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diff --git a/30677-8.txt b/30677-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4454330 --- /dev/null +++ b/30677-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1718 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography, +Vol. II., No. 5, November 1897, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Birds Illustrated by Color Photography, Vol. II., No. 5, November 1897 + A Monthly Serial designed to Promote Knowledge of Bird-Life + +Author: Various + +Release Date: December 14, 2009 [EBook #30677] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer, some +images courtesy of The Internet Archive and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: Title page added. + + + * * * * * + + + + + BIRDS + + A MONTHLY SERIAL + + ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY + + DESIGNED TO PROMOTE + + KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD-LIFE + + + VOLUME II. + + + CHICAGO. + NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY. + + + + + COPYRIGHT, 1897 + BY + NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING CO. + CHICAGO. + + + + + BIRDS. + ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY + ================================ + VOL. II. NOVEMBER NO. 5 + ================================ + + + + +JOHN JAMES AUDUBON. + + +John James Audubon has always been a favorite with the writer, for the +invincibleness of his love of Nature and of birds is only equalled by +the spontaneous freshness of his style, springing from an affectionate +and joyous nature. Recently there was found by accident, in an old +calf-skin bound volume, an autobiography of the naturalist. It is +entitled "Audubon's Story of his Youth," and would make a very pretty +book. As introductory to the diaries and ornithological biographies of +the birds, it would be very useful. + +Two or three incidents in the life of this fascinating character are +interesting as showing the influence of the accidental in ultimate +achievement. + +"One incident," he says, "which is as perfect in my memory as if it had +occurred this very day, I have thought thousands of times since, and +will now put on paper as one of the curious things which perhaps did +lead me in after times to love birds, and to finally study them with +pleasure infinite. My mother had several beautiful parrots, and some +monkeys; one of the latter was a full-grown male of a very large +species. One morning, while the servants were engaged in arranging +the room I was in, 'Pretty Polly' asking for her breakfast as usual, +'_Du pain au lait pour le perroquet Mignonne_,' (bread and milk for +the parrot Mignonne,) the man of the woods probably thought the bird +presuming upon his rights in the scale of nature; be this as it may, he +certainly showed his supremacy in strength over the denizen of the air, +for, walking deliberately and uprightly toward the poor bird, he at once +killed it, with unnatural composure. The sensations of my infant heart +at this cruel sight were agony to me. I prayed the servant to beat the +monkey, but he, who for some reason, preferred the monkey to the parrot, +refused. I uttered long and piercing cries, my mother rushed into the +room; I was tranquilized; the monkey was forever afterward chained, and +Mignonne buried with all the pomp of a cherished lost one. This made, as +I have said, a very deep impression on my youthful mind." + +In consequence of the long absences of his father, who was an admiral in +the French navy, the young naturalist's education was neglected, his +mother suffering him to do much as he pleased, and it was not to be +wondered at, as he says, that instead of applying closely to his +studies, he preferred associating with boys of his own age and +disposition, who were more fond of going in search of bird's nests, +fishing, or shooting, than of better studies. Thus almost every day, +instead of going to school, he usually made for the fields where he +spent the day, returning with his little basket filled with what he +called curiosities, such as birds' nests, birds' eggs, curious lichens, +flowers of all sorts, and even pebbles gathered along the shore of some +rivulet. Nevertheless, he did study drawing and music, for which he had +some talent. His subsequent study of drawing under the celebrated David, +richly equipped him for a work which he did not know was ever to be his, +and enabled him to commence a series of drawings of birds of France, +which he continued until he had upwards of two hundred completed. "All +bad enough," he says, "yet they were representations of birds, and I +felt pleased with them." Before sailing for France, he had begun a +series of drawings of the birds of America, and had also begun a study +of their habits. His efforts were commended by one of his friends, who +assured him the time might come when he should be a great American +naturalist, which had such weight with him that he felt a certain degree +of pride in the words, even then, when he was about eighteen years of +age. + +"The store at Louisville went on prosperously, when I attended to it; +but birds were birds then as now, and my thoughts were ever and anon +turning toward them as the objects of my greatest delight. I shot, I +drew, I looked on nature only; my days were happy beyond human +conception, and beyond this I really cared not." [How like Agassiz, who +said he had not time to make money.] As he could not bear to give the +attention required by his business, his business abandoned him. "Indeed, +I never thought of business beyond the ever-engaging journeys which I +was in the habit of taking to Philadelphia or New York, to purchase +goods; those journeys I greatly enjoyed, as they afforded me ample means +to study birds and their habits as I traveled through the beautiful, the +darling forests of Ohio, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania." Poor fellow, how +many ups and downs he had! He lost everything and became burdened with +debt. But he did not despair for had he not a talent for drawing? He at +once undertook to take portraits of the human head divine in black +chalk, and thanks to his master, David, succeeded admirably. He +established a large drawing school at Cincinnati, and formed an +engagement to stuff birds for the museum there at a large salary. + +"One of the most extraordinary things among all these adverse +circumstances" he adds, "was, that I never for a day give up listening +to the songs of our birds, or watching their peculiar habits, or +delineating them in the best way I could; nay, during my deepest +troubles, I frequently would wrench myself from the persons around me +and retire to some secluded part of our noble forests; and many a time, +at the sound of the wood-thrushes' melodies, have I fallen on my knees +and there prayed earnestly to our God. This never failed to bring me +the most valuable of thoughts, and always comfort, and it was often +necessary for me to exert my will and compel myself to return to my +fellow-beings." + +Do you not fancy that Audubon was himself a _rara avis_ and worthy of +admiration and study? + +Such a man, in the language of a contemporary, should have a monument in +the old Creole country in which he was born, and whose birds inspired +his childish visions. It should be the most beautiful work possible to +the sculptor's art, portraying Audubon in the garb he wore when he was +proud and happy to be called the "American Woodman," and at his feet +should stand the Eagle which he named the "Bird of Washington," and near +should perch the Mocking Bird, as once, in his description, it flew and +fluttered and sang to the mind's eye and ear from the pages of the old +reading book. + + C. C. MARBLE. + + + + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + SUMMER TANAGER + Copyrighted by + Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.] + +THE SUMMER TANAGER. + + +The tanagers are birds of such uncommon beauty that when we have taken +the pictures of the entire family the group will be a notable one and +will add attractiveness to the portfolio. [See Vol. I, pp. 31 and 216.] +This specimen is also called the Summer Red-bird or Rose Tanager, and is +found pretty generally distributed over the United States during the +summer months, wintering in Cuba, Central America, and northern South +America. As will be seen, the adult male is a plain vermilion red. The +plumage of the female is less attractive. In habits this species +resembles the Scarlet Tanager, perhaps the most brilliant of the group, +but is not so retiring, frequenting open groves and often visiting towns +and cities. + +The nesting season of this charming bird extends to the latter part of +July, but varies with the latitude and season. Bark strips and leaves +interwoven with various vegetable substances compose the nest, which is +usually built on a horizontal or drooping branch, near its extremity and +situated at the edge of a grove near the roadside. Davie says: "All the +nests of this species which I have seen collected in Ohio are very thin +and frail structures; so thin that the eggs may often be seen from +beneath. A nest sent me from Lee county, Texas, is compactly built of +a cottony weed, a few stems of Spanish moss, and lined with fine grass +stems." Mr. L. O. Pindar states that nests found in Kentucky are +compactly built, but not very thickly lined. The eggs are beautiful, +being a bright, light emerald green, spotted, dotted, and blotched with +various shades of lilac, brownish-purple, and dark brown. + +Chapman says the Summer Tanager may be easily identified, not alone by +its color but by its unique call-note, a clearly enunciated _chicky, +tucky, tuck_. Its song bears a general resemblance to that of the +Scarlet, but to some ears is much sweeter, better sustained, and more +musical. It equals in strength, according to one authority, that of the +Robin, but is uttered more hurriedly, is more "wiry," and much more +continued. + +The Summer Tanager is to a greater or less extent known to farmers as +the Red Bee-Bird. Its food consists largely of hornets, wasps, and bees. + +The male of this species requires several years to attain the full +plumage. Immature individuals, it is said, show a mixture of red and +yellow in relative proportions according to age. The female has more red +than the male, but the tint is peculiar, a dull Chinese orange, instead +of a pure rosy vermilion, as in the male. + +An interesting study for many of our readers during the summer months +when the Tanagers are gay in their full plumage, would be to seek out, +with BIRDS in hand, the most attractive denizens of the groves, +identifying and observing them in their haunts until the entire group, +of which five species are represented in the United States, is made +familiar. When we remember that there are about three hundred and eighty +known species of Tanagers in Tropical America, it would seem a light +task to acquaint oneself with the small family at home. + + + + +THE AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. + + +"As stupid as a Goose!" + +Yes, I know that is the way our family is usually spoken of. But then +I'm not a tame Goose, you know. We wild fellows think we know a little +more than the one which waddles about the duck-pond in your back yard. + +He sticks to one old place all the time. Waddles and talks and looks the +same year after year. We migratory birds, on the other hand, fly from +place to place. Our summers are passed here, our winters there; so that +we pick up a thing or two the common Goose never dreams of. + +"The laughing Goose!" + +Yes, some people call me that. I don't know why, unless my _Honk, honk, +honk!_ sounds like a laugh. Perhaps, though, it is because the look +about my mouth is so pleasant. + +Did you ever see a flock of us in motion, in October or November, going +to our winter home? + +Ah, that is a sight! When the time comes for us to start, we form +ourselves into a figure like this >· a big gander taking the lead where +the dot is. Such a _honk, honk, honking_ you never heard. People who +have heard us, and seen us, say it sounds like a great army overhead. + +Where do we live in summer, and what do we eat? + +You will find us throughout the whole of North America, but in greater +numbers on the Pacific coast. The fresh-water lakes are our favorite +resorts. We visit the wheat fields and corn fields, nibbling the young, +tender blades and feeding on the scattered grain. The farmers don't like +it a bit, but we don't care. That is the reason our flesh tastes so +sweet. + +And tough! + +My, how you talk! It is only we old fellows that are tough, we fellows +over a year old. But of course a great many people don't know that, or +don't care. + +Why, I once heard of a gander that had waddled around a barnyard for +five long years. Thanksgiving Day arrived, and they roasted him for +dinner. + +Think of eating an old, _old_ friend like that! + +Where do we build our nests? + +Away up north, in Alaska, and on the islands of the Arctic Sea. We make +them of hay, feathers, and down, building them in hollow places on the +ground. + +How many eggs? + +Six. I am very good to my mate, and an affectionate father. + + [Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. + WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. + Copyrighted by + Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.] + + + + +THE AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. + + +White-fronted or Laughing Geese are found in considerable numbers on the +prairies of the Mississippi Valley. They are called Prairie Brant by +market-men and gunners. Though not abundant on the Atlantic seaboard, +vast flocks may be seen in the autumn months on the Pacific Slope. In +Oregon and northern California some remain all winter, though the +greater number go farther south. They appear to prefer the grassy +patches along streams flowing into the ocean, or the tide-water flats so +abundant in Oregon and Washington, where the Speckle-bellies, as they +are called, feed in company with the Snow Geese. The nesting place of +this favorite species is in the wooded districts of Alaska and along the +Yukon river. No nest is formed, from seven to ten eggs being laid in a +depression in the sand. + +It is said that notwithstanding all references to their ungainly +movement and doltish intellect, the Wild Goose, of which the +White-fronted is one of the most interesting, is held in high estimation +by the sportsman, and even he, if keen of observation, will learn from +it many things that will entitle the species to advancement in the +mental grade, and prove the truth of a very old adage, that you cannot +judge of things by outward appearance. A goose, waddling around the +barnyard, may not present a very graceful appearance, nor seem endowed +with much intelligence, yet the ungainly creature, when in its natural +state, has an ease of motion in flight which will compare with that of +any of the feathered tribe, and shows a knowledge of the means of +defense, and of escaping the attacks of its enemies, that few possess. +There is probably no bird more cautious, vigilant, and fearful at danger +than this. Should their suspicion be aroused, they rise upward slowly in +a dense cloud of white, and sound their alarm notes, but they may not go +over fifty yards before they alight again, so that the amusement of +watching them may be continued without much toil or inconvenience. + +The White-fronted Goose visits Illinois only during its migrations, +coming some time in October or early in November, and returning in March +or April. During its sojourn there it frequents chiefly open prairies, +or wheat fields, where it nibbles the young and tender blades, and +cornfields, where it feeds upon the scattered grains. In California, +Ridgway says, it is so numerous in winter as to be very destructive of +the growing wheat crop, and it is said that in the Sacramento and San +Joaquin valleys, farmers often find it necessary to employ men by the +month to hunt and drive them from the fields. This is most successfully +accomplished by means of brush hiding places, or "blinds," or by +approaching the flocks on horseback by the side of an ox which has been +trained for the purpose. + +The White-fronted Goose is greatly esteemed for the excellent quality of +its flesh, which, by those who have learned to appreciate it, is +generally considered superior to that of any other species. While the +cruel pursuit of the bird, merely for purpose of sport ought not to be +continued, appreciation of its value as food may well be encouraged. + + + + +THE TURNSTONE. + + +This small plover-like bird is found on the sea-coasts of nearly all +countries; in America, from Greenland and Alaska to Chili and Brazil; +more or less common in the interior along the shores of the Great Lakes +and larger rivers. + +It is generally found in company with flocks of the smaller species of +Sandpipers, its boldly marked plumage contrasting with surroundings, +while the Sandpipers mingle with the sands and unless revealed by some +abrupt movement can hardly be seen at a little distance. + +The name Turnstone has been applied to this bird on account of its +curious habit of dexterously inserting its bill beneath stones and +pebbles along the shore in quest of food, overturning them in search of +the insects or prey of any kind which may be lurking beneath. It is +found on smooth, sandy beaches, though more commonly about the base of +rocky cliffs and cones. The eggs of horseshoe crabs are its particular +delight. + +In the nesting season the Turnstone is widely distributed throughout +the northern portions of both continents, and wanders southward along +the sea-coasts of all countries. In America it breeds commonly in the +Barren Lands of the Arctic coasts and the Anderson River districts, on +the Islands of Franklin and Liverpool bays, nesting in July. In the +Hudson's Bay country the eggs are laid in June. The nest is a hollow +scratched in the earth, and is lined with bits of grass. + +The Turnstone is known by various names: "Brant Bird," "Bead-bird," +"Horse-foot-Snipe," "Sand-runner," "Calico-back," "Chicaric" and +"Chickling." The two latter names have reference to its rasping notes, +"Calico-back," to the variegated plumage of the upper parts. + +In summer the adults are oddly pied above with black, white, brown, and +chestnut-red, but the red is totally wanting in winter. They differ from +the true Plovers in the well developed hind-toe, and the strong claws, +but chiefly in the more robust feet, without trace of web between the +toes. + +The eggs are greenish-drab in color, spotted, blotched, and dotted +irregularly and thickly with yellowish and umber brown. The eggs are two +or four, abruptly pyriform in shape. + + + + +SNOWBIRDS. + + + Along the narrow sandy height + I watch them swiftly come and go, + Or round the leafless wood, + Like flurries of wind-driven snow, + Revolving in perpetual flight, + A changing multitude. + + Nearer and nearer still they sway, + And, scattering in a circled sweep, + Rush down without a sound; + And now I see them peer and peep, + Across yon level bleak and gray, + Searching the frozen ground,-- + + Until a little wind upheaves, + And makes a sudden rustling there, + And then they drop their play, + Flash up into the sunless air, + And like a flight of silver leaves + Swirl round and sweep away. + ARCHIBALD LAMPMAN. + + + + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + TURNSTONE. + Copyrighted by + Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.] + + + + +BIRDS OF PASSAGE. + + + Black shadows fall + From the lindens tall, + That lift aloft their massive wall + Against the southern sky; + + And from the realms + Of the shadowy elms, + A tide-like darkness overwhelms + The fields that round us lie. + + But the night is fair + And everywhere + A warm, soft vapor fills the air + And distant sounds seem near; + + And above, in the light + Of the star-lit night, + Swift birds of passage wing their flight + Through the dewy atmosphere. + + I hear the beat + Of their pinions fleet, + As from the land of snow and sleet + They seek a southern lea. + + I hear the cry + Of their voices high + Falling dreamily through the sky, + But their forms I cannot see. + --LONGFELLOW. + + + + +THE BELTED PIPING PLOVER. + + +In the Missouri river region and in contiguous parts of the interior of +the United States, the Belted Piping Plover is a common summer resident, +and is found along the shores of the great lakes, breeding on the flat, +pebbly beach between the sand dunes and shore. It is the second of the +ring-necked Plovers, and arrives in April in scattering flocks, which +separate into pairs a month later. It strays at times into the interior, +and has been known to breed on the borders of ponds many miles from the +coast. In New England, however, it seldom wanders far from the shore, +and prefers sand islands near the main land for its nesting haunts. +Nelson says, that some thirty pairs, which were breeding along the beach +at Waukegan, within a space of two miles, successfully concealed their +nests, for which he made diligent search, although the birds were +continually circling about or standing at a short distance, uttering an +occasional note of alarm. + +These birds have a soft, low, piping note, which they utter not only +upon the wing, but occasionally as they run about upon the ground, and, +during the early nesting season, a peculiar, loud, prolonged, musical +call, that readily attracts attention. In other respects, their habits +are not noticeably differed from the Semi-palmated. (See July BIRDS, p.8.) + +Their nests are without lining, a mere depression in the sand. The eggs +are usually four, light gray to creamy buff, finely and rather sparsely +speckled or dotted with blackish brown and purplish gray. + +The female Belted Piping Plover is similar to the male, but with the +dark colors lighter and less in extent. The young have no black band in +front, while the collar around the neck is ashy brown. + +These interesting and valuable game birds are found associated with +various beach birds and Sandpipers, and they become exceedingly fat +during the latter part of the summer. + +All the Plovers have a singular habit when alighting on the ground in +the nesting time; they drop their wings, stand with their legs half +bent, and tremble as if unable to support their bodies. In this absurd +position they will stand, according to a well-known observer, for +several minutes, uttering a curious sound, and then seem to balance +themselves with great difficulty. This singular manoeuvre is no doubt +intended to produce a belief that they may be easily caught, and thus +turn the attention of the egg-gatherer from the pursuit of the eggs to +themselves, their eggs being recognized the world over, as a great +delicacy. + + + The Plover utters a piping sound + While on the wing or on the ground; + All a tremble it drops its wings, + And, with legs half bent, it sings: + "My nest is near, come take the eggs, + And take me too,--I'm off my legs." + In vain men search with eager eyes, + No nest is found, the Plover flies! + --C. C. M + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + BELTED PIPING PLOVER. + Copyrighted by + Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.] + + + + +THE WILD TURKEY. + + +It has been observed that when the Turkey makes its appearance on table +all conversation should for the moment be suspended. That it is eaten in +silence on some occasions may be inferred from the following anecdote: +A certain judge of Avignon, famous for his love of the glorious bird, +which the American people have wisely selected for the celebration of +Thanksgiving Day, said to a friend: "We have just been dining on a +superb Turkey. It was excellent. Stuffed with truffles to the very +throat--tender, delicate, filled with perfume! We left nothing but the +bones!" "How many were there of you?" asked his friend. "Two," replied +the judge, "the Turkey--and myself!" The reason, no doubt, why this +brilliant bird, which so much resembles the domestic Turkey, is now +almost extinct. It was formerly a resident of New England, and is still +found to some extent as far north-west as the Missouri River and +south-west as Texas. In Ohio it was formerly an abundant resident. Dr. +Kirtland (1850) mentions the time when Wild Turkeys were more common +than tame ones are now. + +The nests of this bird are very difficult to discover, as they are made +on the ground, midst tall, thick weeds or tangled briars. The female +will not leave the nest until almost trodden upon. It is stated that +when the eggs are once touched, she will abandon her nest. + +The Turkey became known to Europeans almost immediately upon the +discovery of America by the Spaniards in 1518, and it is probable that +it is distinctively an American bird. In its wild state, its plumage, as +in the case of the Honduras Turkey, grows more lustrous and magnificent +as the family extends southward. + +The "Gobblers," as the males are called, associate in parties of ten to +one hundred, seeking their food apart from the females, which wander +singly with their young or in troops with other hens and their families, +sometimes to the number of seventy or eighty. They travel on foot, +unless disturbed by the hunter or a river compels them to take wing. It +is said that when about to cross a river, they select a high eminence +from which to start, that their flight may be more sure, and in such a +position they sometimes remain for a day or more, as if in consultation. +On such occasions the males gobble vociferously, strutting about +pompously as if to animate their companions. At the signal note of +their leader, they wing their way to the opposite shore. + +The Wild Turkey feeds on many kinds of berries, fruits, and grasses. +Beetles, tadpoles, young frogs, and lizards are sometimes found in its +crop. When the Turkeys reach their destination, they disperse in flocks, +devouring the mast as they proceed. + +Pairing time begins in March. The sexes roost apart, but at no great +distance, so that when the female utters a call, every male within +hearing responds, rolling note after note in rapid succession, in a +voice resembling that of the tame Turkey when he hears any unusual +noise. Where the Turkeys are numerous, the woods from one end to the +other, sometimes for many miles, resound with these voices of wooing. + +The specimen of the Wild Turkey presented in this number of BIRDS is of +extraordinary size and beauty, and has been much admired. The day is not +far distant when a living specimen of this noble bird will be sought for +in vain in the United States. + + + + +THE CERULEAN WARBLER. + + +This beautiful little sky-blue feathered creature is well named Azure +Warbler, or again White-throated Blue Warbler, and is the most abundant +of the genus here. + +It is a bird of the wood, everywhere associated with the beautiful tall +forests of the more northern counties of western New York, sometimes +found in the open woods of pasture-lands, and quite partial to hardwood +trees. In its flitting motion in search of insect-prey, and in the +jerking curves of its more prolonged flight, as also in its structure, +it is a genuine Wood Warbler and keeps for the most part to what Thoreau +calls the "upper story" of its sylvan domain. + +All Warblers, it has been said, depend upon their markings rather than +song for their identity, which renders the majority of the tribe of +greater interest to the scientist than to the novice. Until you have +named four or five of the commonest species as landmarks, you will be +considerably confused. + +Audubon described the song of the Cerulean Warbler as "extremely sweet +and mellow," whereas it is a modest little strain, says Chapman, or +trill, divided into syllables like _zee, zee, zee, ze-ee-ee-eep_, or +according to another observer, _rheet, rheet, rheet, rheet, ridi, idi, +e-e-e-e-ee_; beginning with several soft warbling notes and ending in a +rather prolonged but quite musical squeak. The latter and more rapid +part of the strain, which is given in the upward slide, approaches an +insect quality of tone which is more or less peculiar to all true +Warblers, a song so common as to be a universal characteristic of our +tall forests. + +It is not strange that the nest of this species has been so seldom +discovered, even where the bird is very abundant during the breeding +season. It is built in the higher horizontal branches of forest trees, +always out some distance from the trunk, and ranging from twenty to +fifty feet above the ground. One described by Dr. Brewer, found in +Ontario, near Niagara Falls, was built in a large oak tree at the height +of fifty or more feet from the ground. It was placed horizontally on the +upper surface of a slender limb between two small twigs; and the branch +on which it was thus saddled was only an inch and a half in thickness, +being nine feet from the trunk of the tree. The abandoned home was +secured with great difficulty. + +The nest is a rather slender fabric, somewhat similar to the nest of the +Redstart, and quite small for the bird, consisting chiefly of a strong +rim firmly woven of strips of fine bark, stems of grasses, and pine +needles, bound round with flaxen fibres of plants and wool. Around the +base a few bits of hornets' nests, mosses, and lichens are loosely +fastened. The nest within is furnished with fine stems and needles, the +flooring very thin and slight. + +The bird is shy when started from the nest, and has a sharp chipping +alarm-note common to the family. + +The Cerulean Warbler is found in the Eastern States, but is more +numerous west of the Allegheny mountains, and throughout the heavily +wooded districts of the Mississippi valley. In winter it migrates to +Central America and Cuba. The Warblers are of unfailing interest to the +lover of bird life. Apart from the beauty of the birds themselves, with +their perpetually contrasting colors among the green leaves, their +pretty ways furnish to the silent watcher an ever changing spectacle of +the innocent life in the tree-tops. + + + + + [Illustration: From col. Fred. Kaempfer. + WILD TURKEY. + Copyrighted by + Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.] + + + + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + CERULEAN WARBLER. + Copyrighted by + Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.] + + + + +THE WILD TURKEY. + + +I thought my picture would appear in this number of BIRDS. What would +Thanksgiving be without a Turkey, I'd like to know. + +The editor says that I am a bird of ex-tra-or-di-na-ry size and beauty. +That word is as big as I am, but by spelling it, I guess you will +understand. + +I look as proud as a peacock, don't I? Well, I am just as proud. You +ought to see me strut, and hear me talk when the hen-turkeys are around. +Why, sometimes when there is a large troop of us in the woods you can +hear us _gobble, gobble, gobble_, for many miles. We are so fond of +talking to each other. + +That is when we are about to set up housekeeping, you think. + +Yes, in March and April. After the nests are made, and the little +turkeys hatched out, we big, handsome fellows go off by ourselves. The +hen-turkeys, with their young broods, do the same. + +Sometimes there are as many as a hundred in our troop and seventy or +eighty in theirs. We travel on foot, picking up food as we go, till we +meet a man with a gun, or come to a wide river. + +Then we have to fly. + +In a flock? Oh, yes. We choose some high place from which to get a good +start. There we all stay, sometimes a day or two, strutting about and +talking big. It is _gobble, gobble gobble_, from morning till night. +Just like one of your conventions, you know. After awhile our leader +gives the signal and off we all fly to the opposite shore. + +Did you ever see one of our nests? No? Well, they are not easily seen, +though they are made on the ground. You see, we are cunning and build +them among tall, thick weeds and tangled briars. + +I hope, if you ever come across one, you will not touch it, because my +mate would never return to it again, if you did. + +What do we eat? + +Berries, fruit and grasses, beetles, tadpoles, frogs and lizards. In +fact anything we consider good. + + + + +THE YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD. + + +In appearance this bird resembles a large Tern (see Vol. I, page 103), +and its habits are similar to those of the Terns. Inter-tropical, it +is of a wandering disposition, breeding on the islands of mid-ocean +thousands of miles apart. It is noted for its elegant, airy, and +long-protracted flight. Davie says that on Bourbon, Mauritius and other +islands east and south of Madagascar it breeds in the crevices of the +rocks of inaccessible cliffs, and in hollow trees. In the Bermuda +Islands it nests about the first of May in holes in high rocky places +along the shores. Here its favorite resorts are the small islands of +Great Sound, Castle Harbor, and Harrington Sound. The Phaeton, as it is +felicitously called, nests in the Bahamas in holes in the perpendicular +faces of cliffs and on the flat surfaces of rocks. A single egg is laid, +which has a ground-color of purplish brownish white, covered in some +specimens almost over the entire surface with fine reddish +chocolate-colored spots. + +These species compose the small but distinct family of tropic birds and +are found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. +Long journeys are made by them across the open sea, their flight when +emigrating being strong, rapid, and direct, and immense distances are +covered by them as they course undismayed by wind or storm. In feeding, +Chapman says, they course over the water, beating back and forth at a +height of about forty feet, and their long willowy tail-feathers add +greatly to the grace and beauty of their appearance when on the wing. +They are of rare and probably accidental occurrence on our coasts. + + + The Songs of Nature never cease, + Her players sue not for release + In nearer fields, on hills afar, + Attendant her musicians are: + From water brook or forest tree, + For aye comes gentle melody, + The very air is music blent-- + An universal instrument. + --JOHN VANCE CHENEY. + + + + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD. + Copyrighted by + Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.] + +THE YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD. + + +The people who make a study of birds say that I look like a large Tern, +and that my habits are like his. + +I don't know whether that is so, I am sure, for I have no acquaintance +with that bird, but you little folks can turn to your March number of +BIRDS and see for yourselves if it is true. + +For my part, I think I am the prettier of the two on account of my long, +willowy tail-feathers. They add greatly, it is said, to the grace and +beauty of my appearance when on the wing. Then, the color of my coat is +much more beautiful than his, I think, don't you think so, too? + +We are not so common as the Terns, either, for they are very numerous. +There are only three species of our family, so we consider ourselves +quite distinct. + +What are we noted for? + +Well, principally for our long distance flights across the sea, elegant +and airy, as the writers say of us. Maybe that is the reason they call +us the Phaeton sometimes. + +Do we go north in the summer as so many other birds do? + +Ugh! You make me shudder. No, indeed! We never go farther north than +Florida. Our home, or where we build our nests, is in the tropical and +sub-tropical regions, where the weather is very warm, you know. + +We are great wanderers and build our nests on islands, way out in the +ocean many thousands of miles apart. + +In trees? + +Oh, no, but in any hole we see in the face of a great rock or cliff, and +sometimes right on the top of a rock. + +How many eggs? + +Only one. That is the reason, you see, that our family remains small. + +Sing? + +Oh, my, no! We are not singing birds. We have a call-note, though harsh +and guttural, which sounds like _tip, tip, tip_. + + + + +THE EUROPEAN KINGFISHER. + + +Rarely indeed is this charming bird now found in England, where formerly +it could be seen darting hither and thither in most frequented places. +Of late years, according to Dixon, he has been persecuted so greatly, +partly by the collector, who never fails to secure the brilliant +creature for his cabinet at every opportunity, and partly by those who +have an inherent love for destroying every living object around them. +Gamekeepers, too, are up in arms against him, because of his inordinate +love of preying on the finny tribe. Where the Kingfisher now is seen is +in the most secluded places, the author adds, where the trout streams +murmur through the silent woods, but seldom trod by the foot of man; or +in the wooded gullies down which the stream from the mountains far above +rushes and tumbles over the huge rocks, or lies in pools smooth as the +finest mirror. + +The Kingfisher is comparatively a silent bird, though he sometimes +utters a few harsh notes as he flies swift as a meteor through the +wooded glades. You not unfrequently flush the Kingfisher from the holes +in the banks, and amongst the brambles skirting the stream. He roosts at +night in holes, usually the nesting cavity. Sometimes he will alight on +stumps and branches projecting from the water, and sit quiet and +motionless, but on your approach he darts quickly away, often uttering +a feeble _seep, seep_, as he goes. + +The habits of the English Kingfisher are identical with those of the +American, though the former is the more brilliant bird in plumage. (See +BIRDS, Vol. I, p. 61.) The ancients had a very absurd idea as to its +nesting habits. They believed that the bird built a floating nest, and +whenever the old bird and her charge were drifted by the winds, as they +floated over the briny deep, the sea remained calm. He was, therefore, +to the ancient mariner, a bird held sacred in the extreme. Even now +these absurd superstitions have not wholly disappeared. For instance, +the nest is said to be made of the fish bones ejected by the bird, while +the real facts are, that they not only nest but roost in holes, and it +must follow that vast quantities of rejected fish bones accumulate, and +on these the eggs are of necessity laid. + +These eggs are very beautiful objects, being of a deep pinkish hue, +usually six in number. + +The food of the Kingfisher is not composed entirely of fish, the remains +of fresh-water shrimps being found in their stomachs, and doubtless +other animals inhabiting the waters are from time to time devoured. + +The English Kingfisher, says Dixon, remains throughout the year, but +numbers perish when the native streams are frozen. There is, perhaps, +not a bird in all the ranks of the feathered gems of equatorial regions, +be it ever so fair, the Humming-bird excepted, that can boast a garb so +lovely as this little creature of the northland. Naturalists assert that +the sun has something to do with the brilliant colors of the birds and +insects of the tropics, but certainly, the Kingfisher is an exception of +the highest kind. Alas, that he has no song to inspire the muse of some +English bard! + + + + + [Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. + EUROPEAN KINGFISHER. + Copyrighted by + Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.] + +THE EUROPEAN KINGFISHER. + + +Little Folks: + +I shouldn't have liked it one bit if my picture had been left out of +this beautiful book. My cousin, the American Kingfisher, had his in the +February number, and I find he had a good deal to say about himself in +his letter, too. + +Fine feathers make fine birds, they say. Well, if that is true, I must +be a very fine bird, for surely my feathers are gay enough to please +anybody--_I_ think. + +To see me in all my beauty, you must seek me in my native wood. I look +perfectly gorgeous there, flitting from tree to tree. Or maybe you would +rather see me sitting on a stump, gazing down into the clear pool which +looks like a mirror. + +"Oh, what a vain bird!" you would say; "see him looking at himself in +the water;" when all the time I had my eye on a fine trout which I +intended to catch for my dinner. + +Well, though I wear a brighter dress than my American cousin, our habits +are pretty much alike. I am sure he catches fish the same way I do--when +he is hungry. + +With a hook and line, as you do? + +Oh, no; with my bill, which is long, you observe, and made for that very +purpose. You should just see me catch a fish! Down I fly to a stump near +the brook, or to a limb of a tree which overhangs the water, and there I +sit as quiet as a mouse for quite a while. + +Everything being so quiet, a fine speckled trout, or a school of +troutlets, play near the surface. Now is my chance! Down I swoop, and +up I come with a fish crosswise in my bill. + +Back I go to my perch, toss the minnow into the air, and as it falls +catch it head first and swallow it whole. I tell you this because you +ought to know why I am called _Kingfisher_. + +Do we swallow bones and all? + +Yes, but we afterwards eject the bones, when we are resting or roosting +in our holes in the banks of the stream. That must be the reason people +who write about us say we build our nests of fish bones. + +Sing? + +Oh, no, we are not singing birds; but sometimes, when flying swiftly +through the air, we give a harsh cry that nobody but a bird understands. + + Your friend, + THE ENGLISH KINGFISHER. + + + + +THE VERMILION FLY-CATCHER. + + +Thickets along water courses are favorite resorts of this beautiful +Fly-catcher, which may be seen only on the southern border of the United +States, south through Mexico to Guatemala, where it is a common species. +Mr. W. E. D. Scott notes it as a common species about Riverside, Tucson, +and Florence, Arizona. Its habits are quite similar to those of other +Fly-catchers, though it has not been so carefully observed as its many +cousins in other parts of the country. During the nesting season, the +male frequently utters a twittering song while poised in the air, in the +manner of the Sparrow Hawk, and during the song it snaps its bill as if +catching insects. + +The Vermilion's nest is usually placed in horizontal forks of ratana +trees, and often in mesquites, not more than six feet from the ground; +they are composed of small twigs and soft materials felted together, +with the rims covered with lichens, and the shallow cavity lined with a +few horse or cow hairs. Dr. Merrill states that they bear considerable +resemblance to nests of the Wood Pewee in appearance and the manner in +which they are saddled to the limb. Nests have been found, however, +which lacked the exterior coating of lichens. + +Three eggs are laid of a rich creamy-white with a ring of large brown +and lilac blotches at the larger end. + + + + +A WINTER NEST. + + + Pallid, wan-faced clouds + Press close to the frozen pines, + And follow the jagged lines + Of fence, that the sleet enshrouds. + + Sharp in the face of the sky, + Gaunt, thin-ribbed leaves are blown; + They rise with a shuddering moan, + Then sink in the snow and die. + + At the edge of the wood a vine + Still clings to the sleeping beech, + While its stiffened tendrils reach + A nest, and around it twine. + + A little gray nest all alone, + With its feathery lining of snow, + Where bleak winds, piping low, + Croon a sweet minor tone. + --NORA A. PIPER. + + + + + [Illustration: From col. George F. Breninger. + VERMILION FLY-CATCHER. + Copyrighted by + Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.] + + + + +BIRD MISCELLANY. + + + Red and yellow, green and brown, + Leaves are whirling, rustling down; + Acorn babes in their cradles lie, + Through the bare trees the brown birds fly; + The Robin chirps as he flutters past-- + November days have come at last. + --CLARA LOUISE STRONG. + + +"I have watched birds at their singing under many and widely differing +circumstances, and I am sure that they express joyous anticipation, +present content, and pleasant recollection, each as the mood moves, and +with equal ease." + + --M. THOMPSON. + + +"The act of singing is evidently a pleasurable one; and it probably +serves as an outlet for superabundant nervous energy and excitement, +just as dancing, singing, and field sports do with us." + + --A. R. WALLACE. + + +"The bird upon the tree utters the meaning of the wind--a voice of the +grass and wild flower, words of the green leaf; they speak through that +slender tone. Sweetness of dew and rifts of sunshine, the dark hawthorn +touched with breadths of open bud, the odor of the air, the color of the +daffodil--all that is delicious and beloved of spring-time are expressed +in his song." + + --RICHARD JEFFERIES. + + + + +THE LAZULI BUNTING. + + The joy is great of him who strays + In shady woods on summer days. + --MAURICE THOMPSON. + + +In Colorado and Arizona the Lazuli Painted Finch, as it is called, +is common, while in California it is very abundant, being, in fact, +generally distributed throughout the west, and along the Pacific Coast +it is found as far north as Puget Sound, during the summer. Davie says +it replaces the Indigo Bunting, (See BIRDS, Vol. I, page 174,) from the +Plains to the Pacific, being found in all suitable localities. The nest +is usually built in a bush or in the lower limbs of trees, a few feet +from the ground. Fine strips of bark, small twigs, grasses, and hair are +used in preparing it for the four tiny, light bluish-green eggs, which +readily fade when exposed to light. The eggs so closely resemble those +of the Bluebird as not to be distinguishable with certainty. The nest is +an inartistic one for a bird of gay plumage. + +From Florence A. Merriam's charming book, "A-Birding on a Bronco," we +select a description of the pretty manners of this attractive bird. She +says: + +"While waiting for the Woodpeckers, one day, I saw a small brownish +bird flying busily back and forth to some green weeds. She was joined +by her mate, a handsome blue Lazuli Bunting, even more beautiful than our +lovely Indigo, and he flew beside her full of life and joy. He lit on +the side of a cockle stem, and on the instant caught sight of me. Alas! +he seemed suddenly turned to stone. He held onto that stalk as if his +little legs had been bars of iron and I a devouring monster. When he had +collected his wits enough to fly off, instead of the careless gay flight +with which he had come out through the open air, he timidly kept low +within the cockle field, making a circuitous way through the high +stalks. He could be afraid of me if he liked, I thought, for after a +certain amount of suspicion, an innocent person gets resentful; at any +rate I was going to see that nest. Creeping up cautiously when the +mother bird was away, so as not to scare her, and carefully parting the +mallows, I looked in. Yes, there it was, a beautiful little sage-green +nest of old grass laid in a coil. I felt as pleased as if having a right +to share the family happiness. After that I watched the small worker +gather material with new interest, knowing where she was going to put +it. She worked fast, but did not take the first thing she found, by any +means. With a flit of the wing she went in nervous haste from cockle to +cockle, looking eagerly about her. Jumping down to the ground, she +picked up a bit of grass, threw it down dissatisfied, and turned away +like a person looking for something. At last she lit on the side of a +thistle, and tweaking out a fibre, flew with it to the nest. + +"A month after the first encounter with the father Lazuli, I found +him looking at me around the corner of a cockle stalk, and in passing +back again, caught him singing full tilt, though his bill was full of +insects! After we had turned our backs I looked over my shoulder and +had the satisfaction of seeing him take his beakful to the nest. You +couldn't help admiring him, for though not a warrior who would snap his +bill over the head of an enemy of his home, he had a gallant holiday air +with his blue coat and merry song, and you felt sure his little brown +mate would get cheer and courage enough from his presence to make family +dangers appear less frightful." + + + + + [Illustration: From col. John F. Ferry. + LAZULI BUNTING. + Copyrighted by + Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.] + +THE LAZULI BUNTING. + + +You think you have seen me before? Well, I must admit my relative, the +Indigo Bunting, and I _do_ look alike. They say though, I am the +prettier bird of the two. Turn to your May number, page 174, and +decide for yourselves. + +I live farther west than he does. You find him in the eastern and middle +states. Then he disappears and I take his place, all the way from the +Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean. + +Some people call me the Lazuli Painted Finch. That's funny, for I never +painted anything in my life--not even my cheeks. Would you like to know +how my mate and I go to housekeeping? A lady who visits California, +where I live, will tell you all about it. She rides a horse called +Mountain Billy. He will stand still under a tree so that she can peep +into nests and count the eggs, when the mother bird is away. + +She can travel a good many miles in that way, and meet lots of birds. +She says in her book, that she has got acquainted with seventy-five +families, without robbing one nest, or doing the little creatures any +harm. + +Well, one day this lady saw a brownish bird flying busily back and +forth to some tall green weeds. After a while a handsome blue Bunting +flew along side of her, full of life and joy. + +That was my mate and I. How frightened I was! for our nest was in those +green weeds and not very far from the ground. I flew away as soon as I +could pluck up courage, but not far, so that I could watch the lady and +the nest. How my heart jumped when I saw her creep up, part the weeds +and look in. All she saw was a few twigs and a sage-green nest of old +grass laid in a coil. My mate hadn't put in the lining yet; you see it +takes her quite a while to get the thistle down and the hair and strips +of bark for the inside. The next time the lady passed, the house was +done and my mate was sitting on the nest. She just looked down at us +from the back of Mountain Billy and passed on. + +Four weeks after, she came again, and there I was, flying about and +singing "like a bird," my mouth full of insects, too. I waited 'till she +had turned away before I flew to the nest to feed our little ones. I +didn't know, you see, that she was such a good friend of ours, or I +wouldn't have been so afraid. + + + + +SUMMARY + + +Page 163. + +#SUMMER TANAGER.#--_Piranga rubra._ Other names: "Summer Red-bird," +"Rose Tanager." + +RANGE--Eastern United States west to the edge of the Plains; north +regularly to about 40°--New Jersey, central Ohio, Illinois, casually +north to Connecticut and Ontario, accidentally to Nova Scotia, wintering +in Cuba, Central America, and northern South America. (Davie.) + +NEST--Of bark strips and leaves interwoven with various vegetable +substances, on drooping branch of tree. + +EGGS--Three or four, bluish-white or greenish-blue, with cinnamon or +olive-brown markings. + + * * * * * + +Page 168. + +#AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE#--_Anser albifrons gambeli._ Other names: +"Laughing Goose," "Speckle Belly." + +RANGE--North America, breeding far northward; in winter south to Mexico +and Cuba, rare on the Atlantic coast. + +NEST--On the ground, of grasses lined with down. + +Eggs--Six or seven, dull greenish-yellow with obscure darker tints. + + * * * * * + +Page 171. + +#TURNSTONE.#--_Arenaria interpres._ Other names: "Brant Bird," +"Calico-back," "Bead-bird," "Sand-runner," "Chickling," +"Horse-foot Snipe." + +RANGE--Nearly cosmopolitan; nests in the Arctic regions, and in America +migrates southward to Patagonia. (Chapman.) + +NEST--A slight depression on the ground. + +EGGS--Two or four, greenish-drab, spotted all over with brown. + + * * * * * + +Page 175. + +#THE BELTED PIPING PLOVER.#--_Aegialitis meloda circumcincta._ + +RANGE--Missouri river region; occasionally eastward to the Atlantic +coast. + +NEST--Depression in the sand without lining. + +EGGS--Four, light gray to creamy buff, finely speckled with blackish +brown and purplish gray. + + * * * * * + +Page 180. + +#WILD TURKEY#--_Meleagris gallopava._ + +RANGE--Eastern United States from Pennsylvania southward to Florida, +west to Wisconsin, the Indian Territory and Texas. + +NEST--On the ground, at the base of a bush or tree. + +EGGS--Ten to fourteen, pale cream buff, finely and evenly speckled with +grayish brown. + + * * * * * + +Page 181. + +#CERULEAN WARBLER#--_Dendręca caerulea._ Other names: "Azure Warbler;" +"White-throated Blue Warbler." + +RANGE--Mississippi valley as far north as Minnesota, and eastward as far +as Lockport, N. Y. (Davison.) Winters in the tropics. + +NEST--Of fine grasses bound with spider's silk, lined with strips of +bark and with a few lichens attached to its upper surface, in a tree, +twenty-five to fifty feet from the ground. (Chapman.) + +EGGS--Four, creamy-white, thickly covered with rather heavy blotches of +reddish brown. + + * * * * * + +Page 186. + +#YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD.#--_Phaethon flavirostris._ Other names: +"Phaeton." + +RANGE.--Tropical coasts; Atlantic coasts of tropical America, West +Indies, Bahamas, Bermudas; casual in Florida and accidental in Western +New York and Nova Scotia. (Chapman.) + +NEST--In holes in the perpendicular faces of cliffs, also on the flat +surfaces of rocks. + +EGGS--One, ground color of purplish brownish white, covered with fine +reddish chocolate-colored spots. (Davie.) + + * * * * * + +Page 190. + +#EUROPEAN KINGFISHER.#--_Alcedo ispida._ + +RANGE--England and portions of Europe. + +NEST--In holes of the banks of streams. + +EGGS--Usually six, of a deep pinkish hue. + + * * * * * + +Page 193. + +#VERMILION FLY-CATCHER.#--_Pyocephalus rubineus mexicanus._ + +RANGE--Southern Border of the United States south through Mexico and +Guatemala. + +NEST--In forks of ratana trees, not more than six feet up, of small +twigs and soft materials felted together, the rims covered with lichens; +the cavity is shallow. + +EGGS--Usually three, the ground color a rich creamy-white, with a ring +of large brown and lilac blotches at the larger end. + + * * * * * + +Page 198. + +#LAZULI BUNTING.#--_Passerina amoena._ Other name: "Lazuli Painted Finch." + +RANGE--Western United States from the Great Plains to the Pacific; south +in winter to Western Mexico. + +NEST--In a bush or the lower limbs of trees, a few feet from the ground, +of fine strips of bark, small twigs, grasses, and is lined with hair. + +EGGS--Usually four, light bluish-green. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color +Photography, Vol. II., No. 5, November 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR *** + +***** This file should be named 30677-8.txt or 30677-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/6/7/30677/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer, some +images courtesy of The Internet Archive and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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