path: root/30677.txt

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography,
Vol. II., No. 5, November 1897, by Various

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: Birds Illustrated by Color Photography, Vol. II., No. 5, November 1897
       A Monthly Serial designed to Promote Knowledge of Bird-Life

Author: Various

Release Date: December 14, 2009 [EBook #30677]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR ***




Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer, some
images courtesy of The Internet Archive and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net





Transcriber's Note: Title page added.


       *       *       *       *       *




 BIRDS

 A MONTHLY SERIAL

 ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY

 DESIGNED TO PROMOTE

 KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD-LIFE


 VOLUME II.


 CHICAGO.
 NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY.




 COPYRIGHT, 1897
 BY
 NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING CO.
 CHICAGO.




                       BIRDS.
         ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY
         ================================
         VOL. II.     NOVEMBER      NO. 5
         ================================




JOHN JAMES AUDUBON.


John James Audubon has always been a favorite with the writer, for the
invincibleness of his love of Nature and of birds is only equalled by
the spontaneous freshness of his style, springing from an affectionate
and joyous nature. Recently there was found by accident, in an old
calf-skin bound volume, an autobiography of the naturalist. It is
entitled "Audubon's Story of his Youth," and would make a very pretty
book. As introductory to the diaries and ornithological biographies of
the birds, it would be very useful.

Two or three incidents in the life of this fascinating character are
interesting as showing the influence of the accidental in ultimate
achievement.

"One incident," he says, "which is as perfect in my memory as if it had
occurred this very day, I have thought thousands of times since, and
will now put on paper as one of the curious things which perhaps did
lead me in after times to love birds, and to finally study them with
pleasure infinite. My mother had several beautiful parrots, and some
monkeys; one of the latter was a full-grown male of a very large
species. One morning, while the servants were engaged in arranging
the room I was in, 'Pretty Polly' asking for her breakfast as usual,
'_Du pain au lait pour le perroquet Mignonne_,' (bread and milk for
the parrot Mignonne,) the man of the woods probably thought the bird
presuming upon his rights in the scale of nature; be this as it may, he
certainly showed his supremacy in strength over the denizen of the air,
for, walking deliberately and uprightly toward the poor bird, he at once
killed it, with unnatural composure. The sensations of my infant heart
at this cruel sight were agony to me. I prayed the servant to beat the
monkey, but he, who for some reason, preferred the monkey to the parrot,
refused. I uttered long and piercing cries, my mother rushed into the
room; I was tranquilized; the monkey was forever afterward chained, and
Mignonne buried with all the pomp of a cherished lost one. This made, as
I have said, a very deep impression on my youthful mind."

In consequence of the long absences of his father, who was an admiral in
the French navy, the young naturalist's education was neglected, his
mother suffering him to do much as he pleased, and it was not to be
wondered at, as he says, that instead of applying closely to his
studies, he preferred associating with boys of his own age and
disposition, who were more fond of going in search of bird's nests,
fishing, or shooting, than of better studies. Thus almost every day,
instead of going to school, he usually made for the fields where he
spent the day, returning with his little basket filled with what he
called curiosities, such as birds' nests, birds' eggs, curious lichens,
flowers of all sorts, and even pebbles gathered along the shore of some
rivulet. Nevertheless, he did study drawing and music, for which he had
some talent. His subsequent study of drawing under the celebrated David,
richly equipped him for a work which he did not know was ever to be his,
and enabled him to commence a series of drawings of birds of France,
which he continued until he had upwards of two hundred completed. "All
bad enough," he says, "yet they were representations of birds, and I
felt pleased with them." Before sailing for France, he had begun a
series of drawings of the birds of America, and had also begun a study
of their habits. His efforts were commended by one of his friends, who
assured him the time might come when he should be a great American
naturalist, which had such weight with him that he felt a certain degree
of pride in the words, even then, when he was about eighteen years of
age.

"The store at Louisville went on prosperously, when I attended to it;
but birds were birds then as now, and my thoughts were ever and anon
turning toward them as the objects of my greatest delight. I shot, I
drew, I looked on nature only; my days were happy beyond human
conception, and beyond this I really cared not." [How like Agassiz, who
said he had not time to make money.] As he could not bear to give the
attention required by his business, his business abandoned him. "Indeed,
I never thought of business beyond the ever-engaging journeys which I
was in the habit of taking to Philadelphia or New York, to purchase
goods; those journeys I greatly enjoyed, as they afforded me ample means
to study birds and their habits as I traveled through the beautiful, the
darling forests of Ohio, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania." Poor fellow, how
many ups and downs he had! He lost everything and became burdened with
debt. But he did not despair for had he not a talent for drawing? He at
once undertook to take portraits of the human head divine in black
chalk, and thanks to his master, David, succeeded admirably. He
established a large drawing school at Cincinnati, and formed an
engagement to stuff birds for the museum there at a large salary.

"One of the most extraordinary things among all these adverse
circumstances" he adds, "was, that I never for a day give up listening
to the songs of our birds, or watching their peculiar habits, or
delineating them in the best way I could; nay, during my deepest
troubles, I frequently would wrench myself from the persons around me
and retire to some secluded part of our noble forests; and many a time,
at the sound of the wood-thrushes' melodies, have I fallen on my knees
and there prayed earnestly to our God. This never failed to bring me
the most valuable of thoughts, and always comfort, and it was often
necessary for me to exert my will and compel myself to return to my
fellow-beings."

Do you not fancy that Audubon was himself a _rara avis_ and worthy of
admiration and study?

Such a man, in the language of a contemporary, should have a monument in
the old Creole country in which he was born, and whose birds inspired
his childish visions. It should be the most beautiful work possible to
the sculptor's art, portraying Audubon in the garb he wore when he was
proud and happy to be called the "American Woodman," and at his feet
should stand the Eagle which he named the "Bird of Washington," and near
should perch the Mocking Bird, as once, in his description, it flew and
fluttered and sang to the mind's eye and ear from the pages of the old
reading book.

             C. C. MARBLE.




 [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff.
                SUMMER TANAGER
                Copyrighted by
                Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.]

THE SUMMER TANAGER.


The tanagers are birds of such uncommon beauty that when we have taken
the pictures of the entire family the group will be a notable one and
will add attractiveness to the portfolio. [See Vol. I, pp. 31 and 216.]
This specimen is also called the Summer Red-bird or Rose Tanager, and is
found pretty generally distributed over the United States during the
summer months, wintering in Cuba, Central America, and northern South
America. As will be seen, the adult male is a plain vermilion red. The
plumage of the female is less attractive. In habits this species
resembles the Scarlet Tanager, perhaps the most brilliant of the group,
but is not so retiring, frequenting open groves and often visiting towns
and cities.

The nesting season of this charming bird extends to the latter part of
July, but varies with the latitude and season. Bark strips and leaves
interwoven with various vegetable substances compose the nest, which is
usually built on a horizontal or drooping branch, near its extremity and
situated at the edge of a grove near the roadside. Davie says: "All the
nests of this species which I have seen collected in Ohio are very thin
and frail structures; so thin that the eggs may often be seen from
beneath. A nest sent me from Lee county, Texas, is compactly built of
a cottony weed, a few stems of Spanish moss, and lined with fine grass
stems." Mr. L. O. Pindar states that nests found in Kentucky are
compactly built, but not very thickly lined. The eggs are beautiful,
being a bright, light emerald green, spotted, dotted, and blotched with
various shades of lilac, brownish-purple, and dark brown.

Chapman says the Summer Tanager may be easily identified, not alone by
its color but by its unique call-note, a clearly enunciated _chicky,
tucky, tuck_. Its song bears a general resemblance to that of the
Scarlet, but to some ears is much sweeter, better sustained, and more
musical. It equals in strength, according to one authority, that of the
Robin, but is uttered more hurriedly, is more "wiry," and much more
continued.

The Summer Tanager is to a greater or less extent known to farmers as
the Red Bee-Bird. Its food consists largely of hornets, wasps, and bees.

The male of this species requires several years to attain the full
plumage. Immature individuals, it is said, show a mixture of red and
yellow in relative proportions according to age. The female has more red
than the male, but the tint is peculiar, a dull Chinese orange, instead
of a pure rosy vermilion, as in the male.

An interesting study for many of our readers during the summer months
when the Tanagers are gay in their full plumage, would be to seek out,
with BIRDS in hand, the most attractive denizens of the groves,
identifying and observing them in their haunts until the entire group,
of which five species are represented in the United States, is made
familiar. When we remember that there are about three hundred and eighty
known species of Tanagers in Tropical America, it would seem a light
task to acquaint oneself with the small family at home.




THE AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.


"As stupid as a Goose!"

Yes, I know that is the way our family is usually spoken of. But then
I'm not a tame Goose, you know. We wild fellows think we know a little
more than the one which waddles about the duck-pond in your back yard.

He sticks to one old place all the time. Waddles and talks and looks the
same year after year. We migratory birds, on the other hand, fly from
place to place. Our summers are passed here, our winters there; so that
we pick up a thing or two the common Goose never dreams of.

"The laughing Goose!"

Yes, some people call me that. I don't know why, unless my _Honk, honk,
honk!_ sounds like a laugh. Perhaps, though, it is because the look
about my mouth is so pleasant.

Did you ever see a flock of us in motion, in October or November, going
to our winter home?

Ah, that is a sight! When the time comes for us to start, we form
ourselves into a figure like this >. a big gander taking the lead where
the dot is. Such a _honk, honk, honking_ you never heard. People who
have heard us, and seen us, say it sounds like a great army overhead.

Where do we live in summer, and what do we eat?

You will find us throughout the whole of North America, but in greater
numbers on the Pacific coast. The fresh-water lakes are our favorite
resorts. We visit the wheat fields and corn fields, nibbling the young,
tender blades and feeding on the scattered grain. The farmers don't like
it a bit, but we don't care. That is the reason our flesh tastes so
sweet.

And tough!

My, how you talk! It is only we old fellows that are tough, we fellows
over a year old. But of course a great many people don't know that, or
don't care.

Why, I once heard of a gander that had waddled around a barnyard for
five long years. Thanksgiving Day arrived, and they roasted him for
dinner.

Think of eating an old, _old_ friend like that!

Where do we build our nests?

Away up north, in Alaska, and on the islands of the Arctic Sea. We make
them of hay, feathers, and down, building them in hollow places on the
ground.

How many eggs?

Six. I am very good to my mate, and an affectionate father.

 [Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.
                WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.
                Copyrighted by
                Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.]




THE AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.


White-fronted or Laughing Geese are found in considerable numbers on the
prairies of the Mississippi Valley. They are called Prairie Brant by
market-men and gunners. Though not abundant on the Atlantic seaboard,
vast flocks may be seen in the autumn months on the Pacific Slope. In
Oregon and northern California some remain all winter, though the
greater number go farther south. They appear to prefer the grassy
patches along streams flowing into the ocean, or the tide-water flats so
abundant in Oregon and Washington, where the Speckle-bellies, as they
are called, feed in company with the Snow Geese. The nesting place of
this favorite species is in the wooded districts of Alaska and along the
Yukon river. No nest is formed, from seven to ten eggs being laid in a
depression in the sand.

It is said that notwithstanding all references to their ungainly
movement and doltish intellect, the Wild Goose, of which the
White-fronted is one of the most interesting, is held in high estimation
by the sportsman, and even he, if keen of observation, will learn from
it many things that will entitle the species to advancement in the
mental grade, and prove the truth of a very old adage, that you cannot
judge of things by outward appearance. A goose, waddling around the
barnyard, may not present a very graceful appearance, nor seem endowed
with much intelligence, yet the ungainly creature, when in its natural
state, has an ease of motion in flight which will compare with that of
any of the feathered tribe, and shows a knowledge of the means of
defense, and of escaping the attacks of its enemies, that few possess.
There is probably no bird more cautious, vigilant, and fearful at danger
than this. Should their suspicion be aroused, they rise upward slowly in
a dense cloud of white, and sound their alarm notes, but they may not go
over fifty yards before they alight again, so that the amusement of
watching them may be continued without much toil or inconvenience.

The White-fronted Goose visits Illinois only during its migrations,
coming some time in October or early in November, and returning in March
or April. During its sojourn there it frequents chiefly open prairies,
or wheat fields, where it nibbles the young and tender blades, and
cornfields, where it feeds upon the scattered grains. In California,
Ridgway says, it is so numerous in winter as to be very destructive of
the growing wheat crop, and it is said that in the Sacramento and San
Joaquin valleys, farmers often find it necessary to employ men by the
month to hunt and drive them from the fields. This is most successfully
accomplished by means of brush hiding places, or "blinds," or by
approaching the flocks on horseback by the side of an ox which has been
trained for the purpose.

The White-fronted Goose is greatly esteemed for the excellent quality of
its flesh, which, by those who have learned to appreciate it, is
generally considered superior to that of any other species. While the
cruel pursuit of the bird, merely for purpose of sport ought not to be
continued, appreciation of its value as food may well be encouraged.




THE TURNSTONE.


This small plover-like bird is found on the sea-coasts of nearly all
countries; in America, from Greenland and Alaska to Chili and Brazil;
more or less common in the interior along the shores of the Great Lakes
and larger rivers.

It is generally found in company with flocks of the smaller species of
Sandpipers, its boldly marked plumage contrasting with surroundings,
while the Sandpipers mingle with the sands and unless revealed by some
abrupt movement can hardly be seen at a little distance.

The name Turnstone has been applied to this bird on account of its
curious habit of dexterously inserting its bill beneath stones and
pebbles along the shore in quest of food, overturning them in search of
the insects or prey of any kind which may be lurking beneath. It is
found on smooth, sandy beaches, though more commonly about the base of
rocky cliffs and cones. The eggs of horseshoe crabs are its particular
delight.

In the nesting season the Turnstone is widely distributed throughout
the northern portions of both continents, and wanders southward along
the sea-coasts of all countries. In America it breeds commonly in the
Barren Lands of the Arctic coasts and the Anderson River districts, on
the Islands of Franklin and Liverpool bays, nesting in July. In the
Hudson's Bay country the eggs are laid in June. The nest is a hollow
scratched in the earth, and is lined with bits of grass.

The Turnstone is known by various names: "Brant Bird," "Bead-bird,"
"Horse-foot-Snipe," "Sand-runner," "Calico-back," "Chicaric" and
"Chickling." The two latter names have reference to its rasping notes,
"Calico-back," to the variegated plumage of the upper parts.

In summer the adults are oddly pied above with black, white, brown, and
chestnut-red, but the red is totally wanting in winter. They differ from
the true Plovers in the well developed hind-toe, and the strong claws,
but chiefly in the more robust feet, without trace of web between the
toes.

The eggs are greenish-drab in color, spotted, blotched, and dotted
irregularly and thickly with yellowish and umber brown. The eggs are two
or four, abruptly pyriform in shape.




SNOWBIRDS.


    Along the narrow sandy height
      I watch them swiftly come and go,
        Or round the leafless wood,
      Like flurries of wind-driven snow,
    Revolving in perpetual flight,
        A changing multitude.

    Nearer and nearer still they sway,
      And, scattering in a circled sweep,
        Rush down without a sound;
      And now I see them peer and peep,
    Across yon level bleak and gray,
        Searching the frozen ground,--

    Until a little wind upheaves,
      And makes a sudden rustling there,
        And then they drop their play,
      Flash up into the sunless air,
    And like a flight of silver leaves
        Swirl round and sweep away.
                         ARCHIBALD LAMPMAN.




 [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff.
                TURNSTONE.
                Copyrighted by
                Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.]




BIRDS OF PASSAGE.


    Black shadows fall
    From the lindens tall,
    That lift aloft their massive wall
        Against the southern sky;

    And from the realms
    Of the shadowy elms,
    A tide-like darkness overwhelms
        The fields that round us lie.

    But the night is fair
    And everywhere
    A warm, soft vapor fills the air
        And distant sounds seem near;

    And above, in the light
    Of the star-lit night,
    Swift birds of passage wing their flight
        Through the dewy atmosphere.

    I hear the beat
    Of their pinions fleet,
    As from the land of snow and sleet
        They seek a southern lea.

    I hear the cry
    Of their voices high
    Falling dreamily through the sky,
        But their forms I cannot see.
                              --LONGFELLOW.




THE BELTED PIPING PLOVER.


In the Missouri river region and in contiguous parts of the interior of
the United States, the Belted Piping Plover is a common summer resident,
and is found along the shores of the great lakes, breeding on the flat,
pebbly beach between the sand dunes and shore. It is the second of the
ring-necked Plovers, and arrives in April in scattering flocks, which
separate into pairs a month later. It strays at times into the interior,
and has been known to breed on the borders of ponds many miles from the
coast. In New England, however, it seldom wanders far from the shore,
and prefers sand islands near the main land for its nesting haunts.
Nelson says, that some thirty pairs, which were breeding along the beach
at Waukegan, within a space of two miles, successfully concealed their
nests, for which he made diligent search, although the birds were
continually circling about or standing at a short distance, uttering an
occasional note of alarm.

These birds have a soft, low, piping note, which they utter not only
upon the wing, but occasionally as they run about upon the ground, and,
during the early nesting season, a peculiar, loud, prolonged, musical
call, that readily attracts attention. In other respects, their habits
are not noticeably differed from the Semi-palmated. (See July BIRDS, p.8.)

Their nests are without lining, a mere depression in the sand. The eggs
are usually four, light gray to creamy buff, finely and rather sparsely
speckled or dotted with blackish brown and purplish gray.

The female Belted Piping Plover is similar to the male, but with the
dark colors lighter and less in extent. The young have no black band in
front, while the collar around the neck is ashy brown.

These interesting and valuable game birds are found associated with
various beach birds and Sandpipers, and they become exceedingly fat
during the latter part of the summer.

All the Plovers have a singular habit when alighting on the ground in
the nesting time; they drop their wings, stand with their legs half
bent, and tremble as if unable to support their bodies. In this absurd
position they will stand, according to a well-known observer, for
several minutes, uttering a curious sound, and then seem to balance
themselves with great difficulty. This singular manoeuvre is no doubt
intended to produce a belief that they may be easily caught, and thus
turn the attention of the egg-gatherer from the pursuit of the eggs to
themselves, their eggs being recognized the world over, as a great
delicacy.


    The Plover utters a piping sound
    While on the wing or on the ground;
    All a tremble it drops its wings,
    And, with legs half bent, it sings:
    "My nest is near, come take the eggs,
    And take me too,--I'm off my legs."
    In vain men search with eager eyes,
    No nest is found, the Plover flies!
                                   --C. C. M

 [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff.
                BELTED PIPING PLOVER.
                Copyrighted by
                Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.]




THE WILD TURKEY.


It has been observed that when the Turkey makes its appearance on table
all conversation should for the moment be suspended. That it is eaten in
silence on some occasions may be inferred from the following anecdote:
A certain judge of Avignon, famous for his love of the glorious bird,
which the American people have wisely selected for the celebration of
Thanksgiving Day, said to a friend: "We have just been dining on a
superb Turkey. It was excellent. Stuffed with truffles to the very
throat--tender, delicate, filled with perfume! We left nothing but the
bones!" "How many were there of you?" asked his friend. "Two," replied
the judge, "the Turkey--and myself!" The reason, no doubt, why this
brilliant bird, which so much resembles the domestic Turkey, is now
almost extinct. It was formerly a resident of New England, and is still
found to some extent as far north-west as the Missouri River and
south-west as Texas. In Ohio it was formerly an abundant resident. Dr.
Kirtland (1850) mentions the time when Wild Turkeys were more common
than tame ones are now.

The nests of this bird are very difficult to discover, as they are made
on the ground, midst tall, thick weeds or tangled briars. The female
will not leave the nest until almost trodden upon. It is stated that
when the eggs are once touched, she will abandon her nest.

The Turkey became known to Europeans almost immediately upon the
discovery of America by the Spaniards in 1518, and it is probable that
it is distinctively an American bird. In its wild state, its plumage, as
in the case of the Honduras Turkey, grows more lustrous and magnificent
as the family extends southward.

The "Gobblers," as the males are called, associate in parties of ten to
one hundred, seeking their food apart from the females, which wander
singly with their young or in troops with other hens and their families,
sometimes to the number of seventy or eighty. They travel on foot,
unless disturbed by the hunter or a river compels them to take wing. It
is said that when about to cross a river, they select a high eminence
from which to start, that their flight may be more sure, and in such a
position they sometimes remain for a day or more, as if in consultation.
On such occasions the males gobble vociferously, strutting about
pompously as if to animate their companions. At the signal note of
their leader, they wing their way to the opposite shore.

The Wild Turkey feeds on many kinds of berries, fruits, and grasses.
Beetles, tadpoles, young frogs, and lizards are sometimes found in its
crop. When the Turkeys reach their destination, they disperse in flocks,
devouring the mast as they proceed.

Pairing time begins in March. The sexes roost apart, but at no great
distance, so that when the female utters a call, every male within
hearing responds, rolling note after note in rapid succession, in a
voice resembling that of the tame Turkey when he hears any unusual
noise. Where the Turkeys are numerous, the woods from one end to the
other, sometimes for many miles, resound with these voices of wooing.

The specimen of the Wild Turkey presented in this number of BIRDS is of
extraordinary size and beauty, and has been much admired. The day is not
far distant when a living specimen of this noble bird will be sought for
in vain in the United States.




THE CERULEAN WARBLER.


This beautiful little sky-blue feathered creature is well named Azure
Warbler, or again White-throated Blue Warbler, and is the most abundant
of the genus here.

It is a bird of the wood, everywhere associated with the beautiful tall
forests of the more northern counties of western New York, sometimes
found in the open woods of pasture-lands, and quite partial to hardwood
trees. In its flitting motion in search of insect-prey, and in the
jerking curves of its more prolonged flight, as also in its structure,
it is a genuine Wood Warbler and keeps for the most part to what Thoreau
calls the "upper story" of its sylvan domain.

All Warblers, it has been said, depend upon their markings rather than
song for their identity, which renders the majority of the tribe of
greater interest to the scientist than to the novice. Until you have
named four or five of the commonest species as landmarks, you will be
considerably confused.

Audubon described the song of the Cerulean Warbler as "extremely sweet
and mellow," whereas it is a modest little strain, says Chapman, or
trill, divided into syllables like _zee, zee, zee, ze-ee-ee-eep_, or
according to another observer, _rheet, rheet, rheet, rheet, ridi, idi,
e-e-e-e-ee_; beginning with several soft warbling notes and ending in a
rather prolonged but quite musical squeak. The latter and more rapid
part of the strain, which is given in the upward slide, approaches an
insect quality of tone which is more or less peculiar to all true
Warblers, a song so common as to be a universal characteristic of our
tall forests.

It is not strange that the nest of this species has been so seldom
discovered, even where the bird is very abundant during the breeding
season. It is built in the higher horizontal branches of forest trees,
always out some distance from the trunk, and ranging from twenty to
fifty feet above the ground. One described by Dr. Brewer, found in
Ontario, near Niagara Falls, was built in a large oak tree at the height
of fifty or more feet from the ground. It was placed horizontally on the
upper surface of a slender limb between two small twigs; and the branch
on which it was thus saddled was only an inch and a half in thickness,
being nine feet from the trunk of the tree. The abandoned home was
secured with great difficulty.

The nest is a rather slender fabric, somewhat similar to the nest of the
Redstart, and quite small for the bird, consisting chiefly of a strong
rim firmly woven of strips of fine bark, stems of grasses, and pine
needles, bound round with flaxen fibres of plants and wool. Around the
base a few bits of hornets' nests, mosses, and lichens are loosely
fastened. The nest within is furnished with fine stems and needles, the
flooring very thin and slight.

The bird is shy when started from the nest, and has a sharp chipping
alarm-note common to the family.

The Cerulean Warbler is found in the Eastern States, but is more
numerous west of the Allegheny mountains, and throughout the heavily
wooded districts of the Mississippi valley. In winter it migrates to
Central America and Cuba. The Warblers are of unfailing interest to the
lover of bird life. Apart from the beauty of the birds themselves, with
their perpetually contrasting colors among the green leaves, their
pretty ways furnish to the silent watcher an ever changing spectacle of
the innocent life in the tree-tops.




 [Illustration: From col. Fred. Kaempfer.
                WILD TURKEY.
                Copyrighted by
                Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.]




 [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff.
                CERULEAN WARBLER.
                Copyrighted by
                Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.]




THE WILD TURKEY.


I thought my picture would appear in this number of BIRDS. What would
Thanksgiving be without a Turkey, I'd like to know.

The editor says that I am a bird of ex-tra-or-di-na-ry size and beauty.
That word is as big as I am, but by spelling it, I guess you will
understand.

I look as proud as a peacock, don't I? Well, I am just as proud. You
ought to see me strut, and hear me talk when the hen-turkeys are around.
Why, sometimes when there is a large troop of us in the woods you can
hear us _gobble, gobble, gobble_, for many miles. We are so fond of
talking to each other.

That is when we are about to set up housekeeping, you think.

Yes, in March and April. After the nests are made, and the little
turkeys hatched out, we big, handsome fellows go off by ourselves. The
hen-turkeys, with their young broods, do the same.

Sometimes there are as many as a hundred in our troop and seventy or
eighty in theirs. We travel on foot, picking up food as we go, till we
meet a man with a gun, or come to a wide river.

Then we have to fly.

In a flock? Oh, yes. We choose some high place from which to get a good
start. There we all stay, sometimes a day or two, strutting about and
talking big. It is _gobble, gobble gobble_, from morning till night.
Just like one of your conventions, you know. After awhile our leader
gives the signal and off we all fly to the opposite shore.

Did you ever see one of our nests? No? Well, they are not easily seen,
though they are made on the ground. You see, we are cunning and build
them among tall, thick weeds and tangled briars.

I hope, if you ever come across one, you will not touch it, because my
mate would never return to it again, if you did.

What do we eat?

Berries, fruit and grasses, beetles, tadpoles, frogs and lizards. In
fact anything we consider good.




THE YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD.


In appearance this bird resembles a large Tern (see Vol. I, page 103),
and its habits are similar to those of the Terns. Inter-tropical, it
is of a wandering disposition, breeding on the islands of mid-ocean
thousands of miles apart. It is noted for its elegant, airy, and
long-protracted flight. Davie says that on Bourbon, Mauritius and other
islands east and south of Madagascar it breeds in the crevices of the
rocks of inaccessible cliffs, and in hollow trees. In the Bermuda
Islands it nests about the first of May in holes in high rocky places
along the shores. Here its favorite resorts are the small islands of
Great Sound, Castle Harbor, and Harrington Sound. The Phaeton, as it is
felicitously called, nests in the Bahamas in holes in the perpendicular
faces of cliffs and on the flat surfaces of rocks. A single egg is laid,
which has a ground-color of purplish brownish white, covered in some
specimens almost over the entire surface with fine reddish
chocolate-colored spots.

These species compose the small but distinct family of tropic birds and
are found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.
Long journeys are made by them across the open sea, their flight when
emigrating being strong, rapid, and direct, and immense distances are
covered by them as they course undismayed by wind or storm. In feeding,
Chapman says, they course over the water, beating back and forth at a
height of about forty feet, and their long willowy tail-feathers add
greatly to the grace and beauty of their appearance when on the wing.
They are of rare and probably accidental occurrence on our coasts.


    The Songs of Nature never cease,
    Her players sue not for release
    In nearer fields, on hills afar,
    Attendant her musicians are:
    From water brook or forest tree,
    For aye comes gentle melody,
    The very air is music blent--
    An universal instrument.
                --JOHN VANCE CHENEY.




 [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff.
                YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD.
                Copyrighted by
                Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.]

THE YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD.


The people who make a study of birds say that I look like a large Tern,
and that my habits are like his.

I don't know whether that is so, I am sure, for I have no acquaintance
with that bird, but you little folks can turn to your March number of
BIRDS and see for yourselves if it is true.

For my part, I think I am the prettier of the two on account of my long,
willowy tail-feathers. They add greatly, it is said, to the grace and
beauty of my appearance when on the wing. Then, the color of my coat is
much more beautiful than his, I think, don't you think so, too?

We are not so common as the Terns, either, for they are very numerous.
There are only three species of our family, so we consider ourselves
quite distinct.

What are we noted for?

Well, principally for our long distance flights across the sea, elegant
and airy, as the writers say of us. Maybe that is the reason they call
us the Phaeton sometimes.

Do we go north in the summer as so many other birds do?

Ugh! You make me shudder. No, indeed! We never go farther north than
Florida. Our home, or where we build our nests, is in the tropical and
sub-tropical regions, where the weather is very warm, you know.

We are great wanderers and build our nests on islands, way out in the
ocean many thousands of miles apart.

In trees?

Oh, no, but in any hole we see in the face of a great rock or cliff, and
sometimes right on the top of a rock.

How many eggs?

Only one. That is the reason, you see, that our family remains small.

Sing?

Oh, my, no! We are not singing birds. We have a call-note, though harsh
and guttural, which sounds like _tip, tip, tip_.




THE EUROPEAN KINGFISHER.


Rarely indeed is this charming bird now found in England, where formerly
it could be seen darting hither and thither in most frequented places.
Of late years, according to Dixon, he has been persecuted so greatly,
partly by the collector, who never fails to secure the brilliant
creature for his cabinet at every opportunity, and partly by those who
have an inherent love for destroying every living object around them.
Gamekeepers, too, are up in arms against him, because of his inordinate
love of preying on the finny tribe. Where the Kingfisher now is seen is
in the most secluded places, the author adds, where the trout streams
murmur through the silent woods, but seldom trod by the foot of man; or
in the wooded gullies down which the stream from the mountains far above
rushes and tumbles over the huge rocks, or lies in pools smooth as the
finest mirror.

The Kingfisher is comparatively a silent bird, though he sometimes
utters a few harsh notes as he flies swift as a meteor through the
wooded glades. You not unfrequently flush the Kingfisher from the holes
in the banks, and amongst the brambles skirting the stream. He roosts at
night in holes, usually the nesting cavity. Sometimes he will alight on
stumps and branches projecting from the water, and sit quiet and
motionless, but on your approach he darts quickly away, often uttering
a feeble _seep, seep_, as he goes.

The habits of the English Kingfisher are identical with those of the
American, though the former is the more brilliant bird in plumage. (See
BIRDS, Vol. I, p. 61.) The ancients had a very absurd idea as to its
nesting habits. They believed that the bird built a floating nest, and
whenever the old bird and her charge were drifted by the winds, as they
floated over the briny deep, the sea remained calm. He was, therefore,
to the ancient mariner, a bird held sacred in the extreme. Even now
these absurd superstitions have not wholly disappeared. For instance,
the nest is said to be made of the fish bones ejected by the bird, while
the real facts are, that they not only nest but roost in holes, and it
must follow that vast quantities of rejected fish bones accumulate, and
on these the eggs are of necessity laid.

These eggs are very beautiful objects, being of a deep pinkish hue,
usually six in number.

The food of the Kingfisher is not composed entirely of fish, the remains
of fresh-water shrimps being found in their stomachs, and doubtless
other animals inhabiting the waters are from time to time devoured.

The English Kingfisher, says Dixon, remains throughout the year, but
numbers perish when the native streams are frozen. There is, perhaps,
not a bird in all the ranks of the feathered gems of equatorial regions,
be it ever so fair, the Humming-bird excepted, that can boast a garb so
lovely as this little creature of the northland. Naturalists assert that
the sun has something to do with the brilliant colors of the birds and
insects of the tropics, but certainly, the Kingfisher is an exception of
the highest kind. Alas, that he has no song to inspire the muse of some
English bard!




 [Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.
                EUROPEAN KINGFISHER.
                Copyrighted by
                Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.]

THE EUROPEAN KINGFISHER.


Little Folks:

I shouldn't have liked it one bit if my picture had been left out of
this beautiful book. My cousin, the American Kingfisher, had his in the
February number, and I find he had a good deal to say about himself in
his letter, too.

Fine feathers make fine birds, they say. Well, if that is true, I must
be a very fine bird, for surely my feathers are gay enough to please
anybody--_I_ think.

To see me in all my beauty, you must seek me in my native wood. I look
perfectly gorgeous there, flitting from tree to tree. Or maybe you would
rather see me sitting on a stump, gazing down into the clear pool which
looks like a mirror.

"Oh, what a vain bird!" you would say; "see him looking at himself in
the water;" when all the time I had my eye on a fine trout which I
intended to catch for my dinner.

Well, though I wear a brighter dress than my American cousin, our habits
are pretty much alike. I am sure he catches fish the same way I do--when
he is hungry.

With a hook and line, as you do?

Oh, no; with my bill, which is long, you observe, and made for that very
purpose. You should just see me catch a fish! Down I fly to a stump near
the brook, or to a limb of a tree which overhangs the water, and there I
sit as quiet as a mouse for quite a while.

Everything being so quiet, a fine speckled trout, or a school of
troutlets, play near the surface. Now is my chance! Down I swoop, and
up I come with a fish crosswise in my bill.

Back I go to my perch, toss the minnow into the air, and as it falls
catch it head first and swallow it whole. I tell you this because you
ought to know why I am called _Kingfisher_.

Do we swallow bones and all?

Yes, but we afterwards eject the bones, when we are resting or roosting
in our holes in the banks of the stream. That must be the reason people
who write about us say we build our nests of fish bones.

Sing?

Oh, no, we are not singing birds; but sometimes, when flying swiftly
through the air, we give a harsh cry that nobody but a bird understands.

                                            Your friend,
                                       THE ENGLISH KINGFISHER.




THE VERMILION FLY-CATCHER.


Thickets along water courses are favorite resorts of this beautiful
Fly-catcher, which may be seen only on the southern border of the United
States, south through Mexico to Guatemala, where it is a common species.
Mr. W. E. D. Scott notes it as a common species about Riverside, Tucson,
and Florence, Arizona. Its habits are quite similar to those of other
Fly-catchers, though it has not been so carefully observed as its many
cousins in other parts of the country. During the nesting season, the
male frequently utters a twittering song while poised in the air, in the
manner of the Sparrow Hawk, and during the song it snaps its bill as if
catching insects.

The Vermilion's nest is usually placed in horizontal forks of ratana
trees, and often in mesquites, not more than six feet from the ground;
they are composed of small twigs and soft materials felted together,
with the rims covered with lichens, and the shallow cavity lined with a
few horse or cow hairs. Dr. Merrill states that they bear considerable
resemblance to nests of the Wood Pewee in appearance and the manner in
which they are saddled to the limb. Nests have been found, however,
which lacked the exterior coating of lichens.

Three eggs are laid of a rich creamy-white with a ring of large brown
and lilac blotches at the larger end.




A WINTER NEST.


    Pallid, wan-faced clouds
    Press close to the frozen pines,
    And follow the jagged lines
    Of fence, that the sleet enshrouds.

    Sharp in the face of the sky,
    Gaunt, thin-ribbed leaves are blown;
    They rise with a shuddering moan,
    Then sink in the snow and die.

    At the edge of the wood a vine
    Still clings to the sleeping beech,
    While its stiffened tendrils reach
    A nest, and around it twine.

    A little gray nest all alone,
    With its feathery lining of snow,
    Where bleak winds, piping low,
    Croon a sweet minor tone.
                    --NORA A. PIPER.




 [Illustration: From col. George F. Breninger.
                VERMILION FLY-CATCHER.
                Copyrighted by
                Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.]




BIRD MISCELLANY.


    Red and yellow, green and brown,
      Leaves are whirling, rustling down;
    Acorn babes in their cradles lie,
      Through the bare trees the brown birds fly;
    The Robin chirps as he flutters past--
      November days have come at last.
                               --CLARA LOUISE STRONG.


"I have watched birds at their singing under many and widely differing
circumstances, and I am sure that they express joyous anticipation,
present content, and pleasant recollection, each as the mood moves, and
with equal ease."

                 --M. THOMPSON.


"The act of singing is evidently a pleasurable one; and it probably
serves as an outlet for superabundant nervous energy and excitement,
just as dancing, singing, and field sports do with us."

                 --A. R. WALLACE.


"The bird upon the tree utters the meaning of the wind--a voice of the
grass and wild flower, words of the green leaf; they speak through that
slender tone. Sweetness of dew and rifts of sunshine, the dark hawthorn
touched with breadths of open bud, the odor of the air, the color of the
daffodil--all that is delicious and beloved of spring-time are expressed
in his song."

                 --RICHARD JEFFERIES.




THE LAZULI BUNTING.

    The joy is great of him who strays
    In shady woods on summer days.
                       --MAURICE THOMPSON.


In Colorado and Arizona the Lazuli Painted Finch, as it is called,
is common, while in California it is very abundant, being, in fact,
generally distributed throughout the west, and along the Pacific Coast
it is found as far north as Puget Sound, during the summer. Davie says
it replaces the Indigo Bunting, (See BIRDS, Vol. I, page 174,) from the
Plains to the Pacific, being found in all suitable localities. The nest
is usually built in a bush or in the lower limbs of trees, a few feet
from the ground. Fine strips of bark, small twigs, grasses, and hair are
used in preparing it for the four tiny, light bluish-green eggs, which
readily fade when exposed to light. The eggs so closely resemble those
of the Bluebird as not to be distinguishable with certainty. The nest is
an inartistic one for a bird of gay plumage.

From Florence A. Merriam's charming book, "A-Birding on a Bronco," we
select a description of the pretty manners of this attractive bird. She
says:

"While waiting for the Woodpeckers, one day, I saw a small brownish
bird flying busily back and forth to some green weeds. She was joined
by her mate, a handsome blue Lazuli Bunting, even more beautiful than our
lovely Indigo, and he flew beside her full of life and joy. He lit on
the side of a cockle stem, and on the instant caught sight of me. Alas!
he seemed suddenly turned to stone. He held onto that stalk as if his
little legs had been bars of iron and I a devouring monster. When he had
collected his wits enough to fly off, instead of the careless gay flight
with which he had come out through the open air, he timidly kept low
within the cockle field, making a circuitous way through the high
stalks. He could be afraid of me if he liked, I thought, for after a
certain amount of suspicion, an innocent person gets resentful; at any
rate I was going to see that nest. Creeping up cautiously when the
mother bird was away, so as not to scare her, and carefully parting the
mallows, I looked in. Yes, there it was, a beautiful little sage-green
nest of old grass laid in a coil. I felt as pleased as if having a right
to share the family happiness. After that I watched the small worker
gather material with new interest, knowing where she was going to put
it. She worked fast, but did not take the first thing she found, by any
means. With a flit of the wing she went in nervous haste from cockle to
cockle, looking eagerly about her. Jumping down to the ground, she
picked up a bit of grass, threw it down dissatisfied, and turned away
like a person looking for something. At last she lit on the side of a
thistle, and tweaking out a fibre, flew with it to the nest.

"A month after the first encounter with the father Lazuli, I found
him looking at me around the corner of a cockle stalk, and in passing
back again, caught him singing full tilt, though his bill was full of
insects! After we had turned our backs I looked over my shoulder and
had the satisfaction of seeing him take his beakful to the nest. You
couldn't help admiring him, for though not a warrior who would snap his
bill over the head of an enemy of his home, he had a gallant holiday air
with his blue coat and merry song, and you felt sure his little brown
mate would get cheer and courage enough from his presence to make family
dangers appear less frightful."




 [Illustration: From col. John F. Ferry.
                LAZULI BUNTING.
                Copyrighted by
                Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.]

THE LAZULI BUNTING.


You think you have seen me before? Well, I must admit my relative, the
Indigo Bunting, and I _do_ look alike. They say though, I am the
prettier bird of the two. Turn to your May number, page 174, and
decide for yourselves.

I live farther west than he does. You find him in the eastern and middle
states. Then he disappears and I take his place, all the way from the
Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean.

Some people call me the Lazuli Painted Finch. That's funny, for I never
painted anything in my life--not even my cheeks. Would you like to know
how my mate and I go to housekeeping? A lady who visits California,
where I live, will tell you all about it. She rides a horse called
Mountain Billy. He will stand still under a tree so that she can peep
into nests and count the eggs, when the mother bird is away.

She can travel a good many miles in that way, and meet lots of birds.
She says in her book, that she has got acquainted with seventy-five
families, without robbing one nest, or doing the little creatures any
harm.

Well, one day this lady saw a brownish bird flying busily back and
forth to some tall green weeds. After a while a handsome blue Bunting
flew along side of her, full of life and joy.

That was my mate and I. How frightened I was! for our nest was in those
green weeds and not very far from the ground. I flew away as soon as I
could pluck up courage, but not far, so that I could watch the lady and
the nest. How my heart jumped when I saw her creep up, part the weeds
and look in. All she saw was a few twigs and a sage-green nest of old
grass laid in a coil. My mate hadn't put in the lining yet; you see it
takes her quite a while to get the thistle down and the hair and strips
of bark for the inside. The next time the lady passed, the house was
done and my mate was sitting on the nest. She just looked down at us
from the back of Mountain Billy and passed on.

Four weeks after, she came again, and there I was, flying about and
singing "like a bird," my mouth full of insects, too. I waited 'till she
had turned away before I flew to the nest to feed our little ones. I
didn't know, you see, that she was such a good friend of ours, or I
wouldn't have been so afraid.




SUMMARY


Page 163.

#SUMMER TANAGER.#--_Piranga rubra._ Other names: "Summer Red-bird,"
"Rose Tanager."

RANGE--Eastern United States west to the edge of the Plains; north
regularly to about 40 deg.--New Jersey, central Ohio, Illinois, casually
north to Connecticut and Ontario, accidentally to Nova Scotia, wintering
in Cuba, Central America, and northern South America. (Davie.)

NEST--Of bark strips and leaves interwoven with various vegetable
substances, on drooping branch of tree.

EGGS--Three or four, bluish-white or greenish-blue, with cinnamon or
olive-brown markings.

       *       *       *       *       *

Page 168.

#AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE#--_Anser albifrons gambeli._ Other names:
"Laughing Goose," "Speckle Belly."

RANGE--North America, breeding far northward; in winter south to Mexico
and Cuba, rare on the Atlantic coast.

NEST--On the ground, of grasses lined with down.

Eggs--Six or seven, dull greenish-yellow with obscure darker tints.

       *       *       *       *       *

Page 171.

#TURNSTONE.#--_Arenaria interpres._ Other names: "Brant Bird,"
"Calico-back," "Bead-bird," "Sand-runner," "Chickling,"
"Horse-foot Snipe."

RANGE--Nearly cosmopolitan; nests in the Arctic regions, and in America
migrates southward to Patagonia. (Chapman.)

NEST--A slight depression on the ground.

EGGS--Two or four, greenish-drab, spotted all over with brown.

       *       *       *       *       *

Page 175.

#THE BELTED PIPING PLOVER.#--_Aegialitis meloda circumcincta._

RANGE--Missouri river region; occasionally eastward to the Atlantic
coast.

NEST--Depression in the sand without lining.

EGGS--Four, light gray to creamy buff, finely speckled with blackish
brown and purplish gray.

       *       *       *       *       *

Page 180.

#WILD TURKEY#--_Meleagris gallopava._

RANGE--Eastern United States from Pennsylvania southward to Florida,
west to Wisconsin, the Indian Territory and Texas.

NEST--On the ground, at the base of a bush or tree.

EGGS--Ten to fourteen, pale cream buff, finely and evenly speckled with
grayish brown.

       *       *       *       *       *

Page 181.

#CERULEAN WARBLER#--_Dendraeca caerulea._ Other names: "Azure Warbler;"
"White-throated Blue Warbler."

RANGE--Mississippi valley as far north as Minnesota, and eastward as far
as Lockport, N. Y. (Davison.) Winters in the tropics.

NEST--Of fine grasses bound with spider's silk, lined with strips of
bark and with a few lichens attached to its upper surface, in a tree,
twenty-five to fifty feet from the ground. (Chapman.)

EGGS--Four, creamy-white, thickly covered with rather heavy blotches of
reddish brown.

       *       *       *       *       *

Page 186.

#YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD.#--_Phaethon flavirostris._ Other names:
"Phaeton."

RANGE.--Tropical coasts; Atlantic coasts of tropical America, West
Indies, Bahamas, Bermudas; casual in Florida and accidental in Western
New York and Nova Scotia. (Chapman.)

NEST--In holes in the perpendicular faces of cliffs, also on the flat
surfaces of rocks.

EGGS--One, ground color of purplish brownish white, covered with fine
reddish chocolate-colored spots. (Davie.)

       *       *       *       *       *

Page 190.

#EUROPEAN KINGFISHER.#--_Alcedo ispida._

RANGE--England and portions of Europe.

NEST--In holes of the banks of streams.

EGGS--Usually six, of a deep pinkish hue.

       *       *       *       *       *

Page 193.

#VERMILION FLY-CATCHER.#--_Pyocephalus rubineus mexicanus._

RANGE--Southern Border of the United States south through Mexico and
Guatemala.

NEST--In forks of ratana trees, not more than six feet up, of small
twigs and soft materials felted together, the rims covered with lichens;
the cavity is shallow.

EGGS--Usually three, the ground color a rich creamy-white, with a ring
of large brown and lilac blotches at the larger end.

       *       *       *       *       *

Page 198.

#LAZULI BUNTING.#--_Passerina amoena._ Other name: "Lazuli Painted Finch."

RANGE--Western United States from the Great Plains to the Pacific; south
in winter to Western Mexico.

NEST--In a bush or the lower limbs of trees, a few feet from the ground,
of fine strips of bark, small twigs, grasses, and is lined with hair.

EGGS--Usually four, light bluish-green.





End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color
Photography, Vol. II., No. 5, November 1897, by Various

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR ***

***** This file should be named 30677.txt or 30677.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/6/7/30677/

Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer, some
images courtesy of The Internet Archive and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.