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diff --git a/30887.txt b/30887.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..26fcc19 --- /dev/null +++ b/30887.txt @@ -0,0 +1,817 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, George Borrow, by Thomas Seccombe, Edited by +James Thursfield + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: George Borrow + Times Literary Supplement, 10th July 1903 + + +Author: Thomas Seccombe + +Editor: James Thursfield + +Release Date: January 7, 2010 [eBook #30887] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEORGE BORROW*** + + +Transcribed from the July 10th, 1903, Times Literary Supplement by David +Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org + + + + + + GEORGE BORROW. {213a} + + +It is a singular coincidence, perhaps, that during one and the same +summer we should be celebrating centenaries of Samuel Pepys and George +Borrow. Pepys died in the early summer of 1703; Borrow was born in July, +1803. Unlike each other in almost every respect, they are _dui palor_, +{213b} as Borrow would say, in one very material point. The reputation +of each of them has risen to such a point that, except for injudicious +and exaggerated praise, it can have little to fear in the future; and in +each case this reputation is based primarily upon autobiography. Among +the world's autobiographers the author of "Lavengro" is entitled, we feel +sure, to rank with St. Augustine, Cellini, Pepys, Rousseau, Franklin; +and, for truthfulness, it is very probable, if we could only estimate it +properly, that he would have to be put at the top of the class. His +nearest competitor in this respect would undoubtedly be Pepys, and the +veracity in both cases not the result of a double share of innate +truthfulness, but very largely an accident, due to lack of invention and +an absence of that powerful literary style which in the case of a Leigh +Hunt or a Stevenson distorts everything that passes through it. In Pepys +the malignity of the literary fairy is more than compensated by the +worthy secretary's insatiable appetite for life; in Borrow by the +_wanderlust_ or extraordinary passion and faculty for adventure, which +makes his best books such an ambrosial hash of sorcery, Jews, Gentiles, +gipsies, prisons, half-in-halves, _cosas de Espana_--what you will. + +George Henry Borrow, to give him for once his full baptismal name, was +born at East Dereham, "a beautiful little town in the western division of +Norfolk," on July 5, 1803. His father, who came of an old Cornish +family, was in his forty-fifth year when Borrow was born, having married +ten years previously Anne Perfrement, of a family which had migrated from +Dauphine in the days of Dutch William. The father was captain in a +marching regiment, the West Norfolk Militia. Like Sterne's therefore, +Borrow's early life was nomadic, and his school-life was broken between +Edinburgh, Clonmel, and Norwich. But his real mentors were found in this +last city, where he came in contact with a French _emigre_ named +d'Eterville. Here, too, he fell under the influence of "godless Billy" +Taylor, and dreamt of writing plays and poems and abusing religion. +Here, too, while he ought to have been studying law, he was claiming +acquaintance with gipsies, bruisers, and shady characters, such as the +notorious Thurtell. A more dangerous influence to Borrow than any, +perhaps, was that of Sir John Bowring, a plausible polyglot, who +deliberately used his facility in acquiring and translating tongues as a +ladder to an administrative post abroad. Borrow, as was perhaps natural, +put a wrong construction upon his sympathy, and his apparently +disinterested ambition to leave no poetic fragment in Russian, Swedish, +Polish, Servian, Bohemian, or Hungarian unrendered into English. He +determined to emulate a purpose so lofty in its detachment, and the +mistake cost him dear, for it led him for long years into a veritable +_cul de sac_ of literature; it led also to the accentuation of that +pseudo-philological mania which played such havoc with the ordinary +development of rational ideas in a man in many respects so sane as +Borrow. + +An entirely erroneous belief in the marketable value of Danish ballads, +Welsh triads, Russian folk-songs, and the like in rococo English +translations after the Bowring pattern led Borrow to exchange an +attorney's office for a garret in Grub-street. His immediate ambition +was something between Goldsmith's and Chatterton's ballads, Homeric odes, +epics, plays; he was, at all hazards, to write something grand--"to be +stared at, lifted on peoples' shoulders." He found his Griffiths in Sir +Richard Phillips, the radical alderman and philanthropic sweater, under +whose tender mercies he rapidly developed a suicidal tendency, until in +May, 1825, a windfall of 20 pounds enabled him to break his chain and +escape to the highway and the dingle and the picturesque group of +moochers and gipsies enshrined for ever in the pages of "Lavengro." The +central portion of this marvellous composition is occupied by the Dingle +episode, in which Lavengro (the "word-master," Borrow's gipsy name for +himself) is revealed to us in conflict with "the flaming Tinman" and in +colloquy with his Romany friend, Jasper Petulengro, with a subtle +papistical propagandist, "the man in black," with the typical gipsy chi, +Ursula, and with the peerless Isopel Berners. His account of his +relations with her we take to be strictly and almost literally accurate. +He was powerfully attracted by the magnanimity of spirit no less than by +the physical charm of this Brynhildic damsel, tall, straight, and blonde, +with loose-flowing flaxen hair, and with a carriage, especially of the +neck and shoulders, which reminded the postilion of a certain marchioness +of his acquaintance. But Borrow was of a cold temperament, a despiser +and mistruster of young women, whom he regarded primarily as invaluable +repositories of nursery lore, folk-song, tradition, and similar toys, +about which his male friends were apt to be reticent. The attraction was +so strong that he had serious thoughts of emigrating with "the beauteous +Queen of the Dingle," but he dallied with the idea with characteristic +waywardness until it was too late. He sought to postpone awkward +decisions, to divert himself and amuse Isopel by making his charmer learn +Armenian--the language which he happened at the time to be studying. +Isopel bore with it for some time, but the imposition of the verb "to +love" in Armenian convinced her that the word-master was not only insane, +but also inhuman. Love-making and Armenian do not go well together, and +Belle could not feel that the man who proposed to conjugate the verb "to +love" in Armenian was master of his intentions in plain English. It was +even so. The man of tongues lacked speech wherewith to make manifest his +passion; the vocabulary of the word-master was insufficient to convince +the workhouse girl of one of the plainest meanings a man can well have. +When the distracted Borrow had reached the decision that it was high time +to give over his "mocking and scoffing," and returned with this resolve +to the dingle, Isopel Berners had quitted it, never to return. She ran +away to the nearest sea-port, and took shipping to America. Lavengro +with some anguish steeled his heart against following her. The scene of +these transactions was a wooded glen or dingle a few miles from +Willenhall, in Staffordshire, where Lavengro and Isopel were encamped in +their respective tents, having as their neighbours the gipsy clan of +which Jasper was the chief. Upon the whole the Dingle chapters are +perhaps the most brilliant and the most enduring that Borrow ever +achieved. Their interest is greatly enhanced by the fact that they are +probably a naked transcript from actual fact, for Borrow was a poor hand +at invention. He rarely, if ever, invented a character. His surest +source of inspiration was the unadorned truth. + +After the experience of a summer in the open, Borrow, who was now +twenty-two, relapsed into the indifferent versification of Danish ballads +and Welsh bards, was severely fleeced in obscure journeyings in Southern +Europe, and so gained some experience for future use, vainly sought a +post, on the strength of his linguistic attainments, as an assistant in +the British Museum Library, and was reduced to writing reactionary +political leaders for a Norwich paper; he was, in fact, waiting, like Mr. +Micawber, for something to turn up, or, in his own graphic phrase, +"digging holes in the sand and filling them up again." + +His deliverance was effected in rather a singular manner. About 1833 he +became acquainted with the Skeppers of Oulton Hall, in that pleasant +stretch of country which borders on the river Waveney. By Mrs. Clarke +(afterwards Mrs. Borrow), the widowed sister of the owner of the Hall, he +was introduced to the Rev. Francis Cunningham, rector of Pakefield, a +fine type of the Evangelical clergyman of a past generation, who had +married the sister of Joseph John Gurney. It seemed to this good man +that Borrow's gift of tongues might well be employed in the service of +the Bible Society, of which the famous Norfolk Quaker was an influential +member. The hour of the former would-be martyr to infidelity had now +come; he was taken into the regular service of the society upon an +average salary of about 250 pounds, in addition to expenses, and was +employed as editor, translator, and colporteur of Bibles in strange +lands. The labours of the next eight years of his life were as fruitful +and honourable as those of the preceding eight had been desultory and +obscure. His first commission was to go to St. Petersburg and there edit +and superintend the setting up and printing of Lipoftsof's version of the +New Testament into Manchu. Borrow acquired the language and performed +his task with an almost incredible expedition. He also learned Russian, +and in the summer of 1835 proposed to the society that he should himself +distribute the work which he had seen through the press upon the confines +of the Far East. This scheme was scotched by the refusal of the Russian +Government to grant him the necessary authorization and passports. But +Borrow's energies were transferred to a project which scarcely, if at +all, less deserves the epithet Quixotic. It was to disseminate a +Castilian translation of the Vulgate (made by Father Scio at Valencia +between 1790 and 1793) in Spain and Portugal. To disperse Bibles in +Papua or in Park-lane were, it might be argued, an enterprise fully as +hopeful as to scatter them in Galicia or La Mancha; but this is neither +here nor there, and the stimulus that was lacking in other directions was +abundantly supplied to the society and their emissary by the fact that, +according to the _regla quinta_ of the old Index, all Spanish versions of +the Bible or of any part of it were absolutely forbidden, and that as a +necessary consequence the Bible was a book as unfamiliar in Spain as it +was held to be dangerous and revolutionary. Spain was to Borrow what the +Harley Ministry was to Swift. It seemed to develop in him an almost +superhuman activity and power; and, fond of cant as Borrow's employers +too often were, it is infinitely to their credit that they not only +tolerated but even applauded the unconventional epistles which he wrote +to them of his exploits during his three long journeys in Spain, which +with two brief intervals occupied him from November, 1835, down to April, +1840. These letters with the addition of a few chapters and a number of +insignificant changes made up "The Bible in Spain," which was published +by John Murray on December 10, 1812, when "El Gitano," as the +enthusiastic Ford dubbed the author, literally woke up to find himself +famous. His experience for a season was that of "the man Sterne"; he +dined with peers, Ambassadors, and Bishops, and, like Major Pendennis, +was particularly complacent with Bishops. We might here for a moment +compare his position to that of Johnson in 1763. He had gone down into +the arena and fought his wild beasts, and had come up triumphant, as +Johnson had done after the Dictionary. He still had difficulties to meet +and debts to face, for he had gradually become estranged from "the +sub-committee," and the Bible Society suddenly found that "no sphere +remained open in which his services could be utilized." Fortunately, he +had provided for his future, not by obtaining a pension, but by marrying, +in April, 1840, an old ally of his, Mary Clarke, a widow with a good +jointure (over 400 pounds a year), a skilful hand at dumplings and +treacle posset, and "an excellent woman of business." He was now fifteen +years older than when he had "lost" Isopel. The motives which prompted +this scorner of matrimony to marry a woman seven or eight years his +senior were similar, it may be surmised, to those which actuated Disraeli +on his marriage. The compact was based upon convenience and mutual +esteem, and there is no reason to doubt that it conduced not only to +Borrow's comfort and security, but also to his happiness. There were no +children. The "daughter" whose accomplishments Borrow celebrated in the +exordium to "Wild Wales" was his stepdaughter, Henrietta Clarke. He +seemed now in an enviable position, with a small but agreeable freehold +on the banks of Oulton Broad, able to indulge in "idleness and the pride +of literature" to his heart's content. If he had had a "club" or a +Boswell about him, he might still have been tolerably happy. But he was +not a clubbable man, Borrow! Nevertheless it was during the years that +followed that, like Johnson, he achieved his best title to fame, the +wondrous five volumes of autobiography so capriciously planned and so +strangely entitled "Lavengro--Romany Rye." The stimulus in his case was +largely, we believe, if not mainly, pecuniary. "Money is our best +friend" he wrote to his wife in 1844. He wanted a purse of his own to +travel and give dinners with, for the edge of episcopal hospitality was +already wearing off. He desired too, no doubt, to put a coping stone to +his fame. Already in January, 1843, he wrote to his publisher that he +had begun upon a Robinson Borrow, and Murray, Ford, and other friends +threw up their caps. The publisher may have well seen a veritable gold +mine in prospect. One has only to imagine the fervent curiosity which +the personal element in "The Bible in Spain," so suggestive of mystery +and romance, must have exalted in the reading public of 1843, to perceive +that any such anticipation was fully warranted by the facts of the case. +Here was a book which bore upon its title-page its passport to Sunday +reading as a good, serious, missionary work, but for which it was +manifest, as the surprised and delighted reader proceeded, that not +Bishop Heber or the good Schwartz, but Mendoza and Lesage had been taken +as models. May not people well have wondered (the good, pious English +folk, to whom "luck" was a scandal, as the Bible Society's secretary +wrote to Borrow) what manner of man this muleteer-missionary might be? +The incongruity was only heightened by familiarity with Borrow's +Pharaoh-like visage, abundant grey hair, and tall blonde Scandinavian +figure, which reminded those who came under his spell of those roving +Northmen of the days of simple medieval devotion, who were wont to +signalize their conversion from heathen darkness by a Mediterranean +venture, combining the characters of a piratical cruise and a pious +pilgrimage. But if publisher and client were justified in believing that +they had discovered an autobiographical El Dorado, they were, none the +less, to be sadly undeceived. + +To whatever cause the disappointment may be attributed, it was certainly +not due to any lack of pains on the part of Don Jorge. The labour which +he bestowed upon his Life was immense, quite disproportionate to his +previous efforts. "The Gypsies in Spain," for instance, was built up +upon already existing jottings, extracts, and notes, very loosely thrown +together; while "The Bible in Spain" itself was, in regard to its +composition, nothing more than an _olla podrida_ of journalized letters. +But he wrote "Lavengro," as it were, with his life's blood. It cost him +the same agony that parts of "David Copperfield" cost Dickens, while he +had none of Dickens's trained fluency or descriptive power. His lack of +ease in writing often gives a wrong impression of insincerity or +artificiality. Most of his apostrophes, even the most strained, are +expressions of genuine feeling, which he was simply incapable of +assimilating to the prevailing tone of the book, that of a _novela +picaresca_. His determination to be original and to tell the truth, to +avoid all padding and second-hand ideas, kept him on the rack; yet he +persevered, working hard at the Life with intervals of discouragement for +no less than six years. "Lavengro" eventually appeared, in three +volumes, in February, 1851, and was received not merely with coldness and +unconcern, but with hostile carping and even derision. The critics and +Borrow pronounced themselves mutually disillusioned. It was natural that +a man like Borrow should magnify and should misinterpret this unexpected +blow. + +The attitude of his critics was due to a very complex system of causes. +The English have always been the most self-complacent of peoples, and +1851 was perhaps the one year in the whole of our history when this +little weakness reached its climax. The Oxford Movement, with Newman and +Ward as its prophets, had been succeeded by the Manchester Movement, upon +which Cobden and Macaulay had long been busily engaged in shedding the +most brilliant rays of the prevailing Whig optimism; factories, railways, +penny postage, free trade, commercial expansion, universal peace and +plenty, industrial exhibitions, religious toleration, general +education--these were the watchwords of the day, and all these things +alike were repulsive in the highest degree to George Borrow. He was as +conservative as a gipsy or a tramp, while his hatred of novelty was +worthy of the race among whom _Vaya usted con Dios_, _y que no haya +Novedad_! is a common form of valediction. His hatred of aesthetic +culture, of sentimental toleration, and of the modern woman amounted to a +positive mania. Of the great writers of his own century he never spoke +unless it were to condemn, as in the case of Scott, Wordsworth, +Thackeray, and Keats, of whom he once asked, "Have they not been trying +to resuscitate him?" In his conversations with Agnes Strickland and Miss +Cobbe, as recorded by the latter, he appears to have behaved like an +escaped lunatic, while, upon the occasion of his meeting with Anna +Gurney, we know that he literally took to flight and ran without stopping +from Sheringham to the Old Tucker's Inn at Cromer. An interview with +Mrs. Browning or George Eliot would have probably driven him stark +staring mad. Another stumbling block to the critics of 1851 was the +peculiar dryness, if we may so describe it, of Borrow's style. He could +respond to the thrill of natural beauty. He could enjoy and find +utterance for his mood when it came upon him, just as he could enjoy a +tankard of old ale or linger to gaze upon a sympathetic face; but he +refused to pamper such feelings, still more to simulate them; he refused +to allow himself to become the creature of literary or poetic ecstasy; he +refused to indulge in the fashionable debauch of _dilettante_ melancholy. +His life was in many ways the reverse of normal, but he insisted in +writing about it quite naturally, "as if there were nothing in it." It +is perfectly true, then; Borrow is dry. What needs to be appreciated is +that his dryness is not that of dry rot, but the dryness of high +elevation, of a somewhat solitary and craggy humour--the dryness of +"Robinson Crusoe," of "Gil Blas," of "Hadji Baba," and, we might add, of +"Don Quixote." There is an absence of verdure. You will not find much +sentiment in Borrow. As to word-painting, picturesque glamour and +deference to the prejudices of earnest people, a quality so dearly prized +by Englishmen of every rank and period, Borrow would have none of them. +You will find none of them in his works; but you will find "part of the +secret, brother," especially in the Dingle. For there Borrow is at his +best, in the open air, among the gipsies--with Jasper, Pakomovna, Tawno, +Ursula, the Man in Black, and Belle Berners, interlocutors in dialogues +of the greenwood unrivalled since the heyday of the forest of Arden. +Once more "Lavengro" badly belied the expectations of those who were +looking out for another "Eothen"; and finally, apart the author's +objectionable and reactionary prejudices, there were other and obvious +faults about the book (mainly of literary detail, style, and arrangement) +which were abundantly manifest to the strenuous critics of 1851. What +these gentry did not perceive was the unique character of the book--its +truth, its reality, its open-air quality, its distinctive humour, its +dramatic power, the genius which revealed to Borrow instinctively the +literary form and the picaresque manner which formed the right, nay the +inevitable, setting of the particular story that he had to tell. + +Borrow's previous success only served to emphasize the bitterness of his +defeat, for so he regarded the failure of his originality to carry his +darling "Lavengro" through the breakers. He complained that he had "had +the honour" of being rancorously abused by every unmanly scoundrel, every +sycophantic lackey, and every political and religious renegade in the +kingdom. His fury was that of an angry bull tormented by gnats. His +worst passions were aroused, his most violent prejudices confirmed. But +the abuse did not divert him by a hairbreadth from his preconceived plan. +He proceeded with deliberation to carry on in "The Romany Rye" the story +so abruptly suspended at the close of the hundredth chapter of +"Lavengro." The first chapters of "The Romany Rye" (which was not +actually published until May, 1857) are quite equal to anything that +Borrow ever wrote. The book falls off a little towards the close, which +is, if possible, even more abrupt and inconclusive than that of +"Lavengro" itself. In the appendix, the bigotries, hatreds, and +centrifugal propensities which made up the George Borrow of 1850-57 were +emphasized and underlined for the benefit of the flunkeys, vipers, and +"yahoos" who had dared to asperse his autobiography. He never carried +his story on from 1825 to 1832 or wrote the once projected "Bible in +Russia"; perhaps he never meant to do so; but, even if he had, we more +than doubt whether they would have approached in value the first 116 +chapters of his immortal autobiography. His remaining work was the +detailed journal of a vacation tour in "Wild Wales," which was in no way +inferior to its predecessors in literary value, though it is considerably +below them in general interest. Wild people and old word-music, in its +"native wood-notes wild," were a passion with Borrow to the last, and +helped to save him from himself. He suffered terribly from horror of +death, religious gloom ("the horrors"), solitariness, and disappointment. +He experienced a series of rebuffs, failing in succession to obtain a +Consulship, a seat on the quorum, employment in China, and a +manuscript-hunting mission from the British Museum. His unrivalled +qualifications as a linguist failed to obtain for him posts for which he +was eminently fitted, but to which he saw inferior men preferred. If a +roving commission or an administrative post could have been found for him +abroad, by preference in the East as he himself desired, hard work might +have gone far to exorcise his melancholy, and we might have had from his +pen contributions to the study of Eastern life that would have added +lustre to a group of writers already represented in England by Curzon and +Kinglake, Lane and Morier, Palgrave and Burton. With Burton's love of +roving adventure, of strange tongues, and of anthropology in its widest +sense, the author of "The Bible in Spain" had many points in common. As +it was, with brief intervals of solitary excursion in the "Celtic fringe" +or the Near East, Borrow remained glooming at home, working himself up +into a state of nervous excitement bordering upon dementia about a +neighbour's dog or a railway bisecting his wife's land. The gloom, of +course, was not chronic. There were days upon which he was himself +again, the old George Borrow. Generally speaking, his days and years +were passed in a moody inactivity, now at Oulton, then at Yarmouth, next +in London, finally at Oulton again, where he "died, as he had lived, +alone" on July 26, 1881. It seemed for the time as if he had outlived +his reputation. Appearances are proverbially deceptive. + +George Borrow's life and works are one and the same thing. Few great +writers have been more persistently autobiographical than Borrow was. +Boswell, said Johnson once, had only two subjects, Dr. Johnson and James +Boswell, and he, the Doctor, was heartily sick of both; but Borrow had +only one subject--himself, from which he practically never wandered. The +merry gests and marvellous exploits of the incomparable George +Borrow--these form the unique theme of our Gitano Crusoe. But it is not +enough to say that Borrow's autobiographical methods are unique. His +life is presented to us in four panels, each as unlike the others as it +is possible to be in size, shape, texture, and surface. The scale varies +as much as that of an ordnance map, sometimes 25 inches to the mile, at +others five miles to the inch. The colours upon the palette are artfully +changed, details are sometimes obtruded, at others significantly hidden. +A casual glance obscures rather than reveals the fact that, whether he is +writing of his early life and struggles ("Lavengro," i.-lviii.), of one +vivid Bohemian episode of his early manhood ("Lavengro"--"Romany Rye"), +of the crowning triumph of his maturity ("Bible in Spain"), or of a +vacation tour during the autumn of a disappointed life ("Wild Wales"), +Borrow was always working upon the same model, with the same desperate +and conscientious zeal, with the same extraordinary gust and vigour, with +the same genius, the same bias, the same limitations. + +As a man of letters he must be judged primarily as a biographer, and, if +this be done, it will be found that Borrow has achieved the great object +of biography; he has transmitted a great personality. The blemishes in +his work are not particularly hard to find. Inadvertently we may have +been betrayed into indicating one or two of them. But it is not by any +means safe ground. With the exception of Jane Austen (and temporarily +speaking, perhaps Charles Dickens) there is hardly any literary character +whom it is so dangerous to approach without passports and periphrases +(securing retreat, if necessary) and plentiful kow-tows as George Borrow. +Among all literary clansmen you shall hardly find one more implacable, +more fierce, or more blindly fanatical than your Borrovian. Charles Lamb +is almost the only author we can think of (out of Scotland) who is +worshipped by his admirers with quite the same canine sort of affection. +But the cult of Lamb is restricted largely to briefless Templars, to +University men and "Oxford M.A.'s"; the Borrovian is drawn from a lower +social stratum, from printers, librarians, booksellers, and others who +seldom read books, from indexers, dictionary makers, and such harmless +drudges of literature. To men of such close and restricted horizons the +breath of the Romany Rye is as that of "the wind on the heath, brother." +Hence the stern and unbending jealousy of their cult. Real literary +enthusiasts of advanced years are almost as rare in our streets as +elderly naval men of the peculiar type discovered by Mr. Gilbert. Yet a +chance word in a London thoroughfare has before now elicited this +ingenuous confession of faith: "I'd walk any distance to see anything +belonging to George Borrow or to read anything fresh of his. Lord bless +you, I almost worship that man!" + + + + +Footnotes: + + +{213a} It was not the policy of the Times Literary Supplement to give +the name of the author. For completeness the author is Thomas Seccombe, +and the editor of the TLS. at the time was James Thursfield.--DP. + +{213b} Two brothers. See "Gypsies in Spain," Preface to Second Edition. + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEORGE BORROW*** + + +******* This file should be named 30887.txt or 30887.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/0/8/8/30887 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. 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