources, increasing the nation's wealth with the +aid of advancing science, multiplying fertile fields +and noble workshops, and busy schools and happy +homes.</p> + +<p>This is the history for which our flag stands; and +when the young citizen salutes the flag, he should +think of the great ideals which it represents. The +flag stands for democracy, for liberty under the law; +it stands for heroic courage and self-reliance, for +equality of opportunity, for self-sacrifice and the +cause of humanity; it stands for free public education,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +and for peace among all nations. When you salute +the flag, you should resolve that your own life will be +dedicated to these ideals. You should remember that +he is the truest American patriot who understands +the meaning of our nation's ideals, and who pledges +his own life to their realization.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> From <i>Preparing for Citizenship</i>. +Houghton Mifflin Company, 1913, 1915.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> +<h3>THE AMERICAN FLAG</h3> + +<h4>JOSEPH RODMAN DRAKE</h4> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>Flag of the free heart's hope and home!</p> +<p class="i2">By angel hands to valor given;</p> +<p>Thy stars have lit the welkin dome,</p> +<p class="i2">And all thy hues were born in heaven.</p> +<p>Forever float that standard sheet!</p> +<p class="i2">Where breathes the foe but falls before us,</p> +<p>With Freedom's soil beneath our feet,</p> +<p class="i2">And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us?</p> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> +<h3>THE FLAG OF OUR COUNTRY</h3> + +<h4>ROBERT C. WINTHROP</h4> + +<p>There is the national flag. He must be cold indeed +who can look upon its folds, rippling in the breeze, +without pride of country. If he be in a foreign land, +the flag is companionship and country itself, with all +its endearments. Its highest beauty is in what it +symbolizes. It is because it represents all, that all +gaze at it with delight and reverence.</p> + +<p>It is a piece of bunting lifted in the air; but it +speaks sublimely, and every part has a voice. Its +stripes of alternate red and white proclaim the original +union of thirteen States to maintain the Declaration +of Independence. Its stars of white on a field +of blue proclaim that union of States constituting our +national constellation, which receives a new star with +every new State. The two together signify union past +and present.</p> + +<p>The very colors have a language which was officially +recognized by our fathers. White is for purity, +red for valor, blue for justice; and altogether, bunting, +stripes, stars, and colors blazing in the sky, make +the flag of our country to be cherished by all our +hearts, to be upheld by all our hands.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> +<h3>AMERICA</h3> + +<h4>SAMUEL FRANCIS SMITH</h4> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>My country, 'tis of thee,</p> +<p>Sweet land of liberty,</p> +<p class="i4">Of thee I sing;</p> +<p>Land where my fathers died,</p> +<p>Land of the pilgrims' pride,</p> +<p>From every mountain-side</p> +<p class="i4">Let freedom ring.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>My native country, thee,</p> +<p>Land of the noble free,—</p> +<p class="i4">Thy name I love;</p> +<p>I love thy rocks and rills,</p> +<p>Thy woods and templed hills;</p> +<p>My heart with rapture thrills</p> +<p class="i4">Like that above.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Let music swell the breeze,</p> +<p>And ring from all the trees</p> +<p class="i4">Sweet Freedom's song;</p> +<p>Let mortal tongues awake,</p> +<p>Let all that breathe partake,</p> +<p>Let rocks their silence break,—</p> +<p class="i4">The sound prolong.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>Our fathers' God, to Thee,</p> +<p>Author of liberty,</p> +<p class="i4">To Thee we sing;</p> +<p>Long may our land be bright</p> +<p>With freedom's holy light;</p> +<p>Protect us by thy might,</p> +<p class="i4">Great God our King.</p> +</div></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + +<ul> + <li>Albany, reached by the Dutch, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + <li>"Albany Plan," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + <li>Alexandria, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + <li>Alfred, the, the first American man-of-war, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + <li>Algiers, the Dey of, yields to America, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + <li>America, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, + <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; + <ul> + <li>overpowers the Dey of Algiers, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>"Ancient flag," the, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> + <li>Anderson, General, carries the flag from Fort Sumter, raises it again in 1865, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_73">73</a>; + <ul> + <li>burial of, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Andrea, Dona, saluted at one of the West Indian Islands, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + <li>Arch Street, home of Betsy Ross, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + <li>Arizona, admitted to the Union, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; + <ul> + <li>men from, at Santiago, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Asia, sought by Henry Hudson, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + <li>Atlantic Ocean, crossed by Henry Hudson, <a href="#Page_1">1.</a></li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Bainbridge, Captain, carries Algerian ambassador to Constantinople, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + <li>Baltimore, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + <li>Bedford, the flag of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + <li>Beecher, Henry Ward, speech of, at Fort Sumter, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + <li>Bethlehem, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + <li>Bon Homme Richard, sinking of the, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + <li>Boston, arrival of stamps at, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + <ul> + <li>flag seen in, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Boston Harbor, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; + <ul> + <li>tea dropped into, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Brest Roads, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + <li>Britain, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li>British, besiege Fort Stanwix, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + <li>Broadway, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + <li>Brooklyn Navy Yard, flags for the navy made in the, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + <li>Bunker Hill, flags at battle of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, + <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + <li>Bunting, not made in America until 1866, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Cambridge, Indian volunteers come to, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>; <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + <li>Carleton, Sir Guy, delayed in New York, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + <li>Castle Island, ship made to strike her colors at, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + <li>Chapultepec, taken by Americans, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + <li>Charles II, and the New England coinage, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + <li>Charleston, the flag of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>; + <ul> + <li>stamped paper in, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li>liberty flag in, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> + <li>flag of, after Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> + <li>Liberty Tree of, <a name="of" id="of"></a><a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>cut down by Sir Henry Clinton, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>China, the American flag in, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + <li>Christina, becomes queen of Sweden, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + <li>Civil War, the beginning of the, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + <li>Clinton, Sir Henry, cuts down the Liberty Tree in Charleston, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + <li>Columbus, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + <li>Concord, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + <li>Congress, <a name="Congress" id="Congress"></a><a href="#Page_19">19</a>; + <ul> + <li>sends a committee to Cambridge, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> + <li>orders building of cruisers, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>orders a flag, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>celebrates the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li>decrees the star-spangled banner, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + <li><i>See also</i> Continental Congress.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Connecticut, regimental colors of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; + <ul> + <li>motto of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Constantinople, Algerian ambassador carried to, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + <li>Constitution, frigate, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + <li>Continental Congress, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; + <ul> + <li>weakness of the statement issued by the, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> + <li>Washington a member of the, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>declares the colonies to be independent and decrees a flag, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Cook, Captain, to be aided by all American cruisers, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + <li>Copley, paints in the flag, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + <li>Cotton, Dr. John, advises concerning the King's Flag, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>; + <ul> + <li>Indian chief resembles, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Cuba, given up to the Cubans, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + <li>Culpeper Minute Men, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Daiquiri, landing place of the Rough Riders, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + <li>Declaration of Independence, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>; + <ul> + <li>flag made before the, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li>first anniversary celebrated on the Delaware River, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Delaware River, Swedes settle on the, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>; + <ul> + <li>pine tree flag on the, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>stars and stripes on the, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li>celebration on the, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Digby, Admiral, licenses a Nantucket skipper to go to London, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + <li>Dix, General, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + <li>Driver, Captain William, originates the name "Old Glory," <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + <li>Dutch, establish trading posts on the Hudson River, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>; + <ul> + <li>overpowered by the English, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li>opposed by New Englanders, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> + <li>government of, inquires concerning the American flag, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>Dutch East India Company, Hudson sails in the employ of the, + <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Elliot, Major, wife of, presents silken colors, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + <li>Endicott, John, cuts the cross from the English flag, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>; <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + <li>England, flag of, brought to Jamestown, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>-<a href="#Page_3">3</a>; <a href="#Page_6">6</a>; + <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; + <ul> + <li>flag of, pulled down in New York, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>; <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> + <li>honors the Stars and Stripes, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>English East India Company, flag of the, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li>Essex (county), <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + <li>Essex Institute, "Old Glory" sent to the, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>"Father of his Country," <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + <li>Fifteen stripes and fifteen stars, the flag of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + <li>Fillmore, President, sends letter to Japan, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> + <li>First Regiment of the United States Volunteer Cavalry, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>See</i> Rough Riders.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Flag anniversaries, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + <li>"Flag Day," <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + <li>Flag etiquette, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + <li>"Flower flag," the, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + <li>Flamborough Head, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + <li>Fort George, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + <li>Fort McHenry, attacked by the British, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + <li>Fort Moultrie, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + <li>Fort Schuyler. + <ul> + <li><i>See</i> Fort Stanwix.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Fort Stanwix, flag made at, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + <li>Fort Sumter, firing upon, begins the Civil War, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>; + <ul> + <li>flag raised upon, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Fourth of July, Declaration of Independence on the, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>; + <ul> + <li>first anniversary of the, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li>new stars to be added to the flag on the, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> + <li>honored in Sweden, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>France, war with, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>; + <ul> + <li>sells the Louisiana Territory to the United States, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Franklin, Benjamin, proposes the "Albany Plan," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a>; <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, + <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>; + <ul> + <li>sent to Cambridge by Congress, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>; <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li> + <li>issues letters of marque, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Frederick, burial place of Francis Scott Key, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + <li>French, opposed by the New Englanders, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + <ul> + <li>meet the New Englanders at Louisburg, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Gadsden, Christopher, speaks of possible independence, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + <li>Gage, General, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + <li>Gansevoort, Colonel Peter, commands Fort Stanwix, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + <li>George III, proclamation of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + <li>"God Save the King," sung in St. Paul's Cathedral, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + <li>Grand Army of the Republic, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + <li>Grand Council, part of the "Albany Plan," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + <li>"Grand Union Flag," made in Cambridge, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; + <ul> + <li>designer not known, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; <a name="known" id="known"></a><a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Great Britain, second war with, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + <li>Gustavus Adolphus, plans a settlement in America, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>; <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Hall, Lieutenant, rescues the flag at Fort Sumter, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + <li>Hancock, John, presents a flag to General Putnam, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + <li>Harrison, Benjamin, sent to Cambridge by Congress, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + <li>Hart, Sergeant Peter, fastens the flag up on the ramparts at Fort Sumter, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>; + <ul> + <li>presents it to be raised, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Harvard College, used by troops, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + <li>Havana, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + <li>Hawthorne, tells the story of Endicott and the flag, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>; + <ul> + <li>of "The Pine-Tree Shillings," <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Hemisphere, on a flag, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + <li>Henry, Patrick, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + <li>Hessians, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + <li>Holland, Hudson's vessel sailed from, the flag of, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + <li>Holmes, "Old Ironsides," poem of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + <li>House of Representatives, hoists the Star-Spangled Banner, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + <li>Hudson, carries the Dutch flag into the Hudson River, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Indian, enters embrasure at Louisburg, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> + <li>Indiana, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + <li>Indians, Hudson welcomed by the, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; + <ul> + <li>method of warfare, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li>given flags, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li>volunteer at Cambridge, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> + <li>fought by Washington, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>besiege Fort Schuyler, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>raise the American flag, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Island of Knights, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>James I, changes the flag of England, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> + <li>James II, sends a flag to New England, leaves England, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + <li>Jamestown, founded, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + <li>Japan, opened by Perry, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>; + <ul> + <li>embassy from visits the United States, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>the friend of the United States, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Jasper, William, rescues the flag at Fort Moultrie, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + <li>Jersey City, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + <li>Jones, John Paul, hoists a flag on the Alfred, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_37">37</a>; + <ul> + <li>forbidden to burn defenseless towns, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>put in command of the Ranger, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>receives a flag in Portsmouth and a salute in France, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>in command of the Bon Homme Richard, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Journal, of Congress, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Kansas, first raising of the United States flag in, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + <li>Kentucky, admitted as a State, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + <li>Kettle Hill, battle of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>Key, Francis Scott, writes the "Star-Spangled Banner," + <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + <li>King Philip's War, flag used in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + <li>"King's Flag," <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; + <ul> + <li>displayed at Castle Island, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Lafayette visited by Pulaski, welcomed to Baltimore, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + <li>Las Guasimas, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + <li>"Last battle of the Revolution," <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + <li>Lexington, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; + <ul> + <li>battle of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Liberty, the demand for, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + <li>"Liberty Elm," Massachusetts history associated with the, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + <li>"Liberty Hall," <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> + <li>Liberty Pole, cut down in New York, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + <li>"Liberty Tree," in Boston, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; + <ul> + <li>of South Carolina, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>Paine's poem on the, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Lincoln, President, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + <li>"Lion of the North," <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + <li>London, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; + <ul> + <li>honors the Stars and Stripes, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Longfellow, poem of, "Hymn of the Moravian Nuns of Bethlehem," <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + <li>Louisburg, the New Englanders at, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> + <li>Louisiana, admitted to the Union, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + <li>Louisiana Territory, purchased by the United States, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + <li>Lowell, quotation from, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + <li>Lowell (city), bunting made in, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + <li>Lynch, Thomas, sent to Cambridge by Congress, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Maryland, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + <li>Massachusetts, troubles concerning the cross in the flag, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>; + <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>; + <ul> + <li>flag of the "Three County Troop" in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> + <li>use of "pine tree" in, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li>flag of, after Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> + <li>motto of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>decrees the use of the pine-tree flag, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; + <a href="#Page_68">68</a>; <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Mediterranean Sea, freed from Pirates, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + <li>Memorial Day, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + <li>Mexico, war with, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + <li>Mexico, the City of, captured by Americans, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + <li>Middlesex (county), <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + <li>Monroe, President, signs a bill decreeing the use of the Star-Spangled Banner, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + <li>Moravian Sisters, make banner for Pulaski, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + <li>Morris, Robert, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + <li>Mottoes on flags, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, + <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + <li>Moultrie, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + <li>Moultrie, Colonel, defends Fort Moultrie, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Nantucket, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + <li>Nashville, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + <li>National Museum, "Star-Spangled Banner" of Francis Scott Key in, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + <li>Netherlands, flag of the, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li>New Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + <li>Newbury, flag of the militia in, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + <li>Newburyport, patrol, of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + <li>New England, alliance of the folk of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_10">10</a>; <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + <li>New Englanders, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + <ul> + <li>set off to capture Louisburg, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>"New England Flag," the, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + <li>New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> + <li>New Haven, peace rejoicing in, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + <li>New Mexico, admitted to the Union, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + <li>New World, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + <li>New York, founded by the Dutch, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>; + <ul> + <li>flag of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li>arrival of stamps at, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> + <li>liberty pole in, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> + <li>hoists flag with beaver device, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>State of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Guy Carleton delayed in, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; <a href="#Page_64">64</a>; <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><i>New York Sun</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + <li>North Pole, discovered by Admiral Peary, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Ohio, admitted to the Union, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + <li>"Old Glory," origin of the name and story of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>; + <ul> + <li>in three wars, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>"Old Ironsides," frigate, poem by Holmes, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + <li>"Old Thirteen," <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + <li>Oliver, hanged in effigy in Boston, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> + <li>Oscar, king of Sweden, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Page family, as color bearers, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + <li>Paine, Thomas, poem of on the "Liberty Tree," <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + <li>Pearson, Captain, yields to John Paul <a name="Jones" id="Jones"></a> Jones, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + <li>Peary, Admiral Robert E., carries the flag to the North Pole, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + <li>Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + <li><i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + <li><i>Pennsylvania Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + <li>Perry, Commodore M. C., carries the letter of President Fillmore to Japan, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + <li>Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + <li>Philadelphia Light Horse Troop, escorts Washington to New York, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; + <ul> + <li>flag of the, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Phœnix, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + <li>Pike, Lieut. Z. M., and the Indians, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + <li>Pilgrims, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li>Pine tree, on flag, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; + <ul> + <li>used on the Delaware River, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>"Pine-Tree Shillings, The," Hawthorne's story of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + <li>Pope's Creek, birthplace of Washington, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + <li>Portsmouth, banner in, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>; + <ul> + <li>the "quilting party" flag, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Poughkeepsie, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + <li>Prospect Hill, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>; + <ul> + <li>flag raised on, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Pulaski, Count, the banner of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + <li>Puritans, troubled by the cross in the flag, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>Putnam, Major-General Israel, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>; + <ul> + <li>flag presented to, by John Hancock, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Quaker City, the, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Ranger, command of, given to Jones, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + <ul> + <li>the flag of, and its salute, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Rattlesnake, on flag of Charleston, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; + <ul> + <li>a favorite emblem, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a>; <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>on flag of the Alfred, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Reid, Captain, S. C., designs the flag with stars arranged in one star, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + <li>Revere, Paul, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + <li>Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + <li>Rhode Island, hoists a flag with the anchor device, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + <li>Roman Catholic Church, the cross regarded as the badge of the, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> + <li>Rome, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + <li>Ross, Betsy, makes the first flag with stars and stripes, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + <li>Ross, Mrs. Elizabeth Griscom, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>See</i> Betsy Ross.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Ross, Colonel, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + <li>"Rough Riders," <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>St. Andrew, the cross of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + <li>St. George's Cross, united with the cross of St. Andrew, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; + <ul> + <li>cut out of the flag by Endicott, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> + <li>in the flag sent by James II to New England, in the pine-tree flag, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; + <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; <a href="#Page_32">32</a>; <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>St. Paul, Cathedral of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + <li>Salem, cross cut from the flag in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + <li>San Juan Hill, the battle of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + <li>Santiago, attacked by the Rough Riders, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + <li>Savannah, flag hoisted at, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + <li>Scotland, the flag of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + <li>Serapis, taken by Jones, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + <li>Six Nations, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + <li>Somerville, flag raised in, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li>Sons of Liberty, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>; + <ul> + <li>put up a liberty pole, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> + <li>meetings of the, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>South Carolina, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>; + <ul> + <li>treatment of stamped paper in, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>; <a href="#Page_30">30</a>; <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Spain, owner of the Louisiana Territory, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; + <ul> + <li>war with, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Spaniards, repulsed at Las Guasimas, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + <li>Spanish-American War, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + <li>Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>; + <ul> + <li>repeal of the, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Stars and Stripes, first salute to, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; + <ul> + <li>replace the English flag in New York, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li>at Fort McHenry, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> + <li>fired upon at Fort Sumter, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> + <li>raised again at Fort Sumter, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>in Japan, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>in China, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> + <li>in Sweden, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> + <li>honored in England, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li>behavior towards the, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>"Star-Spangled Banner, The," written by Francis Scott Key, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>; + <ul> + <li>played at Fort Sumter, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>sung in St. Paul's Cathedral, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Stiles, President, describes the New Haven rejoicing for peace, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + <li>Stockholm, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + <li>Suffolk (county), <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + <li>Swartwout, Captain Abram, cloak of, used for flag at Fort Stanwix, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + <li>Sweden, American flag raised in, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + <li>Swedes, settle on the Delaware River, are overpowered by the Dutch, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>; + <ul> + <li>opposed by the New Englanders, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Tennessee, admitted to the Union, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>; <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + <li>Thames, the royal seal tossed into the, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + <li>"Thirteen," <a name="thirteen" id="thirteen"></a><a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + <li>Thirteen stripes, first used, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + <li>Thomas, William W., raises American flag in Sweden, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + <li>Trenton, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + <li>Tripoli, war with, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + <li>Trumbull, battle of Bunker Hill painted by, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>"Union Flag," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; + <ul> + <li>made at Cambridge, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>worn by the Alfred, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Union Jack, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; + <ul> + <li>given to the Indians, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>United Colonies, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li>"Unite or die," motto of the "Albany Plan," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + <li>United States, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; + <ul> + <li>left by British troops, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> + <li>buys the Louisiana Territory, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>-<a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li>flag of, decided upon, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> + <li>flag manufactured in, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>opens intercourse with Japan, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> + <li>flag of, hauled down in Cuba, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a>; <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, + <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Vermont, admitted as a State, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + <li>"Victory Tower," Star-Spangled Banner floats from, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + <li>Virginia, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Washington, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; + <ul> + <li>goes to Boston, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a>; <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> + <li>coat-of-arms of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li>visits Betsy Ross, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>significance of the flag expressed by, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>monument reared to in Baltimore, birthplace of marked, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>; <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>Watson, Elkanah, flag painted in portrait of, by Copley, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + <li>Wendover, Peter H., induces Congress to decree the Star-Spangled Banner, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + <li>Westminster Palace, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + <li>Westmoreland County, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + <li>West Point, burial place of General Anderson, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + <li>Wood, General Leonard, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; + <ul> + <li>delivers Cuba to the Cubans, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="pad"> </li> + + <li>Yale, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="tn"> +<h4>Transcriber's Note:</h4> +<ul class="corrections"> +<li>Click on illustration to view the full-size version.</li> +<li>Footnote moved to end of article on <a href="#Page_114">Pg 114</a>.</li> +<li>Moved frontispiece illustrations to <a href="#Page_1">Pg 1</a>.</li> +<li>Otherwise, archaic and inconsistent spelling and hyphenation retained.</li> +<li><a href="#processsion">Pg 16</a> Corrected spelling of word "processsion" to "procession" located in the phrase "and marched +in a long procession".</li> +<li><a href="#whereever">Pg 43</a> "whereever" and <a href="#wherever">Pg 107</a> "wherever" retained as printed.</li> +<li><a href="#February">Pg 90</a> Replaced semi-colon with a colon after "1783" located in "February 3, 1783".</li> +<li><a href="#September">Pg 92</a> Removed extraneous comma after "1787" located in "September 30, 1787,—August 10, 1790"</li> +<li><a href="#of">Pg 119</a> Replaced comma with a semi-colon after "30" located in the phrase "Liberty Tree of, 30".</li> +<li><a href="#Congress">Pg 119</a> Replaced comma with a semi-colon after "19" located in the phrase "Congress, 19".</li> +<li><a href="#known">Pg 120</a> Added period after "39" located in "designer not known, 34; 39".</li> +<li><a href="#Jones">Pg 121</a> Replaced period with a comma after "Jones" located in phrase "Pearson, Captain, yields +to John Paul Jones".</li> +<li><a href="#thirteen">Pg 122</a> Replaced period with a comma after "51" located in phrase ""Thirteen," 51".</li> +</ul> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Little Book of the Flag, by Eva March Tappan + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LITTLE BOOK OF THE FLAG *** + +***** This file should be named 30893-h.htm or 30893-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/8/9/30893/ + +Produced by Larry B. 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