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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 19:54:43 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 19:54:43 -0700 |
| commit | 030f3f954a46e2edf29e792457b8f4f9d1d35a5e (patch) | |
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diff --git a/30871-h/30871-h.htm b/30871-h/30871-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..944f729 --- /dev/null +++ b/30871-h/30871-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,17155 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<title>Legends & Romances of Brittany, by Lewis Spence</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + @media screen { + hr.pb {margin:30px 0; width:100%; border:none;border-top:thin dashed silver;} + .pagenum {display: inline; font-size: x-small; text-align: right; text-indent: 0; position: absolute; right: 2%; padding: 1px 3px; font-style: normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration: none; background-color: inherit; border:1px solid #eee;} + .pncolor {color: silver;} + } + @media print { + hr.pb {border:none;page-break-after: always;} + .pagenum { display:none; } + } + body {margin-left: 11%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0.5em;} + + .caption {font-size: 90%; text-align:center;font-weight: bold;} + .center p {text-align: center;} + .dcap {text-transform: uppercase;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: 0.25em; text-decoration: none; background-color: #DDD; font-size: .9em;} + .larger {font-size: large;} + .muchlarger {font-size: x-large;} + .padtop {margin-top: 2em;} + .smaller {font-size: small;} + .trnote {background-color: #EEE; color: inherit; margin: 2em 5% 1em 5%; font-size: small; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; border: dotted 1px gray;} + blockquote {display: block; margin: .75em 5%; font-size: 90%;} + h1,h2,h4 {text-align: center;} + h3 {text-align: left;} + img {border: 0; padding: 0;} + ins {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + p.dropcap:first-letter{padding-top: .07em;} + p.dropcap:first-letter, p.dropcapq span.drop{float: left; margin-right: .05em; font-size: 300%; line-height: .8em; width: auto;} + p.dropcapq small {float: left; font-weight: bold; width: auto;} + p.dropcapq span.drop{padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em; clear: both;} + + .chsp {margin: auto; text-align: center; padding-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 1em;} + .figcenter {margin: 2em auto 2em auto; text-align: center; width: auto;} + .figtag {height: 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcaplc {text-transform: lowercase; font-variant: small-caps;} + a {text-decoration: none;} + div.poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + div.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em;} + div.poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + div.poem p.indent1{padding-left:3.4em;} + div.poem p.indent2{padding-left:3.8em;} + div.poem p.indent4{padding-left:4.6em;} + hr.fn {width:3em; text-align:left; margin-left: 0; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; height:1px; border: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black;} + hr.tb {border: none; border-bottom:1px solid black; width: 33%; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;} + hr.toprule {width: 65%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; border:none; border-bottom:1px solid silver; clear:both;} + p.center {text-align: center !important;} + p.ralign {text-align: right !important;} + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + td.chalgn {text-align:right; margin-top:0; padding-right:1em;} +</style> + +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Legends & Romances of Brittany, by Lewis Spence + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Legends & Romances of Brittany + +Author: Lewis Spence + +Illustrator: W. Otway Cannell + +Release Date: January 6, 2010 [EBook #30871] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEGENDS & ROMANCES OF BRITTANY *** + + + + +Produced by Suzanne Shell, Katherine Ward, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p class='center larger'>LEGENDS & ROMANCES<br /> +<span class="muchlarger">OF BRITTANY</span></p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_1' id='linki_1'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/col01.jpg' alt='' title='' width='402' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +GRAELENT AND THE FAIRY-WOMAN <br /><span class="smaller ralign"><i>Fr.</i></span><br /> +</p> +</div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div class="center"> +<h1>LEGENDS & ROMANCES<br /> +OF BRITTANY</h1> +<p><i>BY</i><br /> +<span class="larger">LEWIS SPENCE F.R.A.I.</span></p> +<p class='smaller padtop center'>AUTHOR OF “HERO TALES AND LEGENDS OF THE RHINE”<br /> +“A DICTIONARY OF MEDIEVAL ROMANCE AND<br /> +ROMANCE WRITERS” “THE MYTHS<br /> +OF MEXICO AND PERU”<br /> +ETC. ETC.</p> +<p class='smaller padtop'><i>WITH THIRTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS BY</i><br /> +<span class='smcap'>W. OTWAY CANNELL A.R.C.A.(Lond.)</span></p> +<hr class='pb' /> +<p><span class='smcaplc'>NEW YORK</span><br /> +FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY<br /> +<span class='smcaplc'>PUBLISHERS</span></p> +<p class='smaller padtop'>THE RIVERSIDE PRESS LIMITED, EDINBURGH<br /> +GREAT BRITAIN</p> +</div> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_5' name='page_5'></a>5</span> +<a name='PREFACE' id='PREFACE'></a> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">Although</span> the folk-tales and legends of +Brittany have received ample attention from +native scholars and collectors, they have not +as yet been presented in a popular manner to English-speaking +readers. The probable reasons for what +would appear to be an otherwise incomprehensible +omission on the part of those British writers who +make a popular use of legendary material are that +many Breton folk-tales strikingly resemble those of +other countries, that from a variety of considerations +some of them are unsuitable for presentation in an +English dress, and that most of the folk-tales proper +certainly possess a strong family likeness to one +another.</p> +<p>But it is not the folk-tale alone which goes to make up +the romantic literary output of a people; their ballads, +the heroic tales which they have woven around passages +in their national history, their legends (employing +the term in its proper sense), along with the more +literary attempts of their romance-weavers, their beliefs +regarding the supernatural, the tales which cluster +around their ancient homes and castles—all of these, +although capable of separate classification, are akin to +folk-lore, and I have not, therefore, hesitated to use +what in my discretion I consider the best out of immense +stores of material as being much more suited to +supply British readers with a comprehensive view of +Breton story. Thus, I have included chapters on the +lore which cleaves to the ancient stone monuments +of the country, along with some account of the monuments +themselves. The Arthurian matter especially +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_6' name='page_6'></a>6</span> +connected with Brittany I have relegated to a separate +chapter, and I have considered it only fitting to include +such of the <i>lais</i> of that rare and human songstress +Marie de France as deal with the Breton land. The +legends of those sainted men to whom Brittany owes +so much will be found in a separate chapter, in collecting +the matter for which I have obtained the kindest +assistance from Miss Helen Macleod Scott, who has +the preservation of the Celtic spirit so much at heart. +I have also included chapters on the interesting theme +of the black art in Brittany, as well as on the several +species of fays and demons which haunt its moors and +forests; nor will the heroic tales of its great warriors +and champions be found wanting. To assist the reader +to obtain the atmosphere of Brittany and in order +that he may read these tales without feeling that he is +perusing matter relating to a race of which he is otherwise +ignorant, I have afforded him a slight sketch of +the Breton environment and historical development, +and in an attempt to lighten his passage through the +volume I have here and there told a tale in verse, +sometimes translated, sometimes original.</p> +<p>As regards the folk-tales proper, by which I mean +stories collected from the peasantry, I have made a +selection from the works of Gaidoz, Sébillot, and Luzel. +In no sense are these translations; they are rather +adaptations. The profound inequality between Breton +folk-tales is, of course, very marked in a collection of +any magnitude, but as this volume is not intended to be +exhaustive I have had no difficulty in selecting material +of real interest. Most of these tales were collected by +Breton folk-lorists in the eighties of the last century, +and the native shrewdness and common sense which +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_7' name='page_7'></a>7</span> +characterize much of the editors’ comments upon the +stories so carefully gathered from peasants and fishermen +make them deeply interesting.</p> +<p>It is with a sense of shortcoming that I offer the reader +this volume on a great subject, but should it succeed +in stimulating interest in Breton story, and in directing +students to a field in which their research is certain to be +richly rewarded, I shall not regret the labour and time +which I have devoted to my task.</p> +<p class='ralign'>L. S.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_9' name='page_9'></a>9</span> +<a name='CONTENTS' id='CONTENTS'></a> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> +</div> +<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Contents' style='margin:1em auto;'> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'><p class="smaller" style='text-align:right;'>CHAPTER</p></td> + <td /> + <td valign='top' align='right'><p class="smaller" style='text-align:right;'>PAGE</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>I</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Land, the People and their Story</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_I_THE_LAND_THE_PEOPLE_AND_THEIR_STORY'>13</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>II</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Menhirs And Dolmens</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_II_MENHIRS_AND_DOLMENS'>37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>III</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Fairies of Brittany</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_III_THE_FAIRIES_OF_BRITTANY'>54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>IV</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Sprites And Demons of Brittany</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_IV_SPRITES_AND_DEMONS_OF_BRITTANY'>96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>V</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>World-Tales in Brittany</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_V_WORLDTALES_IN_BRITTANY'>106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>VI</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Breton Folk-Tales</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_VI_BRETON_FOLKTALES'>156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>VII</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Popular Legends of Brittany</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_VII_POPULAR_LEGENDS_OF_BRITTANY'>173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>VIII</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Hero-Tales of Brittany</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_VIII_HEROTALES_OF_BRITTANY'>211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>IX</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Black Art and Its Ministers</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_IX_THE_BLACK_ART_AND_ITS_MINISTERS'>241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>X</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Arthurian Romance in Brittany</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_X_ARTHURIAN_ROMANCE_IN_BRITTANY'>254</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>XI</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Breton Lays of Marie De France</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_XI_THE_BRETON_LAYS_OF_MARIE_DE_FRANCE'>283</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>XII</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Saints of Brittany</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_XII_THE_SAINTS_OF_BRITTANY'>332</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>XIII</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Costumes and Customs of Brittany</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#CHAPTER_XIII_COSTUMES_AND_CUSTOMS_OF_BRITTANY'>372</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td /> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Footnotes</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#FOOTNOTES'>391</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td /> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Glossary and Index</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#GLOSSARY__INDEX'>392</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_11' name='page_11'></a>11</span> +<a name='ILLUSTRATIONS' id='ILLUSTRATIONS'></a> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> +</div> +<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Illustrations' style='margin:1em auto;'> +<col style='width:75%;' /> +<col style='width:25%;' /> +<tr> + <td /> + <td valign='top' align='right'><p class="smaller" style='text-align:right;'>PAGE</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Graelent and the Fairy-Woman</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_1'><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Nomenoë</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_2'>23</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Death of Marguerite in the Castle of Trogoff</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_3'>34</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Raising a Menhir</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_4'>44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Seigneur of Nann And the Korrigan</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_5'>58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Merlin And Vivien</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_6'>66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Fairies of Broceliande Find the Little Bruno</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_7'>72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Fairies in a Breton ‘Houle’</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_8'>81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Poor Boy And the Three Fairy Damsels</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_9'>88</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Demon-Dog</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_10'>102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>N’Oun Doare And the Princess Golden Bell</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_11'>112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Bride of Satan</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_12'>144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Gwennolaïk and Nola</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_13'>170</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Devil in the Form of a Leopard appears before the Alchemist</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_14'>179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Escape of King Gradlon from the Flooded City of Ys</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_15'>186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>A Peasant Insurrection</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_16'>197</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Morvan returns to his Ruined Home</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_17'>214</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Finding of Silvestik</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_18'>232</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Héloïse as Sorceress</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_19'>250</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>King Arthur and Merlin at the Lake</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_20'>257</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Tristrem and Ysonde</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_21'>268</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>King Arthur and the Giant of Mont-Saint-Michel</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_22'>276</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Were-Wolf</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_23'>288</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Gugemar comes upon the Magic Ship</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_24'>294</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Gugemar’s Assault on the Castle of Meriadus</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_25'>300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Eliduc carries Guillardun to the Forest Chapel</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_26'>312</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Convoyon and his Monks carry off the Relics of St Apothemius</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_27'>336</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>St Tivisiau, the Shepherd Saint</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_28'>339</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>St Yves instructing Shepherd-boys in the Use of the Rosary</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_29'>352</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Queen Queban stoned to Death</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_30'>369</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Modern Brittany</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_31'>377</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Souls of the Dead</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_32'>385</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_13' name='page_13'></a>13</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_I_THE_LAND_THE_PEOPLE_AND_THEIR_STORY' id='CHAPTER_I_THE_LAND_THE_PEOPLE_AND_THEIR_STORY'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER I: THE LAND, THE PEOPLE AND THEIR STORY</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">The</span> romantic region which we are about to +traverse in search of the treasures of legend +was in ancient times known as Armorica, a +Latinized form of the Celtic name, Armor (‘On the +Sea’). The Brittany of to-day corresponds to the +departments of Finistère, Côtes-du-Nord, Morbihan, +Ille-et-Vilaine, and Loire-Inférieure. A popular division +of the country is that which partitions it into +Upper, or Eastern, and Lower, or Western, Brittany, +and these tracts together have an area of some 13,130 +square miles.</p> +<p>Such parts of Brittany as are near to the sea-coast +present marked differences to the inland regions, where +raised plateaux are covered with dreary and unproductive +moorland. These plateaux, again, rise into small +ranges of hills, not of any great height, but, from +their wild and rugged appearance, giving the impression +of an altitude much loftier than they possess. +The coast-line is ragged, indented, and inhospitable, +lined with deep reefs and broken by the estuaries of +brawling rivers. In the southern portion the district +known as ‘the Emerald Coast’ presents an almost subtropical +appearance; the air is mild and the whole region +pleasant and fruitful. But with this exception Brittany +is a country of bleak shores and grey seas, barren moorland +and dreary horizons, such a land as legend loves, +such a region, cut off and isolated from the highways +of humanity, as the discarded genii of ancient faiths +might seek as a last stronghold.</p> +<p>Regarding the origin of the race which peoples this +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_14' name='page_14'></a>14</span> +secluded peninsula there are no wide differences of +opinion. If we take the word ‘Celt’ as describing any +branch of the many divergent races which came under +the influence of one particular type of culture, the true +originators of which were absorbed among the folk they +governed and instructed before the historic era, then +the Bretons are ‘Celts’ indeed, speaking the tongue +known as ‘Celtic’ for want of a more specific name, +exhibiting marked signs of the possession of ‘Celtic’ +customs, and having those racial characteristics which +the science of anthropology until recently laid down as +certain indications of ‘Celtic’ relationship—the short, +round skull, swarthy complexion, and blue or grey eyes.</p> +<p>It is to be borne in mind, however, that the title +‘Celtic’ is shared by the Bretons with the fair or +rufous Highlander of Scotland, the dark Welshman, and +the long-headed Irishman. But the Bretons exhibit +such special characteristics as would warrant the new +anthropology in labelling them the descendants of that +‘Alpine’ race which existed in Central Europe in +Neolithic times, and which, perhaps, possessed distant +Mongoloid affinities. This people spread into nearly +all parts of Europe, and later in some regions acquired +Celtic speech and custom from a Celtic aristocracy.</p> +<p>It is remarkable how completely this Celtic leaven—the +true history of which is lost in the depths of +prehistoric darkness—succeeded in impressing not +only its language but its culture and spirit upon the +various peoples with whom it came into contact. To +impose a special type of civilization upon another +race must always prove a task of almost superhuman +proportions. To compel the use of an alien tongue +by a conquered folk necessitates racial tact as well as +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_15' name='page_15'></a>15</span> +strength of purpose. But to secure the adoption of +the racial <i>spirit</i> by the conquered, and adherence +to it for centuries, so that men of widely divergent +origins shall all have the same point of view, +the same mode of thought, manner of address, aye, +even the same <i>facies</i> or general racial appearance, as +have Bretons, some Frenchmen, Cornishmen, Welshmen, +and Highlanders—that surely would argue an +indwelling racial strength such as not even the Roman +or any other world-empire might pretend to.</p> +<p>But this Celtic civilization was not one and undivided. +In late prehistoric times it evolved from one mother +tongue two dialects which afterward displayed all the +differences of separate languages springing from a +common stock. These are the Goidelic, the tongue +spoken by the Celts of Scotland, Ireland, and the Isle +of Man, and the Brythonic, the language of the Welsh, +the Cornish, and the people of Brittany.</p> +<h3><i>The Breton Tongue</i></h3> +<p>The Brezonek, the Brythonic tongue of Brittany, is +undoubtedly the language of those Celtic immigrants +who fled from Britain the Greater to Britain the Less +to escape the rule of the Saxon invaders, and who gave +the name of the country which they had left to that +Armorica in which they settled. In the earliest stages +of development it is difficult to distinguish Breton from +Welsh. From the ninth to the eleventh centuries the +Breton language is described as ‘Old Breton.’ ‘Middle +Breton’ flourished from the eleventh to the seventeenth +centuries, since when ‘Modern Breton’ has been in +use. These stages indicate changes in the language +more or less profound, due chiefly to admixture with +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_16' name='page_16'></a>16</span> +French. Various distinct dialects are indicated by writers +on the subject, but the most marked difference in Breton +speech seems to be that between the dialect of Vannes +and that of the rest of Brittany. Such differences do +not appear to be older than the sixteenth century.<a name='FNanchor_0001' id='FNanchor_0001'></a><a href='#Footnote_0001' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a></p> +<h3><i>The Ancient Armoricans</i></h3> +<p>The written history of Brittany opens with the account +of Julius Cæsar. At that period (57 <span class='smcaplc'>B.C.</span>) Armorica was +inhabited by five principal tribes: the Namnetes, the +Veneti, the Osismii, the Curiosolitæ, and the Redones. +These offered a desperate resistance to Roman encroachment, +but were subdued, and in some cases their +people were sold wholesale into slavery. In 56 <span class='smcaplc'>B.C.</span> +the Veneti threw off the yoke and retained two of +Cæsar’s officers as hostages. Cæsar advanced upon +Brittany in person, but found that he could make no +headway while he was opposed by the powerful fleet +of flat-bottomed boats, like floating castles, which the +Veneti were so skilful in manœuvring. Ships were +hastily constructed upon the waters of the Loire, and +a desperate naval engagement ensued, probably in the +Gulf of Morbihan, which resulted in the decisive defeat +of the Veneti, the Romans resorting to the stratagem +of cutting down the enemy’s rigging with sickles bound +upon long poles. The members of the Senate of the +conquered people were put to death as a punishment +for their defection, and thousands of the tribesmen +went to swell the slave-markets of Europe.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_17' name='page_17'></a>17</span></div> +<p>Between <span class='smcaplc'>A.D.</span> 450 and 500, when the Roman power +and population were dwindling, many vessels brought +fugitives from Britain to Armorica. These people, fleeing +from the conquering barbarians, Saxons, Picts, +and Scots, sought as asylum a land where a kindred +race had not yet been disturbed by invasion. Says +Thierry, in his <i>Norman Conquest</i>: “With the consent +of the ancient inhabitants, who acknowledged them as +brethren of the same origin, the new settlers distributed +themselves over the whole northern coast, as far as +the little river Coesoron, and southward as far as the +territory of the city of the Veneti, now called Vannes. +In this extent of country they founded a sort of separate +state, comprising all the small places near the coast, +but not including within its limits the great towns of +Vannes, Nantes, and Rennes. The increase of the population +of this western corner of the country, and the +great number of people of the Celtic race and language +thus assembled within a narrow space, preserved it from +the irruption of the Roman tongue, which, under forms +more or less corrupted, was gradually becoming prevalent +in every other part of Gaul. The name of <i>Brittany</i> +was attached to these coasts, and the names of the +various indigenous tribes disappeared; while the island +which had borne this name for so many ages now lost +it, and, taking the name of its conquerors, began to be +called the land of the Saxons and Angles, or, in one +word, <i>England</i>.”</p> +<h3><i>Samson</i></h3> +<p>One of these British immigrants was the holy Samson, +who laboured to convert pagan Brittany to Christianity. +He hailed from Pembrokeshire, and the legend relates +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_18' name='page_18'></a>18</span> +that his parents, being childless, constructed a menhir<a name='FNanchor_0002' id='FNanchor_0002'></a><a href='#Footnote_0002' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> +of pure silver and gave it to the poor in the hope +that a son might be born to them. Their desire was +fulfilled, and Samson, the son in question, became a +great missionary of the Church. Accompanied by forty +monks, he crossed the Channel and landed on the +shores of the Bay of Saint-Brieuc, a savage and +deserted district.</p> +<p>As the keel of his galley grated on the beach the Saint +beheld a man on the shore seated at the door of a +miserable hut, who endeavoured to attract his attention +by signs. Samson approached the shore-dweller, who +took him by the hand and, leading him into the +wretched dwelling, showed him his wife and daughter, +stricken with sickness. Samson relieved their pain, +and the husband and father, who, despite his humble +appearance, was chief of the neighbouring territory, +gave him a grant of land hard by. Here, close to the +celebrated menhir of Dol, he and his monks built their +cells. Soon a chapel rose near the ancient seat of pagan +worship—in later days the site of a great cathedral.</p> +<p>Telio, a British monk, with the assistance of St +Samson, planted near Dol an orchard three miles in +length, and to him is attributed the introduction of the +apple-tree into Brittany. Wherever the monks went +they cultivated the soil; all had in their mouths the +words of the Apostle: “If any would not work, neither +should he eat.” The people admired the industry of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_19' name='page_19'></a>19</span> +the new-comers, and from admiration they passed to +imitation. The peasants joined the monks in tilling +the ground, and even the brigands from the hills and +forests became agriculturists. “The Cross and the +plough, labour and prayer,” was the motto of these +early missionaries.</p> +<h3><i>Wax for Wine</i></h3> +<p>The monks of Dol were renowned bee-farmers, as we +learn from an anecdote told by Count Montalembert +in his <i>Moines d’Occident</i>. One day when St Samson +of Dol, and St Germain, Bishop of Paris, were conversing +on the respective merits of their monasteries, St +Samson said that his monks were such good and careful +preservers of their bees that, besides the honey +which the bees yielded in abundance, they furnished +more wax than was used in the churches for candles +during the year, but that the climate not being suitable +for the growth of vines, there was great scarcity of +wine. Upon hearing this St Germain replied: “We, +on the contrary, produce more wine than we can consume, +but we have to buy wax; so, if you will furnish +us with wax, we will give you a tenth of our wine.” +Samson accepted this offer, and the mutual arrangement +was continued during the lives of the two saints.</p> +<p>Two British kingdoms were formed in Armorica—Domnonia +and Cornubia. The first embraced the +Côtes-du-Nord and Finistère north of the river Élorn, +Cornubia, or Cornouaille, as it is now known, being +situated below that river, as far south as the river Ellé. +At first these states paid a nominal homage to their +native kings in Britain, but on the final fall of the +British power they proclaimed a complete independence.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_20' name='page_20'></a>20</span></div> +<h3><i>The Vision of Jud-Hael</i></h3> +<p>A striking story relating to the migration period is told +concerning a Cambrian chieftain of Brittany, one Jud-Hael, +and the famous British bard Taliesin. Shortly +after the arrival of Taliesin in Brittany Jud-Hael had +a remarkable vision. He dreamt that he saw a high +mountain, on the summit of which was placed a lofty +column fixed deeply in the earth, with a base of ivory, +and branches which reached to the heavens. The +lower part was iron, brilliantly polished, and to it were +attached rings of the same metal, from which were +suspended cuirasses, casques, lances, javelins, bucklers, +trumpets, and many other warlike trophies. The upper +portion was of gold, and upon it hung candelabra, +censers, stoles, chalices, and ecclesiastical symbols of +every description. As the Prince stood admiring the +spectacle the heavens opened and a maiden of marvellous +beauty descended and approached him.</p> +<p>“I salute you, O Jud-Hael,” she said, “and I confide +to your keeping for a season this column and all that it +supports”; and with these words she vanished.</p> +<p>On the following day Jud-Hael made public his dream, +but, like Nebuchadnezzar of old, he could find no one +to interpret it, so he turned to the bard Taliesin as to +another Daniel. Taliesin, says the legend, then an +exile from his native land of Britain, dwelt on the seashore. +To him came the messenger of Jud-Hael and +said: “O thou who so truly dost interpret all things +ambiguous, hear and make clear the strange vision +which my lord hath seen.” He then recounted Jud-Hael’s +dream to the venerable bard.</p> +<p>For a time the sage sat pondering deeply, and then +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_21' name='page_21'></a>21</span> +replied: “Thy master reigneth well and wisely, O +messenger, but he has a son who will reign still more +happily even than himself, and who will become one of +the greatest men in the Breton land. The sons of his +loins will be the fathers of powerful counts and pious +Churchmen, but he himself, the greatest man of that +race, shall be first a valiant warrior and later a mighty +champion of heaven. The earlier part of his life +shall be given to the world; the latter portion shall +be devoted to God.”</p> +<p>The prophecy of Taliesin was duly fulfilled. For Judik-Hael, +the son of Jud-Hael, realized the bard’s prediction, +and entered the cloister after a glorious reign.</p> +<h3><i>Taliesin</i></h3> +<p>Taliesin (‘Shining Forehead’) was in the highest +repute in the middle of the twelfth century, and he was +then and afterward, unless we except Merlin, the bardic +hero of the greatest number of romantic legends. He +is said to have been the son of Henwg the bard, or +St Henwg, of Caerleon-upon-Usk, and to have been +educated in the school of Cattwg, at Llanvithin, in +Glamorgan, where the historian Gildas was his fellow-pupil. +Seized when a youth by Irish pirates, he is +said, probably by rational interpretation of a later fable +of his history, to have escaped by using a wooden +buckler for a boat. Thus he came into the fishing weir +of Elphin, one of the sons of Urien. Urien made him +Elphin’s instructor, and gave him an estate of land. +But, once introduced into the Court of that great warrior-chief, +Taliesin became his foremost bard, followed him +in his wars, and sang his victories. He celebrates triumphs +over Ida, the Anglian King of Bernicia (<i>d.</i> 559) +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_22' name='page_22'></a>22</span> +at Argoed about the year 547, at Gwenn-Estrad between +that year and 559, at Menao about the year 559. +After the death of Urien, Taliesin was the bard of his +son Owain, by whose hand Ida fell. After the death of +all Urien’s sons Taliesin retired to mourn the downfall +of his race in Wales, dying, it is said, at Bangor Teivi, +in Cardiganshire. He was buried under a cairn near +Aberystwyth.</p> +<h3><i>Hervé the Blind</i></h3> +<p>There is nothing improbable in the statement that +Taliesin dwelt in Brittany in the sixth century. Many +other British bards found a refuge on the shores of +Britain the Less. Among these was Kyvarnion, a +Christian, who married a Breton Druidess and who had +a son, Hervé. Hervé was blind from birth, and was +led from place to place by a wolf which he had converted +(!) and pressed into the service of Mother Church.</p> +<p>One day, when a lad, Hervé had been left in charge of +his uncle’s farm, when a ploughman passed him in full +flight, crying out that a savage wolf had appeared and +had killed the ass with which he had been ploughing. +The man entreated Hervé to fly, as the wolf was hard +upon his heels; but the blind youth, undaunted, ordered +the terrified labourer to seize the animal and harness it +to the plough with the harness of the dead ass. From +that time the wolf dwelt among the sheep and goats on +the farm, and subsisted upon hay and grass.</p> +<h3><i>Nomenoë</i></h3> +<p>Swarms of Irish from Ossory and Wexford began to +arrive about the close of the fifth century, settling along +the west and north coasts. The immigrants from +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_23' name='page_23'></a>23</span> +Britain the Greater formed by degrees the counties +of Vannes, Cornouaille, Léon, and Domnonée, constituted +a powerful aristocracy, and initiated a long and +arduous struggle against the Frankish monarchs, who +exercised a nominal suzerainty over Brittany. Louis +the Pious placed a native chief, Nomenoë, at the head +of the province, and a long period of peace ensued. +But in <span class='smcaplc'>A.D.</span> 845 Nomenoë revolted against Charles the +Bald, defeated him, and forced him to recognize the +independence of Brittany, and to forgo the annual +tribute which he had exacted. A ballad by Villemarqué +describes the incident. Like Macpherson, who in his +enthusiasm for the fragments of Ossianic lore ‘reconstructed’ +them only too well, Villemarqué unfortunately +tampered very freely with such matter as he collected, +and it may even be that the poem on Nomenoë, for +which he claims authority, is altogether spurious, as +some critics consider. But as it affords a spirited picture +of the old Breton chief the story is at least worth relating.</p> +<p>The poem describes how an aged chieftain waits on the +hills of Retz for his son, who has gone over to Rennes +to pay the Breton tribute to the Franks. Many chariots +drawn by horses has he taken with him, but although +a considerable time has elapsed there is no indication +of his return. The chieftain climbs to an eminence in +the hope of discerning his son in the far distance, but +no sign of his appearance is to be seen on the long white +road or on the bleak moors which fringe it.</p> +<p>The anxious father espies a merchant wending slowly +along the highway and hails him.</p> +<p>“Ha, good merchant, you who travel the land from end +to end, have you seen aught of my son Karo, who +has gone to conduct the tribute chariots to Rennes?”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_2' id='linki_2'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs02.jpg' alt='' title='' width='406' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +NOMENOË<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_24' name='page_24'></a>24</span></div> +<p>“Alas! chieftain, if your son has gone with the tribute +it is in vain you wait for him, for the Franks found +it not enough, and have weighed his head against it +in the balance.”</p> +<p>The father gazes wildly at the speaker, sways, and +falls heavily with a doleful cry.</p> +<p>“Karo, my son! My lost Karo!”</p> +<p>The scene changes to the fortress of Nomenoë, and +we see its master returning from the chase, accompanied +by his great hounds and laden with trophies. His bow +is in his hand, and he carries the carcass of a boar +upon his shoulder. The red blood drops from the +dead beast’s mouth and stains his hand. The aged +chief, well-nigh demented, awaits his coming, and +Nomenoë greets him courteously.</p> +<p>“Hail, honest mountaineer!” he cries. “What is your +news? What would you with Nomenoë?”</p> +<p>“I come for justice, Lord Nomenoë,” replies the aged +man. “Is there a God in heaven and a chief in +Brittany? There is a God above us, I know, and I +believe there is a just Duke in the Breton land. Mighty +ruler, make war upon the Frank, defend our country, +and give us vengeance—vengeance for Karo my son, +Karo, slain, decapitated by the Frankish barbarians, +his beauteous head made into a balance-weight for +their brutal sport.”</p> +<p>The old man weeps, and the tears flow down his grizzled +beard.</p> +<p>Then Nomenoë rises in anger and swears a great oath. +“By the head of this boar, and by the arrow which +slew him,” cries he, “I will not wash this blood from +off my hand until I free the country from mine enemies.”</p> +<p>Nomenoë has gone to the seashore and gathered +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_25' name='page_25'></a>25</span> +pebbles, for these are the tribute he intends to offer +the bald King.<a name='FNanchor_0003' id='FNanchor_0003'></a><a href='#Footnote_0003' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> Arrived at the gates of Rennes, he +asks that they shall be opened to him so that he +may pay the tribute of silver. He is asked to descend, +to enter the castle, and to leave his chariot in the +courtyard. He is requested to wash his hands to the +sound of a horn before eating (an ancient custom), but +he replies that he prefers to deliver the tribute-money +there and then. The sacks are weighed, and the third +is found light by several pounds.</p> +<p>“Ha, what is this?” cries the Frankish castellan. “This +sack is under weight, Sir Nomenoë.”</p> +<p>Out leaps Nomenoë’s sword from the scabbard, and +the Frank’s head is smitten from his shoulders. Then, +seizing it by its gory locks, the Breton chief with a +laugh of triumph casts it into the balance. His warriors +throng the courtyard, the town is taken; young Karo +is avenged!</p> +<h3><i>Alain Barbe-torte</i></h3> +<p>The end of the ninth century and the beginning of the +tenth were remarkable for the invasions of the Northmen. +On several occasions they were driven back—by +Salomon (<i>d.</i> 874), by Alain, Count of Vannes +(<i>d.</i> 907)—but it was Alain Barbe-torte, ‘Alain of the +Twisted Beard,’ or ‘Alain the Fox’ (<i>d.</i> 952), who +gained the decisive victory over them, and concerning +him an ancient ballad has much to say. It was taken +down by Villemarqué from the lips of a peasant, an +old soldier of the Chouan leader Georges Cadoudal.</p> +<p>In his youth Alain was a mighty hunter of the bear +and the boar in the forests of his native Brittany, and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_26' name='page_26'></a>26</span> +the courage gained in this manly sport stood him in +good stead when he came to employ it against the +enemies of his country, the hated Northmen. Rallying +the Bretons who lurked in the forests or hid in the +mountain fastnesses, he led them against the enemy, +whom he surprised near Dol in the middle of the night, +making a great carnage among them. After this battle +the Scandinavian invaders were finally expelled from +the Breton land and Alain was crowned King or Arch-chief +in 937.</p> +<p>A free translation of this ballad might run as follows:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Lurks the Fox within the wood,</p> +<p>His teeth and claws are red with blood.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Within his leafy, dark retreat</p> +<p>He chews the cud of vengeance sweet.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Oh, trenchant his avenging sword!</p> +<p>It falls not on the rock or sward,</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>But on the mail of Saxon foe:</p> +<p>Swift as the lightning falls the blow.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>I’ve seen the Bretons wield the flail,</p> +<p>Scattering the bearded chaff like hail:</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>But iron is the flail they wield</p> +<p>Against the churlish Saxon’s shield.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>I heard the call of victory</p> +<p>From Michael’s Mount to Élorn fly,</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>And Alain’s glory flies as fast</p> +<p>From Gildas’ church to every coast.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Ah, may his splendour never die,</p> +<p>May it live on eternally!</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>But woe that I may nevermore</p> +<p>Declaim this lay on Armor’s shore,</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_27' name='page_27'></a>27</span></p> +<p>For the base Saxon hand has torn</p> +<p>My tongue from out my mouth forlorn.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>But if my lips no longer frame</p> +<p>The glories of our Alain’s name,</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>My heart shall ever sing his praise,</p> +<p>Who won the fight and wears the bays!<a name='FNanchor_0004' id='FNanchor_0004'></a><a href='#Footnote_0004' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p> +</div></div> +<p>The Saxons of this lay are, of course, the Norsemen, +who, speaking a Teutonic tongue, would seem to the +Celtic-speaking Bretons to be allied to the Teuton +Franks.</p> +<h3><i>Bretons and Normans</i></h3> +<p>During the latter half of the tenth and most of the +eleventh century the Counts of Rennes gained an +almost complete ascendancy in Brittany, which began +to be broken up into counties and seigneuries in the +French manner. In 992 Geoffrey, son of Conan, Count +of Rennes, adopted the title of Duke of Brittany. He +married a Norman lady of noble family, by whom he +had two sons, Alain and Eudo, the younger of whom +demanded a share of the duchy as his inheritance. His +brother made over to him the counties of Penthièvre +and Tréguier, part of the old kingdom of Domnonia in +the north. It was a fatal transference, for he and his +line became remorseless enemies of the ducal house, +with whom they carried on a series of disastrous conflicts +for centuries. Conan II, son of Alain, came +under the regency of Eudo, his uncle, in infancy, but +later turned his sword against him and his abettor, +William of Normandy, the Conqueror.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_28' name='page_28'></a>28</span></div> +<p>Notwithstanding the national enmity of the Normans +and Bretons, there existed between the Dukes of +Normandy and the Dukes of Brittany ties of affinity +that rendered the relations between the two states +somewhat complicated. At the time when Duke +Robert, the father of William of Normandy, set out +upon his pilgrimage, he had no nearer relative than +Alain, Duke of Brittany, the father of Conan II, +descended in the female line from Rollo, the great +Norse leader, and to him he committed on his departure +the care of his duchy and the guardianship of his son.</p> +<p>Duke Alain declared the paternity of his ward doubtful, +and favoured that party which desired to set him aside +from the succession; but after the defeat of his faction +at Val-ès-Dunes he died, apparently of poison, doubtless +administered by the contrivance of the friends of +William. His son, Conan II, succeeded, and reigned +at the period when William was making his preparations +for the conquest of England. He was a prince of ability, +dreaded by his neighbours, and animated by a fierce +desire to injure the Duke of Normandy, whom he +regarded as a usurper and the murderer of his father +Alain. Seeing William engaged in a hazardous enterprise, +Conan thought it a favourable moment to declare +war against him, and dispatched one of his chamberlains +to him with the following message: “I hear that you +are ready to pass the sea to make conquest of the +kingdom of England. Now, Duke Robert, whose son +you feign to consider yourself, on his departure for +Jerusalem left all his inheritance to Duke Alain, my +father, who was his cousin; but you and your abettors +have poisoned my father, you have appropriated to +yourself the domain of Normandy, and have kept +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_29' name='page_29'></a>29</span> +possession of it until this day, contrary to all right, +since you are not the legitimate heir. Restore to me, +therefore, the duchy of Normandy, which belongs to +me, or I shall levy war upon you, and shall wage it to +extremity with all my forces.”</p> +<h3><i>The Poisoned Hunting-Horn</i></h3> +<p>The Norman historians state that William was much +startled by so hostile a message; for even a feeble +diversion might render futile his ambitious hopes of +conquest. But without hesitation he resolved to +remove the Breton Duke. Immediately upon his return +to Conan, the envoy, gained over, doubtless, by a bribe +of gold, rubbed poison into the inside of the horn which +his master sounded when hunting, and, to make his evil +measures doubly sure, he poisoned in like manner the +Duke’s gloves and his horse’s bridle. Conan died a few +days after his envoy’s return, and his successor, Eudo, +took especial care not to imitate his relative in giving +offence to William with regard to the validity of his right; +on the contrary, he formed an alliance with him, a thing +unheard of betwixt Breton and Norman, and sent his +two sons to William’s camp to serve against the English.</p> +<p>These two youths, Brian and Alain, repaired to the +rendezvous of the Norman forces, accompanied by a +body of Breton knights, who styled them Mac-tierns.<a name='FNanchor_0005' id='FNanchor_0005'></a><a href='#Footnote_0005' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> +Certain other wealthy Bretons, who were not of the +pure Celtic race, and who bore French names, as Robert +de Vitry, Bertrand de Dinan, and Raoul de Gael, resorted +likewise to the Court of the Duke of Normandy +with offers of service.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_30' name='page_30'></a>30</span></div> +<p>Later Brittany became a bone of contention between +France and Normandy. Hoel, the native Duke, claimed +the protection of France against the Norman duchy. +A long period of peace followed under Alain Fergant +and Conan III, but on the death of the latter a fierce +war of succession was waged (1148-56). Conan IV +secured the ducal crown by Norman-English aid, and +gave his daughter Constance in marriage to Geoffrey +Plantagenet, son of Henry II of England. Geoffrey +was crowned Duke of Brittany in 1171, but after his +death his son Arthur met with a dreadful fate at the +hands of his uncle, John of England. Constance, his +mother, the real heiress to the duchy, married again, +her choice falling upon Guy de Thouars, and their +daughter was wed to Pierre de Dreux, who became +Duke, and who defeated John Lackland, the slayer of his +wife’s half-brother, under the walls of Nantes in 1214.</p> +<h3><i>French Influence</i></h3> +<p>The country now began to flourish apace because of +the many innovations introduced into it by the wisdom +of its French rulers. A new way of life was adopted +by the governing classes, among whom French manners +and fashions became the rule. But the people at large +retained their ancient customs, language, and dress; +nor have they ever abandoned them, at least in Lower +Brittany. On the death of John III (1341) the peace of +the duchy was once more broken by a war of succession. +John had no love for his half-brother, John of Montfort, +and bequeathed the ducal coronet to his niece, Joan +of Penthièvre, wife of Charles of Blois, nephew of Philip +VI of France. This precipitated a conflict between the +rival parties which led to years of bitter strife.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_31' name='page_31'></a>31</span></div> +<h3><i>The War of the Two Joans</i></h3> +<p>Just as two women, Fredegonda and Brunhilda, swayed +the fortunes of Neustria and Austrasia in Merovingian +times, and Mary and Elizabeth those of England and +Scotland at a later day, so did two heroines arise to +uphold the banners of either party in the civil strife +which now convulsed the Breton land. England took +the side of Montfort and the French that of Charles. +Almost at the outset (1342) John of Montfort was +taken prisoner, but his heroic wife, Joan of Flanders, +grasped the leadership of affairs, and carried on a +relentless war against her husband’s enemies. After +five years of fighting, in 1347, and two years subsequent +to the death of her lord, whose health had given way +after his imprisonment, she captured her arch-foe, +Charles of Blois himself, at the battle of La Roche-Derrien, +on the Jaudy. In this encounter she had the +assistance of a certain Sir Thomas Dagworth and an +English force. Three times was Charles rescued, and +thrice was he retaken, until, bleeding from eighteen +wounds, he was compelled to surrender. He was sent +to London, where he was confined in the Tower for nine +years. Meanwhile his wife, Joan, imitating her rival +and namesake, in turn threw her energies into the +strife. But another victory for the Montfort party was +gained at Mauron in 1352. On the release of Charles +of Blois in 1356 he renewed hostilities with the help +of the famous Bertrand Du Guesclin.</p> +<h3><i>Bertrand Du Guesclin</i></h3> +<p>Bertrand Du Guesclin (<i>c.</i> 1320-80), Constable of France, +divides with Bayard the Fearless the crown of medieval +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_32' name='page_32'></a>32</span> +French chivalry as a mighty leader of men, a great +soldier, and a blameless knight. He was born of an +ancient family who were in somewhat straitened +circumstances, and in childhood was an object of +aversion to his parents because of his ugliness.</p> +<p>One night his mother dreamt that she was in possession +of a casket containing portraits of herself and her +lord, on one side of which were set nine precious stones +of great beauty encircling a rough, unpolished pebble. +In her dream she carried the casket to a lapidary, +and asked him to take out the rough stone as unworthy +of such goodly company; but he advised her to +allow it to remain, and afterward it shone forth more +brilliantly than the lustrous gems. The later superiority +of Bertrand over her nine other children fulfilled the +mother’s dream.</p> +<p>At the tournament which was held at Rennes in 1338 +to celebrate the marriage of Charles of Blois with +Joan of Penthièvre, young Bertrand, at that time only +some eighteen years old, unhorsed the most famous +competitors. During the war between Blois and +Montfort he gathered round him a band of adventurers +and fought on the side of Charles V, doing much despite +to the forces of Montfort and his ally of England.</p> +<p>Du Guesclin’s name lives in Breton legend as Gwezklen, +perhaps the original form, and approximating to that +on his tomb at Saint-Denis, where he lies at the feet +of Charles V of France. In this inscription it is spelt +“Missire Bertram du Gueaquien,” perhaps a French +rendering of the Breton pronunciation. Not a few +legendary ballads which recount the exploits of this +manly and romantic figure remain in the Breton +language, and I have made a free translation of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_33' name='page_33'></a>33</span> +following, as it is perhaps the most interesting of the +number:</p> +<h4>THE WARD OF DU GUESCLIN</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Trogoff’s strong tower in English hands</p> +<p>Has been this many a year,</p> +<p>Rising above its subject-lands</p> +<p>And held in hate and fear.</p> +<p>That rosy gleam upon the sward</p> +<p>Is not the sun’s last kiss;</p> +<p>It is the blood of an English lord</p> +<p>Who ruled the land amiss.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>“O sweetest daughter of my heart,</p> +<p>My little Marguerite,</p> +<p>Come, carry me the midday milk</p> +<p>To those who bind the wheat.”</p> +<p>“O gentle mother, spare me this!</p> +<p>The castle I must pass</p> +<p>Where wicked Roger takes a kiss</p> +<p>From every country lass.”</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>“Oh! fie, my daughter, fie on thee!</p> +<p>The Seigneur would not glance</p> +<p>On such a chit of low degree</p> +<p>When all the dames in France</p> +<p>Are for his choosing.” “Mother mine,</p> +<p>I bow unto your word.</p> +<p>Mine eyes will ne’er behold you more.</p> +<p>God keep you in His guard.”</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Young Roger stood upon the tower</p> +<p>Of Trogoff’s grey château;</p> +<p>Beneath his bent brows did he lower</p> +<p>Upon the scene below.</p> +<p>“Come hither quickly, little page,</p> +<p>Come hither to my knee.</p> +<p>Canst spy a maid of tender age?</p> +<p>Ha! she must pay my fee.”</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_34' name='page_34'></a>34</span></p> +<p>Fair Marguerite trips swiftly by</p> +<p>Beneath the castle shade,</p> +<p>When villain Roger, drawing nigh,</p> +<p>Steals softly on the maid.</p> +<p>He seizes on the milking-pail</p> +<p>She bears upon her head;</p> +<p>The snow-white flood she must bewail,</p> +<p>For all the milk is shed.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>“Ah, cry not, pretty sister mine,</p> +<p>There’s plenty and to spare</p> +<p>Of milk and eke of good red wine</p> +<p>Within my castle fair.</p> +<p>Ah, feast with me, or pluck a rose</p> +<p>Within my pleasant garth,</p> +<p>Or stroll beside yon brook which flows</p> +<p>In brawling, sylvan mirth.”</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>“Nor feast nor flowers nor evening air</p> +<p>I wish; I do entreat,</p> +<p>Fair Seigneur, let me now repair</p> +<p>To those who bind the wheat.”</p> +<p>“Nay, damsel, fill thy milking-pail:</p> +<p>The dairy stands but here.</p> +<p>Ah, foolish sweeting, wherefore quail,</p> +<p>For thou hast naught to fear?”</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>The castle gates behind her close,</p> +<p>And all is fair within;</p> +<p>Above her head the apple glows,</p> +<p>The symbol of our sin.</p> +<p>“O Seigneur, lend thy dagger keen,</p> +<p>That I may cut this fruit.”</p> +<p>He smiles and with a courteous mien</p> +<p>He draws the bright blade out.</p> +</div></div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_3' id='linki_3'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs03.jpg' alt='' title='' width='414' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE DEATH OF MARGUERITE IN THE CASTLE OF TROGOFF<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>She takes it, and in earnest prayer</p> +<p>Her childish accents rise:</p> +<p>“O mother, Virgin, ever fair,</p> +<p>Pray, pray, for her who dies</p> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_35' name='page_35'></a>35</span></p> +<p>For honour!” Then the blade is drenched</p> +<p>With blood most innocent.</p> +<p>Vile Roger, now, thine ardour quenched,</p> +<p>Say, art thou then content?</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>“Ha, I will wash my dagger keen</p> +<p>In the clear-running brook.</p> +<p>No human eye hath ever seen,</p> +<p>No human eye shall look</p> +<p>Upon this gore.” He takes the blade</p> +<p>From out that gentle heart,</p> +<p>And hurries to the river’s shade.</p> +<p>False Roger, why dost start?</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Beside the bank Du Guesclin stands,</p> +<p>Clad in his sombre mail.</p> +<p>“Ha, Roger, why so red thy hands,</p> +<p>And why art thou so pale?”</p> +<p>“A beast I’ve slain.” “Thou liest, hound!</p> +<p>But I a beast will slay.”</p> +<p>The woodland’s leafy ways resound</p> +<p>To echoings of fray.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Roger is slain. Trogoff’s château</p> +<p>Is level with the rock.</p> +<p>Who can withstand Du Guesclin’s blow,</p> +<p>What towers can brave his shock?</p> +<p>The combat is his only joy,</p> +<p>The tournament his play.</p> +<p>Woe unto those who would destroy</p> +<p>The peace of Brittany!</p> +</div></div> +<p>In the decisive battle of Auray (1364) Charles was +killed and Du Guesclin taken prisoner. John of +Montfort, son of the John who had died, became Duke +of Brittany. But he had to face Oliver de Clisson, +round whom the adherents of Blois rallied. From a +war the strife degenerated into a vendetta. Oliver +de Clisson seized the person of John V and imprisoned +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_36' name='page_36'></a>36</span> +him. But in the end John was liberated and the line of +Blois was finally crushed.</p> +<h3><i>Anne of Brittany</i></h3> +<p>The next event of importance in Breton history is the +enforced marriage of Anne of Brittany, Duchess of that +country in her own right, to Charles VIII of France, +son of Louis XI, which event took place in 1491. +Anne, whose father, Duke Francis II, had but recently +died, had no option but to espouse Charles, and on his +death she married Louis XII, his successor. Francis I, +who succeeded Louis XII on the throne of France, and +who married Claude, daughter of Louis XII and Anne, +annexed the duchy in 1532, providing for its privileges. +But beneath the cramping hand of French power the +privileges of the province were greatly reduced. From +this time the history of Brittany is merged in that of +France, of which country it becomes one of the component +parts in a political if not a racial sense.</p> +<p>We shall not in this place deal with the people of +modern Brittany, their manners and customs, reserving +the subject for a later chapter, but shall ask the reader +to accompany us while we traverse the enchanted ground +of Breton story.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_37' name='page_37'></a>37</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_II_MENHIRS_AND_DOLMENS' id='CHAPTER_II_MENHIRS_AND_DOLMENS'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER II: MENHIRS AND DOLMENS</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">In</span> the mind of the general reader Brittany is unalterably +associated with the prehistoric stone +monuments which are so closely identified with +its folk-lore and national life. In other parts of the +world similar monuments are encountered, in Great +Britain and Ireland, Scandinavia, the Crimea, Algeria, and +India, but nowhere are they found in such abundance as +in Brittany, nor are these rivalled in other lands, either +as regards their character or the space they occupy.</p> +<p>To speculate as to the race which built the primitive +stone monuments of Brittany is almost as futile as it +would be to theorize upon the date of their erection.<a name='FNanchor_0006' id='FNanchor_0006'></a><a href='#Footnote_0006' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> +A generation ago it was usual to refer all European +megalithic monuments to a ‘Celtic’ origin, but European +ethnological problems have become too complicated of +late years to permit such a theory to pass unchallenged, +especially now that the term ‘Celt’ is itself matter for +fierce controversy. In the immediate neighbourhood +of certain of these monuments objects of the Iron Age +are recovered from the soil, while near others the finds +are of Bronze Age character, so that it is probably +correct to surmise that their construction continued +throughout a prolonged period.</p> +<h3><i>What Menhirs and Dolmens are</i></h3> +<p>Regarding the nomenclature of the several species of +megalithic monuments met with in Brittany some +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_38' name='page_38'></a>38</span> +definitions are necessary. A menhir is a rude monolith +set up on end, a great single stone, the base of which +is buried deep in the soil. A dolmen is a large, table-shaped +stone, supported by three, four, or even five +other stones, the bases of which are sunk in the earth. +In Britain the term ‘cromlech’ is synonymous with that +of ‘dolmen,’ but in France and on the Continent generally +it is exclusively applied to that class of monument +for which British scientists have no other name than +‘stone circles.’ The derivation of the words from +Celtic and their precise meaning in that tongue may +assist the reader to arrive at their exact significance. +Thus ‘menhir’ seems to be derived from the Welsh +or Brythonic <i>maen</i>, ‘a stone,’ and <i>hir</i>, ‘long,’ and +‘dolmen’ from Breton <i>taol</i>, ‘table,’ and <i>men</i>, ‘a stone.’<a name='FNanchor_0007' id='FNanchor_0007'></a><a href='#Footnote_0007' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> +‘Cromlech’ is also of Welsh or Brythonic origin, and +is derived from <i>crom</i>, ‘bending’ or ‘bowed’ (hence +‘laid across’), and <i>llech</i>, ‘a flat stone.’ The <i>allée +couverte</i> is a dolmen on a large scale.</p> +<h3><i>The Nature of the Monuments</i></h3> +<p>The nature of these monuments and the purpose for +which they were erected were questions which powerfully +exercised the minds of the antiquaries of a century +ago, who fiercely contended for their use as altars, open-air +temples, and places of rendezvous for the discussion +of tribal affairs. The cooler archæologists of a later +day have discarded the majority of such theories as +untenable in the light of hard facts. The dolmens, +they say, are highly unsuitable for the purpose of altars, +and as it has been proved that this class of monument +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_39' name='page_39'></a>39</span> +was invariably covered in prehistoric times by an +earthen tumulus its ritualistic use is thereby rendered +improbable. Moreover, if we chance upon any rude +carving or incised work on dolmens we observe that it +is invariably executed on the <i>lower</i> surface of the table +stone, the upper surface being nearly always rough, +unhewn, often naturally rounded, and as unlike the +surface of an altar as possible.</p> +<p>Recent research has established the much more reasonable +theory that these monuments are sepulchral in +character, and that they mark the last resting-places of +persons of tribal importance, chiefs, priests, or celebrated +warriors. Occasionally legend assists us to prove the +mortuary character of menhir and dolmen. But, without +insisting any further for the present upon the +purpose of these monuments, let us glance at the more +widely known of Brittany’s prehistoric structures, not +so much in the manner of the archæologist as in that +of the observant traveller who is satisfied to view them +as interesting relics of human handiwork bequeathed +from a darker age, rather than as objects to satisfy the +archæological taste for discussion.</p> +<p>For this purpose we shall select the best known groups +of Breton prehistoric structures, and shall begin our +excursion at the north-eastern extremity of Brittany, +following the coast-line, on which most of the principal +prehistoric centres are situated, and, as occasion offers, +journeying into the interior in search of famous or +interesting examples.</p> +<h3><i>Dol</i></h3> +<p>Dol is situated in the north of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, +not far from the sea-coast. Near it, in a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_40' name='page_40'></a>40</span> +field called the Champ Dolent (‘Field of Woe’), stands +a gigantic menhir, about thirty feet high and said to +measure fifteen more underground. It is composed of +grey granite, and is surmounted by a cross. The early +Christian missionaries, finding it impossible to wean the +people from frequenting pagan neighbourhoods, surmounted +the standing stones with the symbol of their +faith, and this in time brought about the result desired.<a name='FNanchor_0008' id='FNanchor_0008'></a><a href='#Footnote_0008' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a></p> +<h3><i>The Legend of Dol</i></h3> +<p>A strange legend is connected with this rude menhir. +On a day in the dark, uncharted past of Brittany a +fierce battle was fought in the Champ Dolent. Blood +ran in streams, sufficient, says the tale, to turn a mill-wheel +in the neighbourhood of the battlefield. When +the combat was at its height two brothers met and +grappled in fratricidal strife. But ere they could harm +one another the great granite shaft which now looms +above the field rose up between them and separated +them.</p> +<p>There appears to be some historical basis for the tale. +Here, or in the neighbourhood, <span class='smcaplc'>A.D.</span> 560, met Clotaire, +King of the Franks, and his son, the rebel Chramne. +The rebellious son was signally defeated. He had +placed his wife and two little daughters in a dwelling +hard by, and as he made his way thence to convey +them from the field he was captured. He was instantly +strangled, by order of his brutal father, in the sight +of his wife and little ones, who were then burned alive +in the house where they had taken refuge. The Champ +Dolent does not belie its name, and even thirteen +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_41' name='page_41'></a>41</span> +centuries and a half have failed to obliterate the memory +of a savage and unnatural crime, which, its remoteness +notwithstanding, fills the soul with loathing against its +perpetrators and with deep pity for the hapless and +innocent victims.</p> +<h3><i>A Subterranean Dolmen Chapel</i></h3> +<p>At Plouaret, in the department of Côtes-du-Nord, is +a curious subterranean chapel incorporating a dolmen. +The dolmen was formerly partially embedded in a +tumulus, and the chapel, erected in 1702, was so constructed +that the great table-stone of the dolmen has +become the chapel roof, and the supporting stones form +two of its sides. The crypt is reached by a flight of +steps, and here may be seen an altar to the Seven +Sleepers, represented by seven dolls of varying size. +The Bretons have a legend that this structure dates from +the creation of the world, and they have embodied this +belief in a ballad, in which it is piously affirmed that +the shrine was built by the hand of the Almighty at +the time when the world was in process of formation.</p> +<h3><i>Camaret</i></h3> +<p>Camaret, on the coast of Finistère, is the site of no +less than forty-one standing stones of quartz, which +outline a rectangular space 600 yards in length at its +base. Many stones have been removed, so that the +remaining sides are incomplete. None of these monoliths +is of any considerable size, however, and the site +is not considered to be of much importance, save as +regards its isolated character. At Penmarch, in the +southern extremity of Finistère, there is an ‘alignment’ +of some two hundred small stones, and a dolmen +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_42' name='page_42'></a>42</span> +of some importance is situated at Trégunc, but it is +at Carnac, on the coast of Morbihan, that we arrive at +the most important archæological district in Brittany.</p> +<h3><i>Carnac</i></h3> +<p>The Carnac district teems with prehistoric monuments, +the most celebrated of which are those of Plouharnel, +Concarneau, Concurrus, Locmariaquer, Kermario, Kerlescant, +Erdeven, and Sainte-Barbe. All these places +are situated within a few miles of one another, and +a good centre from which excursions can be made to +each is the little town of Auray, with its quaint +medieval market-house and shrine of St Roch. Archæologists, +both Breton and foreign, appear to be agreed +that the groups of stones at Ménéac, Kermario, and +Kerlescant are portions of one original and continuous +series of alignments which extended for nearly two +miles in one direction from south-west to north-east. +The monolithic avenue commences quite near the +village of Ménéac, stretching away in eleven rows, and +here the large stones are situated, these at first rising +to a height of from 10 to 13 feet, and becoming +gradually smaller, until they attain only 3 or 4 feet. +In all there are 116 menhirs at Ménéac. For more than +three hundred yards there is a gap in the series, which +passed, we come to the Kermario avenue, which consists +of ten rows of monoliths of much the same size +as those of Ménéac, and 1120 in number.</p> +<p>Passing on to Kerlescant, with its thirteen rows of +menhirs made up of 570 individual stones, we come +to the end of the avenue and gaze backward upon +the plain covered with these indestructible symbols of +a forgotten past.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_43' name='page_43'></a>43</span></div> +<p>Carnac! There is something vast, Egyptian, in the +name! There is, indeed, a Karnak in Egypt, celebrated +for its Avenue of Sphinxes and its pillared temple +raised to the goddess Mut by King Amenophis III. +Here, in the Breton Carnac, are no evidences of +architectural skill. These sombre stones, unworked, +rude as they came from cliff or seashore, are not +embellished by man’s handiwork like the rich temples +of the Nile. But there is about this stone-littered moor +a mystery, an atmosphere no less intense than that +surrounding the most solemn ruins of antiquity. Deeper +even than the depths of Egypt must we sound if we are +to discover the secret of Carnac. What mean these +stones? What means faith? What signifies belief? +What is the answer to the Riddle of Man? In the +words of Cayot Délandre, a Breton poet:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Tout cela eut un sens, et traduisit</p> +<p>Une pensée; mais clé de ce mystère,</p> +<p>Où est elle? et qui pourrait dire aujourd’hui</p> +<p>Si jamais elle se retrouvera?<a name='FNanchor_0009' id='FNanchor_0009'></a><a href='#Footnote_0009' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a></p> +</div></div> +<h3><i>A Vision</i></h3> +<p>Over this wild, heathy track, covered with the blue +flowers of the dwarf gentian, steals a subtle change. +Nor air nor heath has altered. The lichen-covered +grey stones are the same. Suddenly there arises the +burden of a low, fierce chant. A swarm of skin-clad +figures appears, clustering around a gigantic object +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_44' name='page_44'></a>44</span> +which they are painfully dragging toward a deep pit +situated at the end of one of the enormous alleys of +monoliths. On rudely shaped rollers rests a huge stone +some twenty feet in length, and this they drag across +the rough moor by ropes of hide, lightening their +labours by the chant, which relates the exploits of the +warrior-chief who has lately been entombed in this +vast pantheon of Carnac. The menhir shall serve for +his headstone. It has been vowed to him by the +warriors of his tribe, his henchmen, who have fought +and hunted beside him, and who revere his memory. +This stone shall render his fame immortal.</p> +<p>And now the task of placing the huge monolith in +position begins. Ropes are attached to one extremity, +and while a line of brawny savages strains to raise this, +others guide that end of the monolith destined for +enclosure in the earth toward the pit which has been +dug for its reception. Higher and higher rises the +stone, until at last it sinks slowly into its earthy bed. +It is held in an upright position while the soil is packed +around it and it is made secure. Then the barbarians +stand back a space and gaze at it from beneath their +low brows, well pleased with their handiwork. He +whom they honoured in life rests not unrecognized in +death.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_4' id='linki_4'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs04.jpg' alt='' title='' width='417' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +RAISING A MENHIR<br /> +</p> +</div> +<h3><i>The Legend of Carnac</i></h3> +<p>The legend of Carnac which explains these avenues of +monoliths bears a resemblance to the Cornish story of +‘the Hurlers,’ who were turned into stone for playing +at hurling on the Lord’s Day, or to that other English +example from Cumberland of ‘Long Meg’ and her +daughters. St Cornely, we are told, pursued by an +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_45' name='page_45'></a>45</span> +army of pagans, fled toward the sea. Finding no boat +at hand, and on the point of being taken, he transformed +his pursuers into stones, the present monoliths.</p> +<p>The Saint had made his flight to the coast in a bullock-cart, +and perhaps for this reason he is now regarded as +the patron of cattle. Should a bullock fall sick, his +owner purchases an image of St Cornely and hangs it +up in the stable until the animal recovers. The church +at Carnac contains a series of fresco paintings which +outline events in the life of the Saint, and in the churchyard +there is a representation of the holy man between +two bullocks. The head of St Cornely is said to be +preserved within the edifice as a relic. On the 13th of +September is held at Carnac the festival of the ‘Benediction +of the Beasts,’ which is celebrated in honour of +St Cornely. The cattle of the district are brought to the +vicinity of the church and blessed by the priests—should +sufficient monetary encouragement be forthcoming.</p> +<h3><i>Mont-Saint-Michel</i></h3> +<p>In the neighbourhood is Mont-Saint-Michel,<a name='FNanchor_0010' id='FNanchor_0010'></a><a href='#Footnote_0010' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> a great +tumulus with a sepulchral dolmen, first excavated in +1862, when late Stone Age implements, jade celts, and +burnt bones were unearthed. Later M. Zacharie Le +Rouzic, the well-known Breton archæologist, tunnelled +into the tumulus, and discovered a mortuary chamber, +in which were the incinerated remains of two oxen. +To this tumulus each pilgrim added a stone or small +quantity of earth, as has been the custom in Celtic +countries from time immemorial, and so the funerary +mound in the course of countless generations grew into +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_46' name='page_46'></a>46</span> +quite a respectable hill, on which a chapel was built, +dedicated to St Michael, from the doorway of which +a splendid prospect of the great stone alignments can +be had, with, for background, the Morbihan and the +long, dreary peninsula of Quiberon, bleak, treeless, and +deserted.</p> +<h3><i>Rocenaud</i></h3> +<p>Near Carnac is the great dolmen of Rocenaud, the +‘cup-and-ring’ markings on which are thought by the +surrounding peasantry to have been made by the knees +and elbows of St Roch, who fell upon this stone when +he landed from Ireland. When the natives desire a +wind they knock upon the depressions with their +knuckles, murmuring spells the while, just as in Scotland +in the seventeenth century a tempest was raised by +dipping a rag in water and beating it on a stone thrice +in the name of Satan.</p> +<h3><i>Cup-and-Ring Markings</i></h3> +<p>What do these cup-and-ring markings so commonly discovered +upon the monuments of Brittany portend? The +question is one well worth examining at some length, +as it appears to be almost at the foundations of Neolithic +religion. Recent discoveries in New Caledonia have +proved the existence in these far-off islands, as in +Brittany, Scotland, and Ireland, of these strange +symbols, coupled with the concentric and spiral designs +which are usually associated with the genius of Celtic +art. In the neighbourhood of Glasgow, and in the +south-west of Scotland generally, stones inscribed with +designs closely resembling those on the New Caledonian +rocks have been found in abundance, as at Auchentorlie +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_47' name='page_47'></a>47</span> +and Cockno, Shewalton Sands, and in the Milton of +Colquhoun district, where the famous ‘cup-and-ring +altar’ was discovered. At Shewalton Sands in particular, +in 1904, a number of stones were found bearing +crosses like those discovered in Portugal by Father +José Brenha and Father Rodriguez. These symbols +have a strong resemblance to certain markings on the +Breton rocks, and are thought to possess an alphabetic +or magical significance. In Scotland spirals are commonly +found on stones marked with ogham inscriptions, +and it is remarkable that they should occur in New +Caledonia in connexion with a dot ‘alphabet.’ The +New Caledonian crosses, however, approximate more to +the later crosses of Celtic art, while the spirals resemble +those met with in the earlier examples of Celtic work. +But the closest parallel to the New Caledonian stone-markings +to be found in Scotland is supplied by the examples +at Cockno, in Dumbartonshire, where the wheel +symbol is associated with the cup-and-ring markings.</p> +<p>The cup-and-ring stones used to be considered the +peculiar product of a race of ‘Brythonic’ or British +origin, and it is likely that the stones so carved were +utilized in the ritual of rain-worship or rain-making by +sympathetic magic. The grooves in the stone were +probably filled with water to typify a country partially +covered with rain-water.<a name='FNanchor_0011' id='FNanchor_0011'></a><a href='#Footnote_0011' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a></p> +<p>From these analogies, then, we can glean the purpose +of the cup-and-ring markings upon the dolmens of +Brittany, and may conclude, if our considerations are +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_48' name='page_48'></a>48</span> +well founded, that they were magical in purpose and +origin. Do the cup-shaped depressions represent water, +or are they receptacles for rain, and do the spiral +symbols typify the whirling winds?</p> +<h3><i>The Gallery of Gavr’inis</i></h3> +<p>Nowhere are these mysterious markings so well exemplified +as in the wonderful tumulus of Gavr’inis. +This ancient place of sepulture, the name of which +means ‘Goat Island,’ lies in the Morbihan, or ‘Little +Sea,’ an inland sea which gives its name to a department +in the south of Brittany. The tumulus is 25 feet +high, and covers a fine gallery 40 feet long, the stones of +which bear the markings alluded to. Whorls and circles +abound in the ornamentation, serpent-like figures, and the +representation of an axe, similar to those to be seen in +some of the Grottes aux Fées, or on the Dol des Marchands. +The sculptures appear to have been executed +with metal tools. The passage ends in a square sepulchral +chamber, the supports of which are eight menhirs of +grained granite, a stone not found on the island. Such +of the menhirs as are carved were obviously so treated +before they were placed <i>in situ</i>, as the design passes +round the edges.</p> +<h3><i>The Ile aux Moines</i></h3> +<p>The Ile aux Moines (‘Monks’ Island’) is also situated +in the Morbihan, and has many prehistoric monuments, +the most extensive of which are the circle of stones at +Kergonan and the dolmen of Penhapp. On the Ile +d’Arz, too, are megalithic monuments, perhaps the best +example of which is the cromlech or circle at Penraz.</p> +<p>The folk-beliefs attached to the megalithic monuments +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_49' name='page_49'></a>49</span> +of Brittany are numerous, but nearly all of them bear a +strong resemblance to each other. Many of the monuments +are called Grottes aux Fées or Roches aux Fées, +in the belief that the fairies either built them or used +them as dwelling-places, and variants of these names +are to be found in the Maison des Follets (‘House of +the Goblins’) at Cancoet, in Morbihan, and the Château +des Paulpiquets, in Questembert, in the same district. +Ty en Corygannt (‘The House of the Korrigans’) +is situated in the same department, while near Penmarch, +in Finistère, at the other end of the province, +we find Ty C’harriquet (‘The House of the Gorics’ +or ‘Nains’). Other mythical personages are also +credited with their erection, most frequently either the +devil or Gargantua being held responsible for their +miraculous creation. The phenomenon, well known to +students of folk-lore, that an unlettered people speedily +forgets the origin of monuments that its predecessors +may have raised in times past is well exemplified in +Brittany, whose peasant-folk are usually surprised, if +not amused, at the question “Who built the dolmens?” +Close familiarity with and contiguity to uncommon +objects not infrequently dulls the sense of wonder they +should otherwise naturally excite. But lest we feel +tempted to sneer at these poor folk for their incurious +attitude toward the visible antiquities of their land, +let us ask ourselves how many of us take that interest +in the antiquities of our own country or our own +especial locality that they demand.<a name='FNanchor_0012' id='FNanchor_0012'></a><a href='#Footnote_0012' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_50' name='page_50'></a>50</span></div> +<h3><i>Fairy Builders</i></h3> +<p>For the most part, then, the megaliths, in the opinion +of the Breton peasant, are not the handiwork of man. +He would rather refer their origin to spirits, giants, or +fiends. If he makes any exception to this supernatural +attribution, it is in favour of the saints he reverences +so profoundly. The fairies, he says, harnessed their +oxen to the mighty stones, selected a site, and dragged +them thither to form a dwelling, or perhaps a cradle +for the infant fays they were so fond of exchanging +for human children. Thus the Roches aux Fées near +Saint-Didier, in Ille-et-Vilaine, were raised by fairy +hands, the elves collecting “all the big stones in the +country” and carrying them thither in their aprons. +These architectural sprites then mounted on each +other’s shoulders in order that they might reach high +enough to place the mighty monoliths securely in +position. This practice they also followed in building +the dolmen near the wood of Rocher, on the road from +Dinan to Dol, say the people of that country-side.</p> +<p>But the actual purpose of the megaliths has not been +neglected by tradition, for a venerable farmer at Rouvray +stated that the fairies were wont to honour after +their death those who had made good use of their lives +and built the dolmens to contain their ashes. The +presence of such a shrine in a country-side was a +guarantee of abundance and prosperity therein, as a +subtle and indefinable charm spread from the saintly +remnants and communicated itself to everything in +the neighbourhood.<a name='FNanchor_0013' id='FNanchor_0013'></a><a href='#Footnote_0013' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a> The fairy builders, says tradition, +went about their work in no haphazard manner. Those +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_51' name='page_51'></a>51</span> +among them who possessed a talent for design drew +the plans of the proposed structure, the less gifted +acting as carriers, labourers, and masons. Apron-carrying +was not their only method of porterage, for +some bore the stones on their heads, or one under +each arm, as when they raised the Roche aux Fées +in Retiers, or the dolmen in La Lande Marie.<a name='FNanchor_0014' id='FNanchor_0014'></a><a href='#Footnote_0014' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a> The +space of a night was usually sufficient in which to raise +a dolmen. But though ‘run up’ with more than Transatlantic +dispatch, in view of the time these structures +have endured for, any charge of jerry-building against +their elfin architects must fall to the ground. Daylight, +too, frequently surprised the fairy builders, so that they +could not finish their task, as many a ‘roofless’ dolmen +shows.</p> +<p>There are many Celtic parallels to this belief. For +example, it is said that the Picts, or perhaps the +fairies, built the original church of Corstorphine, near +Edinburgh, and stood in a row handing the stones +on, one to another, from Ravelston Quarry, on the +adjacent hill of Corstorphine. Such is the local folk-tale; +and it has its congeners in Celtic and even in +Hindu myth. Thus in the Highland tale of Kennedy +and the <i>claistig</i>, or fairy, whom he captured, and +whom he compelled to build him a house in one night, +we read that she set her people to work speedily:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>And they brought flags and stones</p> +<p>From the shores of Cliamig waterfall,</p> +<p>Reaching them from hand to hand.<a name='FNanchor_0015' id='FNanchor_0015'></a><a href='#Footnote_0015' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a></p> +</div></div> +<p>Again, the Round Tower of Ardmore, in Ireland, was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_52' name='page_52'></a>52</span> +built with stones brought from Slieve Grian, a mountain +some four or five miles distant, “without horse or +wheel,” the blocks being passed from hand to hand +from the quarry to the site of the building. The same +tradition applied to the Round Tower of Abernethy, +in Perthshire, only it is in this case demonstrated that +the stone of which the tower is composed was actually +taken from the traditional quarry, even the very spot +being geologically identified.<a name='FNanchor_0016' id='FNanchor_0016'></a><a href='#Footnote_0016' class='fnanchor'>[16]</a> In like manner, too, +was Rama’s bridge built by the monkey host in Hindu +myth, as recounted in the +<i>Mahābhārata</i> and the <i>Rāmāyana</i>.</p> +<p>Tales, as apart from beliefs, are not often encountered +in connexion with the monuments. Indeed, Sébillot, in +the course of his researches, found only some dozen of +these all told.<a name='FNanchor_0017' id='FNanchor_0017'></a><a href='#Footnote_0017' class='fnanchor'>[17]</a> They are very brief, and appear for the +most part to deal with fairies who have been shut up +by the power of magic in a dolmen. Tales of spirits +enclosed in trees, and even in pillars, are not uncommon, +and lately I have heard a peculiarly fearsome ghost +story which comes from Belgium, in which it is related +how certain spirits had become enclosed in a pillar in +an ancient abbey, for the saintly occupants of which +they made it particularly uncomfortable. Mr George +Henderson, in one of the most masterly and suggestive +studies of Celtic survivals ever published, states that +stones in the Highlands of Scotland were formerly +believed to have souls, and that those too large to be +moved “were held to be in intimate connexion with +spirits.” Pillared stones are not employed in building +dwellings in the Highlands, ill luck, it is believed, being +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_53' name='page_53'></a>53</span> +sure to follow their use in this manner, while to +‘meddle’ with stones which tradition connects with +Druidism is to court fatality.<a name='FNanchor_0018' id='FNanchor_0018'></a><a href='#Footnote_0018' class='fnanchor'>[18]</a></p> +<h3><i>Stones that Travel</i></h3> +<p>M. Salomon Reinach tells us of the Breton belief that +certain sacred stones go once a year or once a century +to ‘wash’ themselves in the sea or in a river, returning +to their ancient seats after their ablutions.<a name='FNanchor_0019' id='FNanchor_0019'></a><a href='#Footnote_0019' class='fnanchor'>[19]</a> The stones +in the dolmen of Essé are thought to change their places +continually, like those of Callernish and Lewis, and, +like the Roman Penates, to have the gift of coming and +going if removed from their habitual site.</p> +<p>The megalithic monuments of Brittany are undoubtedly +the most remarkable relics of that epoch of prehistoric +activity which is now regarded as the immediate forerunner +of civilization. Can it be that they were +miraculously preserved by isolation from the remote +beginnings of that epoch, or is it more probable that +they were constructed at a relatively late period? These +are questions of profound difficulty, and it is likely that +both theories contain a certain amount of truth. +Whatever may have been the origin of her megaliths, +Brittany must ever be regarded as a great prehistoric +museum, a unique link with a past of hoary antiquity.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_54' name='page_54'></a>54</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_III_THE_FAIRIES_OF_BRITTANY' id='CHAPTER_III_THE_FAIRIES_OF_BRITTANY'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER III: THE FAIRIES OF BRITTANY</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">Whatever</span> the origin of the race which +conceived the demonology of Brittany—and +there are indications that it was not +wholly Celtic—that weird province of Faëry bears +unmistakable evidence of having been deeply impressed +by the Celtic imagination, if it was not totally peopled +by it, for its various inhabitants act in the Celtic spirit, +are moved by Celtic springs of thought and fancy, and +possess not a little of that irritability which has forced +anthropologists to include the Celtic race among those +peoples described as ‘sanguine-bilious.’ As a rule they +are by no means friendly or even humane, these fays +of Brittany, and if we find beneficent elves within the +green forests of the duchy we may feel certain that they +are French immigrants, and therefore more polished +than the choleric native sprites.</p> +<h3><i>Broceliande</i></h3> +<p>Of all the many localities celebrated in the fairy +lore of Brittany none is so famous as Broceliande. +Broceliande! “The sound is like a bell,” a far, faëry +chime in a twilit forest. In the name Broceliande +there seems to be gathered all the tender charm, the +rich and haunting mystery, the remote magic of +Brittany and Breton lore. It is, indeed, the title to +the rarest book in the library of poetic and traditional +romance.</p> +<p>“I went to seek out marvels,” said old Wace. “The +forest I saw, the land I saw. I sought marvels, but I +found none. A fool I came back, a fool I went; a fool +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_55' name='page_55'></a>55</span> +I went, a fool I came back; foolishness I sought; a fool +I hold myself.”<a name='FNanchor_0020' id='FNanchor_0020'></a><a href='#Footnote_0020' class='fnanchor'>[20]</a></p> +<p>Our age, even less sceptical than his, sees no folly in +questing for the beautiful, and if we expect no marvels, +nor any sleight of faëry, however desirous we are, we +do not hold it time lost to plunge into the enchanted +forest and in its magic half-gloom grope for, and +perchance grasp, dryad draperies, or be trapped in the +filmy webs of fancy which are spun in these shadows for +unwary mortals.</p> +<p>Standing in dream-girt Broceliande of a hundred +legends, its shadows mirrored by dim meres that may +never reflect the stars, one feels the lure of Brittany +more keenly even than when walking by its fierce and +jagged coasts menaced by savage grey seas, or when +wandering on its vast moors where the monuments +of its pagan past stand in gigantic disarray. For in +the forest is the heart of Arthurian story, the shrine +of that wonder which has drawn thousands to this land +of legend, who, like old Wace, trusted to have found, if +not elfin marvels, at least matter of phantasy conjured +up by the legendary associations of Broceliande.</p> +<p>But we must beware of each step in these twilit +recesses, for the fays of Brittany are not as those of +other lands. Harsh things are spoken of them. They +are malignant, say the forest folk. The note of Brittany +is scarce a joyous one. It is bitter-sweet as a sad chord +struck on an ancient harp.</p> +<p>The fays of Brittany are not the friends of man. They +are not ‘the good people,’ ‘the wee folk’; they have no +endearing names, the gift of a grateful peasantry. Cold +and hostile, they hold aloof from human converse, and, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_56' name='page_56'></a>56</span> +should they encounter man, vent their displeasure at the +interruption in the most vindictive manner.</p> +<p>Whether the fairies of Brittany be the late representatives +of the gods of an elder day or merely +animistic spirits who have haunted these glades since +man first sheltered in them, certain it is that in no other +region in Europe has Mother Church laid such a heavy +ban upon all the things of faëry as in this strange and +isolated peninsula. A more tolerant ecclesiastical rule +might have weaned them to a timid friendship, but +all overtures have been discouraged, and to-day they +are enemies, active, malignant, swift to inflict evil upon +the pious peasant because he is pious and on the +energetic because of his industry.</p> +<h3><i>The Korrigan</i></h3> +<p>Among those forest-beings of whom legend speaks such +malice none is more relentless than the Korrigan, who +has power to enmesh the heart of the most constant +swain and doom him to perish miserably for love of her. +Beware of the fountains and of the wells of this forest +of Broceliande, for there she is most commonly to be encountered, +and you may know her by her bright hair—“like +golden wire,” as Spenser says of his lady’s—her red, +flashing eyes, and her laughing lips. But if you would +dare her wiles you must come alone to her fountain by +night, for she shuns even the half-gloom that is day in +shadowy Broceliande. The peasants when they speak +of her will assure you that she and her kind are pagan +princesses of Brittany who would have none of Christianity +when the holy Apostles brought it to Armorica, +and who must dwell here under a ban, outcast and +abhorred.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_57' name='page_57'></a>57</span></div> +<h3><i>The Seigneur of Nann</i><a name='FNanchor_0021' id='FNanchor_0021'></a><a href='#Footnote_0021' class='fnanchor'>[21]</a></h3> +<p>The Seigneur of Nann was high of heart, for that day +his bride of a year had presented him with two beautiful +children, a boy and a girl, both white as May-blossom. +In his joy the happy father asked his wife her heart’s +desire, and she, pining for that which idle fancy urged +upon her, begged him to bring her a dish of woodcock +from the lake in the dale, or of venison from the +greenwood. The Seigneur of Nann seized his lance +and, vaulting on his jet-black steed, sought the borders +of the forest, where he halted to survey the ground +for track of roe or slot of the red deer. Of a sudden +a white doe rose in front of him, and was lost in the +forest like a silver shadow.</p> +<p>At sight of this fair quarry the Seigneur followed into +the greenwood. Ever his prey rustled among the +leaves ahead, and in the hot chase he recked not of the +forest depths into which he had plunged. But coming +upon a narrow glade where the interlacing leaves above +let in the sun to dapple the moss-ways below, he saw +a strange lady sitting by the broken border of a well, +braiding her fair hair and binding it with golden pins.</p> +<p>The Seigneur louted low, begged that he might +drink, and bending down set his lips to the water; +but she, turning strange eyes upon him—eyes not +blue like those of his bride, nor grey, nor brown, nor +black, like those of other women, but red in their +depths as the heart’s blood of a dove—spoke to him +discourteously.</p> +<p>“Who are you who dare to trouble the waters of my +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_58' name='page_58'></a>58</span> +fountain?” she asked. “Do you not know that your +conduct merits death? This well is enchanted, and by +drinking of it you are fated to die, unless you fulfil a +certain condition.”</p> +<p>“And what is that?” asked the Seigneur.</p> +<p>“You must marry me within the hour,” replied the lady.</p> +<p>“Demoiselle,” replied the Seigneur, “it may not be +as you desire, for I am already espoused to a +fair bride who has borne me this very day a son +and a daughter. Nor shall I die until it pleases the +good God. Nevertheless, I wot well who you are. +Rather would I die on the instant than wed with a +Korrigan.”</p> +<p>Leaping upon his horse, he turned and rode from the +woodland as a man possessed. As he drew homeward +he was overshadowed by a sense of coming ill. At the +gate of his château stood his mother, anxious to greet +him with good news of his bride. But with averted +eyes he addresses her in the refrain so familiar to the +folk-poetry of all lands:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>“My good mother, if you love me, make my bed. I am sick +unto death. Say not a word to my bride. For within three +days I shall be laid in the grave. A Korrigan has done +me evil.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Three days later the young spouse asks of her mother-in-law:</p> +<p>“Tell me, mother, why do the bells sound? Wherefore +do the priests chant so low?”</p> +<p>“’Tis nothing, daughter,” replies the elder woman. “A +poor stranger who lodged here died this night.”</p> +<p>“Ah, where is gone the Seigneur of Nann? Mother, +oh, where is he?”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_5' id='linki_5'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs05.jpg' alt='' title='' width='405' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE SEIGNEUR OF NANN AND THE KORRIGAN<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_59' name='page_59'></a>59</span></div> +<p>“He has gone to the town, my child. In a little he +will come to see you.”</p> +<p>“Ah, mother, let us speak of happy things. Must I +wear my red or my blue robe at my churching?”</p> +<p>“Neither, daughter. The mode is changed. You +must wear black.”</p> +<p>Unconscious in its art, the stream of verse carries us +to the church, whence the young wife has gone to +offer up thanks for the gift of children. She sees +that the ancestral tomb has been opened, and a great +dread is at her heart. She asks her mother-in-law +who has died, and the old woman at last confesses +that the Seigneur of Nann has just been buried.</p> +<p>That same night the young mother was interred beside +her husband-lover. And the peasant folk say that from +that tomb arose two saplings, the branches of which +intertwined more closely as they grew.</p> +<h3><i>A Goddess of Eld</i></h3> +<p>In the depths of Lake Tegid in our own Wales dwelt +Keridwen, a fertility goddess who possessed a magic +cauldron—the sure symbol of a deity of abundance.<a name='FNanchor_0022' id='FNanchor_0022'></a><a href='#Footnote_0022' class='fnanchor'>[22]</a> +Like Demeter, she was strangely associated with the +harmless necessary sow, badge of many earth-mothers, +and itself typical of fertility. Like Keridwen, the +Korrigan is associated with water, with the element +which makes for vegetable growth. Christian belief +would, of course, transform this discredited goddess into +an evil being whose one function was the destruction +of souls. May we see a relation of the Korrigan and +Keridwen in Tridwan, or St Triduana, of Restalrig, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_60' name='page_60'></a>60</span> +near Edinburgh, who presided over a certain well +there, and at whose well-shrine offerings were made +by sightless pilgrims for many centuries?</p> +<p>Many are the traditions which tell of human infants +abducted by the Korrigan, who at times left an ugly +changeling in place of the babe she had stolen. But it +was more as an enchantress that she was dreaded. By +a stroke of her magic wand she could transform the +leafy fastnesses in which she dwelt into the semblance +of a lordly hall, which the luckless traveller whom she +lured thither would regard as a paradise after the dark +thickets in which he had been wandering. This seeming +castle or palace she furnished with everything that could +delight the eye, and as the doomed wretch sat ravished +by her beauty and that of her nine attendant maidens a +fatal passion for her entered his heart, so that whatever +he cherished most on earth—honour, wife, demoiselle, +or affianced bride—became as naught to him, and he +cast himself at the feet of this forest Circe in a frenzy +of ardour. But with the first ray of daylight the charm +was dissolved and the Korrigan became a hideous hag, +as repulsive as before she had been lovely; the walls of +her palace and the magnificence which had furnished it +became once more tree and thicket, its carpets moss, +its tapestries leaves, its silver cups wild roses, and its +dazzling mirrors pools of stagnant water.</p> +<h3><i>The Unbroken Vow</i><a name='FNanchor_0023' id='FNanchor_0023'></a><a href='#Footnote_0023' class='fnanchor'>[23]</a></h3> +<p>Sir Roland of Brittany rides through gloomy Broceliande +a league ahead of his troop, unattended by squire or by +page. The red cross upon his shoulder is witness that +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_61' name='page_61'></a>61</span> +he is vowed to service in Palestine, and as he passes +through the leafy avenues on his way to the rendezvous +he fears that he will be late, most tardy of all the knights +of Brittany who have sworn to drive the paynim from +the Holy Land. Fearful of such disgrace, he spurs his +jaded charger on through the haunted forest, and with +anxious eye watches the sun sink and the gay white +moon sail high above the tree-tops, pouring light +through their branches upon the mossy ways below.</p> +<p>A high vow has Roland taken ere setting out upon the +crusade—a vow that he will eschew the company of +fair ladies, in which none had delighted more than he. +No more must he mingle in the dance, no more must he +press a maiden’s lips with his. He has become a soldier +of the Cross. He may not touch a lady’s hand save +with his mailed glove, he must not sit by her side. Also +must he fast from dusk till dawn upon that night of his +setting forth. “Small risk,” he laughs a little sadly, +as he spurs his charger onward, “small risk that I be +mansworn ere morning light.”</p> +<p>But the setting of the moon tells him that he must +rest in the forest until dawn, as without her beams he +can no longer pursue his way. So he dismounts from +his steed, tethers it to a tree, and looks about for a +bed of moss on which to repose. As he does so his +wandering gaze fixes upon a beam of light piercing the +gloom of the forest. Well aware of the traditions of his +country, he thinks at first that it is only the glimmer of +a will-o’-the-wisp or a light carried by a wandering elf. +But no, on moving nearer the gleam he is surprised to +behold a row of windows brilliantly lit as if for a festival.</p> +<p>“Now, by my vow,” says Roland, “methought I knew +well every château in this land of Brittany, nor wist +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_62' name='page_62'></a>62</span> +I that seigneur or count held court in this forest of +Broceliande.”</p> +<p>Resolved to view the château at still closer quarters, +he draws near it. A great court fronts him where neither +groom nor porter keeps guard, and within he can see a +fair hall. This he enters, and immediately his ears are +ravished by music which wanders through the chamber +like a sighing zephyr. The murmur of rich viols and +the call of flutes soft as distant bird-song speak to his +very soul. Yet through the ecstasy comes, like a +serpent gliding among flowers, the discord of evil +thoughts. Grasping his rosary, he is about to retire +when the doors at the end of the hall fly open, and he +beholds a rapturous vision. Upon a couch of velvet sits +a lady of such dazzling beauty that all other women +compared with her would seem as kitchen-wenches. A +mantle of rich golden hair falls about her, her eyes shine +with the brightness of stars, her smile seems heavenly. +Round her are grouped nine maidens only less beautiful +than herself.</p> +<p>As the moon moving among attendant stars, so the +lady comes toward Roland, accompanied by her maidens. +She welcomes him, and would remove his gauntlet, but +he tells her of the vow he has made to wear it in lady’s +bower, and she is silent. Next she asks him to seat +himself beside her on the couch, but he will not. In +some confusion she orders a repast to be brought. A +table is spread with fragrant viands, but as the knight +will partake of none of them, in chagrin the lady takes +a lute, which she touches with exquisite skill. He listens +unmoved, till, casting away her instrument, she dances +to him, circling round and round about him, flitting +about his chair like a butterfly, until at length she sinks +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_63' name='page_63'></a>63</span> +down near him and lays her head upon his mailed +bosom. Upward she turns her face to him, all passion-flushed, +her eyes brimming with love. Sir Roland +falters. Fascinated by her unearthly beauty, he is about +to stoop down to press his lips to hers. But as he bends +his head she shrinks from him, for she sees the tender +flush of morning above the eastern tree-tops. The +living stars faint and fail, and the music of awakening +life which accompanies the rising of the young sun falls +upon the ear. Slowly the château undergoes transformation. +The glittering roof merges into the blue +vault of heaven, the tapestried walls become the ivied +screens of great forest trees, the princely furnishings are +transformed into mossy banks and mounds, and the +rugs and carpets beneath Roland’s mailed feet are now +merged in the forest ways.</p> +<p>But the lady? Sir Roland, glancing down, beholds +a hag hideous as sin, whose malicious and distorted +countenance betrays baffled hate and rage. At the +sound of a bugle she hurries away with a discordant +shriek. Into the glade ride Roland’s men, to see their +lord clasping his rosary and kneeling in thanksgiving +for his deliverance from the evils which beset him. He +had been saved from breaking his vow!</p> +<p>The nine attendant maidens of the Korrigan bring to +mind a passage in Pomponius Mela<a name='FNanchor_0024' id='FNanchor_0024'></a><a href='#Footnote_0024' class='fnanchor'>[24]</a>: “Sena [the Ile +de Sein, not far from Brest], in the British Sea, opposite +the Ofismician coast, is remarkable for an oracle of the +Gallic god. Its priestesses, holy in perpetual virginity, +are said to be nine in number. They are called +Gallicenæ, and are thought to be endowed with singular +powers. By their charms they are able to raise the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_64' name='page_64'></a>64</span> +winds and seas, to turn themselves into what animals +they will, to cure wounds and diseases incurable by +others, to know and predict the future. But this they +do only for navigators, who go thither purposely to +consult them.”</p> +<p>Like the sylphs and salamanders so humorously +described by the Abbé de Villars in <i>Le Comte de +Gabalis</i>,<a name='FNanchor_0025' id='FNanchor_0025'></a><a href='#Footnote_0025' class='fnanchor'>[25]</a> the Korrigans desired union with humanity in +order that they might thus gain immortality. Such, at +least, is the current peasant belief in Brittany. “For +this end they violate all the laws of modesty.” This +belief is common to all lands, and is typical of the fay, +the Lorelei, countless well and water sprites, and that +enchantress who rode off with Thomas the Rhymer:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>For if you dare to kiss my lips</p> +<p>Sure of your bodie I shall be.</p> +</div></div> +<p>Unlike the colder Sir Roland, ‘True Thomas’ dared, +and was wafted to a realm wondrously described by +the old balladeer in the vivid phrase that marks the +poetry of vision.</p> +<h3><i>Merlin and Vivien</i></h3> +<p>It was in this same verdant Broceliande that Vivien, +another fairy, that crafty dame of the enchanted lake, +the instructress of Lancelot, bound wise Merlin so that +he might no more go to Camelot with oracular lips to +counsel British Arthur.</p> +<p>But what say the folk of Broceliande themselves of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_65' name='page_65'></a>65</span> +this? Let us hear their version of a tale which has +been so battered by modern criticism, and which has +been related in at least half a score of versions, prose +and poetic. Let us have the Broceliande account of +what happened in Broceliande.<a name='FNanchor_0026' id='FNanchor_0026'></a><a href='#Footnote_0026' class='fnanchor'>[26]</a> Surely its folk, in the +very forest in which he wandered with Vivien, must +know more of Merlin’s enchantment than we of that +greater Britain which he left to find a paradise in Britain +the Less, for, according to Breton story, Merlin was +not imprisoned by magic art, but achieved bliss through +his love for the fairy forest nymph.</p> +<p>Disguised as a young student, Merlin was wandering +one bright May morning through the leafy glades of +Broceliande, when, like the Seigneur of Nann, he came +to a beautiful fountain in the heart of the forest which +tempted him to rest. As he sat there in reverie, Vivien, +daughter of the lord of the manor of Broceliande, came +to the water’s edge. Her father had gained the affection +of a fay of the valley, who had promised on behalf of +their daughter that she should be loved by the wisest +man in the world, who should grant all her wishes, but +would never be able to compel her to consent to his.</p> +<p>Vivien reclined upon the other side of the fountain, and +the eyes of the sage and maiden met. At length Merlin +rose to depart, and gave the damsel courteous good-day. +But she, curious and not content with a mere salutation, +wished him all happiness and honour. Her voice +was beautiful, her eyes expressive, and Merlin, moved +beyond anything in his experience, asked her name. +She told him she was a daughter of a gentleman of +that country, and in turn asked him who he might be.</p> +<p>“A scholar returning to his master,” was the reply.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_66' name='page_66'></a>66</span></div> +<p>“Your master? And what may he teach you, young +sir?”</p> +<p>“He instructs me in the magic art, fair dame,” replied +Merlin, amused. “By aid of his teaching I can raise a +castle ere a man could count a score, and garrison it +with warriors of might. I can make a river flow past +the spot on which you recline, I can raise spirits from +the great deeps of ether in which this world rolls, and +can peer far into the future—aye, to the extreme of +human days.”</p> +<p>“Would that I shared your wisdom!” cried Vivien, her +voice thrilling with the desire of hidden things which +she had inherited from her fairy mother. “Teach me +these secrets, I entreat of you, noble scholar, and accept +in return for your instruction my most tender friendship.”</p> +<p>Merlin, willing to please her, arose, and traced certain +mystical characters upon the greensward. Straightway +the glade in which they sat was filled with knights, +ladies, maidens, and esquires, who danced and disported +themselves right joyously. A stately castle rose on the +verge of the forest, and in the garden the spirits whom +Merlin the enchanter had raised up in the semblance +of knights and ladies held carnival. Vivien, delighted, +asked of Merlin in what manner he had achieved this +feat of faëry, and he told her that he would in time +instruct her as to the manner of accomplishing it. He +then dismissed the spirit attendants and dissipated the +castle into thin air, but retained the garden at the +request of Vivien, naming it ‘Joyous Garden.’</p> +<p>Then he made a tryst with Vivien to meet her in a year +on the Vigil of St John.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_6' id='linki_6'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/col06.jpg' alt='' title='' width='424' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +MERLIN AND VIVIEN<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Now Merlin had to be present at the espousal of Arthur, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_67' name='page_67'></a>67</span> +his King, with Guinevere, at which he was to assist the +archbishop, Dubric, as priest. The festivities over, he +recalled his promise to Vivien, and on the appointed day +he once more assumed the guise of a travelling scholar +and set out to meet the maiden in the forest of +Broceliande. She awaited him patiently in Joyous +Garden, where they partook of a dainty repast. But +the viands and the wines were wasted upon Merlin, for +Vivien was beside him and she alone filled his thoughts. +She was fair of colour, and fresh with the freshness of +all in the forest, and her hazel eyes made such fire +within his soul that he conceived a madness of love for +her that all his wisdom, deep as it was, could not +control.</p> +<p>But Vivien was calm as a lake circled by trees, where +no breath of the passion of tempest can come. Again +and again she urged him to impart to her the secrets she +so greatly longed to be acquainted with. And chiefly +did she desire to know three things; these at all hazards +must she have power over. How, she asked, could water +be made to flow in a dry place? In what manner could +any form be assumed at will? And, lastly, how could +one be made to fall asleep at the pleasure of another?</p> +<p>“Wherefore ask you this last question, demoiselle?” +said Merlin, suspicious even in his great passion for her.</p> +<p>“So that I may cast the spell of sleep over my father +and my mother when I come to you, Merlin,” she replied, +with a beguiling glance, “for did they know that I loved +you they would slay me.”</p> +<p>Merlin hesitated, and so was lost. He imparted to her +that hidden knowledge which she desired. Then they +dwelt together for eight days in the Joyous Garden, +during which time the sage, to Vivien’s delight and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_68' name='page_68'></a>68</span> +amaze, related to her the marvellous circumstances of +his birth.</p> +<p>Next day Merlin departed, but came again to Broceliande +when the eglantine was flowering at the edge of the +forest. Again he wore the scholar’s garments. His +aspect was youthful, his fair hair hung in ringlets on his +shoulders, and he appeared so handsome that a tender +flower of love sprang up in Vivien’s heart, and she +felt that she must keep him ever near her. But she +knew full well that he whom she loved was in reality +well stricken in years, and she was sorrowful. But +she did not despair.</p> +<p>“Beloved,” she whispered, “will you grant me but one +other boon? There is one secret more that I desire to +learn.”</p> +<p>Now Merlin knew well ere she spoke what was in her +mind, and he sighed and shook his head.</p> +<p>“Wherefore do you sigh?” she asked innocently.</p> +<p>“I sigh because my fate is strong upon me,” replied the +sage. “For it was foreseen in the long ago that a lady +should lead me captive and that I should become her +prisoner for all time. Neither have I the power to deny +you what you ask of me.”</p> +<p>Vivien embraced him rapturously.</p> +<p>“Ah, Merlin, beloved, is it not that you should always +be with me?” she asked passionately. “For your sake +have I not given up father and mother, and are not all +my thoughts and desires toward you?”</p> +<p>Merlin, carried away by her amorous eloquence, could +only answer: “It is yours to ask what you will.”</p> +<p>Vivien then revealed to him her wish. She longed to +learn from his lips an enchantment which would keep +him ever near her, which would so bind him to her in +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_69' name='page_69'></a>69</span> +the chains of love that nothing in the world could part +him from her. Hearkening to her plea, he taught her +such enchantment as would render him love’s prisoner +for ever.</p> +<p>Evening was shrouding the forest in soft shadows +when Merlin sank to rest. Vivien, waiting until his +deep and regular breathing told her that he was asleep, +walked nine times around him, waving her cloak over +his head, and muttering the mysterious words he had +taught her. When the sage awoke he found himself +in the Joyous Garden with Vivien by his side.</p> +<p>“You are mine for ever,” she murmured. “You can +never leave me now.”</p> +<p>“My delight will be ever to stay with you,” he replied, +enraptured. “And oh, beloved, never leave me, I pray +you, for I am bespelled so as to love you throughout +eternity!”</p> +<p>“Never shall I leave you,” she replied; and in such +manner the wise Merlin withdrew from the world of +men to remain ever in the Joyous Garden with Vivien. +Love had triumphed over wisdom.</p> +<p>The Arthurian version of the story does not, of course, +represent Vivien as does the old Breton legend. In +Geoffrey of Monmouth’s book and in the <i>Morte d’Arthur</i> +she is drawn as the scheming enchantress who wishes to +lure Merlin to his ruin for the joy of being able to boast +of her conquest. In some romances she is alluded to +as Nimue, and in others is described as the daughter of +Dyonas, who perhaps is the same as Dylan, a Brythonic +(British) sea-god. As the Lady of the Lake she is the +foster-mother of Lancelot, and we should have no difficulty +in classing her as a water deity or spirit very much +like the Korrigan.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_70' name='page_70'></a>70</span></div> +<h3><i>Merlin</i></h3> +<p>But Merlin is a very different character, and it is probable +that the story of his love for Vivien was composed +at a comparatively late date for the purpose of rounding +off his fate in Arthurian legend. A recent hypothesis +concerning him is to the effect that “if he belongs to +the pagan period [of Celtic lore] at all, he was probably +an ideal magician or god of magicians.”<a name='FNanchor_0027' id='FNanchor_0027'></a><a href='#Footnote_0027' class='fnanchor'>[27]</a> Canon +MacCulloch smiles at the late Sir John Rhys’s belief +that Merlin was “a Celtic Zeus,” but his later suggestion +seems equally debatable. We must remember that we +draw our conception of Merlin as Arthurian archimagus +chiefly from late Norman-French sources and Celtic +tradition. Ancient Brythonic traditions concerning +beings of much the same type as Merlin appear to have +existed, however, and the character of Lailoken in +the life of St Kentigern recalls his life-story. So far +research on the subject seems to show that the legend +of Merlin is a thing of complex growth, composed of +traditions of independent and widely differing origin, +most of which were told about Celtic bards and soothsayers. +Merlin is, in fact, the typical Druid or wise +man of Celtic tradition, and there is not the slightest +reason for believing that he was ever paid divine +honours. As a soothsayer of legend, he would assuredly +belong to the pagan period, however much +he is indebted to Geoffrey of Monmouth for his late +popularity in pure romance.</p> +<h3><i>The Fountain of Baranton</i></h3> +<p>In the country of Broceliande lies the magic fountain of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_71' name='page_71'></a>71</span> +Baranton, sequestered among hills and surrounded by +deep woods. Says a thirteenth-century writer of this +fountain:</p> +<p>“Oh, amazing wonder of the Fountain of Brecelien! +If a drop be taken and poured on a certain rock beside +the spring, immediately the water changes into vapour, +forms itself into great clouds filled with hail; the air +becomes thick with shadows, and resonant with the +muttering of thunder. Those who have come through +curiosity to behold the prodigy wish that they had never +done so, so filled are their hearts with terror, and so +does fear paralyse their limbs. Incredible as the marvel +may seem, yet the proofs of its reality are too abundant +to be doubted.”</p> +<p>Huon de Méry was more fortunate than Wace. He +sprinkled the magic stone which lay behind the fountain +with water from the golden basin that hung from the +oak that shaded it, and beheld many marvels. And so +may he who has the seeing eye to-day.</p> +<h4>BROCELIANDE</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Ah, how remote, forlorn</p> +<p>Sounded the sad, sweet horn</p> +<p>In forest gloom enchanted!</p> +<p>I saw the shadows of kings go riding by,</p> +<p>But cerements mingled and paled with their panoply,</p> +<p>And the moss-ways deadened the steps of steeds that never panted.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Ah, what had phantasy</p> +<p>In that sad sound to say,</p> +<p>Sad as a spirit’s wailing?</p> +<p>A call from over the seas of shadowland,</p> +<p>A call the soul of the soul might understand,</p> +<p>But never, ah, never the mind, the steeps of soul assailing.</p> +</div></div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_72' name='page_72'></a>72</span></div> +<h3><i>Bruno of La Montagne</i></h3> +<p>The old fragmentary romance of Bruno of La Montagne +is eloquent of the faëry spirit which informs all Breton +lore. Butor, Baron of La Montagne, had married a +young lady when he was himself of mature years, and +had a son, whom he resolved to take to a fountain +where the fairies came to repose themselves. The +Baron, describing this magic well to the child’s mother, +says (we roughly translate):</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>“Some believe ’tis in Champagne,</p> +<p>And others by the Rock Grifaigne;</p> +<p>Perchance it is in Alemaigne,</p> +<p>Or Bersillant de la Montagne;</p> +<p>Some even think that ’tis in Spain,</p> +<p>Or where sleeps Artus of Bretaigne.”</p> +</div></div> +<p>The Seigneur gave his infant son into the keeping of +Bruyant, a trusty friend of his, and they set out for +the fairy fountain with a troop of vassals. They left +the infant in the forest of Broceliande. Here the fairies +soon found him.</p> +<p>“Ha, sisters,” said one whose skin was as white as +the robe of gossamer she wore, and whose golden +crown betokened her the queen of the others, “come +hither and see a new-born infant. How, I wonder, +does he come to be here? I am sure I did not behold +him in this spot yesterday. Well, at all events, he +must be baptized and suitably endowed, as is our +custom when we discover a mortal child. Now what +will you give him?”</p> +<p>“I will give him,” said one, “beauty and grace.”</p> +<p>“I endow him,” said a second, “with generosity.”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_7' id='linki_7'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/col07.jpg' alt='' title='' width='412' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE FAIRIES OF BROCELIANDE FIND THE LITTLE BRUNO<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>“And I,” said a third, “with such valour that he will +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_73' name='page_73'></a>73</span> +overthrow all his enemies at tourney and on the battlefield.”</p> +<p>The Queen listened to these promises. “Surely you +have little sense,” she said. “For my part, I wish +that in his youth he may love one who will be utterly +insensible to him, and although he will be as you desire, +noble, generous, beautiful, and valorous, he will yet, for +his good, suffer keenly from the anguish of love.”</p> +<p>“O Queen,” said one of the fairies, “what a cruel fate +you have ordained for this unfortunate child! But I +myself shall watch over him and nurse him until he +comes to such an age as he may love, when I myself +will try to engage his affections.”</p> +<p>“For all that,” said the Queen, “I will not alter my +design. You shall not nurse this infant.”</p> +<p>The fairies then disappeared. Shortly afterward +Bruyant returned, and carried the child back to the +castle of La Montagne, where presently a fairy presented +herself as nurse.</p> +<p>Unfortunately the manuscript from which this tale is +taken breaks off at this point, and we do not know +how the Fairy Queen succeeded with her plans for +the amorous education of the little Bruno. But the +fragment, although tantalizing in the extreme, gives +us some insight into the nature of the fairies who +inhabit the green fastnesses of Broceliande.</p> +<h3><i>Fairies in Folk-lore</i></h3> +<p>Nearly all fairy-folk have in time grown to mortal +height. Whether fairies be the decayed poor relations +of more successful deities, gods whose cult has been forgotten +and neglected (as the Irish <i>Sidhe</i>, or fairy-folk), +or diminutive animistic spirits, originating in the belief +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_74' name='page_74'></a>74</span> +that every object, small or great, possessed a personality, +it is noticeable that Celtic fairies are of human height, +while those of the Teutonic peoples are usually dwarfish. +Titania may come originally from the loins of Titans +or she may be Diana come down in the world, and +Oberon may hail from a very different and more dwarfish +source, but in Shakespeare’s England they have grown +sufficiently to permit them to tread the boards of the +Globe Theatre with normal humans. Scores of fairies +mate with mortal men, and men, as a rule, do not care +for dwarf-wives. Among Celts, at least, the fay, whatever +her original stature, in later times had certainly +achieved the height of mortal womanhood.</p> +<p>In Upper Brittany, where French is the language in +general use, the usual French ideas concerning fairies +prevail. They are called <i>fées</i> or <i>fetes</i> (Latin <i>fata</i>), and +sometimes <i>fions</i>, which reminds us of the <i>fions</i> of Scottish +and Irish folk-lore.<a name='FNanchor_0028' id='FNanchor_0028'></a><a href='#Footnote_0028' class='fnanchor'>[28]</a> There are old people still alive who +claim to have seen the fairies, and who describe them +variously, but the general belief seems to be that they +disappeared from the land several generations ago. One +old man described them as having teeth as long as one’s +hand, and as wearing garments of sea-weed or leaves. +They were human in aspect, said another ancient whom +Sébillot questioned; their clothes were seamless, and it +was impossible to say by merely looking at them whether +they were male or female. Their garments were of the +most brilliant colours imaginable, but if one approached +them too closely these gaudy hues disappeared. They +wore a kind of bonnet shaped like a crown, which +appeared to be part of their person.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_75' name='page_75'></a>75</span></div> +<p>The people of the coast say that the fairies are an +accursed race who are condemned to walk the earth for +a certain space. Some even think them rebellious angels +who have been sent to earth for a time to expiate their +offences against heaven. For the most part they inhabit +the dolmens and the grottos and caverns on the coast.<a name='FNanchor_0029' id='FNanchor_0029'></a><a href='#Footnote_0029' class='fnanchor'>[29]</a></p> +<p>On the shores of the Channel are numerous grottos or +caverns which the Bretons call <i>houles</i>, and these are +supposed to harbour a distinct class of fairy. Some of +these caverns are from twenty to thirty feet high, and +so extensive that it is unwise to explore them too far. +Others seem only large enough to hold a single person, +but if one enters he will find himself in a spacious natural +chamber. The inhabitants of these depths, like all their +kind, prefer to sally forth by night rather than by day. +In the day-time they are not seen because they smear +themselves with a magic ointment which renders them +invisible; but at night they are visible to everybody.</p> +<h3><i>The Lost Daughter</i></h3> +<p>There was once upon a time a labourer of Saint-Cast +named Marc Bourdais, but, according to the usage of +the country, he had a nickname and was called Maraud. +One day he was returning home when he heard the +sound of a horn beneath his feet, and asked a companion +who chanced to be with him if he had heard it also.</p> +<p>“Of course I did,” replied the fellow; “it is a fairy +horn.”</p> +<p>“Umph,” said Maraud. “Ask the fairies, then, to +bring us a slice of bread.”</p> +<p>His companion knelt down and shouted out the request, +but nothing happened and they resumed their way.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_76' name='page_76'></a>76</span></div> +<p>They had not gone far, however, when they beheld a +slice of beautiful white bread lying on a snowy napkin +by the roadside. Maraud picked it up and found that it +was well buttered and as toothsome as a cake, and when +they had divided and eaten it they felt their hunger +completely satisfied. But he who has fed well is often +thirsty, so Maraud, lowering his head, and speaking to +the little folk beneath, cried: “Hullo, there! Bring us +something to drink, if you please.”</p> +<p>He had hardly spoken when they beheld a pot of cider +and a glass reposing on the ground in front of them. +Maraud filled the glass, and, raising it to his lips, quaffed +of the fairy cider. It was clear and of a rich colour, and +he declared that it was by far the best that he had +ever tasted. His friend drank likewise, and when they +returned to the village that night they had a good story +to tell of how they had eaten and drunk at the expense +of the fairies. But their friends and neighbours shook +their heads and regarded them sadly.</p> +<p>“Alas! poor fellows,” they said, “if you have eaten +fairy food and drunk fairy liquor you are as good as +dead men.”</p> +<p>Nothing happened to them within the next few days, +however, and it was with light hearts that one morning +they returned to work in the neighbourhood of the +spot where they had met with such a strange adventure. +When they arrived at the place they smelt the odour +of cakes which had been baked with black corn, and a +fierce hunger at once took possession of them.</p> +<p>“Ha!” said Maraud, “the fairies are baking to-day. +Suppose we ask them for a cake or two.” “No, no!” +replied his friend. “Ask them if you wish, but I will +have none of them.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_77' name='page_77'></a>77</span></div> +<p>“Pah!” cried Maraud, “what are you afraid of?” And +he cried: “Below there! Bring me a cake, will you?”</p> +<p>Two fine cakes at once appeared. Maraud seized upon +one, but when he had cut it he perceived that it was +made of hairs, and he threw it down in disgust.</p> +<p>“You wicked old sorcerer!” he cried. “Do you mean +to mock me?”</p> +<p>But as he spoke the cakes disappeared.</p> +<p>Now there lived in the village a widow with seven +children, and a hard task she had to find bread for them +all. She heard tell of Maraud’s adventure with the +fairies, and pondered on the chance of receiving a like +hospitality from them, that the seven little mouths she +had to provide for might be filled. So she made up her +mind to go to a fairy grotto she knew of and ask for +bread. “Surely,” she thought, “what the good people +give to others who do not require it they will give to +me, whose need is so great.” When she had come to +the entrance of the grotto she knocked on the side +of it as one knocks on a door, and there at once +appeared a little old dame with a great bunch of keys +hanging at her side. She appeared to be covered with +limpets, and mould and moss clung to her as to a rock. +To the widow she seemed at least a thousand years +old.</p> +<p>“What do you desire, my good woman?” she asked.</p> +<p>“Alas! madame,” said the widow, “might I have a little +bread for my seven children? Give me some, I beseech +you, and I will remember you in my prayers.”</p> +<p>“I am not the mistress here,” replied the old woman. +“I am only the porteress, and it is at least a hundred +years since I have been out. But return to-morrow +and I will promise to speak for you.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_78' name='page_78'></a>78</span></div> +<p>Next day at the same time the widow returned to the +cave, and found the old porteress waiting for her.</p> +<p>“I have spoken for you,” said she, “and here is a loaf +of bread for you, and those who send it wish to speak +to you.”</p> +<p>“Bring me to them,” said the widow, “that I may +thank them.”</p> +<p>“Not to-day,” replied the porteress. “Return to-morrow +at the same hour and I will do so.”</p> +<p>The widow returned to the village and told her neighbours +of her success. Every one came to see the fairy +loaf, and many begged a piece.</p> +<p>Next day the poor woman returned to the grotto in the +hope that she would once more benefit from the little +folks’ bounty. The porteress was there as usual.</p> +<p>“Well, my good woman,” said she, “did you find my +bread to your taste? Here is the lady who has befriended +you,” and she indicated a beautiful lady, who +came smilingly from the darkness of the cavern.</p> +<p>“Ah, madame,” said the widow, “I thank you with all +my heart for your charity.”</p> +<p>“The loaf will last a long time,” said the fairy, “and +you will find that you and your family will not readily +finish it.”</p> +<p>“Alas!” said the widow, “last night all my neighbours +insisted on having a piece, so that it is now entirely +eaten.”</p> +<p>“Well,” replied the fay, “I will give you another loaf. +So long as you or your children partake of it it will not +grow smaller and will always remain fresh, but if you +should give the least morsel to a stranger the loaf will +disappear. But as I have helped you, so must you help +me. I have four cows, and I wish to send them out to +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_79' name='page_79'></a>79</span> +pasture. Promise me that one of your daughters will +guard them for me.”</p> +<p>The widow promised, and next morning sent one of +her daughters out to look for the cows, which were to be +pastured in a field where there was but little herbage. +A neighbour saw her there, and asked what she was +doing in that deserted place.</p> +<p>“Oh, I am watching the fairy cows,” replied she. The +woman looked at her and smiled, for there were no +cows there and she thought the girl had become half-witted.</p> +<p>With the evening the fairy of the grotto came herself +to fetch the cows, and she said to the little cowherd:</p> +<p>“How would you like to be godmother to my child?”</p> +<p>“It would be a pleasure, madame,” replied the girl.</p> +<p>“Well, say nothing to any one, not even to your +mother,” replied the fairy, “for if you do I shall never +bring you anything more to eat.”</p> +<p>A few days afterward a fairy came to tell the girl to +prepare to come to the cavern on the morrow, as on +that day the infant was to be named. Next day, +according to the fairy’s instructions, she presented herself +at the mouth of the grotto, and in due course was +made godmother to the little fairy. For two days she +remained there, and when she left her godchild was +already grown up. She had, as a matter of fact, unconsciously +remained with the ‘good people’ for ten +years, and her mother had long mourned her as dead. +Meanwhile the fairies had requested the poor widow to +send another of her daughters to watch their cows.</p> +<p>When at last the absent one returned to the village she +went straight home, and her mother on beholding her +gave a great cry. The girl could not understand her +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_80' name='page_80'></a>80</span> +agitation, believing as she did that she had been absent +for two days only.</p> +<p>“Two days!” echoed the mother. “You have been +away ten years! Look how you have grown!”</p> +<p>After she had overcome her surprise the girl resumed +her household duties as if nothing particular had +happened, and knitted a pair of stockings for her +godchild. When they were finished she carried +them to the fairy grotto, where, as she thought, she +spent the afternoon. But in reality she had been away +from home this time for five years. As she was leaving, +her godchild gave her a purse, saying: “This purse is +full of gold. Whenever you take a piece out another +one will come in its place, but if any one else uses it +it will lose all its virtue.”</p> +<p>When the girl returned to the village at last it was to +find her mother dead, her brothers gone abroad, and +her sisters married, so that she was the only one left +at home. As she was pretty and a good housewife she +did not want for lovers, and in due time she chose one +for a husband. She did not tell her spouse about the +purse she had had from the fairies, and if she wanted +to give him a piece of gold she withdrew it from the +magic purse in secret. She never went back to the +fairy cavern, as she had no mind to return from it and +find her husband an old man.</p> +<h3><i>The Fisherman and the Fairies</i></h3> +<p>A fisherman of Saint-Jacut-de-la-Mer, walking home to +his cottage from his boat one evening along the wet +sands, came, unawares, upon a number of fairies in a +<i>houle</i>. They were talking and laughing gaily, and the +fisherman observed that while they made merry they +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_81' name='page_81'></a>81</span> +rubbed their bodies with a kind of ointment or pomade. +All at once, to the old salt’s surprise, they turned into +ordinary women. Concealing himself behind a rock, +the fisherman watched them until the now completely +transformed immortals quitted their haunt and waddled +away in the guise of old market-women.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_8' id='linki_8'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/col08.jpg' alt='' title='' width='415' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +FAIRIES IN A BRETON ‘HOULE’<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>The fisherman waited until they were well out of sight, +and then entered the cavern, where the first object that +met his gaze was the pot of ointment which had effected +the marvellous change he had witnessed. Taking some +of the pomade on his forefinger, he smeared it around +his left eye. He afterward found that he could penetrate +the various disguises assumed by the fairies +wherever he met them, and that these were for the +most part adopted for the purposes of trickery. Thus +he was able to see a fairy in the assumed shape of a +beggar-woman going from door to door demanding alms, +seeking an opportunity to steal or work mischief, and +all the while casting spells upon those who were charitable +enough to assist her. Again, he could distinguish real +fish caught in his net at sea from merwomen disguised +as fish, who were desirous of entangling the nets or +otherwise distressing and annoying the fishermen.</p> +<p>But nowhere was the disguised fairy race so much in +evidence as at the fair of Ploubalay, where he recognized +several of the elusive folk in the semblance of raree-showmen, +fortune-tellers, and the like, who had taken +these shapes in order to deceive. He was quietly +smiling at their pranks, when some of the fairies who +composed a troupe of performers in front of one of the +booths regarded him very earnestly. He felt certain +that they had penetrated his secret, but ere he could +make off one of them threw a stick at him with such +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_82' name='page_82'></a>82</span> +violence that it struck and burst the offending left +eye.</p> +<p>Fairies in all lands have a constitutional distaste for being +recognized, but those of Brittany appear to visit their +vengeance upon the members with which they are actually +beheld. “See what thieves the fairies are!” cried a +woman, on beholding one abstract apples from a countrywoman’s +pocket. The predatory elf at once turned +round and tore out the eye that had marked his act.</p> +<p>A Cornish woman who chanced to find herself the +guardian of an elf-child was given certain water with +which to wash its face. The liquid had the property +of illuminating the infant’s face with a supernatural +brightness, and the woman ventured to try it upon +herself, and in doing so splashed a little into one eye. +This gave her the fairy sight. One day in the market-place +she saw a fairy man stealing, and gave the alarm, +when the enraged sprite cried:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>“Water for elf, not water for self.</p> +<p>You’ve lost your eye, your child, and yourself.”</p> +</div></div> +<p>She was immediately stricken blind in the right eye, +her fairy foster-child vanished, and she and her husband +sank into poverty and want.</p> +<p>Another Breton tale recounts how a mortal woman was +given a polished stone in the form of an egg wherewith +to rub a fairy child’s eyes. She applied it to her own +right eye, and became possessed of magic sight so far +as elves were concerned. Still another case, alluded to +in the <i>Revue Celtique</i>,<a name='FNanchor_0030' id='FNanchor_0030'></a><a href='#Footnote_0030' class='fnanchor'>[30]</a> arose through ‘the sacred bond’ +formed between a fairy man and a mortal woman where +both stood as godparents to a child. The association +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_83' name='page_83'></a>83</span> +enabled the woman to see magically. The fairy maiden +Rockflower bestows a similar gift on her lover in a +Breton tale from Saint-Cast, and speaks of “clearing +his eyes like her own.”<a name='FNanchor_0031' id='FNanchor_0031'></a><a href='#Footnote_0031' class='fnanchor'>[31]</a></p> +<h3><i>Changelings</i></h3> +<p>The Breton fairies, like others of their race, are fond of +kidnapping mortal children and leaving in their places +wizened elves who cause the greatest trouble to the +distressed parents. The usual method of ridding a +family of such a changeling is to surprise it in some +manner so that it will betray its true character. Thus, +on suspicion resting upon a certain Breton infant who +showed every sign of changeling nature, milk was boiled +on the fire in egg-shells, whereupon the impish youngster +cried: “I shall soon be a hundred years old, but I never +saw so many shells boiling! I was born in Pif and Paf, +in the country where cats are made, but I never saw +anything like it!” Thus self-revealed, the elf was +expelled from the house. In most Northern tales where +the changeling betrays itself it at once takes flight and +a train of elves appears, bringing back the true infant. +Again, if the wizened occupant of the cradle can be +made to laugh that is accepted as proof of its fairy +nature. “Something ridiculous,” says Simrock, “must +be done to cause him to laugh, for laughter brings +deliverance.”<a name='FNanchor_0032' id='FNanchor_0032'></a><a href='#Footnote_0032' class='fnanchor'>[32]</a> The same stratagem appears to be used +as the cure in English and Scots changeling tales.</p> +<h3><i>The King of the Fishes</i></h3> +<p>The Breton fays were prone, too, to take the shape of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_84' name='page_84'></a>84</span> +animals, birds, and even of fish. As we have seen, the +sea-fairies of Saint-Jacut-de-la-Mer were in the habit of +taking the shape of fish for the purpose of annoying +fishermen and damaging their gear. Another Breton +tale from Saint-Cast illustrates their penchant for the +fish shape. A fisherman of that town one day was +lucky enough to catch the King of the Fishes disguised +as a small golden fish. The fish begged hard to be +released, and promised, if he were set free, to sacrifice +as many of his subjects as would daily fill the fisherman’s +nets. On this understanding the finny monarch +was given his liberty, and fulfilled his promise to the +letter. Moreover, when the fisherman’s boat was +capsized in a gale the Fish King appeared, and, holding +a flask to the drowning man’s lips, made him drink a +magic fluid which ensured his ability to exist under +water. He conveyed the fisherman to his capital, a +place of dazzling splendour, paved with gold and gems. +The rude caster of nets instantly filled his pockets with +the spoil of this marvellous causeway. Though probably +rather disturbed by the incident, the Fish King, with +true royal politeness, informed him that whenever +he desired to return the way was open to him. The +fisherman expressed his sorrow at having to leave such +a delightful environment, but added that unless he +returned to earth his wife and family would regard +him as lost. The Fish King called a large tunny-fish, +and as Arion mounted the dolphin in the old +Argolian tale, so the fisherman approached the tunny, +which</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Hollowed his back and shaped it as a selle.<a name='FNanchor_0033' id='FNanchor_0033'></a><a href='#Footnote_0033' class='fnanchor'>[33]</a></p> +</div></div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_85' name='page_85'></a>85</span></div> +<p>The fisherman at once</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Seized the strange sea-steed by his bristling fin</p> +<p>And vaulted on his shoulders; the fleet fish</p> +<p>Swift sought the shallows and the friendly shore.<a name='FNanchor_0034' id='FNanchor_0034'></a><a href='#Footnote_0034' class='fnanchor'>[34]</a></p> +</div></div> +<p>Before dismissing the fisherman, however, the Fish +King presented him with an inexhaustible purse—probably +as a hint that it would be unnecessary for him +on a future visit to disturb his paving arrangements.</p> +<h3><i>Fairy Origins</i></h3> +<p>Two questions which early obtrude themselves in the +consideration of Breton fairy-lore are: Are all the +fays of Brittany malevolent? And, if so, whence proceeds +this belief that fairy-folk are necessarily malign? +Example treads upon example to prove that the Breton +fairy is seldom beneficent, that he or she is prone to +ill-nature and spitefulness, not to say fiendish malice on +occasion. There appears to be a deep-rooted conviction +that the elfish race devotes itself to the annoyance +of mankind, practising a species of peculiarly irritating +trickery, wanton and destructive. Only very rarely is +a spirit of friendliness evinced, and then a motive +is usually obvious. The ‘friendly’ fairy invariably has +an axe to grind.</p> +<p>Two reasons may be advanced to account for this +condition of things. First, the fairy-folk—in which are +included house and field spirits—may be the traditional +remnant of a race of real people, perhaps a prehistoric +race, driven into the remote parts of the country by +strange immigrant conquerors. Perhaps these primitive +folk were elfish, dwarfish, or otherwise peculiar in +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_86' name='page_86'></a>86</span> +appearance to the superior new-comers, who would in +pride of race scorn the small, swarthy aborigines, and +refuse all communion with them. We may be sure that +the aborigines, on their part, would feel for their tall, +handsome conquerors all the hatred of which a subject +race is capable, never approaching them unless under +compulsion or necessity, and revenging themselves +upon them by every means of annoyance in their power. +We may feel certain, too, that the magic of these conquered +and discredited folk would be made full use of +to plague the usurpers of the soil, and trickery, as irritating +as any elf-pranks, would be brought to increase +the discomfort of the new-comers.</p> +<p>There are, however, several good objections to this +view of the origin of the fairy idea. First and foremost, +the smaller prehistoric aboriginal peoples of +Europe themselves possessed tales of little people, of +spirits of field and forest, flood and fell. It is unlikely +that man was ever without these.</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Yea, I sang, as now I sing, when the Prehistoric Spring</p> +<p>Made the piled Biscayan ice-pack split and shove,</p> +<p>And the troll, and gnome, and dwerg, and the gods of cliff and berg</p> +<p>Were about me and beneath me and above.<a name='FNanchor_0035' id='FNanchor_0035'></a><a href='#Footnote_0035' class='fnanchor'>[35]</a></p> +</div></div> +<p>The idea of animism, the belief that everything had a +personality of its own, certainly belonged to the later +prehistoric period, for among the articles which fill +the graves of aboriginal peoples, for use on the last +journey, we find weapons to enable the deceased +to drive off the evil spirits which would surround his +own after death. Spirits, to early man, are always relatively +smaller than himself. He beholds the “picture +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_87' name='page_87'></a>87</span> +of a little man” in his comrade’s eyes, and concludes +it to be his ‘soul.’ Some primitive peoples, indeed, +believe that several parts of the body have each their +own resident soul. Again, the spirit of the corn or the +spirit of the flower, the savage would argue, must in the +nature of things be small. We can thus see how the +belief in ‘the little folk’ may have arisen, and how they +remained little until a later day.</p> +<p>A much more scientific theory of the origin of the belief +in fairies is that which sees in them the deities of a +discredited religion, the gods of an aboriginal people, +rather than the people themselves. Such were the +Irish <i>Daoine Sidhe</i>, and the Welsh <i>y Mamau</i> (‘the +Mothers’)—undoubtedly gods of the Celts. Again, +although in many countries, especially in England, the +fairies are regarded as small of stature, in Celtic countries +the fay proper, as distinct from the brownie and such +goblins, is of average mortal height, and this would +seem to be the case in Brittany. Whether the gorics +and courils of Brittany, who seem sufficiently small, are +fairies or otherwise is a moot point. They seem +to be more of the field spirit type, and are perhaps +classed more correctly with the gnome race; we thus +deal with them in our chapter on sprites and demons. +It would seem, too, as if there might be ground for +the belief that the normal-sized fairy race of Celtic +countries had become confounded with the Teutonic idea +of elves (Teut. <i>Elfen</i>) in Germany and England, from +which, perhaps, they borrowed their diminutive size.</p> +<p>But these are only considerations, not conclusions. +Strange as it may seem, folk-lore has by no means solved +the fairy problem, and much remains to be accomplished +ere we can write ‘Finis’ to the study of fairy origins.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_88' name='page_88'></a>88</span></div> +<h3><i>The Margots</i></h3> +<p>Another Breton name for the fairies is <i>les Margots la +fée</i>, a title which is chiefly employed in several districts +of the Côtes-du-Nord, principally in the <i>arrondissements</i> +of Saint-Brieuc and Loudéac, to describe those fairies +who have their abode in large rocks and on the wild +and extensive moorlands which are so typical of the +country. These, unlike the <i>fées houles</i>, are able to +render themselves invisible at pleasure. Like human +beings, they are subject to maladies, and are occasionally +glad to accept mortal succour. They return kindness +for kindness, but are vindictive enemies to those +who attempt to harm them.</p> +<p>But fairy vindictiveness is not lavished upon those +unwitting mortals who do them harm alone. If one +chances to succeed in a task set by the immortals of +the forest, one is in danger of death, as the following +story shows.</p> +<h3><i>The Boy who Served the Fairies</i></h3> +<p>A poor little fellow was one day gathering faggots in +the forest when a gay, handsomely dressed gentleman +passed him, and, noticing the lad’s ragged and forlorn +condition, said to him: “What are you doing there, +my boy?”</p> +<p>“I am looking for wood, sir,” replied the boy. “If I +did not do so we should have no fire at home.”</p> +<p>“You are very poor at home, then?” asked the +gentleman.</p> +<p>“So poor,” said the lad, “that sometimes we only eat +once a day, and often go supperless to bed.”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_9' id='linki_9'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs09.jpg' alt='' title='' width='412' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE POOR BOY AND THE THREE FAIRY DAMSELS<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>“That is a sad tale,” said the gentleman. “If you +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_89' name='page_89'></a>89</span> +will promise to meet me here within a month I will +give you some money, which will help your parents +and feed and clothe your small brothers and sisters.”</p> +<p>Prompt to the day and the hour, the boy kept the +tryst in the forest glade, at the very spot where he had +met the gentleman. But though he looked anxiously +on every side he could see no signs of his friend. In +his anxiety he pushed farther into the forest, and came +to the borders of a pond, where three damsels were +preparing to bathe. One was dressed in white, another +in grey, and the third in blue. The boy pulled off his +cap, gave them good-day, and asked politely if they +had not seen a gentleman in the neighbourhood. The +maiden who was dressed in white told him where the +gentleman was to be found, and pointed out a road by +which he might arrive at his castle.</p> +<p>“He will ask you,” said she, “to become his servant, +and if you accept he will wish you to eat. The first +time that he presents the food to you, say: ‘It is I who +should serve you.’ If he asks you a second time make +the same reply; but if he should press you a third +time refuse brusquely and thrust away the plate which +he offers you.”</p> +<p>The boy was not long in finding the castle, and was +at once shown into the gentleman’s presence. As the +maiden dressed in white had foretold, he requested +the youth to enter his service, and when his offer was +accepted placed before him a plate of viands. The +lad bowed politely, but refused the food. A second +time it was offered, but he persisted in his refusal, +and when it was proffered to him a third time he thrust +it away from him so roughly that it fell to the ground +and the plate was broken.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_90' name='page_90'></a>90</span></div> +<p>“Ah,” said the gentleman, “you are just the kind of +servant I require. You are now my lackey, and if you +are able to do three things that I command you I will +give you one of my daughters for your wife and you +shall be my son-in-law.”</p> +<p>The next day he gave the boy a hatchet of lead, a +saw of paper, and a wheelbarrow made of oak-leaves, +bidding him fell, bind up, and measure all the wood +in the forest within a radius of seven leagues. The +new servant at once commenced his task, but the +hatchet of lead broke at the first blow, the saw of +paper buckled at the first stroke, and the wheelbarrow +of oak-leaves was broken by the weight of the first +little branch he placed on it. The lad in despair sat +down, and could do nothing but gaze at the useless +implements. At midday the damsel dressed in white +whom he had seen at the pond came to bring him +something to eat.</p> +<p>“Alas!” she cried, “why do you sit thus idle? If my +father should come and find that you have done nothing +he would kill you.”</p> +<p>“I can do nothing with such wretched tools,” grumbled +the lad.</p> +<p>“Do you see this wand?” said the damsel, producing +a little rod. “Take it in your hand and walk round +the forest, and the work will take care of itself. At +the same time say these words: ‘Let the wood fall, +tie itself into bundles, and be measured.’”</p> +<p>The boy did as the damsel advised him, and matters +proceeded so satisfactorily that by a little after midday +the work was completed. In the evening the gentleman +said to him:</p> +<p>“Have you accomplished your task?”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_91' name='page_91'></a>91</span></div> +<p>“Yes, sir. Do you wish to see it? The wood is +cut and tied into bundles of the proper weight and +measurement.”</p> +<p>“It is well,” said the gentleman. “To-morrow I will +set you the second task.”</p> +<p>On the following morning he took the lad to a knoll +some distance from the castle, and said to him:</p> +<p>“You see this rising ground? By this evening you +must have made it a garden well planted with fruit-trees +and having a fish-pond in the middle, where +ducks and other water-fowl may swim. Here are your +tools.”</p> +<p>The tools were a pick of glass and a spade of earthenware. +The boy commenced the work, but at the first +stroke his fragile pick and spade broke into a thousand +fragments. For the second time he sat down helplessly. +Time passed slowly, and as before at midday the damsel +in white brought him his dinner.</p> +<p>“So I find you once more with your arms folded,” she +said.</p> +<p>“I cannot work with a pick of glass and an earthenware +spade,” complained the youth.</p> +<p>“Here is another wand,” said the damsel. “Take it +and walk round this knoll, saying: ‘Let the place be +planted and become a beautiful garden with fruit-trees, +in the middle of which is a fish-pond with ducks swimming +upon it.’”</p> +<p>The boy took the wand, did as he was bid, and the work +was speedily accomplished. A beautiful garden arose +as if by enchantment, well furnished with fruit-trees of +all descriptions and ornamented with a small sheet of +water.</p> +<p>Once more his master was quite satisfied with the result, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_92' name='page_92'></a>92</span> +and on the third morning set him his third task. He +took him beneath one of the towers of the castle.</p> +<p>“Behold this tower,” he said. “It is of polished +marble. You must climb it, and at the top you will +find a turtle-dove, which you must bring to me.”</p> +<p>The gentleman, who was of opinion that the damsel +in white had helped his servant in the first two tasks, +sent her to the town to buy provisions. When she +received this order the maiden retired to her chamber +and burst into tears. Her sisters asked her what was +the matter, and she told them that she wished to remain +at the castle, so they promised to go to the town in her +stead. At midday she found the lad sitting at the foot +of the tower bewailing the fact that he could not climb +its smooth and glassy sides.</p> +<p>“I have come to help you once more,” said the damsel. +“You must get a cauldron, then cut me into morsels and +throw in all my bones, without missing a single one. +It is the only way to succeed.”</p> +<p>“Never!” exclaimed the youth. “I would sooner die +than harm such a beautiful lady as you.”</p> +<p>“Yet you must do as I say,” she replied.</p> +<p>For a long time the youth refused, but at last he gave +way to the maiden’s entreaties, cut her into little pieces, +and placed the bones in a large cauldron, forgetting, +however, the little toe of her left foot. Then he rose as +if by magic to the top of the tower, found the turtle-dove, +and came down again.<a name='FNanchor_0036' id='FNanchor_0036'></a><a href='#Footnote_0036' class='fnanchor'>[36]</a> Having completed his task, he +took a wand which lay beside the cauldron, and when +he touched the bones they came together again and the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_93' name='page_93'></a>93</span> +damsel stepped out of the great pot none the worse for +her experience.</p> +<p>When the young fellow carried the dove to his master +the gentleman said:</p> +<p>“It is well. I shall carry out my promise and give you +one of my daughters for your wife, but all three shall be +veiled and you must pick the one you desire without +seeing her face.”</p> +<p>The three damsels were then brought into his presence, +but the lad easily recognized the one who had assisted +him, because she lacked the small toe of the left foot. +So he chose her without hesitation, and they were +married.</p> +<p>But the gentleman was not content with the marriage. +On the day of the bridal he placed the bed of the young +folks over a vault, and hung it from the roof by four +cords. When they had gone to bed he came to the +door of the chamber and said:</p> +<p>“Son-in-law, are you asleep?”</p> +<p>“No, not yet,” replied the youth.</p> +<p>Some time afterward he repeated his question, and met +with a similar answer.</p> +<p>“The next time he comes,” said the bride, “pretend +that you are sleeping.”</p> +<p>Shortly after that his father-in-law asked once more if he +were asleep, and receiving no answer retired, evidently +well satisfied.</p> +<p>When he had gone the bride made her husband rise at +once. “Go instantly to the stables,” said she, “and +take there the horse which is called Little Wind, mount +him, and fly.”</p> +<p>The young fellow hastened to comply with her request, +and he had scarcely left the chamber when the master +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_94' name='page_94'></a>94</span> +of the castle returned and asked if his daughter were +asleep. She answered “No,” and, bidding her arise +and come with him, he cut the cords, so that the bed +fell into the vault beneath. The bride now heard the +trampling of hoofs in the garden outside, and rushed out +to find her husband in the act of mounting.</p> +<p>“Stay!” she cried. “You have taken Great Wind +instead of Little Wind, as I advised you, but there is no +help for it,” and she mounted behind him. Great Wind +did not belie his name, and dashed into the night like a +tempest.</p> +<p>“Do you see anything?” asked the girl.</p> +<p>“No, nothing,” said her husband.</p> +<p>“Look again,” she said. “Do you see anything now?”</p> +<p>“Yes,” he replied, “I see a great flame of fire.”</p> +<p>The bride took her wand, struck it three times, and said: +“I change thee, Great Wind, into a garden, myself into +a pear-tree, and my husband into a gardener.”</p> +<p>The transformation had hardly been effected when the +master of the castle and his wife came up with them.</p> +<p>“Ha, my good man,” cried he to the seeming gardener, +“has any one on horseback passed this way?”</p> +<p>“Three pears for a sou,” said the gardener.</p> +<p>“That is not an answer to my question,” fumed the old +wizard, for such he was. “I asked if you had seen any +one on horseback in this direction.”</p> +<p>“Four for a sou, then, if you will,” said the gardener.</p> +<p>“Idiot!” foamed the enchanter, and dashed on in +pursuit. The young wife then changed herself, her +horse, and her husband into their natural forms, and, +mounting once more, they rode onward.</p> +<p>“Do you see anything now?” asked she.</p> +<p>“Yes, I see a great flame of fire,” he replied.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_95' name='page_95'></a>95</span></div> +<p>Once more she took her wand. “I change this steed +into a church,” she said, “myself into an altar, and my +husband into a priest.”</p> +<p>Very soon the wizard and his wife came to the doors of +the church and asked the priest if a youth and a lady +had passed that way on horseback.</p> +<p>“Dominus vobiscum,” said the priest, and nothing more +could the wizard get from him.</p> +<p>Pursued once more, the young wife changed the horse +into a river, herself into a boat, and her husband +into a boatman. When the wizard came up with them +he asked to be ferried across the river. The boatman +at once made room for them, but in the middle of the +stream the boat capsized and the enchanter and his wife +were drowned.</p> +<p>The young lady and her husband returned to the castle, +seized the treasure of its fairy lord, and, says tradition, +lived happily ever afterward, as all young spouses do in +fairy-tale.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_96' name='page_96'></a>96</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_IV_SPRITES_AND_DEMONS_OF_BRITTANY' id='CHAPTER_IV_SPRITES_AND_DEMONS_OF_BRITTANY'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER IV: SPRITES AND DEMONS OF BRITTANY</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">The</span> idea of the evil spirit, malicious and revengeful, +is common to all primitive peoples, and +Brittany has its full share of demonology. +Wherever, in fact, a primitive and illiterate peasantry is +found the demon is its inevitable accompaniment. But +we shall not find these Breton devils so very different +from the fiends of other lands.</p> +<h3><i>The Nain</i></h3> +<p>The nain is a figure fearsomely Celtic in its hideousness, +resembling the gargoyles which peer down upon the +traveller from the carven ‘top-hamper’ of so many +Breton churches. Black and menacing of countenance, +these demon-folk are armed with feline claws, and their +feet end in hoofs like those of a satyr. Their dark elf-locks, +small, gleaming eyes, red as carbuncles, and harsh, +cracked voices are all dilated upon with fear by those +who have met them upon lonely heaths or unfrequented +roads. They haunt the ancient dolmens built by a +vanished race, and at night, by the pale starlight, they +dance around these ruined tombs to the music of a +primitive refrain:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>“Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,</p> +<p>Thursday and Friday.”</p> +</div></div> +<p>Saturday and Sunday they dare not mention as being +days sacred from fairy influence. We all remember +that in the old tale of Tom Thumb the elves among +whom the hero fell sang such a refrain. But wherefore? +It would indeed be difficult to say. Deities, credited and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_97' name='page_97'></a>97</span> +discredited, have often a connexion with the calendar, +and we may have here some calendric reference, or +again the chant may be merely a nonsense rhyme. +Bad luck attached itself to the human who chanced +to behold the midnight revels of the nains, and if he +entered the charmed circle and danced along with them +his death was certain to ensue before the year was out. +Wednesday was the nains’ high-day, or rather night, +and their great <i>nuit festale</i> was the first Wednesday in +May. That they should have possessed a fixed festival +at such a period, full of religious significance for most +primitive peoples, would seem to show that they must at +one time have been held in considerable esteem.</p> +<p>But although the nains while away their time in such +simple fashion as dancing to the repetition of the names +of the days of the week, they have a less innocent side +to their characters, for they are forgers of false money, +which they fabricate in the recesses of caverns. We +all recall stories of fairy gold and its perishable nature. +A simple youth sells something on market day to a +fairy, and later on turning over in his pocket the money +he has received he finds that it has been transformed +into beans. The housewife receives gold from a fairy +for services rendered, and carefully places it in a +drawer. A day when she requires it arrives, but, alas! +when she opens the cabinet to take it out she finds +nothing but a small heap of withered leaves. It is such +money that the nains manufacture in their subterranean +mints—coin which bears the fairy impress of glamourie +for a space, but on later examination proves to be +merely dross.</p> +<p>The nains are also regarded as the originators of a +cabalistic alphabet, the letters of which are engraved +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_98' name='page_98'></a>98</span> +on several of the megalithic monuments of Morbihan, +and especially those of Gavr’inis. He who is able to +decipher this magic script, says tradition, will be able +to tell where hidden treasure is to be found in any part +of the country. Lest any needy folk be of a mind to +fare to Brittany to try their luck in this respect it is +only right to warn them that in all probability they will +find the treasure formula in ogham characters or +serpentine markings, and that as the first has long +ago been deciphered and the second is pure symbolism +they will waste their time and money in any event.</p> +<p>Sorcery hangs about the nain like a garment. Here he +is a prophet and a diviner as well as an enchanter, and +as much of his magic power is employed for ill, small +wonder that the Breton peasant shudders and frowns +when the name of the fearsome tribe is spoken and +gives the dolmens they are supposed to haunt the +widest of wide berths <i>au clair de la lune</i>.</p> +<h3><i>Crions, Courils, and Gorics</i></h3> +<p>Brittany has a species of dwarfs or gnomes peculiar to +itself which in various parts of the country are known +as crions, courils, or gorics. It will at once be seen +how greatly the last word resembles Korrigan, and as +all of them perhaps proceed from a root meaning ‘spirit’ +the nominal resemblance is not surprising. Like the +nains, these smaller beings inhabit abandoned Druidical +monuments or dwell beneath the foundations of ancient +castles. Carnac is sometimes alluded to in Breton as +‘Ty C’harriquet,’ ‘the House of the Gorics,’ the country-folk +in this district holding the belief that its megalithic +monuments were reared by these manikins, whom +they describe as between two and three feet high, but +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_99' name='page_99'></a>99</span> +exceedingly strong, just as the Scottish peasantry speak +of the Picts of folk-lore—‘wee fouk but unco’ strang.’ +Every night the gorics dance in circles round the stones +of Carnac, and should a mortal interrupt their frolic he +is forced to join in the dance, until, breathless and +exhausted, he falls prone to the earth amid peals of +mocking laughter. Like the nains, the gorics are the +guardians of hidden treasure, for the tale goes that +beneath one of the menhirs of Carnac lies a golden +hoard, and that all the other stones have been set up +the better to conceal it, and so mystify those who would +discover its resting-place. A calculation, the key to +which is to be found in the Tower of London, will alone +indicate the spot where the treasure lies. And here it +may be of interest to state that the ancient national +fortalice of England occurs frequently in Breton and +in Celtic romance.<a name='FNanchor_0037' id='FNanchor_0037'></a><a href='#Footnote_0037' class='fnanchor'>[37]</a> Some of the immigrant Britons +into Armorica probably came from the settlement which +was later to grow into London, and may have carried +tales of its ancient British fortress into their new home.</p> +<p>The courils are peculiar to the ruins of Tresmalouen. +Like the gorics, they are fond of dancing, and they +are quite as malignantly inclined toward the unhappy +stranger who may stumble into their ring. The castle +of Morlaix, too, is haunted by gorics not more than a +foot high, who dwell beneath it in holes in the ground. +They possess treasures as great as those of the gnomes +of Norway or Germany, and these they will sometimes +bestow on lucky mortals, who are permitted, however, +to take but one handful. If a person should attempt to +seize more the whole of the money vanishes, and the +offender’s ears are soundly boxed by invisible hands.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_100' name='page_100'></a>100</span></div> +<p>The night-washers (<i>eur tunnerez noz</i>) are evil spirits +who appear at night on the banks of streams and call +on the passers-by to assist them to wash the linen of the +dead. If they are refused, they seize upon the person +who denies them, drag him into the water, and break +his arms. These beings are obviously the same as the +Bean Nighe, ‘the Washing Woman’ of the Scottish +Highlands, who is seen in lonely places beside a pool +or stream, washing the linen of those who will shortly +die. In Skye she is said to be short of stature. If +any one catches her she tells all that will befall him in +after life. In Perthshire she is represented as “small +and round and dressed in pretty green.”</p> +<h3><i>The Teurst</i></h3> +<p>In the district of Morlaix the peasants are terribly afraid +of beings they call teursts. These are large, black, and +fearsome, like the Highland ourisk, who haunted desert +moors and glens. The <i>teursta poulict</i> appears in the +likeness of some domestic animal. In the district of +Vannes is encountered a colossal spirit called Teus or +Bugelnoz, who appears clothed in white between midnight +and two in the morning. His office is to rescue +victims from the devil, and should he spread his mouth +over them they are secure from the Father of Evil. +The Dusii of Gaul are mentioned by St Augustine, who +regarded them as <i>incubi</i>, and by Isidore of Seville, and +in the name we may perhaps discover the origin of our +expression ‘the deuce!’</p> +<h3><i>The Nicole</i></h3> +<p>The Nicole is a spirit of modern creation who torments +the honest fishermen of the Bay of Saint-Brieuc and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_101' name='page_101'></a>101</span> +Saint-Malo. Just as they are about to draw in their +nets this mischievous spirit leaps around them, freeing +the fish, or he will loosen a boat’s anchor so that it will +drift on to a sand-bank. He may divide the cable +which holds the anchor to the vessel and cause endless +trouble. This spirit received its name from an officer +who commanded a battalion of fishermen conscripts, +and who from his intense severity and general reputation +as a martinet obtained a bad reputation among the seafaring +population.</p> +<h3><i>The Mourioche</i></h3> +<p>The Mourioche is a malicious demon of bestial nature, +able, it would seem, to transform himself into any +animal shape he chooses. In general appearance he +is like a year-old foal. He is especially dangerous to +children, and Breton babies are often chided when noisy +or mischievous with the words: “Be good, now, the +Mourioche is coming!” Of one who appears to have +received a shock, also, it is said: “He has seen the +Mourioche.” Unlucky is the person who gets in his +way; but doubly so the unfortunate who attempts to +mount him in the belief that he is an ordinary steed, +for after a fiery gallop he will be precipitated into an +abyss and break his neck.</p> +<h3><i>The Ankou</i></h3> +<p>Perhaps there is no spirit of evil which is so much +dreaded by the Breton peasantry as the Ankou, who +travels the duchy in a cart, picking up souls. In the +dead of night a creaking axle-tree can be heard passing +down the silent lanes. It halts at a door; the summons +has been given, a soul quits the doomed house, and the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_102' name='page_102'></a>102</span> +wagon of the Ankou passes on. The Ankou herself—for +the dread death-spirit of Brittany is probably female—is +usually represented as a skeleton. M. Anatole +le Braz has elaborated a study of the whole question +in his book on the legend of death in Brittany,<a name='FNanchor_0038' id='FNanchor_0038'></a><a href='#Footnote_0038' class='fnanchor'>[38]</a> +and it is probable that the Ankou is a survival of the +death-goddess of the prehistoric dolmen-builders of +Brittany. MacCulloch<a name='FNanchor_0039' id='FNanchor_0039'></a><a href='#Footnote_0039' class='fnanchor'>[39]</a> considers the Ankou to be a +reminiscence of the Celtic god of death, who watches +over all things beyond the grave and carries off the dead +to his kingdom, but greatly influenced by medieval ideas +of ‘Death the skeleton.’ In some Breton churches a +little model or statuette of the Ankou is to be seen, and +this is nothing more nor less than a cleverly fashioned +skeleton. The peasant origin of the belief can be found +in the substitution of a cart or wagon for the more +ambitious coach and four of other lands.</p> +<h3><i>The Youdic</i></h3> +<p>Dark and gloomy are many of the Breton legends, of +evil things, gloomy as the depths of the forests in which +doubtless many of them were conceived. Most folk-tales +are tinged with melancholy, and it is rarely in +Breton story that we discover a vein of the joyous.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_10' id='linki_10'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs10.jpg' alt='' title='' width='419' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE DEMON-DOG<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Among the peaks of the Montagnes d’Arrée lies a vast +and dismal peat bog known as the Yeun, which has +long been regarded by the Breton folk as the portal to +the infernal regions. This Stygian locality has brought +forth many legends. It is, indeed, a remarkable territory. +In summer it seems a vast moor carpeted by +glowing purple heather, which one can traverse up to a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_103' name='page_103'></a>103</span> +certain point, but woe betide him who would advance +farther, for, surrounded by what seems solid ground, +lies a treacherous quagmire declared by the people +of the neighbourhood to be unfathomable. This part of +the bog, whose victims have been many, is known as +the Youdic. As one leans over it its waters may sometimes +be seen to simmer and boil, and the peasants of +the country-side devoutly believe that when this occurs +infernal forces are working beneath, madly revelling, +and that it is only the near presence of St Michael, +whose mount is hard by, which restrains them from +doing active harm to those who may have to cross the +Yeun.</p> +<p>Countless stories are afloat concerning this weird maelstrom +of mud and bubbling water. At one time it was +the custom to hurl animals suspected of being evil spirits +into its black depths. Malevolent fiends, it was thought, +were wont to materialize in the form of great black dogs, +and unfortunate animals of this type, if they evinced +such peculiarities as were likely to place them under +suspicion, were taken forthwith to the Youdic by a +member of the enlightened priesthood of the district, +and were cast into its seething depths with all the +ceremonies suitable to such an occasion.</p> +<p>A story typical of those told about the place is that of +one Job Ann Drez, who seems to have acted as sexton +and assisted the parish priest in his dealings with the +supernatural. Along with the priest, Job repaired one +evening after sunset to the gloomy waters of the Youdic, +dragging behind him a large black dog of the species +most likely to excite distrust in the priestly mind. The +priest showed considerable anxiety lest the animal should +break loose.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_104' name='page_104'></a>104</span></div> +<p>“If he should get away,” he said nervously, “both of +us are lost.”</p> +<p>“I will wager he does not,” replied Job, tying the cord +by which the brute was led securely to his wrist.</p> +<p>“Forward, then,” said the priest, and he walked boldly +in front, until they came to the foot of the mountain on +the summit of which lies the Youdic.</p> +<p>The priest turned warningly to Job. “You must be +circumspect in this place,” he said very gravely. +“Whatever you may hear, be sure not to turn your +head. Your life in this world and your salvation in the +next depend absolutely on this. You understand me?”</p> +<p>“Yes, sir, I understand.”</p> +<p>A vast desolation surrounded them. So dark was the +night that it seemed to envelop them like a velvet +curtain. Beneath their feet they heard the hissing and +moaning of the bog, awaiting its prey like a restless +and voracious wild beast. Through the dense blackness +they could see the iridescent waters writhing and +gleaming below.</p> +<p>“Surely,” said Job half to himself, “this must be the +gateway to hell!”</p> +<p>At that word the dog uttered a frightful howl—such a +howl as froze Job’s blood in his veins. It tugged and +strained at the cord which held it with the strength of +a demon, striving to turn on Job and rend him.</p> +<p>“Hold on!” cried the priest in mortal terror, keeping +at a safe distance, however. “Hold on, I entreat you, +or else we are undone!”</p> +<p>Job held on to the demon-dog with all his strength. +Indeed, it was necessary to exert every thew and sinew +if the animal were to be prevented from tearing him to +pieces. Its howls were sufficient to strike terror to the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_105' name='page_105'></a>105</span> +stoutest heart. “Iou! Iou!” it yelled again and again.</p> +<p>But Job held on desperately, although the cord cut his +hands and blood ran from the scarified palms. Inch +by inch he dragged the brute toward the Youdic. The +creature in a last desperate effort turned and was about +to spring on him open-mouthed, when all at once the +priest, darting forward, threw his cloak over its head. +It uttered a shriek which sounded through the night +like the cry of a lost soul.</p> +<p>“Quick!” cried the priest. “Lie flat on the earth and +put your face on the ground!”</p> +<p>Scarcely had the two men done so than a frightful +tumult ensued. First there was the sound of a body +leaping into the morass, then such an uproar as could +only proceed from the mouth of the infernal regions. +Shrieks, cries, hissings, explosions followed in quick +succession for upward of half an hour; then gradually +they died away and a horrible stillness took their place. +The two men rose trembling and unnerved, and slowly +took their way through the darkness, groping and +stumbling until they had left the awful vicinity of the +Yeun behind them.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_106' name='page_106'></a>106</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_V_WORLDTALES_IN_BRITTANY' id='CHAPTER_V_WORLDTALES_IN_BRITTANY'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER V: WORLD-TALES IN BRITTANY</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">I have</span> entitled this chapter ‘World-Tales’ to +indicate that the stories it contains are in plot or +<i>motif</i> if not in substance common to the whole +world—that, in short, although they are found in +Brittany, they are no more Breton than Italian, Russian, +American, or Australian. But although the story which +tells of the search for the golden-haired princess on the +magic horse is the possession of no one particular race, +the tales recounted here have the Breton colouring and +the Breton spirit, and in perusing them we encounter +numerous little allusions to Breton customs or manners +and obtain not a few sidelights upon the Breton character, +its shrewdness and its goodwill, while we may note as +well the narrowness of view and meanness so characteristic +of peoples who have been isolated for a long period +from contact with other races.</p> +<p>The first two of these tales are striking ones built upon +two world-<i>motifs</i>—those of the magic horse and the +search for the golden-haired princess, who is, of course, +the sun, two themes which have been amalgamated in +not a few deathless stories.</p> +<h3><i>The Youth who did not Know</i></h3> +<p>One day the Marquis of Coat-Squiriou was returning +from Morlaix, when he beheld lying on the road a little +fellow of four or five years of age. He leapt from his +horse, picked the child up, and asked him what he did +there.</p> +<p>“I do not know,” replied the little boy.</p> +<p>“Who is your father?” asked the Marquis.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_107' name='page_107'></a>107</span></div> +<p>“I do not know,” said the child for the second time.</p> +<p>“And your mother?” asked the kindly nobleman.</p> +<p>“I do not know.”</p> +<p>“Where are you now, my child?”</p> +<p>“I do not know.”</p> +<p>“Then what is your name?”</p> +<p>“I do not know.”</p> +<p>The Marquis told his serving-man to place the child on +the crupper of his horse, as he had taken a fancy to him +and would adopt him. He called him N’Oun Doare, +which signifies in Breton, ‘I do not know.’ He educated +him, and when his schooling was finished took him to +Morlaix, where they put up at the best inn in the town. +The Marquis could not help admiring his adopted son, +who had now grown into a tall, handsome youth, and so +pleased was he with him that he desired to signify his +approval by making him a little present, which he +resolved should take the form of a sword. So they +went out into the town and visited the armourers’ shops +in search of a suitable weapon. They saw swords of all +kinds, but N’Oun Doare would have none of them, +until at last they passed the booth of a seller of scrap-metal, +where hung a rusty old rapier which seemed fit +for nothing.</p> +<p>“Ha!” cried N’Oun Doare, “that is the sword for me. +Please buy it, I beg of you.”</p> +<p>“Why, don’t you see what a condition it is in?” said +the Marquis. “It is not a fit weapon for a gentleman.”</p> +<p>“Nevertheless it is the only sword I wish for,” said +N’Oun Doare.</p> +<p>“Well, well, you are a strange fellow,” said the Marquis, +but he bought the sword nevertheless, and they returned +to Coat-Squiriou. The next day N’Oun Doare examined +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_108' name='page_108'></a>108</span> +his sword and discovered that the blade had the words +“I am invincible” engraved upon it.</p> +<p>Some time afterward the Marquis said to him: “It is +time that you had a horse. Come with me to Morlaix +and we will purchase one.” They accordingly set out +for Morlaix. In the market-place they saw many fine +animals, but with none of them was N’Oun Doare +content. On returning to the inn, however, he espied +what looked like a broken-down mare standing by the +roadside, and to this sorry beast he immediately drew +the attention of the Marquis.</p> +<p>“That is the horse for me!” he cried. “I beg of you, +purchase it for me.”</p> +<p>“What!” cried the Marquis, “that broken-down beast? +Why, only look at it, my son.” But N’Oun Doare +persisted, and at last, despite his own better judgment, +the Marquis bought the animal. The man who sold it +was a cunning-looking fellow from Cornouaille, who, as +he put the bridle into N’Oun Doare’s hand, whispered:</p> +<p>“You see the knots on the halter of this animal?”</p> +<p>“Yes,” replied N’Oun Doare; “what of them?”</p> +<p>“Only this, that each time you loosen one the mare will +immediately carry you five hundred leagues from where +you are.”</p> +<p>The Marquis and his ward returned once more to the +château, N’Oun Doare riding his new purchase, when it +entered into his head to untie one of the knots on the +halter. He did so, and immediately descended in the +middle of Paris—which we must take the story-teller’s +word for it is five hundred leagues from Brittany!</p> +<p>Several months afterward the Marquis had occasion +to go to Paris, and one of the first people he met there +was N’Oun Doare, who told him of his adventure. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_109' name='page_109'></a>109</span> +The Marquis was going to visit the King, and took his +<i>protégé</i> along with him to the palace, where he was well +received.</p> +<p>Some nights afterward the youth was walking with his +old mare outside the walls of Paris, and noticed something +which glittered very brightly at the foot of an +ancient stone cross which stood where four roads met. +He approached it and beheld a crown of gold, set with +the most brilliant precious stones. He at once picked +it up, when the old mare, turning its head, said to +him: “Take care; you will repent this.”</p> +<p>Greatly surprised, N’Oun Doare thought that he had +better replace the crown, but a longing to possess it +overcame him, and although the mare warned him once +more he finally resolved to take it, and, putting it under +his mantle, rode away.</p> +<p>Now the King had confided to his care part of the royal +stables, and when N’Oun Doare entered them their +darkness was immediately lit up by the radiance of the +crown which he carried. So well had the Breton lad +attended to the horses under his charge that the other +squires had become jealous, and, observing the strange +light in N’Oun Doare’s part of the stable, they mentioned +it to the King, who in turn spoke of it to the Marquis of +Coat-Squiriou. The Marquis asked N’Oun Doare the +meaning of the light, and the youth replied that it came +from the ancient sword they had bought at Morlaix, +which was an enchanted weapon and shone at intervals +with strange brilliance. But one night his enemies +resolved to examine into the matter more closely, and, +looking through the keyhole of the stable, they saw that +the wondrous light which had so puzzled them shone +from a magnificent crown of gold. They ran at once to +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_110' name='page_110'></a>110</span> +tell the King, and next night N’Oun Doare’s stable was +opened with a master-key and the crown removed to the +King’s quarters. It was then seen that an inscription +was engraved upon the diadem, but in such strange +characters that no one could read it. The magicians +of the capital were called into consultation, but none of +them could decipher the writing. At last a little boy +of seven years of age was found who said that it was +the crown of the Princess Golden Bell. The King then +called upon N’Oun Doare to approach, and said to him:</p> +<p>“You should not have hidden this thing from me, but +as you are guilty of having done so I doom you to find +the Princess Golden Bell, whom I desire shall become +my wife. If you fail I shall put you to death.”</p> +<p>N’Oun Doare left the royal presence in a very perturbed +state of mind. He went to seek his old mare with tears +in his eyes.</p> +<p>“I know,” said the mare, “the cause of your sorrow. +You should have left the golden crown alone, as I told +you. But do not repine; go to the King and ask him +for money for your journey.”</p> +<p>The lad received the money from the King, and set +out on his journey. Arriving at the seashore, one +of the first objects he beheld was a little fish cast +up by the waves on the beach and almost at its last +gasp.</p> +<p>“Throw that fish back into the water,” said the mare. +N’Oun Doare did so, and the fish, lifting its head from +the water, said:</p> +<p>“You have saved my life, N’Oun Doare. I am the +King of the Fishes, and if ever you require my help call +my name by the seashore and I will come.” With +these words the Fish-King vanished beneath the water.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_111' name='page_111'></a>111</span></div> +<p>A little later they came upon a bird struggling vainly +to escape from a net in which it was caught.</p> +<p>“Cut the net and set that poor bird free,” said the wise +mare.</p> +<p>Upon N’Oun Doare doing so the bird paused before +it flew away and said:</p> +<p>“I am the King of the Birds, N’Oun Doare. I will +never forget the service you have rendered me, and if +ever you are in trouble and need my aid you have only +to call me and I shall fly swiftly to help you.”</p> +<p>As they went on their way N’Oun Doare’s wonderful +mare crossed mountains, forests, vast seas, and streams +with a swiftness and ease that was amazing. Soon they +beheld the walls of the Château of the Golden Bell rising +before them, and as they drew near they could hear a +most confused and terrible noise coming from it, which +shook N’Oun Doare’s courage and made him rather +fearful of entering it. Near the door a being of the +most curious aspect was hung to a tree by a chain, and +this peculiar individual had as many horns on his body +as there are days in the year.</p> +<p>“Cut that unfortunate man down,” said the mare. +“Will you not give him his freedom?”</p> +<p>“I am too much afraid to approach him,” said N’Oun +Doare, alarmed at the man’s appearance.</p> +<p>“Do not fear,” said the sagacious animal; “he will not +harm you in any manner.”</p> +<p>N’Oun Doare did so, and the stranger thanked him most +gratefully, bidding him, as the others whom he had +rescued had done, if he ever required help to call upon +Grifescorne, King of the Demons, for that was his name, +and he would be with him immediately.</p> +<p>“Enter the château boldly and without fear,” said the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_112' name='page_112'></a>112</span> +mare, “and I will await you in the wood yonder. After +the Princess Golden Bell has welcomed you she will +show you all the curiosities and marvels of her dwelling. +Tell her you have a horse without an equal, which +can dance most beautifully the dances of every land. +Say that your steed will perform them for her diversion +if she will come and behold it in the forest.”</p> +<p>Everything fell out as the mare had said, and the +Princess was delighted and amused by the mare’s +dancing.</p> +<p>“If you were to mount her,” said N’Oun Doare, “I +vow she would dance even more wonderfully than +before!”</p> +<p>The Princess after a moment’s hesitation did so. In +an instant the adventurous youth was by her side, and +the horse sped through the air, so that in a short space +they found themselves flying over the sea.</p> +<p>“You have tricked me!” cried the infuriated damsel. +“But do not imagine that you are at the end of your +troubles; and,” she added viciously, “you will have +cause to lament more than once ere I wed the old King +of France.”</p> +<p>They arrived promptly at Paris, where N’Oun Doare +presented the lovely Princess to the monarch, saying:</p> +<p>“Sire, I have brought to you the Princess Golden Bell, +whom you desire to make your wife.”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_11' id='linki_11'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs11.jpg' alt='' title='' width='415' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +N’OUN DOARE AND THE PRINCESS GOLDEN BELL<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>The King was dazed by the wondrous beauty of the +Princess, and was eager for the marriage to take place +immediately, but this the royal maiden would not hear +of, and declared petulantly that she would not be wed +until she had a ring which she had left behind her at +her château, in a cabinet of which she had lost the key.</p> +<p>Summoning N’Oun Doare, the King charged him with +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_113' name='page_113'></a>113</span> +the task of finding the ring. The unfortunate youth +returned to his wise mare, feeling much cast down.</p> +<p>“Why,” said the mare, “foolish one! do you not +remember the King of the Birds whom you rescued? +Call upon him, and mayhap he will aid you as he +promised to do.”</p> +<p>With a return of hope N’Oun Doare did as he was +bid, and immediately the royal bird was with him, and +asked him in what way he could help him. Upon +N’Oun Doare explaining his difficulty, the Bird-King +summoned all his subjects, calling each one by name. +They came, but none of them appeared to be small +enough to enter the cabinet by way of the keyhole, +which was the only means of entrance. The wren was +decided to be the only bird with any chance of success, +and he set out for the château.</p> +<p>Eventually, with much difficulty and the loss of the +greater part of his feathers, the bird procured the ring, +and flew back with it to Paris. N’Oun Doare hastened +to present the ring to the Princess.</p> +<p>“Now, fair one,” said the impatient King, “why delay +our wedding longer?”</p> +<p>“Nay,” said she, pouting discontentedly, “there is one +thing that I wish, and without it I will do nothing.”</p> +<p>“What do you desire? You have only to speak and +it shall be <a name='TC_1'></a><ins title="Added quote">brought.”</ins></p> +<p>“Well, transport my château with all it contains opposite +to yours.”</p> +<p>“What!” cried the King, aghast. “Impossible!”</p> +<p>“Well, then, it is just as impossible that I should marry +you, for without my château I shall not consent.”</p> +<p>For a second time the King gave N’Oun Doare what +seemed an insurmountable task.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_114' name='page_114'></a>114</span></div> +<p>“Now indeed I am as good as lost!” lamented the +youth as they came to the château and he saw its +massive walls towering above him.</p> +<p>“Call Grifescorne, King of the Demons, to your assistance,” +suggested the wise mare.</p> +<p>With the aid of the Demon-King and his subjects +N’Oun Doare’s task was again accomplished, and he +and his mare followed the demon army to Paris, where +they arrived as soon as it did.</p> +<p>In the morning the people of Paris were struck dumb +to see a wonderful palace, its golden towers flashing +in the sun, rising opposite to the royal residence.</p> +<p>“We shall be married at last, shall we not?” asked +the King.</p> +<p>“Yes,” replied the Princess, “but how shall I enter my +château and show you its wonders without a key, for +I dropped it in the sea when N’Oun Doare and his +horse carried me over it.”</p> +<p>Once more was the youth charged with the task, and +through the aid of the Fish-King was able to procure +the key, which was cut from a single diamond. None +of the fishes had seen it, but at last the oldest fish, +who had not appeared when his name was pronounced, +came forward and produced it from his mouth.</p> +<p>With a glad heart the successful N’Oun Doare returned +to Paris, and as the Princess had now no more excuses +to make the day of the wedding was fixed and the +ceremony was celebrated with much splendour. To the +astonishment of all, when the King and his betrothed +entered the church N’Oun Doare followed behind with +his mare. At the conclusion of the ceremony the +mare’s skin suddenly fell to the ground, disclosing a +maiden of the most wonderful beauty.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_115' name='page_115'></a>115</span></div> +<p>Smiling upon the bewildered N’Oun Doare, the damsel +gave him her hand and said: “Come with me to +Tartary, for the king of that land is my father, and +there we shall be wed amid great rejoicing.”</p> +<p>Leaving the amazed King and wedding guests, the +pair quitted the church together. More might have +been told of them, but Tartary is a far land and no +news of them has of late years reached Brittany.</p> +<h3><i>The Princess of Tronkolaine</i></h3> +<p>There was once an old charcoal-burner who had twenty-six +grandchildren. For twenty-five of them he had no +great difficulty in procuring godparents, but for the +twenty-sixth—that, alas! was a different story. Godmothers, +indeed, were to be found in plenty, but he could +not find anyone to act as godfather.</p> +<p>As he wandered disconsolately along the high road, +dwelling on his bad luck, he saw a fine carriage coming +toward him, its occupant no less a personage than the +King himself. The old man made an obeisance so low +that the King was amused, and threw him a handful of +silver.</p> +<p>“My good man,” he said, “here are alms for you.”</p> +<p>“Your Majesty,” replied the charcoal-burner, “I do not +desire alms. I am unhappy because I cannot find a +godfather for my twenty-sixth grandchild.”</p> +<p>The King considered the matter.</p> +<p>“I myself will be godfather to the child,” he said at +length. “Tell me when it is to be baptized and I will +meet you at the church.”</p> +<p>The old man was delighted beyond measure, and in +due time he and his relatives brought the child to be +baptized. When they reached the church, sure enough, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_116' name='page_116'></a>116</span> +there was the King waiting to take part in the ceremony, +and in his honour the child was named Charles. Before +taking leave the King gave to the charcoal-burner the +half of a coin which he had broken in two. This +Charles on reaching his eighteenth birthday was to +convey to the Court at Paris, as a token whereby his +godfather should know him. His Majesty also left a +thousand crowns, which were to be utilized in the +education and general upbringing of the child.</p> +<p>Time passed and Charles attained his eighteenth birthday. +Taking the King’s token, he set out for the royal +abode. As he went he encountered an old man, who +warned him on no account to drink from a certain well +which he would pass on his way. The lad promised to +regard the warning, but ere he reached the well he had +forgotten it.</p> +<p>A man sat by the side of the well.</p> +<p>“You are hot and tired,” he said, feigning courtesy, +“will you not stop to drink?”</p> +<p>The water was cool and inviting. Charles bent his head +and drank thirstily. And while he drank the stranger +robbed him of his token; but this he did not know till +afterward.</p> +<p>Gaily Charles resumed his way, while the thief went to +Paris by a quicker route and got there before him.</p> +<p>Boldly the thief demanded audience of the King, and +produced the token so wickedly come by. The sovereign +ordered the other half of the coin to be brought out, +and lo! they fitted exactly. And because the thief had +a plausible face the good King did not doubt that he +was indeed his godson. He therefore had him treated +with all honour and respect, and bestowed gifts upon +him lavishly.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_117' name='page_117'></a>117</span></div> +<p>Meanwhile Charles had arrived in Paris, and, finding +that he had been deprived of his only means of proving +his identity to the King, he accepted the situation +philosophically and set about earning his living. He +succeeded in obtaining a post as herdsman on the royal +estates.</p> +<p>One day the robber was greatly disconcerted to find the +real Charles at the very gates of the palace. He determined +to be rid of him once for all, so he straightway +approached the King.</p> +<p>“Your Majesty, there is a man among your retainers +who has said that he will demand of the sun why it is so +red at sunrise.”</p> +<p>“He is indeed a foolish fellow,” said the King. “Our +decree is that he shall carry out his rash boast to-morrow +ere sunset, or, if it be but idle folly, lose his head on +the following morning.”</p> +<p>The thief was delighted with the success of his plot. +Poor Charles was summoned before the King and bidden +to ask the sun why he was so red at sunrise. In vain he +denied having uttered the speech. Had not the King +the word of his godson?</p> +<p>Next morning Charles set out on his journey. Ere he +had gone very far he met an old man who asked him his +errand, and afterward gave him a wooden horse on +which to ride to the sun. Charles thought this but a +sorry joke. However, no sooner had he mounted his +wooden steed than it rose into the air and flew with him +to where the sun’s castle towered on the peak of a lofty +mountain.</p> +<p>To the sun, a resplendent warrior, Charles addressed +his query.</p> +<p>“In the morning,” said the sun, “I pass the castle of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_118' name='page_118'></a>118</span> +Princess of Tronkolaine, and she is so lovely that I must +needs look my best.”</p> +<p>Charles, mounted on his wooden horse, flew with this +answer to Paris. The King was satisfied, but the thief +gnashed his teeth in secret rage, and plotted yet further +against the youth.</p> +<p>“Your Majesty,” he said, “this herdsman who tends +your herds has said that he will lead hither the Princess +of Tronkolaine to be your bride.”</p> +<p>“If he has said so,” replied the King, “he shall lead her +hither or forfeit his life.”</p> +<p>“Alas!” thought Charles, when he learned of the plot, +“I must bid farewell to my life—there is no hope +for me!”</p> +<p>All the same he set out boldly enough, and by and by +encountered the old man who had helped him on his +previous mission. To him Charles confided his troubles, +begging for advice and assistance.</p> +<p>The old man pondered.</p> +<p>“Return to the Court,” he said, “and ask the King to +give you three ships, one laden with oatmeal, another +with bacon, and the third with salt meat. Then sail on +till you come to an island covered with ants. To their +monarch, the Ant-King, make a present of the cargo of +oatmeal. He will direct you to a second island, whereon +dwell fierce lions. Fear them not. Present your cargo +of bacon to their King and he will become your friend. +Yet a third island you will touch, inhabited only by +sparrow-hawks. Give to their King your cargo of +salt meat and he will show you the abode of the +Princess.”</p> +<p>Charles thanked the sage for his advice, which he +promptly proceeded to follow. The King granted him +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_119' name='page_119'></a>119</span> +the three ships, and he sailed away in search of the +Princess.</p> +<p>When he came to the first island, which was swarming +with ants, he gave up his cargo of grain, and so won +the friendship of the little creatures. At the second +island he unloaded the bacon, which he presented to +the King of the Lions; while at the third he gave up +the salt beef to the King of the Sparrow-hawks, who +directed him how to come at the object of his quest. +Each monarch bade Charles summon him instantly if +he had need of assistance.</p> +<p>Setting sail from the island of the sparrow-hawks, the +youth arrived at length at the abode of the Princess.</p> +<p>She was seated under an orange-tree, and as Charles +gazed upon her he thought her the most beautiful +woman in the world, as indeed she was.</p> +<p>The Princess, looking up, beheld a comely youth, +beneath whose ardent gaze her eyes fell. Smiling +graciously, she invited him into her castle, and he, +nothing loath, followed her into the great hall, where +tempting viands were spread before him.</p> +<p>When he had supped he made known his errand to the +Princess, and begged her to accompany him to Paris. +She agreed only on condition that he would perform +three tasks set him, and when Charles was curious to +know what was required of him she led him into another +room where was a large heap of every kind of seed—corn, +barley, clover, flax—all mixed up anyhow.</p> +<p>“This is the first task,” said the Princess: “you must +put each kind of seed into a different heap, so that no +single seed shall be out of its place. This you must +accomplish ere to-morrow at sunrise.” With that she +left the room.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_120' name='page_120'></a>120</span></div> +<p>Charles was in despair, until he bethought him of his +friend the King of the Ants, whom he begged to help +him. Scarcely had he uttered the words when ants +began to fill the room, coming from he knew not where. +In less time than it takes to tell they had arranged the +seeds into separate heaps, so that no single seed was +out of its place.</p> +<p>When the Princess arrived in the morning she was +astonished to find the hero fast asleep and the work +accomplished. All day she entertained him hospitably +in her castle, and at nightfall she showed him the second +task. An avenue of great oaks led down from the +castle. Giving him a wooden axe and a wooden saw, +the Princess bade him cut down all the trees ere +morning.</p> +<p>When she had left him Charles called upon the King +of the Lions. Instantly a number of lions bounded upon +the scene, and with teeth and claws soon performed +the task.</p> +<p>In the morning the Princess, finding Charles asleep and +all the trees cut down, was more astonished than ever.</p> +<p>The third task was the most difficult of all. A high +mountain had to be levelled to the plain in a single +night. Without the help of the sparrow-hawks, Charles +would certainly have failed, but these faithful creatures +worked with a will, and soon had the great mountain +carried away piece by piece and dropped into the sea.</p> +<p>When the Princess came for the third time and found +the hero asleep by the finished task she fell in love with +him straightway, and kissed him softly on the brow.</p> +<p>There was now nothing further to hinder his return, +and he begged the Princess to accompany him to Paris. +In due time they arrived in that city, to be welcomed +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_121' name='page_121'></a>121</span> +with great warmth by the people. The beauty of the +lady won all hearts. But great was the general +astonishment when she declared that she would marry, +not the King, but the youth who had brought her to +Paris! Charles thereupon declared himself the true +godson of the King, and the monarch, far from being +angry, gave the couple his blessing and great estates; +and when in course of time he died they reigned in his +stead.</p> +<p>As for the thief, he was ordered to execution forthwith, +and was roasted to death in a large oven.</p> +<h3><i>The Princess Starbright</i></h3> +<p>This is another tale which introduces the search for the +sun-princess in a peculiar setting.</p> +<p>In the long ago there lived near the Lake of Léguer +a jolly miller who found recreation after his work in +shooting the wild swans and ducks which frequented +that stretch of water. One December day, when it was +freezing hard and the earth was covered with snow, he +observed a solitary duck near the edge of the lake. +He shot at it, and went forward to pick it up, when he +saw to his amazement that it had changed into a beautiful +princess. He was ready to drop into the snow with +fright, but the lady came graciously forward to him, +saying:</p> +<p>“Fear not, my brave fellow, for know that I have +been enchanted these many years under the form of +a wild duck, because of the enmity of three malicious +demons. You can restore me permanently to my +human shape if you choose to show only a <a name='TC_2'></a><ins title="Was 'litle'">little</ins> perseverance +and courage.”</p> +<p>“Why, what do you desire me to do, madam?” +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_122' name='page_122'></a>122</span> +stammered the miller, abashed by the lady’s beauty +and condescension.</p> +<p>“What only a brave man could accomplish, my friend,” +she replied; “all that you have to do is to pass three +consecutive nights in the old manor which you can see +over there.”</p> +<p>The miller shuddered, for he had heard the most terrible +stories in connexion with the ruined manor, which had +an evil name in the district.</p> +<p>“Alas! madam,” he said, “whom might I not encounter +there! Even the devil himself——”</p> +<p>“My good friend,” said the Princess, sadly, “if you do +as I ask you will have to encounter not one but a dozen +devils, who will torment you in every possible way. +But fear nothing, for I can provide you with a magic +ointment which will preserve you entirely from all the +injuries they would attempt to inflict upon you. Even +if you were dead I could resuscitate you. I assure you +that if you will do as I ask you will never regret it. +Beneath the hearthstone in the hall of the manor are +three casks of gold and three of silver, and all these will +belong to you and to me if you assist me; so put your +courage to the proof, I pray you.”</p> +<p>The miller squared his shoulders. “Lady,” he said, “I +will obey you, even if I have to face a hundred devils +instead of twelve.”</p> +<p>The Princess smiled encouragingly and disappeared. +On the following night the miller set out for the old +manor, carrying a bundle of faggots to make a fire, and +some cider and tobacco to refresh him during his vigil. +When he arrived in the dismal old place he sat himself +down by the hearth, where he had built a good fire, and +lit his pipe. But he had scarcely done so when he +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_123' name='page_123'></a>123</span> +heard a most tremendous commotion in the chimney. +Somewhat scared, he hid himself under an old bed +which stood opposite the hearth, and, gazing anxiously +from his place of concealment, beheld eleven grisly +fiends descend from the flue. They seemed astonished +to find a fire on the hearth, and did not appear to be in +the best of tempers.</p> +<p>“Where is Boiteux?” cried one. “Oh,” growled +another, who appeared to be the chief of the band, “he +is always late.”</p> +<p>“Ah, behold him,” said a third, as Boiteux arrived by +the same road as his companions.</p> +<p>“Well, comrades,” cried Boiteux, “have you heard the +news?” The others shrugged their shoulders and shook +their heads sulkily.</p> +<p>“Well,” said Boiteux, “I am convinced that the miller +of Léguer is here, and that he is trying to free the +Princess from the enchantment which we have placed +upon her.”</p> +<p>A hurried search at once took place, the demons +scrambling from one part of the room to the other, +tearing down the curtains and making every effort to +discover the hiding-place of the intruder. At last +Boiteux, peering under the bed, saw the miller crouching +there, and cried out: “Here is the rogue beneath +the bed.”</p> +<p>The unlucky miller was then seized by the foot and +dragged into the shrieking and leaping circle. With +a gesture of command the chief demon subdued the +antics of his followers.</p> +<p>“So, my jolly miller,” said he, “our friend the Princess +has found a champion in you, has she? Well, we are +going to have some sport with you, which I fear will +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_124' name='page_124'></a>124</span> +not be quite to your taste, but I can assure you that +you will not again have the opportunity of assisting a +princess in distress.”</p> +<p>With this he seized the miller and thrust him from him +with great force. As he flew like a stone from a sling, +another of the fiends seized him, and the unhappy +man was thrown violently about from one to the other. +At last they threw him out of the window into the courtyard, +and as he did not move they thought that he was +dead. But in the midst of their laughter and rejoicing +at the easy manner in which they had got rid of him, +cockcrow sounded, and the diabolic company swiftly +disappeared. They had scarcely taken their departure +when the Princess arrived. She tenderly anointed the +miller’s hurts from the little pot of magic ointment she +had brought with her, and, nothing daunted, now that +he was thoroughly revived, the bold fellow announced +his intention of seeing the matter through and remaining +in the manor for the two following nights.</p> +<p>He had scarcely ensconced himself in his seat by the +chimney-side on the second night when the twelve fiends +came tumbling down the chimney as before. At one +end of the room was a large heap of wood, behind which +the miller quickly took refuge.</p> +<p>“I smell the smell of a Christian!” cried Boiteux. A +search followed, and once more the adventurous miller +was dragged forth.</p> +<p>“Oho!” cried the leader, “so you are not dead after +all! Well, I can assure you that we shall not botch our +work on this occasion.”</p> +<p>One of the grisly company placed a large cauldron of +oil upon the fire, and when this was boiling they seized +their victim and thrust him into it. The most dreadful +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_125' name='page_125'></a>125</span> +agony seized the miller as the liquid seethed around his +body, and he was just about to faint under the intensity +of the torture when once again the cock crew and the +fiendish band took themselves off. The Princess +quickly appeared, and, drawing the miller from the +cauldron, smeared him from head to foot with the +ointment.</p> +<p>On the third night the devils once more found the miller +in the apartment. In dismay Boiteux suggested that +he should be roasted on a spit and eaten, but unluckily +for them they took a long time to come to this conclusion, +and when they were about to impale their +victim on the spit, the cock crew and they were forced +to withdraw, howling in baffled rage. The Princess +arrived as before, and was delighted to see that this time +her champion did not require any assistance.</p> +<p>“All is well now,” she said. “You have freed me from +my enchantment and the treasure is ours.”</p> +<p>They raised the hearthstone from its place, and, as she +had said, the three casks of gold and the three casks of +silver were found resting beneath it.</p> +<p>“Take what you wish for yourself,” said the Princess. +“As for me, I cannot stay here; I must at once make +a journey which will last a year and a day, after which +we shall never part again.”</p> +<p>With these words she disappeared. The miller was +grieved at her departure, but, consoling himself with +the treasure, made over his mill to his apprentice and, +apprising one of his companions of his good luck, +resolved to go upon a journey with him, until such time +as the Princess should return. He visited the neighbouring +countries, and, with plenty of money at his +disposal, found existence very pleasant indeed. After +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_126' name='page_126'></a>126</span> +some eight months of this kind of life, he and his friend +resolved to return to Brittany, and set out on their +journey. One day they encountered on the road an old +woman selling apples. She asked them to buy, but the +miller was advised by his friend not to pay any heed to +her. Ignoring the well-meant advice, the miller laughed +and bought three apples. He had scarcely eaten one +when he became unwell. Recalling how the fruit had +disagreed with him, he did not touch the other apples +until the day on which the Princess had declared she +would return. When on the way to the manor to meet +her, he ate the second apple. He began to feel sleepy, +and, lying down at the foot of a tree, fell into a deep +slumber.</p> +<p>Soon after the Princess arrived in a beautiful star-coloured +chariot drawn by ten horses. When she saw +the miller lying sleeping she inquired of his friend what +had chanced to him. The man acquainted her with the +adventure of the apples, and the Princess told him that +the old woman from whom he had purchased them was +a sorceress.</p> +<p>“Alas!” she said, “I am unable to take him with me +in this condition, but I will come to this place to-morrow +and again on the following day, and if he be awake I +will transport him hence in my chariot. Here are a +golden pear and a handkerchief; give him these and tell +him that I will come again.”</p> +<p>She disappeared in her star-coloured equipage. Shortly +afterward the miller wakened, and his friend told him +what had occurred and gave him the pear and the +kerchief. The next day the friends once more repaired +to the spot where the Princess had vanished, but in +thoughtlessness the miller had eaten of the third apple, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_127' name='page_127'></a>127</span> +and once more the Princess found him asleep. In +sorrow she promised to return next day for the last time, +once more leaving a golden pear and a handkerchief +with his friend, to whom she said:</p> +<p>“If he is not awake when I come to-morrow he will +have to cross three powers and three seas in order to +find me.”</p> +<p>Unluckily, however, the miller was still asleep when +the Princess appeared on the following day. She +repeated what she had said to his friend concerning the +ordeal that the unfortunate miller would have to face +before he might see her again, and ere she took her +departure left a third pear and a third handkerchief +behind her. When the miller awoke and found that she +had gone he went nearly crazy with grief, but nevertheless +he declared his unalterable intention of regaining the +Princess, even if he should have to travel to the ends of +the earth in search of her. Accordingly he set out to +find her abode. He walked and walked innumerable +miles, until at last he came to a great forest. As he +arrived at its gloomy borders night fell, and he considered +it safest to climb a tree, from which, to his great +satisfaction, he beheld a light shining in the distance. +Descending, he walked in the direction of the light, and +found a tiny hut made of the branches of trees, in which +sat a little old man with a long white beard.</p> +<p>“Good evening, grandfather,” said the miller.</p> +<p>“Good evening, my child,” replied the old man. “I +behold you with pleasure, for it is eighty years since I +have seen any human being.”</p> +<p>The miller entered the hut and sat down beside the old +man, and after some conversation told him the object +of his journey.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_128' name='page_128'></a>128</span></div> +<p>“I will help you, my son,” said the ancient. “Do you +see these enchanted gaiters? Well, I wore them at your +age. When you buckle them over your legs you will +be able to travel seven leagues at a single step, and you +will arrive without any difficulty at the castle of the +Princess you desire so much to see again.”</p> +<p>The miller passed the night in the hut with the old +hermit, and on the following morning, with the rising +of the sun, buckled on the magic gaiters and stepped +out briskly. All went well to begin with, nothing +arrested his progress, and he sped over rivers, forests, +and mountains. As the sun was setting he came to the +borders of a second forest, where he observed a second +hut, precisely similar to that in which he had passed +the previous night. Going toward it, he found it +occupied by an aged woman, of whom he demanded +supper and lodging.</p> +<p>“Alas! my son,” said the old woman, “you do ill to +come here, for I have three sons, terrible fellows, who +will be here presently, and I am certain that if you +remain they will devour you.”</p> +<p>The miller asked the names of the sons, and was +informed by the old woman that they were January, +February, and March. From this he concluded that +the crone he was addressing was none other than the +mother of the winds, and on asking her if this was so +she admitted that he had judged correctly. While they +were talking there was a terrible commotion in the +chimney, from which descended an enormous giant with +white hair and beard, breathing out clouds of frost.</p> +<p>“Aha!” he cried, “I see, mother, that you have not +neglected to provide for my supper!”</p> +<p>“Softly, softly, good son,” said the old dame; “this is +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_129' name='page_129'></a>129</span> +little Yves, my nephew and your cousin; you must not +eat him.” The giant, who seemed greatly annoyed, +retired into a corner, growling. Shortly afterward his +brothers, February and March, arrived, and were +told the same tale regarding the miller’s relationship +to them.</p> +<p>Our hero, resolved to profit by the acquaintanceship, +asked the gigantic February if he would carry him to +the palace of the Princess, whom he described.</p> +<p>“Ah,” said February, “without doubt you speak of the +Princess Starbright. If you wish I will give you a lift +on my back part of the way.”</p> +<p>The miller gratefully accepted the offer, and in the +morning mounted on the back of the mighty wind-giant, +who carried him over a great sea. Then, after +traversing much land and a second ocean, and while +crossing a third spacious water, February expressed +himself as quite fatigued and said that he could not +carry his new cousin any farther. The miller glanced +beneath him at the great waste of waters and begged +him to make an effort to reach the land on the other +side. Giving vent to a deep-throated grumble, February +obeyed, and at last set him down outside the walls of +the town where the castle of the Princess Starbright was +situated. The miller entered the town and came to an +inn, and, having dined, entered into conversation with +the hostess, asking her the news of the place.</p> +<p>“Why,” said the woman, amazed, “where do you come +from that you don’t know that the Princess Starbright +is to be married to-day, and to a husband that she does +not love? The wedding procession will pass the door +in a few moments on its way to the church.”</p> +<p>The miller was greatly downcast at these words, but +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_130' name='page_130'></a>130</span> +plucking up courage he placed on a little table before +the inn the first of the pears and handkerchiefs that the +Princess had left with his friend. Shortly afterward +the wedding procession passed, and the Princess +immediately remarked the pear and the kerchief, and +also recognized the miller standing close by. She +halted, and, feigning illness, begged that the ceremony +might be postponed until the morrow. Having returned +to the palace, she sent one of her women to +purchase the fruit and the handkerchief, and these +the miller gave the maiden without question. On the +following day the same thing happened, and on the +third occasion of the Princess’s passing the same series +of events occurred. This time the Princess sent for +the miller, and the pair embraced tenderly and wept +with joy at having recovered each other.</p> +<p>Now the Princess was as clever as she was beautiful, +and she had a stratagem by which she hoped to marry +the miller without undue opposition on the part of her +friends. So she procured the marriage garments of the +prince, her <i>fiancé</i>, and attiring the miller in them, took +him to the marriage feast, which had been prepared for +the fourth time at a late hour; but she hid her lover in +a secluded corner from the public gaze. After a while +she pretended to be looking for something, and upon +being asked what she had lost, replied:</p> +<p>“I have a beautiful coffer, but, alas! I have lost the +key of it. I have found a new key, but it does not fit +the casket; should I not search until I have recovered +the old one?”</p> +<p>“Without doubt!” cried every one. Then the Princess, +going to the place where the miller was concealed, led +him forth by the hand.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_131' name='page_131'></a>131</span></div> +<p>“My lords and gentles,” she said, “the coffer I spoke +of is my heart; here is the one key that can fit it, the +key that I had lost and have found again.”</p> +<p>The Princess and the miller were married amid universal +rejoicings; and some time after the ceremony they did +not fail to revisit the Lake of Léguer, the scene of their +first meeting, the legend of which still clings like the +mists of evening to its shores.</p> +<p>This quaint and curious tale, in which the native folk-lore +and French elements are so strangely mingled, +deals, like its predecessor, with the theme of the search +for the fairy princess. We turn now to another tale of +quest with somewhat similar incidents, where the solar +nature of one of the characters is perhaps more obvious—the +quest for the mortal maiden who has been carried +off by the sun-hero. We refrain in this place from +indicating the mythological basis which underlies such +a tale as this, as such a phenomenon is already amply +illustrated in other works in this series.</p> +<h3><i>The Castle of the Sun</i></h3> +<p>There once lived a peasant who had seven children, six +of them boys and the seventh a girl. They were very +poor and all had to work hard for a living, but the +drudges of the family were the youngest son, Yvon, +and his sister, Yvonne. Because they were gentler and +more delicate than the others, they were looked upon +as poor, witless creatures, and all the hardest work was +given them to do. But the children comforted each +other, and became but the better favoured as they +grew up.</p> +<p>One day when Yvonne was taking the cattle to pasture +she encountered a handsome youth, so splendidly garbed +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_132' name='page_132'></a>132</span> +that her simple heart was filled with awe and admiration. +To her astonishment he addressed her and courteously +begged her hand in marriage. “To-morrow,” he said, +“I shall meet you here at this hour, and you shall give +me an answer.”</p> +<p>Troubled, yet secretly happy, Yvonne made her way +home, and told her parents all that had chanced. At +first they laughed her to scorn, and refused to believe +her story of the handsome prince, but when at length +they were convinced they told her she was free to marry +whom she would.</p> +<p>On the following day Yvonne betook herself to the +trysting-place, where her lover awaited her, even more +gloriously resplendent than on the occasion of his first +coming. The very trappings of his horse were of +gleaming gold. At Yvonne’s request he accompanied +her to her home, and made arrangements with her +kindred for the marriage. To all inquiries regarding +his name and place of abode he returned that these +should be made known on the wedding morning.</p> +<p>Time passed, and on the day appointed the glittering +stranger came to claim his wife. The ceremony over, +he swept her into a carriage and was about to drive +away, when her brothers reminded him of his promise +to reveal his identity.</p> +<p>“Where must we go to visit our sister?” they asked.</p> +<p>“Eastward,” he replied, “to a palace built of crystal, +beyond the Sea of Darkness.”</p> +<p>And with that the pair were gone.</p> +<p>A year elapsed, and the brothers neither saw nor heard +anything of their sister, so that at length they decided +to go in search of her. Yvon would have accompanied +them, but they bade him stay at home.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_133' name='page_133'></a>133</span></div> +<p>“You are so stupid,” they said, “you would be of no use +to us.”</p> +<p>Eastward they rode, and ever eastward, till at length +they found themselves in the heart of a great forest. +Then night came on and they lost the path. Twice +a great noise, like the riot of a tempest, swept over +their heads, leaving them trembling and stricken with +panic.</p> +<p>By and by they came upon an old woman tending a +great fire, and of her they inquired how they might +reach the abode of their brother-in-law.</p> +<p>“I cannot tell,” said the old woman, “but my son may +be able to direct you.”</p> +<p>For the third time they heard the noise as of a great +wind racing over the tree-tops.</p> +<p>“Hush!” said the old woman, “it is my son approaching.”</p> +<p>He was a huge giant, this son of hers, and when he +drew near the fire he said loudly:</p> +<p>“Oh ho! I smell the blood of a Christian!”</p> +<p>“What!” cried his mother sharply. “Would you eat +your pretty cousins, who have come so far to visit us?”</p> +<p>At that the giant became quite friendly toward his +‘cousins,’ and when he learned of their mission even +offered to conduct them part of the way.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding his amiability, however, the brothers +spent an anxious night, and were up betimes on the +following morning.</p> +<p>The giant made ready for departure. First of all he +bade the old woman pile fresh fuel on the fire. Then +he spread a great black cloth, on which he made the +brothers stand. Finally he strode into the fire, and +when his clothes were consumed the black cloth rose +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_134' name='page_134'></a>134</span> +into the air, bearing the brothers with it. Its going was +marked by the sound of rushing wind which had terrified +them on the preceding day. At length they alighted on +a vast plain, half of which was rich and fertile, while the +other half was bleak and arid as a desert. The plain +was dotted with horses, and, curiously enough, those on +the arid side were in splendid condition, whereas those +on the fertile part were thin and miserable.</p> +<p>The brothers had not the faintest idea of which direction +they ought to take, and after a vain attempt to mount +the horses on the plain they decided to return home. +After many wanderings they arrived at their native +place once more.</p> +<p>When Yvon learned of the ill-success which had attended +their mission he decided to go himself in search of his +sister, and though his brothers laughed at him they gave +him an old horse and bade him go.</p> +<p>Eastward and eastward he rode, till at length he reached +the forest where the old woman still tended the fire. +Seeing that he was strong and fearless, she directed +him by a difficult and dangerous road, which, however, +he must pursue if he wished to see his sister.</p> +<p>It was indeed a place of terrors. Poisonous serpents +lay across his track; ugly thorns and briers sprang +underfoot; at one point a lake barred his way.</p> +<p>Finally a subterranean passage led him into his sister’s +country, where everything was of crystal, shining with +the splendour of the sun itself. At the end of a gleaming +pathway rose a castle built entirely of crystal, its +innumerable domes and turrets reflecting the light in +a thousand prismatic hues.</p> +<p>Having gained access to the castle through a cave, +Yvon wandered through its many beautiful chambers, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_135' name='page_135'></a>135</span> +till in one of these he came upon his sister asleep on +a silken couch.</p> +<p>Entranced with her beauty, and not daring to wake +her, he slipped behind a curtain and watched her in +silence; but as time went on he marvelled that she +did not wake.</p> +<p>At eventide a handsome youth—Yvon’s brother-in-law—entered +the chamber, struck Yvonne sharply three times, +then flung himself down by her side and went to sleep. +All night Yvon waited in his place of concealment. In +the morning the young man rose from his couch, gave +his wife three resounding blows, and went away. Only +then did Yvon emerge and wake his sister.</p> +<p>Brother and sister exchanged a tender greeting, and +found much to talk of after their long separation. Yvon +learned that the country to which he had come was +a peculiar place, where meat and drink could be entirely +dispensed with, while even sleep was not a necessity.</p> +<p>“Tell me, Yvonne,” he said, remembering what he had +seen of his brother-in-law, “does your husband treat +you well?”</p> +<p>Yvonne assured him that her husband was all she could +wish—that she was perfectly happy.</p> +<p>“Is he always absent during the day?” he asked +anxiously.</p> +<p>“Always.”</p> +<p>“Do you know where he goes?”</p> +<p>“I do not, my brother.”</p> +<p>“I have a mind,” said Yvon, “to ask him to let me +accompany him on his journey. What say you, sister?”</p> +<p>“It is a very good plan,” said Yvonne.</p> +<p>At sundown her husband returned home. He and +Yvon became very good friends, and the latter begged +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_136' name='page_136'></a>136</span> +to be allowed to accompany him on his journey the +following day.</p> +<p>“You may do so,” was the response, “but only on +one condition: if you touch or address anyone save +me you must return home.”</p> +<p>Yvon readily agreed to accept the condition, and early +next morning the two set off. Ere long they came +to a wide plain, one half of which was green and fruitful, +while the other half was barren and dry. On this +plain cattle were feeding, and those on the arid part +were fat and well-conditioned, while the others were +mean and shrivelled to a degree. Yvon learned from +his companion that the fat cattle represented those +who were contented with their meagre lot, while the +lean animals were those who, with a plentiful supply of +worldly goods, were yet miserable and discontented.</p> +<p>Many other strange things they saw as they went, but +that which seemed strangest of all to Yvon was the +sight of two trees lashing each other angrily with their +branches, as though each would beat the other to the +ground.</p> +<p>Laying his hands on them, he forbade them to fight, +and lo! in a moment they became two human beings, +a man and wife, who thanked Yvon for releasing them +from an enchantment under which they had been laid +as a punishment for their perpetual bickering.</p> +<p>Anon they reached a great cavern from which weird +noises proceeded, and Yvon would fain have advanced +farther; but his companion forbade him, reminding him +that in disenchanting the trees he had failed to observe +the one essential condition, and must return to the +palace where his sister dwelt.</p> +<p>There Yvon remained for a few days longer, after which +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_137' name='page_137'></a>137</span> +his brother-in-law directed him by a speedy route to +his home.</p> +<p>“Go,” said the prince, “but ere long you will return, +and then it will be to remain with us for ever.”</p> +<p>On reaching his native village Yvon found all trace +of his dwelling gone. Greatly bewildered, he inquired +for his father by name. An old greybeard replied.</p> +<p>“I have heard of him,” he said. “He lived in the +days when my grandfather’s grandfather was but a boy, +and now he sleeps in the churchyard yonder.”</p> +<p>Only then did Yvon realize that his visit to his sister +had been one, not of days, but of generations!</p> +<h3><i>The Seigneur with the Horse’s Head</i></h3> +<p>Famous among all peoples is the tale of the husband +surrounded by mystery—bespelled in animal form, like +the Prince in the story of Beauty and the Beast, +nameless, as in that of Lohengrin, or unbeheld of his +spouse, as in the myth of Cupid and Psyche. Among +uncivilized peoples it is frequently forbidden to the wife +to see her husband’s face until some time after marriage, +and the belief that ill-luck will befall one or both +should this law be disregarded runs through primitive +story, being perhaps reminiscent of a time when the +man of an alien or unfriendly tribe crept to his wife’s +lodge or hut under cover of darkness and returned ere +yet the first glimmer of dawn might betray him to the men +of her people. The story which follows, however, deals +with the theme of the enchanted husband whose wife must +not speak to anyone until her first child receives the sacrament +of baptism, and is, perhaps, unique of its kind.</p> +<p>There lived at one time in the old château of Kerouez, +in the commune of Loguivy-Plougras, a rich and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_138' name='page_138'></a>138</span> +powerful seigneur, whose only sorrow was the dreadful +deformity of his son, who had come into the world with +a horse’s head. He was naturally kept out of sight as +much as possible, but when he had attained the age +of eighteen years he told his mother one day that he +desired to marry, and requested her to interview a +farmer in the vicinity who had three pretty young +daughters, in order that she might arrange a match +with one of them.</p> +<p>The good lady did as she was requested, not without +much embarrassment and many qualms of conscience, +and after conversing upon every imaginable subject, +at length gently broke the object of her visit to the +astonished farmer. The poor man was at first horrified, +but little by little the lady worked him into a good +humour, so that at last he consented to ask his daughters +if any one of them would agree to marry the afflicted +young lord. The two elder girls indignantly refused +the offer, but when it was made plain to them that +she who espoused the seigneur would one day be +châtelaine of the castle and become a fine lady, the +eldest daughter somewhat reluctantly consented and +the match was agreed upon.</p> +<p>Some days afterward the bride-to-be happened to pass +the castle and saw the servants washing the linen, when +one cried to her:</p> +<p>“How in the world can a fine girl like you be such a fool +as to throw herself away on a man with a horse’s head?”</p> +<p>“Bah!” she replied, “he is rich, and, let me tell you, +we won’t be married for long, for on the bridal night +I shall cut his throat.”</p> +<p>Just at that moment a gay cavalier passed and smiled +at the farmer’s daughter.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_139' name='page_139'></a>139</span></div> +<p>“You are having a strange conversation, mademoiselle,” +he said. She coloured and looked somewhat confused.</p> +<p>“Well, sir,” she replied, “it is hateful to be mocked by +these wenches because I have the bad luck to be +espoused to a seigneur with a horse’s head, and I assure +you I feel so angry that I shall certainly carry out my +threat.”</p> +<p>The unknown laughed shortly and went his way. In +time the night of the nuptials arrived. A grand <i>fête</i> +was held at the château, and, the ceremony over, the +bridesmaids conducted the young wife to her chamber. +The bridegroom shortly followed, and to the surprise of +his wife, no sooner had the hour of sunset come than +his horse’s head disappeared and he became exactly as +other men. Approaching the bed where his bride lay, +he suddenly seized her, and before she could cry out or +make the least clamour he killed her in the manner in +which she had threatened to kill him.</p> +<p>In the morning his mother came to the chamber, and +was horrified at the spectacle she saw.</p> +<p>“Gracious heavens! my son, what have you done?” +she cried.</p> +<p>“I have done that, my mother,” replied her son, “which +was about to be done to me.”</p> +<p>Three months afterward the young seigneur asked his +mother to repair once more to the farmer with the +request that another of his daughters might be given +him in marriage. The second daughter, ignorant of +the manner of her sister’s death, and mindful of the +splendid wedding festivities, embraced the proposal +with alacrity. Like her sister, she chanced to be +passing the washing-green of the castle one day, and +the laundresses, knowing of her espousal, taunted her +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_140' name='page_140'></a>140</span> +upon it, so that at last she grew very angry and +cried:</p> +<p>“I won’t be troubled long with the animal, I can assure +you, for on the very night that I wed him I shall kill +him like a pig!”</p> +<p>At that very moment the same unknown gentleman +who had overheard the fatal words of her sister passed, +and said:</p> +<p>“How now, young women, that’s very strange talk of +yours!”</p> +<p>“Well, monseigneur,” stammered the betrothed girl, +“they are twitting me upon marrying a man with a +horse’s head; but I will cut his throat on the night +of our wedding with as little conscience as I would cut +the throat of a pig.” The unknown gentleman laughed +as he had done before and passed upon his way.</p> +<p>As on the previous occasion, the wedding was celebrated +with all the pomp and circumstance which usually +attends a Breton ceremony of the kind, and in due time +the bride was conducted to her chamber, only to be +found in the morning weltering in her blood.</p> +<p>At the end of another three months the seigneur dispatched +his mother for the third time to the farmer, with +the request that his younger daughter might be given +him in marriage, but on this occasion her parents were +by no means enraptured with the proposal. When +the great lady, however, promised them that if they +consented to the match they would be given the +farm to have and to hold as their own property, they +found the argument irresistible and reluctantly agreed. +Strange to say, the girl herself was perfectly composed +about the matter, and gave it as her opinion that if her +sisters had met with a violent death they were entirely +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_141' name='page_141'></a>141</span> +to blame themselves, for some reason which she could +not explain, and she added that she thought that their +loose and undisciplined way of talking had had much +to do with their untimely fate. Just as her sisters had +been, she too was taunted by the laundresses regarding +her choice of a husband, but her answer to them was +very different.</p> +<p>“If they met with their deaths,” she said, “it was +because of their wicked utterances. I do not in the +least fear that I shall have the same fate.”</p> +<p>As before the unknown seigneur passed, but this time, +without saying anything, he hurried on his way and was +soon lost to view.</p> +<p>The wedding of the youngest sister was even more +splendid than that of the two previous brides. On the +following morning the young seigneur’s mother hastened +with fear and trembling to the marriage chamber, and +to her intense relief found that her daughter-in-law was +alive. For some months the bride lived happily with +her husband, who every night at set of sun regained his +natural appearance as a young and handsome man. In +due time a son was born to them, who had not the least +sign of his semi-equine parentage, and when they were +about to have the infant baptized the father said to the +young mother:</p> +<p>“Hearken to what I have to say. I was condemned to +suffer the horrible enchantment you know of until such +time as a child should be born to me, and I shall be +immediately delivered from the curse whenever this +infant is baptized. But take care that you do not speak +a word until the baptismal bells cease to sound, for if +you utter a syllable, even to your mother, I shall disappear +on the instant and you will never see me more.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_142' name='page_142'></a>142</span></div> +<p>Full of the resolve not to utter a single sound, the young +mother, who lay in bed, kept silent, until at last she +heard the sound of bells, when, in her joy, forgetting +the warning, she turned to her mother, who sat near, +with words of congratulation on her lips. A few +moments afterward her husband rushed into the room, +the horse’s head still upon his shoulders. He was +covered with sweat, and panted fiercely.</p> +<p>“Ah, miserable woman,” he cried, “what have you done? +I must leave you, and you shall never see me more!” +and he made as if to quit the room. His wife rose from +her bed, and strove to detain him, but he struck at her +with his fist. The blood trickled out and made three +spots on his shirt.</p> +<p>“Behold these spots,” cried the young wife; “they +shall never disappear until I find you.”</p> +<p>“And I swear to you,” cried her husband, “that you +will never find me until you have worn out three pairs +of iron shoes in doing so.”</p> +<p>With these words he ran off at such speed that the +poor wife could not follow him, and, fainting, she sank +to the ground.</p> +<p>Some time after her husband had left her the young +wife had three pairs of iron shoes made and went in +search of him. After she had travelled about the world +for nearly ten years the last pair of shoes began to show +signs of wear, when she found herself one day at a castle +where the servants were hanging out the clothes to dry, +and she heard one of the laundresses say:</p> +<p>“Do you see this shirt? I declare it is enchanted, for +although I have washed it again and again I cannot rub +out these three spots of blood which you see upon it.”</p> +<p>When the wanderer heard this she approached the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_143' name='page_143'></a>143</span> +laundress and said to her: “Let me try, I pray you. I +think I can wash the shirt clean.”</p> +<p>They gave her the shirt, she washed it, and the spots +disappeared. So grateful was the laundress that she +bade the stranger go to the castle and ask for a meal and +a bed. These were willingly granted her, and at night +she was placed in a small apartment next to that occupied +by the lord of the castle. From what she had seen she +was sure that her husband was the lord himself, so when +she heard the master of the house enter the room next +door she knocked upon the boards which separated it +from her own. Her husband, for he it was, replied +from the other side; then, entering her room, he +recognized his wife, and they were happily united after +the years of painful separation. To the wife’s great joy +her husband was now completely restored to his proper +form, and nothing occurred to mar their happiness for +the rest of their lives.</p> +<h3><i>The Bride of Satan</i></h3> +<p>Weird and terrible as are many of the darksome legends of +Brittany, it may be doubted if any are more awe-inspiring +than that which we are now about to relate. “Those +who are affianced three times without marrying shall +burn in hell,” says an old Breton proverb, and it is +probably this aphorism which has given the Bretons +such a strong belief in the sacred nature of a betrothal. +The fantastic ballad from which this story is taken is +written in the dialect of Léon, and the words are put +into the mouth of a maiden of that country. Twice +had she been betrothed. On the last occasion she had +worn a robe of the finest stuff, embroidered with twelve +brilliant stars and having the figures of the sun and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_144' name='page_144'></a>144</span> +moon painted upon it, like the lady in Madame +d’Aulnoy’s story of <i>Finette Cendron</i> (<i>Cinderella</i>). On +the occasion when she went to meet her third <i>fiancé</i> +in church she almost fainted as she turned with her +maidens into the little road leading up to the building, +for there before her was a great lord clad in steel +<i>cap-à-pie</i>, wearing on his head a casque of gold, his +shoulders covered by a blood-coloured mantle. Strange +lights flashed from his eyes, which glittered under his +casque like meteors. By his side stood a huge black +steed, which ever and again struck the ground impatiently +with his hoofs, throwing up sparks of fire.</p> +<p>The priest was waiting in the church, the bridegroom +arrived, but the bride did not come. Where had she +gone? She had stepped on board a barque with the +dark steel-clad lord, and the ship passed silently over +the waters until it vanished among the shadows of +night. Then the lady turned to her husband.</p> +<p>“What gloomy waters are these through which we sail, +my lord?” she asked.</p> +<p>“This is the Lake of Anguish,” he replied in hollow tones. +“We sail to the Place of Skulls, at the mouth of Hell.”</p> +<p>At this the wretched bride wept bitterly. “Take back +your wedding-ring!” she cried. “Take back your +dowry and your bridal gifts!”</p> +<p>But he answered not. Down they descended into +horrid darkness, and as the unhappy maiden fell there +rang in her ears the cries of the damned.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_12' id='linki_12'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs12.jpg' alt='' title='' width='409' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE BRIDE OF SATAN<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>This tale is common to many countries. The fickle +maiden is everywhere regarded among primitive peoples +with dislike and distrust. But perhaps the folk-ballad +which most nearly resembles that just related is the +Scottish ballad of <i>The Demon Lover</i>, which inspired +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_145' name='page_145'></a>145</span> +the late Hamish MacCunn, the gifted Scottish composer, +in the composition of his weird and striking +orchestral piece, <i>The Ship o’ the Fiend</i>.</p> +<h3><i>The Baron of Jauioz</i></h3> +<p>Another tradition which tells of the fate of an unhappy +maiden is enshrined in the ballad of <i>The Baron of +Jauioz</i>. Louis, Baron of Jauioz, in Languedoc, was +a French warrior of considerable renown who flourished +in the fourteenth century, and who took part in many +of the principal events of that stirring epoch, fighting +against the English in France and Flanders under the +Duke of Berry, his overlord. Some years later he +embarked for the Holy Land, but, if we may believe +Breton tradition, he returned, and while passing through +the duchy fell in love with and actually bought for a sum +of money a young Breton girl, whom he carried away +with him to France. The unfortunate maiden, so far +from being attracted by the more splendid environment +of his castle, languished and died.</p> +<p>“I hear the note of the death-bird,” the ballad begins +sadly; “is it true, my mother, that I am sold to the +Baron of Jauioz?”</p> +<p>“Ask your father, little Tina, ask your father,” is the +callous reply, and the question is then put to her father, +who requests the unfortunate damsel to ask her brother, +a harsh rustic who does not scruple to tell her the +brutal truth, and adds that she must depart immediately. +The girl asks what dress she must wear, her red gown, +or her gown of white delaine.</p> +<p>“It matters little, my daughter,” says the heartless +mother. “Your lover waits at the door mounted on +a great black horse. Go to him on the instant.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_146' name='page_146'></a>146</span></div> +<p>As she leaves her native village the clocks are striking, +and she weeps bitterly.</p> +<p>“Adieu, Saint Anne!” she says. “Adieu, bells of my +native land!”</p> +<p>Passing the Lake of Anguish she sees a band of the +dead, white and shadowy, crossing the watery expanse +in their little boats. As she passes them she can hear +their teeth chatter. At the Valley of Blood she espies +other unfortunates. Their hearts are sunken in them +and all memory has left them.</p> +<p>After this terrible ride the Baron and Tina reach the +castle of Jauioz. The old man seats himself near the +fire. He is black and ill-favoured as a carrion crow. +His beard and his hair are white, and his eyes are like +firebrands.</p> +<p>“Come hither to me, my child,” says he, “come with +me from chamber to chamber that I may show you my +treasures.”</p> +<p>“Ah, seigneur,” she replies, the tears falling fast, “I +had rather be at home with my mother counting the +chips which fall from the fire.”</p> +<p>“Let us descend, then, to the cellar, where I will show +you the rich wines in the great bins.”</p> +<p>“Ah, sir, I would rather quaff the water of the fields +that my father’s horses drink.”</p> +<p>“Come with me, then, to the shops, and I will buy you +a sumptuous gown.”</p> +<p>“Better that I were wearing the working dress that +my mother made me.”</p> +<p>The seigneur turns from her in anger. She lingers at +the window and watches the birds, begging them to +take a message from her to her friends.</p> +<p>At night a gentle voice whispers: “My father, my +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_147' name='page_147'></a>147</span> +mother, for the love of God, pray for me!” Then all +is silence.</p> +<p>In this striking ballad we find strong traces of the +Breton love of country and other national traits. The +death-bird alluded to is a grey bird which sings during +the winter in the Landes country in a voice soft and +sad. It is probably a bird of the osprey species. It +is thought that the girl who hears it sing is doomed to +misfortune. The strange and ghostly journey of the +unhappy Tina recalls the <i>mise en scène</i> of such ballads +as <i>The Bride of Satan</i>, and it would seem that she +passes through the Celtic Tartarus. It is plain that +the Seigneur of Jauioz by his purchase of their countrywoman +became so unpopular among the freedom-loving +Bretons that at length they magnified him into a species +of demon—a traditionary fate which he thoroughly deserved, +if the heartrending tale concerning his victim +has any foundation in fact.</p> +<h3><i>The Man of Honour</i></h3> +<p>The tale of the man who is helped by the grateful dead +is by no means confined to Brittany. Indeed, in folk-tale +the dead are often jealous of the living and act +toward them with fiendish malice. But in the following +we have a story in which a dead man shows his gratitude +to the living for receiving the boon of Christian +burial at his hands.</p> +<p>There was once a merchant-prince who had gained a +great fortune by trading on land and sea. Many ships +were his, and with these he traded to far countries, +reaping a rich harvest. He had a son named Iouenn, +and he was desirous that he too should embrace the +career of a merchant and become rich. When, therefore, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_148' name='page_148'></a>148</span> +Iouenn declared his willingness to trade in distant +lands his father was delighted and gave him a ship +full of Breton merchandise, with instructions to sell it +to the best advantage in a foreign country and return +home with the gold thus gained.</p> +<p>After a successful voyage the vessel arrived at a +foreign port, and Iouenn presented his father’s letters +to the merchants there, and disposed of his cargo so +well that he found himself in possession of a large sum +of money. One day as he was walking on the outskirts +of the city he saw a large number of dogs gathered +round some object, barking at it and worrying it. +Approaching them, he discovered that that which they +were worrying was nothing less than the corpse of a +man. Making inquiries, he found that the unfortunate +wretch had died deeply in debt, and that his body had +been thrown into the roadway to be eaten by the dogs. +Iouenn was shocked to see such an indignity offered to +the dead, and out of the kindness of his heart chased +the dogs away, paid the debts of the deceased, and +granted his body the last rites of sepulture.</p> +<p>A few days afterward he left the port where these +things had happened and set out on his homeward +voyage. He had not sailed far when one of the +mariners drew his attention to a strange ship a little +distance away, which appeared to be draped entirely +in black.</p> +<p>“That is indeed a curious vessel,” said Iouenn. +“Wherefore is it draped in black? and for what reason +do those on board bewail so loudly?”</p> +<p>While he spoke the ship drew nearer, and Iouenn +called to the people who thronged its decks, asking +why they made such loud laments.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_149' name='page_149'></a>149</span></div> +<p>“Alas! good sir,” replied the captain of the strange +ship, “not far from here is an island inhabited by an +enormous serpent, which for seven years has demanded +an annual tribute of a royal princess, and we are now +bearing another victim to her doom.”</p> +<p>Iouenn laughed. “Where is the Princess?” he asked. +At that moment the Princess came on deck, weeping +and wringing her hands. Iouenn was so struck by +her beauty that he there and then declared in the most +emphatic manner that she should never become the +prey of the serpent. On learning from the captain +that he would hand over the maiden if a sufficient bribe +were forthcoming, he paid over to him the last of the +money he had gained from his trading, and taking the +Princess on his own vessel sailed homeward.</p> +<p>In due time Iouenn arrived home and was welcomed +with delight by his father; but when the old man +learned the story of what had been done with his +money he was furious; nor would he believe for a +moment that the lady his son had rescued was a veritable +princess, but chased Iouenn from his presence with +hard and bitter words. Nevertheless Iouenn married +the royal lady he had rescued, and they started housekeeping +in a tiny dwelling. Time went on, and the +Princess presented her husband with a little son, but +by this time fortune had smiled upon Iouenn, for an +uncle of his, who was also a merchant, had entrusted +him with a fine vessel to trade in Eastern lands; so, +taking with him the portraits of his wife and child, he +set out on his voyage. With a fresh wind and favourable +conditions generally he was not long in coming to +the city where his wife’s father reigned. Now, some +mariners of the port, having entered the ship out of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_150' name='page_150'></a>150</span> +curiosity, observed the portrait of the Princess, and +informed the King of the circumstance. The King +himself came to the ship and demanded to know what +had become of his daughter. Iouenn did not, of course, +realize that the monarch was his father-in-law, and +assured him that he knew nothing of his daughter, +whereupon the King, growing very angry, had him +cast into prison and ordered his ship to be broken to +pieces and burned. In prison Iouenn made friends +with his gaoler, to whom he related his history, which +the gaoler in turn told the King, with the result that +the prisoner was brought before the monarch, who +desired him to set out at once to bring his daughter +back, and for this purpose fitted him out with a new +vessel. But the old monarch took the precaution of +sending two of his ministers along with the Breton +sailor in case he should not return. The party soon +came to Brittany, and found the Princess and her +infant safe.</p> +<p>Now one of the King’s ministers had loved the Princess +for a long time, and consequently did not regard her +husband with any great degree of favour; so when they +re-embarked on the return journey to her father’s +kingdom her suspicions were aroused, and, fully aware +of the minister’s crafty nature, she begged her husband +to remain with her as much as possible. But Iouenn +liked to be on the bridge, whence he could direct the +operations of his mariners, and laughed at his wife’s +fears. One night as he leaned over the side of the +vessel, gazing upon the calm of the star-strewn sea, his +enemy approached very stealthily and, seizing him by +the legs, cast him headlong into the waters. After this +he waited for a few moments, and, hearing no sound, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_151' name='page_151'></a>151</span> +cried out that the captain had fallen overboard. A +search was made, but with no avail. The Princess was +distraught, and in the belief that her husband had +perished remained in her cabin lamenting. But Iouenn +was a capital swimmer and struck out lustily. He swam +around for a long time, without, however, encountering +any object upon which he could lay hold to support +himself. Meanwhile the ship sailed on her course, and +in due time arrived at the kingdom of the Princess’s +father, by whom she was received with every demonstration +of joy. Great festivities were announced, and +so pleased was the old King at his daughter’s return +that he willingly consented to her marriage with the +treacherous minister, whom he regarded as the instrument +of her deliverance. But the Princess put off the +wedding-day by every possible artifice, for she felt in +her heart that her husband was not really lost to her.</p> +<p>Let us return now to Iouenn. After swimming for +some time he came upon a barren rock in the middle +of the ocean, and here, though beaten upon by +tempests and without any manner of shelter save that +afforded by a cleft in the rock, he succeeded in living +for three years upon the shell-fish which he gathered on +the shores of his little domain. In that time he had +grown almost like a savage. His clothes had fallen off +him and he was thickly covered with matted hair. The +only mark of civilization he bore was a chain of gold encircling +his neck, the gift of his wife. One night he was +sitting in his small dwelling munching his wretched +supper of shell-fish when an eerie sound broke the +stillness. He started violently. Surely these were +human accents that he heard—yet not altogether human, +for their weird cadence held something of the supernatural, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_152' name='page_152'></a>152</span> +and cold as he was he felt himself grow still +more chilly.</p> +<p>“Cold, cold,” cried the voice, and a dreadful chattering +of teeth ended in a long-drawn wail of “Hou, hou, hou!”</p> +<p>The sound died away and once more he was left amid +the great silence of the sea.</p> +<p>The next evening brought the same experience, but +although Iouenn was brave he dared not question his +midnight visitor. On the third occasion, however, he +demanded: “Who is there?”</p> +<p>Out of the darkness there crawled a man completely +naked, his body covered with blood and horrible +wounds, the eyes fixed and glassy.</p> +<p>Iouenn trembled with horror. “In the name of God, +who are you?” he cried.</p> +<p>“Ha, so you do not remember me, Iouenn?” asked the +phantom. “I am that unfortunate man whose body +you gave decent burial, and now I have come to help +you in turn. Without doubt you wish to leave this +desert rock on which you have suffered so long.”</p> +<p>“I do, most devoutly,” replied Iouenn.</p> +<p>“Well, you will have to make haste,” said the dead +man, “for to-morrow your wife is going to be married +to the minister of your father-in-law, the wretch who +cast you into the sea. Now if you will promise to give +me a share of all that belongs to yourself and your +wife within a year and a day, I will carry you at once +to the palace of your father-in-law.”</p> +<p>Iouenn promised to do as the phantom requested, and +the dread being then asked him to mount upon his +back. Iouenn did so, and the corpse then plunged into +the sea, and, swimming swiftly, soon brought him to +the port where his father-in-law reigned. When it had +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_153' name='page_153'></a>153</span> +set him safely on shore it turned and with a wave of its +gaunt white arm cried, “In a year and a day,” then +plunged back into the sea.</p> +<p>When the door-keeper of the palace opened the gate in +the morning he was astounded to see what appeared to +be an animal crouching on the ground outside and crying +for help. It was Iouenn. The palace lackeys crowded +round him and threw him morsels of bread, which he +devoured with avidity. One of the waiting-women told +the Princess of the strange being who crouched outside. +She descended in order to view him, and at once observed +the golden chain she had given to her husband +round his neck. Iouenn immediately rushed to embrace +her. She took him to her chamber and clothed him +suitably. By this time the bridal preparations had +been completed, and, like the Princess in the story of +the Miller of Léguer, the bride asked the advice of the +company as to whether it were better to search for an +old key that fitted a coffer in her possession or make +use of a new key which did not fit; the coffer, of course, +being her heart and the respective keys her husband +and the minister. All the company advised searching +for the old key, when she produced Iouenn and explained +what she had meant. The crafty minister grew +pale as death at sight of Iouenn, and the King stormed +furiously.</p> +<p>“Ho, there!” he cried, “build a great fire, varlets, +and cast this slave into it.” All the company thought +at first that his words were intended to apply to Iouenn, +but when they saw him point at the minister whose guilt +the Princess had made plain, they applauded and the +wretch was hurried away to his doom.</p> +<p>Iouenn and the Princess lived happily at the Court, and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_154' name='page_154'></a>154</span> +in time a second little son was born to them. Their +first child had died, and they were much rejoiced at +its place being filled. Iouenn had entirely forgotten +his indebtedness to the dead man, but one day in the +month of November, when his wife was sitting quietly +by the fire nursing her infant, with her husband +opposite her, three loud knocks resounded upon the +door, which flew open and revealed the horrible form +of the corpse to which Iouenn owed his freedom. The +Princess shrieked at sight of the phantom, which said +in deep tones: “Iouenn, remember thy bargain.”</p> +<p>Trembling, Iouenn turned to his wife and asked her +for the keys of their treasure-house, that he might give +their terrible visitor a portion of their wealth, but with a +disdainful wave of its arm the apparition bade him cease. +“It is not your wealth I require, Iouenn,” it said in +hollow tones. “Behold that which I desire,” and it +pointed to the infant slumbering in its mother’s arms.</p> +<p>Once more the Princess cried aloud, and clasped her +little one to her bosom.</p> +<p>“My infant!” cried Iouenn in despair. “Never!”</p> +<p>“If you are a man of honour,” said the corpse, “think +of your promise made on the barren rock.”</p> +<p>“It is true,” said Iouenn, wringing his hands, “but oh, +remember how I saved your body from the dogs.”</p> +<p>“I only ask what is my due,” said the ghost. “Besides, +I do not desire all your infant, but a share of it only.”</p> +<p>“Wretch!” cried Iouenn, “are you without a heart? +Have then your wish, for honour with me is above all.” +The infant was then undressed and laid between the +two upon a table.</p> +<p>“Take your sword,” said the phantom, “and cut off a +portion for me.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_155' name='page_155'></a>155</span></div> +<p>“Ah, I would that I were on that desert rock in the +middle of the ocean!” cried the unhappy father. He +raised his weapon and was about to strike, when the +phantom called upon him to hold.</p> +<p>“Harm not your infant, Iouenn,” it cried. “I see +clearly that you are a man of honour and that you have +not forgotten the service I rendered you; nor do I fail +to remember what you did for me, and how it is through +you that I am able to dwell in Paradise, which I would +not have been permitted to enter had my debts not +been paid and my body given burial. Farewell, until +we meet above.” And with these words the apparition +vanished.</p> +<p>Iouenn and the Princess lived long, respected by all, +and when the old King died Iouenn, the man of his +word, was made King in his place.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_156' name='page_156'></a>156</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_VI_BRETON_FOLKTALES' id='CHAPTER_VI_BRETON_FOLKTALES'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER VI: BRETON FOLK-TALES</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">The</span> stories told here under the title of ‘folk-tales’ +are such as do not partake so much of +the universal element which enters so largely +into Breton romance, but those which have a more +national or even local tinge and are yet not legendary. +The homely flavour attached to many stories of this +kind is very apparent, and it is evident that they have +been put together in oral form by unknown ‘makers,’ +some of whom had either a natural or artistic aptitude +for story-telling. In the first of the following tales it +is curious to note how the ancient Breton theme has +been put by its peasant narrator into almost a modern +dress.</p> +<h3><i>The Magic Rose</i></h3> +<p>An aged Breton couple had two sons, the elder of +whom went to Paris to seek his fortune, while the +younger one was timid by nature and would not leave +the paternal roof. His mother, who felt the burden of +her age, wished the stay-at-home to marry. At first he +would not hear of the idea, but at last, persuaded by +her, he took a wife. He had only been married a few +weeks, however, when his young bride sickened and +died. La Rose, for such was his name, was inconsolable. +Every evening he went to the cemetery where +his wife was buried, and wept over her tomb.</p> +<p>One night he was about to enter the graveyard on his +sad errand when he beheld a terrible phantom standing +before him, which asked him in awful tones what he did +there.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_157' name='page_157'></a>157</span></div> +<p>“I am going to pray at the tomb of my wife,” replied +the terrified La Rose.</p> +<p>“Do you wish that she were alive again?” asked the +spirit.</p> +<p>“Ah, yes!” cried the sorrowing husband. “There is +nothing that I would not do in order that she might be +restored to me.”</p> +<p>“Hearken, then,” said the phantom. “Return to this +place to-morrow night at the same hour. Provide yourself +with a pick and you will see what comes to pass.”</p> +<p>On the following night the young widower was punctually +at the rendezvous. The phantom presented itself +before him and said:</p> +<p>“Go to the tomb of your wife and strike it with your +pick; the earth will turn aside and you will behold her +lying in her shroud. Take this little silver box, which +contains a rose; open it and pass it before her nostrils +three times, when she will awake as if from a deep +sleep.”</p> +<p>La Rose hastened to the tomb of his wife, and everything +happened as the phantom had predicted. He +placed the box containing the rose to his wife’s nostrils +and she awoke with a sigh, saying: “Ah, I have been +asleep for a long time.” Her husband provided her +with clothes which he had brought with him, and they +returned to their house, much to the joy of his parents.</p> +<p>Some time afterward La Rose’s father died at a great +age, and the grief-stricken mother was not long in +following him to the grave. La Rose wrote to his +brother in Paris to return to Brittany in order to receive +his portion of the paternal inheritance, but he was +unable to leave the capital, so La Rose had perforce +to journey to Paris. He promised his wife before +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_158' name='page_158'></a>158</span> +leaving that he would write to her every day, but on +his arrival in the city he found his brother very ill, and +in the anxiety of nursing him back to health he quite +forgot to send his wife news of how he fared.</p> +<p>The weeks passed and La Rose’s wife, without word of +her husband, began to dread that something untoward +had happened to him. Day by day she sat at her +window weeping and watching for the courier who +brought letters from Paris. A regiment of dragoons +chanced to be billeted in the town, and the captain, +who lodged at the inn directly opposite La Rose’s +house, was greatly attracted by the young wife. He +inquired of the landlady who was the beautiful dame +who sat constantly weeping at her window, and learned +the details of her history. He wrote a letter to her +purporting to come from La Rose’s brother in Paris, +telling her that her husband had died in the capital, +and some time after paid his addresses to the supposed +widow, who accepted him. They were married, and +when the regiment left the town the newly wedded pair +accompanied it.</p> +<p>Meanwhile La Rose’s brother recovered from his illness, +and the eager husband hastened back to Brittany. But +when he arrived at his home he was surprised to find +the doors closed, and was speedily informed of what +had occurred during his absence. For a while he was +too grief-stricken to act, but, recovering himself somewhat, +he resolved to enlist in the regiment of dragoons +in which the false captain held his commission. The +beauty of his handwriting procured him the post of +secretary to one of the lieutenants, but although he +frequently attempted to gain sight of his wife he never +succeeded in doing so. One day the captain entered +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_159' name='page_159'></a>159</span> +the lieutenant’s office, observed the writing of La Rose, +and asked his brother officer if he would kindly lend +him his secretary for a few days to assist him with some +correspondence. While helping the captain La Rose +beheld his wife, who did not, however, recognize him. +Greatly pleased with his work, the captain invited him to +dinner. During the repast a servant, who had stolen a +silver dish, fearing that it was about to be missed, slid +it into La Rose’s pocket, and when it could not be +found, accused the secretary of the theft. La Rose was +brought before a court-martial, which condemned him +to be shot.</p> +<p>While in prison awaiting his execution La Rose struck +up an acquaintance with an old veteran named Père La +Chique, who brought him his meals and seemed kindly +disposed to him.</p> +<p>“Père La Chique,” said La Rose one day, “I have two +thousand francs; if you will do as I ask you they shall +be yours.”</p> +<p>The veteran promised instantly, and La Rose requested +that after he was shot La Chique should go to the +cemetery where he was buried and resuscitate him with +the magic rose, which he had carefully preserved. On +the appointed day La Rose was duly executed, but +Père La Chique, with his pockets full of money, went +from inn to inn, drinking and making merry. Whenever +the thought of La Rose crossed his mind, he muttered +to himself in bibulous accents: “Poor fellow, poor +fellow, he is better dead. This is a weary world; why +should I bring him back to it?”</p> +<p>When Père La Chique had caroused with his comrades +for some days the two thousand francs had almost disappeared. +Then remorse assailed him and he made up +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_160' name='page_160'></a>160</span> +his mind to do as La Rose had wished. Taking a pick +and an axe he went to the graveyard, but when he +struck the grave with his tools and the earth rolled +back, disclosing the body of La Rose, the old fellow +was so terrified that he ran helter-skelter from the spot. +A draught of good wine brought back his failing courage, +however, and he returned and passed the rose three +times under the nostrils of his late acquaintance. +Instantly La Rose sat up.</p> +<p>“By my faith, I’ve had a good sleep!” he said, rubbing +his eyes. “Where are my clothes?”</p> +<p>Père La Chique handed him his garments, and after he +had donned them they quitted the graveyard with all +haste.</p> +<p>La Rose now found it necessary to cast about for a +living. One day he heard the sound of a drum in the +street, and, following it, found that it was beaten by a +crier who promised in the King’s name a large reward +to those who would enlist as sentinels to guard a chapel +where the King’s daughter, who had been changed into +a monster, was imprisoned. La Rose accepted the offer, +and then learned to his dismay that the sentinel who +guarded the place between the hours of eleven and +midnight was never seen again. On the very first night +that he took up his duties this perilous watch fell to his +lot. He felt his courage deserting him, and he was +about to fly when he heard a voice say: “La Rose, +where are you?”</p> +<p>La Rose trembled. “What do you wish with me?” +he asked.</p> +<p>“Hearken to me, and no evil will befall you,” replied +the voice. “Soon a great and grisly beast will appear. +Leave your musket by the side of the sentry-box, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_161' name='page_161'></a>161</span> +climb on the top, and the beast will not touch +you.”</p> +<p>As eleven o’clock struck La Rose heard a noise and +hastened to climb on the top of the sentry-box. Soon +a hideous monster came out of the chapel, breathing +flames and crying: “Sentinel of my father, where art +thou, that I may devour thee?” As it uttered these +words, it fell against the musket, which it seized between +its teeth. Then the creature disappeared into the +chapel and La Rose descended from his perch. He +found the musket broken into a thousand pieces.</p> +<p>The old King was delighted to learn that his sentinel +had not been devoured, for in order that his daughter +should be delivered from her enchantment as a beast +it was necessary that the same sentinel should mount +guard for three consecutive nights between the hours of +eleven and midnight.</p> +<p>On the following night La Rose was pacing up and +down on guard, when the same voice addressed him, +telling him on this occasion to place his musket before +the door of the chapel. The beast issued as before, +seized the musket, broke it into small pieces, and +returned to the chapel. On the third night the voice +advised him to throw open the door of the chapel, and +when the beast came out to run into the building himself, +where he would see a leaden shrine, behind which he +could take refuge, and where he would find a small bottle, +with the contents of which he was to sprinkle the beast’s +head. With its usual dreadful roar the monster issued +from the chapel. La Rose leapt past it and ran for the +leaden shrine. It followed him with hideous howls, and +he only reached the protective sanctuary in time. +Seizing the little bottle which lay there, he fearlessly +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_162' name='page_162'></a>162</span> +fronted the beast and sprinkled its contents over its +head. Instantly it changed into a beautiful princess, +whom La Rose escorted to her delighted parents. +La Rose and the princess were betrothed and duly +married, and shortly afterward the King gave up his +throne to his son-in-law.</p> +<p>One day the new King was inspecting the regiment of +dragoons to which he had once belonged.</p> +<p>“Colonel,” he said, “I miss a man from your regiment.”</p> +<p>“It is true, sire,” replied the Colonel. “It is an old +fellow called Père La Chique, whom we have left at the +barracks playing his violin, the old good-for-nothing!”</p> +<p>“I wish to see him,” said the King.</p> +<p>Père La Chique was brought forward trembling, and +the King, tearing the epaulettes from the shoulders of +the captain who had stolen his wife, placed them on +those of Père La Chique. He then gave orders for a +great fire to be lit, in which were burned the wicked +captain and the wife who had so soon forgotten her +husband.</p> +<p>La Rose and his Queen lived happily ever afterward—which +is rather odd, is it not, when one thinks of the +treatment meted out to his resuscitated spouse? But +if the lights in folk-tale are bright, the shadows are +correspondingly heavy, and rarely does justice go hand +in hand with mercy in legend!</p> +<h3><i>Norouas, the North-west Wind</i></h3> +<p>Brittany has an entire cycle of folk-tales dealing with +the subject of the winds—which, indeed, play an +extraordinary part in Breton folk-lore. The fishermen +of the north coast frequently address the winds as +if they were living beings, hurling opprobrious epithets +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_163' name='page_163'></a>163</span> +at them if the direction in which they blow does not +suit their purpose, shaking their fists at them in a most +menacing manner the while. The following story, the +only wind-tale it is possible to give here, well illustrates +this personalization of the winds by the Breton folk.</p> +<p>There was once a goodman and his wife who had a +little field on which they grew flax. One season their +patch yielded a particularly fine crop, and after it had +been cut they laid it out to dry. But Norouas, the +North-west Wind, came along and with one sweep of +his mighty wings tossed it as high as the tree-tops, so +that it fell into the sea and was lost.</p> +<p>When the goodman saw what had happened he began +to swear at the Wind, and, taking his stick, he set out +to follow and slay Norouas, who had spoiled his flax. +So hasty had he been in setting forth that he had +taken no food or money with him, and when evening +came he arrived at an inn hungry and penniless. He +explained his plight to the hostess, who gave him a +morsel of bread and permitted him to sleep in a corner +of the stable. In the morning he asked the dame the +way to the abode of Norouas, and she conducted him +to the foot of a mountain, where she said the Winds +dwelt.</p> +<p>The goodman climbed the mountain, and at the top +met with Surouas, the South-west Wind.</p> +<p>“Are you he whom they call Norouas?” he asked.</p> +<p>“No, I am Surouas,” said the South-west Wind.</p> +<p>“Where then is that villain Norouas?” cried the goodman.</p> +<p>“Hush!” said Surouas, “do not speak so loud, goodman, +for if he hears you he will toss you into the air +like a straw.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_164' name='page_164'></a>164</span></div> +<p>At that moment Norouas arrived, whistling wildly and +vigorously.</p> +<p>“Ah, thief of a Norouas,” cried the goodman, “it was +you who stole my beautiful crop of flax!” But the Wind +took no notice of him. Nevertheless he did not cease +to cry: “Norouas, Norouas, give me back my flax!”</p> +<p>“Hush, hush!” cried Norouas. “Here is a napkin that +will perhaps make you keep quiet.”</p> +<p>“With my crop of flax,” howled the goodman, “I could +have made a hundred napkins such as this. Norouas, +give me back my flax!”</p> +<p>“Be silent, fellow,” said Norouas. “This is no common +napkin which I give you. You have only to say, +‘Napkin, unfold thyself,’ to have the best spread table +in the world standing before you.”</p> +<p>The goodman took the napkin with a grumble, descended +the mountain, and there, only half believing what +Norouas had said, placed the napkin before him, saying, +“Napkin, unfold thyself.” Immediately a table appeared +spread with a princely repast. The odour of cunningly +cooked dishes arose, and rare wines sparkled in glittering +vessels. After he had feasted the table vanished, +and the goodman folded up his napkin and went back +to the inn where he had slept the night before.</p> +<p>“Well, did you get any satisfaction out of Norouas?” +asked the hostess.</p> +<p>“Indeed I did,” replied the goodman, producing the +napkin. “Behold this: Napkin, unfold thyself!” and +as he spoke the magic table appeared before their eyes. +The hostess, struck dumb with astonishment, at once +became covetous and resolved to have the napkin for +herself. So that night she placed the goodman in a +handsome apartment where there was a beautiful bed +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_165' name='page_165'></a>165</span> +with a soft feather mattress, on which he slept more +soundly than ever he had done in his life. When he +was fast asleep the cunning hostess entered the room +and stole the napkin, leaving one of similar appearance +in its place.</p> +<p>In the morning the goodman set his face homeward, +and duly arrived at his little farm. His wife eagerly +asked him if Norouas had made good the damage done +to the flax, to which her husband replied affirmatively +and drew the substituted napkin from his pocket.</p> +<p>“Why,” quoth the dame, “we could have made two +hundred napkins like this out of the flax that was +destroyed.”</p> +<p>“Ah, but,” said the goodman, “this napkin is not the +same as others. I have only to say, ‘Napkin, unfold +thyself,’ and a table covered with a most splendid feast +appears. Napkin, unfold thyself—unfold thyself, dost +thou hear?”</p> +<p>“You are an old fool, goodman,” said his wife when +nothing happened. Her husband’s jaw dropped and +he seized his stick.</p> +<p>“I have been sold by that rascal Norouas,” he cried. +“Well, I shall not spare him this time,” and without +more ado he rushed out of the house and took the road +to the home of the Winds.</p> +<p>He slept as before at the inn, and next morning climbed +the mountain. He began at once to call loudly upon +Norouas, who was whistling up aloft, demanding that +he should return him his crop of flax.</p> +<p>“Be quiet, down there!” cried Norouas.</p> +<p>“I shall not be quiet!” screamed the goodman, brandishing +his bludgeon. “You have made matters worse +by cheating me with that napkin of yours!”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_166' name='page_166'></a>166</span></div> +<p>“Well, well, then,” replied Norouas, “here is an ass; +you have only to say ‘Ass, make me some gold,’ and +it will fall from his tail.”</p> +<p>The goodman, eager to test the value of the new gift, +at once led the ass to the foot of the mountain and +said: “Ass, make me some gold.” The ass shook his +tail, and a <i>rouleau</i> of gold pieces fell to the ground. +The goodman hastened to the inn, where, as before, +he displayed the phenomenon to the hostess, who that +night went into the stable and exchanged for the +magical animal another similar in appearance to it. On +the evening of the following day the goodman returned +home and acquainted his wife with his good luck, but +when he charged the ass to make gold and nothing +happened, she railed at him once more for a fool, and +in a towering passion he again set out to slay Norouas. +Arrived at the mountain for the third time, he called +loudly on the North-west Wind, and when he came +heaped insults and reproaches upon him.</p> +<p>“Softly,” replied Norouas; “I am not to blame for your +misfortune. You must know that it is the hostess at +the inn where you slept who is the guilty party, for +she stole your napkin and your ass. Take this cudgel. +When you say to it, ‘Strike, cudgel,’ it will at once +attack your enemies, and when you want it to stop you +have only to cry, ‘<i>Ora pro nobis</i>.’”</p> +<p>The goodman, eager to test the efficacy of the cudgel, +at once said to it, “Strike, cudgel,” whereupon it commenced +to belabour him so soundly that he yelled, +“<i>Ora pro nobis!</i>” when it ceased.</p> +<p>Returning to the inn in a very stormy mood, he loudly +demanded the return of his napkin and his ass, whereupon +the hostess threatened to fetch the gendarmes.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_167' name='page_167'></a>167</span></div> +<p>“Strike, cudgel!” cried the goodman, and the stick +immediately set about the hostess in such vigorous style +that she cried to the goodman to call it off and she +would at once return his ass and his napkin.</p> +<p>When his property had been returned to him the +goodman lost no time in making his way homeward, +where he rejoiced his wife by the sight of the treasures +he brought with him. He rapidly grew rich, and his +neighbours, becoming suspicious at the sight of so +much wealth, had him arrested and brought before a +magistrate on a charge of wholesale murder and +robbery. He was sentenced to death, and on the day +of his execution he was about to mount the scaffold, +when he begged as a last request that his old cudgel +might be brought him. The boon was granted, and no +sooner had the stick been given into his hands than he +cried, “Strike, cudgel!”</p> +<p>And the cudgel <i>did</i> strike. It belaboured judge, +gendarmes, and spectators in such a manner that they +fled howling from the scene. It demolished the scaffold +and cracked the hangman’s crown. A great cry for +mercy arose. The goodman was instantly pardoned, +and was never further molested in the enjoyment of +the treasures the North-west Wind had given him as +compensation for his crop of flax.</p> +<h3><i>The Foster-Brother</i></h3> +<p>The weird tale which follows has many parallels in +world folk-lore, but is localized at Tréguier, an old +cathedral town in the Côtes-du-Nord at the junction +of the Jaudy and the Guindy, famous for the beautiful +windows of its celebrated church, founded by St Tugdual.</p> +<p>Gwennolaïk was the most noble and beautiful maiden in +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_168' name='page_168'></a>168</span> +Tréguier, but, alas! she was almost friendless, for at an +early age she had lost her father, her mother, and her +two sisters, and her sole remaining relative was her +stepmother. Pitiful it was to see her standing at the +door of her manor, weeping as if her heart would break. +But although she had none of her own blood to cherish +she still nursed the hope that her foster-brother, who +had journeyed abroad for some years, might one day +return, and often would she stand gazing fixedly over +the sea as if in search of the vessel that would bring him +home. They had been playmates, and although six +years had passed since he had left the country, the time +had gone quickly, and when Gwennolaïk thought of the +young man it was as the boy who had shared the +games and little amusements of her childhood. From +these day-dreams she would be rudely awakened by the +harsh voice of her stepmother calling to her: “Come +here, my girl, and attend to the animals. I don’t feed +you for loafing and doing nothing.”</p> +<p>Poor Gwennolaïk had a sad life with her stepmother. +Noble as she was she was yet forced by the vindictive +old woman to rise in the early hours of the morning, +even two or three hours before daylight in winter, +to light the fire and sweep the house and perform +other menial work. One evening as she was breaking +the ice in the well in order to draw water for the +household she was interrupted by a cavalier returning +to Nantes.</p> +<p>“Good e’en to you, maiden. Are you affianced to +anyone?”</p> +<p>The girl did not reply, but hung her head.</p> +<p>“Come, don’t be afraid,” said the handsome horseman, +“but answer my question.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_169' name='page_169'></a>169</span></div> +<p>She looked at him almost fearfully. “Saving your +grace, I have never been affianced to anyone.”</p> +<p>“Good,” replied the cavalier. “Take this gold ring +and say to your stepmother that you are now affianced +to a cavalier of Nantes who has been in a great battle +and who has lost his squire in the combat; and you +may also add that he has been wounded in the side by +a sword-stroke. In three weeks and three days, when +my wound is healed, I will return and will take you to +my manor with joy and festival.”</p> +<p>The maiden returned to the house and looked at the +ring. It was the same as her foster-brother used to +wear on his left hand!</p> +<p>Three weeks ran by, but the cavalier did not return. +Then the stepmother said one morning: “It is time, +daughter, that you should marry, and I may tell you +that I have found you a husband after my own heart.”</p> +<p>“Saving your grace, good stepmother, I do not wish +to marry anyone except my foster-brother, who has returned. +He has given me a golden wedding-ring, and +has promised to come for me within a few days.”</p> +<p>“A fig for your gold ring,” cried the malignant hag. +“<i>Bon gré, mal gré</i>, you shall marry Job the Witless, +the stable boy.”</p> +<p>“Marry Job! Oh, horror! I should die of grief! Alas, +my mother, were you but here now to protect me!”</p> +<p>“If you must howl, pray do so in the courtyard. You +may make as many grimaces as you please, but in +three days you shall be married for all that.”</p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p>The old gravedigger slowly patrolled the road, his +bell in his hand, carrying the news of those who had +died from village to village. In his doleful whine he +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_170' name='page_170'></a>170</span> +cried: “Pray for the soul of a noble cavalier, a worthy +gentleman of a good heart, who was mortally wounded +in the side by the stroke of a sword in the battle near +Nantes. He is to be buried to-day in the White +Church.”</p> +<p>At the marriage feast the bride was all in tears. All +the guests, young and old, wept with her, all except +her stepmother. She was conducted to the place of +honour at supper-time, but she only drank a sip of water +and ate a morsel of bread. By and by the dancing +commenced, but when it was proposed that the bride +should join in the revels she was not to be found; she +had, indeed, escaped from the house, her hair flying in +disorder, and where she had gone no one knew.</p> +<p>All the lights were out at the manor, every one slept +profoundly. The poor young woman alone lay concealed +in the garden in the throes of a fever. She +heard a footstep close by. “Who is there?” she asked +fearfully.</p> +<p>“It is I, Nola, your foster-brother.”</p> +<p>“Ah, is it you? You are truly welcome, my dear +brother,” cried Gwennolaïk, rising in rapture.</p> +<p>“Come with me,” he whispered, and swinging her on +to the crupper of his white horse he plunged madly +into the night.</p> +<p>“We fly fast,” she cried. “We must have ridden a +hundred leagues, I think. Ah, but I am happy with +thee! I will never leave thee more.”</p> +<p>The owl hooted and night noises came to her ears.</p> +<p>“Ah, but thy horse is swift,” said she, “and thine +armour, how brilliant it is! How happy I am to have +found thee, my foster-brother! But are we near thy +manor?”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_13' id='linki_13'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/col13.jpg' alt='' title='' width='409' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +GWENNOLAÏK AND NOLA<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_171' name='page_171'></a>171</span></div> +<p>“We shall arrive there in good time, my sister,” he +replied.</p> +<p>“Thy heart is cold, thy hair is wet! Ah, how chill are +thy hands!”</p> +<p>“Listen, my sister; do you not hear the noise of the +gay musicians who shall play at our wedding?” He +had not finished speaking when his horse threw itself +back on its haunches all at once, trembling and whinnying +loudly.</p> +<p>Gwennolaïk looked around, and found herself on an +island where a crowd of people were dancing. Lads +and lasses, they danced most bravely beneath the green +trees heavy with apples, and the music to which they +tripped was as that of heaven.</p> +<p>Suddenly the sun rose above the eastern mountains +and flooded this strange new world with rich light, and +there Gwennolaïk found her mother and her two sisters, +and there was nothing in her heart but beauty and +joy.</p> +<p>On the following morning, as the sun rose, the young +women carried the body of Gwennolaïk and laid it +in the tomb of her foster-brother in the White +Church.</p> +<p>In this ballad—for the original from which we take the +tale is cast in ballad form—we are once more in touch +with the Celtic Otherworld. It is a thousand pities +that this interesting piece breaks off where it does, thus +failing to provide us with a fuller account of that most +elusive realm. The short glimpse we do get of it, +however, reminds us very much of the descriptions of +it we possess in Irish lore. We have also once more +the phenomenon of the dead lover who comes to claim +the living bride, the midnight gallop, and other circumstances +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_172' name='page_172'></a>172</span> +characteristic of ballad literature. There was +a tradition in Lower Brittany, however, that no soul +might be admitted to the other world which had not +first received burial, but here, of course, we must look +for Christian influence.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_173' name='page_173'></a>173</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_VII_POPULAR_LEGENDS_OF_BRITTANY' id='CHAPTER_VII_POPULAR_LEGENDS_OF_BRITTANY'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER VII: POPULAR LEGENDS OF BRITTANY</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcapq'><small>“</small><span class='drop'>T</span><span class="dcap">he</span> legend,” says Gomme, in a passage most +memorable for students of folk-lore as containing +his acute and precise definition of the +several classes of tradition, “belongs to an historical +personage, locality, or event,”<a name='FNanchor_0040' id='FNanchor_0040'></a><a href='#Footnote_0040' class='fnanchor'>[40]</a> and it is in this general +sense that the term is employed in regard to the +contents of this chapter, unless where mythic or folk-lore +matter is introduced for the sake of analogy or +illustration. There is, however, a broad, popular reading +of the term as indicating the fanciful-historical. +When we read of the King of Ys, or Arthur, for example, +we are not aware whether they ever existed or not, but +they are alluded to by tradition as ancient rulers of +Brittany and Britain, just as Cymbeline and Cole are +spoken of as British monarchs of the distant past. +They linger as personal figures in the folk-memory, but +they scarcely seem as the personages of folk-tale. Let +us say, then, for the purposes of our classification of +Breton tradition, that we include in the term ‘legend’ +all tales of great personal figures who are historical or +over whom folk-tale has cast an historical <i>vraisemblance</i>, +remembering at the same time that in the case of personages +whose existence is doubtful we may be dealing +with a folk-tale disguised or even a distorted myth.</p> +<h3><i>The Dark Story of Gilles de Retz</i></h3> +<p>Of the dark and terrible legends to which Brittany has +given birth, one of the most gloomy and romantic is the +story of Gilles de Retz, alchemist, magician, and arch-criminal. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_174' name='page_174'></a>174</span> +But the story is not altogether legendary, +although it has undoubtedly been added to from the +great stores of tradition. Gilles is none other than the +Bluebeard of the nursery tale, for he appears to have +actually worn a beard bluish-black in hue, and it is +probable that his personality became mingled with that +of the hero of the old Oriental story.</p> +<p>Gilles de Laval, Lord of Retz and Marshal of France, +was connected with some of the noblest families in +Brittany, those of Montmorency, Rocey, and Craon, +and at his father’s death, about 1424, he found himself +lord of many princely domains, and what, for those +times, was almost unlimited power and wealth. He +was a handsome youth, lithe and of fascinating address, +courageous, and learned as any clerk. A splendid +career lay before him, but from the first that distorted +idea of the romantic which is typical of certain minds +had seized upon him, and despite his rank and position +he much preferred the dark courses which finally ended +in his disgrace and ruin to the dignities of his seigneury.</p> +<p>Gilles took his principal title from the barony of Retz +or Rais, south of the Loire, on the marches of Brittany. +As a youth he did nothing to justify an evil augury +of his future, for he served with zeal and gallantry in +the wars of Charles VI against the English and fought +under Jeanne Darc at the siege of Orléans. In virtue +of these services, and because of his shrewdness and +skill in affairs, the King created him Marshal of France. +But from that time onward the man who had been the +able lieutenant of Jeanne Darc and had fought by her +side at Jargeau and Patay began to deteriorate. Some +years before he had married Catherine de Thouars, and +with her had received a large dowry; but he had +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_175' name='page_175'></a>175</span> +expended immense sums in the national cause, and his +private life was as extravagant as that of a prince in a +fairy tale. At his castle of Champtocé he dwelt in +almost royal state; indeed, his train when he went +hawking or hunting exceeded in magnificence that of +the King himself. His retainers were tricked out in the +most gorgeous liveries, and his table was spread with +ruinous abundance. Oxen, sheep, and pigs were roasted +whole, and viands were provided daily for five hundred +persons. He had an insane love of pomp and display, +and his private devotions were ministered to by a +large body of ecclesiastics. His chapel was a marvel +of splendour, and was furnished with gold and +silver plate in the most lavish manner. His love of +colour and movement made him fond of theatrical +displays, and it is even said that the play or mystery +of Orléans, dealing with the story of Jeanne Darc, was +written with his own hand. He was munificent in his +patronage of the arts, and was himself a skilled illuminator +and bookbinder. In short, he was obviously one +of those persons of abnormal character in whom genius +is allied to madness and who can attempt and execute +nothing except in a spirit of the wildest excess.</p> +<p>The reduction of his fortune merely served his peculiar +and abnormal personality with a new excuse for extravagance. +At this time the art of alchemy flourished +exceedingly and the works of Nicolas Flamel, the +Arabian Geber, and Pierre d’Estaing enjoyed a great +vogue. On an evil day it occurred to Gilles to turn +alchemist, and thus repair his broken fortunes. In the +first quarter of the fifteenth century alchemy stood for +scientific achievement, and many persons in our own +enlightened age still study its maxims. A society +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_176' name='page_176'></a>176</span> +exists to-day the object of which is to further the +knowledge of alchemical science. A common misapprehension +is current to the effect that the object of the +alchemists was the transmutation of the baser metals +into gold, but in reality they were divided into two +groups, those who sought eagerly the secret of manufacturing +the precious metals, and those who dreamed +of a higher aim, the transmutation of the gross, terrestrial +nature of man into the pure gold of the spirit.</p> +<p>The latter of these aims was beyond the fevered imagination +of such a wild and disorderly mind as that of Gilles +de Retz. He sent emissaries into Italy, Spain, and +Germany to invite adepts in the science to his castle at +Champtocé. From among these he selected two men +to assist him in his plan—Prelati, an alchemist of Padua, +and a certain physician of Poitou, whose name is not +recorded. At their instigation he built a magnificent +laboratory, and when it was completed commenced to +experiment. A year passed, during which the necessities +of the ‘science’ gradually emptied many bags of gold, +but none returned to the Marshal’s coffers. The +alchemists slept soft and fed sumptuously, and were +quite content to pursue their labours so long as the +Seigneur of Retz had occasion for their services. But +as the time passed that august person became greatly +impatient, and so irritable did he grow because of the +lack of results that at length his assistants, in imminent +fear of dismissal, communicated to him a dark and +dreadful secret of their art, which, they assured him, +would assist them at arriving speedily at the desired end.</p> +<p>The nature of the experiment they proposed was so +grotesque that its acceptance by Gilles proves that he +was either insane or a victim of the superstition of his +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_177' name='page_177'></a>177</span> +time. His wretched accomplices told him that the Evil +One alone was capable of revealing the secret of the +transmutation of the baser metals into gold, and they +offered to summon him to their master’s aid. They +assured Gilles that Satan would require a recompense +for his services, and the Marshal retorted that so long +as he saved his soul intact he was quite willing to +conclude any bargain that the Father of Evil might +propose.</p> +<p>It was arranged that the ceremony should take place +within a gloomy wood in the neighbourhood. The +nameless physician conducted the Lord of Retz to a +small clearing in this plantation, where the magic circle +was drawn and the usual conjurations made. For half +an hour they waited in silence, and then a great +trembling fell upon the physician. A deadly pallor +overspread his countenance. His knees shook, he +muttered wildly, and at last he sank to the ground. +Gilles stood by unmoved. The insanity of egotism +is of course productive of great if not lofty courage, +and he feared neither man nor fiend. Suddenly the +alchemist regained consciousness and told his master +that the Devil had appeared to him in the shape of +a leopard and had growled at him horribly. He +ascribed Gilles’ lack of supernatural vision to want of +faith. He then declared that the Evil One had told +him where certain herbs grew in Spain and Africa, the +juices of which possessed the power to effect the transmutation, +and these he obligingly offered to search for, +provided the Lord of Retz furnished the means for his +travels. This Gilles gladly did, and of course never +beheld the Poitevin knave again.</p> +<p>Days and months passed and the physician did not +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_178' name='page_178'></a>178</span> +return. Gilles grew uneasy. It was imperative that +gold should be forthcoming immediately, for not only +was he being pressed on every side, but he was unable +to support his usual magnificence. In this dilemma he +turned to Prelati, his remaining alchemical assistant. +This man appears to have believed in his art or he +would not have made the terrible suggestion he did, +which was that the Lord of Retz should sign with his +own blood a compact with the Devil, and should offer +up a young child in sacrifice to him. To this proposal +the unhappy Gilles consented. On the following night +Prelati quitted the castle, and returned shortly afterward +with the story that the fiend had appeared to him in the +likeness of a young man who desired to be called Barron, +and had pointed out to him the resting-place of a hoard +of ingots of pure gold, buried under an oak in the +neighbouring wood. Certain conditions, however, must +be observed before the treasure was dug up, the chief +of which was that it must not be searched for until a +period of seven times seven weeks had elapsed, or it +would turn into slates. With these conditions de Retz +would not comply, and, alarmed at his annoyance, the +obliging Prelati curtailed the time of waiting to seven +times seven days. At the end of that period the +alchemist and his dupe repaired to the wood to dig up +the treasure. They worked hard for some time, and at +length came upon a load of slates, inscribed with magical +characters. Prelati pretended great wrath, and upbraided +the Evil One for his deceit, in which denunciation +he was heartily joined by de Retz. But so +credulous was the Seigneur that he allowed himself to +be persuaded to afford Satan another trial, which meant, +of course, that Prelati led him on from day to day with +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_179' name='page_179'></a>179</span> +specious promises and ambiguous hints, until he had +drained him of nearly all his remaining substance. He +was then preparing to decamp with his plunder when a +dramatic incident detained him.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_14' id='linki_14'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs14.jpg' alt='' title='' width='410' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE DEVIL IN THE FORM OF A LEOPARD APPEARS BEFORE THE ALCHEMIST<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>For some time a rumour had been circulating in the +country-side that numerous children were missing and +that they had been spirited away. Popular clamour ran +high, and suspicion was directed toward the castle of +Champtocé. So circumstantial was the evidence against +de Retz that at length the Duke of Brittany ordered +both the Seigneur and his accomplice to be arrested. +Their trial took place before a commission which de +Retz denounced, declaring that he would rather be +hanged like a dog, without trial, than plead before its +members. But the evidence against him was overwhelming. +It was told how the wretched madman, in +his insane quest for gold, had sacrificed his innocent +victims on the altar of Satan, and how he had gloated +over their sufferings. Finally he confessed his enormities +and told how nearly a hundred children had +been cruelly murdered by him and his relentless accomplice. +Both he and Prelati were doomed to be +burned alive, but in consideration of his rank he was +strangled before being cast into the flames. Before +the execution he expressed to Prelati a hope that they +would meet in Paradise, and, it is said, met his end very +devoutly.</p> +<p>The castle of Champtocé still stands in its beautiful +valley, and many romantic legends cluster about its +grey old walls. “The hideous, half-burnt body of the +monster himself,” says Trollope, “circled with flames—pale, +indeed, and faint in colour, but more lasting than +those the hangman kindled around his mortal form in +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_180' name='page_180'></a>180</span> +the meadow under the walls of Nantes—is seen, on +bright moonlight nights, standing now on one topmost +point of craggy wall, and now on another, and is heard +mingling his moan with the sough of the night-wind. +Pale, bloodless forms, too, of youthful growth and mien, +the restless, unsepulchred ghosts of the unfortunates +who perished in these dungeons unassoiled ... may at +similar times be seen flitting backward and forward, in +numerous groups, across the space enclosed by the ruined +wall, with more than mortal speed, or glancing hurriedly +from window to window of the fabric, as still seeking to +escape from its hateful confinement.”<a name='FNanchor_0041' id='FNanchor_0041'></a><a href='#Footnote_0041' class='fnanchor'>[41]</a></p> +<h3><i>Comorre the Cursed</i></h3> +<p>As has been said, the story of Gilles de Retz is connected +by tradition with that of Bluebeard, but it is probable that +this traditional connexion arises simply from the association +of two famous tales. The other legend in question +is that of Comorre the Cursed, whose story is told in +the frescoes which cover the wall of the church of St +Nicolas de Bieuzy, dedicated to St Triphyne, in which +the tale of Bluebeard is depicted as the story of the +saint, who in history was the wife of Comorre. Comorre +was a chief who ruled at Carhaix, in Finistère, and his +tale, which owes its modern dress to Émile Souvestre, +himself a Breton, and author of <i>Derniers Bretons</i> and +the brilliant sketch <i>Un Philosophe sous les Toits</i>. The +tale, translated, runs as follows:</p> +<p>Guerech, Count of Vannes, ‘the Country of White Corn,’ +had a daughter, Triphyna, whom he tenderly loved. +One day ambassadors arrived from Comorre, a prince +of Cornouaille, ‘the Country of Black Corn,’ demanding +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_181' name='page_181'></a>181</span> +her in marriage. Now this caused great distress, for +Comorre was a giant, and one of the wickedest of men, +held in awe by every one for his cruelty. As a boy, +when he went out, his mother used to ring a bell to +warn people of his approach; and when unsuccessful +in the chase he would set his dogs on the peasants to +tear them to pieces. But most horrible of all, he had +had four wives, who had all died one after the other, +it was suspected either by the knife, fire, water, or +poison. The Count of Vannes, therefore, dismissed +the ambassadors, and advanced to meet Comorre, who +was approaching with a powerful army; but St Gildas +went into Triphyna’s oratory and begged her to save +bloodshed and consent to the marriage. He gave her +a silver ring, which would warn her of any intended evil +by turning as black as a crow’s wing at the approach of +danger.</p> +<p>The marriage took place with great rejoicings. The +first day six thousand guests were invited; on the next +day as many poor were fed, the bride and the bridegroom +themselves serving at the tables. For some time all +went well. Comorre’s nature seemed altered; his +prisons were empty, his gibbets untenanted. But +Triphyna felt no confidence, and every day went to +pray at the tombs of his four wives. At this time +there was an assembly of the Breton princes at Rennes, +which Comorre was obliged to attend. Before his +departure he gave Triphyna his keys, desiring her +to amuse herself in his absence. After five months +he unexpectedly returned, and found her occupied +trimming an infant’s cap with gold lace. On seeing +the cap Comorre turned pale; and when Triphyna +joyfully announced to him that soon he would be a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_182' name='page_182'></a>182</span> +father he drew back in a rage and rushed out of the +apartment. Triphyna saw that her ring had turned +black, which betokened danger, she knew not why. +She descended into the chapel to pray. When she +rose to depart the hour of midnight struck, and suddenly +a sound of movement in the silent chapel chilled her at +the heart; shrinking into a recess, she saw the four +tombs of Comorre’s wives open slowly, and the women +all issued forth in their winding-sheets.</p> +<p>Faint with terror, Triphyna tried to escape; but the +spectres cried: “Take care, poor lost one! Comorre +seeks to kill you.”</p> +<p>“Me,” said the Countess. “What evil have I done?”</p> +<p>“You have told him that you will soon become a +mother; and, through the Spirit of Evil, he knows +that his child will slay him. He murdered us when we +told him what he has just learned from you.”</p> +<p>“What hope, then, of refuge remains for me?” cried +Triphyna.</p> +<p>“Go back to your father,” answered the phantoms.</p> +<p>“But how escape when Comorre’s dog guards the court?”</p> +<p>“Give him this poison which killed me,” said the first wife.</p> +<p>“But how can I descend yon high wall?”</p> +<p>“By means of this cord which strangled me,” answered +the second wife.</p> +<p>“But who will guide me through the dark?”</p> +<p>“The fire that burnt me,” replied the third wife.</p> +<p>“And how can I make so long a journey?” returned +Triphyna.</p> +<p>“Take this stick which broke my skull,” rejoined the +fourth spectre.</p> +<p>Armed with the poison, the rope, and the stick, Triphyna +set out, silenced the dog, scaled the wall, and, miraculously +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_183' name='page_183'></a>183</span> +guided on her way through the darkness by a +glowing light, proceeded on her road to Vannes. On +awaking next morning Comorre found that his wife had +fled, and pursued her on horseback. The poor fugitive, +seeing her ring turn black, turned off the road and hid +herself till night in the cabin of a shepherd, where there +was only an old magpie in a cage at the door, and here +her baby was born. Comorre, who had given up the +pursuit, was returning home by that road, when he +heard the magpie trying to imitate her complaints and +calling out “Poor Triphyna!” Guessing that his wife +had passed that way, he set his dog on the track.</p> +<p>Meanwhile Triphyna felt she could proceed no farther, +and lay down on the ground with her baby boy. As +she clasped the child in her arms she saw over her head +a falcon with a golden collar, which she recognized as +her father’s. The bird came at her call, and giving it +the warning ring of St Gildas she told it to fly with it +to her father. The bird obeyed, and flew like lightning +to Vannes; but almost at the same instant Comorre +arrived. Having parted with her warning ring, Triphyna, +who had no notice of his approach, had only time to +conceal her babe in the cavity of a tree when Comorre +threw himself upon her, and with one blow from his +sword severed her head from her body.</p> +<p>When the falcon arrived at Vannes he found the Count +at dinner with St Gildas. He let the ring fall into the +silver cup of his master, who, recognizing it, exclaimed:</p> +<p>“My daughter is in danger! Saddle the horses, and +let Saint Gildas accompany us.” Following the falcon, +they soon reached the spot where Triphyna lay dead. +After they had all knelt in prayer, St Gildas said to the +corpse: “Arise, take thy head and thy child, and follow +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_184' name='page_184'></a>184</span> +us.” The dead body obeyed, the bewildered troop +followed; but, gallop as fast as they could, the headless +body was always in front, carrying the babe in her left +hand, and her pale head in the right. In this manner +they reached the castle of Comorre.</p> +<p>“Count,” called St Gildas before the gates, “I bring +back thy wife such as thy wickedness has made her, and +thy child such as heaven has given it thee. Wilt thou +receive them under thy roof?”</p> +<p>Comorre was silent. The Saint three times repeated +the question, but no voice returned an answer. Then +St Gildas took the new-born infant from its mother and +placed it on the ground. The child marched alone to +the edge of the moat, picked up a handful of earth, and, +throwing it against the castle, exclaimed: “Let the +Trinity execute judgment.” At the same instant the +towers shook and fell with a crash, the walls yawned +open, and the castle sunk, burying Comorre and all his +partners in crime. St Gildas then replaced Triphyna’s +head upon her shoulders, laid his hands upon her, and +restored her to life, to the great joy of her father. Such +is the history of Triphyna and Comorre.</p> +<h3><i>The Legend of Ys</i></h3> +<p>The legend of the submerged city of Ys, or Is, is perhaps +the most romantic and imaginative effort of Breton +popular legend. Who has not heard of the submerged +bells of Ys, and who has not heard them ring in the +echoes of his own imagination?</p> +<p>This picturesque legend<a name='FNanchor_0042' id='FNanchor_0042'></a><a href='#Footnote_0042' class='fnanchor'>[42]</a> tells us that in the early days +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_185' name='page_185'></a>185</span> +of the Christian epoch the city of Ys, or Ker-is, was +ruled by a prince called Gradlon, surnamed Meur, +which in Celtic means ‘the Great.’ Gradlon was a +saintly and pious man, and acted as patron to Gwénnolé, +founder and first abbé of the first monastery built in +Armorica. But, besides being a religious man, Gradlon +was a prudent prince, and defended his capital of Ys +from the invasions of the sea by constructing an +immense basin to receive the overflow of the water at +high tide. This basin had a secret gate, of which the +King alone possessed the key, and which he opened and +closed at the necessary times.</p> +<p>Gradlon, as is so often the case with pious men, had a +wayward child, the princess Dahut, who on one occasion +while her father was sleeping gave a secret banquet to +her lover, in which the pair, excited with wine, committed +folly after folly, until at last it occurred to the +frivolous girl to open the sluice-gate. Stealing noiselessly +into her sleeping father’s chamber she detached +from his girdle the key he guarded so jealously and +opened the gate. The water immediately rushed in +and submerged the entire city.</p> +<p>But, as usual, there is more than one version of this interesting +legend. The city of Ys, says another account, +was a place rich in commerce and the arts, but so given +over to luxury as to arouse the ire of St Gwénnolé, who, +in the manner of Jeremiah, foretold its ruin. It was +situated where now a piece of water, the Étang de +Laval, washes the desolate shores of the Bay of +Trépassés—though another version of the tale has it +that it stood in the vast basin which now forms the Bay +of Douarnenez. A strong dike protected it from the +ocean, the sluices only admitting sufficient water for the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_186' name='page_186'></a>186</span> +needs of the town. Gradlon constantly bore round his +neck a silver key which opened at the same time the +vast sluices and the city gates. He lived in great state +in a palace of marble, cedar, and gold, and his only grief +was the conduct of his daughter Dahut, who, it is said, +“had made a crown of her vices and taken for her +pages the seven capital sins.” But retribution was at +hand, and the wicked city met with sudden destruction, +for one night Dahut stole the silver key for the purpose +of opening the city gates to admit her lover, and in the +darkness by mistake opened the sluices. King Gradlon +was awakened by St Gwénnolé, who commanded him +to flee, as the torrent was reaching the palace. He +mounted his horse, and, taking his worthless daughter +behind him, set off at a gallop, the incoming flood +seething and boiling at his steed’s fetlocks. The torrent +was about to overtake and submerge him when a voice +from behind called out: “Throw the demon thou carriest +into the sea, if thou dost not desire to perish.” Dahut +at that moment fell from the horse’s back into the water, +and the torrent immediately stopped its course. Gradlon +reached Quimper safe and sound, but nothing is said as +to his subsequent career.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_15' id='linki_15'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs15.jpg' alt='' title='' width='404' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE ESCAPE OF KING GRADLON FROM THE FLOODED CITY OF YS<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>An ancient ballad on the subject, which, however, bears +marks of having been tampered with, states, on the +other hand, that Gradlon led his people into extravagances +of every kind, and that Dahut received the +key from him, the misuse of which precipitated the +catastrophe. Dahut, the ballad continues, became a +mermaid and haunted the waters which roll over the +site of the city where she loved and feasted. “Fisherman,” +ends the ballad, “have you seen the daughter +of the sea combing her golden hair in the midday sun +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_187' name='page_187'></a>187</span> +at the fringes of the beach?” “Yes,” replies the +fisherman, “I have seen the white daughter of the sea, +and I have heard her sing, and her songs were plaintive +as the sound of the waves.”</p> +<p>The legend of Ys, of the town swallowed up by the sea, +is common to the several branches of the Celtic race. In +Wales the site of the submerged city is in Cardigan Bay, +and in Ireland it is Lough Neagh, as Tom Moore says:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>On Lough Neagh’s bank as the fisherman strays,</p> +<p class='indent2'>When the clear, cold eve’s declining,</p> +<p>He sees the round towers of other days</p> +<p class='indent2'>In the wave beneath him shining.</p> +</div></div> +<p>This legend had its rise in an extraordinary story which +was given currency to by Giraldus Cambrensis in his +<i>Topography of Ireland</i>, to the effect that a certain extremely +wicked tribe were punished for their sins by the +inundation of their territory.</p> +<p>“Now there was a common proverb,” says Gerald, “in +the mouths of the tribe, that whenever the well-spring +of that country was left uncovered (for out of reverence +shown to it, from a barbarous superstition, the spring +was kept covered and sealed), it would immediately +overflow and inundate the whole province, drowning +and destroying the whole population. It happened, +however, on some occasion that a young woman, who +had come to the spring to draw water, after filling her +pitcher, but before she had closed the well, ran in great +haste to her little boy, whom she had heard crying at a +spot not far from the spring where she had left him. But +the voice of the people is the voice of God; and on her +way back she met such a flood of water from the spring +that it swept off her and the boy, and the inundation +was so violent that they both, and the whole tribe, with +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_188' name='page_188'></a>188</span> +their cattle, were drowned in an hour in this partial +and local deluge. The waters, having covered the +whole surface of that fertile district, were converted +into a permanent lake. A not improbable confirmation +of this occurrence is found in the fact that the fishermen +in that lake see distinctly under the water, in calm +weather, ecclesiastical towers, which, according to the +custom of the country, are slender and lofty, and moreover +round; and they frequently point them out to +strangers travelling through these parts, who wonder +what could have caused such a catastrophe.”</p> +<p>In the Welsh version of this fascinating legend it is +the bard Gwyddno, of the twelfth century, who tells of +the downfall of the submerged city, and two of the +strophes which occur in his poem are also found in +the Breton poem. The Welsh bard may have received +the story from Breton sources, or the converse may be +the case.</p> +<p>The legend that Cardigan Bay contains a submerged +territory is widely known, and strangely enough seems +to be corroborated by the shape of the coast-line, the +contour of which suggests the subsidence of a large +body of land. Like their brothers of Ireland, the +fishermen of Wales assert that at low tide they can +see the ruins of ancient edifices far down beneath the +clear waters of the bay.<a name='FNanchor_0043' id='FNanchor_0043'></a><a href='#Footnote_0043' class='fnanchor'>[43]</a></p> +<p>Before the days of the French Revolution there was +still to be seen at Quimper, between the two towers of +the cathedral, a figure of King Gradlon mounted on his +faithful courser, but in the stormy year of 1793 the name +of king was in bad odour and the ignorant populace +deprived the statue of its head. However, in 1859 it +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_189' name='page_189'></a>189</span> +was restored. Legend attributes the introduction of the +vine into Brittany to King Gradlon, and on St Cecilia’s +Day a regular ritual was gone through in Quimper +in connexion with his counterfeit presentment. A company +of singers mounted on a platform. While they +sang a hymn in praise of King Gradlon, one of the +choristers, provided with a flagon of wine, a napkin, +and a golden hanap (or cup), mounted on the crupper +of the King’s horse, poured out a cup of wine, which +he offered ceremoniously to the lips of the statue and +then drank himself, carefully wiped with his napkin the +moustache of the King, placed a branch of laurel in his +hand, and then threw down the hanap in the midst of +the crowd below, in honour of the first planter of the +grape in Brittany. To whoever caught the cup before +it fell, and presented it uninjured to the Chapter, was +adjudged a prize of two hundred crowns.</p> +<p>There is a distinct savour of myth about all this. Can +it be that Gradlon was a Breton Bacchus? There are +notices of Celtic goddesses in whose honour Bacchic +rites were held, and the place of these was sometimes +taken by a corn god. Later the festival in its memorial +aspect appears to have been associated with different +kings<a name='FNanchor_0044' id='FNanchor_0044'></a><a href='#Footnote_0044' class='fnanchor'>[44]</a> in the various parts of the Celtic world, and it +seems likely that Gradlon was such a monarch who had +taken the place of a vanished deity. It must be left to +Celtic scholars to determine whether the name Gradlon +possesses any deific significance hidden in its etymology.</p> +<h3><i>The Clerk of Rohan</i></h3> +<p>Jeanne de Rohan, daughter of Alain, fifth of the name, +Viscount of Rohan, married in the year 1236 Matthew, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_190' name='page_190'></a>190</span> +Seigneur of Beauvau, son of René, Constable of Naples. +Breton popular poetry has in many ballads recounted +the adventures of Jeanne and her husband, one of which +is as follows<a name='FNanchor_0045' id='FNanchor_0045'></a><a href='#Footnote_0045' class='fnanchor'>[45]</a>:</p> +<p>At the age of thirteen Jeanne consented to be married, +but she desired that she herself should be allowed to +choose her husband. Accordingly the cavaliers and +barons of the district were invited to pay their court to +her, and she fixed her affections upon the Seigneur of +Beauvau, a valiant noble with large possessions in Italy. +He was loyal and courteous, and when the pair were +wedded their happiness seemed perfect.</p> +<p>At this period the war in Palestine against the infidels +was agitating the whole of Europe. The Seigneur of +Beauvau desired to join the Crusaders, but his wife was +by no means anxious that he should leave his home. +But his principle was <i>noblesse oblige</i>. “I am of the +most noble blood,” he said; “therefore it behoves me +to be the first to lead the way.”</p> +<p>He confided the care of his estates and his affairs in +general to his wife’s cousin, who was known as the +Clerk of Rohan, and begged him to look well after +Jeanne and his little son. Then, having bid farewell +to them all, he mounted his horse and rode away to +the wars.</p> +<p>Jeanne was inconsolable. For days she wandered +about the château carrying her baby boy in her arms +and sobbing. All the domestic circle seemed disturbed +at the Seigneur’s departure except the Clerk of Rohan, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_191' name='page_191'></a>191</span> +to whom Count Matthew had so trustingly confided the +charge of his affairs.</p> +<p>The Seigneur had declared that he would return within +a year’s time. A year passed, however, and no news of +him had been received. Now the Clerk was a perfidious +and wicked schemer, and one morning as he and +Jeanne were in conversation he hinted that the year +within which the Seigneur had promised to return was +now gone by and that the war in which he had been +engaged had come to an end. He made no secret +of his passion for the lady, but she on her part +turned upon him angrily, saying: “Is it the fashion +nowadays for women to consider themselves widows, +knowing well that their husbands are alive? Go to, +miserable Clerk, thy heart is full of wickedness. If +my husband were here he would break thee in little +pieces!”</p> +<p>When the Clerk heard this he went secretly to the +kennels, and there he slew the Seigneur’s favourite +greyhound. Taking some of its blood, he wrote with +it a letter to Count Matthew telling him that his wife +was most unhappy because of an accident which had +occurred; that she had been hunting the deer, and that +in the chase his favourite greyhound had died from +over-exertion. The Seigneur duly received the letter, +and in his reply told the Clerk to comfort the lady, as he +was quite able to replace the hound. At the same time +he desired that hunting should cease for the present, +as the huntsmen seemed unskilful in their conduct of +the chase.</p> +<p>The wicked Clerk once more sought the lady.</p> +<p>“Alas!” said he, “you are losing your beauty by weeping +night and day.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_192' name='page_192'></a>192</span></div> +<p>“I will know how to recover my beauty when my +husband returns,” she replied coldly.</p> +<p>“Do not cheat yourself,” he said. “Surely you can +see by this time that he is either dead or has taken +another wife. In the East there are many beautiful +girls who are far wealthier than you.”</p> +<p>“If he has taken another wife,” said the lady, “I shall +die; and if he be dead I ask for naught but death. +Leave me, miserable wretch. Thy tongue is poisoned +with deceit.”</p> +<p>When the Clerk had sufficiently recovered from this +second rebuff, he betook himself to the stables, where +the Seigneur’s horse, the most beautiful in the country, +stood champing in its stall. The wretch, drawing his +poignard, thrust it into the noble steed’s entrails, and, +as he had done in the case of the greyhound, took +some of the blood and wrote once more to the Count.</p> +<p>“Another accident has occurred at the château,” he +said, “but, my dear Seigneur, pray do not trouble +yourself on account of it. When your wife was returning +from a feast in the night your favourite horse fell +and broke two of his legs, and had to be destroyed.”</p> +<p>The Seigneur replied that he was grieved to hear of +the circumstance, and that in order to avoid further +mischances of the sort it would be better that his wife +should frequent no more feasts.</p> +<p>A third time the perfidious Clerk sought the lady. +On this occasion he threatened her with death if she +would not be his, but she replied in the most spirited +manner that she loved death a thousand times better +than him. At these words he could not contain his +rage, and, drawing his dagger, thrust fiercely at her +head. But the lady’s guardian angel turned the stroke +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_193' name='page_193'></a>193</span> +and the weapon struck harmlessly against the wall. +She fled from the room, closing the door behind her +as she went; whereupon the Clerk rushed downstairs +to the nursery where her child was quietly sleeping in +its cradle, and, seeing no one beside it, stabbed the +slumbering infant to the heart.</p> +<p>Then he wrote to the Seigneur: “Hasten your return, +I beg of you, for it is necessary that you should be here +to establish order. Your dog and your white courser +have perished, but that is not the worst. Your little son, +alas! is also dead. The great sow devoured him +when your wife was at a ball with the miller for a +gallant.”</p> +<p>When the Seigneur received this letter he returned at +once from the wars, his anger rising higher and higher +with every homeward league. When he arrived at the +château he struck three times upon the door with his +hand, and his summons was answered by the Clerk.</p> +<p>“How now, evil Clerk,” shouted the infuriated Count, +“did I not leave my wife in your care?” and with these +words he thrust his lance into the Clerk’s open mouth, +so that the point stood out at the nape of his neck. +Then, mounting the stairs, he entered his wife’s +chamber, and without speaking a word stabbed her with +his sword.</p> +<p>The ballad then goes on to speak of the burial of +the victims of the wicked Clerk. The lady, dressed +all in white, was laid in her tomb by the light of the +moon and the stars. On her breast lay her little son, +on her right the favourite greyhound, and on her left +the white courser, and it is said that in her grave she +first caresses one and then the other, and the infant, as +if jealous, nestles closer to his mother’s heart.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_194' name='page_194'></a>194</span></div> +<h3><i>The Lady of La Garaye</i></h3> +<p>The château of La Garaye, near Dinan, is rendered +famous by the virtues and boundless charity of its Count, +Claude Toussaint Marot de La Garaye, and his wife. +Their interesting story is told in the charming poem of +Mrs Norton, <i>The Lady of La Garaye</i>:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Listen to the tale I tell,</p> +<p>Grave the story is—not sad;</p> +<p>And the peasant plodding by</p> +<p>Greets the place with kindly eye,</p> +<p>For the inmates that it had.</p> +</div></div> +<p>Count Claude de La Garaye and his wife were young, +beautiful, and endowed with friends, riches, and all that +could make life bright and happy. They entertained +generously and enjoyed the pleasures and amusements +of the world. But one day misfortune overtook them, +for the Countess was thrown from her horse, and she +was left a cripple for life, while all expectations of an +heir vanished. Both were inconsolable at their disappointment. +One day a monk came to visit them, and +tried to comfort them, seeking by his conversation to +turn their thoughts from earthly afflictions to heavenly +consolation.</p> +<p>“Ah, my father,” said the lady, “how happy are you, +to love nothing on earth!”</p> +<p>“You are mistaken,” answered the monk; “I love all +those who are in sorrow or suffering. But I submit +myself to the will of the Almighty, and bend myself +with resignation to every blow He strikes.”</p> +<p>He proceeded to show them that there was still a great +deal of happiness in store for them in ministering to the +needs of others. Following his counsel, they went to +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_195' name='page_195'></a>195</span> +Paris, where for three years the Count studied medicine +and surgery, and his wife became a skilful oculist. On +their return to La Garaye they gave up all the amusements +of society and devoted themselves to relieving +the sufferings of their fellow-creatures. Their house +was converted into a hospital for the sick and afflicted, +under the ministering care of the Count and his benevolent +wife:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Her home is made their home; her wealth their dole;</p> +<p>Her busy courtyard hears no more the roll</p> +<p>Of gilded vehicles, or pawing steeds,</p> +<p>But feeble steps of those whose bitter needs</p> +<p>Are their sole passport. Through that gateway press</p> +<p>All varying forms of sickness and distress,</p> +<p>And many a poor, worn face that hath not smiled</p> +<p>For years, and many a feeble crippled child,</p> +<p>Blesses the tall white portal where they stand,</p> +<p>And the dear Lady of the liberal hand.</p> +</div></div> +<p>Nor was their philanthropy confined to their own +province. In 1729 they offered themselves to M. de +Belsunce—“Marseilles’ good bishop”—to assist him +during the visitation of the plague. The fame of their +virtues reached even the French Court, and Louis XV +sent Count de La Garaye the Order of St Lazarus, with +a donation of 50,000 livres and a promise of 25,000 more. +They both died at an advanced age, within two years +of each other, and were buried among their poor at +Taden. Their marble mausoleum in the church was +destroyed during the French Revolution. The Count +left a large sum to be distributed among the prisoners, +principally English, pent up in the crowded gaols of +Rennes and Dinan. He had attended the English +prisoners at Dinan during a contagious fever called the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_196' name='page_196'></a>196</span> +‘peste blanche,’ and in acknowledgment of his humanity +Queen Caroline sent him two dogs with silver collars +round their necks, and an English nobleman made him +a present of six more.</p> +<p>The ruined château is approached by an ivy-covered +gateway, through an avenue of beeches. As Mrs +Norton renders it:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>And like a mourner’s mantle, with sad grace,</p> +<p>Waves the dark ivy, hiding half the door</p> +<p>And threshold, where the weary traveller’s foot</p> +<p>Shall never find a courteous welcome more.</p> +</div></div> +<p>The ruin is fast falling to pieces. The principal part +remaining is an octagonal turret of three stories, with +elegant Renaissance decoration round the windows.</p> +<h3><i>The Falcon</i></h3> +<p>An interesting and picturesque ballad sung in the Black +Mountains is that of <i>The Falcon</i>. Geoffrey, first Duke +of Brittany, was departing for Rome in the year 1008, +leaving the government of the country in the hands of +his wife Ethwije, sister of Richard of Normandy. As +he was about to set out on his pilgrimage the falcon +which he carried on his wrist after the manner of the +nobles of the period, swooped down on and killed the +hen of a poor peasant woman. The woman in a rage +seized a large stone and cast it at the bird with such +violence that it slew not only the falcon but the Duke +himself. The death of the Duke was followed by a +most desperate insurrection among the people. History +does not enlighten us as to the cause of this rising, but +tradition attributes it to the invasion of Brittany by the +Normans (whom the widow of Geoffrey at once brought +into the country on the demise of her husband) and the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_197' name='page_197'></a>197</span> +exactions which were wrung from the peasants by these +haughty aliens.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_16' id='linki_16'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/col16.jpg' alt='' title='' width='407' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +A PEASANT INSURRECTION<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>The ballad, which was used as a war-song by the +Bretons at a later day, begins in true ballad style: +“The falcon has strangled the fowl, the peasant woman +has slain the Count who oppressed the people, the poor +people, like a brute-beast.”</p> +<p>The hate of the stranger so characteristic of the old +Bretons then flashes forth. “The country has been +polluted by the foreigner, by the men of the Gallic +land, and because of the death of a hen and a falcon +Brittany is on fire, blood flows, and there is great dole +among the people.”</p> +<p>On the summit of the Black Mountain thirty stout +peasants had gathered to celebrate the ancient feast +of the good St John. Among them was Kado the +Striver, who stood there gravely leaning on his iron +pitchfork. For a while he looked upon his comrades; +then he opened his lips:</p> +<p>“What say you, fellow-peasants? Do you intend to +pay this tax? As for me, I shall certainly not pay it. +I had much rather be hanged. Nevermore shall I pay +this unjust tax. My sons go naked because of it, my +flocks grow less and less. No more shall I pay. I +swear it by the red brands of this fire, by Saint Kado +my patron, and by Saint John.”</p> +<p>“My fortunes are broken, I am completely ruined,” +growled one of his companions. “Before the year is +out I shall be compelled to beg my bread.”</p> +<p>Then all rose at once as if by a common impulse.</p> +<p>“None of us will pay this tax! We swear it by the +Sun and by the Moon, and by the great sea which +encircles this land of Brittany!”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_198' name='page_198'></a>198</span></div> +<p>Kado, stepping out from the circle, seized a firebrand, +and holding it aloft cried: “Let us march, comrades, +and strike a blow for freedom!”</p> +<p>The enthusiasm of his companions burst out afresh. +Falling into loose ranks they followed him. His +wife marched by his side in the first rank, carrying +a reaping-hook on her shoulder and singing as she +marched.</p> +<p>“Quickly, quickly, my children! We go to strike a +blow for liberty! Have I brought thirty sons into the +world to beg their bread, to carry firewood or to break +stones, or bear burdens like beasts? Are they to +till the green land and the grey land with bare feet +while the rich feed their horses, their hunting-dogs, +and their falcons better than they are fed? No! It +is to slay the oppressors that I have borne so many +sons!”</p> +<p>Quickly they descended the mountains, gathering +numbers as they went. Now they were three thousand +strong, five thousand strong, and when they arrived at +Langoad nine thousand strong. When they came to +Guérande they were thirty thousand strong. The +houses of those who had ground them down were +wrapped in flames, fiercely ends the old ballad, “and +the bones of those who had oppressed them cracked, +like those of the damned in Tartarus.”</p> +<p>History tells us nothing concerning Kado the Striver, +but it is most unlikely that he is a mere figment of +popular imagination. What history does record, +however, is that the wicked Duchess and her host +of mercenary Normans were forced to flee, and that +her place was taken by a more just and righteous +ruler.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_199' name='page_199'></a>199</span></div> +<h3><i>The Marquis of Guérande</i></h3> +<p>Breton tradition speaks of a wild young nobleman, +Louis-François de Guérande, Seigneur of Locmaria, +who flourished in the early part of the seventeenth +century. He was wealthy, and lived a life of reckless +abandon; indeed, he was the terror of the parish and +the despair of his pious mother, who, whenever he +sallied forth upon adventure bent, rang the bell of the +château, to give the alarm to the surrounding peasantry. +The ballad which tells of the infamous deeds of this titled +ruffian, and which was composed by one Tugdual Salaün, +a peasant of Plouber,<a name='FNanchor_0046' id='FNanchor_0046'></a><a href='#Footnote_0046' class='fnanchor'>[46]</a> opens upon a scene of touching +domestic happiness. The Clerk of Garlon was on a +visit to the family of his betrothed.</p> +<p>“Tell me, good mother,” he asked, “where is Annaïk? +I am anxious that she should come with me to dance on +the green.”</p> +<p>“She is upstairs asleep, my son. Take care,” added +the old woman roguishly, “that you do not waken +her.”</p> +<p>The Clerk of Garlon ran lightly up the staircase and +knocked at Annaïk’s door.</p> +<p>“Come, Annaïk,” he cried; “why are you asleep when +all the others go to dance upon the village green?”</p> +<p>“I do not wish to go to the dance, for I fear the +Marquis of Guérande,” replied the girl.</p> +<p>The Clerk of Garlon laughed. “The Marquis of +Guérande cannot harm you so long as I am with you,” +he said lightly. “Come, Annaïk; were there a hundred +such as he I should protect you from them.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_200' name='page_200'></a>200</span></div> +<p>Reassured by her lover’s brave words, the girl rose and +put on her dress of white delaine. They were a joyous +and beautiful pair. The Clerk was gaily dressed, with +a peacock’s feather in his hat and a chain on his breast, +while his betrothed wore a velvet corsage embroidered +with silver.</p> +<p>On that evening the Marquis of Guérande leaped on +his great red steed and sallied forth from his château. +Galloping along the road, he overtook the Clerk of +Garlon and his betrothed on their way to the dance.</p> +<p>“Ha!” he cried, “you go to the dance, I see. It is +customary to wrestle there, is it not?”</p> +<p>“It is, Seigneur,” replied the Clerk, doffing his hat.</p> +<p>“Then throw off your doublet and let us try a fall or +two,” said Guérande, with a wicked look at Annaïk +which was not lost upon her lover.</p> +<p>“Saving your grace, I may not wrestle with you,” said +the Clerk, “for you are a gentleman and I am nobody. +You are the son of a lord and I am the son of a +peasant.”</p> +<p>“Ha! what! The son of a peasant, say you, and you +take your choice of the pretty girls of the village?”</p> +<p>“Seigneur, pardon me. I did not choose this maiden; +God gave her to me.”</p> +<p>During this parley Annaïk stood by, trembling violently. +She had heard of the Marquis of Guérande, and was +only too well aware of the evil and reckless character +he bore. The Clerk tried to calm her fears by whispered +words and pressures of the hand, but the wicked Marquis, +observing the state of terror she was in, exulted in the +alarm he was causing her.</p> +<p>“Well, fellow,” said he, “since you cannot wrestle with +me perhaps you will try a bout of sword-play.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_201' name='page_201'></a>201</span></div> +<p>At these words Annaïk’s rosy cheeks became deathly +white; but the Clerk of Garlon spoke up like a man.</p> +<p>“My lord,” he said, “I do not wear a sword. The +club is my only weapon. Should you use your sword +against me it would but stain it.”</p> +<p>The wicked Marquis uttered a fiendish laugh. “If I +stain my sword, by the Saints, I shall wash it in your +blood,” he cried, and as he spoke he passed his rapier +through the defenceless Clerk’s body.</p> +<p>At the sight of her slain lover the gentle heart of Annaïk +broke, and a great madness came upon her. Like a +tigress she leapt upon the Marquis and tore his sword +from his hand. Without his rapier he was as a child +in the grasp of the powerful Breton peasant woman. +Exerting all her strength, in a frenzy of grief she +dragged the wretch to the green where the dance was +in progress, haling him round and round it until +exhausted. At last she dropped his senseless body on +the green turf and hastened homeward.</p> +<p>And once again we encounter the haunting refrain: +“My good mother, if you love me make my bed, for I +am sick unto death.”</p> +<p>“Why, daughter, you have danced too much; it is that +which has made you sick.”</p> +<p>“I have not danced at all, mother; but the wicked +Marquis has slain my poor Clerk. Say to the sexton +who buries him: ‘Do not throw in much earth, for in +a little while you will have to place my daughter beside +him in this grave.’ Since we may not share the same +marriage-bed we shall at least sleep in the same tomb, +and if we have not been married in this world we shall +at least be joined in heaven.”</p> +<p>The reader will be relieved to learn that the hero of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_202' name='page_202'></a>202</span> +this ballad, the Clerk of Garlon, was not killed after all, +and that for once fact is enabled to step in to correct +the sadness of fiction; for, when one comes to think of +it, there are few sadder things in the world than the +genuine folk-ballad, which, although at the time it may +arouse æsthetic emotions, may yet afterward give +rise to haunting pain. We are glad to be able to +chronicle, then, that the worthy Clerk did not die of +his wound as stated by Tugdual Salaün of the parish +of Plouber, author of the ballad, and that the wicked +Marquis escaped the halter, which, according to Breton +custom, he would not otherwise have done had the Clerk +died. His good mother took upon herself the burden +of an annual pension to the Clerk’s aged parents, and +adopted the second child of Annaïk, who had duly married +her sweetheart, and this little one she educated, furthering +its interests in every possible manner. As for the +Marquis, he actually settled down, and one cannot help +feeling chagrined that such a promising rogue should +have turned talents so eminently suitable for the manufacture +of legendary material into more humdrum courses. +Conscious of the gravity of his early misdemeanours, he +founded a hospital for the poor of the parish, and each +evening in one of the windows of this place the peasants +could see a light which burned steadily far into the +night. If any asked the reason for this illumination he +was told: “It is the Marquis of Guérande, who lies +awake praying God to pardon his youth.”</p> +<h3><i>The Châteaux of Brittany</i></h3> +<p>The châteaux of Brittany may truly be called the +historical and legendary shrines of the province, for +within their halls, keeps, and donjons Breton tradition +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_203' name='page_203'></a>203</span> +and history were made. It is doubtful, indeed, if the +castellated mansions of any other country, save, perhaps, +those of the Rhine, harbour so many legends, arising +either from the actual historical happenings connected +with them or from those more picturesque yet terrible +associations which they are popularly supposed to have +with the powers of evil. The general appearance of +such a building as the Breton château admirably lends +itself to sombre tradition. The massy walls seem thick +enough to retain all secrets, and the cry for vengeance +for blood spilt within them cannot pass to the outer +world through the narrow <i>meurtrières</i> or arrow-slits of +the <i>avant-corps</i>. The broad yet lofty towers which flank +the front rise into a <i>toiture</i> or <i>coiffe</i> like an enchanter’s +conical cap. The <i>lucarnes</i>, or attic casements, are +guarded on either side by gargoyles grim of aspect, or +perhaps by griffins holding the shield-borne arms of dead +and gone seigneurs. Seek where you will, among the +wizard-houses of old Prague, the witch-dens of ancient +Edinburgh, the bat-haunted castles of Drachenfels or +Rheinstein, you will come at nothing built of man more +informed with the soul of the Middle Ages, more +drenched with their peculiar savour of mystery, than +these stark keeps whose crests and <i>girouettes</i> rise +above encircling woods or frown upon mirroring rivers +over the length and breadth of the Breton land.</p> +<h3><i>La Roche-Jagu</i></h3> +<p>One of the most typical of the châteaux of Brittany is +that of La Roche-Jagu, at one time the guardian of the +mouth of the river Trieux. It is built on the top of a +hill which overhangs the Trieux, and from one of its +battlemented galleries a splendid view of the windings +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_204' name='page_204'></a>204</span> +of the river can be obtained. The wall on this side of +the fortress is so thick as to allow of a chapel being +hewn out of its solidity. A most distinctive architectural +note is struck by the fourteen wonderful chimney-shafts +of cut stone ornamented with iron spikes.</p> +<h3><i>Tonquédec</i></h3> +<p>Some miles farther down the river, but on its opposite +side, is the imposing castle of Tonquédec, perhaps the +finest remnant of the medieval military architecture of +Brittany. It has always remained in the family of the +Viscounts of Coêtman, who ranked among the foremost +of the Breton nobility, though one of them espoused the +cause of the Constable Clisson against Duke John IV, +and had the anguish of seeing his ancestral fortress +razed to the ground. Under Henry IV, however, the +castle was restored, only to be again demolished by +order of Cardinal Richelieu, who strongly and forcibly +disapproved of such powerful fortalices.</p> +<p>It had an outer enclosure, and had to be entered by +a drawbridge, and it was strengthened in every way +conceivable to the military art of the times. It was +surrounded by dwellings for the convenience of the +seigneur’s retainers, a fine <i>salle d’armes</i> still remaining. +To the keep, four stories high, a flying bridge led, in +order to facilitate the withdrawal of the garrison in case +of siege. Behind walls ten feet thick, so long as food +and ammunition lasted, the inmates could hold the +enemy in scorn.</p> +<h3><i>Clisson</i></h3> +<p>The château of Clisson, once the property of the great +Constable Oliver de Clisson, whom the Viscount of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_205' name='page_205'></a>205</span> +Coêtman and the Bretons of Penthièvre had championed, +is now only a grand old ruin, a touching monument +of the architectural splendours of former days. By +moonlight it makes a scene not easily forgotten, gaunt +and still and ruggedly imposing, the silent reminder of +events and people tales of whom will not readily die, +the treasurer of secrets it will probably never yield. +Its antithesis is the castle of Nantes, with the stamp +of the Renaissance upon its delicately sculptured +balconies and window-frames. It is now an arsenal, +a fact which robs it of some of the romantic interest +of Clisson, or, indeed, of ruins in general, yet within its +walls are the prison chambers in which Gilles de Laval, +the ambitious Finance Minister Fouquet, the Cardinal +de Retz, and the Duchess of Berry once languished. +For many years it served as one of the political prisons +of France, though it is also associated with brighter +and happier times; for here, on pleasure bent, lingered +many of the Kings of France from Louis XI onward, +and here in 1675 Madame de Sévigné sojourned, a circumstance +which casts about it a literary as well as a +romantic glamour. The great well in the courtyard, +with its ornamental railing of wrought iron, is quite +equal to the famous well of Quentin Matsys at Antwerp.</p> +<h3><i>Josselin</i></h3> +<p>The castle of Josselin, also associated with the history +of the great Constable Clisson and his allies, as well +as with the notorious League whose followers wrought +such intolerable misery in Brittany, is built on a rocky +foundation near the river Oust. With its imposing +front and conically roofed towers it is one of the best +examples of a twelfth-century fortress-château. Very +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_206' name='page_206'></a>206</span> +different in tone is the architecture of the interior court, +being that of the period when the lighter traceries and +more imaginative lines of the Renaissance were in +favour. The window-openings of the two first stories +are beautiful enough to rival those of Chambord and +equal those of Blois. Above the windows an open +gallery runs, and in the space between each the device +of the Rohans is carved, with their motto, <i>A Plus</i>, this +celebrated family having built this part of the château. +About the year 1400 Clisson added a keep, walls, and +parapets, but in 1629, when the fortress was no longer +a stronghold of the League, these were permitted to +fall into ruin. Through the courtesy of the family +now in residence this wonderfully preserved castle +may be visited, a circumstance for which the tourist in +Brittany should indeed be grateful. Interest within +these massy walls clings around the well, with its +ornamental railings, the noble and lofty hall, the library, +with its magnificent chimney-piece, repeating again, in +stone, the Rohan motto, <i>A Plus</i>, and the equestrian +statue of Clisson, by Frémiet, in the dining-room.</p> +<h3><i>Hennebont and Largoet</i></h3> +<p>Of the old château of Hennebont, where John of Montfort +breathed his last after escaping from the Louvre +of his day, only a heap of stones remains. The old +fortress of Largoet is in much the same condition, +nothing of the ancient structure having been conserved +save the famous Tour d’Elven, considered to be the most +beautiful castle keep in all Brittany, which has also +a literary distinction as being the scene of some of +the most touching episodes in Octave <a name='TC_3'></a><ins title="Added apostrophe">Feuillet’s</ins> <i>Roman +d’un jeune Homme pauvre</i>.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_207' name='page_207'></a>207</span></div> +<h3><i>Châteaubriant</i></h3> +<p>At Châteaubriant, which owes its name to the compounding +of the word ‘château’ with that of ‘Briant,’ the +family style of its original lord, the old feudal fortress +is now a ruin, but the castle, built by Jean de Laval, +Governor of Brittany under Francis I, is in good repair. +An inscription giving the date of the completion of +the new château as 1538 is above the portal of the +colonnade. There is a gruesome legend associated +with the old château, in which for some time +dwelt the unfortunate Françoise de Foix, Countess of +Châteaubriant and beloved of Francis I. Tiring or +becoming suspicious of her royal lover, she decided to +return to her husband, the old Count of Laval. The +reunion, however, was not productive of happiness, +owing to the fever of jealousy in which her elderly +husband lived because of the love affair with the King. +This jealousy eventually flared into mania when he +heard that she had actually visited her former lover +in prison after he had been captured at Pavia. Instantly +he “shut his young wife up in a darkened and +padded cell, and finally had her cut into pieces by +two surgeons,” so the story goes. Terrified at what +he had done and of the consequences which were sure +to follow when the King heard of his savagery, the +Count fled the country immediately afterward.</p> +<p>The château of Brodineuf (dating from the twelfth +century) and that of Caradeuc are in good repair, +but the latter is ancient only in parts. It shelters two +Murillos within its walls. The picturesque château of +Combourg was in early times a feudal fortress, and in it +René Châteaubriand’s infancy was passed. This place +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_208' name='page_208'></a>208</span> +may be visited by interested sightseers, and there they +may view the writing-table of the author of <i>Le Génie +du Christianisme</i>, and, in the bedroom he occupied at +Combourg, the bed on which he died in Paris. The +château of Vitré is also in a state of preservation, and +is considered one of the best specimens of military +architecture in the province. Comparatively near is the +château of Rochers, once the home of Mme de Sévigné, +and in consequence one of the famous sights of the +country. The many letters she dated from this castle +paint a vivid and detailed picture of social life in the +seventeenth century, and fortunately the atmosphere +of the time has been happily retained in the building +itself.</p> +<p>Another twelfth-century structure is that of the château +of Rustefan, near Quimperlé. It was built by Stephen, +Count of Penthièvre, and belonged in the next century +to Blanche of Castile, the mother of St Louis. +The ruins now in existence are those of the château +built in the fifteenth century, and its cylindrical tower, +pinnacled doorway, and the stone mullions of the +windows still remain fairly intact. The château of +Kerjolet, in Concarneau, is one which has been saved +from decay, restored as it was by Countess Chaveau-Narishkine +and presented by her to the department. It +contains a museum in which are specimens of all the +costumes and <i>coiffes</i> of Lower Brittany, and antiquities +of prehistoric and medieval times, which all students of +Breton and Celtic lore should see.</p> +<h3><i>Palaces of the Past</i></h3> +<p>The château of Tourlaville is situated among very +beautiful surroundings, and is built in the classic style +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_209' name='page_209'></a>209</span> +of the Renaissance, with an angular tower. On +chimney-piece and fireplace throughout the castle there +are numerous sentimental devices in which Cupids and +flaming hearts and torches figure largely, with the +occasional accompaniment of verses and mottoes of +an equally amatory nature. These are all seventeenth-century +examples and may be taken as expressions of the +time. In a boudoir called the Blue Chamber, because +of the colour of its draperies and decorations, many +coats-of-arms are emblazoned; but all the greatness to +which these testify has become a thing of the past, for +the château has now been turned into a farmhouse.</p> +<p>The château of Dinan may also be classed among the +palaces of the past, for now, despite the fact that it +was built by the Dukes of Brittany, it has become a +prison. From the tourist as well as the romantic point +of view this is somewhat of a tragedy. The Tower +of Coëtquen, one of the ancient towers of the city +wall, is practically part of the castle, and the keep, +or Queen Anne’s Tower, is the most distinctive feature +remaining. This keep is of four stories, and is over a +hundred feet high, the last story being reached by a +spiral staircase. What was once the oratory of the +Duchess Anne is now the guard-room. There are still +several dungeons whose original gruesomeness has been +left untouched, and whose use in bygone days can well +be imagined.</p> +<h3><i>Suscino</i></h3> +<p>The château of Suscino is one of the chief sights of the +neighbourhood of Vannes, because it is the ruin of what +was once a marvellous structure of the thirteenth century, +and follows the finest Gothic traditions of the time. All +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_210' name='page_210'></a>210</span> +the roofing of the building has quite disappeared, but +its battlemented towers and walls remain to give a +good idea of the architectural perfection that must have +belonged to it. At one time it fell into the hands of +Charles of Blois, only to be retaken by his rival, +Montfort, in 1364, and in 1373 it was occupied by an +English garrison. Eventually it was bestowed upon +John of Châlons, Prince of Orange, by Anne of Brittany, +but in time Francis I relieved him of it in order to +present it to Françoise de Foix, the celebrated Lady of +Châteaubriant. The irregular pentagon formed by the +château is possibly somewhat modified from the original +plan of 1320, and of the seven towers which flanked its +gates and walls in the beginning six have weathered the +storms of the times through which they have passed. +Its orchid-shaped machicolations have also survived, and +even to-day they are noticeably beautiful. The new +tower is a fine cylindrical keep, dating from the fourteenth +century, and over the entrance this legend still remains:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p class='center'>Ici Est Né</p> +<p class='center'>Le Duc Arthur III</p> +<p class='center'>le 24 Août, 1393.</p> +</div></div> +<p>We have already dealt with many of the stories connected +with the ancient castles of Brittany, and these will be +found in nearly every chapter of this book, so varied are +they. But no tale, however vivid, can hope to capture +and retain all the wonder and mystery of these grand +old strongholds, which must be seen in order to leave +upon the imagination and memory the full impress of +their weird and extraordinary fascination.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_211' name='page_211'></a>211</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_VIII_HEROTALES_OF_BRITTANY' id='CHAPTER_VIII_HEROTALES_OF_BRITTANY'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII: HERO-TALES OF BRITTANY</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">Soon</span> after the Vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué +published his <i>Barzaz-Breiz</i>, a collection of popular +ballads from the Breton, critics who possessed a +knowledge of the language and were acquainted with +its literature exposed the true nature of the work, acting, +indeed, as did British critics when Macpherson +published his fragments of Ossian. Villemarqué was, +in fact, a Breton Macpherson. He would hear a Breton +ballad sung or recited, and would then either enlarge +upon it and torture it out of all resemblance to its +original shape, or he would instigate a literary friend to +do so. We must remember that such a proceeding was +fashionable at the time, as no less a personage than +Sir Walter Scott had led the way, and he had been +preceded by Burns in the practice. But whereas Burns +made no secret of what he did and greatly enhanced the +poetical value of the songs and ballads he altered, Scott +and his friends, Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Leyden, and others, +indulged in what they described as the “mystification” +of their acquaintances by these semi-forgeries. Like +theirs, Villemarqué’s work had usually an historical or +legendary basis, but it is impossible to say how much of +it is original matter of folk-song and how much his own +invention, unless we compare his versions with those +furnished by M. Luzel in his <i>Guerziou Breiz-Izel</i> +(1868), which, however, only contains a few of the +originals of the tales given in the <i>Barzaz-Breiz</i>, and +those not the most interesting.</p> +<p>I have cast the following tales into narrative form from +the ballads published in the <i>Barzaz-Breiz</i>, where they +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_212' name='page_212'></a>212</span> +obviously appear as traditional tales in a polished, +modern dress.<a name='FNanchor_0047' id='FNanchor_0047'></a><a href='#Footnote_0047' class='fnanchor'>[47]</a> They may be regarded, largely, as efforts +of the modern imagination regarding the Breton past. +In any case the author of a book on Breton romances +would not be justified in omitting all mention of +Villemarqué and refraining from affording the reader a +specimen of his work, any more than he would be in +founding solely upon the labours of the Vicomte.</p> +<h3><i>Lez-Breiz, the Prop of Brittany</i></h3> +<p>Morvan, chief of Léon, so celebrated in the history of +the ninth century as one of the upholders of Breton +independence, and known to tradition as ‘the Prop of +Brittany,’ is the subject of a remarkable series of ballads +or hero-tales in the <i>Barzaz-Breiz</i> which together constitute +what is almost an epic. These tell of his life, +death, adventures, travels, and the marvellous feats of +derring-do he accomplished. In some measure he is +to Breton legend what Arthur is to British or Holger +to that of Denmark. That he is familiar to Breton +tradition there can be no question, and whether +Villemarqué himself wove the following adventures +around him or not they are certainly typical of the age +in which the hero flourished.</p> +<h3><i>Morvan’s First Adventure</i></h3> +<p>One day the child Morvan was sitting at the edge +of the forest when a cavalier issued from its depths +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_213' name='page_213'></a>213</span> +armed at all points and riding a great charger. The +boy, excited by his martial appearance, ran from +him in terror, calling out that here indeed was +St Michael; but the cavalier rode so swiftly that he +soon came up with the lad, who devoutly threw himself +on his knees and made the sign of the Cross, calling +out:</p> +<p>“Seigneur Saint Michael, in the name of God I pray +thee do me no harm!”</p> +<p>The knight laughed loudly. “Why, lad,” he said, “I +am no more Saint Michael than I am a thief, but merely +a belted knight, such as one may meet with by the +score in this land of chivalry.”</p> +<p>“I have never seen a knight,” replied Morvan; “and +what may that be which you carry?”</p> +<p>“That is called a lance, my boy.”</p> +<p>“And what are these that you wear on your head and +breast?”</p> +<p>“The one is a casque and the other a breast-plate. +They are intended to protect me from the stroke of +sword and spear. But tell me, lad, have you seen any +one pass this way?”</p> +<p>“Yes, Seigneur, a man went by this very road not +half an hour agone.”</p> +<p>“Thank you, boy,” replied the knight. “If you are asked +who spoke to you, say the Count of Quimper,” and with +these words he spurred his horse and set off down +the road in the direction which the little Morvan had +indicated.</p> +<p>Morvan returned to his mother, who had been sitting +some distance away, and began to tell her of his meeting. +He was so full of the gallantry of the knight he had +met, his grace and martial bearing, that the good dame +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_214' name='page_214'></a>214</span> +could not stem the torrent of words which flowed +from him.</p> +<p>“Oh, mother,” he babbled on, “you never saw anyone +so splendid as him whom I have seen to-day, a man +more beautiful than the Lord Michael the Archangel, +whose image is in our church.”</p> +<p>His mother smiled and patted him fondly on the cheek.</p> +<p>“Come, my son,” she said, “there is no man so beautiful +as the Archangel Michael.”</p> +<p>But little Morvan shook his head.</p> +<p>“Saving your grace, there are, my mother,” he said +gravely. “There are many men more splendid than +Saint Michael, and they are called knights. How I +wish that I might grow up and become a knight too!”</p> +<p>At these words the poor lady, who had lost her +husband in battle and who dreaded that her only son +might be taken from her, was seized with such dismay +that she sank to the ground unconscious. The little +Morvan, without turning his head, entered the stables +and led out a fresh horse. Jumping lightly on the +steed’s back, he turned its head in the direction in +which the splendid cavalier had gone and rode hastily +after him.</p> +<h3><i>The Return of Morvan</i></h3> +<p>Ten years passed—years full of martial achievement +and adventure for young Morvan. Then a desire to +return to the ancestral mansion seized upon the youth, +and he made his way homeward. But great was his +dismay when he entered the courtyard of the manor +and looked about him, for the blackberry bushes and +the nettles were growing round the threshold of the +house and the walls were half ruined and covered with +ivy. As he was about to enter he observed a poor old +blind woman standing in the entrance.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_17' id='linki_17'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs17.jpg' alt='' title='' width='399' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +MORVAN RETURNS TO HIS RUINED HOME<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_215' name='page_215'></a>215</span></div> +<p>“Pardon me, dame, but perhaps you can give me +hospitality for the night,” he said.</p> +<p>“Alas! sir, we have but little,” she replied. “This +house has been allowed to go to ruin since its son and +heir quitted it.”</p> +<p>As she ceased speaking a young damsel descended the +broken stone steps, and after regarding Morvan for a +moment burst into tears.</p> +<p>“How now, maiden,” said Morvan, “wherefore do +you weep?”</p> +<p>“Alas, Seigneur,” replied the maiden, “I have a +brother who left us ten years ago to lead the life of +a warrior, and every time that I see a youth about his +age I feel myself compelled to weep.”</p> +<p>“Tell me, my child,” said Morvan, “have you no other +brother?”</p> +<p>“None in the world, Sir Knight.”</p> +<p>“And your mother, what of her?”</p> +<p>“Alas! sir, she too is gone. There is no one but +myself and my old nurse in the house. My poor +mother died of grief when my brother rode off to become +a knight.”</p> +<p>On hearing these words Morvan was deeply affected.</p> +<p>“Alas!” he cried, “wretch that I am, I have slain her +who gave me birth!”</p> +<p>When he spoke thus the damsel turned deadly pale.</p> +<p>“In the name of heaven, sir, who are you?” she cried. +“How are you named?”</p> +<p>“I am Morvan, son of Conan, and Lez-Breiz is my +surname, my sister.”</p> +<p>The young girl stared for a moment, sighed, and then +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_216' name='page_216'></a>216</span> +fell into his arms; but soon she opened her eyes and +praised God that she had found her long-lost brother.</p> +<h3><i>The King’s Cavalier</i></h3> +<p>But Lez-Breiz could not remain long at home. The +tented field was his fireside, the battle his sport. +Adventure followed adventure in his full and stirring +life. One day he said to his young squire:</p> +<p>“Arouse you, my squire, and furnish my sword, my +casque, and my shield, that I may redden them in the +blood of the Franks, for with the help of God and +this right arm I shall carry slaughter into their ranks +this day.”</p> +<p>“Tell me, my lord,” asked the squire, “shall I not fight +along with you to-day?”</p> +<p>Morvan smiled at the lad’s eagerness, perhaps because +he remembered his own on the day he met the +Count of Quimper, then a grave shadow crossed his +face.</p> +<p>“Think of your mother, lad,” said he. “What if you +never return to her? Think of her grief should you +die this day.”</p> +<p>“Ah, Seigneur,” entreated the stripling, “if you love +me, grant my prayer; let me fight along with you.”</p> +<p>When Morvan rode out to battle an hour later his +squire rode beside him, knee to knee. Passing near +the church of St Anne of Armor they entered.</p> +<p>“O Saint Anne, most holy dame,” prayed Morvan, “I +am not yet twenty years old and I have been in twenty +battles. All those I have gained by your aid, and if I +return again to this land I shall make you a rich gift. I +shall give you enough candles to go three times round the +walls of your church, and thrice round your churchyard—aye, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_217' name='page_217'></a>217</span> +thrice round your lands, when I come home again; +and further I shall give you a banner of white satin with +an ivory staff. Also shall I give you seven silver bells +which will ring gaily night and day above your head. +And three times on my knees will I draw water for +your use.”</p> +<p>The enemy saw Morvan coming from afar. He was +mounted on a small white ass with a halter of hemp, to +signify his contempt for them. Lorgnez, his chief foe, +came against him with a troop of warriors, while Morvan +had only his little squire behind him. The foemen came +on, ten by ten, until they reached the Wood of Chestnuts. +For a moment the little squire was dismayed, but a word +from his master rallied him, and, drawing his sword, he +spurred forward. Soon they came front to front with +Lorgnez and hailed him in knightly fashion.</p> +<p>“Ho! Seigneur Lorgnez, good day to you.”</p> +<p>“Good morrow, Seigneur Morvan. Will you engage in +single combat?”</p> +<p>“No; I despise your offer. Go back to your King and +tell him that I mock him; and as for yourself, I laugh +at you and those with you. Return to Paris, stay +among your women, take off your mail and put on +the silken armour of fops.”</p> +<p>Lorgnez’s face flamed with anger.</p> +<p>“By heaven!” he cried, “the lowest varlet in my +company shall hew your casque from your head for +this!”</p> +<p>At these words Morvan drew his great sword.</p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p>The old hermit of the wood heard some one knocking +on the door of his cell. He opened it quickly and saw +the young squire standing before him. He started +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_218' name='page_218'></a>218</span> +back at the sight of the youth’s blood-stained armour +and death-pale countenance.</p> +<p>“Ha, my son,” he cried, “you are sorely hurt. Come +and wash your wounds at the fountain and repose for a +little.”</p> +<p>“I may not rest here, good father,” replied the squire, +shaking his head. “I have come to find water to take +to my young master, who has fallen in the fight. Thirty +warriors lie slain by his hand. Of these the Chevalier +Lorgnez was the first.”</p> +<p>“Brave youth!” said the hermit. “Alas that he has +fallen!”</p> +<p>“Do not grieve, father. It is true that he has fallen, +but it is only from fatigue. He is unwounded and will +soon recover himself.”</p> +<p>When he was recovered Morvan betook him to the +chapel of St Anne and rendered the gifts he had +promised her.</p> +<p>“Praise be to Saint Anne,” cried he, “for she it is who +has gained this victory.”</p> +<h3><i>The King’s Blackamoor</i></h3> +<p>One day the King of the Franks was sitting among his +courtiers.</p> +<p>“Would that some one would rid me of this pestilent +Morvan, who constantly afflicts the Frankish land and +slays my doughtiest warriors,” he said, on hearing of a +fresh exploit on the part of the Breton chief.</p> +<p>Then the King’s blackamoor, who heard these words, +arose and stood before his master. He was tall and +great of thew and sinew—a giant among men, towering +head and shoulders even above the tall Frankish +warriors.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_219' name='page_219'></a>219</span></div> +<p>“Allow me to fulfil your wishes, sire,” he said. “Sir +Morvan has sent me his glove, and if to-morrow I do +not bring you his head I will willingly part with +my own.”</p> +<p>On the next morning Morvan’s squire came to his +master trembling violently.</p> +<p>“Seigneur,” he said, with ashy countenance, “the King’s +Moor is here and bids you defiance.”</p> +<p>Morvan rose and took his sword.</p> +<p>“Alas! my dear master,” said the squire, “take heed +what you do, I pray you, for I assure you that this Moor +is nothing but a demon who practises the most horrible +enchantments.”</p> +<p>Morvan laughed. “Well, we shall see whether this +demon can withstand cold steel or not,” he said. “Go +and saddle my black horse.”</p> +<p>“Saving your grace,” said the page, “if you will +hearken to my words you will not fight on the black +charger. He has been bewitched. Moreover, you will +notice that when you enter the lists to fight the Moor +he will cast his mantle to the ground. But do not +follow his example, for should your mantle fall beneath +his the strength of the black giant will be doubled. +When the Moor advances to the attack make the sign +of the Cross with the shaft of your lance, and when he +rushes upon you in his battle-fury receive him with the +steel. If you do this you may be sure that your lance +will not break.”</p> +<p>The heroes met within the lists. The King of France +and his nobles had followed the giant Moor in order +to witness the combat, and when all had been seated +the trumpets sounded and the two champions rushed +together with the utmost fury. They circled round one +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_220' name='page_220'></a>220</span> +another like eagles seeking an opening to strike. Now +one struck, then the other, and the blood flowed down +their bright armour. The Frankish King in high +excitement called out:</p> +<p>“Ho! black crow of the sea, pierce me now this merle.”</p> +<p>At these words the giant assailed Morvan most furiously, +as a great tempest assails a ship. The lances crossed, +but that of the Moor broke like matchwood. Both +leaped to earth, sword in hand, and rushed at each +other like lions. Many lusty strokes were given and +taken, and from their armour flew sparks like those +from a smith’s anvil. Then the Moor, grasping his +sword with both hands, made ready to strike a mighty +blow, when swift and trenchantly Morvan thrust +his blade far into the arm-pit and the heart and +the giant tumbled to the earth like a falling tree. +Morvan placed his foot on the dead man’s breast, withdrew +his sword, and cut off the Moor’s head. Then, +attaching the bleeding trophy to the pommel of his +saddle, he rode home with it and affixed it to the gate +of his castle. All men praised him for his doughty deed, +but he gave the grace of his victory entirely to St Anne, +and declared that he would build a house of prayer in +her honour on the heights between Léguer and the +Guindy.</p> +<h3><i>Morvan Fights the King</i></h3> +<p>One day Morvan sallied forth to encounter the King of +the Franks himself. The King brought no fewer than +five thousand mounted men-at-arms. As this host was +about to set out, a great clap of thunder resounded in +the vault of heaven, and the King’s nobles perforce +regarded it as a bad omen.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_221' name='page_221'></a>221</span></div> +<p>“For heaven’s sake, sire, go not hence,” said one of +them, “since the day has begun with such an evil +token.”</p> +<p>“Impossible,” was the royal reply. “I have given the +order; we must march.”</p> +<p>That morning, on the other hand, the sister of Morvan +said to her brother: “My dear brother, if you love me +seek not this combat, for if you do you will certainly go +to your death, and what will become of me afterward? +I see on the shore the white sea-horse, the symbol of +Brittany. A monstrous serpent entwines him, seizing +him round the hind legs and the body with his enormous +coils. The sea-steed turns his head to seize the reptile. +The combat is unequal. You are alone; the Franks +are legion!”</p> +<p>But Morvan was already beyond ear-shot.</p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p>As the hermit of the wood of Helléan<a name='FNanchor_0048' id='FNanchor_0048'></a><a href='#Footnote_0048' class='fnanchor'>[48]</a> slept three +knocks sounded on his door.</p> +<p>“Good hermit,” said some one, “open the door. I seek +an asylum and help from you.”</p> +<p>The wind blew coldly from the country of the Franks. +It was the hour when savage beasts wander here and +there in search of their prey. The hermit did not rise +with alacrity.</p> +<p>“Who are you who knock at my door at this hour of +night demanding an entrance?” he asked sulkily; +“and by what sign shall I know whether you are a true +man or otherwise?”</p> +<p>“Priest, I am well known in this land. I am Morvan +Lez-Breiz, the Hatchet of Brittany.”</p> +<p>“I will not open my door to you,” said the hermit hastily. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_222' name='page_222'></a>222</span> +“You are a rebel; you are the enemy of the good King +of the Franks.”</p> +<p>“How, priest!” cried Morvan angrily, “I am a Breton +and no traitor or rebel. It is the King of the Franks +who has been a traitor to this land.”</p> +<p>“Silence, recreant!” replied the hermit. “Rail not +against the King of the Franks, for he is a man of +God.”</p> +<p>“Of God, say you? Nay, rather of the devil! Has he +not ravaged and wasted the Breton land? The gold +that he wrings from the Breton folk is expended for the +good of Satan. Open, hermit, open!”</p> +<p>“Not so, my son, for should I do so the Franks would +surely fix a quarrel upon me.”</p> +<p>“You refuse?” shouted Morvan in a voice of thunder. +“Good; then I shall burst into your cell,” and with +these words he threw himself against the door, which +creaked ominously.</p> +<p>“Hold, my son, hold!” cried the old hermit in tremulous +tones. “Forbear and I will open to you”; and seizing +a torch he lit it at the remains of his fire and went to +open the door.</p> +<h3><i>The Severed Head</i></h3> +<p>He unlocked it and drew it back, but as he did so he +recoiled violently, for he saw advancing upon him a +terrible spectre, holding its head in its two hands. Its +eyes seemed full of blood and fire, and rolled round and +round in a most horrible manner. The hermit was +about to shriek in terror when the head of the apparition, +after laughing grimly, addressed him:</p> +<p>“Come now, old Christian, do not be afraid. God +permits this thing to be. He has allowed the Franks +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_223' name='page_223'></a>223</span> +to decapitate me, but for a time only, and as you see +me now I am only a phantom. But He will permit you +yourself to replace my head on my shoulders if you +will.”</p> +<p>The hermit stammered and drew back. This was not +his first encounter with the supernatural, which he had +good reason to dread, but like all Bretons he had come +under the magnetism of Morvan, even although he +believed that the King of the Franks was his rightful +overlord; so, steeling himself against his natural +timidity, he said:</p> +<p>“If God permits this thing I shall be very willing to +replace your head on your shoulders.”</p> +<p>“Take it, then,” said the decapitated Morvan, and with +trembling hands the priest took the gory trophy and +replaced it on the Breton chief’s shoulders, saying at +the same time: “I replace your head, my son, in the +name of God the Father, the Son, and the Spirit.”</p> +<p>And by virtue of this benediction the phantom once +more became a man.</p> +<p>“Morvan,” said the hermit, “you must do penance, heavy +penance, with me. You must carry about with you for +seven years a robe of lead, padlocked to your neck, and +each day at the hour of twelve you must go to fetch +water from the well at the summit of the mountain +yonder.”</p> +<p>“I will do as you desire,” said Morvan; “I will follow +your saintly wish.”</p> +<p>When the seven years of the penance had passed the +robe had flayed Morvan’s skin severely, and his beard, +which had become grey, and the hair of his head, fell +almost to his waist. Those who saw him did not +recognize him; but a lady dressed in white, who passed +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_224' name='page_224'></a>224</span> +through the greenwood, stopped and gazed earnestly at +him and her eyes filled with tears.</p> +<p>“Morvan, my dear son, it is indeed you,” she said. +“Come here, my beloved child, that I may free you of +your burden,” and she cut the chain which bound the +shirt of lead to the shoulders of the penitent with a pair +of golden scissors, saying:</p> +<p>“I am your patron, Saint Anne of Armor.”</p> +<p>Now for seven years had the squire of Morvan sought +his master, and one day he was riding through the +greenwood of Helléan.</p> +<p>“Alas!” he said, “what profits it that I have slain his +murderer when I have lost my dear lord?”</p> +<p>Then he heard at the other end of the wood the plaintive +whinnying of a horse. His own steed sniffed the +air and replied, and then he saw between the parted +branches a great black charger, which he recognized as +that of Lez-Breiz. Once more the beast whinnied +mournfully. It almost seemed as if he wept. He was +standing upon his master’s grave!</p> +<p>But, like Arthur and Barbarossa, Morvan Lez-Breiz +will yet return. Yes, one day he will return to fight +the Franks and drive them from the Breton land!</p> +<p>We have sundry intimations here of the sources from +which Villemarqué drew a part at least of his matter. +There are resemblances to Arthurian and kindred +romances. For example, the incident which describes +the flight of young Morvan is identical with that in the +Arthurian saga of <i>Percival le Gallois</i>, where the child +Percival quits his mother’s care in precisely the same +fashion. The Frankish monarch and his Court, too, +are distinctly drawn in the style of the <i>chansons de +gestes</i>, which celebrated the deeds of Charlemagne and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_225' name='page_225'></a>225</span> +his peers. There are also hints that the paganism +against which Charlemagne fought, that of the Moors +of Spain, had attracted the attention of the author, +and this is especially seen in his introduction of the +Moorish giant, so common a figure in the Carlovingian +stories.</p> +<h3><i>The Ballad of Bran</i></h3> +<p>A sorrowful and touching ballad, claimed by Villemarqué +as being sung in the Breton dialect of Léon, tells of the +warrior Bran, who was wounded in the great fight of +Kerlouan, a village situated on the coast of Léon, in the +tenth century. The coast was raided by the Norsemen, +and the Bretons, led by their chief, Even the Great, +marched against them and succeeded in repelling them. +The Norsemen, however, carried off several prisoners, +among them a warrior called Bran. Indeed, a village +called Kervran, or ‘the village of Bran,’ still exists +near the seashore, and here it was, tradition relates, +that the warrior was wounded and taken by the +Scandinavian pirates. In the church of Goulven is to +be seen an ancient tablet representing the Norse vessels +which raided the coast.</p> +<p>The ballad recounts how Bran, on finding himself on +the enemy’s ship, wept bitterly. On arriving in the +land of the Norsemen he was imprisoned in a tower, +where he begged his gaolers to allow him to send a +letter to his mother. Permission to do so was granted, +and a messenger was found. The prisoner advised this +man, for his better safety, to disguise himself in the habit +of a beggar, and gave him his gold ring in order that +his mother might know that the message came from her +son in very truth. He added: “When you arrive in +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_226' name='page_226'></a>226</span> +my country proceed at once to my mother, and if she +is willing to ransom me show a white sail on your +return, but if she refuses, hoist a black sail.”</p> +<p>When the messenger arrived at the warrior’s home in the +country of Léon the lady was at supper with her family +and the bards were present playing on their harps.</p> +<p>“Greeting, lady,” said the messenger. “Behold the +ring of your son, Bran, and here is news from him contained +in this letter, which I pray you read quickly.”</p> +<p>The lady took the missive, and, turning to the harpers, +told them to cease playing. Having perused the letter +she became extremely agitated, and, rising with tears +in her eyes, gave orders that a vessel should be +equipped immediately so that she might sail to seek her +son on the morrow.</p> +<p>One morning Bran, the prisoner, called from his tower: +“Sentinel, Sentinel, tell me, do you see a sail on the +sea?”</p> +<p>“No,” replied the sentinel, “I see nothing but the sea +and the sky.”</p> +<p>At midday Bran repeated the question, but was told +that nothing but the birds and the billows were in sight. +When the shadows of evening gathered he asked once +more, and the perfidious sentinel replied with a lie:</p> +<p>“Yes, lord, there is a ship close at hand, beaten by +wind and sea.”</p> +<p>“And what colour of a sail does she show?” asked Bran. +“Is it black or white?”</p> +<p>“It is black, lord,” replied the sentinel, in a spirit of +petty spite.</p> +<p>When the unhappy warrior heard these words he never +spoke more.</p> +<p>That night his mother arrived at the town where he +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_227' name='page_227'></a>227</span> +had been imprisoned. She asked of the people: +“Why do the bells sound?”</p> +<p>“Alas! lady,” said an ancient man, “a noble prisoner +who lay in yonder tower died this night.”</p> +<p>With bent head the lady walked to the tower, her white +hair falling upon her folded arms. When she arrived +at its foot she said to the guard: “Open the door +quickly; I have come to see my son.”</p> +<p>And when the great door was opened she threw herself +upon the corpse of Bran and breathed her last.</p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p>On the battlefield of Kerlouan there is an oak which +overshadows the shore and which marks the place +where the Norsemen fled before the face of Even the +Great. On this oak, whose leaves shine in the moon, +the birds gather each night, the birds of the sea and the +land, both of white and black feather. Among them is an +old grey rook and a young crow. The birds sing such a +beautiful song that the great sea keeps silence to hear +it. All of them sing except the rook and the crow. +Now the crow says: “Sing, little birds, sing; sing, little +birds of the land, for when you die you will at least end +your days in <a name='TC_4'></a><ins title="Added quote">Brittany.”</ins></p> +<p>The crow is of course Bran in disguise, for the name +Bran means ‘crow’ in the Breton tongue, and the rook +is possibly his mother. In the most ancient Breton +traditions the dead are represented as returning to +earth in the form of birds. A number of the incidents +in this piece are paralleled in the poem of <i>Sir Tristrem</i>, +which also introduces a messenger who disguises himself +for the purpose of travelling more safely in a +foreign country, a ring of gold, which is used to +show the messenger’s <i>bona-fides</i>, a perfidious gaoler, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_228' name='page_228'></a>228</span> +and the idea of the black or white sail. The original +poem of <i>Sir Tristrem</i> was probably composed about +the twelfth or thirteenth century, and it would seem +that the above incidents at least have a Breton source +behind them. A mother, however, has been substituted +for a lover, and the ancient Breton dame takes the +place of Ysonde. There is, indeed, little difference +between the passage which relates the arrival of the +mother in the Norsemen’s country and that of Ysonde +in Brittany when she sails on her last voyage with +the intention of succouring Tristrem. Ysonde also +asks the people of the place why the bells are ringing, +one of the ancient inhabitants tells her of the death +of her lover, and, like the Breton mother, she casts +herself on the body of him she has lost.</p> +<p>“This passage,” says Villemarqué, with wonderful <i>sang-froid</i>, +“duly attests the prior claim of the Armorican +piece!” But even if he had been serious, he wrote +without the possession of data for the precise fixing +of the period in which the Breton ballad was composed; +and in any case his contention cannot assist the Breton +argument for Armorican priority in Arthurian literature, +as borrowing in ballad and folk-tale is much more +flagrant than he, writing as he did in 1867, could ever +have guessed—more flagrant even than any adaptation +he himself ever perpetrated!</p> +<p>He adds, however, an antiquarian note to the poem +which is of far greater interest and probably of more +value than his supposition. He alludes to the passage +contained in the ballad regarding the harpers who are +represented as playing in the hall of Bran’s mother +while she sits at supper. The harp, he states, is no +longer popular in Brittany, and he asks if this was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_229' name='page_229'></a>229</span> +always the case. There can be very little doubt that +in Brittany, as in other Celtic countries—for example, +Wales, Ireland and Scotland—the harp was in ancient +times one of the national instruments. It is strange +that it should have been replaced in that country +by the <i>biniou</i>, or bagpipe, just as the <i>clairschach</i>, or +Highland harp, was replaced by the same instrument +in the Highlands of Scotland.</p> +<h3><i>Fontenelle</i></h3> +<p>Guy Eder de Fontenelle, a son of the house of Beaumanoir, +was one of the most famous partisans of the +Catholic League, and, according to one who saw him +in 1587, had then begun to show tendencies to the wild +life he was afterward to lead. He was sent as a scholar +to Paris to the College of Boncotest, but in 1589, when +about sixteen years of age, he became impatient of +scholastic confinement, sold his books and his robe, +and bought a sword and poignard. Leaving the college, +he took the road to Orléans, with the object of attaching +himself to the army of the Duke of Mayenne, chief +of the Catholic party in France, but, returning to his +native Brittany, he placed himself at the head of the +populace, which had risen in arms on behalf of the +Leaguers. As he was of good family and a Breton +and displayed an active spirit, they obeyed him very +willingly. Soon he translated his intentions into action, +and commenced to pillage the smaller towns and to +make captive those who differed from him politically. +He threatened Guingamp, which was held for the +King, and made a sally into Léon, carrying away the +daughter of the Lady of Coadelan, a wealthy heiress, +who was only about eight or nine years of age. This +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_230' name='page_230'></a>230</span> +occurrence Villemarqué has related for us in Breton +verse, assuring us that it was ‘recovered’ by the Comte +de Kergariou, a friend of his. Fontenelle is supposed +to have encountered the little heiress plucking flowers +in a wayside ditch.</p> +<p>“Tell me, little one,” said he, “for whom do you pluck +these flowers?”</p> +<p>“For my foster-brother, whom I love. But I am afraid, +for I know that Fontenelle is near.”</p> +<p>“Ha, then, so you know this terrible Fontenelle, my +child?”</p> +<p>“No, sir, I do not know him, but I have heard tell +of him. I have heard folk say that he is a very wicked +man and that he carries away young ladies.”</p> +<p>“Yes,” replied Fontenelle, with a laugh, “and, above +all, heiresses.”</p> +<p>He took the child in his arms and swung her on to +the crupper of his saddle. Then, dashing the spurs +into his charger’s flanks, he set off at a gallop for Saint-Malo, +where he placed the little heiress in a convent, +with the object of marrying her when she had arrived +at the age of fourteen.</p> +<p>Years afterward Fontenelle and the heiress, who was +now his wife, went to live at their manor of Coadelan. +They had a little child beautiful as the day, who greatly +resembled his father. One day a letter arrived for +the Seigneur, calling upon him to betake himself to +Paris at once. His wife was inconsolable.</p> +<p>“Do not set forth alone for Paris, I pray you,” she +said, “for if you do I shall instantly follow you. Remain +at home, I beg of you, and I will send a messenger +in your stead. In the name of God, do not go, husband, +for if you do you will never return.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_231' name='page_231'></a>231</span></div> +<p>But Fontenelle disregarded his wife’s entreaties, and, +begging her to take good care of their son during his +absence, set forth on his journey to the capital. In +due time he arrived in Paris and stood before the +King and Queen. He greeted them courteously, but +they looked coldly on him, and the King told him +bluntly that he should not return to Coadelan, adding: +“There are sufficient chains in my palace to restrain +you.”</p> +<p>On hearing this Fontenelle called his little page and +begged him to return at once to his mistress and tell +her to discard her finery, because she would soon be +a widow, and to bring him back a coarse shirt and a +white sheet, and, moreover, to bring a gold plate on +which his enemies might expose his head after his +death.</p> +<p>“And, little page,” he added, “take a lock of my hair +and place it on the door of Coadelan, so that all men as +they go to Mass may say, ‘God have mercy on the soul +of Fontenelle.’”</p> +<p>The page did as he was bidden, but as for the plate of +gold it was useless, for Fontenelle’s head was thrown +on the pavement to serve as a ball for the children of +the gutter.</p> +<p>All Paris was surprised when one day a lady from a +distant country arrived and made great stir in its narrow +streets. Every one asked his neighbour who this dame +might be. It was the heiress of Coadelan, dressed in a +flowing robe of green. “Alas!” said the pitiful burgesses, +“if she knew what we know she would be +dressed in black.” Shortly she stood before the King. +“Sire,” said she, “give me back my husband, I beg +of you.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_232' name='page_232'></a>232</span></div> +<p>“Alas! madam,” replied the King, with feigned +sorrow, “what you ask is impossible, for but three +days ago he was broken on the wheel.”</p> +<p>“Whoso goes to Coadelan to-day will turn away from it +with grief, for the ashes are black upon the hearth and +the nettles crowd around the doorway—and still,” the +ballad ends naïvely, “still the wicked world goes round +and the poor folk weep with anguish, and say, ‘Alas +that she is dead, the mother of the poor.’”</p> +<h3><i>The Return from England</i></h3> +<p>There is a good deal of evidence to show that a considerable +body of Bretons accompanied the invading +army of William the Conqueror when he set forth with the +idea of gaining the English crown. They were attached +to his second battle corps, and many of them received +land in England. A ballad which, says Villemarqué, +bears every sign of antiquity deals with the fortunes of +a young Breton, Silvestik, who followed in the train +of the Conqueror. The piece is put into the mouth of +the mother of Silvestik, who mourns her son’s absence, +and its tone is a tender and touching one.</p> +<p>“One night as I lay on my bed,” says the anxious +mother, “I could not sleep. I heard the girls at +Kerlaz singing the song of my son. O God, Silvestik, +where are you now? Perhaps you are more than three +hundred leagues from here, cast on the great sea, and +the fishes feed upon your fair body. Perhaps you may +be married now to some Saxon damsel. You were to +have been wed to a lovely daughter of this land, +Mannaïk de Pouldergat, and you might have been +among us surrounded by beautiful children, dwelling +happily in your own home.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_18' id='linki_18'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs18.jpg' alt='' title='' width='419' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE FINDING OF SILVESTIK<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_233' name='page_233'></a>233</span></div> +<p>“I have taken to my door a little white dove which +sits in a small hollow of the stone. I have tied to +his neck a letter with the ribbon of my wedding-dress +and have sent it to my son. Arise, my little dove, +arise on your two wings, fly far, very far across the +great sea, and discover if my son is still alive and +well.”</p> +<p>Silvestik rested in the shade of an English wood, and +as he did so a familiar note fell upon his ear.</p> +<p>“That sound resembles the voice of my mother’s little +white dove,” he said. The sound grew louder; it +seemed to say, “Good luck to you, Silvestik, good luck +to you. I have here a letter for you.”</p> +<p>Silvestik in high happiness read the letter, and resolved +to return home to his sorrowing parent.</p> +<p>Two years passed, three years passed, and the dove +did not return to delight the heart of the longing mother, +who day by day walked the dismal seashore waiting +for the vessel that never came. One day of storm she +was wandering on the beach as usual when she saw +a vessel being driven with great force upon the iron +coast. Even as she watched it it dashed upon the rocks. +Soon there were cast upon the shore the forms of many +dead, and when the gale abated and the heart-sick mother +was able to search among them she found Silvestik!</p> +<p>Several competent judges are of opinion that this +ballad is contemporary with the events which it relates. +Many of the Breton lords who sailed with William the +Conqueror did not return for several years after the +expedition had accomplished its object, and some not +at all. Nothing is known regarding the hero. The +bird is frequently the messenger between lovers in +ballad literature, but it is seldom that it is found +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_234' name='page_234'></a>234</span> +carrying letters between a mother and her son—indeed, +this is perhaps the only instance known.</p> +<h3><i>The Marriage-Girdle</i></h3> +<p>This ballad has reference to the Breton expedition +which sailed for Wales in 1405 to assist the Welsh +under Owen Glendower to free their principality from +the English yoke. The Bretons rendered material +assistance to their Welsh brothers, and had the satisfaction +on their return of knowing that they had +accomplished that which no French king had ever +been able to achieve—the invasion of English territory. +The expedition was commanded by Jean de Rieux, +Marshal of France, and numbered ten thousand +men.</p> +<p>The ballad tells how a young man on the morning after +his betrothal received orders to join the standard of +de Rieux “to help the Bretons oversea.” It was with +bitterness in his heart, says the lover, that he entered +the house of his betrothed with the object of bidding +her farewell. He told her that duty called him, and +that he must go to serve in England. At this her tears +gushed forth, and she begged him not to go, reminding +him how changeful was the wind and how perfidious +the sea.</p> +<p>“Alas!” said she, “if you die what shall I do? In my +impatience to have news of you my heart will break. I +shall wander by the seashore, from one cottage to another, +asking the sailors if they have heard tell of you.”</p> +<p>“Be comforted, Aloïda,” said her lover, “and do not +weep on my account. I will send you a girdle from +over the sea, a girdle of purple set with rubies.”</p> +<p>They parted at daybreak, he to embark on the sea, she +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_235' name='page_235'></a>235</span> +to weep, and as he sought his ship he could hear the +magpies cackle: “If the sea is changeable women are +even more so.”</p> +<p>When the autumn had arrived the young girl said: “I +have looked far over the sea from the heights of the +mountains of Arez. I have seen upon the waters a +ship in danger, and I feel that upon it was him whom I +love. He held a sword in his hand, he was engaged in +a terrible combat, he was wounded to death and his +garments were covered with blood. I am certain that +he is dead.”</p> +<p>And before many weeks had passed she was affianced +to another.</p> +<p>Then good news arrived in the land. The war was +finished and the cavalier returned to his home with a +gay heart. No sooner had he refreshed himself than +he went to seek his beloved. As he approached her +dwelling he heard the sound of music, and observed +that every window in the house was illuminated as if +for a festival. He asked some revellers whom he met +outside the cause of this merrymaking, and was told +that a wedding was proceeding.</p> +<p>It is the custom in Brittany to invite beggars to a +wedding, and when these were now admitted one of +them asked hospitality for the night. This was at once +granted him, but he sat apart, sad and silent. The +bride, observing this, approached him and asked him +why he did not join in the feasting. He replied that +he was weary with travel and that his heart was heavy +with sorrow. Desirous that the marriage festivities +should not flag, the bride asked him to join her in the +dance, and he accepted the invitation, saying, however, +that it was an honour he did not merit.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_236' name='page_236'></a>236</span></div> +<p>Now while they danced he came close to her and +murmured in her ear:</p> +<p>“What have you done with the golden ring that you +received from me at the door of this very house?”</p> +<p>The bride stared at him in wild dismay. “Oh, heaven,” +she cried, “behold, I have now two husbands! I who +thought I was a widow!”</p> +<p>“You think wrongly, <i>ma belle</i>,” hissed the beggar; +“you will have no husband this side of the grave,” +and drawing a dagger from under his cloak he struck +the lady to the heart.</p> +<p>In the abbey of Daoulas there is a statue of the Virgin +decorated with a splendid girdle of purple sparkling +with rubies, which came from across the sea. If you +desire to know who gave it to her, ask of a repentant +monk who lies prostrate on the grass before the figure +of the Mother of God.</p> +<p>It is strange that the faithless damsel should have +alleged that she saw her lover perish in a naval combat +when in the very year to which the circumstances of +the ballad refer (1405) a Breton fleet encountered and +defeated an English flotilla several leagues from Brest. +“The combat was terrible,” says a historian of the +Dukes of Burgundy, “and was animated by the ancient +hate between the English and the Bretons.” Perhaps +it was in this sea-fight that the lady beheld her lover; +and if, as she thought, he was slain, she scarcely +deserves the odium which the balladeer has cast upon +her memory.</p> +<h3><i>The Combat of Saint-Cast</i></h3> +<p>This ballad somewhat belies its name, for it has some +relation to an extraordinary incident which was the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_237' name='page_237'></a>237</span> +means rather of preventing than precipitating a battle. +In 1758 a British army was landed upon the shores of +Brittany with the object of securing for British merchant +ships safety in the navigation of the Channel and of +creating a diversion in favour of the German forces, +then our allies. A company of men from Lower +Brittany, from the towns of Tréguier and Saint-Pol-de-Léon, +says Villemarqué, were marching against a +detachment of Scottish Highlanders. When at a +distance of about a mile the Bretons could hear their +enemies singing a national song. At once they halted +stupefied, for the air was one well known to them, +which they were accustomed to hear almost every +day of their lives. Electrified by the music, which +spoke to their hearts, they arose in their enthusiasm +and themselves sang the patriotic refrain. It was the +Highlanders’ turn to be silent. All this time the two +companies were nearing one another, and when at a +suitable distance their respective officers commanded +them to fire; but the orders were given, says the +tradition, “in the same language,” and the soldiers on +both sides stood stock-still. Their inaction, however, +lasted but a moment, for emotion carried away all +discipline, the arms fell from their hands, and the +descendants of the ancient Celts renewed on the field +of battle those ties of brotherhood which had once united +their fathers.</p> +<p>However unlikely this incident may seem, it appears to +be confirmed by tradition, if not by history. The air +which the rival Celts sang is, says Villemarqué,<a name='FNanchor_0049' id='FNanchor_0049'></a><a href='#Footnote_0049' class='fnanchor'>[49]</a> common +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_238' name='page_238'></a>238</span> +to both Brittany and “the Highlands of Scotland.” +With the music before me, it seems to bear a marked +resemblance to The <i>Garb of Old Gaul</i>, composed by +General Reid (1721-1807). Perhaps Reid, who was a +Highlander, based his stirring march on an older Celtic +theme common to both lands.</p> +<h3><i>The Song of the Pilot</i></h3> +<p>One of the most famous of Breton nautical traditions +tells of the chivalry displayed by a Breton crew +toward the men of a British warship. During the +American War of Independence much enthusiasm +was excited in France in connexion with the valiant +struggle for liberty in which the American colonies were +engaged. A number of Breton ships received letters of +marque enabling them to fight on the American side +against Great Britain, and these attempted to blockade +British commerce. The <i>Surveillante</i>, a Breton vessel +commanded by Couédic de Kergoaler, encountered the +British ship <i>Quebec</i>, commanded by Captain Farmer. +In the course of the action the <i>Surveillante</i> was nearly +sunk by the British cannonade and the <i>Quebec</i> went +on fire. But Breton and Briton, laying aside their +swords, worked together with such goodwill that most +of the British crew were rescued and the <i>Surveillante</i> +was saved, although the <i>Quebec</i> was lost, and this +notwithstanding that nearly every man of both crews +had been wounded in the fighting.</p> +<p>I have here attempted a very free translation of the +stirring ballad which relates this noteworthy incident, +which cannot but be of interest at such a time as the +present.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_239' name='page_239'></a>239</span></div> +<h4>THE SONG OF THE PILOT</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Yo ho, ye men of Sulniac!</p> +<p>We ship to-day at Vannes,</p> +<p>We sail upon a glorious track</p> +<p>To seek an Englishman.</p> +<p>Our saucy sloop the <i>Surveillante</i></p> +<p>Must keep the seaways clear</p> +<p>From Ushant in the north to Nantes:</p> +<p>Aboard her, timoneer!</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>See, yonder is the British craft</p> +<p>That seeks to break blockade;</p> +<p>St George’s banner floats abaft</p> +<p>Her lowering carronade.</p> +<p>A flash! and lo, her thunder speaks,</p> +<p>Her iron tempest flies</p> +<p>Beneath her bows, and seaward breaks,</p> +<p>And hissing sinks and dies.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Thunder replied to thunder; then</p> +<p>The ships rasped side by side,</p> +<p>The battle-hungry Breton men</p> +<p>A boarding sally tried,</p> +<p>But the stern steel of Britain flashed,</p> +<p>And spite of Breton vaunt</p> +<p>The lads of Morbihan were dashed</p> +<p>Back on the <i>Surveillante</i>.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Then was a grim encounter seen</p> +<p>Upon the seas that day.</p> +<p>Who yields when there is strife between</p> +<p>Britain and Brittany?</p> +<p>Shall Lesser Britain rule the waves</p> +<p>And check Britannia’s pride?</p> +<p>Not while her frigate’s oaken staves</p> +<p>Still cleave unto her side!</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>But hold! hold! see, devouring fire</p> +<p>Has seized the stout <i>Quebec</i>.</p> +<p>The seething sea runs high and higher,</p> +<p>The <i>Surveillante’s</i> a wreck.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_240' name='page_240'></a>240</span></p> +<p>Their cannon-shot has breached our side,</p> +<p>Our bolts have fired the foe.</p> +<p>Quick, to the pumps! No longer bide!</p> +<p>Below, my lads! below!</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>The yawning leak is filled, the sea</p> +<p>Is cheated of its prey.</p> +<p>Now Bretons, let the Britons see</p> +<p>The heart of Brittany!</p> +<p>Brothers, we come to save, our swords</p> +<p>Are sheathed, our hands are free.</p> +<p>There is a fiercer fight toward,</p> +<p>A fiercer foe than we!</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>A long sea-day, till sank the sun,</p> +<p>Briton and Breton wrought,</p> +<p>And Great and Little Britain won</p> +<p>The noblest fight ere fought.</p> +<p>It was a sailors’ victory</p> +<p>O’er pride and sordid gain.</p> +<p>God grant for ever peace at sea</p> +<p>Between the Britains twain!</p> +</div></div> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_241' name='page_241'></a>241</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_IX_THE_BLACK_ART_AND_ITS_MINISTERS' id='CHAPTER_IX_THE_BLACK_ART_AND_ITS_MINISTERS'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER IX: THE BLACK ART AND ITS MINISTERS</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">Sorcery</span> is a very present power in most isolated +communities, and in the civilized portions of +Brittany it is but a thing of yesterday, while in +the more secluded departments it is very much a thing +of to-day. The old folk can recall the time when the +farm, the dairy, and the field were ever in peril of the +spell, the enchantment, the noxious beam of the evil +eye, and tales of many a “devilish cantrip sleight,” as +Burns happily characterized the activity of the witch +and the wizard, were told in hushed voices at the Breton +fireside when the winter wind blew cold from the cruel +sea and the heaped faggots sent the red glow of fire-warmth +athwart the thick shadows of the great farm +kitchen, and old and young from grandsire to herd-boy +made a great circle to hearken to the creepy tales so +dear to the Breton heart.</p> +<p>As in the East, where to refuse baksheesh is to lay +oneself open to the curse of the evil eye, the beggar +was regarded as the chief possessor of this bespelling +member. The guild of tattered wanderers naturally +nourished this superstition, and to permit one of its +members to hobble off muttering threats or curses was +looked upon as suicidal. Indeed, the mendicants were +wont to boast of their feats of sorcery to the terrified +peasants, who hastened to placate them by all the means +in their power.</p> +<p>Certain villages, too, appear to have possessed an evil +reputation among the country-folk as the dwelling-places +of magicians, centres of sorcery, which it was +advisable to shun. Thus we read in Breton proverb +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_242' name='page_242'></a>242</span> +of the sorcerers of Fougères, of Trèves, of Concoret, +of Lézat.</p> +<p>The strangest circumstances were connected with the +phenomena of sorcery by the credulous Bretons. +Thus, did a peasant join a dance of witches, the sabots +he had on would be worn out in the course of the +merrymaking. A churn of turned butter, a sour pail +of milk, were certain to be accounted for by sorcery. +In a certain village of Moncontour the cows, the dog, +even the harmless, necessary cat, died off, and the +farmer hastened to consult a diviner, who advised him +to throw milk in the fire and recite certain prayers. +The farmer obeyed and the spell was broken!</p> +<p>In the town of Rennes about fifty years ago dwelt a +knowing fellow called Robert, a very ‘witch-doctor,’ +who investigated cases of sorcery and undertook the +dissipation of enchantments. On a certain large farm +the milk would yield no butter. An agricultural expert +might have hinted at poor pasturage, but the farmer +and his wife had other views as to the cause of the +‘insufficiency of fats,’ as an analyst would say, in the +lacteal output of the establishment. Straightway they +betook themselves to the mysterious Robert, who +on arriving to investigate the affair was attired in a +skin dyed in two colours. He held in leash a large +black dog, evidently his familiar. He exorcized the +dairy, and went through a number of strange ceremonies. +Then, turning to the awestruck farm hands, +he said:</p> +<p>“You may now proceed with your work. The spell +is raised. It has been a slow business. I must go +now, but don’t be afraid if you see anything odd.”</p> +<p>With these words he whistled, and a great black horse +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_243' name='page_243'></a>243</span> +at once appeared as if from nowhere. Placing his hand +on its crupper, he vaulted into the saddle, bade good-bye +to the astonished rustics, and while they gazed at him +open-mouthed, vanished ‘like a flash.’</p> +<p>Many kinds of amulets or talismans were used by the +Breton peasantry to neutralize the power of sorcerers. +Thus, if a person carried a snake with him the enchanters +would be unable to harm his sight, and all +objects would appear to him under their natural forms. +Salt placed in various parts of a house guarded it +against the entrance of wizards and rendered their +spells void.</p> +<p>But many consulted the witch and the sorcerer for their +personal advantage, in affairs of the heart, to obtain a +number in the casting of lots for conscription which would +free them from military service, and so forth; and, as +in other countries, there grew up a class of middlemen +between the human and the supernatural who posed as +fortune-tellers, astrologers, and quack mediciners.</p> +<p>It was said that sorcerers were wont to meet at the +many Roches aux Fées in Brittany at fixed periods in +order to deliberate as to their actions and settle their +affairs. If anyone, it was declared, wandered into their +circle or was caught by them listening to their secret +conclave he seldom lived long. Others, terrified at the +sight presented by the gleaming eyes of the cat-sorcerers, +blazing like live coals, fled incontinently from their +presence, and found that in the morning the hair of +their heads had turned white with the dread experience. +Long afterward they would sit by the fireside trembling +visibly at nothing, and when interrogated regarding +their very evident fears would only groan and bury their +faces in their hands.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_244' name='page_244'></a>244</span></div> +<p>A story is told of one, Jean Foucault, who one moonlight +night had, like Tam o’ Shanter, sat overlong</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Fast by an ingle bleezin’ finely,</p> +<p>Wi’ reaming swats that drank divinely,</p> +</div></div> +<p>where the cider was as good as the company, and, +issuing at midnight’s weary hour from his favourite inn, +was not in a mood to run away from anything, however +fearsome. Walking, or rather rolling, across the moor +singing the burden of the last catch he had trolled with +his fellows at the ale-house, all on a sudden he stumbled +into a circle of sorcerer-cats squatting around a cross of +stone. They were of immense size and of all colours, +black, grey, white, tortoise-shell, and when he beheld +them seated round the crucifix, their eyes darting fire +and the hair bristling on their backs, his song died +upon his lips and all his bellicose feelings, like those +of Bob Acres, leaked out at his finger-tips. On +catching sight of him the animals set up a horrible +caterwauling that made the blood freeze in his veins. +For an awful moment the angry cats glared at him +with death in their looks, and seemed as if about to +spring upon him. Giving himself up for lost, he closed +his eyes. But about his feet he could hear a strange +purring, and, glancing downward, he beheld his own +domestic puss fawning upon him with every sign of +affection.</p> +<p>“Pass my master, Jean Foucault,” said the animal.</p> +<p>“It is well,” replied a great grey tom, whom Jean took +to be the leader; “pass on, Jean Foucault.”</p> +<p>And Jean, the cider fumes in his head quite dissipated, +staggered away, more dead than alive.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_245' name='page_245'></a>245</span></div> +<h3><i>Druidic Magic</i></h3> +<p>The more ancient sorcerers of Brittany deserve a word +of notice. Magic among the Celtic peoples in olden +times was so clearly identified with Druidism that its +origin may be said to have been Druidic. Whether +Druidism was of Celtic origin, however, is a question +upon which much discussion has taken place, some +authorities, among them Rhys, believing it to have been +of non-Celtic and even non-Aryan origin, and holding +that the earliest non-Aryan or so-called Iberian people +of Britain introduced the Druidic religion to the immigrant +Celts. An argument advanced in favour of +this theory is that the Continental Celts sent their +neophyte Druid priests to Britain to undergo a special +training at the hands of the British Druids, and that +this island seems to have been regarded as the headquarters +of the cult. The people of Cisalpine Gaul, for +instance, had no Druidic priesthood. Cæsar has told +us that in Gaul Druidic seminaries were very numerous, +and that within their walls severe study and discipline +were entailed upon the neophytes, whose principal business +was to commit to memory countless verses enshrining +Druidic knowledge and tradition. That this +instruction was astrological and magical we have the +fullest proof.<a name='FNanchor_0050' id='FNanchor_0050'></a><a href='#Footnote_0050' class='fnanchor'>[50]</a></p> +<p>The Druids were magi as they were priests in the same +sense that the American Indian shaman is both magus +and priest. That is, they were medicine-men on a +higher scale, and had reached a loftier stage of transcendental +knowledge than the priest-magicians of more +barbarous races. Thus they may be said to be a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_246' name='page_246'></a>246</span> +link between the barbarian shaman and the magus of +medieval times. Many of their practices were purely +shamanistic, while others more closely resembled +medieval magical rite. But they were not the only +magicians of the Celts, for frequently among that people +we find magic power the possession of women and of the +poetic craft. The magic of Druidism had many points +of comparison with most magical systems, and perhaps +approximated more to that black magic which desires +power for the sake of power alone than to any transcendental +type. Thus it included the power to render +the magician invisible, to change his bodily shape, to +produce an enchanted sleep, to induce lunacy, and to +inflict death from afar.</p> +<p>The arts of rain-making, bringing down fire from +heaven, and causing mists, snow-storms, and floods +were also claimed for the Druids. Many of the spells +probably in use among them survived until a comparatively +late period, and are still employed in some remote +Celtic localities, the names of saints being substituted +for those of Celtic deities. Certain primitive ritual, too, +is still carried out in the vicinity of some megalithic +structures in Celtic areas, as at Dungiven, in Ireland, +where pilgrims wash before a great stone in the river +Roe and then walk round it, and in many parts of +Brittany.<a name='FNanchor_0051' id='FNanchor_0051'></a><a href='#Footnote_0051' class='fnanchor'>[51]</a></p> +<p>In pronouncing incantations the usual method employed +was to stand upon one leg and to point with the +forefinger to the person or object on which the spell +was to be laid, at the same time closing one eye, as if +to concentrate the force of the entire personality upon +that which was to be placed under ban. A manuscript +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_247' name='page_247'></a>247</span> +possessed by the monastery of St Gall, and dating from +the eighth or ninth century, includes magical formulæ +for the preservation of butter and the healing of certain +diseases in the name of the Irish god Diancecht. These +and others bear a close resemblance to Babylonian and +Etruscan spells, and thus go to strengthen the hypothesis +often put forward with more or less plausibility +that Druidism had an Eastern origin. At all magical +rites spells were uttered. Druids often accompanied an +army, to assist by their magical arts in confounding the +enemy.<a name='FNanchor_0052' id='FNanchor_0052'></a><a href='#Footnote_0052' class='fnanchor'>[52]</a></p> +<p>There is some proof that in Celtic areas survivals of +a Druidic priesthood have descended to our own time +in a more or less debased condition. Thus the existence +of guardians and keepers of wells said to possess magical +properties, and the fact that in certain families magical +spells and formulæ are handed down from one generation +to another, are so many proofs of the survival of Druidic +tradition, however feeble. Females are generally the +conservators of these mysteries, and that there were +Druid priestesses is fairly certain.</p> +<p>The sea-snake’s egg, or adder’s stone, which is so +frequently alluded to in Druidic magical tales, otherwise +called <i>Glain Neidr</i>, was said to have been formed, about +midsummer, by an assemblage of snakes. A bubble +formed on the head of one of them was blown by others +down the whole length of its back, and then, hardening, +became a crystal ring. It was used as one of the +insignia of the Archdruid, and was supposed to assist +in augury.</p> +<p>The <i>herbe d’or</i>, or ‘golden herb,’ was a medicinal plant +much in favour among the Breton peasantry. It is the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_248' name='page_248'></a>248</span> +<i>selago</i> of Pliny, which in Druidical times was gathered +with the utmost veneration by a hand enveloped with a +garment once worn by a sacred person. The owner of +the hand was arrayed in white, with bare feet, washed +in pure water. In after times the plant was thought to +shine from a distance like gold, and to give to those who +trod on it the power of understanding the language of +dogs, wolves, and birds.</p> +<p>These, with the mistletoe, the favourite Druidical plant, +the sorcerer is entreated, in an old balled, to lay aside, +to seek no more for vain enchantments, but to remember +that he is a Christian.</p> +<h3><i>Abélard and Héloïse</i></h3> +<p>The touching story of the love of Abélard and Héloïse +has found its way into Breton legend as a tale of +sorcery. Abélard was a Breton. The Duke of Brittany, +whose subject he was born, jealous of the glory of +France, which then engrossed all the most famous +scholars of Europe, and being, besides, acquainted with +the persecution Abélard had suffered from his enemies, +had nominated him to the Abbey of St Gildas, and, by +this benefaction and mark of his esteem, engaged him +to pass the rest of his days in his dominions. Abélard +received this favour with great joy, imagining that by +leaving France he would quench his passion for Héloïse +and gain a new peace of mind upon entering into his +new dignity.</p> +<p>The Abbey of St Gildas de Rhuys was founded on the +inaccessible coast near Vannes by St Gildas, a British +saint, the schoolfellow and friend of St Samson of Dol +and St Pol of Léon, and counted among its monks the +Saxon St Dunstan, who, carried by pirates from his +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_249' name='page_249'></a>249</span> +native isle, settled on the desolate shores of Brittany +and became, under the name of St Goustan, the patron +of mariners.</p> +<p>St Gildas built his abbey on the edge of a high, rocky +promontory, the site of an ancient Roman encampment, +called Grand Mont, facing the shore, where the sea has +formed numerous caverns in the rocks. The rocks are +composed chiefly of quartz, and are covered to a considerable +height with small mussels. Abélard, on his +appointment to the Abbey of St Gildas, made over +to Héloïse the celebrated abbey he had founded at +Nogent, near Troyes, which he called the Paraclete, or +Comforter, because he there found comfort and refreshment +after his troubles. With Nogent he was to leave +his peace. His gentle nature was unable to contend +against the coarse and unruly Breton monks. As +he writes in his well-known letter to Héloïse, setting +forth his griefs: “I inhabit a barbarous country where +the language is unknown to me. I have no dealings +with the ferocious inhabitants. I walk the inaccessible +borders of the stormy sea, and my monks have no other +rule than their own. I wish that you could see my +dwelling. You would not believe it an abbey. The +doors are ornamented only with the feet of deer, of +wolves and bears, boars, and the hideous skins of owls. +I find each day new perils. I expect at every moment +to see a sword suspended over my head.”</p> +<p>It is scarcely necessary to outline the history of Abélard. +Suffice it to say that he was one of the most brilliant +scholars and dialecticians of all time, possessing a +European reputation in his day. Falling in love with +Héloïse, niece of Fulbert, a canon of Paris, he awoke in +her a similar absorbing passion, which resulted in their +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_250' name='page_250'></a>250</span> +mutual disgrace and Abélard’s mutilation by the incensed +uncle. He and his Héloïse were buried in one tomb +at the Paraclete. The story of their love has been +immortalized by the world’s great poets and painters.</p> +<p>An ancient Breton ballad on the subject has been spoken +of as a “naïf and horrible” production, in which one +will find “a bizarre mixture of Druidic practice and +Christian superstition.” It describes Héloïse as a +sorceress of ferocious and sanguinary temper. Thus +can legend magnify and distort human failing! As its +presentation is important in the study of Breton folk-lore, +I give a very free translation of this ballad, in +which, at the same time, I have endeavoured to preserve +the atmosphere of the original.</p> +<h4>THE HYMN OF HÉLOÏSE</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>O Abélard, my Abélard,</p> +<p>Twelve summers have passed since first we kissed.</p> +<p>There is no love like that of a bard:</p> +<p>Who loves him lives in a golden mist!</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Nor word of French nor Roman tongue,</p> +<p>But only Brezonek could I speak,</p> +<p>When round my lover’s neck I hung</p> +<p>And heard the harmony of the Greek,</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>The march of Latin, the joy of French,</p> +<p>The valiance of the Hebrew speech,</p> +<p>The while its thirst my soul did quench</p> +<p>In the love-lore that he did teach.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>The bossed and bound Evangel’s tome</p> +<p>Is open to me as mine own soul,</p> +<p>But all the watered wine of Rome</p> +<p>Is weak beside the magic bowl.</p> +</div></div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_19' id='linki_19'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs19.jpg' alt='' title='' width='423' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +HÉLOÏSE AS SORCERESS<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_251' name='page_251'></a>251</span></div> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>The Mass I chant like any priest,</p> +<p>Can shrive the dying or bury the dead,</p> +<p>But dearer to me to raise the Beast</p> +<p>Or watch the gold in the furnace red.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>The wolf, the serpent, the crow, the owl,</p> +<p>The demons of sea, of field, of flood,</p> +<p>I can run or fly in their forms so foul,</p> +<p>They come at my call from wave or wood.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>I know a song that can raise the sea,</p> +<p>Can rouse the winds or shudder the earth,</p> +<p>Can darken the heavens terribly,</p> +<p>Can wake portents at a prince’s birth.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>The first dark drug that ever we sipped</p> +<p>Was brewed from toad and the eye of crow,</p> +<p>Slain in a mead when the moon had slipped</p> +<p>From heav’n to the fetid fogs below.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>I know a well as deep as death,</p> +<p>A gloom where I cull the frondent fern,</p> +<p>Whose seed with that of the golden heath</p> +<p>I mingle when mystic lore I’d learn.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>I gathered in dusk nine measures of rye,</p> +<p>Nine measures again, and brewed the twain</p> +<p>In a silver pot, while fitfully</p> +<p>The starlight struggled through the rain.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>I sought the serpent’s egg of power</p> +<p>In a dell hid low from the night and day:</p> +<p>It was shown to me in an awful hour</p> +<p>When the children of hell came out to play.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>I have three spirits—seeming snakes;</p> +<p>The youngest is six score years young,</p> +<p>The second rose from the nether lakes,</p> +<p>And the third was once Duke Satan’s tongue.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>The wild bird’s flesh is not their food,</p> +<p>No common umbles are their dole;</p> +<p>I nourish them well with infants’ blood,</p> +<p>Those precious vipers of my soul.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_252' name='page_252'></a>252</span></p> +<p>O Satan! grant me three years still,</p> +<p>But three short years, my love and I,</p> +<p>To work thy fierce, mysterious will,</p> +<p>Then gladly shall we yield and die.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Héloïse, wicked heart, beware!</p> +<p>Think on the dreadful day of wrath,</p> +<p>Think on thy soul; forbear, forbear!</p> +<p>The way thou tak’st is that of death!</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Thou craven priest, go, get thee hence!</p> +<p>No fear have I of fate so fell.</p> +<p>Go, suck the milk of innocence,</p> +<p>Leave me to quaff the wine of hell!</p> +</div></div> +<p>It is difficult to over-estimate the folk-lore value of +such a ballad as this. Its historical value is clearly +<i>nil</i>. We have no proof that Héloïse was a Breton; +but fantastic errors of this description are so well +known to the student of ballad literature that he is +able to discount them easily in gauging the value of a +piece.</p> +<p>In this weird composition the wretched abbess is described +as an alchemist as well as a sorceress, and she +descends to the depths of the lowest and most revolting +witchcraft. She practises shape-shifting and similar arts. +She has power over natural forces, and knows the past, +the present, and the things to be. She possesses +sufficient Druidic knowledge to permit her to gather +the greatly prized serpent’s egg, to acquire which was +the grand aim of the Celtic magician. The circumstances +of the ballad strongly recall those of the poem +in which the Welsh bard Taliesin recounts his magical +experiences, his metamorphoses, his knowledge of the +darker mysteries of nature.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_253' name='page_253'></a>253</span></div> +<h3><i>Nantes of the Magicians</i></h3> +<p>The poet is in accord with probability in making the +magical exploits of Abélard and Héloïse take place at +Nantes—a circumstance not indicated in the translation +owing to metrical exigencies. Nantes was, indeed, a +classic neighbourhood of sorcery. An ancient college +of Druidic priestesses was situated on one of the islands +at the mouth of the Loire, and the traditions of its +denizens had evidently been cherished by the inhabitants +of the city even as late as the middle of the fourteenth +century, for we find a bishop of the diocese at that period +obtaining a bull of excommunication against the local +sorcerers, and condemning them to the eternal fires with +bell, book, and candle.<a name='FNanchor_0053' id='FNanchor_0053'></a><a href='#Footnote_0053' class='fnanchor'>[53]</a></p> +<p>The poet, it is plain, has confounded poor Héloïse with +the dark sisterhood of the island of the Loire. The +learning she received from her gifted lover had been +her undoing in Breton eyes, for the simple folk of +the duchy at the period the ballad gained currency +could scarcely be expected to discriminate between a +training in rhetoric and philosophy and a schooling in +the <i>grimoires</i> and other accomplishments of the pit.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_254' name='page_254'></a>254</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_X_ARTHURIAN_ROMANCE_IN_BRITTANY' id='CHAPTER_X_ARTHURIAN_ROMANCE_IN_BRITTANY'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER X: ARTHURIAN ROMANCE IN BRITTANY</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">Fierce</span> and prolonged has been the debate as to +the original birthplace of Arthurian legend, authorities +of the first rank, the ‘Senior Wranglers’ of +the study, as Nutt has called them, hotly advancing +the several claims of Wales, England, Scotland, and +Brittany. In this place it would be neither fitting +nor necessary to traverse the whole ground of argument, +and we must content ourselves with the examination +of Brittany’s claim to the invention of Arthurian +story—and this we will do briefly, passing on to some +of the tales which relate the deeds of the King or his +knights on Breton soil.</p> +<p>Confining ourselves, then, to the proof of the existence +of a body of Arthurian legend in Brittany, we are, +perhaps, a little alarmed at the outset to find that our +manuscript sources are scanty. “It had to be acknowledged,” +says Professor Saintsbury, “that Brittany could +supply <i>no ancient texts whatever</i>, and hardly any ancient +traditions.”<a name='FNanchor_0054' id='FNanchor_0054'></a><a href='#Footnote_0054' class='fnanchor'>[54]</a> But are either of these conditions essential +to a belief in the Breton origin of Arthurian romance?</p> +<p>The two great hypotheses regarding Arthurian origins +have been dubbed the ‘Continental’ and the ‘Insular’ +theories. The first has as its leading protagonist Professor +Wendelin Förster of Bonn, who believes that the +immigrant Britons brought the Arthur legend with them +to Brittany and that the Normans of Normandy received +it from their descendants and gave it wider territorial +scope. The second school, headed by the brilliant +M. Gaston Paris, believes that it originated in Wales.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_255' name='page_255'></a>255</span></div> +<p>If we consider the first theory, then, we can readily see +that ancient <i>texts</i> are not essential to its acceptance. +In any case the entire body of Arthurian texts prior +to the twelfth century is so small as to be almost +negligible. The statement that “hardly any ancient +traditions” of the Arthurian legend exist in Brittany +is an extraordinary one. In view of the circumstances +that in extended passages of Arthurian story the scene +is laid in Brittany (as in the Merlin and Vivien incident +and the episode of Yseult of the White Hand in the +story of Tristrem), that Geoffrey of Monmouth speaks +of “the Breton book” from which he took his matter, +and that Marie de France states that her tales are drawn +from old Breton sources, not to admit the possible existence +of a body of Arthurian tradition in Brittany appears +capricious. Thomas’s <i>Sir Tristrem</i> is professedly based +on the poem of the Breton Bréri, and there is no reason +why Brittany, drawing sap and fibre as it did from +Britain, should not have produced Arthurian stories of +its own.</p> +<p>On the whole, however, that seems to represent the sum +of its pretensions as a main source of Arthurian romance. +The Arthurian story seems to be indigenous to British +soil, and if we trace the origin of certain episodes to +Brittany we may safely connect these with the early +British immigrants to the peninsula. This is not to +say, however, that Brittany did not influence Norman +appreciation of the Arthurian saga. But that it did so +more than did Wales is unlikely, in view of documentary +evidence. Both Wales and Brittany, then, supplied +matter which the Norman and French poets shaped +into verse, and if Brittany was not the birthplace of the +legend it was, in truth, one of its cradle-domains.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_256' name='page_256'></a>256</span></div> +<h3><i>The Sword of Arthur</i></h3> +<p>Let us collect, then, Arthurian incidents which take +place in Brittany. First, Arthur’s finding of the marvellous +sword Excalibur would seem to happen there, +as Vivien, or Nimue, the Lady of the Lake, was undoubtedly +a fairy of Breton origin who does not appear +in British myth.</p> +<p>For the manner in which Arthur acquired the renowned +Excalibur, or Caliburn, the <i>Morte d’Arthur</i> is the +authority. The King had broken his sword in two +pieces in a combat with Sir Pellinore of Wales, and +had been saved by Merlin, who threw Sir Pellinore +into an enchanted sleep.</p> +<p>“And so Merlin and Arthur departed, and as they rode +along King Arthur said, ‘I have no sword.’ ‘No +force,’<a name='FNanchor_0055' id='FNanchor_0055'></a><a href='#Footnote_0055' class='fnanchor'>[55]</a> said Merlin; ‘here is a sword that shall be +yours, an I may.’ So they rode till they came to a lake, +which was a fair water and a broad; and in the midst +of the lake King Arthur was aware of an arm clothed +in white samite, that held a fair sword in the hand. +‘Lo,’ said Merlin unto the King, ‘yonder is the sword +that I spoke of.’ With that they saw a damsel going +upon the lake. ‘What damsel is that?’ said the King. +‘That is the Lady of the Lake,’ said Merlin; ‘and +within that lake is a rock, and therein is as fair a place +as any on earth, and richly beseen; and this damsel will +come to you anon, and then speak fair to her that she +will give you that sword.’ Therewith came the damsel +to King Arthur and saluted him, and he her again. +‘Damsel,’ said the King, ‘what sword is that which the +arm holdeth yonder above the water? I would it were +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_257' name='page_257'></a>257</span> +mine, for I have no sword.’ ‘Sir King,’ said the damsel +of the lake, ‘that sword is mine, and if ye will give me +a gift when I ask it you, ye shall have it.’ ‘By my faith,’ +said King Arthur, ‘I will give you any gift that you will +ask or desire.’ ‘Well,’ said the damsel, ‘go into yonder +barge, and row yourself unto the sword, and take it and +the scabbard with you; and I will ask my gift when I +see my time.’ So King Arthur and Merlin alighted, +tied their horses to two trees, and so they went into the +barge. And when they came to the sword that the hand +held, King Arthur took it up by the handles, and took +it with him, and the arm and the hand went under the +water; and so came to the land and rode forth. King +Arthur looked upon the sword, and liked it passing +well. ‘Whether liketh you better,’ said Merlin, ‘the +sword or the scabbard?’ ‘Me liketh better the sword,’ +said King Arthur. ‘Ye are more unwise,’ said Merlin, +‘for the scabbard is worth ten of the sword; for while +ye have the scabbard upon you, ye shall lose no blood, +be ye never so sore wounded; therefore keep well the +scabbard alway with you.’”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_20' id='linki_20'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs20.jpg' alt='' title='' width='417' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +KING ARTHUR AND MERLIN AT THE LAKE<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Sir Lancelot du Lac, son of King Ban of Benwik, was +stolen and brought up by the Lady of the Lake, from +whose enchanted realm he took his name. But he does +not appear at all in true Celtic legend, and is a mere +Norman new-comer.</p> +<h3><i>Tristrem and Ysonde</i></h3> +<p>Following the Arthurian ‘chronology’ as set forth in +the <i>Morte d’Arthur</i>, we reach the great episode of Sir +Tristrem of Lyonesse, a legendary country off the coast +of Cornwall. This most romantic yet most human tale +must be accounted one of the world’s supreme love +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_258' name='page_258'></a>258</span> +stories. It has inspired some of our greatest poets, and +moved Richard Wagner to the composition of a splendid +opera.</p> +<p>One of the first to bring this literary treasure to public +notice was Sir Walter Scott, who felt a strong chord +vibrate in his romantic soul when perusing that version +of the tale of which Thomas of Ercildoune is the +reputed author. Taking this as the best and most +ancient version of <i>Tristrem</i>, we may detail its circumstances +as follows:</p> +<p>The Duke Morgan and Roland Rise, Lord of Ermonie, +two Cymric chieftains, had long been at feud, and at +length the smouldering embers of enmity burst into open +flame. In the contest that ensued the doughty Roland +prevailed, but he was a generous foe, and granted +a seven years’ truce to his defeated adversary. Some +time after this event Roland journeyed into Cornwall +to the Court of Mark, where he carried off the honours +in a tourney. But he was to win a more precious +prize in the love of the fair Princess Blancheflour, sister +of King Mark, who grew to adore him passionately.</p> +<p>Meanwhile Duke Morgan took foul advantage of the +absence of Roland, and invaded his land. Rohand, a +trusty vassal of Roland, repaired to Cornwall, where he +sought out his master and told him of Morgan’s broken +faith. Then Roland told Blancheflour of his plight, +how that he must return to his own realm, and she, +fearing her brother Mark, because she had given her +love to Roland without the King’s knowledge, resolved +to fly with her lover. The pair left Cornwall hurriedly, +and, reaching one of Roland’s castles, were wed there. +Roland, however, had soon to don his armour, for news +was brought to him that Duke Morgan was coming +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_259' name='page_259'></a>259</span> +against him with a great army. A fierce battle ensued, +in which Roland at first had the advantage, but the +Duke, being reinforced, pressed him hotly, and in the +end Roland was defeated and slain. Blancheflour +received news of her lord’s death immediately before +the birth of her son, and, sore stricken by the woeful +news, she named him Tristrem, or ‘Child of Sorrow.’ +Then, recommending him to the care of Rohand, to +whom she gave a ring which had belonged to King +Mark, her brother, to prove Tristrem’s relationship to +that prince, she expired, to the intense grief of all her +attendants. To secure the safety of his ward, Rohand +passed him off as his own child, inverting the form of +his name to ‘Tremtris.’ Duke Morgan now ruled +over the land of Ermonie, and Rohand had perforce to +pay him a constrained homage.</p> +<p>When he arrived at a fitting age Tristrem was duly +instructed in all knightly games and exercises by his +foster-father, and grew apace in strength and skill. +Once a Norwegian vessel arrived upon the coast of +Ermonie laden with a freight of hawks and treasure +(hawks at that period were often worth their weight +in gold). The captain challenged anyone to a game of +chess with him for a stake of twenty shillings, and +Rohand and his sons, with Tristrem, went on board +to play with him. Tristrem moved so skilfully that +he overcame the captain, and won from him, in many +games, six hawks and the sum of a hundred pounds. +While the games were proceeding Rohand went on +shore, leaving Tristrem in the care of his preceptor, +and the false captain, to avoid paying what he had lost, +forced the preceptor to go on shore alone and put to sea +with the young noble.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_260' name='page_260'></a>260</span></div> +<p>The ship had no sooner sailed away than a furious gale +arose, and as it continued for some days the mariners +became convinced that the tempest was due to the +injustice of their captain, and being in sore dread, they +paid Tristrem his winnings and set him ashore. Dressed +in a robe of ‘blihand brown’ (blue-brown), Tristrem +found himself alone on a rocky beach. First he knelt +and requested Divine protection, after which he ate +some food which had been left him by the Norwegians, +and started to journey through a forest, in which he +encountered two palmers, who told him that he was in +Cornwall. He offered these men gold to guide him to +the Court of the king of the country, which they willingly +undertook to do. On their way the travellers fell in +with a hunting party of nobles, and Tristrem was +shocked to see the awkward manner in which the huntsmen +cut up some stags they had slain. He could not +restrain his feeling, and disputed with the nobles upon +the laws of venerie. Then he proceeded to skin a buck +for their instruction, like a right good forester, and ended +by blowing the <i>mort</i> or death-token on a horn.</p> +<h3><i>Tristrem as Forester</i></h3> +<p>The nobles who beheld his skill were amazed, and +speedily carried the news to King Mark, who was highly +interested. Tristrem was brought to his presence and +told his story, but Mark did not recognize that he was +speaking to his own nephew. The King’s favourable +impression was confirmed by Tristrem’s skill in playing +the harp, and soon the youth had endeared himself to the +heart of the King, and was firmly settled at the Court.</p> +<p>Meanwhile Rohand, distracted by the loss of his foster-son, +searched for him from one land to another without +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_261' name='page_261'></a>261</span> +even renewing his tattered garments. At last he encountered +one of the palmers who had guided Tristrem +to the Court of King Mark, and learned of the great +honour accorded to his ward. At Rohand’s request the +palmer took him to Mark’s hall; but when Rohand +arrived thither his tattered and forlorn appearance +aroused the contempt of the porter and usher and they +refused him entrance. Upon bestowing liberal largess, +however, he was at length brought to Tristrem, who +presented him to King Mark as his father, acquainting +him at the same time with the cause of their separation. +When Rohand had been refreshed by a bath, and +richly attired by order of King Mark, the whole Court +marvelled at his majestic appearance.</p> +<p>Rohand, seated by King Mark’s side at the banquet, +imparted to him the secret of Tristrem’s birth, and in +proof showed him the ring given him by Blancheflour, +whereupon Mark at once joyfully recognized Tristrem +as his nephew. Rohand further told of the tragic fate +of Tristrem’s parents through the treachery of Duke +Morgan, and Tristrem, fired by the tale of wrong, vowed +to return at once to Ermonie to avenge his father’s +death.</p> +<h3><i>Tristrem Returns to Ermonie</i></h3> +<p>Although applauding his pious intention, Mark attempted +to dissuade his nephew from such an enterprise of peril, +until, seeing that Tristrem would not be gainsaid, the +King conferred upon him the honour of knighthood, +and furnished him with a thousand men-at-arms. Thus +equipped, Tristrem set sail for Ermonie, and, safely +arrived in that kingdom, he garrisoned Rohand’s castle +with his Cornish forces.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_262' name='page_262'></a>262</span></div> +<p>He had no intention of remaining inactive, however, +and once his men were cared for, he repaired to the Court +of the usurper, Duke Morgan, accompanied by fifteen +knights, each bearing a boar’s head as a gift. But +Rohand, apprehending rashness on the part of his foster-son, +took the precaution of following with the Cornish +men-at-arms and his own vassals.</p> +<p>When Tristrem arrived the Duke was at the feast-board, +and he demanded Tristrem’s name and business. +Tristrem boldly declared himself, and at the end of an +angry parley the Duke struck him a sore blow. A +moment later swords were flashing, and it might have +gone ill with Tristrem had not Rohand with his men +come up in the nick of time. In the end Duke Morgan +was slain and his followers routed. Having now +recovered his paternal domains Sir Tristrem conferred +them upon Rohand, to be held of himself as liege lord, +and having done so he took leave of his foster-father and +returned to Cornwall.</p> +<h3><i>The Combat with Moraunt</i></h3> +<p>On arriving at the palace of Mark, Tristrem found the +Court in dismay, because of a demand for tribute made +by the King of England. Moraunt, the Irish ambassador +to England, was charged with the duty of claiming the +tribute, which was no less than three hundred pounds +of gold, as many of coined silver, as many of tin, and a +levy every fourth year of three hundred Cornish children. +Mark protested bitterly, and Tristrem urged him to bid +defiance to the English, swearing that he would himself +defend the freedom of Cornwall. His aid was +reluctantly accepted by the Grand Council, and he +delivered to Moraunt a declaration that no tribute was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_263' name='page_263'></a>263</span> +due. Moraunt retorted by giving Tristrem the lie, and +the champions exchanged defiance. They sailed in +separate boats to a small island to decide the issue +in single combat, and when they had landed Tristrem +turned his boat adrift, saying sternly that one vessel +would suffice to take back the victor. The champions +mounted their steeds at the outset, but after the first +encounter Tristrem, leaping lightly from the saddle, +engaged his adversary on foot. The Knight of Ermonie +was desperately wounded in the thigh, but, rallying all +his strength, he cleft Moraunt to the chine, and, his +sword splintering, a piece of the blade remained in the +wound.</p> +<p>Tristrem now returned to the mainland, where so great +was the joy over his return that he was appointed +heir to Cornwall and successor to Mark the Good. +But his wound, having been inflicted by a poisoned +blade, grew more grievous day by day. No leech +might cure it, and the evil odour arising from the +gangrene drove every one from his presence save his +faithful servitor Gouvernayl.</p> +<h3><i>Fytte the Second</i></h3> +<p>Fytte (or Part) the Second commences by telling how +Tristrem, forsaken by all, begged King Mark for a ship +that he might leave the land of Cornwall. Mark reluctantly +granted his request, and the luckless Tristrem +embarked with Gouvernayl, his one attendant, and his +harp as his only solace. He steered for Caerleon, and +remained nine weeks at sea, but meeting contrary winds +he was driven out of his course, and at length came to +the Irish coast, where he sought the haven of Dublin. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_264' name='page_264'></a>264</span> +On arriving there he feigned that he had been wounded +by pirates, and learning that he was in Ireland, and +recollecting that Moraunt, whom he had slain, was the +brother to the Queen of that land, he thought it wise +to assume once more the name of Tremtris.</p> +<p>Soon his fame as a minstrel reached the ears of the +Queen of Ireland, a lady deeply versed in the art +of healing. She was, indeed, “the best Couthe of +Medicine”<a name='FNanchor_0056' id='FNanchor_0056'></a><a href='#Footnote_0056' class='fnanchor'>[56]</a> Tristrem had seen, and in order to heal his +wound she applied to it “a plaster kene.” Later she +invited him to the Court, where his skill in chess and +games astonished every one. So interested in him did +the royal lady become at last that she undertook to cure +him, and effected her object by means of a medicated +bath and other medieval remedies. Then, on account +of his fame as a minstrel, he was given the task of +instructing the Princess Ysonde—as the name ‘Yseult’ +is written in this particular version.</p> +<p>This princess was much attached to minstrelsy and +poetry, and under the tuition of Tristrem she rapidly +advanced in these arts, until at length she had no equal +in Ireland save her preceptor. And now Tristrem, his +health restored, and having completed Ysonde’s instruction, +felt a strong desire to return to the Court of King +Mark. His request to be allowed to depart was most +unwillingly granted by the Queen, who at the leave-taking +loaded him with gifts. With the faithful Gouvernayl +he arrived safely in Cornwall, where Mark received +him joyfully. When the King inquired curiously how his +wound had been cured, Tristrem told him of the great +kindness of the Irish Queen, and praised Ysonde so +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_265' name='page_265'></a>265</span> +highly that the ardour of his uncle was aroused and +he requested Tristrem to procure him the hand of the +damsel in marriage. He assured Tristrem that no +marriage he, the King, might contract would annul the +arrangement whereby Tristrem was to succeed to the +throne of Cornwall. The nobles were opposed to +the King’s desires, which but strengthened Tristrem in +his resolve to undertake the embassage, for he thought +that otherwise it might appear that he desired the King +to remain unmarried.</p> +<h3><i>The Marriage Embassy</i></h3> +<p>With a retinue of fifteen knights Tristrem sailed to +Dublin in a ship richly laden with gifts. Arrived at +the Irish capital, he sent magnificent presents to the +King, Queen, and Princess, but did not announce the +nature of his errand. Hardly had his messengers +departed than he was informed that the people of +Dublin were panic-stricken at the approach of a terrible +dragon. This monster had so affrighted the neighbourhood +that the hand of the Princess had been offered to +anyone who would slay it. Tristrem dared his knights +to attack the dragon, but one and all declined, so he +himself rode out to give it battle. At the first shock +his lance broke on the monster’s impenetrable hide, his +horse was slain, and he was forced to continue the fight +on foot. At length, despite its fiery breath, he succeeded +in slaying the dragon, and cut out its tongue +as a trophy. But this exuded a subtle poison which +deprived him of his senses.</p> +<p>Thus overcome, Tristrem was discovered by the King’s +steward, who cut off the dragon’s head and returned +with it to Court to demand the hand of Ysonde. But +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_266' name='page_266'></a>266</span> +the Queen and her daughter were dubious of the man’s +story, and upon visiting the place where the dragon +had been slain, they came upon Tristrem himself. +Their ministrations revived him, and he showed them +the dragon’s tongue as proof that he had slain the dread +beast. He described himself as a merchant, and Ysonde, +who did not at first recognize him, expressed her regret +that he was not a knight. The Queen now caused him +to be conveyed to the palace, where he was refreshed +by a bath, and the false steward was cast into prison.</p> +<p>Meanwhile the suspicions of the Princess had been +aroused, and the belief grew that this ‘merchant’ who +had slain the dragon was none other than Tremtris, +her old instructor. In searching for evidence to confirm +this conjecture she examined his sword, from +which, she found, a piece had been broken. Now, she +possessed a fragment of a sword-blade which had been +taken out of the skull of Moraunt, her uncle, and she +discovered that this fragment fitted into the broken +place in Tristrem’s sword, wherefore she concluded that +the weapon must have been that which slew the Irish +ambassador. She reproached Tristrem, and in her +passion rushed upon him with his own sword. At +this instant her mother returned, and upon learning the +identity of Tristrem she was about to assist Ysonde +to slay him in his bath when the King arrived and +saved him from the infuriated women. Tristrem defended +himself as having killed Moraunt in fair fight, +and, smiling upon Ysonde, he told her that she had had +many opportunities of slaying him while he was her +preceptor Tremtris. He then proceeded to make +known the object of his embassy. He engaged that +his uncle, King Mark, should marry Ysonde, and it +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_267' name='page_267'></a>267</span> +was agreed that she should be sent under his escort +to Cornwall.</p> +<p>It is clear that the Queen’s knowledge of medicine was +accompanied by an acquaintance with the black art, for +on the eve of her daughter’s departure she entrusted +to Brengwain, a lady of Ysonde’s suite, a powerful +philtre or love potion, with directions that Mark and +his bride should partake of it on the night of their +marriage. While at sea the party met with contrary +winds, and the mariners were forced to take to their +oars. Tristrem exerted himself in rowing, and Ysonde, +remarking that he seemed much fatigued, called for +drink to refresh him. Brengwain, by a fateful error, +presented the cup which held the love potion. Both +Tristrem and Ysonde unwittingly partook of this, and +a favourite dog, Hodain,</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>That many a forest day of fiery mirth</p> +<p>Had plied his craft before them,<a name='FNanchor_0057' id='FNanchor_0057'></a><a href='#Footnote_0057' class='fnanchor'>[57]</a></p> +</div></div> +<p>licked the cup. The consequence of this mistake was, +of course, the awakening of a consuming passion each +for the other in Tristrem and Ysonde. A fortnight +later the ship arrived at Cornwall. Ysonde was duly +wed to King Mark, but her passion for Tristrem moved +her to induce her <a name='TC_5'></a><ins title="Was 'attendent'">attendant</ins> Brengwain to take her +place on the first night of her nuptials.</p> +<p>Afterward, terrified lest Brengwain should disclose +the secret in her possession, Ysonde hired two ruffians +to dispatch her. But the damsel’s entreaties softened +the hearts of the assassins and they spared her life. +Subsequently Ysonde repented of her action and Brengwain +was reinstated in full favour.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_268' name='page_268'></a>268</span></div> +<h3><i>The Minstrel’s Boon</i></h3> +<p>An Irish earl, a former admirer of Ysonde, arrived one +day at the Court of Cornwall disguised as a minstrel +and bearing a harp of curious workmanship, the appearance +of which excited the curiosity of King Mark, who +requested him to perform upon it. The visitor demanded +that the King should first promise to grant +him a boon, and the King having pledged his royal +word, the minstrel sang to the harp a lay in which he +claimed Ysonde as the promised gift.<a name='FNanchor_0058' id='FNanchor_0058'></a><a href='#Footnote_0058' class='fnanchor'>[58]</a> Mark, having +pledged his honour, had no alternative but to become +forsworn or to deliver his wife to the harper, and he +reluctantly complied with the minstrel’s demand. Tristrem, +who had been away hunting, returned immediately +after the adventurous earl had departed with his fair +prize. He upbraided the King for his extravagant +sense of honour, and, snatching up his rote, or harp, +hastened to the seashore, where Ysonde had already +embarked. There he sat down and played, and the +sound so deeply affected Ysonde that she became +seriously ill, so that the earl was induced to return with +her to land. Ysonde pretended that Tristrem’s music +was necessary to her recovery, and the earl, to whom +Tristrem was unknown, offered to take him in his train +to Ireland. The earl had dismounted from the horse +he was riding and was preparing to return on board, +when Tristrem sprang into the saddle, and, seizing +Ysonde’s horse by the bridle, plunged into the forest. +Here the lovers remained for a week, after which +Tristrem restored Ysonde to her husband.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_21' id='linki_21'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/col21.jpg' alt='' title='' width='413' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +TRISTREM AND YSONDE<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_269' name='page_269'></a>269</span></div> +<p>Not unnaturally suspicion was aroused regarding the +relations between Tristrem and Ysonde. Meriadok, a +knight of Cornwall, and an intimate friend of Tristrem, +was perhaps the most suspicious of all, and one snowy +evening he traced his friend to Ysonde’s bower, to +which Tristrem gained entrance by a sliding panel. In +this a piece of Tristrem’s green kirtle was left, and +Meriadok bore the fragment to the King, to whom he +unfolded his suspicions. To test the truth of these +Mark pretended that he was going on a pilgrimage to +the Holy Land, and asked his wife to whose care she +would wish to be committed. Ysonde at first named +Tristrem, but on the advice of Brengwain resumed the +subject later and feigned a mortal hatred for her lover, +which she ascribed to the scandal she had suffered on +his account. The fears of the simple Mark were thus +lulled to sleep; but those of Meriadok were by no +means laid at rest. On his advice Mark definitely +separated the lovers, confining Ysonde to a bower +and sending Tristrem to a neighbouring city. But +Tristrem succeeded in communicating with Ysonde +by means of leafy twigs thrown into the river which +ran through her garden, and they continued to meet.</p> +<p>Their interviews were, however, discovered by the aid +of a dwarf who concealed himself in a tree. One +night Mark took the dwarf’s place, but the lovers +were made aware of his presence by his shadow and +pretended to be quarrelling, Tristrem saying that +Ysonde had supplanted him in the King’s affections. +Mark’s suspicions were thus soothed for the time +being. On another occasion Tristrem was not so +fortunate, and, being discovered, was forced to flee +the country.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_270' name='page_270'></a>270</span></div> +<h3><i>The Ordeal by Fire</i></h3> +<p>Mark now resolved to test his wife’s innocence by the +dread ordeal by fire, and he journeyed with his Court +to Westminster, where the trial was to take place. +Tristrem, disguised as a peasant, joined the retinue, and +when the party arrived in the Thames he carried +Ysonde from the ship to the shore. When the moment +for the ordeal came the Queen protested her innocence, +saying that no man had ever laid hands upon her save +the King and the peasant who had carried her from the +ship. Mark, satisfied by her evident sincerity, refused +to proceed further with the trial, and Ysonde thus +escaped the awful test.</p> +<p>Tristrem then betook him to Wales, and the fame of +his prowess in that land came at length to Cornwall, so +that at last his uncle grew heavy at heart for his absence +and desired sight of him. Once more he returned, but +his fatal passion for Ysonde was not abated, and became +at length so grievous to the good King that he +banished both of the lovers from his sight. The two +fled to a forest, and there dwelt in a cavern, subsisting +upon venison, the spoil of Tristrem’s bow. One day, +weary with the chase, Tristrem lay down to rest by the +side of the sleeping Ysonde, placing his drawn sword +between them. Mark, passing that way, espied them, and +from the naked sword inferring their innocence, became +reconciled to them once more. But again suspicion +fell upon them, and again Tristrem was forced to flee.</p> +<h3><i>Tristrem in Brittany</i></h3> +<p>After many adventures in Spain Tristrem arrived in +Brittany, where he aided the Duke of that country with +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_271' name='page_271'></a>271</span> +his sword. The Duke’s daughter, known as Ysonde +of the White Hand, hearing him sing one night a song +of the beauty of Ysonde, thought that Tristrem was in +love with her. The Duke therefore offered Tristrem +his daughter’s hand, and, in despair of seeing Ysonde +of Ireland again, he accepted the honour. But on the +wedding-day the first Ysonde’s ring dropped from his +finger as if reproaching him with infidelity, and in deep +remorse he vowed that Ysonde of Brittany should be +his wife in name only.</p> +<p>Now the Duke of Brittany bestowed on Tristrem a fair +demesne divided by an arm of the sea from the land of +a powerful and savage giant named Beliagog, and he +warned his son-in-law not to incur the resentment of this +dangerous neighbour. But one day Tristrem’s hounds +strayed into the forest land of Beliagog, and their +master, following them, was confronted by the wrathful +owner. A long and cruel combat ensued, and at last +Tristrem lopped off one of the giant’s feet. Thereupon +the monster craved mercy, which was granted on +the condition that he should build a hall in honour of +Ysonde of Ireland and her maiden, Brengwain. This +hall was duly raised, and upon its walls was portrayed +to the life the whole history of Tristrem, with pictures +of Ysonde of Ireland, Brengwain, Mark, and other +characters in the tale. Tristrem, the Duke, Ysonde of +Brittany, and Ganhardin, her brother, were riding to see +this marvel when Ysonde confessed to Ganhardin that +Tristrem did not regard her as his wife. Ganhardin, +angered, questioned Tristrem, who concealed nothing +from him and recounted to him the story of his love +for the Queen of Cornwall. Ganhardin was deeply +interested, and on beholding the picture of Brengwain +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_272' name='page_272'></a>272</span> +in the newly erected hall he fell violently in love +with her.</p> +<h3><i>The Forest Lovers</i></h3> +<p>Tristrem now returned to Cornwall with Ganhardin, and +encountered Ysonde the Queen and the fair Brengwain. +But one Canados, the King’s Constable, discovered +them and carried the ladies back to Court. Ganhardin +made the best of his way home to Brittany, but Tristrem +remained in Cornwall, disguised as a beggar.</p> +<p>Our story now tells of a great tournament at the Cornish +Court, and how Ganhardin hied him from Brittany and +rejoined Tristrem. The two entered the lists and took +up the challenge of Meriadok and Canados. Tristrem, +tilting at his old enemy, wounded him desperately. +The issue of the combat between Canados and Ganhardin +hung in the balance when Tristrem, charging at the +Constable, overthrew and slew him. Then, fired with +the lust of conquest, Tristrem bore down upon his foes +and exacted a heavy toll of lives. So great was the +scathe done that day that Tristrem and Ganhardin +were forced once more to fly to Brittany, where in +an adventure Tristrem received an arrow in his old +wound.</p> +<h3><i>The French Manuscript</i></h3> +<p>At this point the Auchinleck MS., from which this +account is taken, breaks off, and the story is concluded, +in language similar to that of the original, by Sir Walter +Scott, who got his materials from an old French version +of the tale.</p> +<p>We read that Tristrem suffered sorely from his wound, +in which, as before, gangrene set in. Aware that none +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_273' name='page_273'></a>273</span> +but Ysonde of Ireland could cure him, the stricken +knight called Ganhardin to his side and urged him to +go with all speed to Cornwall and tell the Queen of his +mortal extremity. He entrusted him with his ring, and +finally requested the Breton knight to take with him two +sails, one white and the other black, the first to be +hoisted upon his return should Ysonde accompany him +back to Brittany, the sable sail to be raised should his +embassy fail of success. Now Ysonde of Brittany overheard +all that was said, her jealous fears were confirmed, +and she resolved to be revenged upon her husband.</p> +<p>Ganhardin voyaged quickly to Cornwall, and arrived at +the Court of King Mark disguised as a merchant. In +order to speed his mission he presented rich gifts to the +King, and also a cup to Ysonde, into which he dropped +Tristrem’s ring. This token procured him a private +audience with the Queen, and when she learned the +deadly peril of her lover, Ysonde hastily disguised +herself and fled to the ship with Ganhardin. In due +course the vessel arrived off the coast of Brittany, +carrying the white sail which was to signify to Tristrem +that Ysonde was hastening to his aid. But Ysonde of +Brittany was watching, and perceiving from the signal +that her rival was on board she hurried to her husband’s +couch. Tristrem begged her to tell him the colour of +the sail, and in the madness of jealousy Ysonde said +that it was black, upon which, believing himself forsaken +by his old love, the knight sank back and +expired.</p> +<p>Tristrem had scarce breathed his last when Ysonde +entered the castle. At the gate an old man was +mourning Tristrem’s death, and hearing the ominous +words which he uttered she hastened to the chamber +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_274' name='page_274'></a>274</span> +where the corpse of him she had loved so well was +lying. With a moan she cast herself upon the body, +covering the dead face with kisses and pleading upon +the silent lips to speak. Realizing at last that the spirit +had indeed quitted its mortal tenement, she raised +herself to her feet and stood for a moment gazing wildly +into the fixed and glassy eyes; then with a great cry +she fell forward upon the breast of her lover and was +united with him in death.</p> +<p>Other versions of the story, with all the wealth of +circumstance dear to the writer of romance, tell of the +grievous mourning made at the death of the lovers, +whom no fault of their own had doomed to the tyranny +of a mutual passion, and it is recounted that even King +Mark, wronged and shamed as he was, was unable to +repress his grief at their pitiful end.</p> +<p>Despite the clumsiness of much of its machinery, despite +its tiresome repetitions and its minor blemishes, this +tale of a grand passion must ever remain one of the +world’s priceless literary possessions. “Dull must he +be of soul” who, even in these days when folk no longer +expire from an excess of the tender passion, can fail to +be moved by the sad fate of the fair Queen and of her +gallant minstrel-knight.</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Swiche lovers als thei</p> +<p>Never schal be moe.</p> +</div></div> +<p>And so they take their place with Hero and Leander, +with Abélard and Héloïse, with Romeo and Juliet.</p> +<p>It would be unfitting here to tell how mythology +has claimed the story of Tristrem and Ysonde and has +attempted to show in what manner the circumstances +of their lives and adventures have been adapted to the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_275' name='page_275'></a>275</span> +old world-wide myth of the progress of the sun from +dawn to darkness.<a name='FNanchor_0059' id='FNanchor_0059'></a><a href='#Footnote_0059' class='fnanchor'>[59]</a> The evidence seems very complete, +and the theory is probably well founded. The circumstances +of the great epic of the sun-god fits most +hero-tales. And it is well to recollect that even if +romance-makers seized upon the plot of the old myth +they did so unconscious of its mythic significance, and +probably because it may have been employed in the +heroic literature of “Rome la grant.”</p> +<h3><i>The Giant of Mont-Saint-Michel</i></h3> +<p>It was when he arrived in Brittany to ward off the +projected invasion of England by the Roman Emperor +Lucius that King Arthur encountered and slew a giant +of “marvellous bigness” at St Michael’s Mount, near +Pontorson. This monster, who had come from Spain, +had made his lair on the summit of the rocky island, +whither he had carried off the Lady Helena, niece of +Duke Hoel of Brittany. Many were the knights who +surrounded the giant’s fastness, but none might come +at him, for when they attacked him he would sink their +ships by hurling mighty boulders upon them, while +those who succeeded in swimming to the island were +slain by him ere they could get a proper footing. But +Arthur, undismayed by what he had heard, waited until +nightfall; then, when all were asleep, with Kay the +seneschal and Bedivere the butler, he started on his +way to the Mount.</p> +<p>As the three approached the rugged height they beheld +a fire blazing brightly on its summit, and saw also that +upon a lesser eminence in the sea some distance away +a smaller fire was burning. Bedivere was dispatched +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_276' name='page_276'></a>276</span> +in a boat to discover who had lit the fire on the smaller +island. Having landed there, he found an old woman +lamenting loudly.</p> +<p>“Good mother,” said he, “wherefore do you mourn? +What has befallen you in this place that you weep so +sorely?”</p> +<p>“Ah, young sir,” replied the dame, drying her tears, +“get thee back from this place, I beseech thee, for as +thou livest the monster who inhabits yonder mount will +rend thee limb from limb and sup on thy flesh. But +yesterday I was the nurse of the fair Helena, niece to +Duke Hoel, who lies buried here by me.”</p> +<p>“Alas! then, the lady is no more?” cried Bedivere, in +distress.</p> +<p>“So it is,” replied the old woman, weeping more bitterly +than ever, “for when that accursed giant did seize upon +her terror did so overcome her that her spirit took flight. +But tarry not on this dread spot, noble youth, for if her +fierce slayer should encounter thee he will put thee to a +shameful death, and afterward devour thee as is his wont +with all those whom he kills.”</p> +<p>Bedivere comforted the old woman as best he might, +and, returning to Arthur, told him what he had heard. +Now on hearing of the damsel’s death great anger took +hold upon the King, so that he resolved to search out +the giant forthwith and slay or be slain by him. Desiring +Kay and Bedivere to follow, he dismounted and commenced +to climb St Michael’s Mount, closely attended +by his companions.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_22' id='linki_22'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs22.jpg' alt='' title='' width='422' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +KING ARTHUR AND THE GIANT OF MONT-SAINT-MICHEL<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>On reaching the summit a gruesome spectacle awaited +them. The great fire that they had seen in the distance +was blazing fiercely, and bending over it was the giant, +his cruel and contorted features besmeared with the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_277' name='page_277'></a>277</span> +blood of swine, portions of which he was toasting on +spits. Startled at the sight of the knights, the monster +rushed to where his club lay. This purpose Arthur +deemed he might prevent, and, covering himself with +his shield, he ran at him while yet he fumbled for the +weapon. But with all his agility he was too late, for +the giant seized the mighty sapling and, whirling it in +the air, brought it down on the King’s shield with such +force that the sound of the stroke echoed afar. Nothing +daunted, Arthur dealt a trenchant stroke with Excalibur, +and gave the giant a cut on the forehead which made the +blood gush forth over his eyes so as nearly to blind him. +But shrewd as was the blow, the giant had warded his +forehead with his club in such wise that he had not +received a deadly wound, and, watching his chance with +great cunning, he rushed in within the sweep of Arthur’s +sword, gripped him round the middle, and forced him +to the ground.</p> +<p>Iron indeed would have been the grasp which could +have held a knight so doughty as Arthur. Slipping +from the monster’s clutches, the King hacked at his +adversary now in one place, now in another, till at +length he smote the giant so mightily that Excalibur +was buried deep in his brain-pan. The giant fell like +an oak torn up by the roots in the fury of the winds. +Rushing up as he crashed to the earth, Sir Bedivere +struck off the hideous head, grinning in death, to be +a show to those in the tents below.</p> +<p>“But let them behold it in silence and without laughter,” +the King charged Sir Bedivere, “for never since I slew +the giant Ritho upon Mount Eryri have I encountered +so mighty an adversary.”</p> +<p>And so they returned to their tents with daybreak.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_278' name='page_278'></a>278</span></div> +<h3><i>A Doubting Thomas</i></h3> +<p>It is strange to think that Brittany, one of the cradles +of Arthurian legend, could have produced a disbeliever +in that legend so early as the year of grace 1113. +It is on record that some monks from Brittany +journeyed to England in that year, and were shown +by the men of Devon “the chair and the oven of that +King Arthur renowned in the stories of the Britons.” +They passed on to Cornwall, and when, in the church +at Bodmin, one of their servants dared to question +the statement of a certain Cornishman that Arthur +still lived, he received such a buffet for his temerity +that a small riot ensued.<a name='FNanchor_0060' id='FNanchor_0060'></a><a href='#Footnote_0060' class='fnanchor'>[60]</a> Does not this seem to be +evidence that the legend was more whole-heartedly +believed in in the Celtic parts of England, and was +therefore more exclusively native to those parts than +to Continental Brittany? The Cornish allegiance to +the memory of Arthur seems to have left little to be +desired.</p> +<h3><i>Arthur and the Dragon</i></h3> +<p>The manner in which Arthur slew a dragon at the Lieue +de Grève, and at the same time made the acquaintance +of St Efflam of Ireland, is told by Albert le Grand, +monk of Morlaix. Arthur had been sojourning at the +Court of Hoel, Duke of Armorica, and, having freed +his own land of dragons and other monsters, was engaged +in hunting down the great beasts with which +Armorica abounded. But the monster which infested +the Lieue de Grève was no ordinary dragon. Indeed, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_279' name='page_279'></a>279</span> +he was the most cunning saurian in Europe, and was +wont to retire backward into the great cavern in which +he lived so that when traced to it those who tracked +him would believe that he had just quitted it.</p> +<p>In this manner he succeeded in deceiving Arthur and +his knights, who for days lingered in the vicinity of +his cave in the hope of encountering him. One day +as they stood on the seashore waiting for the dragon +a sail hove in sight, and soon a large coracle made of +wicker-work covered with skins appeared. The vessel +grounded and its occupants leapt ashore, headed by +a young man of princely mien, who advanced toward +Arthur and saluted him courteously.</p> +<p>“Fair sir,” he said, “to what shore have I come? I +am Efflam, the King’s son, of Ireland. The winds +have driven us out of our course, and full long have +we laboured in the sea.”</p> +<p>Now when Arthur heard the young man’s name he +embraced him heartily.</p> +<p>“Welcome, cousin,” he said. “You are in the land +of Brittany. I am Arthur of Britain, and I rejoice at +this meeting, since it may chance from it that I can +serve you.”</p> +<p>Then Efflam told Arthur the reason of his voyaging. +He had been wed to the Princess Enora, daughter of +a petty king of Britain, but on his wedding night a +strong impulse had come upon him to leave all and +make his penitence within some lonely wood, where he +could be at peace from the world. Rising from beside +his sleeping wife, he stole away, and rousing several +trusty servitors he set sail from his native shores. +Soon his frail craft was caught in a tempest, and after +many days driven ashore as had been seen.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_280' name='page_280'></a>280</span></div> +<p>Arthur marvelled at the impulse which had prompted +Efflam to seek retirement, and was about to express his +surprise when the youth startled him by telling him +that as his vessel had approached the shore he and his +men had caught sight of the dragon entering his cave.</p> +<p>At these words Arthur armed himself without delay +with his sword Excalibur and his lance Ron, and, +followed by his knights and by Efflam, drew near the +cavern. As he came before the entrance the dragon +issued forth, roaring in so terrible a manner that all but +the King were daunted and drew back. The creature’s +appearance was fearsome in the extreme. He had one +red eye in the centre of his forehead, his shoulders +were covered with green scales like plates of mail, his +long, powerful tail was black and twisted, and his vast +mouth was furnished with tusks like those of a wild +boar.</p> +<p>Grim and great was the combat. For three days did +it rage, man and beast struggling through the long +hours for the mastery which neither seemed able to +obtain. At the end of that time the dragon retired for +a space into his lair, and Arthur, worn out and well-nigh +broken by the long-drawn strife, threw himself +down beside Efflam in a state of exhaustion.</p> +<p>“A draught of water, fair cousin,” he cried in a choking +voice. “I perish with thirst.”</p> +<p>But no water was to be found in that place save that of +the salt sea which lapped the sands of Grève. Efflam, +however, was possessed of a faith that could overcome +all difficulties. Kneeling, he engaged in earnest prayer, +and, arising, struck the hard rock three times with his +rod. “Our blessed Lord will send us water,” he exclaimed, +and no sooner had he spoken than from the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_281' name='page_281'></a>281</span> +stone a fountain of pure crystal water gushed and +bubbled.</p> +<p>With a cry of ecstasy Arthur placed his lips to the +stream and quaffed the much-needed refreshment. His +vigour restored, he was about to return to the dragon’s +cavern to renew the combat when he was restrained +by Efflam.</p> +<p>“Cousin,” said he of Ireland, “you have tried what can +be done by force; now let us see what can be achieved +by prayer.”</p> +<p>Arthur, marvelling and humbled, sat near the young +man as he prayed. All night he was busied in devotions, +and at sunrise he arose and walked boldly to the +mouth of the cavern.</p> +<p>“Thou spawn of Satan,” he cried, “in the name of God +I charge thee to come forth!”</p> +<p>A noise as of a thousand serpents hissing in unison +followed this challenge, and from out his lair trailed the +great length of the dragon, howling and vomiting fire +and blood. Mounting to the summit of a neighbouring +rock, he vented a final bellow and then cast himself into +the sea. The blue water was disturbed as by a maelstrom; +then all was peace again.</p> +<p>So perished the dragon of the Lieue de Grève, and +so was proved the superiority of prayer over human +strength and valour. St Efflam and his men settled on +the spot as hermits, and were miraculously fed by angels. +Efflam’s wife, Enora, was borne to him by angels in +that place, only to die when she had joined him. And +when they came to tell Efflam that his new-found lady +was no more and was lying cold in the cell he had +provided for her, their news fell on deaf ears, for he too +had passed away. He is buried in Plestin Church, and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_282' name='page_282'></a>282</span> +his effigy, standing triumphant above an open-mouthed +dragon, graces one of its many niches.</p> +<h3><i>The Isle of Avalon</i></h3> +<p>The Bretons believe that an island off Trégastel, on +the coast of the department of Côtes-du-Nord, is the +fabled Isle of Avalon to which King Arthur, sore +wounded after his last battle, was borne to be healed of +his hurts. With straining eyes the fisherman watches +the mist-wrapped islet, and, peering through the +evening haze, cheats himself into the belief that giant +forms are moving upon its shores and that spectral +shapes flit across its sands—that the dark hours bring +back the activities of the attendant knights and enchantresses +of the mighty hero of Celtdom, who, refreshed by +his long repose, will one day return to the world of +men and right the great wrongs which afflict humanity.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_283' name='page_283'></a>283</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_XI_THE_BRETON_LAYS_OF_MARIE_DE_FRANCE' id='CHAPTER_XI_THE_BRETON_LAYS_OF_MARIE_DE_FRANCE'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER XI: THE BRETON LAYS OF MARIE DE FRANCE</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">The</span> wonderful <i>Lais</i> of Marie de France must +ever hold a deep interest for all students of +Breton lore, for though cast in the literary +mould of Norman-French and breathing the spirit of +Norman chivalry those of them which deal with Brittany +(as do most of them) exhibit such evident marks of +having been drawn from native Breton sources that we +may regard them as among the most valuable documents +extant for the study and consideration of Armorican +story.</p> +<p>Of the personal history of Marie de France very little +is known. The date and place of her birth are still +matters for conjecture, and until comparatively recent +times literary antiquaries were doubtful even as to +which century she flourished in. In the epilogue to +her <i>Fables</i> she states that she is a native of the Ile-de-France, +but despite this she is believed to have been of +Norman origin, and also to have lived the greater part +of her life in England. Her work, which holds few +suggestions of Anglo-Norman forms of thought or +expression, was written in a literary dialect that in all +likelihood was widely estranged from the common +Norman tongue, and from this (though the manuscripts +in which they are preserved are dated later) we may +judge her poems to have been composed in the second +half of the twelfth century. The prologue of her <i>Lais</i> +contains a dedication to some unnamed king, and her +<i>Fables</i> are inscribed to a certain Count William, circumstances +which are held by some to prove that she was +of noble origin and not merely a <i>trouvère</i> from necessity.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_284' name='page_284'></a>284</span></div> +<p>Until M. Gaston Paris decided that this mysterious +king was Henry II of England, and that the ‘Count +William’ was Longsword, Earl of Salisbury, Henry’s +natural son by the ‘Fair Rosamond,’ the mysterious +monarch was believed to be Henry III. It is highly +probable that the <i>Lais</i> were actually written at the +Court of Henry II, though the ‘King’ of the flowery +prologue is hardly reconcilable with the stern ruler and +law-maker of history. Be that as it may, Marie’s poems +achieved instant success. “Her rhyme is loved everywhere,” +says Denis Pyramus, the author of a life of +St Edmund the King; “for counts, barons, and knights +greatly admire it and hold it dear. And they love her +writing so much, and take such pleasure in it, that they +have it read, and often copied. These Lays are wont +to please ladies, who listen to them with delight, for +they are after their own hearts.” This fame and its +attendant adulation were very sweet to Marie, and she +was justly proud of her work, which, inspired, as she herself +distinctly states, by the lays she had heard Breton +minstrels sing, has, because of its vivid colouring and +human appeal, survived the passing of seven hundred +years. The scenes of the tales are laid in Brittany, and +we are probably correct in regarding them as culled from +original traditional material. As we proceed with the +telling of these ancient stories we shall endeavour to point +out the essentially Breton elements they have retained.</p> +<h3><i>The Lay of the Were-Wolf</i></h3> +<p>In the long ago there dwelt in Brittany a worshipful +baron, for whom the king of that land had a warm +affection, and who was happy in the esteem of his peers +and the love of his beautiful wife.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_285' name='page_285'></a>285</span></div> +<p>One only grief had his wife in her married life, and that +was the mysterious absence of her husband for three +days in every week. Where he disappeared to neither +she nor any member of her household knew. These +excursions preyed upon her mind, so that at last she +resolved to challenge him regarding them.</p> +<p>“Husband,” she said to him pleadingly one day after +he had just returned from one of these absences, “I +have something to ask of you, but I fear that my request +may vex you, and for this reason I hesitate to make it.”</p> +<p>The baron took her in his arms and, kissing her tenderly, +bade her state her request, which he assured her would +by no means vex him.</p> +<p>“It is this,” she said, “that you will trust me sufficiently +to tell me where you spend those days when you are +absent from me. So fearful have I become regarding +these withdrawals and all the mystery that enshrouds +them that I know neither rest nor comfort; indeed, so +distraught am I at times that I feel I shall die for very +anxiety. Oh, husband, tell me where you go and why +you tarry so long!”</p> +<p>In great agitation the husband put his wife away from +him, not daring to meet the glance of her imploring, +anxious eyes.</p> +<p>“For the mercy of God, do not ask this of me,” he +besought her. “No good could come of your knowing, +only great and terrible evil. Knowledge would mean +the death of your love for me, and my everlasting +desolation.”</p> +<p>“You are jesting with me, husband,” she replied; “but +it is a cruel jest. I am all seriousness, I do assure you. +Peace of mind can never be mine until my question is +fully answered.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_286' name='page_286'></a>286</span></div> +<p>But the baron, still greatly perturbed, remained firm. +He could not tell her, and she must rest content with +that. The lady, however, continued to plead, sometimes +with tenderness, more often with tears and heart-piercing +reproaches, until at length the baron, trusting +to her love, decided to tell her his secret.</p> +<p>“I have to leave you because periodically I become a +bisclaveret,” he said. (‘Bisclaveret’ is the Breton name +for were-wolf.) “I hide myself in the depths of the +forest, live on wild animals and roots, and go unclad as +any beast of the field.”</p> +<p>When the lady had recovered from the horror of this +disclosure and had rallied her senses to her aid, she +turned to him again, determined at any cost to learn +all the circumstances connected with this terrible +transformation.</p> +<p>“You know that I love you better than all the world, +my husband,” she began; “that never in our life together +have I done aught to forfeit your love or your +trust. So do, I beseech you, tell me all—tell me where +you hide your clothing before you become a were-wolf?”</p> +<p>“That I dare not do, dear wife,” he replied, “for if I +should lose my raiment or even be seen quitting it I +must remain a were-wolf so long as I live. Never again +could I become a man unless my garments were restored +to me.”</p> +<p>“Then you no longer trust me, no longer love me?” +she cried. “Alas, alas that I have forfeited your +confidence! Oh that I should live to see such a +day!”</p> +<p>Her weeping broke out afresh, this time more piteously +than before. The baron, deeply touched, and willing +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_287' name='page_287'></a>287</span> +by any means to alleviate her distress, at last divulged +the vital secret which he had held from her so long.</p> +<p>But from that hour his wife cast about for ways and +means to rid herself of her strange husband, of whom +she now went in exceeding fear. In course of time she +remembered a knight of that country who had long +sought her love, but whom she had repulsed. To him +she appealed, and right gladly and willingly he pledged +himself to aid her. She showed him where her lord +concealed his clothing, and begged him to spoil the +were-wolf of his vesture on the next occasion on which +he set out to assume his transformation. The fatal +period soon returned. The baron disappeared as usual, +but this time he did not return to his home. For days +friends, neighbours, and menials sought him diligently, +but no trace of him was to be found, and when a year +had elapsed the search was at length abandoned, and +the lady was wedded to her knight.</p> +<p>Some months later the King was hunting in the great +forest near the missing baron’s castle. The hounds, +unleashed, came upon the scent of a wolf, and pressed +the animal hard. For many hours they pursued him, +and when about to seize him, Bisclaveret—for it was +he—turned with such a human gesture of despair to the +King, who had ridden hard upon his track, that the +royal huntsman was moved to pity. To the King’s +surprise the were-wolf placed its paws together as if +in supplication, and its great jaws moved as if in +speech.</p> +<p>“Call off the hounds,” cried the monarch to his attendants. +“This quarry we will take alive to our palace. +It is too marvellous a thing to be killed.”</p> +<p>Accordingly they returned to the Court, where the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_288' name='page_288'></a>288</span> +were-wolf became an object of the greatest curiosity to +all. So frolicsome yet so gentle was he that he became +a universal favourite. At night he slept in the King’s +room, and by day he followed him with all the dumb +faithfulness of a dog. The King was extremely attached +to him, and never permitted his shaggy favourite +to be absent from his side for a moment.</p> +<p>One day the monarch held a high Court, to which his +great vassals and barons and all the lords of his broad +demesnes were bidden. Among them came the knight +who had wed the wife of Bisclaveret. Immediately +upon sight of him the were-wolf flew at him with a +savage joy that astonished those accustomed to his +usual gentleness and docility. So fierce was the attack +that the knight would have been killed had not the +King intervened to save him. Later, in the royal +hunting-lodge she who had been the wife of Bisclaveret +came to offer the King a rich present. When he saw +her the animal’s rage knew no bounds, and despite +all restraint he succeeded in mutilating her fair face +in the most frightful manner. But for a certain wise +counsellor this act would have cost Bisclaveret his life. +This sagacious person, who knew of the animal’s +customary docility, insisted that some evil must have +been done him.</p> +<p>“There must be some reason why this beast holds +these twain in such mortal hate,” he said. “Let this +woman and her husband be brought hither so that they +may be straitly questioned. She was once the wife of +one who was near to your heart, and many marvellous +happenings have ere this come out of Brittany.”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_23' id='linki_23'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs23.jpg' alt='' title='' width='420' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE WERE-WOLF<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>The King hearkened to this sage counsel, for he loved +the were-wolf, and was loath to have him slain. Under +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_289' name='page_289'></a>289</span> +pressure of examination Bisclaveret’s treacherous wife +confessed all that she had done, adding that in her +heart she believed the King’s favourite animal to be +no other than her former husband.</p> +<p>Instantly on learning this the King demanded the +were-wolf’s vesture from the treacherous knight her +lover, and when this was brought to him he caused +it to be spread before the wolf. But the animal behaved +as though he did not see the garments.</p> +<p>Then the wise counsellor again came to his aid.</p> +<p>“You must take the beast to your own secret chamber, +sire,” he told the King; “for not without great shame +and tribulation can he become a man once more, and +this he dare not suffer in the sight of all.”</p> +<p>This advice the King promptly followed, and when +after some little time he, with two lords of his fellowship +in attendance, re-entered the secret chamber, he +found the wolf gone, and the baron so well beloved +asleep in his bed.</p> +<p>With great joy and affection the King aroused his +friend, and when the baron’s feelings permitted him +he related his adventures. As soon as his master had +heard him out he not only restored to him all that had +been taken from him, but added gifts the number and +richness of which rendered him more wealthy and +important than ever, while in just anger he banished +from his realm the wife who had betrayed her lord, +together with her lover.</p> +<h3><i>The Were-Wolf Superstition</i></h3> +<p>The were-wolf superstition is, or was, as prevalent in +Brittany as in other parts of France and Europe. The +term ‘were-wolf’ literally means ‘man-wolf,’ and was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_290' name='page_290'></a>290</span> +applied to a man supposed to be temporarily or permanently +transformed into a wolf. In its origins the +belief may have been a phase of lycanthropy, a disease +in which the sufferer imagines himself to have been +transformed into an animal, and in ancient and medieval +times of very frequent occurrence. It may, on the +other hand, be a relic of early cannibalism. Communities +of semi-civilized people would begin to shun those who +devoured human flesh, and they would in time be +ostracized and classed with wild beasts, the idea that they +had something in common with these would grow, and +the belief that they were able to transform themselves +into veritable animals would be likely to arise therefrom.</p> +<p>There were two kinds of were-wolf, voluntary and +involuntary. The voluntary included those persons +who because of their taste for human flesh had withdrawn +from intercourse with their fellows, and who +appeared to possess a certain amount of magical power, +or at least sufficient to permit them to transform themselves +into animal shape at will. This they effected +by merely disrobing, by taking off a girdle made of +human skin, or putting on a similar belt of wolf-skin +(obviously a later substitute for an entire wolf-skin; in +some cases we hear of their donning the skin entire). +In other instances the body was rubbed with magic +ointment, or rain-water was drunk out of a wolf’s +footprint. The brains of the animal were also eaten. +Olaus Magnus says that the were-wolves of Livonia +drained a cup of beer on initiation, and repeated certain +magical words. In order to throw off the wolf-shape +the animal girdle was removed, or else the magician +merely muttered certain formulæ. In some instances the +transformation was supposed to be the work of Satan.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_291' name='page_291'></a>291</span></div> +<p>The superstition regarding were-wolves seems to +have been exceedingly prevalent in France during the +sixteenth century, and there is evidence of numerous +trials of persons accused of were-wolfism, in some of +which it was clearly shown that murder and cannibalism +had taken place. Self-hallucination was accountable +for many of the cases, the supposed were-wolves declaring +that they had transformed themselves and had slain +many people. But about the beginning of the seventeenth +century native common sense came to the rescue, +and such confessions were not credited. In Teutonic +and Slavonic countries it was complained by men of +learning that the were-wolves did more damage than +real wild animals, and the existence of a regular ‘college’ +or institution for the practice of the art of animal transformation +among were-wolves was affirmed.</p> +<p>Involuntary were-wolves, of which class Bisclaveret was +evidently a member, were often persons transformed +into animal shape because of the commission of sin, +and condemned to pass a certain number of years in +that form. Thus certain saints metamorphosed sinners +into wolves. In Armenia it was thought that a sinful +woman was condemned to pass seven years in the form +of a wolf. To such a woman a demon appeared, bringing +a wolf-skin. He commanded her to don it, and from +that moment she became a wolf, with all the nature of +the wild beast, devouring her own children and those +of strangers, and wandering forth at night, undeterred +by locks, bolts, or bars, returning only with the morning +to resume her human form.</p> +<p>In was, of course, in Europe, where the wolf was +one of the largest carnivorous animals, that the were-wolf +superstition chiefly gained currency. In Eastern +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_292' name='page_292'></a>292</span> +countries, where similar beliefs prevailed, bears, tigers, +and other beasts of prey were substituted for the lupine +form of colder climes.</p> +<h3><i>The Lay of Gugemar</i></h3> +<p>Oridial was one of the chief barons of King Arthur, and +dwelt in Brittany, where he held lands in fief of that +monarch. So deeply was he attached to his liege lord +that when his son Gugemar was yet a child he sent him +to Arthur’s Court to be trained as a page. In due time +Arthur dubbed Gugemar knight and armed him in rich +harness, and the youth, hearing of war in Flanders, set +out for that realm in the hope of gaining distinction and +knightly honour.</p> +<p>After achieving many valorous deeds in Flanders +Gugemar felt a strong desire to behold his parents +once more, so, setting his face homeward, he journeyed +back to Brittany and dwelt with them for some time, +resting after his battles and telling his father, mother, +and sister Nogent of the many enterprises in which he +had been engaged. But he shortly grew weary of this +inactive existence, and in order to break the monotony +of it he planned a great hunt in the neighbouring +forest.</p> +<p>Early one morning he set out, and soon a tall stag was +roused from its bed among the ferns by the noise of the +hunters’ horns. The hounds were unleashed and the +entire hunt followed in pursuit, Gugemar the foremost +of all. But, closely as he pursued, the quarry eluded +the knight, and to his chagrin he was left alone in the +forest spaces with nothing to show for his long chase. +He was about to ride back in search of his companions +when on a sudden he noticed a doe hiding in a thicket +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_293' name='page_293'></a>293</span> +with her fawn. She was white from ear to hoof, +without a spot. Gugemar’s hounds, rushing at her, +held her at bay, and their master, fitting an arrow to +his bow, loosed the shaft at her so that she was +wounded above the hoof and brought to earth. But +the treacherous arrow, glancing, returned to Gugemar +and wounded him grievously in the thigh.</p> +<p>As he lay on the earth faint and with his senses almost +deserting him, Gugemar heard the doe speak to him in +human accents:</p> +<p>“Wretch who hast slain me,” said she, “think not to +escape my vengeance. Never shall leech nor herb nor +balm cure the wound which fate hath so justly inflicted +upon thee. Only canst thou be healed by a woman +who loves thee, and who for that love shall have to +suffer such woe and sorrow as never woman had to +endure before. Thou too shalt suffer equally with her, +and the sorrows of ye twain shall be the wonder of +lovers for all time. Leave me now to die in peace.”</p> +<p>Gugemar was in sore dismay at hearing these words, +for never had he sought lady’s love nor had he cared +for the converse of women. Winding his horn, he +succeeded in attracting one of his followers to the spot, +and sent him in search of his companions. When he +had gone Gugemar tore his linen shirt in pieces and +bound up his wound as well as he might. Then, dragging +himself most painfully into the saddle, he rode +from the scene of his misadventure at as great a pace +as his injury would permit of, for he had conceived +a plan which he did not desire should be interfered +with.</p> +<p>Riding at a hand-gallop, he soon came in sight of tall +cliffs which overlooked the sea, and which formed a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_294' name='page_294'></a>294</span> +natural harbour, wherein lay a vessel richly beseen. +Its sails were of spun silk, and each plank and mast was +fashioned of ebony. Dismounting, Gugemar made his +way to the shore, and with much labour climbed upon +the ship. Neither mariner nor merchant was therein. +A large pavilion of silk covered part of the deck, and +within this was a rich bed, the work of the cunning +artificers of the days of King Solomon. It was +fashioned of cypress wood and ivory, and much gold +and many gems went to the making of it. The clothes +with which it was provided were fair and white as snow, +and so soft the pillow that he who laid his head upon +it, sad as he might be, could not resist sleep. The +pavilion was lit by two large waxen candles, set in +candlesticks of gold.</p> +<p>As the knight sat gazing at this splendid couch fit for a +king he suddenly became aware that the ship was moving +seaward. Already, indeed, he was far from land, +and at the sight he grew more sorrowful than before, +for his hurt made him helpless and he could not hope +either to guide the vessel or manage her so that he +might return to shore. Resigning himself to circumstances, +he lay down upon the ornate bed and sank into +a deep and dreamless slumber.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_24' id='linki_24'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs24.jpg' alt='' title='' width='420' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +GUGEMAR COMES UPON THE MAGIC SHIP<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>When he awoke he found to his intense surprise that +the ship had come to the port of an ancient city. Now +the king of this realm was an aged man who was +wedded to a young, fair lady, of whom he was, after the +manner of old men, intensely jealous. The castle of +this monarch frowned upon a fair garden enclosed from +the sea by a high wall of green marble, so that if one +desired to come to the castle he must do so from the +water. The place was straitly watched by vigilant +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_295' name='page_295'></a>295</span> +warders, and within the wall so carefully defended lay +the Queen’s bower, a fairer chamber than any beneath +the sun, and decorated with the most marvellous paintings. +Here dwelt the young Queen with one of her +ladies, her own sister’s child, who was devoted to her +service and who never quitted her side. The key of +this bower was in the hands of an aged priest, who was +also the Queen’s servitor.</p> +<p>One day on awaking from sleep the Queen walked in +the garden and espied a ship drawing near the land. +Suddenly, she knew not why, she grew very fearful, +and would have fled at the sight, but her maiden encouraged +her to remain. The vessel came to shore, +and the Queen’s maiden entered it. No one could she +see on board except a knight sleeping soundly within +the pavilion, and he was so pale that she thought he +was dead. Returning to her mistress, she told her what +she had seen, and together they entered the vessel.</p> +<p>No sooner did the Queen behold Gugemar than she was +deeply smitten with love for him. In a transport of fear +lest he were dead she placed her hand upon his bosom, +and was overjoyed to feel the warmth of life within +him and that his heart beat strongly. At her touch +he awoke and courteously saluted her. She asked +him whence he came and to what nation he belonged.</p> +<p>“Lady,” he replied, “I am a knight of Brittany. But +yesterday, or so it seems to me, for I may have +slumbered more than a day, I wounded a deer in the +forest, but the arrow with which I slew her rebounded +and struck me sorely. Then the beast, being, I trow, +a fairy deer, spake, saying that never would this wound +be healed save by one damsel in the whole world, and +her I know not where to find. Riding seaward, I came +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_296' name='page_296'></a>296</span> +to where this ship lay moored, and, entering it, the +vessel drifted oceanward. I know not to what land I +have come, nor what name this city bears. I pray you, +fair lady, give me your best counsel.”</p> +<p>The Queen listened to his tale with the deepest interest, +and when Gugemar made his appeal for aid and counsel +she replied: “Truly, fair sir, I shall counsel you as best +I may. This city to which you have come belongs to +my husband, who is its King. Of much worship is he, +but stricken in years, and because of the jealousy he +bears me he has shut me up between these high walls. +If it please you you may tarry here awhile and we will +tend your wound until it be healed.”</p> +<p>Gugemar, wearied and bewildered at the strange things +which had happened to him in the space of a day, +thanked the Queen, and accepted her kind offer of +entertainment with alacrity. Between them the Queen +and her lady assisted him to leave the ship and bore +him to a chamber, where he was laid in a fair bed +and had his wound carefully dressed. When the ladies +had withdrawn and the knight was left to himself he +knew that he loved the Queen. All memory of his +home and even of his tormenting wound disappeared, +and he could brood only upon the fair face of the royal +lady who had so charmingly ministered to him.</p> +<p>Meanwhile the Queen was in little better case. All +night she could not sleep for pondering upon the handsome +youth who had come so mysteriously into her life, +and her maiden, seeing this, and marking how she +suffered, went to Gugemar’s chamber and told him in +a frank and almost childlike manner how deeply her +mistress had been smitten with love for him.</p> +<p>“You are young,” she said, “so is my lady. Her lord +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_297' name='page_297'></a>297</span> +is old and their union is unseemly. Heaven intended +you for one another and has brought you together in +its own good time.”</p> +<p>Shortly, after she had heard Mass, the Queen summoned +Gugemar into her presence. At first both were dumb +with confusion. At last his passion urged Gugemar to +speak, and his love-words came thick and fast. The +Queen hearkened to them, and, feeling that they rang +true, admitted that she loved him in return.</p> +<p>For a year and a half Gugemar dwelt in the Queen’s +bower. Then the lovers met with misfortune.</p> +<p>For some days before the blow fell the Queen had +experienced a feeling of coming evil. So powerfully +did this affect her that she begged Gugemar for a +garment of his. The knight marvelled at the request, +and asked her playfully for what reason she desired such +a keepsake as a linen shift.</p> +<p>“Friend,” she replied, “if it chance that you leave me +or that we are separated I shall fear that some other +damsel may win your love. In this shift which you +give me I shall make a knot, and shall ask you to vow +that never will you give your love to dame or damsel +who cannot untie this knot.”</p> +<p>The knight complied with her request, and she made +such a cunning knot in the garment as only she could +unravel. For his part Gugemar gave the Queen a +wonderfully fashioned girdle which only he could unclasp, +and he begged her that she would never grant her love +to any man who could not free her from it. Each +promised the other solemnly to respect the vows they +had made.</p> +<p>That same day their hidden love was discovered. A +chamberlain of the King’s observed them through a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_298' name='page_298'></a>298</span> +window of the Queen’s bower, and, hastening to his +master, told him what he had seen. In terrible wrath the +King called for his guards, and, coming upon the lovers +unaware, commanded them to slay Gugemar at once. +But the knight seized upon a stout rod of fir-wood on +which linen was wont to be dried, and faced those who +would slay him so boldly that they fell back in dismay.</p> +<p>The King questioned him as to his name and lineage, +and Gugemar fearlessly related his story. The King +was incredulous at first, but said that could the ship +be found in which Gugemar had arrived he would +place him upon it and send him once more out to sea. +After search had been made the vessel was found, +and Gugemar was placed on it, the ship began to move, +and soon the knight was well at sea.</p> +<p>Ere long the ship came to that harbour whence she +had first sailed, and as Gugemar landed he saw to his +surprise one of his own vassals holding a charger and +accompanied by a knight. Mounting the steed, Gugemar +swiftly rode home, where he was received with +every demonstration of joy. But though his parents +and friends did everything possible to make him happy, +the memory of the fair Queen who had loved him +was ever with him night and day, so that he might +not be solaced by game or tilting, the chase or the +dance. In vain those who wished him well urged him +to take a wife. At first he roundly refused to consider +such a step, but when eagerly pressed by his friends +he announced that no wife should he wed who could +not first unloose the knot within his shift. So sought +after was Gugemar that all the damsels in Brittany +essayed the feat, but none of them succeeded and each +retired sorrowfully from the ordeal.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_299' name='page_299'></a>299</span></div> +<p>Meanwhile the aged King had set his wife in a tower +of grey marble, where she suffered agonies because of +the absence of her lover. Ever she wondered what +had happened to him, if he had regained his native +shore or whether he had been swallowed up by the +angry sea. Frequently she made loud moan, but there +were none to hear her cries save stony-hearted gaolers, +who were as dumb as the grey walls that enclosed her.</p> +<p>One day she chanced in her dolour to lean heavily +upon the door of her prison. To her amazement it +opened, and she found herself in the corridor without. +Hastening on impulse, and as if by instinct, to the +harbour, she found there her lover’s ship. Quickly she +climbed upon its deck, and scarcely had she done so +than the vessel began to move seaward. In great fear +she sat still, and in time was wafted to a part of Brittany +governed by one named Meriadus, who was on the +point of going to war with a neighbouring chieftain.</p> +<p>From his window Meriadus had seen the approach of +the strange vessel, and, making his way to the seashore, +entered the ship. Struck with the beauty of the +Queen, he brought her to his castle, where he placed her +in his sister’s chamber. He strove in every way to +dispel the sadness which seemed to envelop her like +a mantle, but despite his efforts to please her she +remained in sorrowful and doleful mood and would not +be comforted. Sorely did Meriadus press her to wed +him, but she would have none of him, and for answer +showed him the girdle round her waist, saying that +never would she give her love to any man who could +not unloose its buckle. As she said this Meriadus +seemed struck by her words.</p> +<p>“Strange,” he said, “a right worthy knight dwells in +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_300' name='page_300'></a>300</span> +this land who will take no woman to his wife save she +who can first untie a certain crafty knot in his shift. +Well would I wager that it was you who tied this knot.”</p> +<p>When the Queen heard these words she well-nigh +fainted. Meriadus rushed to succour her, and gradually +she revived. Some days later Meriadus held a high +tournament, at which all the knights who were to aid +him in the war were to be present, among them Gugemar. +A festival was held on the night preceding the +tournament, at which Meriadus requested his sister +and the stranger dame to be present. As the Queen +entered the hall Gugemar rose from his place and +stared at her as at a vision of the dead. In great doubt +was he whether this lady was in truth his beloved.</p> +<p>“Come, Gugemar,” rallied Meriadus, “let this damsel +try to unravel the knot in your shift which has puzzled +so many fair dames.”</p> +<p>Gugemar called to his squire and bade him fetch the +shift, and when it was brought the lady, without seeming +effort, unravelled the knot. But even yet Gugemar +remained uncertain.</p> +<p>“Lady,” he said, “tell me, I pray you, whether or +not you wear a girdle with which I girt you in a realm +across the sea,” and placing his hands around her +slender waist, he found there the secret belt.</p> +<p>All his doubts dispelled, Gugemar asked his loved one +how she had come to the tower of Meriadus. When he +had heard, he then and there requested his ally to yield +him the lady, but the chieftain roundly refused. Then +the knight in great anger cast down his glove and took +his departure, and, to the discomfiture of Meriadus, all +those knights who had gathered for the tournament and +had offered to assist Meriadus accompanied Gugemar.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_25' id='linki_25'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs25.jpg' alt='' title='' width='415' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +GUGEMAR’S ASSAULT ON THE CASTLE OF MERIADUS<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_301' name='page_301'></a>301</span></div> +<p>In a body they rode to the castle of the prince who was +at war with Meriadus, and next day they marched +against the discourteous chieftain. Long did they +besiege his castle, but at last when the defenders were +weak with hunger Gugemar and his men assailed the +place and took it, slaying Meriadus within the ruins of +his own hall. Gugemar, rushing to that place where +he knew his lady to be, called her forth, and in peace +brought her back with him to his own demesne, where +they were wed and dwelt long and happily.</p> +<p>There are several circumstances connected with this +beautiful old tale which deeply impress us with a belief +in its antiquity. The incident of the killing of the deer +and the incurable nature of Gugemar’s wound are +undoubtedly legacies from very ancient times, when it +was believed to be unlucky under certain circumstances +to kill a beast of the chase. Some savage races, such as +the North American Indians, consider it to be most +unlucky to slay a deer without first propitiating the +great Deer God, the chief of the Deer Folk, and in fact +they attribute most of the ills to which flesh is heir to +the likelihood that they have omitted some of the very +involved ritual of the chase. It will be remembered that +Tristrem of Lyonesse also had an incurable wound, and +there are other like instances in romance and myth.</p> +<p>The vessel which carries Gugemar over the sea is +undoubtedly of the same class as those magic self-propelled +craft which we meet with very frequently in +Celtic lore, and the introduction of this feature in itself +is sufficient to convince us of the Celtic or Breton origin +of Marie’s tale. We have such a craft in the Grail +legend in the <i>Morte d’Arthur</i>, in which Galahad finds +precisely such a bed. The vessel in the Grail legend +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_302' name='page_302'></a>302</span> +is described as “King Solomon’s Ship,” and it is +obvious that Marie or her Breton original must have +borrowed the idea from a Grail source.</p> +<p>Lastly, the means adopted by the lovers to ensure one +another’s constancy seem very like the methods of +taboo. The knot that may not or cannot be untied +has many counterparts in ancient lore, and the girdle +that no man but the accepted lover may loose is +reminiscent of the days when a man placed such a +girdle around his wife or sweetheart to signify his sole +possession of her. If a man could succeed in purloining +a mermaid’s girdle she was completely in his power. So +is it with fairies in an Algonquin Indian tale. Even so +late as Crusading times many knights departing to fight +in the Holy Land bound a girdle round their ladies’ +waists in the hope that the gift would ensure their faithfulness.</p> +<h3><i>The Lay of Laustic</i></h3> +<p>The Lay of Laustic, or the Nightingale, is purely of +Breton origin, and indeed is proved to be so by its title. +“Laustic, I deem, men name it in that country” (Brittany), +says Marie in her preface to the lay, “which being interpreted +means <i>rossignol</i> in French and ‘nightingale’ in +good plain English.” She adds that the Breton harper +has already made a lay concerning it—added evidence +that the tale is of Celtic and not of French origin.</p> +<p>In the ancient town of Saint-Malo, in Brittany, dwelt +two knights whose valour and prowess brought much +fame to the community. Their houses were close to +one another, and one of them was married to a lady of +surpassing loveliness, while the other was a bachelor. +By insensible degrees the bachelor knight came to love +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_303' name='page_303'></a>303</span> +his neighbour’s wife, and so handsome and gallant was +he that in time she returned his passion. He made +every possible excuse for seeking her society, and on +one pretext or another was constantly by her side. But +he was exceedingly careful of her fair fame, and acted +in such a way that not the slightest breath of scandal +could touch her.</p> +<p>Their houses were separated by an ancient stone wall +of considerable height, but the lovers could speak +together by leaning from their casements, and if this +was impossible they could communicate by sending +written messages. When the lady’s husband was at +home she was guarded carefully, as was the custom +of the time, but nevertheless she contrived to greet her +lover from the window as frequently as she desired.</p> +<p>In due course the wondrous time of spring came round, +with white drift of blossom and stir of life newly +awakened. The short night hours grew warm, and +often did the lady arise from bed to have speech with +her lover at the casement. Her husband grew displeased +by her frequent absences, which disturbed his +rest, and wrathfully inquired the reason why she quitted +his side so often.</p> +<p>“Oh, husband,” she replied, “I cannot rest because of +the sweet song of the nightingale, whose music has cast +a spell upon my heart. No tune of harp or viol can +compare with it, and I may not close my eyes so long as +his song continues in the night.”</p> +<p>Now the lady’s husband, although a bold and hardy +knight, was malicious and ungenerous, and, disliking to +have his rest disturbed, resolved to deal summarily +with the nightingale. So he gave orders to his servants +to set traps in the garden and to smear every bough +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_304' name='page_304'></a>304</span> +and branch with birdlime in order that the bird might +speedily be taken. His orders were at once carried +out, and the garden was filled with nets, while the cruel +lime glittered upon every tree. So complete were the +preparations of the serving-men that an unfortunate +nightingale which had made the garden its haunt and +had filled it with music for many a night while the lovers +talked was taken and brought to the knight.</p> +<p>Swiftly he bore the hapless bird to his wife’s chamber, +his eyes sparkling with malicious glee.</p> +<p>“Here is your precious songster,” he said, with bitter +irony. “You will be happy to learn that you and I +may now spend our sleeping hours in peace since he is +taken.”</p> +<p>“Ah, slay him not, my lord!” she cried in anguish, for +she had grown to associate the bird’s sweet song with +the sweeter converse of her lover—to regard it as in +a measure an accompaniment to his love-words. For +answer her husband seized the unhappy bird by the +neck and wrung its head off. Then he cast the little +body into the lap of the dame, soiling her with its +blood, and departed in high anger.</p> +<p>The lady pitifully raised what was left of the dead songster +and bitterly lamented over it.</p> +<p>“Woe is me!” she cried. “Never again can I meet +with my lover at the casement, and he will believe that +I am faithless to him. But I shall devise some means +to let him know that this is not so.”</p> +<p>Having considered as to what she should do, the lady +took a fine piece of white samite, broidered with gold, +and worked upon it as on a tapestry the whole story of +the nightingale, so that her knight might not be ignorant +of the nature of the barrier that had arisen between them.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_305' name='page_305'></a>305</span></div> +<p>In this silken shroud she wrapped the small, sad body +of the slain bird and gave it in charge of a trusty +servant to bear to her lover. The messenger told the +knight what had occurred. The news was heavy to +him, but now, having insight to the vengeful nature of +her husband, he feared to jeopardize the lady’s safety, +so he remained silent. But he caused a rich coffer to +be made in fine gold, set with precious stones, in which +he laid the body of the nightingale, and this small +funeral urn he carried about with him on all occasions, +nor could any circumstance hinder him from keeping it +constantly beside him.</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Wrap me love’s ashes in a golden cloth</p> +<p>To carry next my heart. Love’s fire is out,</p> +<p>And these poor embers grey, but I am loath</p> +<p>To quench remembrance also: I shall put</p> +<p>His relics over that they did consume.</p> +<p>Ah, ’tis too bitter cold these cinders to relume!</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Place me love’s ashes in a golden cup,</p> +<p>To mingle with my wine. Ah, do not fear</p> +<p>The old flame in my soul shall flicker up</p> +<p>At the harsh taste of what was once so dear.</p> +<p>I quaff no fire: there is no fire to meet</p> +<p>This bitterness of death and turn it into sweet.</p> +</div></div> +<h3><i>The Lay of Eliduc</i></h3> +<p>In the tale of Eliduc we have in all probability a +genuine product of native Breton romance. So at +least avers Marie, who assures us that it is “a very +ancient Breton lay,” and we have no reason to doubt +her word, seeing that, had she been prone to literary +dishonesty, it would have been much easier for her to +have passed off the tale as her own original conception. +There is, of course, the probability that it was so widely +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_306' name='page_306'></a>306</span> +known in its Breton version that to have done so +would have been to have openly courted the charge +of plagiarism—an impeachment which it is not possible +to bring against this most charming and delightful +poetess.</p> +<p>Eliduc, a knight of Brittany, was happy in the confidence +of his King, who, when affairs of State caused +his absence from the realm, left his trusted adherent +behind him as viceroy and regent. Such a man, +staunch and loyal, could scarcely be without enemies, +and the harmless pleasure he took in the chase during +the King’s absence was construed by evil counsellors +on the monarch’s return as an unwarranted licence with +the royal rights of venery. The enemies of Eliduc so +harped upon the knight’s supposed lack of reverence +for the royal authority that at length the King’s patience +gave way and in an outburst of wrath he gave orders +for Eliduc’s banishment, without vouchsafing his former +friend and confidant the least explanation of this petulant +action.</p> +<p>Dismayed by the sudden change in his fortunes, Eliduc +returned to his house, and there acquainted his friends +and vassals with the King’s unjust decree. He told +them that it was his intention to cross the sea to the +kingdom of Logres, to sojourn there for a space. He +placed his estates in the hands of his wife and begged +of his vassals that they would serve her loyally. Then, +having settled his affairs, he took ten knights of his +household and started upon his journey. His wife, +Guildeluec, accompanied him for several miles, and on +parting they pledged good faith to one another.</p> +<p>In due time the cavalcade came to the seashore and +took ship for the realm of Logres. Near Exeter, in +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_307' name='page_307'></a>307</span> +this land, dwelt an aged king who had for his heir a +daughter called Guillardun. This damsel had been +asked in marriage by a neighbouring prince, and as +her father had refused to listen to his proposals the +disappointed suitor made war upon him, spoiling and +wasting his land. The old King, fearful for his child’s +safety, had shut her up in a strong castle for her +better security and his own peace of mind.</p> +<p>Now Eliduc, coming to that land, heard the tale of +the quarrel between the King and his neighbour, and +considered as to which side he should take. After +due deliberation he arranged to fight on the side of the +King, with whom he offered to take service. His offer +was gratefully accepted, and he had not been long in +the royal host when he had an opportunity of distinguishing +himself. The town wherein he was lodged +with his knights was attacked by the enemy. He set +his men in ambush in a forest track by which it was +known the enemy would approach the town, and succeeded +in routing them and in taking large numbers +of prisoners and much booty. This feat of arms raised +him high in the estimation of the King, who showed +him much favour, and the Princess, hearing of his +fame, became very desirous of beholding him. She +sent her chamberlain to Eliduc saying that she wished +to hear the story of his deeds, and he, quite as anxious +to see the imprisoned Princess of whom he had heard +so much, set out at once. On beholding each other +they experienced deep agitation. Eliduc thought that +never had he seen so beautiful and graceful a maiden, +and Guillardun that this was the most handsome and +comely knight she had ever met.</p> +<p>For a long time they spoke together, and then Eliduc +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_308' name='page_308'></a>308</span> +took his leave and departed. He counted all the time +lost that he had remained in the kingdom without +knowing this lady, but he promised himself that now +he would frequently seek her society. Then, with a +pang of remorse, he thought of his good and faithful +wife and the sacred promise he had made her.</p> +<p>Guillardun, on her part, was none the less ill at ease. +She passed a restless night, and in the morning confided +her case to her aged chamberlain, who was almost +a second father to her, and he, all unwitting that Eliduc +was already bound in wedlock to another, suggested +that the Princess should send the knight a love-token +to discover by the manner in which he received it +whether or not her love was returned. Guillardun took +this advice, and sent her lover a girdle and a ring by +the hands of the chamberlain. On receiving the token +Eliduc showed the greatest joy, girded the belt about +his middle, and placed the ring on his finger. The +chamberlain returned to the Princess and told her with +what evident satisfaction Eliduc had received the gifts. +But the Princess in her eagerness showered questions +upon him, until at last the old man grew impatient.</p> +<p>“Lady,” he said, somewhat testily, “I have told you the +knight’s words; I cannot tell you his thoughts, for he is +a prudent gentleman who knows well what to hide in +his heart.”</p> +<p>Although he rejoiced at the gifts Eliduc had but little +peace of mind. He could think of nothing save the +vow he had made to his wife before he left her. But +thoughts of the Princess would intrude themselves upon +him. Often he saw Guillardun, and although he saluted +her with a kiss, as was the custom of the time, he never +spoke a single word of love to her, being fearful on the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_309' name='page_309'></a>309</span> +one hand of breaking his conjugal vow and on the other +of offending the King.</p> +<p>One evening when Eliduc was announced the King was +in his daughter’s chamber, playing at chess with a +stranger lord. He welcomed the knight heartily, and +much to the embarrassment of the lovers begged his +daughter to cherish a closer friendship for Eliduc, whom +he brought to her notice as a right worthy knight. The +pair withdrew somewhat from the others, as if for the +purpose of furthering the friendship which the old King +so ardently seemed to desire, and Eliduc thanked the +Princess for the gifts she had sent him by the chamberlain. +Then the Princess, taking advantage of her rank, +told Eliduc that she desired him for her husband, and +that, did he refuse her, she would die unwed.</p> +<p>“Lady,” replied the knight, “I have great joy in your +love, but have you thought that I may not always tarry +in this land? I am your father’s man until this war +hath an end. Then shall I return unto mine own +country.” But Guillardun, in a transport of love, told +him she would trust him entirely with her heart, and +passing great was the affection that grew between them.</p> +<p>Eliduc, in spite of his love for the Princess, had by no +means permitted his conduct of the war to flag. Indeed, +if anything, he redoubled his efforts, and pressed the +foe so fiercely that at length he was forced to submit. +And now news came to him that his old master, the +King who had banished him from Brittany, was sore +bestead by an enemy and was searching for his former +vice-regent on every hand, who was so mighty a knight +in the field and so sage at the council-board. Turning +upon the false lords who had spoken evil of his favourite, +he outlawed them from the land for ever. He sent +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_310' name='page_310'></a>310</span> +messengers east and west and across the seas in search +of Eliduc, who when he heard the news was much dismayed, +so greatly did he love Guillardun. These twain +had loved with a pure and tender passion, and never by +word or deed had they sullied the affection they bore +one another. Dearly did the Princess hope that Eliduc +might remain in her land and become her lord, and little +did she dream that he was wedded to a wife across the +seas. For his part Eliduc took close counsel with +himself. He knew by reason of the fealty he owed to +his King that he must return to Brittany, but he was +equally aware that if he parted from Guillardun one or +other of them must die.</p> +<p>Deep was the chagrin of the King of Logres when he +learned that Eliduc must depart from his realm, but +deeper far was his daughter’s grief when the knight +came to bid her farewell. In moving words she urged +him to remain, and when she found that his loyalty was +proof even against his love, she begged of him to take +her with him to Brittany. But this request he turned +aside, on the plea that as he had served her father he +could not so offend him as by the theft of his daughter. +He promised, however, by all he held most dear that he +would return one day, and with much sorrow the two +parted, exchanging rings for remembrance.</p> +<p>Eliduc took ship and swiftly crossed the sea. He met +with a joyous reception from his King, and none was +so glad at his return as his wife. But gradually his +lady began to see that he had turned cold to her. She +charged him with it, and he replied that he had pledged +his faith to the foreign lord whom he had served +abroad.</p> +<p>Very soon through his conduct the war was brought +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_311' name='page_311'></a>311</span> +to a victorious close, and almost immediately thereafter +Eliduc repaired across the sea to Logres, taking with +him two of his nephews as his squires. On reaching +Logres he at once went to visit Guillardun, who +received him with great gladness. She returned with +him to his ship, which commenced the return voyage +at once, but when they neared the dangerous coast +of Brittany a sudden tempest arose, and waxed so +fierce that the mariners lost all hope of safety. One +of them cried out that the presence of Guillardun on +board the ship endangered all their lives and that the +conduct of Eliduc, who had already a faithful wife, in +seeking to wed this foreign woman had brought about +their present dangerous position. Eliduc grew very +wroth, and when Guillardun heard that her knight was +already wedded she swooned and all regarded her as +dead. In despair Eliduc fell upon his betrayer, slew +him, and cast his body into the sea. Then, guiding +the ship with a seaman’s skill, he brought her into +harbour.</p> +<p>When they were safely anchored, Eliduc conceived the +idea of taking Guillardun, whom he regarded as dead, +to a certain chapel in a great forest quite near his own +home. Setting her body before him on his palfrey, +he soon came to the little shrine, and making a bier +of the altar laid Guillardun upon it. He then betook +him to his own house, but the next morning returned +to the chapel in the forest. Mourning over the body +of his lady-love, he was surprised to observe that the +colour still remained in her cheeks and lips. Again +and again he visited the chapel, and his wife, marvelling +whither he went, bribed a varlet to discover the object +of his repeated absences. The man watched Eliduc +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_312' name='page_312'></a>312</span> +and saw him enter the chapel and mourn over the body +of Guillardun, and, returning, acquainted his lady with +what he had seen.</p> +<p>Guildeluec—for such, we will remember, was the name +of Eliduc’s wife—set out for the shrine, and with +astonishment beheld the lifelike form of Guillardun laid +on the altar. So pitiful was the sight that she herself +could not refrain from the deepest sorrow. As she sat +weeping a weasel came from under the altar and ran +across Guillardun’s body, and the varlet who attended +Guildeluec struck at it with his staff and killed it. +Another weasel issued, and, beholding its dead comrade, +went forth from the chapel and hastened to the wood, +whence it returned, bearing in its mouth a red flower, +which it placed on the mouth of its dead companion. +The weasel which Guildeluec had believed to be dead +at once stood up. Beholding this, the varlet cast his +staff at the animals and they sped away, leaving the +red flower behind them.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_26' id='linki_26'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs26.jpg' alt='' title='' width='406' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +ELIDUC CARRIES GUILLARDUN TO THE FOREST CHAPEL<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Guildeluec immediately picked the flower up, and returning +with it to the altar where Guillardun lay, placed +it on the maiden’s mouth. In a few moments she heard +a sigh, and Guillardun sat up, and inquired if she had +slept long. Guildeluec asked her name and degree, +and Guillardun in reply acquainted her with her history +and lineage, speaking very bitterly of Eliduc, who, she +said, had betrayed her in a strange land. Guildeluec +declared herself the wife of Eliduc, told Guillardun +how deeply the knight had grieved for her, and declared +her intention of taking the veil and releasing Eliduc +from his marriage vow. She conducted Guillardun to +her home, where they met Eliduc, who rejoiced greatly +at the restoration of his lady-love. His wife founded +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_313' name='page_313'></a>313</span> +a convent with the rich portion he bestowed upon her, +and Eliduc, in thankfulness for Guillardun’s recovery, +built a fair church close by his castle and endowed +it bountifully, and close beside it erected a great +monastery. Later Guillardun entered the convent of +which Guildeluec was the abbess, and Eliduc, himself +feeling the call of the holy life, devoted himself to the +service of God in the monastery. Messages passed +between convent and monastery in which Eliduc and +the holy women encouraged each other in the pious +life which they had chosen, and by degrees the three +who had suffered so greatly came to regard their +seclusion as far preferable to the world and all its +vanities.</p> +<h3><i>The Lay of Equitan</i></h3> +<p>The Lay of Equitan is one of Marie’s most famous tales. +Equitan was King of Nantes, in Brittany, and led the +life of a pleasure-seeker. To win approval from the +eyes of fair ladies was more to him than knightly fame +or honour.</p> +<p>Equitan had as seneschal a trusty and faithful knight, +who was to the pleasure-loving seigneur as his right +hand. This faithful servant was also captain of +Equitan’s army, and sat as a judge in his courts. To +his undoing he had a wife, as fair a dame as any in +the duchy of Brittany. “Her eyes,” says the old lay, +“were blue, her face was warm in colour, her mouth +fragrant and her nose dainty.” She was ever tastefully +dressed and courtly in demeanour, and soon attracted +the attention of such an admirer of the fair sex as +Equitan, who desired to speak with her more intimately. +He therefore, as a subterfuge, announced +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_314' name='page_314'></a>314</span> +that a great hunt would take place in that part of his +domains in which his seneschal’s castle was situated, +and this gave him the opportunity of sojourning at the +castle and holding converse with the lady, with whom +he became so charmed that in a few days he fell deeply +in love with her. On the night of the day when he first +became aware that he loved her Equitan lay tossing on +his bed, in a torment of fiery emotion. He debated +with himself in what manner he should convey to his +seneschal’s wife the fact that he loved her, and at length +prepared a plot which he thought would be likely to +succeed.</p> +<p>Next day he rose as usual and made all arrangements +to proceed with the chase. But shortly after setting +out he returned, pleading that he had fallen sick, and +took to his bed. The faithful seneschal could not divine +what had occurred to render his lord so seriously indisposed +as he appeared to be, and requested his wife to +go to him to see if she could minister to him and cheer +his drooping spirits.</p> +<p>The lady went to Equitan, who received her dolefully +enough. He told her without reserve that the malady +from which he suffered was none other than love for +herself, and that did she not consent to love him in +return he would surely die. The dame at first dissented, +but, carried away by the fiery eloquence of his words, +she at last assured him of her love, and they exchanged +rings as a token of troth and trust.</p> +<p>The love of Equitan and the seneschal’s wife was +discovered by none, and when they desired to meet +he arranged to go hunting in the neighbourhood of +the seneschal’s castle. Shortly after they had plighted +their troth the great barons of the realm approached +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_315' name='page_315'></a>315</span> +the King with a proposal that he should marry, but +Equitan would have none of this, nor would he listen +to even his most trusted advisers with regard to such +a subject. The nobles were angered at his curt and +even savage refusal to hearken to them, and the +commons were also greatly disturbed because of the +lack of a successor. The echoes of the disagreement +reached the ears of the seneschal’s wife, who was much +perturbed thereby, being aware that the King had come +to this decision for love of her.</p> +<p>At their next meeting she broached the subject to her +royal lover, lamenting that they had ever met.</p> +<p>“Now are my good days gone,” she said, weeping, “for +you will wed some king’s daughter as all men say, and +I shall certainly die if I lose you thus.”</p> +<p>“Nay, that will not be,” replied Equitan. “Never +shall I wed except your husband die.”</p> +<p>The lady felt that he spoke truly, but in an evil moment +she came to attach a sinister meaning to the words +Equitan had employed regarding her husband. Day +and night she brooded on them, for well she knew that +did her husband die Equitan would surely wed her. By +insensible degrees she came to regard her husband’s +death as a good rather than an evil thing, and little by +little Equitan, who at first looked upon the idea with +horror, became converted to her opinion. Between +them they hatched a plot for the undoing of the +seneschal. It was arranged that the King should go +hunting as usual in the neighbourhood of his faithful +servant’s castle. While lodging in the castle, the King +and the seneschal would be bled in the old surgical +manner for their health’s sake, and three days after +would bathe before leaving the chamber they occupied, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_316' name='page_316'></a>316</span> +and the heartless wife suggested that she should make +her husband’s bath so fiercely hot that he would not +survive after entering it. One would think that the +seneschal would easily have been able to escape such a +simple trap, but we must remember that the baths of +Norman times were not shaped like our own, but were +exceedingly deep, and indeed some of them were in +form almost like those immense upright jars such as the +forty thieves were concealed in in the story of Ali Baba, +so that in many cases it was not easy for the bather to +tell whether the water into which he was stepping was +hot or otherwise.</p> +<p>The plot was carried out as the lady had directed, but +not without much misgiving on the part of Equitan. +The King duly arrived at the castle, and announced his +intention to be bled, requesting that the seneschal should +undergo the same operation at the same time, and occupy +the same chamber by way of companionship. Then +after the leech had bled them the King asked that he +might have a bath before leaving his apartment, and +the seneschal requested that his too should be made +ready. Accordingly on the third day the baths were +brought to the chamber, and the lady occupied herself +with filling them. While she was doing so her lord left +the chamber for a space, and during his absence the King +and the lady were clasped in each other’s arms. So +rapt were the pair in their amorous dalliance that they +failed to notice the return of the seneschal, who, when +he saw them thus engaged, uttered an exclamation of +surprise and wrath. Equitan, turning quickly, saw him, +and with a cry of despair leapt into the bath that the +lady had prepared for the seneschal, and there perished +miserably, while the enraged husband, seizing his faithless +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_317' name='page_317'></a>317</span> +wife, thrust her headlong into the boiling water +beside her lover, where she too was scalded to death.</p> +<h3><i>The Lay of the Ash-Tree</i></h3> +<p>In olden times there dwelt in Brittany two knights who +were neighbours and close friends. Both were married, +and one was the father of twin sons, one of whom he +christened by the name of his friend. Now this friend +had a wife who was envious of heart and rancorous of +tongue, and on hearing that two sons had been born to +her neighbour she spoke slightingly and cruelly about +her, saying that to bear twins was ever a disgrace. Her +evil words were spread abroad, and at last as a result of +her malicious speech the good lady’s husband himself +began to doubt and suspect the wife who had never for +a moment given him the least occasion to do so.</p> +<p>Strangely enough, within the year two daughters were +born to the lady of the slanderous tongue, who now +deeply lamented the wrong she had done, but all to no +purpose. Fearful of the gossip which she thought the +event would occasion, she gave one of the children to +a faithful handmaiden, with directions that it should be +laid on the steps of a church, where it might be picked +up as a foundling and nourished by some stranger. The +babe was wrapped in a linen cloth, which again was +covered with a beautiful piece of red silk that the lady’s +husband had purchased in the East, and a handsome +ring engraved with the family insignia and set with +garnets was bound to the infant’s arm with silken lace. +When the child had thus been attired the damsel took +it and carried it for many miles into the country, until +at last she came to a city where there was a large and +fair abbey. Breathing a prayer that the child might +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_318' name='page_318'></a>318</span> +have proper guardianship, the girl placed it on the abbey +steps as her mistress had ordered her to do, but, afraid +that it might catch cold on such a chilly bed, she looked +around and saw an ash-tree, thick and leafy, with four +strong branches, among the foliage of which she deposited +the little one, commending it to the care of God, after +which she returned to her mistress and acquainted her +with what had passed.</p> +<p>In the morning the abbey porter opened the great doors +of the house of God so that the people might enter for +early Mass. As he was thus engaged his eye caught +the gleam of red silk among the leaves of the ash-tree, +and going to it he discovered the deserted infant. +Taking the babe from its resting-place, he returned +with it to his house, and, awaking his daughter, who +was a widow with a baby yet in the cradle, he asked +her to cherish it and care for it. Both father and +daughter could see from the crimson silk and the great +signet ring that the child was of noble birth. The +porter told the abbess of his discovery, and she requested +him to bring the child to her, dressed precisely as it had +been found. On beholding the infant a great compassion +was aroused in the breast of the holy woman, who +resolved to bring up the child herself, calling her her +niece, and since she was taken from the ash giving her +the name of Frêne.</p> +<p>Frêne grew up one of the fairest damsels in Brittany. +She was frank in manner, yet modest and discreet in +bearing and speech. At Dol, where, as we have read, +there is a great menhir and other prehistoric monuments, +there lived a lord called Buron, who, hearing reports of +Frêne’s beauty and sweetness, greatly desired to behold +her. Riding home from a tournament, he passed near +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_319' name='page_319'></a>319</span> +the convent, and, alighting there, paid his respects to +the abbess, and begged that he might see her niece. +Buron at once fell in love with the maiden, and in order +to gain favour with the abbess bestowed great riches +upon the establishment over which she presided, requesting +in return that he might be permitted to occupy +a small apartment in the abbey should he chance to be +in the neighbourhood.</p> +<p>In this way he frequently saw and spoke with Frêne, +who in turn fell in love with him. He persuaded her +to fly with him to his castle, taking with her the silken +cloth and ring with which she had been found.</p> +<p>But the lord’s tenants were desirous that he should +marry, and had set their hearts upon his union with a +rich lady named Coudre, daughter of a neighbouring +baron. The marriage was arranged, greatly to the grief +of Frêne, and duly took place. Going to Buron’s bridal +chamber, she considered it too mean, blinded with love +as she was, for such as he, and placed the wondrous +piece of crimson silk in which she had been wrapped +as an infant over the coverlet. Presently the bride’s +mother entered the bridal chamber in order to see that +all was fitting for her daughter’s reception there. Gazing +at the crimson coverlet, she recognized it as that in +which she had wrapped her infant daughter. She +anxiously inquired to whom it belonged, and was told +that it was Frêne’s. Going to the damsel, she questioned +her as to where she had obtained the silk, and was told +by Frêne that the abbess had given it to her along with +a ring which had been found upon her when, as an +infant, she had been discovered within the branches of +the ash-tree.</p> +<p>The mother asked anxiously to see the ring, and on +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_320' name='page_320'></a>320</span> +beholding it told Frêne of their relationship, which at +the same time she confessed to her husband, the baron. +The father was overjoyed to meet with a daughter he +had never known, and hastened to the bridegroom to +acquaint him with Frêne’s story. Great joy had Buron, +and the archbishop who had joined him to Coudre gave +counsel that they should be parted according to the +rites of the Church and that Buron should marry Frêne. +This was accordingly done, and when Frêne’s parents +returned to their own domain they found another +husband for Coudre.</p> +<h3><i>The Lay of Graelent</i></h3> +<p>Graelent was a Breton knight dwelling at the Court +of the King of Brittany, a very pillar to him in war, +bearing himself valiantly in tourney and joust. So +handsome and brave was he that the Queen fell madly +in love with him, and asked her chamberlain to bring +the knight into her presence. When he came she +praised him greatly to his face, not only for his gallantry +in battle, but also for his comeliness; but at her honeyed +words the youth, quite abashed, sat silent, saying +nothing. The Queen at last questioned him if his +heart was set on any maid or dame, to which he replied +that it was not, that love was a serious business +and not to be taken in jest.</p> +<p>“Many speak glibly of love,” he said, “of whom not +one can spell the first letter of its name. Love should +be quiet and discreet or it is nothing worth, and without +accord between the lovers love is but a bond and +a constraint. Love is too high a matter for me to +meddle with.”</p> +<p>The Queen listened greedily to Graelent’s words, and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_321' name='page_321'></a>321</span> +when he had finished speaking she discovered her love +for him; but he turned from her courteously but firmly.</p> +<p>“Lady,” he said, “I beg your forgiveness, but this +may not be. I am the King’s man, and to him I have +pledged my faith and loyalty. Never shall he know +shame through any conduct of mine.”</p> +<p>With these words he took his leave of the Queen. But +his protestations had altered her mind not at all. She +sent him messages daily, and costly gifts, but these he +refused and returned, till at last the royal dame, stung +to anger by his repulses, conceived a violent hatred +for him, and resolved to be revenged upon him for the +manner in which he had scorned her love.</p> +<p>The King of Brittany went to war with a neighbouring +monarch, and Graelent bore himself manfully in the +conflict, leading his troops again and again to victory. +Hearing of his repeated successes, the Queen was exceedingly +mortified, and made up her mind to destroy +his popularity with the troops. With this end in view +she prevailed upon the King to withhold the soldiers’ +pay, which Graelent had to advance them out of his +own means. In the end the unfortunate knight was +reduced almost to beggary by this mean stratagem.</p> +<p>One morning he was riding through the town where +he was lodged, clad in garments so shabby that the +wealthy burgesses in their fur-lined cloaks and rich +apparel gibed and jeered at him, but Graelent, sure of +his own worth, deigned not to take notice of such ill-breeding, +and for his solace quitted the crowded streets +of the place and took his way toward the great forest +which skirted it. He rode into its gloom deep in +thought, listening to the murmur of the river which +flowed through the leafy ways.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_322' name='page_322'></a>322</span></div> +<p>He had not gone far when he espied a white hart within +a thicket. She fled before him into the thickest part of +the forest, but the silvern glimmer of her body showed +the track she had taken. On a sudden deer and horseman +dashed into a clearing among the trees where there +was a grassy lawn, in the midst of which sprang a fountain +of clear water. In this fountain a lady was bathing, and +two attendant maidens stood near. Now Graelent believed +that the lady must be a fairy, and knowing well +that the only way to capture such a being was to seize +her garments, he looked around for these, and seeing +them lying upon a bush he laid hands upon them.</p> +<p>The attendant women at this set up a loud outcry, and +the lady herself turned to where he sat his horse and +called him by name.</p> +<p>“Graelent, what do you hope to gain by the theft of my +raiment?” she asked. “Have you, a knight, sunk so +low as to behave like a common pilferer? Take my +mantle if you must, but pray spare me my gown.”</p> +<p>Graelent laughed at the lady’s angry words, and told +her that he was no huckster. He then begged her to +don her garments, as he desired to have speech with +her. After her women had attired her, Graelent took +her by the hand and, leading her a little space away +from her attendants, told her that he had fallen deeply +in love with her. But the lady frowned and seemed at +first offended.</p> +<p>“You do not know to whom you proffer your love,” she +said. “Are you aware that my birth and lineage render +it an impertinence for a mere knight to seek to ally +himself with me?”</p> +<p>But Graelent had a most persuasive tongue, and the +deep love he had conceived for the lady rendered him +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_323' name='page_323'></a>323</span> +doubly eloquent on this occasion. At last the fairy-woman, +for such she was, was quite carried away by his +words, and granted him the boon he craved.</p> +<p>“There is, however, one promise I must exact from +you,” she said, “and that is that never shall you mention +me to mortal man. I on my part shall assist you in +every possible manner. You shall never be without +gold in your purse nor costly apparel to wear. Day +and night shall I remain with you, and in war and in +the chase will ride by your side, visible to you alone, +unseen by your companions. For a year must you +remain in this country. Now noon has passed and you +must go. A messenger shall shortly come to you to +tell you of my wishes.”</p> +<p>Graelent took leave of the lady and kissed her farewell. +Returning to his lodgings in the town, he was leaning +from the casement considering his strange adventure +when he saw a varlet issuing from the forest riding +upon a palfrey. The man rode up the cobbled street +straight to Graelent’s lodgings, where he dismounted +and, entering, told the knight that his lady had sent +him with the palfrey as a present, and begged that he +would accept the services of her messenger to take charge +of his lodgings and manage his affairs.</p> +<p>The serving-man quickly altered the rather poor appearance +of Graelent’s apartment. He spread a rich coverlet +upon his couch and produced a well-filled purse and rich +apparel. Graelent at once sought out all the poor +knights of the town and feasted them to their hearts’ +content. From this moment he fared sumptuously +every day. His lady appeared whenever he desired +her to, and great was the love between them. Nothing +more had he to wish for in this life.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_324' name='page_324'></a>324</span></div> +<p>A year passed in perfect happiness for the knight, and +at its termination the King held a great feast on the +occasion of Pentecost. To this feast Sir Graelent was +bidden. All day the knights and barons and their ladies +feasted, and the King, having drunk much wine, grew +boastful. Requesting the Queen to stand forth on the +daïs, he asked the assembled nobles if they had ever +beheld so fair a dame as she. The lords were loud in +their praise of the Queen, save Graelent only. He sat +with bent head, smiling strangely, for he knew of a lady +fairer by far than any lady in that Court. The Queen +was quick to notice this seeming discourtesy, and pointed +it out to the King, who summoned Graelent to the steps +of the throne.</p> +<p>“How now, Sir Knight,” said the King; “wherefore +did you sneer when all other men praised the Queen’s +beauty?”</p> +<p>“Sire,” replied Graelent, “you do yourself much dishonour +by such a deed. You make your wife a show +upon a stage and force your nobles to praise her with +lies when in truth a fairer dame than she could very +easily be found.”</p> +<p>Now when she heard this the Queen was greatly +angered and prayed her husband to compel Graelent to +bring to the Court her of whom he boasted so proudly.</p> +<p>“Set us side by side,” cried the infuriated Queen, “and +if she be fairer than I before men’s eyes, Graelent may +go in peace, but if not let justice be done upon him.”</p> +<p>The King, stirred to anger at these words, ordered his +guards to seize Graelent, swearing that he should never +issue from prison till the lady of whom he had boasted +should come to Court and pit herself against the Queen. +Graelent was then cast into a dungeon, but he thought +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_325' name='page_325'></a>325</span> +little of this indignity, fearing much more that his rashness +had broken the bond betwixt him and his fairy +bride. After a while he was set at liberty, on pledging +his word that he would return bringing with him the +lady whom he claimed as fairer than the Queen.</p> +<p>Leaving the Court, he betook himself to his lodging, +and called upon his lady, but received no answer. +Again he called, but without result, and believing that +his fairy bride had utterly abandoned him he gave way +to despair. In a year’s time Graelent returned to the +Court and admitted his failure.</p> +<p>“Sir Graelent,” said the King, “wherefore should you +not be punished? You have slandered the Queen in +the most unknightly manner, and given the lie to those +nobles who must now give judgment against you.”</p> +<p>The nobles retired to consider their judgment upon +Graelent. For a long time they debated, for most of +them were friendly to him and he had been extremely +popular at Court. In the midst of their deliberations +a page entered and prayed them to postpone judgment, +as two damsels had arrived at the palace and were +having speech with the King concerning Graelent. +The damsels told the King that their mistress was at +hand, and begged him to wait for her arrival, as she had +come to uphold Graelent’s challenge. Hearing this, the +Queen quitted the hall, and shortly after she had gone +a second pair of damsels appeared bearing a similar +message for the King. Lastly Graelent’s young bride +herself entered the hall.</p> +<p>At sight of her a cry of admiration arose from the +assembled nobles, and all admitted that their eyes had +never beheld a fairer lady. When she reached the +King’s side she dismounted from her palfrey.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_326' name='page_326'></a>326</span></div> +<p>“Sire,” she said, addressing the King, “hasty and foolish +was Graelent’s tongue when he spoke as he did, but at +least he told the truth when he said that there is no +lady so fair but a fairer may be found. Look upon me +and judge in this quarrel between the Queen and me.”</p> +<p>When she had spoken every lord and noble with one +voice agreed that she was fairer than her royal rival. +Even the King himself admitted that it was so, and +Sir Graelent was declared a free man.</p> +<p>Turning round to seek his lady, the knight observed +that she was already some distance away, so, mounting +upon his white steed, he followed hotly after her. All +day he followed, and all night, calling after her and +pleading for pity and pardon, but neither she nor her +attendant damsels paid the slightest attention to his +cries. Day after day he followed her, but to no purpose.</p> +<p>At last the lady and her maidens entered the forest and +rode to the bank of a broad stream. They set their +horses to the river, but when the lady saw that Graelent +was about to follow them she turned and begged him to +desist, telling him that it was death for him to cross that +stream. Graelent did not heed her, but plunged into +the torrent. The stream was deep and rapid, and +presently he was torn from his saddle. Seeing this, the +lady’s attendants begged her to save him. Turning +back, the lady clutched her lover by the belt and dragged +him to the shore. He was well-nigh drowned, but under +her care he speedily recovered, and, say the Breton folk, +entered with her that realm of Fairyland into which +penetrated Thomas the Rhymer, Ogier the Dane, and +other heroes. His white steed when it escaped from +the river grieved greatly for its master, rushing up and +down the bank, neighing loudly, and pawing with its +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_327' name='page_327'></a>327</span> +hoofs upon the ground. Many men coveted so noble a +charger, and tried to capture him, but all in vain, so +each year, “in its season,” as the old romance says, the +forest is filled with the sorrowful neighing of the good +steed which may not find its master.</p> +<p>The story of Graelent is one of those which deal with +what is known to folk-lorists as the ‘fairy-wife’ subject. +A taboo is always placed upon the mortal bridegroom. +Sometimes he must not utter the name of his wife; in +other tales, as in that of Melusine, he must not seek +her on a certain day of the week. The essence of the +story is, of course, that the taboo is broken, and in most +cases the mortal husband loses his supernatural mate.</p> +<p>Another incident in the general <i>motif</i> is the stealing +of the fairy-woman’s clothes. The idea is the same as +that found in stories where the fisherman steals the +sea-woman’s skin canoe as a prelude to making her +his wife, or the feather cloak of the swan-maiden is +seized by the hunter when he finds her asleep, thus +placing the supernatural maiden in his power. Among +savages it is quite a common and usual circumstance +for the spouses not to mention each other’s names for +months after marriage, nor even to see one another’s +faces. In the story under consideration the taboo consists +in the mortal bridegroom being forbidden to allude +in any circumstances to his supernatural wife, who is +undoubtedly the same type of being encountered by +Thomas the Rhymer and Bonny Kilmeny in the ballads +related of them. They are denizens of a country, a +fairy realm, which figures partly as an abode of the +dead, and which we are certainly justified in identifying +with the Celtic Otherworld. The river which the fairy-woman +crosses bears a certain resemblance to the Styx, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_328' name='page_328'></a>328</span> +or she tells Graelent plainly that should he reach its +opposite bank he is as good as dead. Fairyland in +early Celtic lore may be a place of delight, but it is +none the less one of death and remoteness.</p> +<h3><i>The Lay of the Dolorous Knight</i></h3> +<p>Once more the scene is laid in Nantes, and “some +harpers,” says Marie, “call it the Lay of the Four +Sorrows.” In this city of Brittany dwelt a lady on +whom four barons of great worship had set their love. +They were not singular in this respect, as the damsel’s +bright eyes had set fire to the hearts of all the youths +of the ancient town. She smiled upon them all, but +favoured no one more than another. Out of this great +company, however, the four noblemen in question had +constituted themselves her particular squires. They +vied with one another in the most earnest manner to +gain her esteem; but she was equally gracious to all +and it was impossible to say that she favoured any.</p> +<p>It was not surprising, then, that each one of the four +nobles believed that the lady preferred him to the +others. Each of them had received gifts from her, +and each cried her name at tournaments. On the +occasion of a great jousting, held without the walls +of Nantes, the four lovers held the lists, and from all +the surrounding realms and duchies came hardy knights +to break a spear for the sake of chivalry.</p> +<p>From matins to vespers the friendly strife raged fiercely, +and against the four champions of Nantes four foreign +knights especially pitted themselves. Two of these +were of Hainault, and the other two were Flemings. +The two companies charged each other so desperately +that the horses of all eight men were overthrown. The +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_329' name='page_329'></a>329</span> +four knights of Nantes rose lightly from the ground, +but the four stranger knights lay still. Their friends, +however, rushed to their rescue, and soon the challengers +were lost in a sea of steel.</p> +<p>Now the lady in whose honour the lists were defended +by these four brave brethren in arms sat beholding their +prowess in the keenest anxiety. Soon the knights of +Nantes were reinforced by their friends, and the strife +waxed furiously, sword to sword and lance to lance. +First one company and then the other gained the +advantage, but, urged on by rashness, the four challenging +champions charged boldly in front of their +comrades and became separated from them, with the +dire result that three of them were killed and the fourth +was so grievously wounded that he was borne from the +press in a condition hovering between life and death. +So furious were the stranger knights because of the +resistance that had been made by the four champions +that they cast their opponents’ shields outside the lists. +But the knights of Nantes won the day, and, raising +their three slain comrades and him who was wounded, +carried all four to the house of their lady-love.</p> +<p>When the sad procession reached her doors the lady +was greatly grieved and cast down. To her three dead +lovers she gave sumptuous burial in a fair abbey. As +for the fourth, she tended him with such skill that ere +long his wounds were healed and he was quite recovered. +One summer day the knight and the lady sat together +after meat, and a great sadness fell upon her because of +the knights who had been slain in her cause. Her head +sank upon her breast and she seemed lost in a reverie +of sorrow. The knight, perceiving her distress, could +not well understand what had wounded her so deeply.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_330' name='page_330'></a>330</span></div> +<p>“Lady,” said he, “a great sorrow seems to be yours. +Reveal your grief to me, and perchance I can find you +comfort.”</p> +<p>“Friend,” replied the lady, “I grieve for your companions +who are gone. Never was lady or damsel +served by four such valiant knights, three of whom were +slain in one single day. Pardon me if I call them to +mind at this time, but it is my intention to make a +lay in order that these champions and yourself may +not be forgotten, and I will call it ‘The Lay of the +Four Sorrows.’”</p> +<p>“Nay, lady,” said the knight, “call it not ‘The Lay of +the Four Sorrows,’ but rather ‘The Lay of the Dolorous +Knight.’ My three comrades are dead. They have +gone to their place; no more hope have they of life; all +their sorrows are ended and their love for you is as dead +as they. I alone am here in life, but what have I to +hope for? I find my life more bitter than they could +find the grave. I see you in your comings and goings, +I may speak with you, but I may not have your love. +For this reason I am full of sorrow and cast down, and +thus I beg that you give your lay my name and call it +‘The Lay of the Dolorous Knight.’”</p> +<p>The lady looked earnestly upon him. “By my faith,” +she said, “you speak truly. The lay shall be known by +the title you wish it to be.”</p> +<p>So the lay was written and entitled as the knight desired +it should be. “I heard no more,” says Marie, “and +nothing more I know. Perforce I must bring my story +to a close.”</p> +<p>The end of this lay is quite in the medieval manner, +and fitly concludes this chapter. We are left absolutely +in the dark as to whether the knight and the lady came +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_331' name='page_331'></a>331</span> +together at last. I for one do not blame Marie for this, +as with the subtle sense of the fitness of things that +belongs to all great artists she saw how much more +effective it would be to leave matters as they were +between the lovers. There are those who will blame +her for her inconclusiveness; but let them bear in mind +that just because of what they consider her failing in +this respect they will not be likely to forget her tale, +whereas had it ended with wedding-bells they would +probably have stored it away in some mental attic with +a thousand other dusty memories.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_332' name='page_332'></a>332</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_XII_THE_SAINTS_OF_BRITTANY' id='CHAPTER_XII_THE_SAINTS_OF_BRITTANY'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER XII: THE SAINTS OF BRITTANY</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">An</span> important department in Breton folk-lore is +the hagiology of the province—the legendary +lore of its saints. This, indeed, holds almost +as much of the marvellous as its folk-tales, ballads, and +historical legends, and in perusing the tales of Brittany’s +saintly heroes we have an opportunity of observing how +the <i>motifs</i> of popular fiction and even of pagan belief +reflect upon religious romance.</p> +<p>Just as some mythology is not in itself religious, but +very often mere fiction fortuitously connected with the +names of the gods, so hagiology is not of sacerdotal but +popular origin. For the most part it describes the +origin of its heroes and accounts for their miracles and +marvellous deeds by various means, just as mythology +does. It must be remembered that the primitive saint +was in close touch with paganism, that, indeed, he had +frequently to fight the Druid and the magician with his +own weapons, and therefore we must not be surprised +if in some of these tales we find him somewhat of a +magician himself. But he is invariably on the side of +light, and the things of darkness and evil shrink from +contact with him.</p> +<h3><i>St Barbe</i></h3> +<p>Overlooking the valley of the Ellé, near the beautiful +and historic village of Le Faouet, is a ledge of rock, +approached by an almost inaccessible pathway. On +this ledge stands the chapel of St Barbe, one of the +strangest and most ‘pagan’ of the Breton saints. She +protects those who seek her aid from sudden death, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_333' name='page_333'></a>333</span> +especially death by lightning. Of recent years popular +belief has extended her sphere of influence to cover those +who travel by automobile! She is also regarded as the +patroness of firemen, at whose annual dinner her statue, +surrounded by flowers, presides. She is extremely +popular in Brittany, and once a year, on the last +Sunday of June, pilgrims arrive at Le Faouet to celebrate +her festival. Each, as he passes the belfry which +stands beside the path, pulls the bell-rope, and the +young men make the tour of a small neighbouring +chapel, dedicated to St Michel, Lord of Heights. Then +they drink of a little fountain near at hand and purchase +amulets, which are supposed to be a preservative against +sudden death and which are known as ‘Couronnes de +Ste Barbe.’ St Barbe is said to have been the daughter +of a pagan father, and to have been so beautiful that he +shut her up in a tower and permitted no one to go near +her. She succeeded, however, in communicating with +the outer world, and sent a letter to Origen of Alexandria, +entreating him to instruct her in the Christian +faith, as she had ceased to believe in the gods of her +fathers. Origen dispatched one of his monks to her, +and under his guidance she became a Christian. She +was called upon to suffer for her faith, for she was +brought before the Gallo-Roman proconsul, and, since +she refused to sacrifice to the pagan gods, was savagely +maltreated, and sentenced to be beaten as she walked +naked through the streets; but she raised her eyes to +heaven and a cloud descended and hid her from the +gaze of the impious mortals who would otherwise +have witnessed her martyrdom. Subsequently she was +spirited away to the top of a mountain, where, however, +her presence was betrayed by a shepherd. Her pagan +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_334' name='page_334'></a>334</span> +father, learning of her hiding-place, quickly ascended +the height and beheaded her with his own hand. +The legends of St Barbe abound in strange details, +which are more intelligible if we regard the Saint as +being the survival of some elemental goddess connected +with fire. The vengeance of heaven descended upon +her enemies, for both her father and the shepherd who +betrayed her were destroyed, the former being struck +by lightning on his descent from the mountain, and the +latter being turned into marble.</p> +<p>The legend of the foundation of the chapel at Le +Faouet is illustrative of the strange powers of this +saint. A Lord of Toulboudou, near Guémené, was +overtaken by a severe thunderstorm while hunting. +No shelter was available, and as the storm increased in +fury the huntsmen trembled for their lives, and doubtless +repeated with much fervour the old Breton charm:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Sainte Barbe et sainte Claire,</p> +<p>Preservez-moi du tonnerre,</p> +<p class='indent2'>Si le tonnerre tombe</p> +<p>Qu’il ne tombe pas sur moi!</p> +</div></div> +<p>which may be roughly translated:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Saint Barbe the great and sainted Clair,</p> +<p>Preserve me from the lightning’s glare.</p> +<p>When thunderbolts are flashing red</p> +<p>Let them not burst upon my head.</p> +</div></div> +<p>The Lord of Toulboudou, however, was not content +with praying to the Saint. He vowed that if by her +intercession he was preserved from death he would +raise a chapel to her honour on the narrow ledge of +rock above. No sooner had he made this vow than the +storm subsided, and safety was once more assured. In +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_335' name='page_335'></a>335</span> +the ancient archives of Le Faouet we read that on the +6th of July, 1489, John of Toulboudou bought of John +of Bouteville, Lord of Faouet, a piece of ground on the +flank of the Roche-Marche-Bran, twenty-five feet by +sixteen feet, on which to build a chapel to the honour of +St Barbe, and there the chapel stands to this day.</p> +<h3><i>How St Convoyon Stole the Relics</i></h3> +<p>St Convoyon, first Abbot of Redon (or Rodon) and +Bishop of Quimper, was of noble birth. He was born +near Saint-Malo and educated at Vannes under Bishop +Reginald, who ordained him as deacon and afterward +as priest. Five clerks attached themselves to him, and +the company went to dwell together in a forest near the +river Vilaine, finally establishing themselves at Redon. +The lord of that district was very favourably inclined +toward the monastery and sent his son to be educated +there, and when he himself fell sick and believed his +last hours to be nigh he caused himself to be carried +to this religious house, where his hair was shaven to +the monastic pattern. Contrary to expectation, he recovered, +and after settling his affairs at his castle he +returned to Redon, where he died at a later date. St +Convoyon had some difficulty in obtaining confirmation +of the grants given to him by this seigneur. He set +out with a disciple named Gwindeluc to seek the consent +of Louis the Pious, taking with him a quantity of wax +from his bees at Redon, intending to present it to +the King, but he was refused admission to the royal +presence. But Nomenoë, Governor of Brittany, visited +Redon, and encouraged the Saint to endeavour once +more to obtain the King’s sanction, and this time Louis +confirmed the grants.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_336' name='page_336'></a>336</span></div> +<p>So the monastery of Redon was built and its church +erected, but, as the chroniclers tell us, “there was no +saintly corpse under its altar to act as palladium to the +monastery and work miracles to attract pilgrims.” +Convoyon therefore set out for Angers, accompanied +by two of his monks, and found lodging there with a +pious man named Hildwall. The latter inquired as to +the object of their visit to Angers, and with considerable +hesitation, and only after extracting a promise of secrecy, +Convoyon confessed that they had come on a body-snatching +expedition. He asked his friend’s advice as +to what relics they should endeavour to secure. Hildwall +told him that interred in the cathedral were the +bones of St Apothemius, a bishop, of whom nothing +was known save that he was a saint. His bones lay in +a stone coffin which had a heavy lid. Hildwall added +that several monks had attempted to steal the relics, +but in vain. Convoyon and his monks bided their time +for three days, and then on a dark night, armed with +crowbars, they set out on their gruesome mission.</p> +<p>They reached the cathedral, entered, and, after singing +praises and hymns, raised the coffin lid. Securing the +bones, they made off with them as quickly as possible, +and in due course reached Redon with them in safety. +The reception of the relics was celebrated by the monks +with great pomp and ceremony. Miracles were at once +performed, and the popularity of St Apothemius was +firmly established.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_27' id='linki_27'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs27.jpg' alt='' title='' width='414' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +CONVOYON AND HIS MONKS CARRY OFF THE RELICS OF ST APOTHEMIUS<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>When the Bishop of Vannes died, in 837, the see was +filled by Susannus, who obtained it by bribery. Convoyon, +grieved and indignant at the prevalence of +corruption in the Church, urged Nomenoë to summon +a council of bishops and abbots and endeavour to put +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_337' name='page_337'></a>337</span> +a stop to these deplorable practices. At this council +the canons against simony were read; but the bishops +retorted that they did not sell Holy Orders, and expected +no fees—though they took presents! Susannus +was, naturally enough, most emphatic about this. At +length it was decided that a deputation should be sent +to Rome to obtain an authoritative statement on the +point, and that it should consist of Susannus of Vannes, +Félix of Quimper, and Convoyon, who was to carry +“gold crowns inlaid with jewels” as a gift from +Nomenoë to the Pope. The decision given by Pope +Leo on the matter is far from clear. The Nantes +chronicle asserts that Leo made Convoyon a duke, and +gave him permission to wear a gold coronet. He also +presented him with a valuable gift—the bones of +St Marcellinus, Bishop of Rome and martyr, which +Convoyon took back with him to Redon and deposited +in his church there.</p> +<p>On a later day Nomenoë raised the standard of revolt +against Charles the Bald of France—a circumstance +alluded to in our historical sketch. He ravaged Poitou +with sword and flame, but respected the abbey of Saint-Florent, +though, to insult Charles, he forced the monks +to place a statue of himself on their tower, with the face +turned defiantly toward France. During Nomenoë’s +absence the monks sent news of his action to the +hairless monarch, who tore down the statue and erected +a white stone figure “of ludicrous appearance,” its +mocking face turned toward Brittany. In revenge +Nomenoë burned Saint-Florent to the ground and carried +off the spoils to enrich the abbey of Redon. The +success of the Breton chief forced Charles to come to +terms. Nomenoë and his son, it was agreed, should +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_338' name='page_338'></a>338</span> +assume the insignia of royalty and hold Rennes, Nantes, +and all Brittany.</p> +<p>Convoyon, as we have seen, benefited by the spoils won +by the Breton champion. Later, as his abbey at +Redon was situated by a tidal river, and was thus +exposed to the ravages of the Normans, he and his +monks moved farther inland to Plélan. There he died +and was buried, about <span class='smcaplc'>A.D.</span> 868, but his body was afterward +removed to Redon, where he had lived and +laboured so long. His relics were dispersed during the +troublous times of the Revolution.</p> +<h3><i>Tivisiau, the Shepherd Saint</i></h3> +<p>St Tivisiau, or, more correctly, Turiau, has a large +parish, as, although he was Bishop of Dol, we find him +venerated as patron saint as far west as Landivisiau. +He belongs to the earlier half of the seventh century, +and, unlike most other Armorican ascetics, was of Breton +origin, his father, Lelian, and his mother, Mageen, being +graziers on the borders of the romantic and beautiful +forest of Broceliande. The young Tivisiau was set to +watch the sheep, and as he did so he steeped his soul in +the beauty of the wonderful forest land about him, and +his thoughts formed themselves into lays, which he +sang as he tended his flock, for, like that other shepherd +of old, King David, his exquisite voice could clothe his +beautiful thoughts. The monastery of Balon stood +near the lad’s home, and often he would leave his sheep +in the wilderness and steal away to listen to the monks +chanting. Sometimes he joined in the service, and one +day the Bishop of Dol, paying a visit to this outlying +portion of his diocese, heard the sweet, clear notes of +the boy’s voice soaring above the lower tones of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_339' name='page_339'></a>339</span> +monks. Enthralled by its beauty, the Bishop made +inquiries as to who the singer was, and Tivisiau being +brought forward, the prelate asked him to sing to him.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_28' id='linki_28'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs28.jpg' alt='' title='' width='420' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +ST TIVISIAU, THE SHEPHERD SAINT<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Again and again did he sing, till at last the Bishop, +who had lingered as long as he might in the little out-of-the-world +monastery to listen to the young songster, +was obliged to take his departure. The boy’s personality +had, however, so won his affection that he arranged +with the monks of Balon that he should take him to +Dol, and so it came about that Tivisiau was educated +at that ancient religious centre, where his voice was +carefully trained. The Bishop made him his suffragan, +and, later Abbot of Dol, and when at length he came to +relinquish the burden of his office he named Tivisiau as +his successor.</p> +<p>The story provides a noteworthy example of the power +exercised in early times by a beautiful voice. But this +love of music and the susceptibility to the emotion it +calls forth are not peculiar to any century of Celtdom. +Love of music, and the temperament that can hear the +voice of the world’s beauty, in music, in poetry, in the +wild sea that breaks on desolate shores, or in the hushed +wonder of hills and valleys, is as much a part of the +Celt as are the thews and the sinews that have helped +to carry him through the hard days of toil and poverty +that have been the lot of so many of his race in their +struggle for existence—whether in the far-off Outer +Isles of the mist-wreathed and mystic west coast of +Scotland, or among the Welsh mountains, or in picturesque +Brittany, or in the distressful, beautiful, sorrow-haunted +Green Isle.</p> +<p>At Landivisiau one finds much exquisite carving in +the south porch, which is all that remains of the early +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_340' name='page_340'></a>340</span> +building to show how beautiful must have been the +church to which it belonged. There is also a very +ancient and picturesque fountain, known to tradition as +that of St Tivisiau.</p> +<h3><i>St Nennocha</i></h3> +<p>The legend of Nennocha is held to be pure fable, but +is interesting nevertheless. It tells how a king in Wales, +called Breochan, had fourteen sons, who all deserted +him to preach the Gospel. Breochan then made a vow +that if God would grant him another child he would +give to the Church a tithe of all his gold and his lands, +and later on his wife, Moneduc, bore him a daughter, +whom they baptized Nennocha. Nennocha was sent +away to a foster father and mother, returning home at +the age of fourteen. A prince of Ireland sought her +hand in marriage, but St Germain, who was then at her +father’s palace, persuaded her to embrace the religious +life, and the disappointed King sadly gave his consent. +A great multitude assembled to accompany the maiden +in her renunciation of the world, “numbering in its +midst four bishops and many priests and virgins.” We +are told how they all took ship together and sailed to +Brittany. The Breton king gave the princess land at +Ploermel, and there she founded a great monastery, +where she lived till death claimed her.</p> +<h3><i>St Enora</i></h3> +<p>Several old Breton songs tell us the story of St Enora +(or Honora), the wife of Efflam (already alluded to in +the chapter on Arthurian legend), but these accounts +vary very considerably in their details. One account +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_341' name='page_341'></a>341</span> +giving us “stern facts” relates how St Efflam was +betrothed for political reasons to Enora, a Saxon princess, +and speaks of how impossible it was to expect +that such a union could prove anything but disastrous +when it was not a love match. So, whether partly to +escape from a married life which jarred his susceptibilities, +or entirely on account of his religious asceticism, +Efflam left his wife and crossed to Brittany to lead the +life of a religious hermit. One of the Breton songs gives +the beginning of the story in a much more picturesque +way. It relates how Enora, “beautiful as an angel,” +had many suitors, but would give her hand to none save +the Prince Efflam, “son of a stranger King.” But +Efflam, torn by the desire to lead the religious life, far +away from the world, rose “in the midst of the night, +his wedding night,” and crept softly away, no one seeing +him save his faithful dog, which he loved. So he came +to the seashore and crossed to Brittany. The story of +his landing and his meeting with Arthur has already +been told, and we have seen how his fate was once more, +by divine agency, linked with that of Enora. The song +tells us how the angels carried the princess over the sea +and set her on the door-sill of her husband’s cell. Presently +she awoke, and, finding herself there, she knocked +three times and cried out to her husband that she was +“his sweetheart, his wife,” whom God had sent. St +Efflam, knowing her voice, came out, and “with many +godly words he took her hand in his.” One account +says that he sent her to the south of Brittany to found a +convent for nuns, as he wished to devote his life entirely +to the service of God and the contemplation of nature. +All versions agree on the point that he built a hut for +her beside his own, and one story relates how he made +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_342' name='page_342'></a>342</span> +her wear a veil over her face and only spoke to her +through the door! But one Breton song with more +of the matter of poetry in it than the rest tells how +the little hut he built for her was shaded by green bushes +and sheltered by a rock, and that there they lived, side +by side, for a long and happy time, while the fame of +the miracles they wrought spread through the land. +Then one night some sailors on the sea “saw the sky +open and heard a burst of heavenly music,” and next +day when a poor woman took her sick child to Enora +to beg for her aid she could get no response, and looking +in she beheld the royal lady lying dead. The humble +place was alight with her radiance, and near her a little +boy in white was kneeling. The woman then ran to +tell St Efflam of her discovery, only to find that he too +was lying dead in his cell.</p> +<h3><i>Corseul the Accursed</i></h3> +<p>The town of Corseul has sunk into insignificance, and +its failure to achieve prosperity is said to be due to its +covert hostility to St Malo—or, as he is more correctly +called, Machutes. Coming to Brittany on missionary +enterprise, the Saint found that Christianity had not +penetrated to the district of Corseul, where the old +pagan worship still obtained. He therefore decided +that his work must lie chiefly among the Curiosolites +of that land, and determined that his first celebration +of Easter Mass there should take place in the very +centre of the pagan worship, the temple of Haute-Bécherel. +The people of the district received him +coldly, but without open hostility, and he and his monks +prepared for the Christian festival in the pagan shrine, +to find to their dismay that they had omitted to bring +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_343' name='page_343'></a>343</span> +either chalice or wine for the Eucharist. Several of +the monks were sent into the town to buy these, but in +all Corseul they could find no one willing to sell either +cup or wine, because of the hostility of the idolatrous +folk of the place. At last the Saint performed a miracle +to provide these necessaries, but he never forgave the +insult to his religion, and while he founded monasteries +broadcast over his diocese he avoided Corseul, and as +Christianity became more and more universal the pagan +town gradually paid the penalty of its enmity to the +cause of Christ.</p> +<h3><i>St Keenan</i></h3> +<p>St Keenan (sixth century) was surnamed Colodoc, or +“He who loves to lose himself,” a beautiful epitome of +his character. As in so many instances in the chronicles +of Breton hagiology, confusion regarding St Keenan +has arisen among a multiplicity of chronicles. He +seems to have been a native of Connaught, whence he +crossed into Wales and became a disciple of Gildas.</p> +<p>He was told to “go forward” carrying a little bell, until +he reached a place called Ros-ynys, where the bell +would ring of itself, and there he would find rest. He +asked Gildas to provide him with a bell, but the abbot +could only supply him with a small piece of metal. +Keenan, however, blessed this, and it grew until it +was large enough for a good bell to be cast from it. +Thus equipped, the Saint set out, and journeyed until +he reached an arm of the sea, where he sat down on +the grass to rest. While lying at his ease he heard +a herdsman call to his fellow: “Brother, have you seen +my cows anywhere?” “Yes,” replied the other, “I +saw them at Ros-ynys.” Rejoicing greatly at finding +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_344' name='page_344'></a>344</span> +himself in the vicinity of the place he sought, Keenan +descended to the shore, which has since been called +by his name. Greatly athirst, he struck a rock with +his staff, and water gushed forth in answer to the stroke. +Taking ship, he crossed the firth and entered a little +wood. All at once, to his extreme joy, the bell he +carried commenced to tinkle, and he knew he had +reached the end of his journey—the valley of Ros-ynys, +afterward St David’s.</p> +<p>Later, deciding to cross to Brittany with his disciples, +Keenan dispatched some of his company to beg for +corn for their journey from a merchant at Landegu. +They met with a gruff refusal, but the merchant +mockingly informed them they could have the corn +if they carried off the whole of his barge-load. When +the Saint embarked the barge broke its moorings and +floated after him all the way! He landed at Cléder, +where he built a monastery, which he enriched with +a copy of the Gospels transcribed by his own hand.</p> +<p>The fatal contest between King Arthur and Modred, +his nephew, caused Keenan to return to Britain, and +he is said to have been present at the battle of Camelot +and to have comforted Guinevere after the death of +her royal husband, exhorting her to enter a convent. +He afterward returned to Cléder, where he died. The +monastery fell into ruin, and the place of his burial +was forgotten, till one night an angel appeared in a +vision to one of the inhabitants of Cléder and bade +him exhume the bones of the Saint, which he would +find at a certain spot. This the man did, and the relics +were recovered. A fragment of them is preserved in +the cathedral of Saint-Brieuc. St Keenan is popularly +known in Brittany as St Ké, or St Quay.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_345' name='page_345'></a>345</span></div> +<h3><i>St Nicholas</i></h3> +<p>One very interesting and curious saint is St Nicholas, +whose cult cannot be traced to any Christian source, +and who is most probably the survival of some pagan +divinity. He is specially the saint of seafaring men, +and is believed to bring them good luck, asking nothing +in return save that they shall visit his shrine whenever +they happen to pass. This is a somewhat dilapidated +chapel at Landévennec, of which the seamen seem to +show their appreciation, if one may judge from the +fact that the little path leading up to it is exceedingly +well worn.</p> +<h3><i>St Bieuzy</i></h3> +<p>St Bieuzy was a friend and disciple of St Gildas. Flying +from England at the coming of the Saxons, they +crossed to Brittany and settled there, one of their +favourite retreats being the exquisite La Roche-sur-Blavet, +where they took up their abode in the shadow +of the great rock and built a rough wooden shelter. +The chapel there shows the ‘bell’ of St Gildas, and +by the river is a great boulder hollowed like a chair, +where Bieuzy was wont to sit and fish. St Bieuzy, however, +possessed thaumaturgical resources of his own, +having the gift of curing hydrophobia, and the hermitage +of La Roche-sur-Blavet became so thronged by +those seeking his aid that only by making a private +way to the top of the great rock could he obtain respite +to say his prayers. This gift of his was the cause of +his tragic death. One day as he was celebrating Mass +the servant of a pagan chief ran into the chapel, crying +out that his master’s dogs had gone mad, and demanding +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_346' name='page_346'></a>346</span> +that Bieuzy should come immediately and cure them. +Bieuzy was unwilling to interrupt the sacred service +and displeased at the irreverence of the demand, and +the servant returned to his master, who rushed into +the chapel and in his savage frenzy struck the Saint +such a blow with his sword that he cleft his head in +twain. The heroic Saint completed the celebration of +Mass—the sword still in the wound—and then, followed +by the whole congregation, he walked to the monastery +of Rhuys, where he received the blessing of his beloved +St Gildas, and fell dead at his feet. He was buried +in the church, and a fountain at Rhuys was dedicated +to him. It is satisfactory to note that the entire establishment +of the murderer of the Saint is said to have +perished of hydrophobia!</p> +<h3><i>St Leonorius</i></h3> +<p>St Leonorius, or Léonore (sixth century), was a disciple +of St Iltud, of Wales, and was ordained by St Dubricus; +he crossed to Brittany in early life. The legend that +most closely attaches to his name is one of the most +beautiful of all the Breton beliefs, and is full of the +poetry and romance that exist for the Celt in all the +living things around him. The Saint and his monks +had worked hard to till their ground—for the labours +of holy men included many duties in addition to religious +ministrations—but when they came to sow the seed they +found that they had omitted to provide themselves with +wheat! All their labour seemed in vain, and they were +greatly distressed as to what they would do for food if +they had no harvest to look forward to, when suddenly +they saw, perched on a little wayside cross, a tiny robin +redbreast holding in its beak an ear of wheat! The +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_347' name='page_347'></a>347</span> +monks joyfully took the grain, and, sowing it, reaped +an abundant harvest! Accounts vary somewhat in the +details of this story. Some say that the bird led the +monks to a store of grain, and others question the fact +that the bird was a robin, but the popular idea is that +the robin proffered the grain, and so universal and so +strong is this belief that “Robin Redbreast’s corn” +is a byword in Brittany for “small beginnings that +prosper.”</p> +<p>The Saint is said to have possessed the most marvellous +attainments. We are told that he learnt the alphabet +in one day, the “art of spelling” the following day, and +calligraphy the next! He is also said to have been a +bishop at the age of fifteen. Tradition avers that he +ploughed the land with stags, and that an altar was +brought to him from the depth of the sea by two wild +pigeons to serve for his ministrations. The circumstance +that animals or birds were employed—predominantly +the latter—as the divine means of rendering aid to the +Saint is common to many of these legends. We thus +have saintly romance linked with the ‘friendly animals’ +formula of folk-lore.</p> +<h3><i>St Patern</i></h3> +<p>Many quaint and pretty stories are told of the childhood +and youth of St Patern, the patron saint of Vannes. +His intense religious fervour was probably inherited +from his father, Petranus, who, we are told, left his wife +and infant son and crossed to Ireland to embrace the +life religious. One day as his mother sat by the open +window making a dress for her baby she was called +away, and left the little garment lying on the sill. A +bird flew past, and, attracted by the soft woollen stuff, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_348' name='page_348'></a>348</span> +carried it off to line its nest. A year later when the +nest was destroyed the dress was discovered as fresh +and clean as when it was stolen—a piece of symbolism +foretelling the purity and holiness of the future +saint.</p> +<p>As soon as the child could speak his mother sent him to +school. She hoped great things from the quiet, earnest +boy, in whom she had observed signs of fervent piety. +One day he came home and asked his mother where his +father was. “All the other boys have fathers,” he said; +“where is mine?” His mother sadly told him that his +father, wishing to serve God more perfectly than it was +possible for him to do at home, had gone to Ireland to +become a monk. “Thither shall I go too, when I’m a +man,” said Patern, and he made a resolve that when he +grew up he would also enter a monastery. Accordingly, +having finished his studies in the monastery of Rhuys, +he set out for Britain, where he founded two religious +houses, and then crossed to Ireland, where he met his +father. Eventually he returned to Vannes, as one of +the nine bishops of Brittany, but he did not agree with +his brethren regarding certain ecclesiastical laws, and +at last, not wishing to “lose his patience,” he abandoned +his diocese and went to France, where he ended his days +as a simple monk.</p> +<p>There is an interesting legend to account for the foundation +of the church of St Patern at Vannes. We are +told how for three years after Patern left Vannes the +people were afflicted by a dreadful famine. No rain +fell, and the distress was great. At length it was +remembered that Patern had departed without giving +the people his blessing, and at once “a pilgrimage set +forth to bring back his sacred body, that it might rest +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_349' name='page_349'></a>349</span> +in his own episcopal town.” But the body of the blessed +Patern “refused to be removed,” until one of the +pilgrims, who had before denied the bishop a certain +piece of ground, promised to gift it to his memory and +to build a church on it to the Saint’s honour, whereupon +the body became light enough to be lifted from the +grave and conveyed to Vannes. No sooner had the +sacred corpse entered Vannes than rain fell in torrents. +Hagiology abounds in instances of this description, which +in many respects bring it into line with mythology.</p> +<h3><i>St Samson</i></h3> +<p>We have already related the story of Samson’s birth. +Another legend regarding him tells how one day when +the youths attached to the monastery where he dwelt +were out winnowing corn one of the monks was bitten +by an adder and fainted with fright. Samson ran to +St Iltud to tell the news, with tears in his eyes, and +begged to be allowed to attempt the cure of the monk. +Iltud gave him permission, and Samson, full of faith and +enthusiasm, rubbed the bite with oil, and by degrees +the monk recovered. After this Samson’s fame grew +apace. Indeed, we are told that the monks grew jealous +of him and attempted to poison him. He was ordained +a bishop at York, and lived a most austere life, though +his humanity was very apparent in his love for animals.</p> +<p>He was made abbot of a monastery, and endeavoured +to instil temperance into the monks, but at length gave +up the attempt in despair and settled in a cave at the +mouth of the Severn. Then one night “a tall man” +appeared to him in a vision, and bade him go to +Armorica, saying to him—so the legend goes: “Thou +goest by the sea, and where thou wilt disembark thou +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_350' name='page_350'></a>350</span> +shalt find a well. Over this thou wilt build a church, +and around it will group the houses forming the city of +which thou wilt be a bishop.” All of which came to +pass, and for ages the town has been known as the +episcopal city of Dol. Accompanied by forty monks, +Samson crossed the Channel and landed in the Bay of +Saint-Brieuc. One version of the story tells us that the +Saint and numerous other monks fled from Britain to +escape the Saxon tyranny, and that Samson and six +of his suffragans who crossed the sea with him were +known as the ‘Seven Saints of Brittany.’</p> +<h3><i>Brittany’s Lawyer Saint</i></h3> +<p>Few prosperous and wealthy countries produce saints +in any great number, and in proof of the converse of +this we find much hagiology in Brittany and Ireland. +Let lawyers take note that while many saints spring +from among the <i>bourgeoisie</i> they include few legal men. +An outstanding exception to this rule is St Yves (or +Yvo), probably the best known, and almost certainly +the most beloved, saint in Brittany. St Yves is the only +regularly canonized Breton saint. He was born at +Kermartin, near Tréguier, in 1253, his father being lord +of that place. The house where he first saw the light +was pulled down in 1834, but the bed in which he +was born is still preserved and shown. His name is +borne by the majority of the inhabitants of the districts +of Tréguier and Saint-Brieuc, and one authority tells us +how “in the Breton tongue his praises are sung as +follows:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>N’hen eus ket en Breiz, n’hen eus ket unan,</p> +<p>N’hen eus ket uer Zant evel Sant Erwan.</p> +</div></div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_351' name='page_351'></a>351</span></div> +<p>This, in French, runs:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Il n’y a pas en Bretagne, il n’y en a pas un,</p> +<p>Il n’y a pas un saint comme saint Yves.”</p> +</div></div> +<p>He began his legal education when he was fourteen, +and studied law in the schools of Paris, becoming an +ecclesiastical judge, and later (1285) an ordained priest +and incumbent of Tredrig. Subsequently he was made +incumbent of Lohanec, which post he held till his death. +As a judge he possessed a quality rare in those days—he +was inaccessible to bribery! That this was +appreciated we find in the following <i>bon mot</i>:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>Saint Yves était Breton,</p> +<p>Avocat et pas larron:</p> +<p>Chose rare, se dit-on.</p> +</div></div> +<p>He invariably endeavoured to induce disputants to settle +their quarrels ‘out of court’ if possible, and applied his +talents to defending the cause of the poor and oppressed, +without fee. He was known as ‘the poor man’s +advocate,’ and to-day in the department of the Côtes-du-Nord, +when a debtor repudiates his debt, the creditor +will pay for a Mass to St Yves, in the hope that he will +cause the defaulter to die within the year! St Yves de +Vérité is the special patron of lawyers, and is represented +in the <i>mortier</i>, or lawyer’s cap, and robe.</p> +<p>St Yves spent most of his income in charity, turning his +house into an orphanage, and many are the stories told +of his humanity and generosity. The depth of his +sympathy, and its practical result, are shown in an +incident told us of how one morning he found a poor, +half-naked man lying on his doorstep shivering with +cold, having spent the night there. Yves gave up his +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_352' name='page_352'></a>352</span> +bed to the beggar the next night, and himself slept on +the doorstep, desiring to learn by personal experience +the sufferings of the poor. On another occasion, while +being fitted with a new coat, he caught sight of a +miserable man on the pavement outside who was clad +in rags and tatters that showed his skin through many +rents. Yves tore off the new coat and, rushing out, +gave it to the beggar, saying to the astonished and +horrified tailor: “There is plenty of wear still in my +old coats. I will content myself with them.” His pity +and generosity led him to still further kindness when he +was visiting a hospital and saw how ill-clad some of the +patients were, for he actually gave them the clothes he +was wearing at the time, wrapping himself in a coverlet +till he had other garments sent to him from home. He +was wont to walk beside the ploughmen in the fields and +teach them prayers. He would sit on the moors beside +the shepherd-boys and instruct them in the use of the +rosary; and often he would stop little children in the street, +and gain their interest and affection by his gentleness.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_29' id='linki_29'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs29.jpg' alt='' title='' width='411' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +ST YVES INSTRUCTING SHEPHERD-BOYS IN THE USE OF THE ROSARY<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>His shrewd legal mind was of service to the poor in +other ways than in the giving of advice. A story is +told of how two rogues brought a heavy chest to a +widow, declaring it to contain twelve hundred pieces +of gold and asking her to take charge of it. Some +weeks later one of them returned, claimed the box, and +removed it. A few days later the second of the men +arrived and asked for the box, and when the poor +woman could not produce it he took her to court and +sued her for the gold it had contained. Yves, on +hearing that the case was going against the woman, +offered to defend her, and pleaded that his client was +ready to restore the gold, but only to both the men who +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_353' name='page_353'></a>353</span> +had committed it to her charge, and that therefore both +must appear to claim it. This was a blow to the rogues, +who attempted to escape, and, failing to do so, at length +confessed that they had plotted to extort money from +the widow, the chest containing nothing but pieces of +old iron.</p> +<p>Yves was so eloquent and earnest a preacher that +he was continually receiving requests to attend other +churches, which he never refused. On the Good Friday +before his death he preached in seven different parishes. +He died at the age of fifty, and was buried at Tréguier. +Duke John V, who founded the Chapelle du Duc, had a +special regard for Yves, and erected a magnificent tomb +to his memory, which was for three centuries the object +of veneration in Brittany.</p> +<p>During the French Revolution the reliquary of St Yves +was destroyed, but his bones were preserved and have +been re-enshrined at Tréguier. His last will and testament—leaving +all his goods to the poor—is preserved, +together with his breviary, in the sacristy of the church +at Minihy.</p> +<p>The Saint is generally represented with a cat as his +symbol—typifying the lawyer’s watchful character—but +this hardly seems a fitting emblem for such a beautiful +character as St Yves.</p> +<h3><i>St Budoc of Dol</i></h3> +<p>The legend of St Budoc of Dol presents several peculiar +features. It was first recited by professional minstrels, +then “passed into the sanctuary, and was read in prose +in cathedral and church choirs as a narrative of facts,” +although it seems curious that it could have been held +to be other than fiction.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_354' name='page_354'></a>354</span></div> +<p>A Count of Goelc, in Brittany, sought in marriage +Azénor, “tall as a palm, bright as a star,” but they had +not been wedded a year when Azénor’s father married +again, and his new wife, jealous of her stepdaughter, +hated her and determined to ruin her. Accordingly she +set to work to implant suspicion as to Azénor’s purity +in the minds of her father and husband, and the Count +shut his wife up in a tower and forbade her to speak to +anyone. Here all the poor Countess could do was to +pray to her patron saint, the Holy Bridget of Ireland.</p> +<p>Her stepmother, however, was not content with the +evil she had already wrought, and would not rest until +she had brought about Azénor’s death. She continued +her calumnies, and at length the Count assembled all his +barons and his court to judge his wife. The unfortunate +and innocent Countess was brought into the hall for +trial, and, seated on a little stool in the midst of the +floor, the charges were read to her and she was called +upon to give her reply. With tears she protested her +innocence, but in spite of the fact that no proof could +be brought against her she was sent in disgrace to her +father in Brest. He in turn sat in judgment upon her, +and condemned her to death, the sentence being that +she should be placed in a barrel and cast into the sea, +“to be carried where the winds and tides listed.” We +are told that the barrel floated five months, “tossing up +and down”—during which time Azénor was supplied +with food by an angel, who passed it to her through the +bung-hole.</p> +<p>During these five months, the legend continues, the +poor Countess became a mother, the angel and St +Bridget watching over her. As soon as the child was +born his mother made the sign of the Cross upon him, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_355' name='page_355'></a>355</span> +made him kiss a crucifix, and patiently waited the +coming of an opportunity to have him baptized. The +child began to speak while in the cask. At last the +barrel rolled ashore at Youghal Harbour, in the county +of Cork. An Irish peasant, thinking he had found a +barrel of wine, was proceeding to tap it with a gimlet +when he heard a voice from within say: “Do not +injure the cask.” Greatly astonished, the man demanded +who was inside, and the voice replied: “I am a child +desiring baptism. Go at once to the abbot of the +monastery to which this land belongs, and bid him come +and baptize me.” The Irishman ran to the abbot with +the message, but he not unnaturally declined to believe +the story, till, with a true Hibernian touch, the peasant +asked him if it were likely that he would have told ‘his +reverence’ anything about his find had there been +“anything better than a baby” in the barrel! Accordingly +the abbot hastened to the shore, opened the cask, +and freed the long-suffering Countess of Goelc and her +son, the latter of whom he christened by the name of +Budoc, and took under his care.</p> +<p>Meantime, the “wicked stepmother,” falling ill and +being at the point of death, became frightened when she +thought of her sin against Azénor, and confessed the +lies by which she had wrought the ruin of the Countess. +The Count, overcome by remorse and grief, set out in +quest of his wife. Good luck led him to Ireland, +where he disembarked at Youghal and found his lost +ones. With great rejoicing he had a stately ship +made ready, and prepared to set out for Brittany with +Azénor and Budoc, but died before he could embark. +Azénor remained in Ireland and devoted herself to good +works and to the training of her son, who from an early +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_356' name='page_356'></a>356</span> +age resolved to embrace the religious life, and was in +due course made a monk by the Abbot of Youghal. +His mother died, and on the death of the Abbot of +Youghal he was elected to rule the monastery. Later, +upon the death of the King of Ireland, the natives +raised Budoc to the temporal and spiritual thrones, +making him King of Ireland and Bishop of Armagh.</p> +<p>After two years he wished to retire from these honours, +but the people were “wild with despair” at the tidings, +and surrounded the palace lest he should escape. One +night, while praying in his metropolitan church, an angel +appeared to him, bidding him betake himself to Brittany. +Going down to the seashore, it was indicated to him +that he must make the voyage in a stone trough. On +entering this it began to move, and he was borne across +to Brittany, landing at Porspoder, in the diocese of +Léon. The people of that district drew the stone coffer +out of the water, and built a hermitage and a chapel for +the Saint’s convenience. Budoc dwelt for one year at +Porspoder, but, “disliking the roar of the waves,” he +had his stone trough mounted on a cart, and yoking two +oxen to it he set forth, resolved to follow them wherever +they might go and establish himself at whatever place +they might halt. The cart broke down at Plourin, and +there Budoc settled for a short time; but trouble with +disorderly nobles forced him to depart, and this time +he went to Dol, where he was well received by St +Malglorious, then its bishop, who soon after resigned his +see to Budoc. The Saint ruled at Dol for twenty years, +and died early in the seventh century.</p> +<p>Another Celtic myth of the same type is to be found on +the shores of the Firth of Forth. The story in question +deals with the birth of St Mungo, or St Kentigern, the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_357' name='page_357'></a>357</span> +patron saint of Glasgow. His mother was Thenaw, +the Christian daughter of the pagan King Lot of +Lothian, brother-in-law of King Arthur, from his +marriage with Arthur’s sister Margawse. Thus the +famous Gawaine would be Thenaw’s brother. Thenaw +met Ewen, the son of <a name='TC_6'></a><ins title="Was 'Eufeurien'">Eufuerien</ins>, King of Cumbria, and +fell deeply in love with him, but her father discovered +her disgrace and ordered her to be cast headlong from +the summit of Traprain Law, once known as Dunpender, +a mountain in East Lothian. A kindly fate watched +over the princess, however, and she fell so softly from +the eminence that she was uninjured. Such Christian +subjects as Lot possessed begged her life. But if her +father might have relented his Druids were inexorable. +They branded her as a sorceress, and she was doomed +to death by drowning. She was accordingly rowed out +from Aberlady Bay to the vicinity of the Isle of May, +where, seated in a skin boat, she was left to the mercy +of the waves. In this terrible situation she cast herself +upon the grace of Heaven, and her frail craft was wafted +up the Forth, where it drifted ashore near Culross. At +this spot Kentigern was born, and the mother and child +were shortly afterward discovered by some shepherds, +who placed them under the care of St Serf, Abbot +of Culross. To these events the date <span class='smcaplc'>A.D.</span> 516 is +assigned.</p> +<h3><i>‘Fatal Children’ Legends</i></h3> +<p>This legend is, of course, closely allied with those which +recount the fate and adventures of the ‘fatal children.’ +Like Œdipus, Romulus, Perseus, and others, Budoc +and Kentigern are obviously ‘fatal children,’ as is +evidenced by the circumstances of their birth. We +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_358' name='page_358'></a>358</span> +are not told that King Lot or Azénor’s father had +been warned that if their daughters had a son they +would be slain by that child, but it is probably only +the saintly nature of the subject of the stories which +caused this circumstance to be omitted. Danaë, the +mother of Perseus, we remember, was, when disgraced, +shut up in a chest with her child, and committed to the +waves, which carried her to the island of Seriphos, +where she was duly rescued. Romulus and his brother +Remus were thrown into the Tiber, and escaped a +similar fate. The Princess Desonelle and her twin +sons, in the old English metrical romance of <i>Sir +Torrent of Portugal</i>, are also cast into the sea, but +succeed in making the shore of a far country. All +these children grow up endowed with marvellous beauty +and strength, but their doom is upon them, and after +numerous adventures they slay their fathers or some +other unfortunate relative. But the most characteristic +part of what seems an almost universal legend +is that these children are born in the most obscure +circumstances, afterward rising to a height of splendour +which makes up for all they previously suffered. It is +not necessary to explain nowadays that this is characteristic +of nearly all sun-myths. The sun is born in +obscurity, and rises to a height of splendour at midday.</p> +<p>Thus in the majority of these legends we find the sun +personified. It is not sufficient to object that such an +elucidation smacks too much of the tactics of Max +Müller to be accepted by modern students of folk-lore. +The student of comparative myth who does not make +use of the best in all systems of mythological elucidation +is undone, for no one system will serve for all examples.</p> +<p>To those who may object, “Oh, but Kentigern was a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_359' name='page_359'></a>359</span> +<i>real</i> person,” I reply that I know many myths concerning +‘real’ people. For the matter of that, we assist in the +manufacture of these every day of our lives, and it is +quite a fallacy that legends cannot spring up concerning +veritable historical personages, and even around living, +breathing folk. And for the rest of it mythology and +hagiology are hopelessly intermingled in their <i>motifs</i>.</p> +<h3><i>Miraculous Crossings</i></h3> +<p>Another Celtic saint besides Budoc possessed a stone +boat. He is St Baldred, who, like Kentigern, hails +from the Firth of Forth, and dwelt on the Bass Rock. +He is said to have chosen this drear abode as a refuge +from the eternal wars between the Picts and the Scots +toward the close of the seventh century. From this +point of vantage, and probably during seasons of truce, +he rowed to the mainland to minister to the spiritual +wants of the rude natives of Lothian. Inveresk seems +to have been the eastern border of his ‘parish.’ Tradition +says that he was the second Bishop of Glasgow, +and thus the successor of Kentigern, but the lack of +all reliable data concerning the western see subsequent +to the death of Glasgow’s patron saint makes it impossible +to say whether this statement is authentic or +otherwise. Many miracles are attributed to Baldred, +not the least striking of which is that concerning a rock +to the east of Tantallon Castle, known as ‘St Baldred’s +Boat.’ At one time this rock was situated between the +Bass and the adjacent mainland, and was a fruitful +source of shipwreck. Baldred, pitying the mariners +who had to navigate the Firth, and risk this danger, +rowed out to the rock and mounted upon it; whereupon, +at his simple nod, it was lifted up, and, like a ship +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_360' name='page_360'></a>360</span> +driven by the wind, was wafted to the nearest shore, +where it thenceforth remained. This rock is sometimes +called ‘St Baldred’s Coble,’ or ‘Cock-boat.’ This species +of miracle is more commonly discovered in the annals of +hagiology than in those of pure myth, although in legend +we occasionally find the landscape altered by order of +supernatural or semi-supernatural beings.</p> +<p>One rather striking instance of miraculous crossing is +that of St Noyala, who is said to have crossed to +Brittany on the leaf of a tree, accompanied by her +nurse. She was beheaded at Beignon, but walked to +Pontivy carrying her head in her hands. A chapel +at Pontivy is dedicated to her, and was remarkable in +the eighteenth century for several interesting paintings +on a gold ground depicting this legend.</p> +<p>We find this incident of miraculous crossing occurring +in the stories of many of the Breton saints. A noteworthy +instance is that of St Tugdual, who, with his +followers, crossed in a ship which vanished when they +disembarked. Still another example is found in the +case of St Vougas, or Vie, who is specially venerated +in Tréguennec. He is thought to have been an Irish +bishop, and is believed to have mounted a stone and +sailed across to Brittany upon it. This particular +version of the popular belief may have sprung from the +fact that there is a rock off the coast of Brittany called +‘the Ship,’ from a fancied resemblance to one. In +course of time this rock was affirmed to have been the +ship of St Vougas.</p> +<h3><i>Azénor the Pale</i></h3> +<p>There is a story of another Azénor, who, according to +local history, married Yves, heritor of Kermorvan, in the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_361' name='page_361'></a>361</span> +year 1400. A popular ballad of Cornouaille tells how +this Azénor, who was surnamed ‘the Pale,’ did not love +her lord, but gave her heart to another, the Clerk of +Mezléan.</p> +<p>One day she sat musing by a forest fountain, dressed in +a robe of yellow silk, wantonly plucking the flowers +which grew on the mossy parapet of the spring and +binding them into a bouquet for the Clerk of Mezléan.</p> +<p>The Seigneur Yves, passing by on his white steed at +a hand-gallop, observed her “with the corner of his +eye,” and conceived a violent love for her.</p> +<p>The Clerk of Mezléan had been true to Azénor for many +a day, but he was poor and her parents would have none +of him.</p> +<p>One morning as Azénor descended to the courtyard she +observed great preparations on foot as if for a festival.</p> +<p>“For what reason,” she said, “has this great fire been +kindled, and why have they placed two spits in front of +it? What is happening in this house, and why have +these fiddlers come?”</p> +<p>Those whom she asked smiled meaningly.</p> +<p>“To-morrow is your wedding-day,” said they.</p> +<p>At this Azénor the Pale grew still paler, and was long +silent.</p> +<p>“If that be so,” she said, “it will be well that I seek my +marriage chamber early, for from my bed I shall not be +raised except for burial.”</p> +<p>That night her little page stole through the window.</p> +<p>“Lady,” he said, “a great and brilliant company come +hither. The Seigneur Yves is at their head, and behind +him ride cavaliers and a long train of gentlemen. He +is mounted on a white horse, with trappings of gold.”</p> +<p>Azénor wept sorely.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_362' name='page_362'></a>362</span></div> +<p>“Unhappy the hour that he comes!” she cried, wringing +her hands. “Unhappy be my father and mother who +have done this thing!”</p> +<p>Sorely wept Azénor when going to the church that day. +She set forth with her intended husband, riding on the +crupper of his horse. Passing by Mezléan she said:</p> +<p>“I pray you let me enter this house, Seigneur, for I am +fatigued with the journey, and would rest for a space.”</p> +<p>“That may not be to-day,” he replied; “to-morrow, if +you wish it.”</p> +<p>At this Azénor wept afresh, but was comforted by her +little page. At the church door one could see that her +heart was breaking.</p> +<p>“Approach, my daughter,” said the aged priest. “Draw +near, that I may place the ring upon your finger.”</p> +<p>“Father,” replied Azénor, “I beg of you not to force +me to wed him whom I do not love.”</p> +<p>“These are wicked words, my child. The Seigneur +Yves is wealthy, he has gold and silver, châteaux and +broad lands, but the Clerk of Mezléan is poor.”</p> +<p>“Poor he may be, Father,” murmured Azénor, “yet had +I rather beg my bread with him than dwell softly with +this other.”</p> +<p>But her relentless parents would not hearken to her +protestations, and she was wed to the Lord Yves. On +arriving at her husband’s house she was met by the +Seigneur’s mother, who received her graciously, but +only one word did Azénor speak, that old refrain that +runs through all ballad poetry.</p> +<p>“Tell me, O my mother,” she said, “is my bed made?”</p> +<p>“It is, my child,” replied the châtelaine. “It is next +the Chamber of the Black Cavalier. Follow me and I +will take you thither.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_363' name='page_363'></a>363</span></div> +<p>Once within the chamber, Azénor, wounded to the soul, +fell upon her knees, her fair hair falling about her.</p> +<p>“My God,” she cried, “have pity upon me!”</p> +<p>The Seigneur Yves sought out his mother.</p> +<p>“Mother of mine,” said he, “where is my wife?”</p> +<p>“She sleeps in her high chamber,” replied his mother. +“Go to her and console her, for she is sadly in need of +comfort.”</p> +<p>The Seigneur entered. “Do you sleep?” he asked +Azénor.</p> +<p>She turned in her bed and looked fixedly at him. +“Good morrow to you, widower,” she said.</p> +<p>“By the saints,” cried he, “what mean you? Why do +you call me widower?”</p> +<p>“Seigneur,” she said meaningly, “it is true that you are +not a widower yet, but soon you will be.”</p> +<p>Then, her mind wandering, she continued: “Here is my +wedding gown; give it, I pray you, to my little servant, +who has been so good to me and who carried my letters +to the Clerk of Mezléan. Here is a new cloak which +my mother broidered; give it to the priests who will +sing Masses for my soul. For yourself you may take +my crown and chaplet. Keep them well, I pray, as a +souvenir of our wedding.”</p> +<p>Who is that who arrives at the hamlet as the clocks are +striking the hour? Is it the Clerk of Mezléan? Too +late! Azénor is dead.</p> +<p>“I have seen the fountain beside which Azénor plucked +flowers to make a bouquet for her ‘sweet Clerk of +Mezléan,’” says the Vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué, +“when the Seigneur of Kermorvan passed and withered +with his glance her happiness and these flowers of +love. Mezléan is in ruins, no one remains within its +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_364' name='page_364'></a>364</span> +gates, surmounted by a crenellated and machicolated +gallery.”</p> +<p>There is a subscription at the end of the ballad to the +effect that it was written on a round table in the Manor +of Hénan, near Pont-Aven, by the “bard of the old +Seigneur,” who dictated it to a damsel. “How comes +it,” asks Villemarqué, “that in the Middle Ages we +still find a seigneur of Brittany maintaining a domestic +bard?” There is no good reason why a domestic bard +should not have been found in the Brittany of medieval +times, since such singers of the household were maintained +in Ireland and Scotland until a relatively late +date—up to the period of the ’45 in the case of the +latter country.</p> +<h3><i>St Pol of Léon</i></h3> +<p>St Pol (or Paul) of Léon (sixth century) was the son +of a Welsh prince, and, like so many of the Breton +saints, he was a disciple of St Iltud, being also a fellow-student +of St Samson and St Gildas. At the age of +sixteen he left his home and crossed the sea to Brittany. +In the course of time other young men congregated +round him, and he became their superior, receiving holy +orders along with twelve companions. Near these +young monks dwelt Mark, the King of Vannes, who +invited Pol to visit his territory and instruct his people. +The Saint went to Vannes and was well received, but +after dwelling for some time in that part of the country +he felt the need of solitude once more, and entreated +the King that he might have permission to depart and +that he might be given a bell; “for,” as the chronicler +tells us, “at that time it was customary for kings to +have seven bells rung before they sat down to meat.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_365' name='page_365'></a>365</span></div> +<p>The King, however, vexed that Pol should wish to +leave him, refused to give him the bell, so the Saint +went without it. Before leaving Vannes Pol visited +his sister, who lived in solitude with other holy women +on a little island, but when the time came for him to +depart she wept and entreated him to stay, and the +Saint remained with her for another three days. When +he was finally taking leave of her, she begged him +that as he was “powerful with God” he would grant +her a request, and when Pol asked what it was she +desired him to do, she explained that the island on +which she dwelt was small “and incommodious for +landing” and requested him to pray to God that it +might be extended a little into the sea, with a “gentle +shore.” Pol said she had asked what was beyond his +power, but suggested that they should pray that her +desire might be granted. So they prayed, and the +sea began to retreat, “leaving smooth, golden sand +where before there had been only stormy waves.” All +the nuns came to see the miracle which had been +wrought, and the sister of St Pol gathered pebbles and +laid them round the land newly laid bare, and strewed +them down the road that she and her brother had +taken. These pebbles grew into tall pillars of rock, +and the avenue thus formed is to this day called ‘the +Road of St Pol.’ Thus do the peasants explain the +Druidical circles and avenue on the islet.</p> +<p>After this miracle Pol departed, and rowed to the island +of Ouessant, and later he travelled through Brittany, +finally settling in the island of Batz, near the small +town encompassed by mud walls which has since borne +his name. There he founded a monastery. The island +was at that time infested by a dreadful monster, sixty +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_366' name='page_366'></a>366</span> +feet long, and we are told how the Saint subdued this +dragon. Accompanied by a warrior, he entered its +den, tied his stole round its neck, and, giving it to his +companion to lead, he followed them, beating the animal +with his stick, until they came to the extremity of the +island. There he took off the stole and commanded +the dragon to fling itself into the sea—an order which +the monster immediately obeyed. In the church on +the island a stole is preserved which is said to be +that of St Pol. Another story tells us how St Jaoua, +nephew of St Pol, had to call in his uncle’s aid in taming +a wild bull which was devastating his cell. These +incidents remind us of St Efflam’s taming of the dragon. +St Pol is one of the saints famous for his miraculous +power over wild beasts.</p> +<p>The Saint’s renown became such that the Breton king +made him Archbishop of Léon, giving him special care +and control of the city bearing his name. We are told +how the Saint found wild bees swarming in a hollow +tree, and, gathering the swarm, set them in a hive and +taught the people how to get honey. He also found +a wild sow with her litter and tamed them. The +descendants of this progeny remained at Léon for many +generations, and were regarded as royal beasts. Both +of these stories are, of course, a picturesque way of +saying that St Pol taught the people to cultivate bees +and to keep pigs.</p> +<p>St Pol’s early desire to possess a bell was curiously +granted later, as one day when he was in the company +of a Count who ruled the land under King Childebat +a fisherman brought the Count a bell which he had +picked up on the seashore. The Count gave it to +St Pol, who smiled and told him how he had longed +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_367' name='page_367'></a>367</span> +and waited for years for such a bell. In the cathedral +at Saint-Pol-de-Léon is a tiny bell which is said to have +belonged to St Pol, and on the days of pardon “its notes +still ring out over the heads of the faithful,” and are supposed +to be efficacious in curing headache or earache.</p> +<p>In the cathedral choir is the tomb of St Pol, where +“his skull, an arm-bone, and a finger are encased in +a little coffer, for the veneration of the devout.” St Pol +built the cathedral at Léon, and was its first bishop. +Strategy had to be resorted to to secure the see for +him. The Count gave Pol a letter to take in person +to King Childebat, which stated that he had sent Pol +to be ordained bishop and invested with the see of +Léon. When the Saint discovered what the letter +contained he wept, and implored the King to respect +his great disinclination to become a bishop; but +Childebat would not listen, and, calling for three bishops, +he had him consecrated. The Saint was received +with great joy by the people of Léon, and lived among +them to a green old age.</p> +<p>In art St Pol is most generally represented with a +dragon, and sometimes with a bell, or a cruse of water +and a loaf of bread, symbolical of his frugal habits.</p> +<h3><i>St Ronan</i></h3> +<p>Of St Ronan there is told a tale of solemn warning to +wives addicted to neglecting their children and “seeking +their pleasure elsewhere,” as it is succinctly expressed. +St Ronan was an Irish bishop who came to Léon, where +he retired into a hermitage in the forest of Névet. +Grallo, the King of Brittany, was in the habit of visiting +him in his cell, listening to his discourses, and putting +theological questions to him. The domestic question +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_368' name='page_368'></a>368</span> +must have been a problem even in those days, since we +find Grallo’s Queen, Queban, in charge of her five-year-old +daughter. Family cares proving rather irksome, +Queban solved the difficulty of her daughter by putting +the child into a box, with bread and milk to keep her +quiet, while she amused herself with frivolous matters. +Unfortunately, this ingeniously improvized <i>crêche</i> proved +singularly unsuccessful, for the poor little girl choked +on a piece of crust, and when the Queen next visited +the child she found to her horror that she was dead. +Terrified at the fatal result of her neglect, and not daring +to confess what had happened, the Queen, being a +woman of resource, closed the box and raised a hue and +cry to find the girl, who she declared must have strayed.</p> +<p>She rushed in search of her husband to St Ronan’s cell, +and upbraided the hermit for being the cause of the +King’s absence. “But for you,” she declared, “my +daughter would not have been lost!” But it was a +fatal mistake to accuse the Saint, or to imagine that he +could be deceived. Sternly rebuking her, he challenged +her with the fact that the child lay dead in a box, with +milk and bread beside her! Rising, he left his cell, +and, followed by the agitated royal couple, he led the +way to where the proof of the Queen’s neglect and deceit +was found. Small mercy was shown in those days to +erring womanhood, and the guilty Queen was instantly +“stoned with stones till she died.” The Saint completed +his share in the matter by casting himself on his knees +beside the child, whereupon she was restored to life.</p> +<h3><i>St Goezenou</i></h3> +<p>St Goezenou (<i>circ.</i> <span class='smcaplc'>A.D.</span> 675) was a native of Britain whose +parents crossed to Brittany and settled near Brest, where +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_369' name='page_369'></a>369</span> +the Saint built an oratory and cabin for himself. The +legend runs that the prince of the neighbourhood having +offered to give him as much land as he could surround +with a ditch in one day, the Saint took a fork and +dragged it along the ground after him as he walked, in +this way enclosing a league and a half of land, the +fork as it trailed behind him making a furrow and +throwing up an embankment, on a small scale. This +story is quite probably a popular tradition, which grew +up to explain the origin of old military earthworks in +that part of the country, which were afterward utilized +by the monks of St Goezenou.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_30' id='linki_30'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs30.jpg' alt='' title='' width='411' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +QUEEN QUEBAN STONED TO DEATH<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>It is also related of this worthy Saint that he had such +a horror of women that he set up a huge menhir to +mark the boundary beyond which no female was to pass +under penalty of death. On one occasion a woman, +either to test the extent of the Saint’s power or from +motives of enmity, pushed another woman who was with +her past this landmark; but the innocent trespasser was +unhurt and her assailant fell dead.</p> +<p>On one occasion, we are told, Goezenou asked a farmer’s +wife for some cream cheeses, but the woman, not wishing +to part with them, declared that she had none. “You +speak the truth,” said the Saint. “You had some, but if +you will now look in your cupboard you will find they +have been turned into stone,” and when the ungenerous +housewife ran to her cupboard she found that this +was so! The petrified cheeses were long preserved in +the church of Goezenou—being removed during the +Revolution, and afterward preserved in the manor of +Kergivas.</p> +<p>Goezenou governed his church for twenty-four years, +till he met with a violent death. Accompanied by his +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_370' name='page_370'></a>370</span> +brother St Magan, he went to Quimperlé to see the +monastery which St Corbasius was building there, but +he began to praise the architecture of his own church, +and this so enraged the master builder that he dropped +his hammer on the critic’s head. To add to the grief +of St Magan, St Corbasius endeavoured to appropriate +the body of the murdered Saint. He consented, however, +to allow St Magan to have such bones as he was +able to identify as belonging to his brother, whereupon +St Magan prayed all night, and next morning spread a +sheet for the bones, which miraculously arranged themselves +into an entire skeleton, which the sorrowing Magan +was thus enabled to remove.</p> +<h3><i>St Winwaloe, or Gwenaloe</i></h3> +<p>St Winwaloe, born about 455, was the son of Fragan, +Governor of Léon, who had married a wealthy lady +named Gwen. Their son was so beautiful that they +named him Gwenaloe, or ‘He that is white.’ When +the lad was about fifteen years old he was given to +the care of a holy man, with whom he lived on the islet +called Ile-Verte. One day a pirate fleet was sighted off +the coast, near the harbour of Guic-sezne, and Winwaloe, +who was with his father at the time, is said to have +exclaimed, “I see a thousand sails,” and to this day +a cross which marks the spot is called ‘the Cross of +the Thousand Sails,’ to commemorate the victory which +Fragan and his son won over the pirates, who landed +but were utterly defeated by the Governor and his +retainers. During the fight Winwaloe, “like a second +Moses,” prayed for victory, and when the victory had +been won he entreated his father to put the booty +gained to a holy use and to build a monastery on the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_371' name='page_371'></a>371</span> +site of the battle. This was done, and the monastery +was called Loc-Christ.</p> +<p>Leaving his master after some years, Winwaloe settled +on the island of Sein, but finding that it was exposed +to the fury of every gale that blew from the Atlantic +he left it and went to Landévennec, on the opposite side +of the harbour at Brest. There he established a monastery, +gathered round him many disciples, and dwelt +there until his death, many years later. He died during +the first week of Lent, “after bestowing a kiss of peace +on his brethren,” and his body is preserved at Montreuil-sur-Mer, +his chasuble, alb, and bell being laid in the +Jesuit church of St Charles at Antwerp.</p> +<p>In art St Winwaloe is represented vested as an abbot, +with staff in one hand and a bell in the other, standing +beside the sea, from which fishes arise as if in answer +to the sound of his bell.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_372' name='page_372'></a>372</span> +<a name='CHAPTER_XIII_COSTUMES_AND_CUSTOMS_OF_BRITTANY' id='CHAPTER_XIII_COSTUMES_AND_CUSTOMS_OF_BRITTANY'></a> +<h2>CHAPTER XIII: COSTUMES AND CUSTOMS OF BRITTANY</h2> +</div> +<p class='dropcap'><span class="dcap">Distinctive</span> national costume has to a great +extent become a thing of the past in Europe, +and for this relinquishment of the picturesque +we have doubtless in a measure to thank the exploitation +of remote districts as tourist and sporting centres. +Brittany, however, has been remarkably faithful to her +sartorial traditions, and even to-day in the remoter parts +of the west and in distant sea-coast places her men and +women have not ceased to express outwardly the strong +national and personal individuality of their race. In +these districts it is still possible for the traveller to take +a sudden, bewildering, and wholly entrancing step back +into the past.</p> +<p>In Cornouaille the national costume is more jealously +cherished than in any other part of the country, even to +the smallest details, for here the men carry a <i>pen-bas</i>, or +cudgel, which is as much a supplement to their attire +and as characteristic of it as the Irish shillelagh is of +the traditional Irish dress. Quimper is perhaps second +to Cornouaille in fidelity to the old costume, for all the +men wear the national habit. On gala days this consists +of gaily embroidered and coloured waistcoats, which +often bear the travelling tailor’s name, and voluminous +<i>bragou-bras</i>, or breeches of blue or brown, held at +the waist with a broad leather belt with a metal buckle +and caught in at the knee with ribbons of various hues, +the whole set off with black leather leggings and shoes +ornamented with silver buckles. A broad-brimmed +hat, beneath which the hair falls down sometimes to +below the shoulders, finishes a toilet which on weekdays +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_373' name='page_373'></a>373</span> +or work-days has to give place to white <i>bragou-bras</i> of +tough material, something more sombre in waistcoats, +and the ever serviceable sabot.</p> +<h3><i>Hats and Hymen</i></h3> +<p>In the vast stretch of the salt-pans of Escoublac, between +Batz and Le Croisic, where the entire population of the +district is employed, the workers, or <i>paludiers</i>, affect a +smock-frock with pockets, linen breeches, gaiters, and +shoes all of white, and with this dazzling costume they +wear a huge, flapping black hat turned up on one side to +form a horn-shaped peak. This peak is very important, +as it indicates the state of the wearer, the young bachelor +adjusting it with great nicety over the ear, the widower +above his forehead, and the married man at the back of +his head. On Sundays or gala-days, however, this +uniform is discarded in favour of a multicoloured and +more distinctive attire, the breeches being of fine cloth, +exceedingly full and pleated and finished with ribbons +at the knees, the gaiters and white shoes of everyday +giving place to white woollen stockings with clocks +embroidered on them and shoes of light yellow, while +the smock is supplanted by several waistcoats of varying +lengths and shades, which are worn one above the other +in different coloured tiers, finished at the neck with a +turnover muslin collar. The holiday hat is the same, +save for a roll of brightly and many tinted chenille.</p> +<p>Several petticoats of pleated cloth, big bibs or plastrons +called <i>pièces</i>, of the same shade as their dresses, and +a shawl with a fringed border, compose the costume of +the women. The aprons of the girls are very plain and +devoid of pockets, but the older women’s are rich in +texture and design, some of them being of silk and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_374' name='page_374'></a>374</span> +others even of costly brocade. The women’s head-dress +is almost grotesque in its originality, the hair being woven +into two rolls, swathed round with tape, and wound into +a coronet across the head. Over this is drawn tightly +a kind of cap, which forms a peak behind and is crossed +in front like a handkerchief. Should widowhood overtake +a woman she relinquishes this <i>coiffe</i> and shrouds +her head and shoulders in a rough black triangular-shaped +sheepskin mantle.</p> +<p>The toilette of a bride is as magnificent as the widow’s +is depressing and dowdy. It consists of three different +dresses, the first of white velvet with apron of moire-antique, +the second of purple velvet, and the third of +cloth of gold with embroidered sleeves, with a <i>pièce</i> of +the same material. A wide sash, embroidered with +gold, is used for looping up all these resplendent skirts +in order to reveal the gold clocks which adorn the +stockings. These, and all gala costumes, are carefully +stored away at the village inn, and may be seen by +the traveller sufficiently interested to pay a small fee +for the privilege.</p> +<h3><i>Quaint Head-dresses</i></h3> +<p>Though the dress of the Granville women does not +attempt to equal or rival the magnificence just described, +nevertheless it is as quaint and characteristic. They +favour a long black or very dark coat, with bordering +frills of the same material and shade, and their cap is +a sort of <i>bandeau</i>, turning up sharply at the ears, and +crested by a white handkerchief folded square and laid +flat on top.</p> +<p>In Ouessant the peasant women adopt an Italian style +of costume, their head-dress, from under which their +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_375' name='page_375'></a>375</span> +hair falls loosely, being exactly in almost every detail +like that which one associates with the women of Italy. +The costume of the man from St Pol is, like that of +the Granville women, soberer than most others of +Brittany. Save for his buttons, the buckle on his hat, +and the clasps of white metal fastening his leather shoes, +his dress, including spencer, waistcoat, trousers, and +stockings, is of black, and his hair is worn falling on +his shoulders, while he rarely carries the <i>pen-bas</i>—an +indication, perhaps, of his rather meditative, pious +temperament.</p> +<p>At Villecheret the cap of the women is bewilderingly +varied and very peculiar. At first sight it appears to +consist of several large sheets of stiff white paper, in +some cases a sheet of the apparent paper spreading out +at either side of the head and having another roll placed +across it; in other cases a ridged roof seems to rest +upon the hair, a roof with the sides rolling upward and +fastened at the top with a frail thread; while a third +type of head-dress is of the skull-cap order, from which +is suspended two ties quite twenty inches long and eight +inches wide, which are doubled back midway and +fastened again to the top of the skull-cap. The unmarried +woman who adopts this <i>coiffe</i> must wear the +ties hanging over the shoulders.</p> +<p>Originality in head-dress the male peasant leaves almost +entirely to the woman, for nearly everywhere in Brittany +one meets with the long, wide-brimmed, black hat, with +a black band, the dullness of which is relieved by a +white or blue metal buckle, as large as those usually +found on belts. To this rule the Plougastel man is one +of the exceptions, wearing a red cap with his trousers +and coat of white flannel.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_376' name='page_376'></a>376</span></div> +<p>At Muzillac, some miles distant from La Roche-Bernard, +the women supplant the white <i>coiffe</i> with a huge black +cap resembling the cowl of a friar, while at Pont l’Abbé +and along the Bay of Audierne the cap or <i>bigouden</i> is +formed of two pieces, the first a species of skull-cap +fitting closely over the head and ears, the second a +small circular piece of starched linen, shaped into a +three-cornered peak, the centre point being embroidered +and kept in position by a white tape tie which fastens +under the chin. Over the skull-cap the hair is dressed +<i>en chignon</i>. The dress accompanying this singular +<i>coiffe</i> and <i>coiffure</i> has a large yellow <i>pièce</i>, with sleeves +to match. The men wear a number of short coats, one +above the other, the shortest and last being trimmed +with a fringe, and occasionally ornamented with sentences +embroidered in coloured wools round the border, describing +the patriotic or personal sentiments of the wearer.</p> +<p>The women of Morlaix are also partial to the tight-fitting +<i>coiffe</i>. This consists of five broad folds, forming +a base from which a fan-like fall of stiffened calico +spreads out from ear to ear, completely shading the +nape of the neck and reaching down the back below +the shoulders. Many of the women wear calico tippets, +while the more elderly affect a sort of mob-cap with +turned-up edges, from which to the middle of the head +are stretched two wide straps of calico, joined together +at the ends with a pin. Most of the youths of Morlaix +wear the big, flapping hat, but very often a black +cloth cap is also seen. This is ridiculous rather than +picturesque, for so long is it that with almost every +movement it tips over the wearer’s nose. The tunic +accompanying either hat or cap is of blue flannel, and +over it is worn a black waistcoat. The porters of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_377' name='page_377'></a>377</span> +market-places wear a sort of smock. The young boys +of Morlaix dress very like their elders, and nearly all +of them wear the long loose cap, with the difference +that a tasselled end dangles down the back.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_31' id='linki_31'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/col31.jpg' alt='' title='' width='405' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +MODERN BRITTANY<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>On religious festivals the gala dress is always donned +in all vicinities of Brittany, and the costume informs +the initiated at once in what capacity the Breton is +present. For instance, the <i>porteuses</i>, or banner-bearers, +of certain saints are dressed in white; others may be +more gorgeously or vividly attired in gowns of bright-coloured +silk trimmed with gold lace, scarves of silver +thread, aprons of gold tissue or brocade, and lace <i>coiffes</i> +over caps of gold or silver tissue; while some, though +in national gala dress, will have flags or crosses to distinguish +them from the more commonplace worshipper.</p> +<h3><i>Religious Festivals</i></h3> +<p>This dressing for the part and the occasion is interwoven +with the Breton’s existence as unalterably as +sacred and profane elements are into the occasions of +his religious festivals. A feast day well and piously +begun is interspersed and concluded with a gaiety and +abandon which by contrast strikes a note of profanity. +Yet Brittany is quite the most devotedly religious of +all the French provinces, and one may see the great +cathedrals filled to their uttermost with congregations +including as many men as women. Nowhere else, +perhaps, will one find such great masses of people so +completely lost in religious fervour during the usual +Church services and the grander and more impressive +festivals so solemnly observed. This reverence is attributed +by some to the power of superstition, by others +to the Celtic temperament of the worshippers; but +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_378' name='page_378'></a>378</span> +from whatever cause it arises no one who has lived +among the Bretons can doubt the sincerity and childlike +faith which lies at the base of it all, a faith of which +a medieval simplicity and credence are the keynotes.</p> +<h3><i>The Pardons</i></h3> +<p>This pious punctiliousness is not confined to Church +services and ceremonies alone, for rarely are wayside +crosses or shrines unattended by some simple peasant +or peasants telling beads or unfolding griefs to a God +Who, they have been taught, takes the deepest interest in +and compassionates all the troubles and trials which may +befall them. Between May and October the religious +ardour of the Breton may be witnessed at its strongest, +for during these months the five great ‘Pardons’ or religious +pilgrimage festivals are solemnized in the following +sequence: the Pardon of the Poor, at Saint-Yves; +the Pardon of the Singers, at Rumengol; the Pardon of +the Fire, at Saint-Jean-du-Doigt; the Pardon of the +Mountain, at Troménie-de-Saint-Renan; the Pardon of +the Sea, at Sainte-Anne-la-Palud.</p> +<p>The Pardon of the Poor, the Pardon of the Singers, and +the Pardon of the Sea are especially rigorous and +exacting, but the less celebrated Pardon of Notre Dame +de la Clarté, in Morbihan, has an earthly as much as a +celestial object, for while the pilgrimage does homage +to the Virgin it is at the same time believed to facilitate +marriage. Here, once the sacred side of the festival +has been duly observed, the young man in search of a +wife circles about the church, closely scrutinizing all +the eligible demoiselles who come within range of his +vision. As soon as he decides which maiden most +appeals to him, he asks her politely if she will accept a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_379' name='page_379'></a>379</span> +gift from him, and at the same time presents a large +round cake, with which he has armed himself for that +occasion. “Will mademoiselle break the cake with +me?” is the customary form of address, and in the +adoption or rejection of this suggestion lies the young +peasant’s yea or nay.</p> +<p>The Pardon of Saint-Jean-du-Doigt takes place on the +22nd of June, and is, perhaps, the most solemn of these +festivals. During its celebration the relic of the Saint, +the little finger of his right hand, is held before the high +altar of the church by an <i>abbé</i> clad in his surplice. The +finger is wrapped in the finest of linen, and one by one +the congregation files past the <i>abbé</i> for the purpose of +touching for one brief moment the relic he holds. At +the same time another cleric stands near the choir, +holding the skull of St Mériadec, and before this the +pilgrims also promenade, reverently bowing their heads +as they go. The devotees then repair to a side wall +near which there is a fountain, the waters of which have +been previously sanctified by bathing in them the finger +of St Jean suspended from a gold chain, and into this +the pilgrims plunge their palms and vigorously rub their +eyes with them, as a protection against blindness. +This concludes the religious side of the Pardon, and +immediately after its less edifying ceremonies begin.</p> +<p>The Pardon of the Mountain is held on Trinity Sunday +at Troménie. Every sixth year there is the ‘Grand +Troménie,’ an event which draws an immense concourse +of people from all parts. The principal feature of this +great day from the spectator’s point of view is the +afternoon procession. It is of the most imposing +description, and all who have come to take part in the +Pardon join it, as with banners flying and much hymn-singing +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_380' name='page_380'></a>380</span> +it takes its way out of the town to wind round +a mountain in the vicinity.</p> +<h3><i>Barking Women</i></h3> +<p>In the old days of religious enthusiasm a remarkable +phenomenon often attended these festivals, when excitement +began to run high, as it was certain to do +among a Celtic people. This was the barking of +certain highly strung hysterical women. In time it +became quite a usual feature, but now, happily, it is a +part of the ceremony which has almost entirely disappeared. +There is a legend in connexion with this +custom that the Virgin appeared before some women +disguised as a beggar, and asked for a draught of water, +and, when they refused it, caused them and their posterity +to be afflicted with the mania.</p> +<h3><i>The Sacring Bell</i></h3> +<p>Another custom of earlier times was that of ringing +the sacring bell. These bells are very tiny, and are +attached at regular intervals to the outer rim of a +wooden wheel, wrongly styled by some ‘the Wheel of +Fortune,’ from which dangles a long string. In most +places the sacring bell is kept as a curiosity, though in +the church of St Bridget at Berhet the <i>Sant-e-roa</i>, or +Holy Wheel, is still rung by pilgrims during Mass. +The bells are set pealing through the medium of a long +string by the impatient suppliant, to remind the saint to +whom the <i>Sant-e-roa</i> may be dedicated of the prayerful +requests with which he or she has been assailed.</p> +<p>There are in many of the churches of Brittany wide, +old-fashioned fireplaces, a fact which testifies to a very +sensible practice which prevailed in the latter half of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_381' name='page_381'></a>381</span> +the sixteenth century—that of warming the baptismal +water before applying it to the defenceless head of the +lately born. The most famous of these old fireplaces +belong to the churches of St Bridget in Perguet, Le +Moustoir-le-Juch, St Non at Penmarch, and Brévélenz. +In the church at the latter place one of the pinnacles of +the porch forms the chimney to its historic hearth.</p> +<h3><i>The Venus of Quinipily</i></h3> +<p>Childless people often pay a visit to some standing +stone in their neighbourhood in the hope that they +may thereby be blessed with offspring. Famous in this +respect is the ‘Venus,’ or <i>Groabgoard</i>, of Quinipily, a +rough-hewn stone in the likeness of a goddess. The +letters <span class='smcaplc'>...LIT...</span> still remain on it—part of a Latin +inscription which has been thought to have originally +read <span class='smcaplc'>ILITHVIA</span>, “a name in keeping with the rites still +in use before the image,” says MacCulloch.<a name='FNanchor_0061' id='FNanchor_0061'></a><a href='#Footnote_0061' class='fnanchor'>[61]</a></p> +<h3><i>Holy Wells</i></h3> +<p>The holy well is another institution dating from early +days, and there is hardly a church in Brittany which +does not boast one or more of these shrines, which are +in most cases dedicated to the saint in whose honour the +church has been raised. So numerous are these wells +that to name them and dwell at any length on the +curative powers claimed for their waters would fill a +large volume. Worthy of mention, however, is the +Holy Well of St Bieuzy, as typical of most of such +sacred springs. It is close to the church of the same +name in Bieuzy, and flows from a granite wall. Its +waters are said to relieve and cure the mentally +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_382' name='page_382'></a>382</span> +deranged. Some of the wells are large enough to permit +the afflicted to bathe in their waters, and of these the +well near the church of Goezenou is a good example. +It is situated in an enclosure surrounded by stone seats +for the convenience of the devotees who may desire to +immerse themselves bodily in it. Several of these +shrines bear dates, but whether they are genuine is a +matter for conjecture.</p> +<h3><i>Reliquaries</i></h3> +<p>Every Breton churchyard worthy of the name has its +reliquary or bone-house. There may be seen rows of +small boxes like dog-kennels with heart-shaped openings. +Round these openings, names, dates, and pious ejaculations +are written. Looking through the aperture, a +glimpse of a skull may startle one, for it is a gruesome +custom of the country to dig up the bones of the dead +and preserve the skulls in this way. The name upon +the box is that once borne by the deceased, the date +that of his death, and the charitable prayer is for the +repose of his soul. Occasionally these boxes are set in +conspicuous places in the church, but generally they +remain in the reliquary. In the porch of the church of +St Trémeur, the son of the notorious Breton Bluebeard, +Comorre, there is one of the largest collections of these +receptacles in Brittany. Rich people who may have +endowed or founded sacred edifices are buried in an +arched recess of the abbey or church they have benefited.</p> +<h3><i>Feeding the Dead</i></h3> +<p>In some parts of Brittany hollows are found in tombstones +above graves, and these are annually filled with +holy water or libations of milk. It would seem as if +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_383' name='page_383'></a>383</span> +this custom linked prehistoric with modern practice and +that the cup-hollows frequently met with on the top of +dolmens may have been intended as receptacles for the +food of the dead. The basins scooped in the soil of a +barrow may have served the same purpose. On the +night of All Souls’ Day, when this libation is made, the +supper is left spread on the table of each cottage and +the fire burns brightly, so that the dead may return to +refresh and warm themselves after the dolours of the +grave.</p> +<h3><i>The Passage de l’Enfer</i></h3> +<p>How hard custom dies in Brittany is illustrated by the +fact that it is still usual at Tréguier to convey the +dead to the churchyard in a boat over a part of +the river called the ‘Passage de l’Enfer,’ instead of +taking the shorter way by land. This custom is +reminiscent of what Procopius, a historian of the sixth +century, says regarding Breton Celtic custom in his +<i>De Bello Gothico</i>. Speaking of the island of Brittia, +by which he means Britain, he states that it is +divided by a wall. Thither fishermen from the Breton +coast are compelled to ferry over at darkest night the +shades of the dead, unseen by them, but marshalled by +a mysterious leader. The fishermen who are to row +the dead across to the British coast must go to bed early, +for at midnight they are aroused by a tapping at the door, +and they are called in a low voice. They rise and go +down to the shore, attracted by some force which they +cannot explain. Here they find their boats, apparently +empty, yet the water rises to the bulwarks, as if they +were crowded. Once they commence the voyage their +vessels cleave the water speedily, making the passage, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_384' name='page_384'></a>384</span> +usually a day and a half’s sailing, in an hour. When +the British shore is reached the souls of the dead leave +the boats, which at once rise in the sea as if unloaded. +Then a loud voice on shore is heard calling out the +name and style of those who have disembarked.</p> +<p>Procopius had, of course, heard the old Celtic myth of +an oversea Elysium, and had added to it some distorted +reminiscence of the old Roman wall which divided +Britain. The ‘ship of souls’ is evidently a feature of +Celtic as well as of Latin and Greek belief.</p> +<h3><i>Calvaries</i></h3> +<p>Calvaries, or representations of the passion on the +Cross, are most frequently encountered in Brittany, +so much so, indeed, that it has been called ‘the Land +of the Calvaries.’ Over the length and breadth of the +country they are to be met at almost every turn, some +of them no more than rude, simple crosses originating +in local workshops, and others truly magnificent in +carving and detail. Some of the most famous are those +situated at Plougastel, Saint-Thégonnec, and Guimiliau.</p> +<p>The Calvary of Plougastel dates from the early +sixteenth century, and consists of an arcade beneath +a platform filled with statues. The surrounding frieze +has carvings in bas-relief representing incidents in the +life of Christ. The Calvary of Saint-Thégonnec represents +vividly the phases of the passion, being really a +‘way of the Cross’ in sculpture. It bears the unmistakable +stamp of the sixteenth century. The Calvary of +Guimiliau is dated 1580 and 1588. A platform supported +by arches bears the three crosses, the four evangelists, +and other figures connected with the principal incidents +in the life and passion of our Lord. The principal +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_385' name='page_385'></a>385</span> +figures, that of Christ and those of the attending +Blessed Virgin and St John, are most beautifully and +sympathetically portrayed. The figures in the representations +from the life of Christ, which are from necessity +much smaller than those of the Crucifixion, are dressed +in the costume of the sixteenth century. The entire +Calvary is sculptured in Kersanton stone.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_32' id='linki_32'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/gs32.jpg' alt='' title='' width='400' height='600' /><br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE SOULS OF THE DEAD<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Whether these and other similar groups are really +works of art is perhaps a matter for discussion, but +regarding their impressiveness there cannot be two +opinions. By the bulk of the people they are held +in great reverence, and rarely are they unattended by +tiny congregations of two or three, while on the occasion +of important religious festivals people flock to them in +hundreds.</p> +<h3><i>Weddings</i></h3> +<p>In many of their religious observances the Bretons are +prone to confuse the sacred with the profane, and chief +among these is the wedding ceremony—the customs +attendant on which in some ostensibly Christian countries +are yet a disgrace to the intellect as well as the good +feeling of man. In rural Brittany, however, the revelry +which ensues as soon as the church door closes on the +newly wedded pair is more like that associated with +a children’s party than the recreation of older people. +Should the marriage be celebrated in the morning, +tables laid out with cakes are ranged outside the church +door, and when the bridal procession files out of the +church the bride and bridegroom each take a cake from +the table and leave a coin in its stead for the poor. +The guests follow suit, and then the whole party repairs +to the nearest meadow, where endless <i>ronds</i> are begun.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_386' name='page_386'></a>386</span></div> +<p>The <i>rond</i> is a sort of dance in which the whole assembly +joins hands and revolves slowly with a hop-skip-and-a-jump +step to the accompaniment of a most wearisome +and unvarying chant, the music for which is provided +by the <i>biniou</i>, or bagpipe, and the flageolet or hautboy, +both being occasionally augmented by the drum. Before +the ceremony begins the musicians who are responsible +for this primitive harmony are dispatched to summon +the guests, who, of course, arrive in the full splendour +of the national gala costume. As soon as the <i>ronds</i> are +completed to the satisfaction of everybody the custom +common to so many countries of stealing the bride away +is celebrated. At a given signal she speeds away from +the party, hotly pursued by the young gallants present, +and when she is overtaken she presents the successful +swain with a cup of coffee at a public <i>café</i>. This interlude +is followed by dinner, and after that the <i>ronds</i> are +resumed. These festivities, in the case of prosperous +people, sometimes last three days, during which time +the guests are entertained at their host’s expense. If +the wedding happens to be held in the evening, dancing +is about the only amusement indulged in, and this +follows an elaborate wedding supper. The <i>biniou</i> and +its companions are decidedly <i>en évidence</i>, while sometimes +the monotony of the <i>ronds</i> is varied by the <i>grand +rond</i>, a much more graceful and intricate affair, containing +many elaborate and difficult steps; but the more +ordinary dance is the favourite, probably because of the +difficulties attending the other.</p> +<h3><i>Breton Burials</i></h3> +<p>An ancient Breton funeral ceremony was replete with +symbolic meaning and ritual, which have been carried +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_387' name='page_387'></a>387</span> +down through the Middle Ages to the present time. +As soon as the head of the family had ceased to breathe, +a great fire was lit in the courtyard, and the mattress +upon which he had expired was burned. Pitchers of +water and milk were emptied, for fear, perhaps, that +the soul of the defunct might be athirst. The dead +man was then enveloped from head to foot in a great +white sheet and placed in a description of funeral +pavilion, the hands joined on the breast, the body +turned toward the east. At his feet a little stool was +placed, and two yellow candles were lit on each side +of him. Then the beadle or gravedigger, who was +usually a poor man, went round the country-side to carry +the news of death, which he usually called out in a high, +piping voice, ringing his little bell the while. At the +hour of sunset people arrived from all parts for the +purpose of viewing the body. Each one carried a +branch, which he placed on the feet of the defunct.</p> +<p>The evening prayer was recited by all, then the +women sang the canticles. From time to time the +widow and children of the deceased raised the corner +of the shroud and kissed it solemnly. A repast was +served in an adjoining room, where the beggar sat +side by side with the wealthy, on the principle that +all were equal before death. It is strange that the +poor are always associated with the griefs as with +the pleasures of Breton people; we find them at the +feast of death and at the baptism as at the wedding +rejoicing.</p> +<p>In the morning the rector of the parish arrived and all +retired, with the exception of the parents, if these +chanced to be alive, in whose presence the beadle +closed the coffin. No other member of the family +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_388' name='page_388'></a>388</span> +was permitted to take part in this solemn farewell, +which was regarded as a sacred duty. The coffin +was then placed on a car drawn by oxen, and the +funeral procession set out, preceded by the clergy +and followed by the female relations of the deceased, +wearing yellow head-dresses and black mantles. The +men followed with bared heads. On arriving at the +church the coffin was disposed on trestles, and the widow +sat close by it throughout the ceremony. As it was +lowered into the tomb the last words of the prayer for +the dead were repeated by all, and as it touched the +soil beneath a loud cry arose from the bereaved.</p> +<p>The Breton funeral ceremony, like those prevalent +among other Celtic peoples, is indeed a lugubrious +affair, and somewhat recalls the Irish wake in its +strange mixture of mourning and feasting; but curiously +enough brightness reigns afterward, for the peasant is +absolutely assured that at the moment his friend is +placed in the tomb he commences a life of joy without +end.</p> +<h3><i>Tartarus and Paradise</i></h3> +<p>Two very striking old Breton ballads give us very vivid +pictures of the Breton idea of Heaven and its opposite. +That dealing with the infernal regions hails from the +district of Léon. It is attributed to a priest named +Morin, who flourished in the fifteenth century, but +others have claimed it for a Jesuit father called Maunoir, +who lived and preached some two hundred years later. +In any case it bears the ecclesiastical stamp. “Descend, +Christians,” it begins, “to see what unspeakable tortures +the souls of the condemned suffer through the justice of +God, Who has chained them in the midst of flames for +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_389' name='page_389'></a>389</span> +having abused their gifts in this world. Hell is a profound +abyss, full of shadow, where not the least gleam +of light ever comes. The gates have been closed and +bolted by God, and He will never open them more. +The key is lost!</p> +<p>“An oven heated to whiteness is this place, a fire +which constantly devours the lost souls. There they +will eternally burn, tormented by the intolerable heat. +They gnash their teeth like mad dogs; they cannot +escape the flames, which are over their heads, under +their feet, and on all sides. The son rushes at his +father, and the daughter at her mother. They drag +them by the hair through the midst of flames, with a +thousand maledictions, crying, ‘Cursed be ye, lost +woman, who brought us into the world! Cursed be ye, +heedless man, who wert the cause of our damnation!’</p> +<p>“For drink they have only their tears. Their skins are +scorched, and bitten by the teeth of serpents and +demons, and their flesh and their bones are nothing but +fuel to the great fire of Hell!</p> +<p>“After they have been for some time in this furnace, +they are plunged by Satan into a lake of ice, and from +this they are thrown once more into the flames, and +from the flames into the water, like a bar of iron in a +smithy. ‘Have pity, my God, have pity on us!’ they +call; but they weep in vain, for God has closed His +ears to their plaints.</p> +<p>“The heat is so intense that their marrow burns within +their bones. The more they crave for pity, the more +they are tormented.</p> +<p>“This fire is the anger of God which they have aroused; +verily it may never be put out.”</p> +<p>One turns with loathing, with anger, and with contempt +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_390' name='page_390'></a>390</span> +from this production of medieval ecclesiasticism. When +one thinks of the thousands of simple and innocent +people who must have been tortured and driven half +wild with terror by such infamous utterances as this, one +feels inclined to challenge the oft-repeated statement +concerning the many virtues of the medieval Church. +But Brittany is not the only place where this species of +terrorism was in vogue, and that until comparatively +recent times. The writer can recall such descriptions +as this emanating from the pulpits of churches in +Scottish villages only some thirty years ago, and the +strange thing is that people of that generation were +wont to look back with longing and admiration upon +the old style of condemnatory sermon, and to criticize +the efforts of the younger school of ministers as being +wanting in force and lacking the spirit of menace so +characteristic of their forerunners. There are no such +sermons nowadays, they say. Let us thank God that +to the credit of human intelligence and human pity +there are not!</p> +<p>The opposite to this picture is provided by the ballad +on Heaven. It is generally attributed to Michel de +Kerodern, a Breton missionary of the seventeenth +century, but others claim its authorship for St Hervé, +to whom we have already alluded. In any case it is as +replete with superstitions as its darker fellow. The +soul, it says, passes the moon, sun, and stars on its +Heavenward way, and from that height turns its eyes +on its native land of Brittany. “Adieu to thee, my +country! Adieu to thee, world of suffering and dolorous +burdens! Farewell, poverty, affliction, trouble, and sin! +Like a lost vessel the body lies below, but wherever I +turn my eyes my heart is filled with a thousand felicities. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_391' name='page_391'></a>391</span> +I behold the gates of Paradise open at my approach +and the saints coming out to receive me. I am received +in the Palace of the Trinity, in the midst of honours and +heavenly harmonies. The Lord places on my head a +beautiful crown and bids me enter into the treasures +of Heaven. Legions of archangels chant the praise of +God, each with a harp in his hand. I meet my father, +my mother, my brothers, the men of my country. +Choirs of little angels fly hither and thither over our +heads like flocks of birds. Oh, happiness without equal! +When I think of such bliss to be, it consoles my heart +for the pains of this life.”</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<a name='FOOTNOTES' id='FOOTNOTES'></a> +<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0001' id='Footnote_0001'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0001'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p>Consult E. Ernault, <i>Petite Grammaire bretonne</i> (Saint-Brieuc, 1897); +L. Le Clerc, <i>Grammaire bretonne</i> (Saint-Brieuc, 1908); J. P. Treasure, +<i>An Introduction to Breton Grammar</i> (Carmarthen, 1903). For the +dialect of Vannes see A. Guillevic and P. Le Goff, <i>Grammaire bretonne +du Dialect de Vannes</i> (Vannes, 1902).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0002' id='Footnote_0002'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0002'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p>Lit. ‘long stone,’ a megalithic monument. See <a href='#CHAPTER_II_MENHIRS_AND_DOLMENS'>Chapter II, +“Menhirs and Dolmens.”</a> Students of folk-lore will recognize the +symbolic significance of the offering. We seem to have here some +connexion with pillar-worship, as found in ancient Crete, and the +adoration of the Irminsul among the ancient Saxons.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0003' id='Footnote_0003'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0003'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p>Charles the Bald.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0004' id='Footnote_0004'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0004'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p>For the Breton original and the French translation from which the +above is adapted see Villemarqué, <i>Barzaz-Breiz</i>, p. 112.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0005' id='Footnote_0005'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0005'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p>‘Sons of the Chief.’ MacTier is a fairly common name in Scotland +to-day.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0006' id='Footnote_0006'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0006'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p>That it was Neolithic seems undoubted, and in all probability +Alpine—<i>i.e.</i> the same race as presently inhabits Brittany. See Dottin, +<i>Anciens Peuples de l’Europe</i> (Paris, 1916).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0007' id='Footnote_0007'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0007'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p>But <i>tolmen</i> in Cornish meant ‘pole of stone.’</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0008' id='Footnote_0008'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0008'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p>Ostensibly, at least; but see the remarks upon modern pagan +survivals in Chapter IX, p. <a href='#page_246'>246</a>.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0009' id='Footnote_0009'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0009'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p>Which might be rendered:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>All here is symbol; these grey stones translate</p> +<p>A thought ineffable, but where the key?</p> +<p>Say, shall it be recovered soon or late,</p> +<p>To ope the temple of this mystery?</p> +</div></div> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0010' id='Footnote_0010'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0010'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p>Not to be confused, of course, with the well-known island mount of +the same name.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0011' id='Footnote_0011'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0011'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p>A Scottish sixteenth-century magical verse was chanted over such +a stone:</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>“I knock this rag wpone this stone,</p> +<p>And ask the divell for rain thereon.”</p> +</div></div> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0012' id='Footnote_0012'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0012'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p>The writer’s experience is that unlettered British folk often possess +much better information concerning the antiquities of a district than +its ‘educated’ inhabitants. If this information is not scientific it is +full and displays deep personal interest.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0013' id='Footnote_0013'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0013'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p><i>Collectionneur breton</i>, t. iii, p.55.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0014' id='Footnote_0014'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0014'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p>See <i>Comptes rendus de la Société des Antiquaries de France</i>, pp. 95 ff. +(1836).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0015' id='Footnote_0015'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0015'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p>J. G. Campbell, <i>Superstitions of the Scottish Highlands</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0016' id='Footnote_0016'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0016'><span class='label'>[16]</span></a> +<p>Small, <i>Antiquities of Fife</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0017' id='Footnote_0017'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0017'><span class='label'>[17]</span></a> +<p><i>Traditions de la Haute-Bretagne</i>, t. i, p. 26.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0018' id='Footnote_0018'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0018'><span class='label'>[18]</span></a> +<p>Henderson, <i>Survivals in Belief among the Celts</i> (1911).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0019' id='Footnote_0019'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0019'><span class='label'>[19]</span></a> +<p><i>Cultes, Mythes, et Religiones</i>, t. iii, pp. 365-433.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0020' id='Footnote_0020'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0020'><span class='label'>[20]</span></a> +<p><i>Roman de Rou</i>, v. 6415 ff.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0021' id='Footnote_0021'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0021'><span class='label'>[21]</span></a> +<p>Consult original ballad in Vicomte de la Villemarqué’s <i>Chants +populaires de la Bretagne</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0022' id='Footnote_0022'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0022'><span class='label'>[22]</span></a> +<p>MacCulloch, <i>The Religion of the Ancient Celts</i>, p. 116 (Edinburgh, +1911).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0023' id='Footnote_0023'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0023'><span class='label'>[23]</span></a> +<p>See <i>Ballads and Metrical Tales, illustrating the Fairy Mythology of +Europe</i> (anonymous, London, 1857) for a metrical version of this tale.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0024' id='Footnote_0024'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0024'><span class='label'>[24]</span></a> +<p>Lib. III, cap. vi.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0025' id='Footnote_0025'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0025'><span class='label'>[25]</span></a> +<p>Paris, 1670. Strange that this book should have been seized upon +by students of the occult as a ‘text-book’ furnishing longed-for details +of the ‘lost knowledge’ concerning elementary spirits, when it is, in +effect, a very whole-hearted satire upon belief in such beings!</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0026' id='Footnote_0026'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0026'><span class='label'>[26]</span></a> +<p>Villemarqué, <i>Myrdhinn, ou l’Enchanteur Merlin</i> (1861).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0027' id='Footnote_0027'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0027'><span class='label'>[27]</span></a> +<p>MacCulloch, <i>The Religion of the Ancient Celts</i>, p. 122.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0028' id='Footnote_0028'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0028'><span class='label'>[28]</span></a> +<p>Or subterranean dwellers. See D. MacRitchie’s <i>Fians, Fairies, and +Picts</i> (1893).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0029' id='Footnote_0029'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0029'><span class='label'>[29]</span></a> +<p>See the chapter on <a href='#CHAPTER_II_MENHIRS_AND_DOLMENS'>“Menhirs and Dolmens.”</a></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0030' id='Footnote_0030'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0030'><span class='label'>[30]</span></a> +<p>Vol. i, p. 231.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0031' id='Footnote_0031'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0031'><span class='label'>[31]</span></a> +<p><i>Contes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne</i> (Paris, 1880).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0032' id='Footnote_0032'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0032'><span class='label'>[32]</span></a> +<p><i>Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0033' id='Footnote_0033'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0033'><span class='label'>[33]</span></a> +<p>Saddle.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0034' id='Footnote_0034'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0034'><span class='label'>[34]</span></a> +<p>See the author’s <i>Le Roi d’Ys and other Poems</i> (London, 1910).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0035' id='Footnote_0035'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0035'><span class='label'>[35]</span></a> +<p>Kipling, “Primum Tempus.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0036' id='Footnote_0036'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0036'><span class='label'>[36]</span></a> +<p>In folk-tales of this nature a ladder is usually made of the bones, +but this circumstance seems to have been omitted in the present +instance.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0037' id='Footnote_0037'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0037'><span class='label'>[37]</span></a> +<p>See Nutt, <i>Celtic and Mediæval Romance</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0038' id='Footnote_0038'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0038'><span class='label'>[38]</span></a> +<p><i>La <ins title="Was 'Legende'">Légende</ins> de la Mort.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0039' id='Footnote_0039'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0039'><span class='label'>[39]</span></a> +<p><i>Religion of the Ancient Celts</i>, p. 345</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0040' id='Footnote_0040'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0040'><span class='label'>[40]</span></a> +<p><i>Folk-lore as an Historical Science</i>, p. 129.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0041' id='Footnote_0041'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0041'><span class='label'>[41]</span></a> +<p><i>Western France</i>, vol. ii.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0042' id='Footnote_0042'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0042'><span class='label'>[42]</span></a> +<p>See Le Braz, <i>La Légende de la Mort</i>, t. i, p. 39, t. ii, pp. 37 ff.; Albert +Le Grand, <i>Vies des Saints de la Bretagne</i>, p. 63; Villemarqué, <i>Chants +populaires</i>, pp. 38 ff.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0043' id='Footnote_0043'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0043'><span class='label'>[43]</span></a> +<p>See MacCulloch, <i>Religion of the Ancient Celts</i>, p. 372 and notes.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0044' id='Footnote_0044'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0044'><span class='label'>[44]</span></a> +<p>MacCulloch, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 274.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0045' id='Footnote_0045'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0045'><span class='label'>[45]</span></a> +<p>Villemarqué avouches that this version was taken down by his +mother from the lips of an old peasant woman of the parish of Névez. +It bears the stamp of ballad poetry, and as it has parallels in the folk-verse +of other countries I see no reason to question its genuineness.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0046' id='Footnote_0046'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0046'><span class='label'>[46]</span></a> +<p>See “Maro Markiz Gwerrand,” in the <i>Bulletin de la Société Académique +de Brest</i>, 1865.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0047' id='Footnote_0047'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0047'><span class='label'>[47]</span></a> +<p>For the criticism on Villemarqué’s work see H. Gaidoz and P. +Sébillot, “Bibliographie des Traditions et de la Littérature populaire +de la Bretagne” (in the <i>Revue Celtique</i>, t. v, pp. 277 ff.). The title +<i>Barzaz-Breiz</i> means “The Breton Bards,” the author being under the +delusion that the early forms of the ballads he collected and altered +had been composed by the ancient bards of Brittany.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0048' id='Footnote_0048'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0048'><span class='label'>[48]</span></a> +<p>Once a part of the forest of Broceliande. It has now disappeared.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0049' id='Footnote_0049'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0049'><span class='label'>[49]</span></a> +<p><i>Barzaz-Breiz</i>, p. 335. Sébillot (<i>Traditions de la Haute-Bretagne</i>, t. i, +p. 346) says that he could gain nothing regarding this incident at the +village of Saint-Cast but “vague details.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0050' id='Footnote_0050'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0050'><span class='label'>[50]</span></a> +<p>Rice Holmes, <i>Cæsar’s Conquest</i>, pp. 532-536.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0051' id='Footnote_0051'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0051'><span class='label'>[51]</span></a> +<p>See Rolleston, <i>Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race</i>, p. 66.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0052' id='Footnote_0052'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0052'><span class='label'>[52]</span></a> +<p>See Gomme, <i>Ethnology in Folk-lore</i>, p. 94.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0053' id='Footnote_0053'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0053'><span class='label'>[53]</span></a> +<p>It is of interest to recall the fact that Abélard was born near Nantes, +in 1079.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0054' id='Footnote_0054'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0054'><span class='label'>[54]</span></a> +<p><i>The Flourishing of Romance and the Rise of Allegory</i>, p. 135.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0055' id='Footnote_0055'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0055'><span class='label'>[55]</span></a> +<p>No matter.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0056' id='Footnote_0056'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0056'><span class='label'>[56]</span></a> +<p><i>I.e.</i> had the best knowledge of medicine. <i>Couthe</i>, from A.S. <i>cunnan</i> +to know.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0057' id='Footnote_0057'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0057'><span class='label'>[57]</span></a> +<p>Swinburne, <i>Tristram of Lyonesse</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0058' id='Footnote_0058'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0058'><span class='label'>[58]</span></a> +<p>This incident is common in Celtic romance, and seems to have +been widely used in nearly all medieval literatures.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0059' id='Footnote_0059'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0059'><span class='label'>[59]</span></a> +<p>See Rev. Sir G. W. Cox, <i>Introduction to Mythology</i>, p. 326 ff.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0060' id='Footnote_0060'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0060'><span class='label'>[60]</span></a> +<p>See Zimmer, <i>Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur</i>, xii, +pp. 106 ff.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0061' id='Footnote_0061'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0061'><span class='label'>[61]</span></a> +<p><i>Religion of the Ancient Celts</i>, p. 289.</p> +</div> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_392' name='page_392'></a>392</span> +<a name='GLOSSARY__INDEX' id='GLOSSARY__INDEX'></a> +<h2>GLOSSARY & INDEX</h2> +</div> +<table style="width:75%;" border="0" summary="index jump table"> + <tr> + <td><a href="#IX_A">A</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_B">B</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_C">C</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_D">D</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_E">E</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_F">F</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_G">G</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_H">H</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_I">I</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_J">J</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_K">K</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_L">L</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_M">M</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="#IX_N">N</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_O">O</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_P">P</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_Q">Q</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_R">R</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_S">S</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_T">T</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_U">U</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_V">V</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_W">W</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_Y">X</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_Y">Y</a></td> + <td><a href="#IX_Z">Z</a></td> + </tr> +</table> +<h4> <a id='IX_A'></a>A</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Abélard.</span> A Breton monk;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of Héloïse and, <a href='#page_248'>248-253</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Aberlady Bay.</span> A bay in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Abernethy.</span> A town in Scotland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Round Tower at, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Aberystwyth.</span> A town in Wales;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Taliesin buried at, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ADDER_STONE'></a><span class='smcap'>Adder’s Stone.</span> A substance supposed to have magical properties, employed in Druidic rites, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Héloïse, represented as a sorceress, said to have possessed, <a href='#page_252'>252</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ALAIN'></a><span class='smcap'>Alain III.</span> Count of Brittany (Count of Vannes);</p> +<p class='indent2'>drives back the Northmen, <a href='#page_25'>25</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Alain IV (Barbe-torte).</span> Arch-chief of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>defeats the Northmen, <a href='#page_25'>25-26</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Alain V.</span> Duke of Brittany, <a href='#page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#page_28'>28</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Alain Fergant.</span> Duke of Brittany, <a href='#page_30'>30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Alain.</span> Son of Eudo of Brittany, <a href='#page_29'>29</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Albert le Grand.</span> Monk of Morlaix, <a href='#page_278'>278</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Alchemy.</span> The art of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the position of, in the fifteenth century, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Gilles de Retz experiments in, <a href='#page_175'>175-179</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Algonquins.</span> A race of North American Indians;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_302'>302</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ali Baba.</span> The story of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_316'>316</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>All Souls’ Day.</span> The custom of leaving food for the dead on, <a href='#page_383'>383</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Aloïda.</span> A maiden;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the ballad of the Marriage-girdle, <a href='#page_234'>234-236</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>‘Alpine’ Race.</span> A European ethnological division;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Bretons probably belong to, <a href='#page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#page_37'>37</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Amenophis III.</span> An Egyptian king;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_43'>43</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>America.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#UNITED_STATES'>United States</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Angers.</span> A town in France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Convoyon goes to, to obtain holy relics from the cathedral, <a href='#page_336'>336</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Animals.</span> Frequently the bearers of divine aid, in legends of the saints, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Pol noted for his miraculous power over wild beasts, <a href='#page_366'>366</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Animism</span>, <a href='#page_86'>86-87</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ankou, The.</span> The death-spirit of Brittany, <a href='#page_101'>101-102</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Annaïk.</span> A maiden;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a story of the Marquis of Guérande, <a href='#page_199'>199-202</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Anne.</span> Duchess of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>married to Charles VIII of France, and then to Louis XII, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the oratory of, in the château of Dinan, <a href='#page_209'>209</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>gives the château of Suscino to John of Châlons, <a href='#page_210'>210</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Antwerp.</span> The city;</p> +<p class='indent2'>relics of St Winwaloe preserved in the Jesuit church of St Charles at, <a href='#page_371'>371</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_205'>205</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Apple, The.</span> Said to have been introduced into Brittany by Telio, <a href='#page_18'>18</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ardmore.</span> A town in Ireland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Round Tower at, <a href='#page_51'>51-52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Arez, Mountains of.</span> Same as <a href='#MONTAGNES_DARREE'>Montagnes d’Arrée</a>, <i>which see</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Argoed.</span> A place in Wales;</p> +<p class='indent2'>battle of, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Armagh.</span> A city in Ireland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Budoc made Bishop of, <a href='#page_356'>356</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Armenia.</span> The country;</p> +<p class='indent2'>were-wolf superstition in, <a href='#page_291'>291</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Armor</span> (‘On the Sea’). The ancient Celtic name for Brittany, <a href='#page_13'>13</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Armorica.</span> The Latin name for the country of Brittany, <a href='#page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#page_15'>15</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Julius Cæsar in, <a href='#page_16'>16</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>two British kingdoms in, <a href='#page_19'>19</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the first monastery in, founded by Gwénnolé, <a href='#page_185'>185</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>King Arthur hunts wild beasts in, <a href='#page_278'>278</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Samson bidden to go to, <a href='#page_349'>349</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ARTHUR'></a><span class='smcap'>Arthur, King.</span> British chieftain, of legendary fame;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his finding of Excalibur, <a href='#page_256'>256-257</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his encounter with the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel, <a href='#page_275'>275-277</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his existence doubted by Bretons in the twelfth century, <a href='#page_278'>278</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his fight with the dragon at the Lieue de Grève, <a href='#page_278'>278-281</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>carried to the Isle of Avalon after his last battle, <a href='#page_282'>282</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Gugemar at the Court of, <a href='#page_292'>292</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his contest with Modred, <a href='#page_344'>344</a>;</p> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_393' name='page_393'></a>393</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>his sister Margawse the wife of King Lot of Lothian, <a href='#page_357'>357</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#page_224'>224</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Arthur.</span> Duke of Brittany, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet;</p> +<p class='indent2'>murdered by King John of England, <a href='#page_30'>30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Arthurian Romance.</span> Resemblances in Villemarqué’s <i>Barzaz-Breiz</i> to, <a href='#page_224'>224</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the controversy as to the original birthplace of, <a href='#page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#page_254'>254-255</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>indigenous to British soil, <a href='#page_255'>255</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Arz.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#ILE_DARZ'>Ile d’Arz</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ash-tree, The Lay of the.</span> One of the <i>Lais</i> of Marie de France, <a href='#page_317'>317-320</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Auchentorlie.</span> An estate in Scotland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>inscribed stones at, <a href='#page_46'>46</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Auchinleck MS.</span> A manuscript containing a version of the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_272'>272</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Audierne, Bay of.</span> A bay on the Breton coast;</p> +<p class='indent2'>national costume in the district of, <a href='#page_376'>376</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Aulnoy, Comtesse d’.</span> Noted seventeenth-century French authoress;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_144'>144</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Auray.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>battle at, <a href='#page_35'>35</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>centre from which to visit the megaliths of Carnac, <a href='#page_42'>42</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Avalon, Isle of.</span> A fabled island to which King Arthur was carried after his last battle, <a href='#page_282'>282</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Avenue of Sphinxes.</span> At Karnak, Egypt, <a href='#page_43'>43</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Azénor.</span> Mother of St Budoc of Dol, <a href='#page_354'>354-356</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Azénor the Pale.</span> A maiden;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of, <a href='#page_360'>360-364</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_B'></a>B</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bacchus.</span> The Greek god of wine;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_189'>189</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Balon.</span> Monastery of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Tivisiau and, <a href='#page_338'>338-339</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ban.</span> King of Benwik;</p> +<p class='indent2'>father of Sir Lancelot, <a href='#page_257'>257</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bangor Teivi.</span> A village in Wales;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Taliesin said to have died at, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Baranton, The Fountain of.</span> A magical fountain in Broceliande, <a href='#page_70'>70-71</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bard.</span> Singer or poet attached to noble households;</p> +<p class='indent2'>late survival of the custom of maintaining, <a href='#page_364'>364</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Barking Women.</span> A phenomenon connected with religious festivals, <a href='#page_380'>380</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Baron of Jauioz, The.</span> A ballad, <a href='#page_145'>145-147</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Barron.</span> A fictitious youth;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a story of Gilles de Retz, <a href='#page_178'>178</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='BARZAZ_BREIZ'></a><span class='smcap'>Barzaz-Breiz</span> (“The Breton Bards”). A collection of Breton ballads made by Villemarqué;</p> +<p class='indent2'>cited (under sub-title, <i>Chants populaires de la Bretagne</i>), <a href='#page_57'>57</a> <i>n.</i>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>criticism of, <a href='#page_211'>211-212</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bass Rock.</span> An islet in the Firth of Forth, <a href='#page_359'>359</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Batz.</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>I. An island off the coast of Brittany; St Pol settles on, <a href='#page_365'>365-366</a></p> +<p class='indent2'>II. A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_373'>373</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bayard, The Chevalier de.</span> A famous French knight;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_31'>31</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bean Nighe</span> (‘The Washing Woman’). An evil spirit of the Scottish Highlands, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Beaumanoir.</span> A Breton noble house, <a href='#page_229'>229</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Beauty and the Beast.</span> The story of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_137'>137</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Beauvau.</span> Matthew, Seigneur of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Clerk of Rohan, <a href='#page_190'>190-193</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bedivere, Sir.</span> One of King Arthur’s knights;</p> +<p class='indent2'>accompanies Arthur on his expedition against the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel, <a href='#page_275'>275-277</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bees.</span> Cultivated by the monks of Dol, <a href='#page_19'>19</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Pol taught the people to cultivate, <a href='#page_366'>366</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Beignon.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_360'>360</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Belgium.</span> Mentioned, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Beliagog.</span> A giant;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_271'>271</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Belsunce de Castelmoron, Henri-François-Xavier de.</span> Bishop of Marseilles;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_195'>195</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Benediction of the Beasts.</span> A festival held at Carnac, <a href='#page_45'>45</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Berhet.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the custom of ringing the sacring bell still observed in the church of St Bridget at, <a href='#page_380'>380</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_394' name='page_394'></a>394</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Berry.</span> John, Duke of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_145'>145</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Berry.</span> Caroline, Duchess of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>imprisoned in the castle of Nantes, <a href='#page_205'>205</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bertrand de Dinan.</span> A Breton knight, <a href='#page_29'>29</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bieuzy.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Holy Well of St Bieuzy at, <a href='#page_381'>381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bigouden.</span> A cap worn by the women in some parts of Brittany, <a href='#page_376'>376</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Biniou.</span> A musical instrument resembling the bagpipe;</p> +<p class='indent2'>one of the national instruments of Brittany, <a href='#page_229'>229</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>played at weddings, <a href='#page_386'>386</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Birds.</span> In Breton tradition, the dead supposed to return to earth in the form of, <a href='#page_227'>227</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>frequently messengers in ballad literature, <a href='#page_233'>233</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the legends of the saints, commonly the bearers of divine aid, <a href='#page_347'>347</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bisclaveret.</span> The Breton name for a were-wolf;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the Lay of the Were-wolf, <a href='#page_287'>287-289</a>, <a href='#page_291'>291</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Black Mountain.</span> The name of one of the peaks of the Black Mountains, <a href='#page_197'>197</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Black Mountains.</span> A mountain chain in Brittany, <a href='#page_196'>196</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Blanche of Castile.</span> Mother of Louis IX, <a href='#page_208'>208</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Blancheflour.</span> Princess, sister of King Mark, mother of Tristrem;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_258'>258-259</a>, <a href='#page_261'>261</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Blois.</span> A famous French château;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_206'>206</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='BLOIS'></a><span class='smcap'>Blois, Charles of.</span> Duke of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>contests the succession to the duchy, <a href='#page_30'>30-32</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>taken prisoner by Joan of Flanders, <a href='#page_31'>31</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the marriage of, with Joan of Penthièvre, <a href='#page_32'>32</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>defeated at Auray, <a href='#page_35'>35</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the château of Suscino taken by, <a href='#page_210'>210</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bluebeard.</span> The villain in the nursery-tale;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Gilles de Retz identified with, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#page_180'>180</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of, identified with the story of Comorre and Triphyna, <a href='#page_180'>180</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Blue Chamber.</span> A boudoir in the château of Tourlaville, <a href='#page_209'>209</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bodmin.</span> A town in Cornwall;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_278'>278</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Boiteux.</span> A fiend;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Princess Starbright, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#page_125'>125</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Boncotest, College of.</span> One of the colleges of the old University of Paris;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Fontenelle at, <a href='#page_229'>229</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bonny Kilmeny.</span> A ballad by James Hogg;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_327'>327</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bourdais, Marc.</span> A peasant, nicknamed Maraud;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Lost Daughter, <a href='#page_75'>75-77</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bouteville.</span> John of, Seigneur of Faouet;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_335'>335</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Boy who Served the Fairies, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_88'>88-95</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bran</span> (‘Crow’). A Breton warrior;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of, <a href='#page_225'>225-227</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>analogies between the story of, and the poem of <i>Sir Tristrem</i>, <a href='#page_227'>227-228</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brengwain.</span> A lady of Ysonde’s suite;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#page_269'>269</a>, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#page_272'>272</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brenha, Father José.</span> A Portuguese antiquary;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_47'>47</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Breochan.</span> A legendary Welsh king, father of St Nennocha, <a href='#page_340'>340</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bréri.</span> A Breton poet, <a href='#page_255'>255</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brest.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#page_368'>368</a>, <a href='#page_371'>371</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Breton.</span> The language, <a href='#page_15'>15-16</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bretons.</span> The race;</p> +<p class='indent2'>their origin and affinities, <a href='#page_13'>13-15</a>, <a href='#page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#page_37'>37</a> <i>n.</i>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Bretons join William of Normandy in his expedition against England, <a href='#page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#page_233'>233</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>send an expedition to help Owen Glendower, <a href='#page_234'>234</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>defeat the English in a naval battle, <a href='#page_236'>236</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brevelenz.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a fireplace in the church of, <a href='#page_381'>381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brezonek.</span> The language spoken by the Bretons, <a href='#page_15'>15-16</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brian.</span> Son of Eudo of Brittany, <a href='#page_29'>29</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bride of Satan, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_143'>143-144</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_147'>147</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Britain.</span> Celts flee from, to Brittany, before the Saxon invaders, <a href='#page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#page_17'>17</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>subject kingdoms of, in Brittany, <a href='#page_19'>19</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>immigrants from, in Brittany, form a confederacy and fight against the Franks, <a href='#page_22'>22-23</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the headquarters of the Druidic cult, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Arthurian romance indigenous to, <a href='#page_255'>255</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Patern founds religious houses in, <a href='#page_348'>348</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Samson fled from, to Brittany, <a href='#page_350'>350</a>;</p> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_395' name='page_395'></a>395</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>Procopius’ story of the ferrying of the Breton dead over to, <a href='#page_383'>383-384</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Britons.</span> The race;</p> +<p class='indent2'>members of, emigrate to Brittany, <a href='#page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#page_22'>22-23</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>carried Arthurian romance to Brittany, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#page_255'>255</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brittany.</span> Divisions and character of the country, <a href='#page_13'>13</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Julius Cæsar in, <a href='#page_16'>16</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Latin tongue did not spread over, <a href='#page_17'>17</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the origin of the name, <a href='#page_17'>17</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Nomenoë wins the independence of, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>invaded by Northmen, <a href='#page_25'>25</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Northmen expelled from, <a href='#page_26'>26</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>division of, into counties and seigneuries, <a href='#page_27'>27</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>relations with Normandy, <a href='#page_27'>27-30</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>French influences in, <a href='#page_30'>30</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the War of the Two Joans, <a href='#page_30'>30-31</a>, <a href='#page_35'>35-36</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>annexed to France by Francis I, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the prehistoric stone monuments of, <a href='#page_37'>37-53</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the fairies of, <a href='#page_54'>54-95</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the sprites and demons of, <a href='#page_96'>96-105</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>‘world-tales’ in, <a href='#page_106'>106-155</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>folk-tales of, <a href='#page_156'>156-172</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>popular legends of, <a href='#page_173'>173-202</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the châteaux of, <a href='#page_202'>202-210</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>hero-tales of, <a href='#page_211'>211-240</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>sends help to Owen Glendower in his conflict with the English, <a href='#page_234'>234</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a British army in, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the black art in, <a href='#page_241'>241-253</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Arthurian romance in, <a href='#page_254'>254-282</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Arthur found Excalibur in, <a href='#page_256'>256</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Tristrem in, <a href='#page_270'>270-271</a>, <a href='#page_272'>272</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the scene of the <i>Lais</i> of Marie de France, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the saints of, <a href='#page_332'>332-371</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>many saints in, <a href='#page_350'>350</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>costumes of, <a href='#page_372'>372-377</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>customs of, <a href='#page_378'>378-388</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>religious observance in, <a href='#page_377'>377-378</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>holy wells in, <a href='#page_381'>381-382</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>observances relating to the dead and interments, <a href='#page_382'>382-384</a>, <a href='#page_386'>386-388</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Calvaries in, <a href='#page_384'>384-385</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>wedding ceremonies in, <a href='#page_385'>385-386</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brittany, Counts and Dukes of.</span> <i>See under</i> <a href='#ALAIN'>Alain</a>; <a href='#ARTHUR'>Arthur</a>; <a href='#BLOIS'>Blois, Charles of</a>; <a href='#CONAN'>Conan</a>; <a href='#DREUX'>Dreux</a>; <a href='#EUDO'>Eudo</a>; <a href='#FRANCIS'>Francis</a>; <a href='#GEOFFREY'>Geoffrey</a>; <a href='#HOEL'>Hoel</a>; <a href='#JOHN'>John</a>; <i>and</i> <a href='#SALOMON'>Salomon</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brittia.</span> Procopius’ name for Britain, <a href='#page_383'>383</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Broceliande.</span> A forest in Brittany, <a href='#page_54'>54-73</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the shrine of Arthurian story, <a href='#page_55'>55</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Korrigan a denizen of, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the scene of the adventures of Merlin and Vivien, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the fountain of Baranton in, <a href='#page_70'>70-71</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>lines on, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Bruno of La Montagne, <a href='#page_72'>72-73</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the wood of Helléan a part of, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_338'>338</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brodineuf.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_207'>207</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brownies.</span> Elfish beings of small size;</p> +<p class='indent2'>distinct from fairies, <a href='#page_87'>87</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Brunhilda.</span> Queen of Austrasia;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_31'>31</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bruno of La Montagne.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_72'>72-73</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bruyant.</span> A friend of Butor of La Montagne;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Bruno of La Montagne, <a href='#page_72'>72-73</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Bugelnoz</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Teus.</span> A beneficent spirit of the Vannes district, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Burial Customs.</span> In Brittany, <a href='#page_382'>382-384</a>, <a href='#page_386'>386-388</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Burns, Robert.</span> The poet;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his use of old songs and ballads, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_241'>241</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Buron.</span> A knight;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the Lay of the Ash-tree, <a href='#page_318'>318-320</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Butor.</span> Baron of La Montagne;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Bruno of La Montagne, <a href='#page_72'>72</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_C'></a>C</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cadoudal, Georges.</span> A Chouan leader;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_25'>25</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Caerleon-upon-Usk.</span> A town in Wales;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Tristrem sails for, <a href='#page_263'>263</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_21'>21</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cæsar.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#JULIUS'>Julius</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Calendar, The.</span> Supernatural beings often associated with, <a href='#page_97'>97</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Caliburn.</span> A name for Excalibur. <i>See</i> <a href='#EXCALIBUR'>Excalibur</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Callernish.</span> A district in the island of Lewis, Outer Hebrides;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_53'>53</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Calvaries.</span> Representations of the passion on the Cross;</p> +<p class='indent2'>common in Brittany, <a href='#page_384'>384-385</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Camaret.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_41'>41</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Camelot.</span> A legendary town in England, the scene of King Arthur’s Court;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the battle at, in which King Arthur was killed, <a href='#page_344'>344</a>;</p> +<p class='indent1'>mentioned, <a href='#page_64'>64</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_396' name='page_396'></a>396</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Canados.</span> King Mark’s Constable, in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_272'>272</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cancoet.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Maison des Follets at, <a href='#page_49'>49</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Caradeuc.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_207'>207</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cardigan Bay.</span> A bay in Wales;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the site of a submerged city, according to Welsh legend, <a href='#page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#page_188'>188</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cardiganshire.</span> Welsh county;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Carhaix.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Comorre the ruler of, <a href='#page_180'>180</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Carnac.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the megaliths at, <a href='#page_42'>42-45</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of, <a href='#page_44'>44-45</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the ‘Benediction of the Beasts’ at, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>sometimes called ‘Ty C’harriquet,’ <a href='#page_98'>98</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>its megaliths supposed to have been built by the gorics, <a href='#page_98'>98</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the gorics’ revels around the megaliths of, <a href='#page_99'>99</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Caroline.</span> Queen of England, wife of George II;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_196'>196</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Castle of the Sun, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_131'>131-137</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cattwg.</span> A town in Wales;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Taliesin and Gildas said to have been educated at the school of, <a href='#page_21'>21</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='CAYOT'></a><span class='smcap'>Cayot Délandre, F. M.</span> A Breton poet, <a href='#page_43'>43</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>‘Celtic.’</span> The term;</p> +<p class='indent2'>its disputed connotation, <a href='#page_37'>37</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Celts.</span> The race;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Bretons a division of, <a href='#page_14'>14-15</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Druidism may not have originated with, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>musical and poetic elements in the temperament of, <a href='#page_339'>339</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chamber of the Black Cavalier.</span> In the ballad of Azénor the Pale, <a href='#page_362'>362</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chambord.</span> A famous French château;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_206'>206</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Champ Dolent</span> (‘Field of Woe’). The field in which the menhir of Dol stands, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the battle in, <a href='#page_40'>40</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Champtocé.</span> A Breton château;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the home of Gilles de Retz, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179-180</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Changelings.</span> The Breton fairies and, <a href='#page_83'>83</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chansons de Gestes.</span> Medieval French poems with an heroic theme;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Villemarqué’s work marked by the style of, <a href='#page_224'>224-225</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chants populaires de la Bretagne.</span> The sub-title of Villemarqué’s <i>Barzaz-Breiz</i>. <i>See</i> <i><a href='#BARZAZ_BREIZ'>Barzaz-Breiz</a></i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chapelle du Duc.</span> A chapel at Tréguier, built by Duke John V, <a href='#page_353'>353</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Charlemagne.</span> The Emperor;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_225'>225</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Charles I (the Bald).</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Nomenoë rises against, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#page_337'>337-338</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Charles V.</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_32'>32</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Charles VI.</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_174'>174</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Charles VIII.</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Anne of Brittany married to, <a href='#page_36'>36</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Charles.</span> A youth;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Princess of Tronkolaine, <a href='#page_115'>115-121</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chase, The.</span> Superstitions of, <a href='#page_301'>301</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Château des Paulpiquets.</span> A name given to a megalithic structure in Questembert, <a href='#page_49'>49</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Châteaux.</span> Of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>their rich legendary and historical associations, <a href='#page_202'>202-203</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>stories of, <a href='#page_203'>203-210</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Châteaubriand.</span> François-René-Auguste, Viscount of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>famous French writer and statesman;</p> +<p class='indent2'>associated with the château of Comburg, <a href='#page_207'>207</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Châteaubriant.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_207'>207</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Châteaubriant.</span> Françoise de Foix, Countess of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a story of her relations with King Francis I and her fate, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the château of Suscino given to, by Francis I, <a href='#page_210'>210</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chaveau-Narishkine, Countess.</span> Restored the château of Kerjolet, <a href='#page_208'>208</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Childebat.</span> A Breton king, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and St Pol, <a href='#page_367'>367</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chramne.</span> Son of Clotaire I, King of the Franks, <a href='#page_40'>40</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Christianity.</span> St Samson teaches, in Brittany, <a href='#page_17'>17-19</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Curiosolites refuse to receive the teachings of St Malo, <a href='#page_342'>342</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Church.</span> The early;</p> +<p class='indent2'>hostility of, to the fairies, <a href='#page_56'>56</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cinderella.</span> The story of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_144'>144</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_397' name='page_397'></a>397</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cisalpine Gaul.</span> Roman province;</p> +<p class='indent2'>had no Druidic priesthood, <a href='#page_245'>245</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Clairschach.</span> The Highland harp;</p> +<p class='indent2'>replaced as the national instrument by the bagpipe, <a href='#page_229'>229</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Claude.</span> Queen of Francis I of France, <a href='#page_36'>36</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cléder.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Keenan built a monastery at, <a href='#page_344'>344</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Clerk of Rohan, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_189'>189-193</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Clisson.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_204'>204-205</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Clisson, Oliver de.</span> A celebrated Breton soldier, Constable of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>fought in the War of the Two Joans, <a href='#page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#page_204'>204</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the château of Clisson, <a href='#page_204'>204</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the château of Josselin, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#page_206'>206</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Clotaire I.</span> King of the Franks, <a href='#page_40'>40</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Coadelan.</span> The manor of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>occupied by Fontenelle, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#page_231'>231</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>has gone to decay, <a href='#page_232'>232</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Coadelan, The Lady of.</span> Her daughter carried off by Fontenelle, <a href='#page_229'>229-230</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Coat-Squiriou, Marquis of.</span> In the story of the Youth who did not Know, <a href='#page_106'>106-109</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cockno.</span> A place in Scotland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>inscribed stones at, <a href='#page_47'>47</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Coesoron.</span> A river in Brittany, <a href='#page_17'>17</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Coêtman.</span> The house of, <a href='#page_204'>204</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Coêtman, Viscount of.</span> A Breton nobleman;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_204'>204-205</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Coëtquen, Tower of.</span> One of the towers in the city wall of Dinan, <a href='#page_209'>209</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='COIFFES'></a><span class='smcap'>Coiffes.</span> Of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>specimens of, in the museum at Kerjolet, <a href='#page_208'>208</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See</i> <a href='#HEADDRESS'>Head-dress</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cole, King.</span> A half-legendary British king;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_173'>173</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Colodoc.</span> A name given to St Keenan. <i>See</i> <a href='#ST_KEENAN'>St Keenan</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Combat of Saint-Cast, The.</span> The ballad of, <a href='#page_236'>236-238</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Combourg.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_207'>207-208</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Châteaubriand associated with, <a href='#page_208'>208</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Comorre the Cursed.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_180'>180-184</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_382'>382</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Comte de Gabalis, Le.</span> The Abbé de Villars’ work;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_64'>64</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='CONAN'></a><span class='smcap'>Conan I.</span> Count of Brittany (Count of Rennes), <a href='#page_27'>27</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Conan II.</span> Duke of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and Duke William of Normandy, <a href='#page_27'>27-29</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Conan III.</span> Duke of Brittany, <a href='#page_30'>30</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>patron of Abélard, <a href='#page_248'>248</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Conan IV.</span> Duke of Brittany, <a href='#page_30'>30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Conan.</span> Father of Morvan, <a href='#page_215'>215</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Concarneau.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_42'>42</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the château of Kerjolet in, <a href='#page_208'>208</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Concoret.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>had a reputation as the abode of sorcerers, <a href='#page_242'>242</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Concurrus.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_42'>42</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Connaught.</span> An Irish province;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Keenan a native of, <a href='#page_343'>343</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Constance.</span> Daughter of Conan IV of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>married to Geoffrey Plantagenet, <a href='#page_30'>30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Contes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne.</span> P. Sébillot’s work;</p> +<p class='indent2'>cited, <a href='#page_83'>83</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cork.</span> A county of Ireland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_355'>355</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cornouaille.</span> A district in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the ancient Cornubia, <a href='#page_19'>19</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>formed by immigrants from Britain, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Azénor the Pale, a ballad of, <a href='#page_360'>360-364</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>distinctive national costume in, <a href='#page_372'>372</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_108'>108</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cornubia.</span> A British kingdom in Armorica, the modern Cornouaille, <a href='#page_19'>19</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cornwall.</span> An English county, anciently a kingdom;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_257'>257-262</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_278'>278</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Corseul.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the people of, refuse the teachings of St Malo, <a href='#page_342'>342-343</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Corstorphine.</span> A village near Edinburgh;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of the building of the church at, <a href='#page_51'>51</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='COSTUME'></a><span class='smcap'>Costume.</span> Breton;</p> +<p class='indent2'>specimens of, in the museum at Kerjolet, <a href='#page_208'>208</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the faithfulness of the Bretons to their national costume, <a href='#page_372'>372</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the varieties of, <a href='#page_372'>372-377</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the costume of Cornouaille, <a href='#page_372'>372</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of Quimper, <a href='#page_372'>372-373</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of the workers of the Escoublac district, <a href='#page_373'>373-374</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of the women of Granville, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of the women of Ouessant, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of the men of St Pol, <a href='#page_375'>375</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of Pont l’Abbé and the Bay of Audierne, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of Morlaix, <a href='#page_376'>376-377</a>;</p> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_398' name='page_398'></a>398</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>gala dress in Brittany, <a href='#page_377'>377</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Côtes-du-Nord.</span> One of the departments of Brittany, <a href='#page_13'>13</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>part of the ancient kingdom of Domnonia, <a href='#page_19'>19</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#page_351'>351</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Coudre.</span> A maiden;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the Lay of the Ash-tree, <a href='#page_319'>319-320</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Courils.</span> A race of gnomes peculiar to Brittany, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#page_98'>98-99</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Couronnes de Ste Barbe.</span> Amulets sold at the festival of St Barbe at Le Faouet, <a href='#page_333'>333</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cox, Rev. Sir G. W.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_275'>275</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Craon.</span> The house of, <a href='#page_174'>174</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Crions.</span> A race of gnomes peculiar to the ruins of Tresmalouen, <a href='#page_99'>99</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cromlech.</span> The term;</p> +<p class='indent2'>its derivation and significance, <a href='#page_38'>38</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cross of the Thousand Sails.</span> A monument at Guic-sezne, <a href='#page_370'>370</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Crusades.</span> Mentioned, <a href='#page_190'>190</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Culross.</span> A town in Scotland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Kentigern born at, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cup-and-ring Altar.</span> A monument discovered in the Milton of Colquhoun district, Scotland, <a href='#page_47'>47</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cup-and-ring Markings.</span> Symbols inscribed on megaliths;</p> +<p class='indent2'>their meaning and purpose, <a href='#page_46'>46-48</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cupid and Psyche.</span> The story of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_137'>137</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Curiosolitæ.</span> A Gallic tribe which inhabited Brittany, <a href='#page_16'>16</a>;</p> +<p class='indent1'>the Curiosolites refuse to receive Christian teaching from St Malo, <a href='#page_342'>342-343</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Cymbeline.</span> A half-legendary British king;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_173'>173</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_D'></a>D</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dagworth, Sir Thomas.</span> An English knight;</p> +<p class='indent2'>at the battle of La Roche-Derrien, <a href='#page_31'>31</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dahut.</span> Princess, daughter of Gradlon;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the legend of Ys, <a href='#page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#page_186'>186</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Danaë.</span> A maiden, in Greek mythology, mother of Perseus;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_358'>358</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Daoine Sidhe.</span> Irish deities, <a href='#page_87'>87</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Daoulas.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the statue of the Virgin in the abbey of, adorned with a girdle of rubies, <a href='#page_236'>236</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dead, The.</span> In Breton tradition, supposed to return to earth in the form of birds, <a href='#page_227'>227</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>food left for, <a href='#page_382'>382-383</a>, <a href='#page_387'>387</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>burial customs, <a href='#page_382'>382-384</a>, <a href='#page_386'>386-388</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Breton dead ferried over to Britain, <a href='#page_383'>383-384</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Death-bird.</span> A bird whose note is supposed to portend misfortune to the maiden who hears it, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_147'>147</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Death-spirit.</span> The Ankou, <a href='#page_101'>101-102</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Deer God.</span> A deity of the North American Indians, <a href='#page_301'>301</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Délandre, Cayot.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#CAYOT'>Cayot</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Demeter.</span> Greek corn goddess;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_59'>59</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Demon Lover, The.</span> A Scottish ballad;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_144'>144</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Demons.</span> Of Brittany, <a href='#page_96'>96-105</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the invariable accompaniment of an illiterate peasantry, <a href='#page_96'>96</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Denis Pyramus.</span> An Anglo-Norman chronicler;</p> +<p class='indent2'>on the poems of Marie de France, <a href='#page_284'>284</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Desonelle, Princess.</span> Heroine of <i>Sir Torrent of Portugal</i>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_358'>358</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='DEVIL'></a><span class='smcap'>Devil, The.</span> The erection of the megalithic monuments ascribed to, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Teus and, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See also</i> <a href='#SATAN'>Satan</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Diana.</span> Roman moon-goddess;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_74'>74</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Diancecht.</span> An Irish god;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_247'>247</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dinan.</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>I. A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#page_209'>209</a></p> +<p class='indent2'>II. The château of, <a href='#page_209'>209</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dol.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the menhir near, <a href='#page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#page_39'>39-40</a>, <a href='#page_318'>318</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Samson settled near, <a href='#page_18'>18</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Northmen defeated by Alain Barbe-torte near, <a href='#page_26'>26</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of the menhir of, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Buron lived at, <a href='#page_318'>318</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Turiau, or Tivisiau, associated with, <a href='#page_338'>338-339</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of the founding of, by St Samson, <a href='#page_350'>350</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of St Budoc of, <a href='#page_353'>353-358</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dol, Bishop of.</span> And St Tivisiau, <a href='#page_338'>338-339</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dol des Marchands.</span> The name given to a dolmen near Dol, <a href='#page_48'>48</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='DOLMENS'></a><span class='smcap'>Dolmens.</span> Derivation and meaning of the term, <a href='#page_38'>38</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>purpose of the monuments, <a href='#page_38'>38-39</a>;</p> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_399' name='page_399'></a>399</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>the dolmen-chapel at Plouaret, <a href='#page_41'>41</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the dolmen at Trégunc, <a href='#page_42'>42</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the dolmen at Rocenaud, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>cup-and-ring markings upon, <a href='#page_46'>46-48</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the dolmen at Penhapp, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the dolmen near the wood of Rocher, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the dolmen at La Lande-Marie, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the dolmen of Essé, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>haunted by nains, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>cup-hollows on, may have been intended as receptacles for food for the dead, <a href='#page_383'>383</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dolorous Knight, The Lay of the</span>, or <span class='smcap'>The Lay of the Four Sorrows.</span> One of the <i>Lais</i> of Marie de France, <a href='#page_328'>328-331</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='DOMNONEE'></a><span class='smcap'>Domnonée.</span> A county of Brittany, <a href='#page_23'>23</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See also</i> <a href='#DOMNONIA'>Domnonia</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='DOMNONIA'></a><span class='smcap'>Domnonia.</span> A British kingdom in Armorica, <a href='#page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#page_27'>27</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See also</i> <a href='#DOMNONEE'>Domnonée</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dottin, Georges.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_37'>37</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Douarnenez, Bay of.</span> A bay on the Breton coast;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the city of Ys said to have been situated there, <a href='#page_185'>185</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Drachenfels.</span> A famous castle on the Rhine;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_203'>203</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='DREUX'></a><span class='smcap'>Dreux, Pierre de.</span> Duke of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>defeats John of England at Nantes, <a href='#page_30'>30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Drez, Job Ann.</span> A sexton;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a story of the Yeun, <a href='#page_103'>103-105</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='DRUIDISM'></a><span class='smcap'>Druidism.</span> In early times, sorcery identified with, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the question whether Druidism was of Celtic or non-Celtic origin, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the nature of the practices of, <a href='#page_245'>245-248</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>survival of Druidic spells and ritual, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>an Eastern origin claimed for, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>survivals of the Druidic priesthood, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a college of Druidic priestesses situated near Nantes, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_53'>53</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See also</i> <a href='#DRUIDS'>Druids</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='DRUIDS'></a><span class='smcap'>Druids.</span> Origin of the cult, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the nature of their practices, <a href='#page_245'>245-246</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the legend of Kentigern’s birth, condemn Thenaw, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See also</i> <a href='#DRUIDISM'>Druidism</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dublin.</span> The city;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Tristrem comes to, <a href='#page_263'>263</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Tristrem’s second visit to, <a href='#page_265'>265</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dubric.</span> Archbishop who officiated at the marriage of King Arthur and Guinevere, <a href='#page_67'>67</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='DU_GUESCLIN'></a><span class='smcap'>Du Guesclin, Bertrand.</span> A famous knight, Constable of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>helps Charles of Blois in the War of the Two Joans, <a href='#page_31'>31-32</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a notable figure in Breton legend, <a href='#page_32'>32</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>buried at Saint-Denis, <a href='#page_32'>32</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of the Ward of, <a href='#page_33'>33-35</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>taken prisoner at the battle of Auray, <a href='#page_35'>35</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dungiven.</span> A town in Ireland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Druidic ritual still observed at, <a href='#page_246'>246</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dunpender.</span> A mountain in East Lothian, now called Traprain Law;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Thenaw cast from, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dusii.</span> Spirits inhabiting Gaul, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dylan.</span> A British sea-god;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_69'>69</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dyonas.</span> A god of the Britons;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Vivien sometimes represented as the daughter of, <a href='#page_69'>69</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_E'></a>E</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Edinburgh.</span> The city;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#page_203'>203</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Edmund.</span> King of East Anglia;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_284'>284</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Eliduc, The Lay of.</span> One of the <span class='smcap'>Lais</span> of Marie de France, <a href='#page_305'>305-313</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ellé.</span> A river in Brittany, <a href='#page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#page_332'>332</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Élorn.</span> A river in Brittany, <a href='#page_19'>19</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Elphin.</span> Son of the Welsh chieftain Urien;</p> +<p class='indent2'>taught by Taliesin, <a href='#page_21'>21</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Elves.</span> In Teutonic mythology, diminutive spirits;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the fairy race of Celtic countries may have been confused with, <a href='#page_87'>87</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Emerald Coast, The.</span> A district in the southern portion of Brittany, <a href='#page_13'>13</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>England.</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>I. The country;</p> +<p class='indent4'>loses its ancient British name, which becomes that of Brittany, <a href='#page_17'>17</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>Bretons who accompanied William the Conqueror receive land in, <a href='#page_232'>232</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>Bretons invade, from Wales, <a href='#page_234'>234</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>claimed as the birthplace of Arthurian romance, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>King Arthur moves against the Emperor Lucius’ threatened invasion of, <a href='#page_275'>275</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>the existence of King Arthur credited in, in the twelfth century, <a href='#page_278'>278</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>Marie de France lived in, <a href='#page_283'>283</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_400' name='page_400'></a>400</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>II. The State;</p> +<p class='indent4'>supports John of Montfort’s claim to Brittany, <a href='#page_31'>31</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Enora.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#ST_ENORA'>St Enora</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Equitan, The Lay of.</span> One of the <i>Lais</i> of Marie de France, <a href='#page_313'>313-317</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Erdeven.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_42'>42</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ermonie.</span> A mythical kingdom, in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Roland Rise, Lord of, <a href='#page_258'>258</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Duke Morgan becomes Lord of, <a href='#page_259'>259</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Tristrem returns to, <a href='#page_261'>261</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ernault, E.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_16'>16</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Eryri, Mount.</span> King Arthur slew the giant Ritho upon, <a href='#page_277'>277</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Escoublac.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_373'>373</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Essé.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the dolmen of, <a href='#page_53'>53</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Estaing, Pierre d’.</span> A French alchemist;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_175'>175</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Étang de Laval.</span> A lake, supposed to cover the site of the submerged city of Ys, <a href='#page_185'>185</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ethwije.</span> Wife of Geoffrey I of Brittany, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#page_198'>198</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='EUDO'></a><span class='smcap'>Eudo.</span> Count of Brittany, son of Geoffrey I, <a href='#page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#page_29'>29</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Eufuerien.</span> King of Cumbria, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Even the Great.</span> Breton leader;</p> +<p class='indent2'>defeats the Norsemen at the battle of Kerlouan, <a href='#page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#page_227'>227</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ewen.</span> Son of Eufuerien, King of Cumbria, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='EXCALIBUR'></a><span class='smcap'>Excalibur.</span> King Arthur’s miraculous sword;</p> +<p class='indent2'>given to Arthur in Brittany, <a href='#page_256'>256-257</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Arthur kills the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel with, <a href='#page_277'>277</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_280'>280</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Exeter.</span> The city;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_307'>307</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_F'></a>F</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fables.</span> Of Marie de France, <a href='#page_283'>283</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='FAIRIES'></a><span class='smcap'>Fairies.</span> Credited with the erection of the megalithic monuments, <a href='#page_49'>49-52</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>magically imprisoned in dolmens, trees, and pillars, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the fairy lore of Brittany bears evidence of Celtic influence, <a href='#page_54'>54</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the fairies of Brittany hostile to man, <a href='#page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#page_55'>55-56</a>, <a href='#page_85'>85</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Church the enemy of, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>what derived from, in folk-lore, <a href='#page_73'>73-74</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the varying conceptions of, <a href='#page_73'>73</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Bretons’ ideas of, <a href='#page_74'>74-75</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the fairies of the <i>houles</i>, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#page_88'>88</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the fairies’ distaste for being recognized, and stories illustrating this, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>bestow magical sight, <a href='#page_82'>82-83</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and changelings, <a href='#page_83'>83</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>prone to take animal, bird, and fish shapes, <a href='#page_83'>83-84</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>probable reasons for the fairies’ malevolence, <a href='#page_85'>85-86</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>origin of the fairy idea, <a href='#page_85'>85-87</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>may have originally been deities, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in Brittany, conceived as of average mortal height, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the <i>Margots la fée</i>, a variety of, <a href='#page_88'>88</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a story illustrating fairy malevolence, <a href='#page_88'>88</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the fairy-woman in the Lay of Graelent, <a href='#page_322'>322-328</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fairyland.</span> Graelent enters, <a href='#page_326'>326</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>identified with the Celtic Otherworld, <a href='#page_327'>327</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a place of death and remoteness, <a href='#page_328'>328</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fairy-wife.</span> A folk-lore <i>motif</i>, <a href='#page_327'>327</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Falcon, The.</span> A ballad, <a href='#page_196'>196-198</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Farmer, Captain George.</span> Commander of the <i>Quebec</i>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a Breton ballad, <a href='#page_238'>238</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fays.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#FAIRIES'>Fairies</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>February.</span> The month;</p> +<p class='indent2'>personified in the story of Princess Starbright, <a href='#page_128'>128-129</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Félix.</span> Bishop of Quimper, <a href='#page_337'>337</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Feuillet, Octave.</span> A French novelist;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_206'>206</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Finette Cendron</span> (‘Cinderella’). Mme d’Aulnoy’s story of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_144'>144</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Finistère.</span> One of the departments of Brittany, <a href='#page_13'>13</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>part of the ancient kingdom of Domnonia, <a href='#page_19'>19</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_180'>180</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fions.</span> A name sometimes given to the fairies in Brittany, occurring also in Scottish and Irish folk-lore, <a href='#page_74'>74</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fire-goddess.</span> St Barbe probably represents the survival of a, <a href='#page_334'>334</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fireplaces</span> in Breton churches, <a href='#page_380'>380-381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fisherman and the Fairies, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_80'>80-83</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Flamel, Nicolas.</span> A French alchemist;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_175'>175</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Flanders.</span> The country;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Gugemar in, <a href='#page_292'>292</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_145'>145</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_401' name='page_401'></a>401</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Folk-tales.</span> Of Brittany, <a href='#page_156'>156-172</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fontenelle, Guy Eder De.</span> A Breton leader, associated with the Catholic League, <a href='#page_229'>229-232</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Förster, Professor Wendelin.</span> And the origin of Arthurian romance, <a href='#page_254'>254</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Forth.</span> A river in Scotland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Forth, Firth of.</span> Mentioned, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#page_359'>359</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Foster-brother, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_167'>167-172</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Foucault, Jean.</span> A Breton peasant;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a story of, <a href='#page_244'>244</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fougères.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>had a reputation as the dwelling-place of sorcerers, <a href='#page_242'>242</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fouquet, Nicolas.</span> A French statesman;</p> +<p class='indent2'>imprisoned in the castle of Nantes, <a href='#page_205'>205</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Four Sorrows, The Lay of the</span>, or <span class='smcap'>The Lay of the Dolorous Knight.</span> One of the <i>Lais</i> of Marie de France, <a href='#page_328'>328-331</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fragan.</span> Governor of Léon, father of St Winwaloe, <a href='#page_370'>370</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>France.</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>I. The country;</p> +<p class='indent4'>manners and fashions of, spread in Brittany, <a href='#page_30'>30</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>the were-wolf superstition prevalent in, <a href='#page_291'>291</a></p> +<p class='indent2'>II. The State;</p> +<p class='indent4'>intervenes in the conflict between Brittany and Normandy, <a href='#page_30'>30</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>Brittany annexed by, under Francis I, <a href='#page_36'>36</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Francis I.</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>annexes Brittany to France, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and Françoise de Foix, the Countess of Châteaubriant, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>gives the château of Suscino to Françoise de Foix, <a href='#page_210'>210</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='FRANCIS'></a><span class='smcap'>Francis I.</span> Duke of Brittany, <a href='#page_36'>36</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Franks.</span> The people;</p> +<p class='indent2'>exercised a nominal suzerainty over Brittany, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Morvan fights with, <a href='#page_216'>216-221</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>“Morvan will return to drive the Franks from the Breton land,” <a href='#page_224'>224</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Franks, King of The.</span> In Villemarqué’s <i>Barzaz-Breiz</i>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and Morvan’s fight with the Moor, <a href='#page_218'>218-220</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Morvan fights with, <a href='#page_220'>220-221</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the character drawn in the style of the <i>chansons de gestes</i>, <a href='#page_224'>224</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fredegonda.</span> Queen of Neustria;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_31'>31</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Frémiet, Emmanuel.</span> A French sculptor;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_206'>206</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Frêne.</span> A maiden;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the Lay of the Ash-tree, <a href='#page_318'>318-320</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Fulbert.</span> A canon of Notre-Dame, Paris, uncle of Héloïse, <a href='#page_249'>249</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mutilated Abélard, <a href='#page_250'>250</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Funeral Customs and Ceremonies.</span> In Brittany, <a href='#page_382'>382-384</a>, <a href='#page_386'>386-388</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_G'></a>G</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gaidoz, H.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_212'>212</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ganhardin.</span> Brother of Ysonde of the White Hand;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_271'>271-272</a>, <a href='#page_273'>273</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Garb of Old Gaul, The.</span> A song;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_237'>237</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gargantua.</span> A mythical giant;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the erection of the megalithic monuments ascribed to, <a href='#page_49'>49</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Garlon, The Clerk of.</span> In a legend of the Marquis of Guérande, <a href='#page_199'>199-202</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gavr’inis</span> (‘Goat Island’). An island in the Gulf of Morbihan;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the tumulus at, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>nains’ inscriptions on the megaliths of, <a href='#page_98'>98</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gawaine, Sir.</span> One of King Arthur’s knights;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Geber.</span> An Arabian alchemist;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_175'>175</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='GEOFFREY'></a><span class='smcap'>Geoffrey I.</span> Duke of Brittany, <a href='#page_27'>27</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the legend of the Falcon, <a href='#page_196'>196</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Geoffrey II (Plantagenet).</span> Duke of Brittany, <a href='#page_30'>30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Geoffrey of Monmouth.</span> An English chronicler;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the presentation of Vivien in his work, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the presentation of Merlin, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>acknowledged a Breton source for his work, <a href='#page_255'>255</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gildas.</span> A British chronicler;</p> +<p class='indent2'>fellow-pupil with Taliesin at the school of Cattwg, <a href='#page_21'>21</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Keenan associated with, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Bieuzy a friend and disciple of, <a href='#page_345'>345</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the bell of, in the chapel at La Roche-sur-Blavet, <a href='#page_345'>345</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Bieuzy dies in the presence of, <a href='#page_346'>346</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Pol of Léon a fellow-student of, <a href='#page_364'>364</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_402' name='page_402'></a>402</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Giraldus Cambrensis.</span> A Welsh chronicler;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the legend of the submerged city, <a href='#page_187'>187</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Girdle.</span> Superstition of the, <a href='#page_302'>302</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Glain Neidr.</span> The sea-snake’s egg or adder’s stone, used in Druidic rites, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Héloïse, represented as a sorceress, said to have possessed, <a href='#page_252'>252</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Glasgow.</span> The city;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_357'>357</a>, <a href='#page_359'>359</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Goelc.</span> A seigneury of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a Count of, the father of St Budoc of Dol, <a href='#page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#page_355'>355</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Goezenou.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the cheeses petrified by St Goezenou preserved in the church of, <a href='#page_369'>369</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>holy well at, <a href='#page_382'>382</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Goidelic Dialect.</span> A Celtic tongue, <a href='#page_15'>15</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Golden Bell, Château of the.</span> In the story of the Youth who did not Know, <a href='#page_111'>111-114</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Golden Bell, Princess.</span> In the story of the Youth who did not Know, <a href='#page_110'>110-115</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Golden Herb.</span> A plant supposed in Druidical times to possess magical properties, <a href='#page_247'>247-248</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gomme, Sir G. L.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#page_247'>247</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gorics.</span> A race of gnomes peculiar to Brittany, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#page_98'>98-99</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Goulven.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>historical tablet in the church of, <a href='#page_225'>225</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gouvernayl.</span> Servitor to Tristrem;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#page_264'>264</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gradlon Meur.</span> A ruler of Ys;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the legend of the city, <a href='#page_185'>185-186</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the statue of, at Quimper, <a href='#page_188'>188-189</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>supposed to have introduced the vine into Brittany, <a href='#page_189'>189</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Graelent, The Lay of.</span> One of the <i>Lais</i> of Marie de France, <a href='#page_320'>320-328</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Grail.</span> Legend of the;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a parallel incident in the Lay of Gugemar and, <a href='#page_301'>301-302</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Grallo.</span> King of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and St Ronan, <a href='#page_367'>367</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Grand Mont.</span> An eminence upon which St Gildas built his abbey, <a href='#page_249'>249</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Grand Troménie.</span> The special celebration of the Pardon of the Mountain held every sixth year, <a href='#page_379'>379-380</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Granville.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>women’s costume in, <a href='#page_374'>374</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Grifescorne.</span> King of the Demons;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Youth who did not Know, <a href='#page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#page_114'>114</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Groabgoard.</span> An image at Quinipily, <a href='#page_381'>381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Grottes aux Fées.</span> Name given to the megalithic monuments by the Bretons, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#page_49'>49</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guémené.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_334'>334</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guérande.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_198'>198</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guérande.</span> Louis-François, Marquis of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of, <a href='#page_199'>199-202</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guerech.</span> Count of Vannes;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Comorre the Cursed, <a href='#page_180'>180-181</a>, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#page_184'>184</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gugemar, The Lay of.</span> One of the <i>Lais</i> of Marie de France, <a href='#page_292'>292-302</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guic-sezne.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_370'>370</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guildeluec.</span> Wife of Eliduc, <a href='#page_306'>306-313</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guillardun.</span> A princess;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the Lay of Eliduc, <a href='#page_307'>307-313</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guillevic, A.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_16'>16</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guimiliau.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Calvary at, <a href='#page_384'>384-385</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guindy.</span> A river in Brittany, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_220'>220</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guinevere.</span> King Arthur’s Queen;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>comforted by St Keenan after Arthur’s death, <a href='#page_344'>344</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Guingamp.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_229'>229</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gwen.</span> Mother of St Winwaloe, <a href='#page_370'>370</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gwenaloe</span> (‘He that is white’). The Breton name for St Winwaloe, <a href='#page_370'>370</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gwenn-Estrad.</span> A place in Wales;</p> +<p class='indent2'>battle of, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gwennolaïk.</span> A maiden of Tréguier;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Foster-brother, <a href='#page_167'>167-172</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gwénnolé.</span> A holy man;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the legend of the city of Ys, <a href='#page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#page_186'>186</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gwezklen.</span> The Breton name for Du Guesclin, <a href='#page_32'>32</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See</i> <a href='#DU_GUESCLIN'>Du Guesclin</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gwindeluc.</span> A monk, a disciple of St Convoyon, <a href='#page_335'>335</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_403' name='page_403'></a>403</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Gwyddno.</span> Twelfth-century Welsh bard;</p> +<p class='indent2'>relates the story of the submerged city, <a href='#page_188'>188</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_H'></a>H</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Hainault.</span> A Belgian province;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_328'>328</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Harp, The.</span> Not now popular in Brittany, but in ancient times one of the national instruments, <a href='#page_228'>228-229</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Hatchet of Brittany, The.</span> An appellation of Morvan, <a href='#page_221'>221</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Haute-Bécherel.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>pagan temple at, <a href='#page_342'>342</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='HEADDRESS'></a><span class='smcap'>Head-dress.</span> Of the women of the Escoublac district, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of the women of Ouessant, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of the women of Villecheret, <a href='#page_375'>375</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of the men of Brittany, does not vary much, <a href='#page_375'>375</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>headgear of the men of Plougastel, <a href='#page_375'>375</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of the women of Muzillac, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of the women of Pont l’Abbé and the Bay of Audierne, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of the women of Morlaix, <a href='#page_376'>376</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See also</i> <a href='#COIFFES'>COIFFES</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Heaven.</span> An old Breton conception of, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>, <a href='#page_390'>390-391</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Helena, Lady.</span> Niece of Duke Hoel I of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>carried off by the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel, <a href='#page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#page_276'>276</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Hell.</span> In the story of the Bride of Satan, <a href='#page_144'>144</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>an old Breton conception of, <a href='#page_388'>388-389</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Helléan, Wood of.</span> A former part of the forest of Broceliande, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#page_224'>224</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Heloïse.</span> An abbess, beloved of Abélard;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of Abélard and, <a href='#page_248'>248-253</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a Breton ballad represented as a sorceress, <a href='#page_250'>250-253</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Hénan.</span> Manor of, in Brittany, <a href='#page_364'>364</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Henderson, George.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Hennebont.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_206'>206</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Henry II.</span> King of England, <a href='#page_30'>30</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>identified as the king to whom Marie of France dedicated her <i>Lais</i>, <a href='#page_284'>284</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Henry III.</span> King of England;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_284'>284</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Henry IV.</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and Fontenelle, <a href='#page_231'>231-232</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_204'>204</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='HENWG'></a><span class='smcap'>Henwg.</span> A Welsh bard;</p> +<p class='indent2'>said to be the father of Taliesin, <a href='#page_21'>21</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='HERSART_VILLEMARQUE'></a><span class='smcap'>Hersart de la Villemarqué, Vicomte.</span> Writer on Breton legendary lore;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his poem on Nomenoë, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his ballad of Alain Barbe-torte, <a href='#page_25'>25-27</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and a story of the Clerk of Rohan, <a href='#page_190'>190</a> <i>n.</i>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his <i>Barzaz-Breiz</i>, <a href='#page_211'>211-212</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>stories from his <i>Barzaz-Breiz</i>, <a href='#page_212'>212-237</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>indications of the source of his matter, <a href='#page_224'>224-225</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the story of Fontenelle, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the story of the Combat of Saint-Cast, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>on the story of Azénor the Pale, <a href='#page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#page_364'>364</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>cited, <a href='#page_57'>57</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href='#page_65'>65</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href='#page_184'>184</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href='#page_247'>247</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Hervé.</span> Son of Kyvarnion;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of the wolf and, <a href='#page_22'>22</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_390'>390</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Highlanders.</span> Scottish;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Combat of Saint-Cast, <a href='#page_237'>237</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Highlands.</span> Scottish;</p> +<p class='indent2'>beliefs in, respecting stones, <a href='#page_52'>52-53</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the ‘Washing Woman’ of, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Hildwall.</span> A pious man of Angers;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Convoyon lodges with, <a href='#page_336'>336</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Hodain.</span> A dog;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_267'>267</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='HOEL'></a><span class='smcap'>Hoel I.</span> Duke of Brittany, <a href='#page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#page_276'>276</a>, <a href='#page_278'>278</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Hoel V.</span> Duke of Brittany, <a href='#page_30'>30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Holger.</span> A half-mythical Danish hero;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_212'>212</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Holmes, T. Rice.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_245'>245</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Holy Land.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#PALESTINE'>Palestine</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Houles.</span> Caverns;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Bretons suppose fairies to inhabit, <a href='#page_75'>75</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Huon de Méry.</span> A thirteenth-century writer;</p> +<p class='indent2'>on the fountain of Baranton, <a href='#page_71'>71</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Hurlers, The.</span> A Cornish legend;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_44'>44</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_I'></a>I</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Iberians.</span> A non-Aryan race, supposed to have inhabited Britain;</p> +<p class='indent2'>held by Rhys to be the originators of Druidism, <a href='#page_245'>245</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ida.</span> King of Bernicia;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ILE_DARZ'></a><span class='smcap'>Ile d’Arz.</span> An island off the coast of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths in, <a href='#page_48'>48</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_404' name='page_404'></a>404</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ile-de-France.</span> A French province;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Marie of France said to have been a native of, <a href='#page_283'>283</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ile aux Moines.</span> An island in the Gulf of Morbihan;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megalithic monuments in, <a href='#page_48'>48</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ILE_DE_SEIN'></a><span class='smcap'>Ile de Sein.</span> An island off the Breton coast, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Winwaloe settled on, <a href='#page_371'>371</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ile-Verte.</span> An island off the Breton coast;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Winwaloe lived on, <a href='#page_370'>370</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ille-et-Vilaine.</span> One of the departments of Brittany, <a href='#page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#page_50'>50</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Inveresk.</span> A village in Scotland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_359'>359</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Iouenn.</span> A young man;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Man of Honour, <a href='#page_147'>147-155</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ireland.</span> Markings on the megalithic monuments in, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of the submerged city in, <a href='#page_187'>187</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the harp anciently the national instrument of, <a href='#page_229'>229</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Tristrem in, <a href='#page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#page_265'>265-267</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Petranus, father of St Patern, goes to, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Patern meets his father in, <a href='#page_348'>348</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>many saints in, <a href='#page_350'>350</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Azénor and Budoc in, <a href='#page_355'>355-356</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Budoc made King of, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>late survival of the custom of keeping domestic bards in, <a href='#page_364'>364</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ireland, King of.</span> In the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#page_266'>266</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ireland, Queen of.</span> In the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_264'>264-267</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Irminsul.</span> A Saxon idol;</p> +<p class='indent2'>probable connexion between the menhir and the worship of, <a href='#page_18'>18</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Isidore of Seville.</span> A Spanish ecclesiastic and writer;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_J'></a>J</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>January.</span> The month;</p> +<p class='indent2'>personified, in the story of the Princess Starbright, <a href='#page_128'>128-129</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Jargeau.</span> A town in France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the battle of, <a href='#page_174'>174</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Jaudy.</span> A river in Brittany, <a href='#page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#page_167'>167</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Jauioz.</span> A seigneury in Languedoc;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of Louis, Baron of, <a href='#page_145'>145-146</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Jeanne Darc.</span> The French heroine;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the play or mystery of, <a href='#page_175'>175</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Joan of Flanders.</span> Wife of John of Montfort;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the War of the Two Joans, <a href='#page_31'>31</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Joan of Penthièvre.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#PENTHIEVRE'>Penthièvre</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Job the Witless.</span> In the story of the Foster-brother, <a href='#page_169'>169</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>John (Lackland).</span> King of England;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_30'>30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='JOHN'></a><span class='smcap'>John III.</span> Duke of Brittany, <a href='#page_30'>30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>John IV.</span> Duke of Brittany</p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See</i> <a href='#MONTFORT'>Montfort, John of</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>John V.</span> Duke of Brittany, son of the famous John of Montfort, <a href='#page_35'>35-36</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and Gilles de Retz, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>built a magnificent tomb for St Yves, <a href='#page_353'>353</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>John.</span> Duke of Châlons;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the château of Suscino given to, <a href='#page_210'>210</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Josselin.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_205'>205-206</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Joyous Garden.</span> A garden raised by enchantment by Merlin to please Vivien, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#page_69'>69</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Jud-Hael.</span> A Breton chieftain;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the vision of, <a href='#page_20'>20-21</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Judik-Hael.</span> A Breton chieftain, son of Jud-Hael, <a href='#page_21'>21</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='JULIUS'></a><span class='smcap'>Julius Cæsar.</span> On the Druids of Gaul, <a href='#page_245'>245</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_K'></a>K</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kado the Striver.</span> A Breton peasant, leader of a revolt, <a href='#page_197'>197-198</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Karnak.</span> A village in Egypt;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_43'>43</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Karo.</span> Son of a Breton chieftain;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a story of Nomenoë, <a href='#page_23'>23-25</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kay, Sir.</span> King Arthur’s seneschal, <a href='#page_275'>275</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kennedy.</span> A character in a Highland tale, <a href='#page_51'>51</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kergariou, Comte de.</span> And the story of Fontenelle, <a href='#page_230'>230</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kergivas.</span> A place in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the cheeses petrified by St Goezenou preserved in the manor of, <a href='#page_369'>369</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kergoaler, Couédic de.</span> Captain of the <i>Surveillante</i>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a Breton ballad, <a href='#page_238'>238</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kergonan.</span> A village in the Ile aux Moines;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_48'>48</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_405' name='page_405'></a>405</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Keridwen.</span> A fertility goddess who dwelt in Lake Tegid, Wales;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_59'>59</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ker-is.</span> A name of the city of Ys, <a href='#page_185'>185</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See</i> <a href='#YS'>Ys</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kerjolet.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_208'>208</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kerlaz.</span> A village in Brittany, <a href='#page_232'>232</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kerlescant.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_42'>42</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kerlouan.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>battle at, between Norsemen and Bretons, <a href='#page_225'>225</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the oak on the battlefield at, <a href='#page_227'>227</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kermario.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_42'>42</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kermartin.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Yves born at, <a href='#page_350'>350</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kermorvan.</span> A place in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Yves the Seigneur of, in the ballad of Azénor the Pale, <a href='#page_360'>360-363</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kerodern, Michel de.</span> A Breton missionary, <a href='#page_390'>390</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kerouez.</span> An old château;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Seigneur with the Horse’s Head, <a href='#page_137'>137</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kersanton.</span> A place in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>stone from, forms the Calvary of Guimiliau, <a href='#page_385'>385</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kervran.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the warrior Bran taken prisoner at, <a href='#page_225'>225</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>King of the Ants.</span> In the story of the Princess of Tronkolaine, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#page_120'>120</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>King of the Birds.</span> In the story of the Youth who did not Know, <a href='#page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#page_113'>113</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>King of the Fishes.</span> In a tale from Saint-Cast, <a href='#page_84'>84-85</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Youth who did not Know, <a href='#page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#page_114'>114</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>King of the Lions.</span> In the story of the Princess of Tronkolaine, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#page_120'>120</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>King of the Sparrow-hawks.</span> In the story of the Princess of Tronkolaine, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#page_119'>119</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kipling, Rudyard.</span> Quoted, <a href='#page_86'>86</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Korrigan, The.</span> A forest fairy;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a denizen of Broceliande, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Seigneur of Nann, <a href='#page_57'>57-58</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>associated with water, an element of fertility, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>an enchantress, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Unbroken Vow, <a href='#page_62'>62-63</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>desired union with humanity, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#page_98'>98</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Kyvarnion.</span> A British bard, father of Hervé, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_L'></a>L</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lady of La Garaye, The.</span> Poem by Mrs Norton;</p> +<p class='indent2'>quoted, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#page_196'>196</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lady of the Lake.</span> In Arthurian legend, Vivien;</p> +<p class='indent2'>foster-mother of Lancelot, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#page_257'>257</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of Breton origin, <a href='#page_256'>256</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>gives Arthur the sword Excalibur, <a href='#page_256'>256-257</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See also</i> <a href='#VIVIEN'>Vivien</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>La Garaye.</span> A Breton château, near Dinan;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of the Lady of, <a href='#page_195'>195</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lailoken.</span> A character in early British legend;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_70'>70</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lais.</span> Of Marie de France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>their value in the study of Breton lore, <a href='#page_283'>283</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>date and other circumstances of their composition, <a href='#page_283'>283-284</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>stories from, <a href='#page_284'>284-289</a>, <a href='#page_292'>292-331</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lake of Anguish, The.</span> A lake in Hell;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Bride of Satan, <a href='#page_144'>144</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Baron of Jauioz, <a href='#page_146'>146</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>La Lande Marie.</span> A place in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the dolmen at, <a href='#page_51'>51</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lancelot, Sir.</span> One of the Knights of the Round Table, son of King Ban of Benwik;</p> +<p class='indent2'>stolen and brought up by Vivien, <a href='#page_257'>257</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>does not appear in Celtic legend, <a href='#page_257'>257</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#page_69'>69</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Landévennec.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a chapel of St Nicholas at, <a href='#page_345'>345</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a monastery built at, by St Winwaloe, <a href='#page_371'>371</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Landivisiau.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_338'>338</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>fine carvings in the church of, <a href='#page_339'>339-340</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Landegu.</span> A village in Cornwall;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Keenan at, <a href='#page_344'>344</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Langoad.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_198'>198</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Language.</span> Brezonek, the tongue of the Bretons, <a href='#page_15'>15</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the old Breton tongue closely similar to Welsh, <a href='#page_15'>15</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Latin tongue did not spread over Brittany, <a href='#page_17'>17</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Largoet.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_206'>206</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_406' name='page_406'></a>406</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>La Roche-Bernard.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_376'>376</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>La Roche-sur-Blavet.</span> A place in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a retreat of Gildas and St Bieuzy, <a href='#page_345'>345</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>La Roche-Derrien.</span> A place in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>battle at, <a href='#page_31'>31</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>La Roche-Jagu.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_203'>203-204</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>La Rose.</span> A young man;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Magic Rose, <a href='#page_156'>156-162</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Latin.</span> The language;</p> +<p class='indent2'>did not spread over Brittany, <a href='#page_17'>17</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Laustic, The Lay of.</span> One of the <i>Lais</i> of Marie de France, <a href='#page_302'>302-305</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Laval, Gilles de.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#RETZ'>Retz</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Laval, Jean de.</span> Governor of Brittany, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>married to Françoise de Foix, Countess of Châteaubriant, <a href='#page_207'>207</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lay of the Were-Wolf, The.</span> One of the <i>Lais</i> of Marie de France, <a href='#page_284'>284-289</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>League, The.</span> A Catholic organization formed against the Huguenots, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#page_206'>206</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Fontenelle associated with, <a href='#page_229'>229</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Le Braz, Anatole.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#page_184'>184</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Le Clerc, L.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_16'>16</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Le Croisic.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_373'>373</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Le Faouet.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the chapel of St Barbe near, <a href='#page_332'>332-333</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334-335</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Legend.</span> The meaning of the term, <a href='#page_173'>173</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Le Goff, P.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_16'>16</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Le Grand, A.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_184'>184</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Léguer.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_220'>220</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Léguer, Lake of.</span> In the story of the Princess Starbright, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#page_131'>131</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lelian.</span> Father of St Tivisiau, <a href='#page_338'>338</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Le Moustoir-le-Juch.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>fireplace in the church of, <a href='#page_381'>381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Leo IV.</span> Pope;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Nomenoë sends gifts to, <a href='#page_337'>337</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and St Convoyon, <a href='#page_337'>337</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Léon.</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>I. A county of Brittany, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a></p> +<p class='indent2'>II. The see of;</p> +<p class='indent4'>given to St Pol, <a href='#page_367'>367</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Le Rouzic, Zacharie.</span> A Breton archæologist;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_45'>45</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lewis.</span> An island in the Outer Hebrides;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_53'>53</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Leyden, John.</span> A Scottish poet and Orientalist;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his treatment of legendary material, <a href='#page_211'>211</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lézat.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>had a reputation as the abode of sorcerers, <a href='#page_242'>242</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lez-Breiz, Morvan.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#MORVAN'>Morvan</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lieue de Grève.</span> A place in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Arthur’s fight with the dragon of, <a href='#page_278'>278-281</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Livonia.</span> The country;</p> +<p class='indent2'>were-wolf superstition in, <a href='#page_290'>290</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Llanvithin.</span> A village in Wales;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_21'>21</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Loc-Christ.</span> Monastery of, built under the persuasion of St Winwaloe, <a href='#page_370'>370-371</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Locmaria.</span> A place in Brittany, <a href='#page_199'>199</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Locmariaquer.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_42'>42</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Logres.</span> An ancient British kingdom;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the Lay of Eliduc, <a href='#page_306'>306-311</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Loguivy-Plougras.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_137'>137</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lohanec.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Yves incumbent of, <a href='#page_351'>351</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lohengrin.</span> A knight, in German legend;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_137'>137</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Loire.</span> The river;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#page_253'>253</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Loire-Inférieure.</span> One of the departments of Brittany, <a href='#page_13'>13</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>London.</span> The city;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#page_99'>99</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Long Meg.</span> A Cumberland legend;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_44'>44</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Longsword, William.</span> Earl of Salisbury;</p> +<p class='indent2'>identified as the nobleman to whom Marie of France dedicated her <i>Fables</i>, <a href='#page_284'>284</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lorelei.</span> A water-spirit of the Rhine;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_64'>64</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lorgnez.</span> A Frankish chieftain;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Morvan fights with, and slays, <a href='#page_217'>217-218</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lost Daughter, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_75'>75-80</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lot.</span> King of Lothian, grandfather of St Kentigern, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lothian.</span> A district in Scotland, formerly a kingdom;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_357'>357</a>, <a href='#page_359'>359</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_407' name='page_407'></a>407</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lothian, East.</span> A county of Scotland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Loudéac.</span> An <i>arrondissement</i> of Brittany, <a href='#page_88'>88</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lough Neagh.</span> A lake in Ireland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>according to Irish legend, the site of submerged city, <a href='#page_187'>187</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Louis I (the Pious).</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>places the native chieftain Nomenoë over Brittany, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Convoyon visits, to obtain confirmation of grants, <a href='#page_335'>335</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='LOUIS_IX'></a><span class='smcap'>Louis IX.</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_208'>208</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Louis XI.</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#page_205'>205</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Louis XII.</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Anne of Brittany married to, <a href='#page_36'>36</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Louis XV.</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>honours the Count of La Garaye, <a href='#page_195'>195</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Louis.</span> Baron of Jauioz;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of, <a href='#page_145'>145-147</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Louvre, The.</span> A palace in Paris;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_206'>206</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lucius.</span> Roman consul, sometimes referred to as Emperor;</p> +<p class='indent2'>King Arthur moves against, <a href='#page_275'>275</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Luzel, F. M.</span> His <i>Guerziou Breiz-Izel</i>, mentioned, <a href='#page_211'>211</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Lyonesse.</span> A legendary kingdom near Cornwall, <a href='#page_257'>257</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_M'></a>M</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>MacCulloch, J. R.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_59'>59</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#page_188'>188</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href='#page_189'>189</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href='#page_381'>381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>MacCunn, Hamish.</span> Composer;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_145'>145</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Machutes.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#ST_MALO'>St Malo</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Macpherson, James.</span> A Scottish poet;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#page_211'>211</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>MacRitchie, D.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_74'>74</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mac-tierns</span> (‘Sons of the Chief’). A name given to Brian and Alain, sons of Count Eudo, <a href='#page_29'>29</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mageen.</span> Mother of St Tivisiau, <a href='#page_338'>338</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Magic.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#SORCERY'>Sorcery</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Magic Rose, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_156'>156-162</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mahābhārata</span>. A Hindu epic;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Maison des Follets.</span> A name given to a megalithic structure at Cancoet, <a href='#page_49'>49</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mamau, Y.</span> Welsh deities, <a href='#page_87'>87</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Man of Honour, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_147'>147-155</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Maraud.</span> A peasant;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Lost Daughter, <a href='#page_75'>75-77</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>March.</span> The month;</p> +<p class='indent2'>personified in the story of Princess Starbright, <a href='#page_128'>128-129</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Margawse.</span> Sister of King Arthur, wife of King Lot of Lothian, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Margots la Fée, Les.</span> Fairies which inhabit large rocks and the moorlands, <a href='#page_88'>88</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Marguerite.</span> A maiden, avenged by Du Guesclin, <a href='#page_33'>33-35</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Marie de France.</span> A twelfth-century French poetess;</p> +<p class='indent2'>acknowledged Breton sources for her work, <a href='#page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#page_283'>283</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the <i>Lais</i> and <i>Fables</i> of, <a href='#page_283'>283-284</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>personal history, <a href='#page_283'>283</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>stories from the <i>Lais</i>, <a href='#page_284'>284-331</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the Lay of Laustic, <a href='#page_302'>302</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the Lay of Eliduc, <a href='#page_305'>305-306</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the Lay of the Dolorous Knight, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#page_330'>330-331</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mark.</span> King of Cornwall;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_258'>258-274</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mark.</span> King of Vannes;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and St Pol of Léon, <a href='#page_364'>364</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Marot, Claude Toussaint.</span> Count of La Garaye;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of, <a href='#page_194'>194-196</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='MARRIAGE'></a><span class='smcap'>Marriage.</span> Costume of the bride in the Escoublac district, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Pardon of Notre Dame de la Clarté made the occasion of betrothals, <a href='#page_378'>378</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>wedding customs, <a href='#page_385'>385-386</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Marriage-Girdle, The.</span> The ballad of, <a href='#page_234'>234-236</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Marseilles.</span> The city;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_195'>195</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Matsys, Quentin.</span> A Flemish painter;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the well of, at Antwerp, <a href='#page_205'>205</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Matthew.</span> Seigneur of Beauvau;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Clerk of Rohan, <a href='#page_189'>189-193</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Maunoir.</span> A Jesuit Father, <a href='#page_388'>388</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mauron.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>battle at, <a href='#page_31'>31</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>May, Isle of.</span> An island in the Firth of Forth, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mayenne.</span> Charles de Lorraine, Duke of;</p> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_408' name='page_408'></a>408</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>one of the leaders of the Catholic League, <a href='#page_229'>229</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Megaliths.</span> The derivation and meaning of the terms ‘menhir’ and ‘dolmen,’ <a href='#page_37'>37-38</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>nature and purpose of the monuments, <a href='#page_38'>38-39</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the menhir of Dol, and its legend, <a href='#page_39'>39-41</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the chapel-dolmen at Plouaret, <a href='#page_41'>41</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the megaliths at Camaret, <a href='#page_41'>41</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>at Penmarch, <a href='#page_41'>41</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>at Carnac, <a href='#page_42'>42-45</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the tumulus at Mont-Saint-Michel, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the dolmen at Rocenaud, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>‘cup-and-ring’ markings, <a href='#page_46'>46-48</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the gallery of Gavr’inis, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the megaliths of the Ile aux Moines and the Ile d’Arz, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>folk-beliefs associated with the monuments, <a href='#page_48'>48-53</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>tales connected with them, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the question of the date of their erection, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the nains’ inscriptions upon, <a href='#page_97'>97-98</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the megaliths of Carnac supposed to have been built by the gorics, <a href='#page_98'>98</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See also</i> <a href='#MENHIR'>Menhir</a> <i>and</i> <a href='#DOLMENS'>Dolmens</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Melusine.</span> A fairy, in French folk-lore;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_327'>327</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Menao.</span> A place in Wales;</p> +<p class='indent2'>battle of, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ménéac.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_42'>42</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='MENHIR'></a><span class='smcap'>Menhir.</span> A megalithic monument, <a href='#page_18'>18</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the menhir of Dol, <a href='#page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#page_39'>39-40</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>probably connected with pillar-worship and Irminsul-worship, <a href='#page_18'>18</a> <i>n.</i>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>derivation and meaning of the term, <a href='#page_38'>38</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>purpose of the monuments, <a href='#page_38'>38-39</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Meriadok.</span> A Cornish knight;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_269'>269</a>, <a href='#page_272'>272</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Meriadus.</span> A Breton chieftain;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the Lay of Gugemar, <a href='#page_299'>299-301</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Merlin.</span> An enchanter, in Arthurian legend;</p> +<p class='indent2'>meets Vivien in Broceliande, and is afterward enchanted by her there, <a href='#page_65'>65-69</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his relationship with Vivien as presented in Arthurian legend, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the varying conceptions of, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the typical Druid or wise man of Celtic tradition, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>protects Arthur in his combat with Sir Pellinore, <a href='#page_256'>256</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and Arthur’s finding of Excalibur, <a href='#page_256'>256-257</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mezléan.</span> A place in Brittany, <a href='#page_362'>362</a>, <a href='#page_363'>363</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Clerk of, in the ballad of Azénor the Pale, <a href='#page_361'>361-363</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Milton of Colquhoun.</span> A district in Scotland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>inscribed stones found in, <a href='#page_47'>47</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Minihy.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Yves’ will and breviary preserved in the church of, <a href='#page_353'>353</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Modred, Sir.</span> Nephew of King Arthur;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his contest with the King, <a href='#page_344'>344</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Moncontour.</span> A village in Brittany, <a href='#page_242'>242</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Moneduc.</span> Mother of St Nennocha, <a href='#page_340'>340</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='MONTAGNES_DARREE'></a><span class='smcap'>Montagnes d’Arrée</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Arez.</span> A mountain chain in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Yeun in, <a href='#page_102'>102</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_235'>235</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Montalembert, Comte de.</span> His <i>Moines d’Occident</i>, cited, <a href='#page_19'>19</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='MONTFORT'></a><span class='smcap'>Montfort, John of.</span> Duke of Brittany (John IV);</p> +<p class='indent2'>disputes the succession to the Dukedom, <a href='#page_30'>30-32</a>, <a href='#page_35'>35-36</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>captures the château of Suscino, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_204'>204</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Montmorency.</span> The house of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_174'>174</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Montreuil-sur-Mer.</span> A town in the Pas-de-Calais, France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Winwaloe’s body preserved at, <a href='#page_371'>371</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mont-Saint-Michel.</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>I. A tumulus, <a href='#page_45'>45-46</a></p> +<p class='indent2'>II. An island off the coast of Brittany, <a href='#page_45'>45</a> <i>n.</i>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>King Arthur’s fight with the giant of, <a href='#page_275'>275</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>mentioned, <a href='#page_103'>103</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Moor, The.</span> In a story of Morvan;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Morvan’s fight with, <a href='#page_218'>218-220</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the character of, probably drawn from Carlovingian legend, <a href='#page_225'>225</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Moors, The.</span> Mentioned, <a href='#page_225'>225</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Moore, Thomas.</span> The poet;</p> +<p class='indent2'>quoted, <a href='#page_187'>187</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Moraunt.</span> An Irish ambassador at the English Court;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_262'>262-263</a>, <a href='#page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#page_266'>266</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Morbihan.</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>I. One of the departments of Brittany, <a href='#page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>the nains’ inscriptions on the megaliths of, <a href='#page_98'>98</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>the Pardon of Notre Dame de la Clarté held in, <a href='#page_378'>378</a></p> +<p class='indent2'>II. An inland sea or gulf in the south of Brittany, (Gulf of Morbihan);</p> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_409' name='page_409'></a>409</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>naval battle between the Romans and Veneti probably took place in, <a href='#page_16'>16</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_48'>48</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Morgan, Duke.</span> A Cymric chieftain;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_258'>258-259</a>, <a href='#page_261'>261-262</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Morin.</span> A priest, <a href='#page_388'>388</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Morlaix.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the castle of, haunted by gorics, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the teursts of the district of, <a href='#page_100'>100</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Youth who did not Know, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#page_109'>109</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>national costume in, <a href='#page_376'>376-377</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Morte d’Arthur.</span> Malory’s romance;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the presentation of Vivien in, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Arthur’s finding of Excalibur related in, <a href='#page_256'>256</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>incident in, paralleled in the Lay of Gugemar, <a href='#page_301'>301-302</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_257'>257</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='MORVAN'></a><span class='smcap'>Morvan Lez-Breiz.</span> A famous Breton hero of the ninth century, <a href='#page_212'>212</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>stories of, <a href='#page_212'>212-224</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>tradition that he will return to “drive the Franks from the Breton land,” <a href='#page_224'>224</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mourioche, The.</span> A malicious demon, <a href='#page_101'>101</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Müller, W. Max.</span> Mentioned, <a href='#page_358'>358</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Murillo.</span> A celebrated Spanish painter;</p> +<p class='indent2'>paintings by, in the château of Caradeuc, <a href='#page_207'>207</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Mut.</span> An Egyptian goddess;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_43'>43</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Muzillac.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>head-dress of the women of, <a href='#page_376'>376</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_N'></a>N</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nains.</span> A race of demons;</p> +<p class='indent2'>their character, <a href='#page_96'>96-98</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>guardians of hidden treasure, <a href='#page_99'>99</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Namnetes.</span> A Gallic tribe which inhabited Brittany, <a href='#page_16'>16</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nann, The Seigneur of.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_57'>57-59</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nantes.</span> A city in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a ballad, represented as the scene of magical exploits of Abélard and Héloïse, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>traditionally associated with sorcery, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Equitan the King of, <a href='#page_313'>313</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the scene of the Lay of the Dolorous Knight, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Nomenoë obtains possession of, <a href='#page_338'>338</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#page_337'>337</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nantes.</span> The castle of, <a href='#page_205'>205</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Neolithic Age.</span> The race which built the stone monuments of Brittany probably belonged to, <a href='#page_37'>37</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Névet.</span> Forest of, in Léon, <a href='#page_367'>367</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Névez.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_190'>190</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>New Caledonia.</span> An island in the Pacific;</p> +<p class='indent2'>markings on the megalithic monuments in, <a href='#page_46'>46-47</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nicole, The.</span> A mischievous spirit, <a href='#page_100'>100-101</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nightingale, The Lay of the.</span> One of the <i>Lais</i> of Marie de France, <a href='#page_302'>302</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Night-washers.</span> A race of supernatural beings, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nimue.</span> A name under which Vivien, the Lady of the Lake, appears in some romances, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_256'>256</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See</i> <a href='#VIVIEN'>Vivien</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nogent.</span> Sister of Gugemar, <a href='#page_292'>292</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nogent-sur-Seine.</span> A town in France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the abbey at, founded by Abélard, and made over by him to Héloïse, <a href='#page_249'>249</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Abélard and Héloïse buried at, <a href='#page_250'>250</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nola.</span> A youth;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Foster-brother, <a href='#page_170'>170-171</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nomenoë.</span> A Breton chieftain, afterward King of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>rises against Charles the Bald and defeats him, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#page_337'>337-338</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a story of, <a href='#page_23'>23-25</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and St Convoyon, <a href='#page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#page_337'>337</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>sends gifts to Pope Leo IV, <a href='#page_337'>337</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>burns the abbey of Saint-Florent, <a href='#page_337'>337</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Normandy.</span> The duchy;</p> +<p class='indent2'>early relations of Brittany with, <a href='#page_27'>27-30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Normans.</span> The Bretons rise against, <a href='#page_196'>196-198</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>spread the Arthur legend, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#page_255'>255</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_338'>338</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Norouas.</span> Personification of the north-west wind;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a story of, <a href='#page_163'>163-167</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Northmen, Norsemen.</span> Invade Brittany, <a href='#page_25'>25</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>defeated by Alain Barbe-torte and expelled from Brittany, <a href='#page_25'>25-27</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the battle of Kerlouan between the Bretons and, <a href='#page_225'>225</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>North-west Wind, The.</span> Personification of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a story of, <a href='#page_163'>163-167</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_410' name='page_410'></a>410</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Norton, Mrs.</span> An English poetess;</p> +<p class='indent2'>her <i>Lady of La Garaye</i>, quoted, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#page_196'>196</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>N’Oun Doare.</span> A youth;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Youth who did not Know, <a href='#page_106'>106-115</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Nutt, A.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_99'>99</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href='#page_254'>254</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_O'></a>O</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Oberon.</span> King of the fairies;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_74'>74</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Œdipus.</span> King of Thebes;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ogier the Dane.</span> One of the paladins of Charlemagne;</p> +<p class='indent2'>entered Fairyland, <a href='#page_326'>326</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Olaus Magnus.</span> A sixteenth-century Swedish ecclesiastic and writer;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_290'>290</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Oridial.</span> Father of Gugemar, <a href='#page_292'>292</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Origen.</span> One of the Fathers of the early Church;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and St Barbe, <a href='#page_333'>333</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Orléans.</span> The city;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the siege of (1428-29), <a href='#page_174'>174</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the play or mystery of, on Jeanne Darc, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_229'>229</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Osismii.</span> A Gallic tribe which inhabited Brittany, <a href='#page_16'>16</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ossian.</span> A semi-legendary Celtic bard and warrior;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_211'>211</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ossory.</span> A district in Ireland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>emigration from, to Brittany, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Otherworld.</span> The Celtic, <a href='#page_171'>171-172</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Fairyland identified with, <a href='#page_327'>327</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ouessant.</span> An island off the coast of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Pol in, <a href='#page_365'>365</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the costume of the women of, <a href='#page_374'>374-375</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Oust.</span> A river in Brittany, <a href='#page_205'>205</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Owain.</span> A Welsh chieftain, son of Urien;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Taliesin the bard of, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Owen Glendower.</span> A Welsh chieftain;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Bretons send an expedition to help, in his conflict with the English, <a href='#page_234'>234</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_P'></a>P</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='PALESTINE'></a><span class='smcap'>Palestine.</span> Mentioned, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#page_269'>269</a>, <a href='#page_302'>302</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Paraclete</span> (‘Comforter’). Name given by Abélard to his abbey at Nogent, <a href='#page_249'>249</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Abélard and Héloïse buried at, <a href='#page_250'>250</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pardons.</span> Religious pilgrimage festivals of the Bretons, <a href='#page_378'>378-380</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Paris.</span> The city;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#page_120'>120-121</a>, <a href='#page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#page_230'>230-231</a>, <a href='#page_351'>351</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Paris, Gaston.</span> A noted French philologist;</p> +<p class='indent2'>claims that Arthurian romance originated in Wales, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>identifies the persons to whom Marie de France dedicated her <i>Lais</i> and <i>Fables</i>, <a href='#page_284'>284</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Passage de l’Enfer.</span> An arm of the sea over which the Breton dead were supposed to be ferried, <a href='#page_383'>383</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Patay.</span> A village in Loiret, France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the battle of, <a href='#page_174'>174</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pavia.</span> A city in Italy;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Francis I of France taken prisoner at, <a href='#page_207'>207</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pellinore, Sir.</span> One of the Knights of the Round Table;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Arthur broke his sword in combat with, <a href='#page_256'>256</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pembrokeshire.</span> Welsh county;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Samson a native of, <a href='#page_17'>17</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Penates.</span> Household gods of the Romans;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_53'>53</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pen-bas.</span> A cudgel carried by the men of Cornouaille, <a href='#page_372'>372</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>rarely carried by the men of St Pol, <a href='#page_375'>375</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Penhapp.</span> A village in the Ile aux Moines;</p> +<p class='indent2'>dolmen at, <a href='#page_48'>48</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Penmarch.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_41'>41</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Ty C’harriquet near, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a fireplace in the church of St Non at, <a href='#page_381'>381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Penraz.</span> A village in the Isle of Arz;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_48'>48</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pentecost.</span> A Jewish festival;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_324'>324</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Penthièvre.</span> A former county of Brittany, <a href='#page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#page_205'>205</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='PENTHIEVRE'></a><span class='smcap'>Penthièvre.</span> Joan of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>wife of Charles of Blois, <a href='#page_30'>30</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the War of the Two Joans, <a href='#page_31'>31</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>her marriage to Charles, <a href='#page_32'>32</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Penthièvre.</span> Stephen, Count of, <a href='#page_208'>208</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Percival.</span> Hero of <i>Percival le Gallois</i>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>analogy between his flight and that of Morvan, <a href='#page_224'>224</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_411' name='page_411'></a>411</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Percival le Gallois.</span> Arthurian saga;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_224'>224</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Père La Chique.</span> An old man;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Magic Rose, <a href='#page_159'>159-160</a>, <a href='#page_162'>162</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Perguet.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the fireplace in the church of St Bridget at, <a href='#page_381'>381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Perseus.</span> A mythical Greek hero;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_357'>357</a>, <a href='#page_358'>358</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Perthshire.</span> Scottish county;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the ‘Washing Woman’ in, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Petranus.</span> Father of St Patern, <a href='#page_347'>347</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Philip VI.</span> King of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_30'>30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Picts.</span> The race;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Celts flee from Britain to Brittany, to escape, <a href='#page_17'>17</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend that they built the original church of Corstorphine, near Edinburgh, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>“wee fouk but unco’ strang,” <a href='#page_99'>99</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pigs.</span> St Pol taught the people to keep, <a href='#page_366'>366</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pillar-worship.</span> Probable connexion of the menhir with, <a href='#page_18'>18</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pillars.</span> Tales of spirits enclosed in, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Place of Skulls, The.</span> In the story of the Bride of Satan, <a href='#page_144'>144</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Plélan.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Convoyon removes to, from Redon, <a href='#page_338'>338</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Plestin-les-Grèves.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Efflam buried in the church of, <a href='#page_281'>281</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ploermel.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Nennocha founded her monastery at, <a href='#page_340'>340</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Plouaret.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the dolmen-chapel at, <a href='#page_41'>41</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ploubalay.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Fisherman and the Fairies, <a href='#page_81'>81</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Plouber.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#page_202'>202</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Plougastel.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the costume of the men of, <a href='#page_375'>375</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Calvary of, <a href='#page_384'>384</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Plouharnel.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_42'>42</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Plourin.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Budoc lived at, <a href='#page_356'>356</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Poitou.</span> A former county of France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>ravaged by Nomenoë, <a href='#page_337'>337</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_176'>176</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pomponius Mela.</span> A Roman geographer;</p> +<p class='indent2'>quoted, <a href='#page_63'>63</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pont l’Abbé.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>national costume in, <a href='#page_376'>376</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pont-Aven.</span> A village in Brittany, <a href='#page_364'>364</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pontivy.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>chapel to St Noyola at, <a href='#page_360'>360</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pontorson.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_275'>275</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Poor, The.</span> Regard paid to, at Breton festivals and ceremonies, <a href='#page_387'>387</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Porspoder.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Budoc lands at, and dwells in, <a href='#page_356'>356</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Pouldergat, Mannaïk de.</span> The bride-to-be of Silvestik, <a href='#page_232'>232</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Prague.</span> Capital of Bohemia;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_203'>203</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Prelati.</span> An alchemist of Padua, employed by Gilles de Retz, <a href='#page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#page_178'>178-179</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Princess Starbright, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_121'>121-131</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_153'>153</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Princess of Tronkolaine, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_115'>115-121</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Procopius.</span> A Byzantine historian;</p> +<p class='indent2'>on a Breton burial custom, <a href='#page_383'>383-384</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Prop of Brittany, The.</span> Name given to Morvan, chieftain of Léon, <a href='#page_212'>212</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>stories of, <a href='#page_212'>212-224</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_Q'></a>Q</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Queban.</span> Wife of King Grallo;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Ronan discovers her fault, <a href='#page_368'>368</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Quebec, The.</span> A British vessel;</p> +<p class='indent2'>her fight with the <i>Surveillante</i>, <a href='#page_238'>238-240</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Queen Anne’s Tower.</span> Name of the keep of the château of Dinan, <a href='#page_209'>209</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Questembert.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Château des Paulpiquets at, <a href='#page_49'>49</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Quiberon.</span> A town in Brittany, <a href='#page_46'>46</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Quimper.</span> A city in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Convoyon Bishop of, <a href='#page_335'>335</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>national costume in, <a href='#page_372'>372-373</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#page_188'>188</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Quimper, Count of.</span> In a story of Morvan, <a href='#page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#page_216'>216</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_412' name='page_412'></a>412</span></p> +<p>Quimperlé. A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the château of Rustefan near, <a href='#page_208'>208</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Goezenou killed at the building of the monastery at, <a href='#page_370'>370</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_R'></a>R</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rama.</span> A hero in Hindu mythology;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rāmāyana.</span> A Hindu epic;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Raoul le Gael.</span> A Breton knight, <a href='#page_29'>29</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ravelston Quarry.</span> A quarry near Edinburgh;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_51'>51</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Redon</span> or <span class='smcap'>Rodon.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the abbey of: founded by St Convoyon, <a href='#page_335'>335-336</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the bones of St Apothemius carried to, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the bones of St Marcellinus carried to, <a href='#page_337'>337</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Nomenoë takes spoil from the Abbey of Saint-Florent to, <a href='#page_337'>337</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Convoyon removes from, <a href='#page_338'>338</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Convoyon buried at, <a href='#page_338'>338</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Redones.</span> A Gallic tribe which inhabited Brittany, <a href='#page_16'>16</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Reginald.</span> Bishop of Vannes, <a href='#page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#page_336'>336</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Reid, General John.</span> The composer of <i>The Garb of Old Gaul</i>, <a href='#page_238'>238</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Reinach, Salomon.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_53'>53</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Religion.</span> Brittany the most religious of the French provinces, <a href='#page_377'>377</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the religious element in the Breton character, <a href='#page_377'>377-378</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Reliquaries.</span> In Brittany, <a href='#page_382'>382</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Remus.</span> In Roman legend, brother of Romulus;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_358'>358</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Renaissance Architecture.</span> References to, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#page_209'>209</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>René.</span> Constable of Naples, <a href='#page_190'>190</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rennes.</span> A city in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the scene of Nomenoë’s vengeance, <a href='#page_23'>23-25</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Counts of, gain ascendancy in Brittany, <a href='#page_27'>27</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the marriage of Charles of Blois and Joan of Penthièvre at, <a href='#page_32'>32</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Robert the sorcerer dwelt in, <a href='#page_242'>242</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Nomenoë obtains possession of, <a href='#page_338'>338</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Restalrig.</span> A village near Edinburgh;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the well of St Triduana at, <a href='#page_59'>59-60</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Retiers.</span> A town in Brittany the Roches aux Fées at, <a href='#page_51'>51</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Retz</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Rais.</span> A district in Brittany, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#page_174'>174</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Retz, Cardinal de.</span> A French politician and writer;</p> +<p class='indent2'>imprisoned in the castle of Nantes, <a href='#page_205'>205</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='RETZ'></a><span class='smcap'>Retz, Gilles de.</span> A Breton nobleman;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a story of, <a href='#page_173'>173-180</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the identification of, with Bluebeard, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#page_180'>180</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Revolution, French.</span> Of 1789;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#page_338'>338</a>, <a href='#page_353'>353</a>, <a href='#page_369'>369</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Revue Celtique.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_212'>212</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rheinstein.</span> A famous castle on the Rhine;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_203'>203</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rhine.</span> The river;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_203'>203</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rhuys.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#ST_GILDAS_DE_RHUYS'>St Gildas de Rhuys</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rhys, Sir John.</span> And the origin of Druidism, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_70'>70</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Richard II.</span> Duke of Normandy;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_196'>196</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Richelieu, Cardinal.</span> A famous French statesman;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the château of Tonquédec demolished by order of, <a href='#page_204'>204</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rieux, Jean de.</span> Marshal of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>leader of the expedition to help Owen Glendower, <a href='#page_234'>234</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ritho.</span> A giant whom King Arthur slew, <a href='#page_277'>277</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Road of St Pol, The.</span> Name given by Breton peasants to a megalithic avenue, <a href='#page_365'>365</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Robert I.</span> Duke of Normandy, <a href='#page_28'>28</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Robert.</span> A sorcerer who dwelt in Rennes, <a href='#page_242'>242-243</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Robert de Vitry.</span> A Breton knight, <a href='#page_29'>29</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rocenaud.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>dolmen at, <a href='#page_46'>46</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rocey.</span> The house of, <a href='#page_174'>174</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Roche-Marche-Bran.</span> A rocky hill;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the chapel of St Barbe <a name='TC_8'></a><ins title="Was 'bulit'">built</ins> on, <a href='#page_335'>335</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rocher, The Wood of.</span> The dolmen near, <a href='#page_50'>50</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rochers.</span> A Breton château;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Mme Sévigné associated with, <a href='#page_208'>208</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Roches aux Fées.</span> Name given to the megalithic monuments by the Bretons, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</p> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_413' name='page_413'></a>413</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>near Saint-Didier-et-Marpire, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in Rhetiers, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>supposed to be the meeting-place of sorcerers, <a href='#page_243'>243</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rockflower.</span> A fairy maiden;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a tale from Saint-Cast, <a href='#page_83'>83</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rodriguez, Father.</span> Mentioned, <a href='#page_47'>47</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Roe.</span> A river in Ireland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Druidic ritual associated with, <a href='#page_246'>246</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Roger.</span> An English knight;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the legend of the Ward of Du Guesclin, <a href='#page_33'>33-35</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rohan.</span> The house of, <a href='#page_206'>206</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rohan.</span> Alain, Viscount of, <a href='#page_189'>189</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rohan.</span> Jeanne de, daughter of Alain de Rohan;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Clerk of Rohan, <a href='#page_189'>189-193</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rohand.</span> A vassal of Roland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_258'>258-259</a>, <a href='#page_260'>260-261</a>, <a href='#page_262'>262</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Roland, Sir.</span> A knight;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Unbroken Vow, <a href='#page_60'>60-63</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Roland Rise.</span> A Cymric chieftain, Lord of Ermonie;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_258'>258-259</a>, <a href='#page_261'>261</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rolleston, T. W.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_246'>246</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rollo.</span> A famous Norse leader, first Duke of Normandy;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_28'>28</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Romans, The.</span> In Brittany, <a href='#page_16'>16</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rome.</span> The city;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#page_337'>337</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Romulus.</span> In Roman legend, the founder of Rome;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_357'>357</a>, <a href='#page_358'>358</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ron.</span> The name of King Arthur’s lance, <a href='#page_280'>280</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rond.</span> A dance performed at weddings, <a href='#page_385'>385-386</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rosamond.</span> Mistress of Henry II of England (Rosamond Clifford, ‘the Fair Rosamond’);</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_284'>284</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ros-ynys.</span> A place in Wales, afterward St David’s;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a story of St Keenan and, <a href='#page_343'>343-344</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Round Tower.</span> At Ardmore, Ireland, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>at Abernethy, Perthshire, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Rumengol.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Pardon of the Singers held at, <a href='#page_378'>378</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_S'></a>S</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sacring Bells.</span> The use of, an old Breton custom, <a href='#page_380'>380</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Anne.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Morvan prays to, <a href='#page_216'>216-217</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Morvan rewards with gifts, <a href='#page_218'>218</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Morvan gives praise to, for his victory over the Moor, <a href='#page_220'>220</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>frees Morvan from his burden, <a href='#page_224'>224</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_146'>146</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sainte-Anne-la-Palud.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Pardon of the Sea held at, <a href='#page_378'>378</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Apothemius.</span> St Convoyon steals the bones of, from Angers Cathedral, and takes them to Redon, <a href='#page_336'>336</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Augustine.</span> Archbishop of Canterbury;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Baldred.</span> A Celtic saint, <a href='#page_359'>359-360</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Baldred’s Boat.</span> A rock in the Firth of Forth;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of, <a href='#page_359'>359</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Barbe.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_332'>332-335</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sainte-Barbe.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>megaliths at, <a href='#page_42'>42</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Bieuzy.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_345'>345-346</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Holy Well of, at Bieuzy, <a href='#page_381'>381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Bridget.</span> An Irish saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Azénor prays to, and is helped by, <a href='#page_354'>354</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>church of, at Berhet, the custom of ringing the sacring bell survives in, <a href='#page_380'>380</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>church of, at Perguet, the fireplace in, <a href='#page_381'>381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Brieuc.</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>I. An <i>arrondissement</i> of Brittany, <a href='#page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#page_350'>350</a></p> +<p class='indent2'>II. A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent4'>a relic of St Keenan preserved in the cathedral of, <a href='#page_344'>344</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Brieuc, Bay of.</span> A bay on the Breton coast;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Nicole of, <a href='#page_100'>100</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#page_350'>350</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Budoc.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of, <a href='#page_353'>353-356</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Cast.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Lost Daughter, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a story from, <a href='#page_84'>84</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of the Combat of, <a href='#page_236'>236-237</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_83'>83</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Cecilia’s Day.</span> Ceremonies in honour of King Gradlon on, <a href='#page_189'>189</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Charles.</span> Jesuit church of, at Antwerp;</p> +<p class='indent2'>relics of St Winwaloe preserved at, <a href='#page_371'>371</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_414' name='page_414'></a>414</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Convoyon.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_335'>335-338</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Corbasius.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>kills St Goezenou, <a href='#page_370'>370</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Cornely.</span> A Breton saint, the patron of cattle;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a legend of Carnac, <a href='#page_44'>44-45</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St David’s.</span> A city in Wales, originally called Ros-ynys;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a story of St Keenan, <a href='#page_344'>344</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Denis.</span> A famous abbey, in the city of Saint-Denis, in France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Du Guesclin buried in, <a href='#page_32'>32</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Didier.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Roches aux Fées near, <a href='#page_50'>50</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Dubricus.</span> A British saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_346'>346</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Dunstan.</span> A British saint, called St Goustan in Brittany, <a href='#page_248'>248-249</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Efflam.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and King Arthur’s encounter with the dragon of the Lieue de Grève, <a href='#page_278'>278-281</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of St Enora and, <a href='#page_340'>340-342</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_366'>366</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ST_ENORA'></a><span class='smcap'>St Enora</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Honora.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of Efflam and, <a href='#page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#page_281'>281</a>, <a href='#page_340'>340-342</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Florent.</span> A town in France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Nomenoë and the abbey of, <a href='#page_337'>337</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Gall.</span> A famous monastery in Switzerland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_247'>247</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Germain.</span> A French saint, Bishop of Paris;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the exchange of wax for wine between St Samson and, <a href='#page_19'>19</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>persuades Nennocha to embrace the religious life, <a href='#page_340'>340</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Gildas.</span> A British saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Comorre the Cursed, <a href='#page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#page_183'>183-184</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>founded the abbey of St Gildas de Rhuys, near Vannes, <a href='#page_248'>248-249</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ST_GILDAS_DE_RHUYS'></a><span class='smcap'>St Gildas de Rhuys.</span> An abbey near Vannes;</p> +<p class='indent2'>founded by St Gildas, <a href='#page_248'>248-249</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Abélard appointed abbot of, <a href='#page_248'>248</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Bieuzy died and was buried at, <a href='#page_346'>346</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Patern educated at, <a href='#page_348'>348</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Goezenou.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_368'>368-370</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Goustan.</span> The Breton name of St Dunstan, <a href='#page_249'>249</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Henwg.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#HENWG'>Henwg</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Honora</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Enora.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#ST_ENORA'>St Enora</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Iltud.</span> A Welsh saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a legend of St Samson, <a href='#page_349'>349</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Pol a disciple of, <a href='#page_364'>364</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_346'>346</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Ives.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#ST_YVES'>St Yves</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Jacut-de-la-Mer.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Fisherman and the Fairies, <a href='#page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#page_84'>84</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Jaoua.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_366'>366</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Jean-du-Doigt.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Pardon of the Fire held at, <a href='#page_378'>378</a>, <a href='#page_379'>379</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St John.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_197'>197</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Kado.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_197'>197</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Ké</span>, or <span class='smcap'>St Quay.</span> Popular name in Brittany for St Keenan, <a href='#page_344'>344</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ST_KEENAN'></a><span class='smcap'>St Keenan.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_343'>343-344</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ST_KENTIGERN'></a><span class='smcap'>St Kentigern</span>, or <span class='smcap'>St Mungo.</span> Patron saint of Glasgow;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of, <a href='#page_356'>356-357</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#page_359'>359</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Lazarus.</span> The Order of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Louis XV sends to the Count of La Garaye, <a href='#page_195'>195</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Leonorius</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Léonore.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_346'>346-347</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Louis.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#LOUIS_IX'>Louis IX</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Magan.</span> A Breton saint, brother of St Goezenou, <a href='#page_370'>370</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Malglorious.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_356'>356</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ST_MALO'></a><span class='smcap'>St Malo</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Machutes.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the people of Corseul hostile to the teachings of, <a href='#page_343'>343</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Malo.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the scene of the Lay of Laustic, <a href='#page_302'>302</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Convoyon born near, <a href='#page_335'>335</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_230'>230</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Malo, Bay of.</span> The Nicole of, <a href='#page_100'>100-101</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Marcellinus.</span> Bishop of Rome;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the bones of, given to St Convoyon by Pope Leo IV, and taken by him to Redon, <a href='#page_337'>337</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Mériadec.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his skull used in the ritual of the Pardon of Saint-Jean-du-Doigt, <a href='#page_379'>379</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Michael.</span> The archangel;</p> +<p class='indent2'>chapel of, on the tumulus of Mont-Saint-Michel, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the child Morvan thinks he has seen, <a href='#page_213'>213</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Morvan thinks a knight more splendid than, <a href='#page_214'>214</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_415' name='page_415'></a>415</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Michel.</span> A Breton saint, ‘Lord of Heights’;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a chapel of, near Le Faouet, <a href='#page_333'>333</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Mungo.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#ST_KENTIGERN'>St Kentigern</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Nennocha.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_340'>340</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Nicholas.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>probably the survival of a pagan divinity, <a href='#page_345'>345</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Nicolas de Bieuzy.</span> Church of, in Bieuzy, <a href='#page_180'>180</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Non.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a fireplace in the church of, at Penmarch, <a href='#page_381'>381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Noyala.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_360'>360</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Patern.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_347'>347-349</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Pol</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Paul.</span> Of Léon;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a Breton saint, <a href='#page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#page_364'>364-367</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Pol-de-Léon.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the bell of St Pol in the cathedral of, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Pol buried in the cathedral of, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the cathedral of, built by St Pol, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>costume of the men of, <a href='#page_375'>375</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#page_365'>365</a>, <a href='#page_366'>366</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Roch.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>shrine of, at Auray, <a href='#page_42'>42</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the markings on the dolmen at Rocenaud, <a href='#page_46'>46</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Ronan.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_367'>367</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Samson.</span> A British saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>settles in Brittany, <a href='#page_17'>17-19</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Gildas the friend of, <a href='#page_248'>248</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>stories of, <a href='#page_349'>349-350</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Pol of Léon a fellow-student of, <a href='#page_364'>364</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Serf.</span> A Scottish saint, abbot of Culross, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Thégonnec.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Calvary at, <a href='#page_384'>384</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ST_TIVISIAU'></a><span class='smcap'>St Tivisiau</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Turiau.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_338'>338-339</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the fountain of, at Landivisiau, <a href='#page_340'>340</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Tremeur.</span> A Breton saint, son of Comorre;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the reliquary in the church of, <a href='#page_382'>382</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ST_TRIDUANA'></a><span class='smcap'>St Triduana.</span> Guardian of a well at Restalrig, near Edinburgh, <a href='#page_59'>59-60</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Triphyne.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>wife of Comorre, <a href='#page_180'>180</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See</i> <a href='#TRIPHYNA'>Triphyna</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Tugdual.</span> A Breton saint;</p> +<p class='indent2'>founded the church of Tréguier, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>made a miraculous crossing to Brittany, <a href='#page_360'>360</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Turiau.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#ST_TIVISIAU'>St Tivisiau</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Vougas</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Vie.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_360'>360</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>St Winwaloe.</span> A Breton saint, <a href='#page_370'>370-371</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='ST_YVES'></a><span class='smcap'>St Yves</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Yvo.</span> Brittany’s favourite saint, <a href='#page_350'>350-353</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saint-Yves.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Pardon of the Poor held at, <a href='#page_378'>378</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saints.</span> Stories of, an important element in Breton folk-lore, <a href='#page_332'>332</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the primitive saint driven to use methods similar to those of the pagan priests around him, <a href='#page_332'>332</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>tales of the Breton saints, <a href='#page_332'>332-371</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the product of poor countries rather than of prosperous ones, <a href='#page_350'>350</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saintsbury, G. E. B.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_254'>254</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='SALOMON'></a><span class='smcap'>Salomon III.</span> Count of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>drives back the Northmen, <a href='#page_25'>25</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sant-e-roa</span> (‘Holy Wheel’). Apparatus of the sacring bell;</p> +<p class='indent2'>at the church of St Bridget, Berhet, <a href='#page_380'>380</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='SATAN'></a><span class='smcap'>Satan.</span> A story of, <a href='#page_143'>143-144</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Gilles de Retz seeks association with, <a href='#page_177'>177-179</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in an old Breton conception of Hell, <a href='#page_389'>389</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See also</i> <a href='#DEVIL'>Devil</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Saxons.</span> The race;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Celts flee from Britain to Brittany to escape, <a href='#page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#page_17'>17</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Scotland.</span> Markings on the megalithic monuments in, <a href='#page_46'>46-47</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the harp formerly the national instrument of, <a href='#page_229'>229</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>claimed as the birthplace of Arthurian romance, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>late survival of the custom of keeping domestic bards in, <a href='#page_364'>364</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Scots.</span> The race;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Celts flee from Britain to Brittany to escape, <a href='#page_17'>17</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Scott, Sir Walter.</span> The novelist;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his treatment of legendary matter, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>one of the first to bring the story of Tristrem to public notice, <a href='#page_258'>258</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>continued the story of Tristrem beyond the point at which the Auchinleck MS. breaks off, <a href='#page_272'>272</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sea of Darkness, The.</span> In the story of the Castle of the Sun, <a href='#page_132'>132</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sea-snake’s Egg.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#ADDER_STONE'>Adder’s Stone</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sébillot, Paul.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#page_212'>212</a> <i>n.</i>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the story of the Combat of Saint-Cast, <a href='#page_237'>237</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Seigneur with the Horse’s Head, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_137'>137-143</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_416' name='page_416'></a>416</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Seigneur of Nann, The.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_57'>57-59</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sein.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#ILE_DE_SEIN'>Ile de Sein</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Seriphos.</span> An island in the Ægean Sea to which Danaë was carried;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_358'>358</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Seven Saints of Brittany.</span> St Samson and six others who fled with him from Britain, <a href='#page_350'>350</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Seven Sleepers, The.</span> Seven Christian youths of Ephesus who hid to escape persecution and slept for several hundreds of years;</p> +<p class='indent2'>an altar to, in the dolmen-chapel at Plouaret, <a href='#page_41'>41</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Severn.</span> The river;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_349'>349</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sévigné, Mme de.</span> A famous French epistolary writer;</p> +<p class='indent2'>sojourned in the castle of Nantes, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>wrote many of her letters from the château of Rochers, <a href='#page_208'>208</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sharpe, Charles Kirkpatrick.</span> An antiquary and writer, friend of Sir Walter Scott;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his treatment of legendary material, <a href='#page_211'>211</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Shewalton Sands.</span> A place in Scotland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>inscribed stones found at, <a href='#page_47'>47</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ship, The.</span> A rock off the coast of Brittany, said to have been the vessel of St Vougas, <a href='#page_360'>360</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ship o’ the Fiend, The.</span> Orchestral work by Hamish MacCunn;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_145'>145</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ship of Souls.</span> A feature in Breton folk-belief, <a href='#page_384'>384</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sight, Magical.</span> Bestowed by fairies, <a href='#page_82'>82-83</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Silvestik.</span> A young Breton who followed in the train of William the Conqueror to England;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of, <a href='#page_232'>232-233</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Simrock, C. J.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_83'>83</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Skye.</span> An island off the west coast of Scotland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the ‘Washing Woman’ in, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Slieve Grian.</span> A mountain in Ireland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Small, A.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Société Académique de Brest, Bulletin de.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_199'>199</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Song of the Pilot, The.</span> A Breton ballad, <a href='#page_238'>238-240</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='SORCERY'></a><span class='smcap'>Sorcery.</span> Belief in, prevalent in Brittany, <a href='#page_241'>241-243</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in ancient times, identified with Druidism, <a href='#page_245'>245</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>South-west Wind, The.</span> Personification of, in a wind-tale, <a href='#page_163'>163</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Souvestre, Émile.</span> A French novelist and dramatist;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_180'>180</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Spain.</span> Tristrem in, <a href='#page_270'>270</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the giant of Mont-Saint-Michel came from, <a href='#page_275'>275</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Spenser, Edmund.</span> The poet;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_56'>56</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Stones.</span> Folk-tales and beliefs connected with, <a href='#page_52'>52-53</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Styx.</span> In Greek mythology, a river of the underworld;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_327'>327</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sun, The.</span> Personified in the story of the Princess of Tronkolaine, <a href='#page_117'>117-118</a>;</p> +<p class='indent1'>the story of Tristrem and Ysonde claimed as a sun-myth, <a href='#page_274'>274-275</a>;</p> +<p class='indent1'>personified in the ‘fatal children’ stories, <a href='#page_358'>358</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sun-Princess.</span> A story of the search for, <a href='#page_121'>121-131</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Surouas.</span> Name of the south-west wind;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in a wind-tale, <a href='#page_163'>163</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Surveillante, Le.</span> A Breton vessel;</p> +<p class='indent2'>her fight with the British ship <i>Quebec</i>, <a href='#page_238'>238-240</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Susannus.</span> Bishop of Vannes, <a href='#page_336'>336-337</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Suscino.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_209'>209-210</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Swinburne</span>, Algernon. The poet;</p> +<p class='indent2'>quoted, <a href='#page_267'>267</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_T'></a>T</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Taden.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Count and Countess of La Garaye buried at, <a href='#page_195'>195</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Taliesin</span> (‘Shining Forehead’). A British bard;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the vision of Jud-Hael, <a href='#page_20'>20-21</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>early years, <a href='#page_21'>21</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the bard of Urien and Owain-ap-Urien, <a href='#page_22'>22</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>death of, <a href='#page_22'>22</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>probably sojourned in Brittany, <a href='#page_22'>22</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>acquainted with black art, <a href='#page_252'>252</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tam o’ Shanter.</span> The character in Burns’s poem;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_244'>244</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_417' name='page_417'></a>417</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tantallon Castle.</span> A famous ruin in Scotland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_359'>359</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tartary.</span> The country;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_115'>115</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tegid, Llyn.</span> A lake in Wales (Lake Bala);</p> +<p class='indent2'>the dwelling-place of Keridwen, a fertility goddess, <a href='#page_59'>59</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Telio.</span> A British monk, associated with St Samson;</p> +<p class='indent2'>said to have introduced the apple into Brittany, <a href='#page_18'>18</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Teursta Poulict.</span> A variety of the teursts taking animal shape, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Teursts.</span> A race of evil spirits, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Teus</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Bugelnoz.</span> A beneficent spirit of the district of Vannes, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Thenaw.</span> Mother of St Kentigern, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Thierry, J. N. A.</span> A French historian;</p> +<p class='indent2'>quoted, <a href='#page_17'>17</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Thomas the Rhymer</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Thomas of Ercildoune.</span> Thirteenth-century Scottish poet;</p> +<p class='indent2'>his version of the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_258'>258</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>visited Fairyland, <a href='#page_326'>326</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#page_327'>327</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Thouars, Catherine de.</span> Wife of Gilles de Retz, <a href='#page_174'>174</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Thouars, Guy de.</span> A French knight;</p> +<p class='indent2'>married to Constance of Brittany, <a href='#page_30'>30</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tiber.</span> The river;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_358'>358</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tina.</span> A maiden;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Baron of Jauioz, <a href='#page_145'>145-147</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Titania.</span> Queen of the fairies;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_74'>74</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tonquédec.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_204'>204</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Topography of Ireland.</span> A work by Giraldus Cambrensis;</p> +<p class='indent2'>cited, <a href='#page_187'>187</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Torrent of Portugal, Sir.</span> A fifteenth-century English metrical romance;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_358'>358</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Toulboudou.</span> A seigneury near Guémené, <a href='#page_334'>334</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Toulboudou</span>, John, Lord of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>builds the chapel of St Barbe at Le Faouet, <a href='#page_334'>334-335</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tour d’Elven.</span> A keep of the château of Largoet, <a href='#page_206'>206</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tourlaville.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_208'>208-209</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tower of London, The.</span> Charles of Blois confined in, <a href='#page_31'>31</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the name of, occurs frequently in Celtic and Breton romance, <a href='#page_99'>99</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Traprain Law.</span> A mountain in East Lothian, formerly called Dunpender;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Thenaw cast from, <a href='#page_357'>357</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Treasure, J. P.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_16'>16</a> <i>n.</i></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tredrig.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Yves the incumbent of, <a href='#page_351'>351</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Trees.</span> Tales of spirits enclosed in, <a href='#page_52'>52</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Trégastel.</span> A town on the Breton coast;</p> +<p class='indent2'>an island near believed by the Bretons to be the fabled Isle of Avalon, <a href='#page_282'>282</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tréguennec.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Vougas associated with, <a href='#page_360'>360</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tréguier.</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>I. A former county of Brittany, <a href='#page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#page_350'>350</a></p> +<p class='indent2'>II. A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent4'>St Yves buried at, <a href='#page_353'>353</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>a burial custom of, <a href='#page_383'>383</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>mentioned, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#page_350'>350</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Trégunc.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>dolmen at <a href='#page_42'>42</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tremalouen.</span> A hamlet in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>ruins at, haunted by courils, <a href='#page_99'>99</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tremtris.</span> Inverted form of Tristrem’s name given him by Rohand to secure his safety, <a href='#page_259'>259</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Tristrem assumes the name in Ireland, <a href='#page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#page_266'>266</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Trépassés, Bay of.</span> A bay on the Breton coast, <a href='#page_185'>185</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Trèves.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>had a reputation as the abode of sorcerers, <a href='#page_242'>242</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tridwan.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#ST_TRIDUANA'>St Triduana</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Trieux.</span> A river in Brittany, <a href='#page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#page_204'>204</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='TRIPHYNA'></a><span class='smcap'>Triphyna (St Triphyne).</span> A maiden, married to Comorre, <a href='#page_180'>180-184</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tristrem, Sir</span> (‘Child of Sorrow’). One of the Knights of the Round Table, son of Blancheflour;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of, and Ysonde, <a href='#page_257'>257-275</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_301'>301</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_418' name='page_418'></a>418</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tristrem, Sir.</span> An ancient metrical romance;</p> +<p class='indent2'>incidents in, paralleled in the story of Bran, <a href='#page_227'>227-228</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>date of composition of, <a href='#page_228'>228</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>had a Breton source, <a href='#page_255'>255</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Sir Walter Scott one of the first to bring Thomas the Rhymer’s version of, to public notice, <a href='#page_258'>258</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Thomas the Rhymer’s version of, recounted, <a href='#page_258'>258-272</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Scott’s continuation of the Auchinleck MS., <a href='#page_272'>272-274</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of Tristrem and Ysonde claimed as a sun-myth, <a href='#page_274'>274-275</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Trogoff.</span> The château of;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the legend of the Ward of Du Guesclin, <a href='#page_33'>33-35</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Trollope, T. Adolphus.</span> Quoted, <a href='#page_179'>179-180</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Troménie-de-Saint-Renan.</span> A town in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Pardon of the Mountain held at, <a href='#page_378'>378</a>, <a href='#page_379'>379</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Troyes.</span> A city in France;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Abélard’s abbey of Nogent near, <a href='#page_249'>249</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Tugdual Salaün.</span> A peasant of Plouber, composer of a ballad on the Marquis of Guérande, <a href='#page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#page_202'>202</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ty C’harriquet</span> (‘The House of the Gorics’)</p> +<p class='indent2'>I. A name given to a megalithic structure near Penmarch, <a href='#page_49'>49</a></p> +<p class='indent2'>II. A name applied to Carnac, <a href='#page_98'>98</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ty en Corygannt.</span> A name given to a megalithic structure in Morbihan, <a href='#page_49'>49</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_U'></a>U</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Unbroken Vow, The.</span> A story of Broceliande, <a href='#page_60'>60-63</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='UNITED_STATES'></a><span class='smcap'>United States, The.</span> The Bretons aid, in the War of Independence, <a href='#page_238'>238</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Urien.</span> A Welsh chieftain;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Taliesin the bard of, <a href='#page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_V'></a>V</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Val-ès-Dunes.</span> A place in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Alain, Count of Brittany, defeated in battle at, <a href='#page_28'>28</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Valley of Blood.</span> A place in hell;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Baron of Jauioz, <a href='#page_146'>146</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Vannes.</span></p> +<p class='indent2'>I. A former county of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent4'>mentioned, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#page_180'>180</a></p> +<p class='indent2'>II. The city;</p> +<p class='indent4'>the dialect of, <a href='#page_16'>16</a> <i>and n.</i>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>the ancient city of the Veneti, <a href='#page_17'>17</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>the Teus or Bugelnoz of, <a href='#page_100'>100</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>in the story of Comorre the Cursed, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>the château of Suscino near, <a href='#page_209'>209</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>the abbey of St Gildas near, <a href='#page_248'>248</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>St Convoyon educated at, <a href='#page_335'>335</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>St Patern the patron saint of, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>St Patern Bishop of, <a href='#page_348'>348</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>the legend of the founding of the church of St Patern at, <a href='#page_348'>348</a>;</p> +<p class='indent4'>St Pol of Léon in, <a href='#page_364'>364</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Veneti.</span> A Gallic tribe which inhabited Brittany, <a href='#page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#page_17'>17</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>‘Venus, The.’</span> An image at Quinipily, <a href='#page_381'>381</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Vilaine.</span> A river in Brittany, <a href='#page_335'>335</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Villars, Abbé de.</span> A French priest and writer;</p> +<p class='indent2'>cited, <a href='#page_64'>64</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Villecheret.</span> A village in Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the head-dress of the women of, <a href='#page_375'>375</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Villemarqué.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#HERSART_VILLEMARQUE'>Hersart de la Villemarqué</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Vine, The.</span> Said to have been introduced into Brittany by Gradlon, <a href='#page_189'>189</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Virgin Mary, The.</span> In a Breton legend, <a href='#page_380'>380</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Vitré.</span> A Breton château, <a href='#page_208'>208</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='VIVIEN'></a><span class='smcap'>Vivien.</span> An enchantress, in Arthurian legend;</p> +<p class='indent2'>meets Merlin in Broceliande, and afterward enchants him there, <a href='#page_65'>65-69</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>as presented in Arthurian legend and in other romances, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>may be classed as a water-spirit, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the probable purpose of the story of Merlin and, in Arthurian legend, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>of Breton origin, and does not appear in British myth, <a href='#page_256'>256</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>gives Arthur the sword Excalibur, <a href='#page_256'>256-257</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Sir Lancelot stolen and brought up by, <a href='#page_257'>257</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_W'></a>W</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Wace.</span> A twelfth-century Anglo-Norman poet;</p> +<p class='indent2'>quoted, <a href='#page_54'>54</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>and the fountain of Baranton, <a href='#page_71'>71</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_419' name='page_419'></a>419</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Wagner, Richard.</span> The composer;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_258'>258</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Wales.</span> Legend of the submerged city in, <a href='#page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#page_188'>188</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the harp anciently the national instrument of, <a href='#page_229'>229</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Bretons send an expedition to, to help Glendower, <a href='#page_234'>234</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>claimed as the birthplace of Arthurian romance, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>helped the development of Arthurian romance, <a href='#page_255'>255</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Tristrem sojourns in, and wins fame there, <a href='#page_270'>270</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>mentioned, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#page_343'>343</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>War of Independence, American.</span> Bretons take part in, against England, <a href='#page_238'>238</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>War of the Two Joans, The.</span> A war waged for the succession to the Dukedom of Brittany, <a href='#page_31'>31-32</a>, <a href='#page_35'>35-36</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ward of Du Guesclin, The.</span> A Du Guesclin legend, <a href='#page_33'>33-35</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Washing Woman, The.</span> An evil spirit of the Scottish Highlands, <a href='#page_100'>100</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Wedding Customs.</span> In Brittany, <a href='#page_385'>385-386</a></p> +<p class='indent2'><i>See also</i> <a href='#MARRIAGE'>Marriage</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Wells, Holy.</span> In Brittany, <a href='#page_381'>381-382</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Welsh.</span> The language;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the Breton tongue akin to, <a href='#page_15'>15</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Were-wolf.</span> A man transformed into a wolf;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the prevalence, origin, and forms of the superstition, <a href='#page_289'>289-292</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a were-wolf story, <a href='#page_284'>284-289</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Westminster.</span> The city;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, Ysonde carried to, for trial, <a href='#page_270'>270</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Wexford.</span> A county of Ireland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>emigration from, to Brittany, <a href='#page_22'>22</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Wheel of Fortune, The.</span> A name wrongly given to part of the apparatus of the sacring bell, <a href='#page_380'>380</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>White Church.</span> A church in Tréguier;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Foster-brother, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_171'>171</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>William II.</span> Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror);</p> +<p class='indent2'>Conan II of Brittany and, <a href='#page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#page_28'>28-29</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Bretons accompany, on his expedition against England, <a href='#page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#page_233'>233</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>William, Count.</span> The name of the nobleman to whom Marie of France dedicated her Fables, identified with Longsword, Earl of Salisbury, <a href='#page_283'>283-284</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Winds, The.</span> Play a large part in Breton folk-lore, <a href='#page_162'>162</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a wind-tale, <a href='#page_163'>163-167</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Wine.</span> St Germain exchanges for wax from the monks of Dol, <a href='#page_19'>19</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a wine festival in honour of King Gradlon, <a href='#page_189'>189</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Women.</span> In early communities, magical power often the possession of, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>generally the conservators of surviving Druidic tradition, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Goezenou’s antipathy to, <a href='#page_369'>369</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>costume of the women of Brittany—<i>see</i> <a href='#COSTUME'>Costume</a> <i>and</i> <a href='#HEADDRESS'>Head-dress</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Wood of Chestnuts.</span> Mentioned in a story of Morvan, <a href='#page_217'>217</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_Y'></a>Y</h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Yeun, The.</span> A morass of evil repute, <a href='#page_102'>102-103</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a story of, <a href='#page_103'>103-105</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>York.</span> The city, in England;</p> +<p class='indent2'>St Samson ordained at, <a href='#page_349'>349</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Youdic, The.</span> A part of the Yeun peat-bog, <a href='#page_103'>103</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>a story of, <a href='#page_103'>103-105</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Youghal.</span> A town in Ireland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Azénor and the infant Budoc washed ashore at, <a href='#page_355'>355</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Budoc becomes abbot of the monastery at, <a href='#page_356'>356</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Youghal, Abbot of.</span> In the legend of St Budoc, <a href='#page_355'>355</a>, <a href='#page_356'>356</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Youth who did not Know.</span> The story of, <a href='#page_106'>106-115</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='YS'></a><span class='smcap'>Ys</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Is.</span> A submerged city of legend;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the legend of, <a href='#page_184'>184-188</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>such a legend common to several Celtic races, <a href='#page_187'>187</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>Giraldus Cambrensis and the legend of, <a href='#page_187'>187-188</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Yseult.</span> <i>See</i> <a href='#YSONDE'>Ysonde</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><a name='YSONDE'></a><span class='smcap'>Ysonde</span>, or <span class='smcap'>Yseult.</span> Daughter of the King of Ireland;</p> +<p class='indent2'>some incidents in her story paralleled in the ballad of Bran, <a href='#page_228'>228</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of Tristrem and, <a href='#page_257'>257-274</a>;</p> +<p class='indent2'>the story of Tristrem and, claimed as a sun-myth, <a href='#page_274'>274-275</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_420' name='page_420'></a>420</span></p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Ysonde of the White Hand</span>. Daughter of Hoel I, Duke of Brittany;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of Tristrem and Ysonde, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#page_273'>273</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Yves.</span> Husband of Azénor the Pale, <a href='#page_361'>361-363</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Yvon.</span> A youth;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Castle of the Sun, <a href='#page_131'>131-137</a></p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Yvonne.</span> A maiden;</p> +<p class='indent2'>in the story of the Castle of the Sun, <a href='#page_131'>131-137</a></p> +</div></div> +<h4> <a id='IX_Z'></a></h4> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p><span class='smcap'>Zimmer, H.</span> Cited, <a href='#page_278'>278</a></p> +</div></div> +<div class="trnote"> +<p><b>Transcriber Notes</b></p> +<p>Typographical inconsistencies have been changed and are +<a name='TC_9'></a><ins title="Was 'hgihligthed'">highlighted</ins>.</p> +<p>Hyphenation has been standardized.</p> +<p>Otherwise, archaic spelling and the author’s punctuation style have been preserved.</p> +</div> + +<!-- generated by ppg.rb version: 3.14k --> +<!-- timestamp: Tue Jan 05 20:39:26 -0500 2010 --> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Legends & Romances of Brittany, by Lewis Spence + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEGENDS & ROMANCES OF BRITTANY *** + +***** This file should be named 30871-h.htm or 30871-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/8/7/30871/ + +Produced by Suzanne Shell, Katherine Ward, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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