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+Project Gutenberg's Famous Firesides of French Canada, by Mary Wilson Alloway
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Famous Firesides of French Canada
+
+Author: Mary Wilson Alloway
+
+Release Date: December 14, 2009 [EBook #30674]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS FIRESIDES OF FRENCH CANADA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marcia Brooks, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Canada Team at
+http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by The Internet
+Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Hearths beside which were rocked the cradles of those who
+made the history of Canada.]
+
+
+
+
+FAMOUS FIRESIDES
+
+OF
+
+FRENCH CANADA
+
+BY
+
+MARY WILSON ALLOWAY.
+
+ILLUSTRATED.
+
+MONTREAL:
+
+PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELL & SON
+
+1899
+
+     Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year
+     one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine, by MARY WILSON
+     ALLOWAY, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture and
+     Statistics at Ottawa.
+
+
+TO
+
+THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
+
+LORD STRATHCONA AND MOUNT ROYAL, G.C.M.G., LL.D., &c.,
+
+CHANCELLOR OF McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL,
+
+AND
+
+HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR CANADA IN LONDON,
+
+THIS VOLUME
+
+IS
+
+BY SPECIAL PERMISSION
+
+_Respectfully Dedicated_
+
+BY
+
+THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+The principal authorities consulted in the preparation of this work were
+Le Moyne, Kingsford, Rattray, Garneau, Parkman, Hawkins and Bouchette.
+
+Acknowledgments are also due to the kind interest evinced and
+encouragement given by the Hon. Judge Baby, President of the Numismatic
+and Antiquarian Society of Montreal.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+Château de Ramezay                       19
+
+Heroes of the Past                       30
+
+Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-la-Victoire      51
+
+Le Séminaire                             56
+
+Cathedrals and Cloisters                 58
+
+Massacre of Lachine                      82
+
+Château de Vaudreuil                     95
+
+Battle of the Plains                    103
+
+Canada under English Rule               125
+
+American Invasion                       144
+
+The Continental Army in Canada          155
+
+Fur Kings                               192
+
+Interesting Sites                       199
+
+Famous Names                            203
+
+Echoes from the Past                    212
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                              PAGE.
+
+Fireplace                           _Frontispiece._
+
+Château Kitchen                                 24
+
+Château de Ramezay                              26
+
+Montgomery Salon                                28
+
+Chapel of Notre Dame de la Victoire             52
+
+Le Séminaire                                    56
+
+Home of La Salle                                84
+
+St. Amable St.                                  98
+
+Fort Chambly                                   146
+
+Château Fortier                                156
+
+Franklin Vaults                                170
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In offering this little volume to the kind consideration of Canadian and
+American readers, it is the earnest wish of the Author that it may
+commend itself to the interest of both, as the early histories of Canada
+and the United States are so closely connected that they may be
+considered identical.
+
+We have tried to recall the days when, by these firesides, we re rocked
+the cradles of those who helped to make Canadian history, and to render
+more familiar the names and deeds of the great men, French, English and
+American, upon whose valour and wisdom such mighty issues depended.
+
+The recital is, we trust, wholly impartial and without prejudice.
+
+It is to be hoped that the union of sentiment which the close of this
+century sees between the two great Anglo-Saxon peoples may cast a veil
+of forgetfulness over the strife of the one preceding it; and be a
+herald of that reign of peace, when "nation shall no more rise against
+nation, and wars shall cease."
+
+[Illustration: Signature]
+
+MARY WILSON ALLOWAY
+
+MONTREAL, May 24, 1899.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+About twelve years after the first Spanish caravel had touched the
+shores of North America, we find the French putting forth efforts to
+share in some of the results of the discovery. In the year 1504 some
+Basque, Breton and Norman fisher-folk had already commenced fishing
+along the bleak shores of Newfoundland and the contiguous banks for the
+cod in which this region is still so prolific.
+
+The Spanish claim to the discovery of America is disputed by several
+aspirants to that honour. Among these are the ancient mariners of
+Northern Europe, the Norsemen of the Scandinavian Peninsula. They assert
+that their Vikings touched American shores three centuries before
+Isabella of Castille drove the Moors from their palaces among the orange
+groves of _Espana_. Eric the Red, and other sea-kings, made voyages to
+Iceland and Greenland in the eleventh and following centuries; and it
+is highly probable that these Norsemen, with their hardihood and
+enterprise, touched on some part of the mainland. One Danish writer
+claims that this occurred as far back as the year 985, about eighty
+years after the death of the Danes' mortal enemy, the great Saxon King
+Alfred.
+
+Even the Welsh, from the isolation of their mountain fastnesses, declare
+that a Cambrian expedition, in the year 1170, under Prince Modoc, landed
+in America. In proof of this, there is said to exist in Mexico a colony
+bearing indisputable traces of the tongue of these ancient Celts.
+
+The term Canada first appears as the officially recognized name of the
+region in the instructions given by Francis I to its original colonists
+in the year 1538.
+
+There are various theories as to the etymology of the word, its having
+by different authorities been attributed to Indian, French and Spanish
+origins.
+
+In an old copy of a Montreal paper, bearing date of Dec. 24, 1834, it is
+asserted that Canada or _Kannata_ is an Indian word, meaning a village,
+and was mistaken by the early visitors for the name of the whole
+country.
+
+The Philadelphia _Courier_, of July, 1836, gives the following not
+improbable etymology of the name of the province:--Canada is compounded
+of two aboriginal words, _Can_, which signifies the mouth, and _Ada_ the
+country, meaning the mouth of the country. A writer of the same period,
+when there seems to have been considerable discussion on the subject,
+says:--The word is undoubtedly of Spanish origin, coming from a common
+Spanish word, _Canada_, signifying a space or opening between mountains
+or high banks--a district in Mexico of similar physical features,
+bearing the same name.
+
+"That there were Spanish pilots or navigators among the first
+discoverers of the St. Lawrence may be readily supposed, and what more
+natural than that those who first visited the gulf should call the
+interior of the country _El Canada_ from the typographical appearance of
+the opening to it, the custom of illiterate navigators naming places
+from events and natural appearances being well established."
+
+Hennepin, an etymological _savant_, declares that the name arose from
+the Spaniards, who were the first discoverers of Canada, exclaiming, on
+their failure to find the precious metals, "_El Capa da nada_," or Cape
+Nothing. There seems to be some support of this alleged presence of the
+Spanish among the early navigators of the St. Lawrence, by the finding
+in the river, near Three Rivers, in the year 1835, an ancient cannon of
+peculiar make, which was supposed to be of Spanish construction.
+
+The origins of the names of Montreal and Quebec are equally open to
+discussion. Many stoutly assert that Montreal is the French for Mount
+Royal, or Royal Mount; others, that by the introduction of one letter,
+the name is legitimately Spanish--_Monte-real_. _Monte_, designating any
+wooded elevation, and that _real_ is the only word in that language for
+royal.
+
+The word Quebec is attributed to Indian and French sources. It is said
+that it is an Algonquin word, meaning a strait, the river at this point
+being not more than a mile wide; but although Champlain coincided in
+this view, its root has never been discovered in any Indian tongue. Its
+abrupt enunciation has not to the ear the sound of an Indian word, and
+it could scarcely have come from the Algonquin language, which is
+singularly soft and sweet, and may be considered the Italian of North
+American dialects.
+
+Those who claim for it a French origin, say that the Normans, rowing up
+the river with Cartier at his first discovery, as they rounded the
+wooded shores of the Isle of Orleans, and came in sight of the bare rock
+rising three hundred feet from its base, exclaimed "_Quel bec!_" or,
+What a promontory! The word bears intrinsically strong evidence of
+Norman origin.
+
+Cape Diamond received its name from the fact that in the "dark colored
+slate of which it is composed are found perfectly limpid quartz crystals
+in veins, along with crystallized carbonate of lime, which, sparkling
+like diamonds among the crags, suggested the appellation."
+
+
+
+
+Famous Firesides
+
+--OF--
+
+French Canada
+
+
+
+
+THE CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY.
+
+
+A few yards from the busy municipal centre of the city of Montreal,
+behind an antique iron railing, is a quaint, old building known as the
+Château de Ramezay. Its history is contemporary with that of the city
+for the last two centuries, and so identified with past stirring events
+that it has been saved from the vandalism of modern improvement, and is
+to be preserved as a relic of the old _Régime_ in New France. It is a
+long one-storied structure, originally red-tiled, with graceful, sloping
+roof, double rows of peaked, dormer windows, huge chimneys and the
+unpolished architecture of the period.
+
+Among the many historical buildings of America, none have been the scene
+of more thrilling events, a long line of interesting associations being
+connected with the now quiet old Château, looking in its peaceful old
+age as out of keeping with its modern surroundings as would an ancient
+vellum missal, mellowed for centuries in a monkish cell, appear among
+some of the ephemeral literature of to-day.
+
+A brilliant line of viceroys have here held rule, and within its walls
+things momentous in the country's annals have been enacted. During its
+checkered experience no less than three distinct _Régimes_ have followed
+each other, French, British and American. In an old document still to be
+found among the archives of the Seminary of St. Sulpice, it is recorded
+that the land on which it stands was ceded to the Governor of Montreal
+in the year 1660, just eighteen years after Maisonneuve, its founder,
+planted the silken Fleur-de-Lys of France on the shores of the savage
+Redman, and one hundred years before the tri-cross of England floated
+for the first time from the ramparts.
+
+Somewhere about the year 1700 a portion of this land was acquired by
+Claude de Ramezay, Sieur de la Gesse, Bois Fleurent and Monnoir, in
+France, and Governor of Three Rivers, and this house built.
+
+De Ramezay was of an old Franco-Scottish family, being descended by
+_Thimothy_, his father, from one Sir John Ramsay, a Scotchman, who, with
+others of his compatriots, went over to France in the 16th century. He
+may have joined an army raised for the French wars, or may have formed
+part of a bridal train similar to the gay retinue of the fair Princess
+Mary, who went from the dark fells and misty lochs of the land of the
+Royal Stuarts to be the loveliest queen who ever sat on the throne of
+_la belle France_. De Ramezay was the father of thirteen children, by
+his wife, Mademoiselle Denys de la Ronde, a sister of Mesdames Thomas
+Tarieu de La Naudière de La Pérade, d'Ailleboust d'Argenteuil, Chartier
+de Lotbinière and Aubert de la Chenage, the same family out of whom came
+the celebrated de Jumonville, so well known in connection with the
+unfortunate circumstances of Fort Necessity. The original of the
+marriage contract is still preserved in the records of the Montreal
+Court House; with its long list of autographs of Governor, Intendant,
+and high officials, civil and military, scions of the nobility of the
+country, appended thereto. The annals of the family tell us that some of
+them died in infancy, several met violent and untimely deaths, two of
+the sisters took conventual vows in the cloisters of Quebec, two
+married, having descendants now living in France and Canada, and two
+remained unmarried.
+
+De Ramezay came over as a captain in the army with the Viceroy de Tracy,
+and was remarkable for his highly refined education, having been a pupil
+of the celebrated Fénélon, who was said to have been the pattern of
+virtue in the midst of a corrupt court, and who was entrusted by Louis
+the Fourteenth with the education of his grandsons, the Dukes of
+Burgundy, Anjou and Berri. Had the first named, who was heir-presumptive
+to the throne, lived to practice the princely virtues, the seeds of
+which his preceptor had sown in his heart, some of the most bloody pages
+in French history might never have been written.
+
+De Ramezay, for many years being Governor of Montreal, held official
+court in the Council chamber to the right of the entrance hall of the
+Château, which is now a museum of rare and valuable relics of Canada's
+past.
+
+The Salon was the scene of many a gay rout, as Madame de Ramezay,
+imitating the brilliant social and political life as it was in France in
+the time of _Le Grand Monarque_, transplanted to the wilds of America
+some reflection of court ceremonial and display as they culminated in
+that long and brilliant reign. From the dormer windows above, high-bred
+French ladies looked at the sun rising over the forest-clothed shores of
+the river, on which now stands the architectural grandeur of the modern
+city. How strange to the swarthy-faced dwellers in the wigwam must the
+old-time gaieties have appeared, as the lights from the silver
+_candelabres_ shone far out in the night, when the old Château was _en
+fête_ and aglow with music, dancing and laughter.
+
+What a contrast to the burden-bearing squaws were the dainty French
+women in stiff brocade and jewels, high heels, paint, patches and
+tresses _à la Pompadour_, tripping through the stately measures of the
+minuet to the sound of lute or harpsichord!
+
+    "O, fair young land of _La Nouvelle France_,
+    With thy halo of olden time romance,
+    Back like a half-forgotten dream
+    Come the bygone days of the old _Régime_."
+
+The servants and retainers, imitating their lords, held high revel in
+the vaulted kitchens; while dishes and confections, savoury and
+delicious, came from the curious fireplace and ovens recently discovered
+in the vaults. These ancient kitchen offices, built to resist a siege,
+are exceedingly interesting in the light of our culinary arrangements of
+to-day. They were so constructed that if the buildings above, with their
+massive masonry, were destroyed, they would afford safe and comfortable
+refuge. The roof is arched, and, like the walls, is several feet thick,
+of solid stone, lighted by heavily barred windows, with strong iron
+shutters. In clearing out the walled-up and long-forgotten ovens, there
+were found bits of broken crockery, pipe-stems and the ashes of fires,
+gone out many, many long years ago. As indicated by an early map of the
+city, the position of the original well was located; in which, when it
+is cleaned out, it is intended to hang an old oaken bucket and drinking
+cups as nearly as possible as they originally were.
+
+[Illustration: Ancient kitchen and fireplace of the Château de Ramezay.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+Some time after the death of de Ramezay, which occurred in the city of
+Quebec in 1724, these noble halls fell into the possession of the
+fur-traders of Canada, and many a time these underground cellars were
+stored with the rich skins of the mink, silver fox, marten, sable and
+ermine for the markets of Europe and for royalty itself. They were
+brought in by the hunters and trappers over the boundless domains of the
+fur companies, and by the Indian tribes friendly to the peltrie trade.
+As these hardy, bronzed men sat around the hearth, while the juicy
+haunch of venison roasted on the spit by the blazing logs, relating
+blood-curdling tales and hairbreadth escapes, they were a necessary
+phase of times long passed away, but which will always have a
+picturesqueness especially their own.
+
+Instead of the white man's influencing the savage towards civilized
+customs, it was often found, as one writer has said, that hundreds of
+white men were barbarized on this continent for each single savage that
+was civilized. Many of the former identified themselves by marriage and
+mode of life with the Indians, developed their traits of hardihood and
+acquired their knowledge of woodcraft and skill in navigating the
+streams. In pursuit of the fur-bearing animals in their native haunts,
+they shot the raging rapids, ventured out upon the broad expanse of the
+treacherous lakes, and endured without complaint the severity of winter
+and the exposure of forest life in summer.
+
+[Illustration: CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY.]
+
+Their ranks were continually increased by those who were impatient of
+the slow method of obtaining a livelihood from the tillage of the soil,
+when the husbandman was frequently driven from the plough by the sudden
+attack of Indian foes, or interrupted in his hasty and anxious
+harvesting by their war-whoop, or perhaps was compelled to leave his
+farm to take up arms, if the occasion arose, so that in many instances
+the homesteads were left to the old men, women and children. The
+excitement of the chase and the wild freedom of the plains had a
+fascination that many could not resist, so much so that the king had to
+promulgate an edict, to stop, under heavy penalties, this roving life of
+his Canadian subjects, as their nomadic tendencies interfered with the
+successful settlement of the colony.
+
+To the lover of the quaint architecture of other centuries, there is an
+indescribable charm in these time-worn walls, which are still as
+substantial as if the snows and rains of two centuries had not beaten
+against them. The interior is equally interesting in this regard, as the
+walls dividing the chambers and corridors, though covered with modern
+plaster and stucco, are found to consist of several feet of solid stone
+masonry, while the ornamental ceiling covers beams of timber, twenty
+inches by eighteen, which is strong, well jointed and placed as close as
+flooring. Above this is heavy stone work over twelve inches thick, so
+that the sloping roof was the only part pregnable in an assault with the
+munitions of war then in use. Upon removing a portion of the modern
+wainscotting in the main reception room, there was discovered an ancient
+fireplace, made of roughly hewn blocks of granite. A crescent-shaped
+portion of the hearthstone is capable of removal, for what purpose it is
+not known. With old andirons and huge logs, it looks to-day exactly as
+it must have done when Montgomery and his suite, in revolutionary
+uniform, received delegations in this chamber, and when Brigadier
+General Wooster, who succeeded him, wrote and sent despatches by courier
+from the French Château to the Colonial mansion at Mount Vernon.
+
+[Illustration: Salon in which Montgomery held official receptions, 1775.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+The rooms of state in those days were, it is said, all in what is at
+present the back of the house, the rear of the building being the front,
+facing the river, down to which ran the gardens.
+
+It may be that the moonlight cast on these panes the shadow of the noble
+Sir Jeffrey Amherst, in his red coat, as looking out over the river he
+may have seen the smoke of the fire lighted by de Lévis, where he burnt
+his colours rather than let them fall into the hands of the English.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+HEROES OF THE PAST.
+
+
+On the river bank below the Château, tradition says, was the spot
+trodden by Jacques Cartier, who gave the river its name. Born at the
+time when all Europe was still excited over the tales of Columbus'
+adventures, he left the white cliffs and grey docks of St. Malo, where
+he had learned the sailor's craft, to search for the western route to
+the Indies.
+
+A little higher up, less than a century later, Champlain, to push on
+actively his operations in the fur-trade, built his fort, the name which
+he then gave the spot, "_Place Royale_," being recently restored to it.
+In his wanderings for the further pursuance of this object, he
+discovered Lakes Ontario, Huron and Champlain.
+
+Being betrothed to a twelve year old maiden, Hélène Bouillé, the
+daughter of a Huguenot, he named the island opposite the city, which
+lies like a green gem among the crystal waters, Hélène, in affectionate
+remembrance of her who, at the end of eight years, was to join him in
+his adventurous life.
+
+The winding length of quiet, old St. Paul street, then an Indian trail,
+following the course of the river through the oak forest, must often
+have known the presence of this picturesque warrior in his
+weather-beaten garments of the doublet and long hose then in vogue.
+"Over the doublet he buckled on a breastplate, and probably a back
+piece, while his thighs were protected by cuisses of steel and his head
+by a plumed casque. Across his shoulders hung the strap of his
+_baudolier_ or ammunition box, at his side was his sword, and in his
+hand his arquebuse. Such was the equipment of this ancient Indian
+fighter, whose exploits date eleven years before the Puritans landed,"
+among the grey granite hills of New England.
+
+He was an armourer of Dieppe, who, though "a great captain, a successful
+discoverer and a noted geographer, was more than all a God-fearing,
+Christian gentleman." He was more concerned to gain victories by the
+cross than by the sword, saying:--"The salvation of a soul is of more
+value than the conquest of an empire."
+
+The year 1620 was a red letter day in the history of the Colony, when,
+from a little vessel moored at the foot of the cliff, he led on shore at
+Quebec his young bride, who with her three maids had come to the western
+wilderness, the first gentlewoman to land on Canadian shores. He
+conducted her to where is now the corner of Notre Dame and Sous-le-Fort
+streets, to the rude "_habitation_" he had prepared for her reception,
+which was poorly furnished and unhomelike in comparison to the one which
+she had left over the sea. But history tells of no word of complaint nor
+disappointment coming from the gentle lips; but, as the youthful
+_châteleine_ sat by her hearth, it shed a light among the huts of the
+settlers and dusky lodges of the natives, as her example of patience and
+duty performed by the first refined, civilized fireside in the land
+does to the thousands who have succeeded her. After almost three
+hundred years, the "charms of her person, her elegance and kindliness of
+manner" are still remembered. The chronicler tells us that the
+"Governor's lady wore in her daily rambles, amongst the wigwams, an
+article of feminine attire, not unusual in those days, a small mirror at
+her girdle." It appealed irresistibly to the simple natures around her,
+that "a beauteous being should love them so much as to carry their
+images reflected close to her heart."
+
+"The graceful figure of the first lady of Canada, gliding noiselessly
+along by the murmuring waters of the St. Lawrence, showering everywhere
+smiles and kindness, a help-mate to her noble lord, and a pattern of
+purity and refinement, was indeed a vision of female loveliness" which
+time cannot obliterate nor forgetfulness dim. The domestic life of the
+colony dates from about the time of her arrival, the first regular
+register of marriage being entered in the following year; two months
+after the first nuptial ceremony was performed in New England. The
+first christening took place in the same year, 1621, the ordinance being
+administered to the infant son of Abraham Martin, _dit L'Ecossais_,
+pilot of the river St. Lawrence. This old pilot, named in the journal of
+the Jesuits as _Maître_ Abraham, has bequeathed his name to the famous
+Plains, on which was decided the destiny of New France.
+
+It was indeed a sorry day for the settlement when the inhabitants, on
+the 16th of August, 1624, saw the white sails of Champlain's vessel
+disappear behind what is now Point Levis, carrying back, alas! forever,
+to the shores of her beloved France, Madame de Champlain, sighing for
+the mystic life of the cloister, tired out by the incessant alarms and
+the Indian ferocities spread around the Fort during the frequent
+absences of her husband and her favourite brother, Eustache Bouillé. The
+daintily-nurtured French lady must have found the quiet of the old-world
+convent a very haven of peace and rest. She died at Mieux, an Ursuline
+Nun, in the order which subsequently was to be so closely identified
+with the religious history of her wilderness home.
+
+But monastic retreat had no attractions for the founder of Fort St.
+Louis. Parkman says: "Champlain, though in Paris is restless. He is
+enamoured of the New World, whose rugged charms have seized his fancy
+and his heart. His restless thoughts revert to the fog-wrapped coasts,
+the piney odours of the forests, the noise of waters and the sharp and
+piercing sunlight so dear to his remembrance."
+
+Among these he was destined to lay down his well worn armour at the
+command of death, the only enemy before whom he ever retreated; for on
+Christmas Day, 1635, in a chamber in the Fort at Quebec, "breathless and
+cold lay the hardy frame which war, the wilderness and the sea had
+buffeted so long in vain. The chevalier, crusader, romance-loving
+explorer and practical navigator lay still in death," leaving the memory
+of a courage that was matchless and a patience that was sublime.
+
+For over two hundred and sixty years, no monument stood to celebrate
+this true patriot's name, but now his statue stands in his city, near to
+where he laid the foundations and built the Château St. Louis. Most
+unfortunately his last resting place is unknown, notwithstanding the
+laborious and learned efforts of the many distinguished antiquarians of
+Quebec.
+
+The Fort which Champlain built in 1620, and in which he died, was for
+over two centuries the seat of government, and the name recalls the
+thrilling events which clothed it with an atmosphere of great and
+stirring interest during its several periods. The hall of the Fort
+during the weakness of the colony was often, it is said, a scene of
+terror and despair from the inroads of the ferocious savages, who,
+having passed and overthrown all the French outposts, threatened the
+Fort itself, and massacred some friendly Indians within sight of its
+walls.
+
+"In the palmy days of French sovereignty it was the centre of power over
+the immense domain extending from the Gulf of St. Lawrence along the
+shores of the noble river and down the course of the Mississippi to its
+outlet below New Orleans.
+
+The banner which first streamed from the battlements of Quebec was
+displayed from a line of forts which protected the settlements
+throughout this vast extent of country. The Council Chamber of the
+Castle was the scene of many a midnight vigil, many a long deliberation
+and deep-laid project, to free the continent from the intrusion of the
+ancient rivals of France and assert her supremacy. Here also was
+rendered, with all its ancient forms, the fealty and homage of the
+_noblesse_ and military retainers, who held possessions under the Crown,
+a feudal service suited to those early times, and which is still
+performed by the peers at the coronation of our kings in Westminster
+Abbey."
+
+[Illustration: Frontenac]
+
+Among the many dramatic scenes of which it was the theatre, no
+occurrence was more remarkable than an event which happened in the year
+1690, when "Castle St. Louis had assumed an appearance worthy of the
+Governor-General, who then made it the seat of the Royal Government, the
+dignified Count de Frontenac, a nobleman of great talents, long service
+and extreme pride, and who is considered one of the most illustrious of
+the early French rulers." The story is, that Sir William Phipps, an
+English admiral, arriving with his fleet in the harbour, and believing
+the city to be in a defenceless condition, thought he might capture it
+by surprise. An officer was sent ashore with a flag of truce. He was met
+half way by a French major and his men, who, placing a bandage over the
+intruder's eyes, conducted him by a circuitous route to the Castle,
+having recourse on the way to various stratagems, such as making small
+bodies of soldiers cross and re-cross his path, to give him the
+impression of the presence of a strong force. On arriving at the Castle,
+his surprise we are told was extreme on finding himself in the presence
+of the Governor-General, the Intendant and the Bishop, with a large
+staff of French officers, uniformed in full regimentals, drawn up in the
+centre of the great hall ready to receive him.
+
+The British officer immediately handed to Frontenac a written demand for
+an unconditional surrender, in the name of the new Sovereigns, William
+and Mary, whom Protestant England had crowned instead of the dethroned
+and Catholic James. Taking his watch from his pocket and placing it on a
+table near by, he peremptorily demanded a positive answer in an hour's
+time at the furthest. This action was like the spark in the tinder, and
+completely roused the anger and indignation of his hearers, who had
+scarcely been able to restrain their excitement during the reading of
+the summons, which the Englishman had delivered in an imperious voice,
+and which an interpreter had translated word for word to the outraged
+audience.
+
+A murmur of repressed resentment ran through the assembly, when one of
+the officers, without waiting for his superior to reply, exclaimed
+impetuously:--that the messenger ought to be treated as the envoy of a
+corsair, or common marauder, since Phipps was in arms against his
+legitimate Sovereign. Frontenac, although keenly hurt in his most
+vulnerable point,--his pride--by the lack of ceremony displayed in the
+conduct of the Englishman, replied in a calm voice, but in impassioned
+words, saying loftily:--"You will have no occasion to wait so long for
+my answer,--here it is:--I do not recognize King William, but I know
+that the Prince of Orange is an usurper, who has violated the most
+sacred ties of blood and religion in dethroning the King, his
+father-in-law; and I acknowledge no other legitimate Sovereign than
+James the Second. Do your best, and I will do mine."
+
+The messenger thereupon demanded that the reply be given him in writing,
+which the Governor haughtily refused, saying:--
+
+"I am going to answer your master at the cannon's mouth; he shall be
+taught that this is not the manner in which a person of my rank ought to
+be summoned."
+
+Charlevoix seems to have very much admired the lordly bearing of
+Frontenac on this occasion, which was so trying to his self-control,
+but, with an impartiality creditable to a Frenchman, he justly
+chronicles his equal admiration for the coolness and presence of mind
+with which the Englishman signalized himself in carrying out his
+mission, under insults and humiliations scarcely to be looked for from
+those who should have known better the respect due to a flag of truce.
+
+The commander of the fleet, finding the place ready for resistance,
+concluded that the lateness of the season rendered it unwise to commence
+a regular siege against a city whose natural and artificial defences
+made it a formidable fortress, and which, when garrisoned by troops of
+such temper and mettle, it appeared impossible to reduce. It must also
+be considered that Phipps had been delayed by contrary winds and pilots
+ignorant of the river navigation, which combination of untoward
+circumstances conspired to compel him to relinquish his design, which
+under more favouring conditions he might have carried out with success,
+and conquered the place before it could have been known in Montreal that
+it was even in danger.
+
+"Without doubt Frontenac was the most conspicuous figure which the
+annals of the early colonization of Canada affords. He was the
+descendant of several generations of distinguished men who were famous
+as courtiers and soldiers." He was of Basque origin and proud of his
+noble ancestry. He was born in 1620, and was distinguished by becoming
+the god-child of the King, the royal sponsor bestowing his own name on
+the unconscious babe, who was in after years to be a sturdy defender of
+France's dominions over the ocean. He became a soldier at the age of
+fifteen, and even in early youth and manhood saw active service and gave
+promise of gallantry and bravery.
+
+In October, 1648, he married the lovely young Anne de la Grange-Trianon,
+a "maiden of imperious temper, lively wit and marvellous grace." She was
+a beauty of the court and chosen friend of Mademoiselle de Montpensier,
+the granddaughter of King Henry the Fourth. A celebrated painting of the
+_Comtesse de Frontenac_, in the character of Minerva, smiles on the
+walls of one of the galleries at Versailles.
+
+The marriage took place without the consent of the bride's relatives,
+and soon proved an ill-starred one, the young wife's fickle affection
+turning into a strong repulsion for her husband, whom she intrigued to
+have sent out of the country.
+
+Her influence at court, and some jealousy on the part of the King
+combined to bring about this end, and Frontenac was appointed Governor
+and Lieutenant-General of _La Nouvelle France_.
+
+Parkman says:--"A man of courts and camps, born and bred in the focus of
+a most gorgeous civilization, he was banished to the ends of the earth,
+among savage hordes and half-reclaimed forests, to exchange the
+splendour of St. Germain and the dawning glories of Versailles for a
+stern, grey rock, haunted by sombre priests, rugged merchants, traders,
+blanketed Indians and wild bushrangers." When he sailed up the river and
+the stern grandeur of the scene opened up before him, he felt as he
+afterwards wrote:--
+
+"I never saw anything more superb than the position of this town. It
+could not be better situated for the future capital of an empire."
+
+But the dainty and luxurious _Comtesse_ had no taste for pioneer life,
+and no thought of leaving her silken-draped _boudoir_ for a home in a
+rude fort on a rock; she therefore accepted the offer of a domicile with
+her kindred spirit, Mademoiselle d'Outrelaise. The "_Divines_," as they
+were called, established a _Salon_, which, among the many similar
+coteries of the time, was remarkable for its wit and gaiety. It set the
+fashion to French society, and was affected by all the leading spirits
+of the Court and Capital.
+
+Although an occasional _billet_ came from the recreant spouse to her
+husband in the Castle St. Louis, no home life nor welcoming domestic
+fireside threw a charm over his exile. The glamour with which affection
+can glorify even the rudest surroundings was denied him in his long life
+of seventy-six years.
+
+To avoid the confusion to which the terms Fort St. Louis and Castle St.
+Louis might lead, it must be understood that they in a measure were the
+same, as the one enclosed the other.
+
+In the year 1834, two hundred and fourteen years after the foundation of
+this Château, a banquet was prepared for the reception of those invited
+to partake of the official hospitality of the Governor; when suddenly
+the tocsin sounded,--the dreaded alarm of fire. Soon the streets were
+thronged with citizens, with anxious enquiries passing from lip to lip,
+and ere long the cry was uttered: "To the Castle, to the Castle!"
+
+The entire population of merchants and artisans, soldiers from the
+garrison, priests from the monasteries, and citizens, rich and poor,
+joined hands with the firemen to save the mediæval fortress from
+destruction, and its treasured contents from the flames. Old silver was
+snatched from the banquet table by some who had expected to sit around
+the board as guests.
+
+At the head of the principal staircase, where it had stood for fifty
+years or more, was a bust of Wolfe, with the inscription upon it:--
+
+    "Let no vain tear upon this bust be shed,
+    A common tribute to the common dead,
+    But let the good, the generous, the brave,
+    With God-like envy sigh for such a grave."
+
+Fortunately, in the confusion of the disaster it was not overlooked, but
+was carried to a place of safety. While every heart present could not
+but be moved with the deepest feelings of regret at the loss of its
+hoary walls, yet the beholder was forced to admire the magnificent
+spectacular effect of the conflagration which crowned the battlements
+and reflected over crag and river, as the old fort, which had stubbornly
+resisted all its enemies during five sieges, fell before the devouring
+element.
+
+Its stones were permeated with the military and religious history of the
+"old rock city," for, in the fifteen years of its occupancy by
+Champlain, it was as much a mission as a fort. The historian says:--"A
+stranger visiting the Fort of Quebec would have been astonished at its
+air of conventual decorum. Black-robed Jesuits and scarfed officers
+mingled at Champlain's table. There was little conversation, but in its
+place histories and the lives of the saints were read aloud, as in a
+monastic refectory. Prayers, masses and confessions followed each other,
+and the bell of the adjacent chapel rang morning, noon and night. Quebec
+became a shrine. Godless soldiers whipped themselves to penitence, women
+of the world outdid each other in the fury of their contrition, and
+Indians gathered thither for the gifts of kind words and the polite
+blandishments bestowed upon them."
+
+The site where the old Château St. Louis once stood, with its halo of
+romance and renown, is now partially covered by the great Quebec
+hostelry, the Château Frontenac, which in its erection and appointments
+has not destroyed, but rather perpetuated, the traditions of the
+"Sentinel City of the St. Lawrence."
+
+"Château Frontenac has been planned with the strong sense of the fitness
+of things, being a veritable old-time Château, whose curves and cupolas,
+turrets and towers, even whose tones of gray stone and dulled brick
+harmonize with the sober quaint architecture of our dear old Fortress
+City, and looks like a small bit of Mediæval Europe perched upon a
+rock."
+
+Under the promenade of Durham Terrace is still the cellar of the old
+Château; and standing upon it, the patriot, whether English or French,
+cannot but thrill as he looks on the same scene upon which the heroes of
+the past so often gazed, and from which they flung defiance to their
+foes.
+
+On almost the same spot upon which Champlain had landed at Montreal, and
+about seven years after his death, a small band of consecrated men and
+women, singing a hymn, drew up their tempest-worn pinnace, and raised
+their standard in the name of King Louis, while Maisonneuve, the ascetic
+knight, planted a crucifix, and dedicated the land to God.
+
+The city as it stands on this spot is a fulfilment of his vow then made,
+when he declared, as he pitched his tent and lighted his camp-fire, that
+here he would found a city though every tree on the island were an
+Iroquois. On an altar of bark, decorated with wild flowers and lighted
+by fireflies, the first mass was celebrated, and the birthnight of
+Montreal registered.
+
+From the little seed thus planted in this rude altar, a mighty harvest
+has arisen in cathedral, monastery, church and convent, representing
+untold wealth and influence. The early French explorer, with a "sword in
+his hand and a crucifix on his breast," was more desirous of
+Christianizing than of conquering the native tribes. So completely has
+this creed become identified with the country's character and history,
+that the province of Quebec is emphatically a Catholic community. So
+faithfully have its tenets been handed down by generations of devout
+followers of this faith, that even the streets and squares bear the
+names of saints and martyrs, such as St. Francis Xavier, St. Peter, St.
+John, St. Joseph, St. Mary, and in fact the entire calendar is
+represented, especially in the east end of the town. St. Paul, which was
+probably the first street laid out, is called after the city's founder
+himself,--Paul Chomedy de Maisonneuve.
+
+
+
+
+NOTRE-DAME-DE-LA-VICTOIRE.
+
+
+A few rods to the west of the Château, through a vaulted archway leading
+from the street, in the shadow of the peaceful convent buildings is a
+little chapel called _Notre-Dame-de-la-Victoire_. The swallows
+twittering under its broken eaves are now the only sign of life; and its
+rotting timbers and threshold, forgotten by the world, give no
+suggestion of the martial incident to which it owes its existence. While
+the American Colonies were still English, the British Ensign floated
+over Boston town, and good Queen Anne was prayed for in Puritan pulpits,
+an expedition was fitted out under Sir Hovenden Walker to drive the
+French out of Canada. In the previous year, 1710, the Legislature of New
+York had taken steps to lay before the Queen the alarming progress of
+Gallic domination in America, saying:--
+
+"It is well known that the French can go by water from Quebec to
+Montreal; from thence they can do the like through the rivers and lakes,
+at the risk of all your Majesty's plantations on this Continent, as far
+as Carolina."
+
+In the command of Walker were several companies of regulars draughted
+from the great Duke of Marlborough's Army. While he was leading it from
+victory to victory for the glory of his King, his wife, the famous Sarah
+Jennings, was making a conquest at home of the affections of the
+simple-minded and susceptible Queen. It is remarkable that the coronet
+of this ambitious woman should now rest on the brow of an American girl,
+and that a daughter of New York should reign at Blenheim Castle. At that
+period France possessed the two great valleys of North America, the
+Mississippi and the St. Lawrence; to capture the latter was the aim of
+the expedition.
+
+[Illustration: CHAPEL OF NOTRE-DAME-DE-LA-VICTOIRE.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+As the hostile fleet sailed up the St. Lawrence, a storm of great
+severity burst upon the invaders. Eight of the transports were recked on
+the reefs, and in the dawn of the midsummer morning the bodies of a
+thousand red-coated soldiers were strewn on the sands of
+_Isle-aux-OEufs_. It has been said that an old sea-dog, Jean Paradis,
+refused to act as pilot, and in a fog allowed them to run straight on to
+death; and also that among those who perished was one of the court
+beauties who had eloped with Sir Hovenden.
+
+The disabled vessels retreated before the artillery of the elements, and
+left Bourbon's Lilied Blue to wave for half a century longer over Fort
+St. Louis. This bloodless victory for the French was attributed by them
+to the intervention of the Virgin, in gratitude for which this chapel
+was vowed and built, as was also another on the market place, Lower
+Town, Quebec. The miraculous feature of the defeated invasion was
+considered certain from the fact that a recluse in the convent near the
+chapel, and who was remarkable for her piety, had embroidered a prayer
+to the Virgin on the flag which the Baron de Longueuil had borne from
+Montreal in command of a detachment of troops.
+
+Some of the original interior fittings of the chapel still exist, but
+the bell which chimed its first call to vespers, when the great city was
+a quiet, frontier hamlet, has long been silent. It is to be regretted
+that from its historical character it has not been preserved from decay,
+but looks as time-worn and mouldering as does the rusty cannon in the
+hall of the Château, which was one of the guns of the ill-fated fleet,
+and over which the river had flowed for almost two hundred years. Seven
+of England's sovereigns had lived, reigned and died, and in France the
+Royal house had fallen in the deluge of blood that flowed around the
+guillotine. Quebec had changed flags--the Tri-color had been unfurled
+over the _Hôtel-de-Ville_ at Paris, and the Stars and Stripes over the
+new-born nation.
+
+The thrones of Europe had tottered at the word of the Corsican boy,--he
+had played with crowns as with golden baubles, and had gone from the
+imperial purple to the mist-shrouded rocks of St. Helena. Eugenie, the
+Beautiful, had ruled the world by her grace, and fled from the throne
+of the haughty Louis to a loveless exile--while the old gun, with its
+charge rusting in its mouth, lay in silence under the passing keels of a
+million craft.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+LE SÉMINAIRE.
+
+
+Still more ancient is a venerable postern in the blackened wall of the
+Seminary of St. Sulpice, near by, which is now the oldest building in
+the city, being erected some fifty years before the Château. It leads by
+a narrow lane to the gardens of the Monastery, which bloom quiet and
+still here in the heart of the throbbing life of a city of to-day.
+Generations of saintly men, under vows, have trodden in the shade of its
+walks, trying with the rigours of monastic life to crush out the
+memories of love and home left behind among the sun-kissed vineyards of
+France. For two hundred years and more no woman's footstep had fallen
+here among the flowers, until recently the wife of a Governor-General
+was admitted on a special occasion. On the cobble-stones of the
+courtyard, pilgrims, penitents, priests and soldiers have trodden, the
+echoes of their footsteps passing away in centuries of years. Above the
+walls, blackened by time and pierced by windows with the small panes of
+a fashion gone by, the bells of the clock ring out the stroke of
+midnight over one-third of a million souls, as it did the hours of
+morning when the great-great-grandfathers of the present generation ran
+to school over the grass-grown pavements of young Ville-Marie.
+
+[Illustration: SEMINARY OF ST. SULPICE]
+
+"The inimitable old roof-curves still cover the walls, and the
+Fleur-de-Lys still cap the pinnacles" as in the days when Richelieu, the
+prince of prelates, sought to plant the feudalism and Christianity of
+old France on the shores of the new. They still rise against the blue of
+Canadian skies unmolested, while in France, in the early years of the
+century, popular frenzy dragged this symbol of royalty from the spires
+of the churches and convents of Paris.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CATHEDRALS AND CLOISTERS.
+
+
+The Order of the Gentlemen of St. Sulpice is supposed to be very rich,
+the amount of the immense revenues never being made public. They were
+the feudal lords of the Island of Montreal in the earlier chapters of
+its history. Through their zealous efforts and the generosity of their
+parishioners was opened in the year eighteen hundred and twenty-nine the
+grand church adjoining, that of _Notre Dame_, built on the site of the
+original parish church. Viewing it from the extensive _plaza_ in front,
+its imposing proportions fill the beholder with the same awe as when
+looking at some lofty mountain peak, but its symmetry is so exquisite
+that its size cannot at first be appreciated.
+
+In imitation of its prototype, _Notre Dame de Paris_, twin towers rise
+in stateliness to a height of two hundred and twenty-seven feet, and are
+visible for a distance of thirty miles. The façade is impressive, the
+style a modification of different schools adapted to carry out the
+design intended. Three colossal statues of the Virgin, St. Joseph and
+St. John the Baptist are placed over the arcades. The sublime structure
+belongs to a branch of the Gothic, in the pointed arch type of
+architecture which was brought home from the Crusades,--a style which
+has come down from the time-honoured architecture of the old world, when
+religious thought that now finds expression in books was written and
+symbolized in stone.
+
+From a vestibule at the foot of the western tower, an ascent of two
+hundred and seventy-nine steps offers a most enchanting view of
+mountain, river, street and harbour, with such a wilderness of dome,
+steeple and belfry, that the exclamation involuntarily arises--this is
+truly a city of churches!
+
+On the descent, a pause on a platform gives the opportunity of admiring
+"_Le Gros Bourdon_," or great bell, and one of the largest in the world.
+It weighs twenty-four thousand, seven hundred and eighty pounds, and is
+six feet high. Its mouth measures eight feet, seven inches in diameter.
+The tone is magnificent in depth and fullness. On occasions such as the
+death of high ecclesiastics or other solemn events, its tolling is
+indescribable in its slow, sonorous vibrations. In the eastern tower
+hang ten smaller bells of beautiful quality, and so harmonized that
+choice and varied compositions can be performed by the eighteen ringers
+required in their manipulation. On high festivals, when all ring out
+with brazen tongues, caught up and re-echoed from spire to spire in what
+Victor Hugo describes as:--"Mingling and blending in the air like a rich
+embroidery of all sorts of melodious sounds"--America can furnish no
+greater oratorio.
+
+Its interior, which is profusely embellished and enriched, the spacious,
+two-storied galleries, in a twilight of mysterious gloom, and an altar
+upon which so much wealth has been consecrated, combine to make it a
+temple worthy of any time or race.
+
+"Whatever may be the external differences, we always find in the
+Christian Cathedral, no matter how modified, the Roman Basilica. It
+rises forever from the ground in harmony with the same laws. There are
+invariably two naves intersecting each other in the form of a cross, the
+upper end being rounded into a chancel or choir. There are always side
+aisles for processions or for chapels, and a sort of lateral gallery
+into which the principal nave opens by means of the spaces between the
+columns.
+
+"The number of chapels, steeples, doors and spires may be modified
+indefinitely, according to the century, the people and the art. Statues,
+stained glass, rose-windows, arabesques, denticulations, capitals and
+bas-reliefs are employed according as they are desired. Hence the
+immense variety in the exterior of structures, within which there dwells
+such unity and order."
+
+The nave here is two hundred and twenty feet long, almost eighty in
+height, and one hundred and twenty in width, including the side aisles.
+The walls, which are five feet thick, have fourteen side windows forty
+feet high, which light softly the galleries and grand aisle. So
+admirable is the arrangement, that fifteen thousand people can find
+accommodation and hear perfectly in all parts of the building. On high
+festivals, such as Christmas or Easter, when the great organ, said to be
+the finest in America, under the fingers of a master, with full choir
+and orchestra, rolls out the music of the masses, the senses are
+enthralled by the magnificence of the harmony. The various altars and
+mural decorations are beautiful with painting, gilding and carving. In
+the subdued light, which filters through the stained windows, are found
+many things of especial sanctity to the faithful. On a column rests an
+exquisite little statuette of the Virgin, which was a gift from Pope
+Pius the Ninth, the finely chased and wrought crucifix and the riband
+attached to it having been worn around the neck of the High Pontiff
+himself. Directly opposite to it is a statue of St. Peter, a copy of
+that at Rome. Fifty days indulgence are granted to those who piously
+kiss this image. Under one altar rest the bones of St. Felix, which were
+taken from the Catacombs at Rome, and on another is a picture of the
+Madonna, said to be a copy of one painted by St. Luke. On all the
+shrines are candlesticks, votive offerings and many other articles of
+great age, value and veneration.
+
+The main altar is exceedingly rich in artistic ornamentation,
+representing in its design the religious history of the world, and is
+the only one of the kind in existence. Although the foundation stones of
+this great pile were laid seventy years ago, this grand anthem in stone
+has not yet reached its "amen," many additions to it being yet in
+contemplation.
+
+Like many others of earth masterpieces in architecture, it is at once
+the monument to and the mausoleum of its builder, whose body, according
+to his dying request, although a Protestant, lies in the vaults beneath
+his greatest life-work.
+
+Through some halls and corridors back of the grand altar is the chapel
+of "Our Lady of the Sacred Heart," which is one of the most beautiful
+sanctuaries in the city, and remarkable for the harmony of its lines and
+proportions. It is in the form of a cross, ninety feet in length,
+eighty-five feet in the transept with an altitude of fifty-five feet.
+The splendour of its ornamentation, carving, sculpture, elegant
+galleries, panels in mosaic, original paintings by Canadian artists, and
+a beautiful reproduction of Raphael's celebrated frieze of "The Dispute
+of the Blessed Sacrament," unite to constitute this piece of
+ecclesiastical architecture a _chef d'oeuvre_.
+
+An iconoclast might marvel at the absorption in prayer of some of the
+devotees, among accessories bewildering to eyes accustomed to the
+plainer surroundings of other forms of ritual, but the worship of those
+in attendance seems sincere and complete.
+
+Following the footsteps of Cartier to where, near the foot of Mount
+Royal, he found the Indian village of Hochelaga, is now to be seen the
+St. James' Cathedral, which is a reduced copy of St. Peter's at Rome,
+the great centre from which radiates the Catholicism of Christendom. It
+is somewhat less than half the dimensions of its model, with certain
+modifications necessary in the differences of climate. The work was
+entrusted to M. Victor Bourgeau, who, to gain the information necessary
+to carry out successfully a repetition of the great master, Michael
+Angelo's conception, spent some time in the Eternal City studying the
+various details. But the real architect, it may be said, who made the
+plans and supervised and directed the building of the sacred monument,
+was Rev. Father Michaud, of the St. Viateur Order. To raise the funds
+necessary for the initial work, every member of the immense diocese was
+taxed; and even now, after a lapse of thirty years, it is still
+unfinished, so great has been the expense involved. The handsome façade
+is elaborately columned in cut-stone, for which only blocks of the most
+perfect kind were used.
+
+Like the colossal dome at Rome, this one towers above every other
+structure in the city, with the height of the cross included, being
+forty feet higher than the lofty towers of _Notre Dame_. It is seventy
+feet in diameter, and two hundred and ten feet above the pavement. It is
+after the work of Brunelleschi, whose exquisite art and genius flung the
+airy grace of his incomparable domes against Florentine and Roman skies.
+
+There is none of the "dim, religious light" in the interior decoration
+of white and gold, the subtle colouring of the symbolic frescoing and
+the brilliance of the gold and brazen altar furnishing. At a service
+celebrated especially for the Papal Zuaves, the picturesque red and grey
+of their uniform, the priests in gorgeous canonicals of scarlet, stiff
+with gold, the acolytes in white surplices and the venerable archbishop
+in cardinal and purple, with a chorus from Handel ringing through the
+vaulted roof, a full conception of the Papal form of worship can be
+obtained; while a squaw in blanket and moccasins kneeling on the floor
+beside a fluted pillar seems the living symbol of the heathendom the
+early fathers came to convert.
+
+In Canada the Jesuits have always been prominent in its history,
+signalizing themselves by extraordinary devotion and self-sacrifice, and
+were among the earliest explorers of the Continent, the first sound of
+civilization over many of the lakes and rivers being the chant of the
+capuchined friar. Fathers Breboeuf and Lalemant, burnt by the Indians;
+Garreau, butchered; Chabanel, drowned by an apostate Huron, and others
+hideously tortured, testified with their blood to their devotion. From
+the Atlantic to the prairies, from the bleak shores of the Hudson Bay to
+the sunny beaches of Louisiana, they suffered, bled and died.
+
+It is said the Jesuits have a genius for selecting sites, and certainly
+the situation of their especial church and adjoining colleges bears out
+the statement. Like the other churches of this most Catholic city, it is
+not complete, the towers having yet to be continued into spires. It is
+much frequented for the fine music and admired for its beautiful
+interior. It is in the Florentine Renaissance style, which is the one
+usually favoured by this Order. The frescoes are unusually pleasing,
+being in soft tones of monochrome, the work of eminent Roman artists,
+and are reproductions of the modern German School of Biblical scenes and
+from the history of the Jesuits. There are in addition some fine
+paintings by the Gagliardi brothers at Rome and others.
+
+In the Eastern part of the city, commonly called the French quarter, so
+purely French are the people, with temperaments as gay and volatile as
+in _Le Beau Paris_ itself, is a gem of architecture in the church of
+"Our Lady of Lourdes." This chapel, reared as a visible expression of
+the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, is of the Byzantine and
+Renaissance type, a style frequently to be seen reflected from the
+lagoons of Venice.
+
+"The choir and transepts terminate in a circular domed apsis, and a
+large central dome rises at the intersection of the latter. The statue
+over the altar, and which immediately strikes the eye, is symbolic of
+the doctrine illustrated. The Virgin is represented in the attitude
+usually shown in the Spanish School of Painters, with hands crossed upon
+the breast, standing on a cloud with the words: 'A woman clothed with
+the sun and the moon under her feet.'" A singularly beautiful light,
+thrown down from an unseen source, casts a kind of heavenly radiance
+around the figure with fine effect.
+
+"Some of the painting is exceedingly good. The decoration of the church,
+in gold and colours, arabesque and fifteenth century ornament, is very
+beautiful and harmonious. This building is interesting as being the only
+one of the kind in America."
+
+By descending a narrow stairway, which winds beneath the floor, is found
+a shrine fitted up in imitation of the grotto near Lourdes, in France,
+in which it is said the Virgin appeared to a young girl, Bernadette
+Souberous, at which time a miracle-working fountain is said to have
+gushed out of the rock, and still continues its wonderful cures. A
+goblet of the water stands on the altar, and is said to have powers of
+healing. This underground shrine, lighted only by dim, coloured lamps,
+gives a sensation of peculiar weirdness after the light and beauty of
+the structure above.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Perhaps there is no church of French Canada of deeper interest than
+"_Notre Dame de Bonsecours_." On its site stood the first place of
+worship built, for which Maisonneuve himself assisted to cut and draw
+the timbers, some of which are still in existence. The name
+_Bonsecours_, signifying succour, was given on account of a narrow
+escape of the infant colony from the Iroquois. The present building,
+erected in 1771 on the old foundations, was, until a few years ago,
+remarkable for its graceful tin roof and finely-pointed spire. The rear
+having since been altered in a manner entirely out of keeping with the
+original, which time had "painted that sober hue which makes the
+antiquity of churches their greatest beauty," much of the charm which
+made it unique has been destroyed. If it is true that it was an act of
+piety on the part of a devoted priest, it is another proof that zeal at
+times outruns correct taste.
+
+The statue of heroic size on the new portion of the edifice, with arms
+uplifted as if in blessing, was the gift of a noble of Brittany. It was
+brought over in the Seventeenth Century, and for two hundred years has
+been the patron saint of sailors, who ascribe to it miraculous powers.
+Its ancient pews, the crutches on the walls, and pictures which are
+among the first works of art brought to the country, suggest the varied
+scenes which have taken place around the old sanctuary since its doors
+were first opened for worship.
+
+The ascent of a hundred steps reveals the daintiest and most aerial of
+chapels above the roof of the church. Tiny coloured windows, designed in
+lilies and pierced hearts, a microscopic organ, brought from France, no
+one knows when, and a few rows of seats are the furnishing. The altar,
+instead of the usual appearance, is a miniature house. Its history is as
+follows:--"One of the most remarkable events in the history of the
+Church was the sudden disappearance of the house which had been
+inhabited by the Holy Family at Nazareth in Galilee. This took place in
+1291. As this sacred relic was about to be exposed to the danger of
+being destroyed by the Saracen infidels, it was miraculously raised
+from its foundations and transported by angels to Dalmatia, where, early
+in the morning, some peasants discovered on a small hill, a house
+without foundations, half converted into a shrine, and with a steeple
+like a chapel.
+
+The next day their venerable bishop informed them that Our Lady had
+appeared to him and said that this house had been carried by angels from
+Nazareth, and was the same in which she had lived; that the altar had
+been erected by the apostles, and the statue sculptured in cedar wood
+had been made by St. Luke. Three years afterwards it again disappeared,
+its luminous journey being witnessed by some Italian shepherds.
+
+Its present position is about a mile from the Adriatic, at Loretto, just
+as the angels placed it six hundred years ago. Millions of pilgrims
+visit it from all parts of the world."
+
+For the aerial chapel of _Bonsecours_, a fac-simile has been obtained.
+To render it more sacred it was placed for a period within the holy
+house, it touched its walls, and was blessed with holy water in the
+vessel from which our Lord drank. Such is the alleged history of this
+shrine, and the peculiar sanctity attached to it.
+
+The extensive convent buildings of the Grey Nuns and other sisterhoods
+are as numerous as the churches. As the _matin_ bell falls on the ear in
+the early morning hours, calling to prayers those who have chosen the
+austerities and serenities of convent life, it recalls to memory the
+noble band of ladies of the old aristocracy who left châteaux hoary with
+the traditions of a chivalrous ancestry, and dear with the memories of
+home, in the company of rough seamen to brave the untried perils of the
+ocean, a hostile country, homesickness and death, to carry spiritual and
+bodily healing to the savages. Their followers keep the same vigils now
+among the sins and sorrows of the bustling city. They glide through the
+streets with downcast eyes, in sombre robes, wimple and linen coif, bent
+on missions of church service and errands of mercy, tending the sick
+and suffering, and striving to win back human wrecks to a better life.
+
+The various sisterhoods differ in degrees of austerity, the Grey Nuns
+being one of the least exacting. Their Foundling Hospital, it is said,
+had its origin in a most touching circumstance. One of the original
+members of the Order, Madame d'Youville, on leaving the convent gates in
+the middle of winter, found frozen in the ice of a little stream that
+then flowed near what is called Foundling street, an infant with a
+poignard in its heart. Since then tens of thousands of these small
+outcasts have found sanctuary and tender care within the cloister walls.
+
+The daughter of Ethan Allan, the founder of Vermont, died a member of
+this Order.
+
+The Carmelites are the most rigid in their requirements of service. They
+are small numerically and live behind high walls, and renounce forever
+the sight of the outside world, never leaving their cloister, and being
+practically dead to home and friends, sleeping, it is said, in their own
+coffins.
+
+Instances have been known of a sister's assuming vows of special
+severity, as in the case of Jean Le Ber, of the _Congregation de Notre
+Dame_, a daughter of a merchant in the town, who voluntarily lived in
+solitary confinement from the year 1695 to 1714--nineteen years of
+self-immolation, when her couch was a pallet of straw, and her prayers
+and fastings unceasing. She denied herself everything that to us would
+make life desirable or even endurable--sacrificed the dearest ties of
+kindred, and pursued with intense fervour the self-imposed rigours of
+her vocation. Yet, it was not that in her nature she had no love for
+beauty nor craving for pleasure, for in the sacristy of the Cathedral,
+carefully preserved in a receptacle in which are kept the vestments of
+the clergy, are robes ornamented by her needle that are simply marvels
+of colour, design and exquisite finish. The modern robes, though
+gorgeous in richly-piled velvet from the looms of Lyons, heavy with gold
+work and embroidered with angels and figures so exquisitely wrought as
+to look as if painted on ivory, yet do not compare with that done by
+the fingers that were worn by asceticism within the walls of her cell.
+In the spare form, clad in thread-bare garments, there must have been
+crushed down a gorgeously artistic nature which found visible expression
+in the beautifully adorned _chasubles_ of the priests and altar cloths,
+which are solid masses of delicate silken work on a ground of fine
+silver threads, the colours and lustre of which seem unimpaired by time.
+Six generations of priests have performed the sacrifice of the mass in
+these marvellously beautiful robes, the incense from the swaying censors
+of two hundred years have floated around them in waves of perfume. The
+taste and skill with which high-born ladies of that time wrought
+tapestries to hang on their castle walls were consecrated by her to
+religion, in devoting to the Church, work which was fit to adorn the
+royal drapings of a Zenobia.
+
+Without the magnificence which distinguishes the cathedrals, some of the
+rural shrines are full of interest. The church of _Ste. Anne's_, an old
+building near the western end of the island, and one of the oldest
+sacerdotal edifices in America, has around it a halo of romance and
+piety since the fur-trading days, being the last church visited by the
+_voyageurs_ and their last glimpse of civilization before facing the
+dangers of the pathless wilderness of the West. At its altar these
+rough, half-wild men knelt to pray and put themselves under the
+protection of their titular _Sainte Anne_.
+
+The Trappists, though rarely seen outside the walls of their retreat,
+look precisely as did mediæval monks of centuries ago, with whose
+appearance we are familiar in pictures of Peter the Hermit and other
+zealots, who with their fiery eloquence sent the Armies of Christendom
+to fight for the Holy Sepulchre. They dress in a coarse brown gown and
+cowl, with a girdle of rope, and are under vows of perpetual silence.
+They live on frugal meals of vegetables and fruit twice a day, have the
+head tonsured, and feet bare in sandals. The continued fasts, severe
+flagellations, labours and meditations of those anchorites make the
+regulations governing this order exceedingly strict, and recall the
+times when kings and emperors, in the same monkish garb, walked barefoot
+to knock humbly in penance at monastery gates.
+
+Perhaps the most unique shrine in the province is that of Mount Rigaud,
+on the banks of the Ottawa, not far from the spot where Dollard and his
+band of Christian knights lay down their lives. The mountain is regarded
+with much superstition by the ignorant, on account of its peculiar and
+unaccountable natural phenomena, whose origin has puzzled the most
+learned scientists to account for. The wooded mountain is crowned by
+what is called "The Field of Stones," or "The Devil's Garden," from a
+deposit of almost spherical boulders, of so far unmeasured depth, which
+cover its surface. Encircled by trees and verdure, this strange
+formation of several acres in extent is composed mainly of rock
+different from the mass of the mountain, which belongs to the same
+family as the igneous mountains of the neighbouring region. What were
+the causes and conditions which carried this strange material to the top
+of this elevation will, when they are explained, be of intense interest.
+It is said that the only other deposit similar, though smaller in
+extent, is in Switzerland. Perhaps some ancient glacier, through eons of
+time, gradually melted here, and slowly deposited the drift it had borne
+from regions far away.
+
+A bold spur of the hill has been converted into a shrine, adorned with
+images, while on the bare rough sides of the lichen-covered rocks have
+been inscribed in large white letters the words "Penitence--Penitence."
+At regular intervals on the stony road approaching it are what are
+called the "Stations of the Cross." They are fourteen in number, being
+little chapels made from the uncut stones of the "Devil's Garden." The
+floors of these, on which the penitents kneel before pictures of the
+"Passion," are covered with sand and coarse gravel.
+
+The conquest of Canada in 1759 by the English differed from that of
+Britain by the Norman French in 1066, in that here the vanquished were
+allowed to retain their language, customs and full religious liberties,
+so that, after a lapse of one hundred and fifty years, the Papal service
+is solemnized with all the pomp and ceremonial of the Vatican, and in
+the courts, the Quebec Legislature and in Society is heard the euphonic
+French speech, and, outside of Rome, Canada is considered the chief
+bulwark of Papacy.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE MASSACRE OF LACHINE.
+
+
+The conquest and settlement of all new regions are necessarily more or
+less written in blood, and the natural characteristics of the North
+American Indian have caused much of the early history of Canada to be
+traced in deeds of horror and agony lighted by the torture fire, with
+sufferings the most exquisite of which the human mind can conceive. When
+these were inflicted on individuals, it was sufficiently heartrending,
+but when a whole community fell a victim to their ferocity, as was the
+case in what is called "The Massacre of Lachine," the details are too
+horrible for even the imagination to dwell upon. Standing on the river
+bank, or "shooting" the rapids in the steamer, with the green shores as
+far as the eye can reach dotted with villages and villas, the wonderful
+bridges spanning the stream, and beyond, the great city with its domes
+and spires, it can scarcely be realized that for two days and two
+nights the spot was a scene of the most revolting carnage. It was an
+evening in the summer of 1689. In spite of a storm of wind and rain
+which broke over the young settlement, the fields of grain and meadows
+looked cheerful and thrifty. In each cabin home the father had returned
+from the day's toil in the harvest field and was sitting by the
+fireside, where the kettle sang contentedly. The mother sat spinning or
+knitting, and perhaps singing a lullaby, as she rocked the cradle,
+little recking that ere the morning dawned the hamlet would lie in
+ashes, and the tomahawk of the Indian be buried in her babies' hearts;
+but such was the case, for after forty-eight hours of fiendish cruelty,
+death and desolation reigned for miles along the shores. Where the blue
+smoke had curled up among the trees were only the smoking ruins of
+hearths and homes, surrounded with sights and suggestions of different
+forms of death, which even the chronicler, two hundred years after, is
+fain to pass by in shuddering silence.
+
+The crumbling remains of a fortified seigniorial château, within sight
+of the Rapids of Lachine, a tradition asserts, was in the year 1668 the
+home of La Salle, who was one of the most excellent men of his day.
+Leaving his fair demesne, which the Sulpicians had conferred upon him,
+and the home which to-day is slowly falling to decay among the
+apple-orchards along the river side, he too followed his thirst for
+adventure into untrodden fields.
+
+There is a well-founded legend that the old chimney attached thereto was
+built by Champlain in his trading post of logs. It is of solid masonry,
+and is sixty years older than the walls which surround it. The wide
+fireplace has a surface of fifty square feet, and is the most
+interesting piece of architecture in all Canada. The snowflakes of
+almost three hundred winters have fallen into its cavernous depths since
+these stones and mortar were laid. When Champlain stood by its hearth,
+as its first blaze, lighted by tinder and flint, roared up to the
+sky--William Shakespeare was still writing his sublime lines, Queen
+Elizabeth had lain but twelve years in her marble tomb, and the Château
+de Ramezay was not to be built for a hundred years to come. Often in the
+two years during which it had for La Salle the sacredness of the home
+fireside, its light must have fallen on his handsome young face, and
+flowing curls, as he laid out plans for his palisaded village, and
+dreamt of the golden lands towards the setting sun. He was a true
+patriot, and literally gave his life for the advancement of his country,
+being murdered in the Lower Mississippi by one of his own men while
+endeavouring to extend its territory.
+
+[Illustration: HOME OF LA SALLE.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+Posterity is not true to the memory of these great pioneers, for the
+elements beat upon the roofless timbers, the north wind sweeps the
+hearth that is mouldering under the rains and sunshine of the skies they
+loved. In another generation all that can be said will be--here once
+stood the historic stones of the ancient fireside of the heroes who won
+the wilderness for those who have allowed this monument of their
+fortitude and self-sacrifice to crumble into dust.
+
+[Illustration: La Salle]
+
+La Salle had heard from some stray bands of Seneca Indians, who had
+visited his post at Lachine, of a great river that flowed from their
+hunting grounds to the sea. Imagining it would open his way to find the
+route to the golden Ind, he sold his grant at Lachine, and in company
+with two priests from the Seminary at Montreal, and some Senecas as
+guides, started on July 6th, 1669. With visions of finding for France a
+clime of warmer suns and more rich in silver and gold than Canada, he
+pushed on. The priests on their return brought back nothing of any
+value except the first map procured of the upper lake region.
+
+One of the most enthusiastic fellow travelers of La Salle was a
+Franciscan, Father Hennepin. They crossed the ocean from France
+together, and probably beguiled many an hour of the long voyage in
+relating their dreams of finding the treasures hidden in the land to
+which the prow of the vessel pointed.
+
+Hennepin also penetrated to the Mississippi, reaching in his wanderings
+a beautiful fall foaming between its green bluffs which he named St.
+Anthony, on which spot now stands the "Flour City," Minneapolis, in the
+county of Hennepin, Minnesota. He probably heard of the other falls,
+five miles away, which we know as Minnehaha, and around which the
+sweetest of American poets has woven the witchery of Indian legend in
+the wooing of "Hiawatha." It seems almost incredible that where are now
+the largest flour mills in the world, turning out daily about 40,000
+barrels, there was, scarcely fifty years ago, only the cedar strewn
+wigwam and smoke of the camp fire, the tread of moccasined feet and the
+dip of the paddles by the bark canoe.
+
+Near by _Place d'Armes_ Square may be seen a grey stone house on which
+is written "Here lived Sieur DuLuth." He was a leading spirit among the
+young men of the town, who gathered around his fireside to listen to his
+thrilling tales of adventure, and of his early life when he was a
+_gendarme_ in the King's Guard. Coming to Canada in the year 1668, he
+explored among the Sioux tribes of the Western plains. He was one of the
+first Frenchmen to approach the sources of the Mississippi. The city of
+Duluth in Minnesota received its name from him. A tablet on a modern
+building in the same locality informs the passer-by that _Cadillac_, who
+founded the City of Detroit about the same time as the Château de
+Ramezay was built, spent the last years of his wandering life on this
+spot.
+
+The town of Varennes, down the river, is called from the owner of a
+Seigniory in the forest, le Chevalier Gauthier de la Vérandrye, a
+soldier and a trader, who was the first to explore the great Canadian
+North-West, and to discover the "Rockies." He was an undaunted and
+fearless traveler, establishing post after post, as far as the wild
+banks of the Saskatchewan and even further north, which, in giving to
+France, he ultimately gave to Canada.
+
+    "Honour to those who fought the trees,
+    And won the land for us."
+
+The traditions connected with the Château de Ramezay are scarcely more
+interesting than those surrounding many spots in the vicinity.
+Incorporated in this prosaic, business part of the city are many an old
+gable or window, which were once part of some mediæval chapel or home of
+these early times. On the other side of Notre Dame street, where now
+stands the classic and beautiful pile called the City Hall, were to be
+seen in those days the church and "_Habitation_," as it was called, of
+the Jesuit Fathers, within whose walls lived many learned sons of
+Loyola, Charlevoix among others. They were burnt down in 1803, at the
+same time as the Château de Vaudreuil was destroyed, by one of the
+disastrous fires which have so frequently swept the cities of Montreal
+and Quebec, and in which many quaint historical structures disappeared.
+About a mile to the west is still standing the family residence of
+Daniel Hyacinthe, Marie Liénard de Beaujeu, the hero of the Monongahela,
+at which battle George Washington was an officer.
+
+[Illustration: De Beaujeu]
+
+It was a lamentable event, the indiscriminate slaughter of three
+thousand men through the stupidity and incredible obstancy of General
+Braddock, who, like Dieskau at a subsequent time, despising the counsel
+of those familiar with Indian methods of warfare, determinedly followed
+his own plans.
+
+Washington in this engagement held the rank of Adjutant-General of
+Virginia. "His business was to inform the French that they were building
+forts on English soil, and that they would do well to depart peaceably."
+
+Beaujeu was sent at the head of a force composed of French soldiers and
+Indian allies to answer the Briton with the powerful argument of force
+of arms.
+
+As Braddock reached the ford over the river which was to put him on the
+same side as the fort, Colonel Thomas Gage crossed in advance, without
+opposition. Beaujeu had intended to contest the passage, but his Indians
+being refractory, his march was delayed. Gage with the advance was
+pushing on when his engineer saw a man, apparently an officer, wave his
+cap to his followers, who were unseen in the woods. From every vantage
+ground of knoll and bole, and on three sides of the column, the
+concealed muskets were levelled upon the English, who returned the fire.
+As Beaujeu fell, Dumas, who succeeded him, thought that the steady front
+of the red-skins was going to carry the day, until he saw his Canadians
+fly, followed by the Indians, after Gage had wheeled his cannon on the
+woods. A little time, however, changed all this. The Indians rallied and
+poured their bullets into the massed and very soon confused British
+troops. Braddock, when he spurred forward, found everybody demoralized
+except the Virginians, who were firing from the tree trunks, as the
+enemy did. The British General was shocked at such an unmilitary habit,
+and ordered them back into line. No one under such orders could find
+cover, and every puff from a concealed Indian was followed by a
+soldier's fall. No exertion of Braddock, nor of Washington, nor of
+anyone prevailed. The General had four horses shot under him and
+Washington had two. Still the hillsides and the depths of the wood were
+spotted by puffs of smoke, and the slaughter-pen was in a
+turmoil--scarce one Englishman in three escaped bullets. The commander
+then gave the sign to retreat, and was endeavouring to restore order
+when a ball struck him from his horse. The British Army had become
+bewildered fugitives, and a guard could hardly be kept for the wounded
+General, as he was borne along on a horse as a litter.
+
+The sinking Braddock at last died and was buried in the road, that the
+tramp of the surging mass of men might obliterate his grave. His remains
+are said to have been discovered in 1823 by some workmen engaged in
+constructing the National road, at a spot pointed out by an old man who
+had been in the ranks in 1755. He claimed to have seen Braddock buried,
+and to have fired the bullet that killed him. It was impossible to
+identify the remains almost seventy years after their interment, but
+with them were found bits of military trappings, so his tale may have
+been correct. In the year 1841, near to the spot, was discovered a large
+quantity of shot and shell left by the retreating army.
+
+Adjoining the grounds of the Château de Ramezay was the mansion of
+General Ralph Burton, who fought close to Wolfe in the siege of Quebec,
+to whom his dying words were spoken, and who carried out his last
+command, which decided the day. As Wolfe lay half unconscious, the riot
+of the battle growing dull on his failing senses, they were roused by
+the cry, "They run!" He opened his glazed eyes and asked, "Who run?" and
+the reply was, "The French!" With a supreme effort he turned to Burton,
+and ordered him, saying, "Command Webb to march down to the St. Charles
+and cut off the retreat at the bridge"; and then amid the crash and
+carnage of war, he murmured, "Now I thank God, and die contented," and
+instantly expired.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE CHATEAU DE VAUDREUIL.
+
+
+A short distance to the south-west is the spot on which stood the
+Château and famous gardens of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, the last French
+Governor of Canada. Imagination can forget the miles of docks and
+warehouses, the electricity and commerce with which we are entering the
+twentieth century, and fancy it sees again the old vice-regal palace, a
+miniature in Canadian forests of the gay court at the Tuilleries, with
+its bewitchment of lace, silk and velvet, powdered wigs and the
+exaggerated politeness and exquisite bows of _la grande dame_ and _le
+chevalier_ of the time.
+
+Let us step back to the winter of 1758 and '59. The mountain is
+snow-capped and the St. Lawrence is frozen several feet thick, making
+good roads for the shaggy Canadian pony and _cariole_, or heavy
+_traineau_ with wooden runners. In the early winter's evening, lights
+gleam through the small windows of the earthen citadel which guards the
+_Porte St. Martin_, and the clash of arms or halberds, and the pacing of
+the sentries' footsteps, are heard at every closed gate of the little
+walled town. Patches of warm light from candle and hearth checker the
+snow which lies glistening on the sidewalks, for there are no street
+lamps on the St. Paul, St. Mary or Notre Dame streets of these old days.
+
+Under the night sky, the storehouses look like gloomy prisons, but
+cheerful groups talk and laugh, as the beaux and belles bend their steps
+along the narrow streets to the Governor's salon. As the guests of the
+Marquis de Vaudreuil assemble, the brilliance of their costumes is
+heightened in effect by the gorgeous livery of the attendants and the
+blue and white of the soldiers' regimentals. Groups around the
+spindle-legged card tables exchange _bon-mots_ and play, while others
+dance and promenade on the polished floors until the morning light
+breaks over the river.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The gaiety and frivolity, feasting and gossip are in strange contrast to
+the grey gown of the Jesuit priest hurrying from the monastery opposite,
+to shrive some sinner, or to administer "Extreme Unction" to some dying
+saint. Within the convent walls pious sisters, followers of Mademoiselle
+Mance and Madame d'Youville, tend the sick and unfortunate, whom the
+tide of life has cast upon this far away shore. From the taverns on the
+corners and on the river front comes the sound of mirth and merriment,
+as with the cup of good Gascon wine are passed around tales of the high
+seas or of times gone by in the old-world towns of Brittany.
+
+On the altars of the chapels lights burn dimly in a silence unbroken,
+save by the murmuring of prayers and telling of beads by suppliants
+driven hither by sin, sorrow or homesickness.
+
+[Illustration: RUE ST. AMABLE.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+A narrow little street, named St. Amable, running west from the
+Governor's mansion, has been subjected to so little change since those
+days of long ago that the passer-by on its two feet of sidewalk sees it
+just as it was when its vaulted warehouses held the cargoes of the
+weather-beaten sailing craft that anchored at the shore below. Where now
+the French _habitant_ sits chattering with his _confrères_ and smoking
+his pipe filled with home-grown _tabac_ were once the shady walks and
+stiff parterres of the ancient garden. Here, under the summer moons,
+were doubtless stolen meetings as sweet, vows as insincere, and
+intrigues as foolish as those in the exquisite bowers of _Le Petit
+Trianon_ at Versailles. On its paths have fallen the martial tread of
+"de Lévis, de Beaujeu, and many a brave soldier and dainty courtier,
+official guests at the Governor's Château." Among them was one who
+eclipsed all others in sad interest, the courtly young commander, Louis
+Joseph Saint Veran de Montcalm. Any spot associated with this ill-fated
+general is of immortal memory. After his skillful manoeuvering at the
+battle of Carillon, his march to Montreal was a triumph. At the close of
+this engagement, as, accompanied by de Lévis and his staff, he rode
+along the ranks, thanking his troops, who idolized him, in the name of
+their king, for their glorious display of French valour in a field where
+thirty-six hundred men had for six hours withstood fifteen thousand, he
+was in every particular a worthy and capable general. He spoke of his
+own share in the glory of the day with simplicity and modesty, writing
+the next day to Vaudreuil:--
+
+"The only credit I can claim as accruing to me is the glory of
+commanding troops so valorous."
+
+On one occasion, the capture of Oswego, which is described as the most
+brilliant military exploit then known in Canadian history, he with his
+own hand snatched the colours from a British officer and sent the trophy
+to Quebec, to adorn the walls of the Cathedral of that city; as many a
+time before had been done for old-world Minsters by knights on the
+battlefields of Europe, whose empty armour now hangs in the baronial
+halls of England.
+
+Montcalm had been summoned to Montreal to confer with the Governor on
+the further conduct of the war, and, as he marched forth to take command
+of the Citadel of Quebec, all hearts centred on him, saying, "Save for
+France her fair dominion in the West;" but the gallant soldier, in his
+endeavour to do so, met his tragic and untimely end.
+
+[Illustration: Louis Joseph Marquis de Montcalm]
+
+Entrenched behind the ramparts of Quebec, he prepared for the great
+struggle which was to decide the fortunes of the then two foremost
+powers of Europe. He and de Lévis, although a considerable distance from
+each other, had seventeen thousand men under their command, with a
+splendid line of fortifications running from Montmorenci to the St.
+Charles, supplementing the granite defences of the Citadel. Montcalm
+being in doubt for some time at what point to look for attack from the
+enemy, sent orders along the whole line for his troops to be in perfect
+readiness everywhere. He was several years older than Wolfe, and was an
+old campaigner, having served his king with honour and distinction in
+Germany, Italy and Bohemia.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS.
+
+
+It was the evening of the 12th of Sept., 1759. The French troops were on
+the alert,--the British ready. The evening was calm and fine and the
+occasion full of solemnity as Wolfe embarked in a boat to visit some of
+his posts. As the oars dipped softly in the stream, and the quiet dusk
+of the autumn twilight hid the grim signs of war and brought out the
+peaceful beauty of the scene, he thought of the morrow--that where
+
+    "Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,
+    And all the air a solemn stillness holds,"
+
+would be rent by the roar of cannon, the flash of bloody steel and the
+cries of the wounded and dying.
+
+Feeling perhaps a shrinking from the great crisis which the dawn would
+bring, he repeated to the officers and midshipmen within hearing a
+number of the verses from the most finished poem in the English
+language, Grey's "Elegy in a Country Churchyard," and which had
+appeared a short time before. Probably the lines on which he lingered
+longest were:--
+
+    "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,
+      And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave,
+    Await alike the inevitable hour;
+      The paths of glory lead but to the grave."
+
+The last line was, alas! prophetic in his own case, and he may have had
+some premonition of it, for turning to his listeners, who were to share
+with him victory or defeat, he said with a wistful pathos in his young
+voice, "I would prefer being the author of that poem to the glory of
+beating the French to-morrow."
+
+He did not dream that for what that morrow would bring, his name, with
+that of the poet he loved, would be carven among those of England's
+great men in Westminster Abbey--
+
+    "Where thro' the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault
+    The pealing anthem swells the note of praise."
+
+Landing in a ravine (Wolfe's Cove), which he had located by the use of a
+glass--with the strategic venture at which all the world has since
+wondered--in the dark hours of the same night, he, at the head of the
+famous Fraser Highlanders, placed his force on the Plains of Abraham,
+each man knowing it was victory or death, as there was no possibility of
+retreat.
+
+The intelligence of the landing of the British troops was first brought
+to the Governor-General, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, and he had the task
+of communicating the unwelcome news to Montcalm, who had hurried from
+his quarters on the ramparts to ascertain what was the meaning of the
+firing above the town.
+
+On learning the situation, he bitterly exclaimed:--
+
+"They have at least got to the weak side of this miserable garrison,
+and, therefore, we must endeavour to crush them by our numbers before 12
+o'clock."
+
+Montcalm, with more courage than discretion, without waiting for de
+Lévis, who was twenty-eight miles away,--the victim of an inexorable
+destiny, unsupported led forth his men, and saw, not without surprise,
+the whole British Army ranged in battle array. Without giving his men
+time to recover breath after the fatigue of their laborious and hurried
+march, he went into action, trusting to the well-tested courage of his
+troops.
+
+[Illustration: Jam: Wolfe]
+
+Wolfe led the charge at the head of the Louisburg Grenadiers, and when
+the Highlanders, throwing away their muskets, rushed on with their broad
+swords like a tempest of steel, the hapless blue coats, though lacking
+in neither prowess nor patriotism, fled in all directions. The two young
+leaders fell almost simultaneously.
+
+When Wolfe received his death wound, he was in a conspicuous spot near
+the Redoubt, and was thence borne to the rear. He had calmly prepared
+for this contingency. He had made his will, of which he appointed Sir
+Guy Carleton the executor, and for whom he had early formed a close
+friendship, generally speaking of him as "My friend Carleton," and to
+whom he bequeathed his books and papers. His plate he willed to
+Saunders, and to another friend he entrusted the miniature of his
+betrothed with the charge of returning it to her in the event of his
+fall. That was probably the most trying moment of those hours so fraught
+with tragedy--a moment like those on the eve of Waterloo, when there
+were
+
+    "Partings that crush the life from out young hearts."
+
+It was not in his martial cloak nor in his country's flag that he was
+carried dead off the field, but in the tartan "plaidie" of an old
+Highland man, named McLeod, which was tenderly wrapped around him, wet
+with tears from eyes to which tears had long been strangers.
+
+As he fell, his principal care was for the effect it would have upon his
+troops, who, down to the humblest in his command, had caught his spirit,
+and who felt that "they must fulfil the trust reposed in them, or die in
+the ranks."
+
+Leaning against the shoulder of the officer who caught him when falling,
+he implored him to support him, saying, "Do not let my brave soldiers
+see me drop, the day is ours, keep it!" A death attended with
+circumstances more pathetic or incidents more picturesque the annals of
+war do not record.
+
+"The capture of Quebec was an achievement of so formidable a character,
+so distinguished by chivalrous enterprise, and so fraught with singular
+adventure, that the interest attending it still remains undimmed and its
+glorious recollections unfaded."
+
+The virtues and heroism of the youthful leader of the campaign and the
+bravery of his troops, whose toast was "The British flag on every fort,
+post and garrison in America," are themes of just pride to the lover of
+his country. "Young in years but mature in experience, Wolfe possessed
+all the liberal virtues in addition to an enthusiastic knowledge of the
+military art with a sublimity of genius, always the distinguishing mark
+of minds above the ordinary level of mankind. His celebrated letter to
+Mr. Pitt is still considered unsurpassed in military composition."
+
+As Montcalm was carried off the field he enquired if his wound was
+mortal; on being answered in the affirmative, with a mental anguish
+keener than the intense physical pain he was suffering, he said, "So
+much the better, I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Few
+scenes are more full of sadness than his march from his last
+battle-field, as supported by two grenadiers, and passing through the
+St. Louis Gate on his black charger, he courteously greeted the weeping
+women who lined his path, telling them not to weep for him; but it
+could not be but a day of tears for the daughters of Quebec as groans of
+mortal agony came to their ears through the smoke and dust of retreat.
+
+A few hours afterward, on being visited by M. de Ramezay, who commanded
+the garrison, with the title of Lieutenant _du Roy_, and another
+officer, Montcalm addressed them saying, "Gentlemen, I commend to your
+keeping the honour of France,--for myself, I shall pass the night with
+God, and prepare myself for death."
+
+On M. de Ramezay's pressing to receive commands respecting the defence
+of Quebec, he exclaimed with emotion:--"I will neither give orders nor
+interfere further. I have business that must be attended to of greater
+moment than your ruined garrison and this wretched country. My time is
+very short, so pray leave me; I wish you all comfort, and to be happily
+extricated from your present difficulties."
+
+Before expiring, he paid a noble tribute to his late foes, when he
+said:--
+
+"Since it was my misfortune to be discomfited and mortally wounded, it
+is a great consolation to me to be vanquished by so brave and generous
+an enemy. If I could survive this wound, I would engage to beat three
+times the number of such forces as I commanded this morning with a third
+of such troops as were opposed to me."
+
+Almost his last conscious act was to write a letter praying the English
+victors to show clemency to the French prisoners.
+
+It is said that a fissure ploughed by a cannon ball within the walls of
+the Ursuline Convent furnished him a fitting soldier's grave.
+
+One of the sisterhood, an eye-witness of the event, described the burial
+in the following touching and graphic words:--
+
+"At length it was September, with its lustrous skies and pleasant
+harvest scenes. The city was destroyed, but it was not taken. Would not
+the early autumn, so quickly followed by winter, force the enemy to
+withdraw their fleet? For several days the troops which had been so
+long idle were moving in various directions above and below Quebec, but
+they were watched and every point guarded, but no one dreamed of the
+daring project the intrepid Wolfe was meditating. The silence of the
+night told no tale of the stealthy march of five thousand soldiers. The
+echoes of the high cliff only brought to the listening boatmen the
+necessary password. No rock of the shelving precipice gave way under the
+cat-like tread of the Highlanders accustomed to the crags of their
+native hills, but the morning light glittered on serried rows of British
+bayonets, and in an hour the battle of the Plains changed the destinies
+of New France. The remnant of the French army, after turning many times
+on their pursuers, completely disappeared. Their tents were still
+standing on the Plains of Beauport, but their batteries were silent and
+trenches empty--their guns still pointed, but were mute.
+
+"At nine o'clock in the evening a funeral _cortège_ issuing from the
+castle, wound its way through the dark and obstructed streets to the
+little church of the Ursulines. The measured foot steps of the military
+escort kept time with the heavy tread of the bearers, as the officers of
+the garrison followed the lifeless remains of their illustrious
+commander-in-chief to their last resting place. No martial pomp was
+displayed around that humble bier and rough wooden box, which were all
+the ruined city could afford the body of her defender; but no burial
+rite could be more solemn than that hurried evening service performed by
+torchlight under the war-scarred roof of the Convent, as with tears and
+sighs were chanted the words 'Libera me Domine.'"
+
+Some years ago an Englishman, Lord Aylmer, caused to be placed within
+the convent enclosure a tablet with the words carved in marble:--
+
+          Honneur
+            à
+          Montcalm.
+    Le Destin en lui dérobant
+        La Victoire,
+      L'a récompensé par
+      Une Mort Glorieuse.
+
+Or, Honor to Montcalm. Fate denied him victory, but rewarded him with a
+glorious death. Byron expresses a similar sentiment when he said:--
+
+    "They never fail who die in a good cause."
+
+On the spot where Wolfe fell has been raised a simple shaft on which is
+written:--
+
+          "Here Wolfe died victorious,
+              Sept. 13th, 1759,
+    In the thirty-fourth year of his age."
+
+The stone which formed his death couch is preserved in its original
+position, but sunk beneath the ground to protect it from the ravages of
+the relic hunter. The column is supported on a pedestal of rocks formed
+of boulders from the scene of the battle, conspicuous among which may be
+seen the actual rock upon which Wolfe was supported when he breathed his
+last. The stones of the monument are strongly cemented together,
+embedded in the solid foundation of rock, and will be as enduring as the
+fame of him whose name it bears.
+
+The well near by, from which the water was brought to allay his thirst,
+was filled up and obliterated some years ago, much to the regret of
+those who venerated the immortal incident connected with it, and which
+placed it among the historic shrines of the world.
+
+[Illustration: Chas Saunders]
+
+Associated with Wolfe, and a sharer in the glory of the capture of
+Quebec, was Charles Saunders, commander of the squadron. By bombarding
+the town, he kept the enemy in a state of constant and anxious alarm,
+at the same time showing wonderful skill in cleverly protecting his
+fleet from disaster; even when threatened by fire-ships sent to destroy
+it, which were grappled by the British sailors and run aground.
+
+Among those who rendered signal service to Admiral Saunders when he
+neared Quebec was the famous navigator, Captain Cook. He was the pilot
+who conducted the boats to the attack at Montmorency on July 31st, 1759,
+and managed the disembarkment at the Heights of Abraham.
+
+The great mariner, while engaged in his celebrated voyages of discovery,
+was murdered by South Sea Islanders at Owhyhee on the 14th of Feby.,
+1779. He had been sent by the British Government to find if the
+discovery of the North-West passage, which seemed impossible by the
+Atlantic, were feasible by the Pacific Ocean; for which purpose he had
+to round the southern part of the entire American Continent. He was on
+the point of abandoning the project and returning home when he met his
+terrible death, "leaving a name unsurpassed for gallantry by any
+sea-faring man of his time."
+
+In the month of October Saunders' fleet dropped silently down the river.
+On one of the ships was the embalmed body of James Wolfe, returning to
+the land he had served so well, but where alas! he would never hear the
+acclamations with which his fellow countrymen, from the palace to the
+cabin, would lay the laurel wreath upon his tomb,--the paths of glory
+had truly led but to the grave!
+
+Saunders on his return was appointed Lieutenant-General of Marine, and
+on taking his seat as a member of the House of Commons received the
+thanks of the Speaker. He became Knight Commander of the Bath, and on
+his death was buried in Westminster Abbey near to the Monument of Wolfe.
+
+Of the regiments to whom England owes the Conquest of Canada, the Scotch
+claim the greatest share of glory. "Hardy sons of mountain and heather,
+they were in fact the flower of the army, the boldest in attack, the
+fiercest at close quarters, the last to retreat at command, and always
+the bravest of the brave in the forefront of England's battles."
+
+The kilted "laddies" from beyond the Grampians, in their "_braw_" plumed
+bonnets, with their war-pipes lilting above the loudest din of war, have
+met some of the fiercest onslaughts singing and stepping to the
+blood-stirring strains of "Scots wha ha'e wi' Wallace bled."
+
+An eye-witness of their march out of Brussels on that beautiful June
+morning in 1815, the dawn of Waterloo, says:
+
+"One could not but admire their fine appearance, their steady military
+demeanour, with their pipes playing before them, and the beams of the
+rising sun shining on their glittering arms." Many of the young officers
+were in the silk stockings and dancing pumps which they wore the night
+before to the Duchess of Richmond's ball, when they laughed:--
+
+    "On with the dance, let joy be unconfined,
+    No sleep till morn when youth and beauty meet,
+    To chase the glowing hours with flying feet."
+
+With swords waving, the pibroch screaming and the "stirring memories of
+a thousand years," they rushed into the stupendous conflict leading the
+"_Forty-twa_" into the field, which the setting of the same sun saw
+drenched through with blood, but marked by deeds which covered with
+glory many a thatched ingle-nook on highland hills and in lowland
+valleys.
+
+After the Conquest of Canada, the Fraser Highlanders with the remains of
+the 42nd were offered grants of land if they chose to remain as
+settlers, a privilege which many of them accepted. Sixteen years
+afterward, when a foreign invasion threatened Canada, they loyally left
+the plough in the furrow and again sprang to arms, to protect their
+altars and firesides.
+
+Among the blue Laurentian hills of the lower St. Lawrence, around their
+simple hearths, their descendants live the placid life of the Canadian
+_habitant_. They bear the old historic names of their Gaelic
+forefathers,--Fraser, Cameron, Blackburn, MacDonald, etc.--but in
+nothing else could it be thought that in their veins runs the blood of
+those who fought at Colloden and Bannockburn. They are as purely French
+in their religion, language and customs, as those whose sires sailed
+from Breton and Norman ports.
+
+The Commandant of Quebec at the time of its fall was the son of Claude
+de Ramezay, the builder of the Château of that name. After the
+disastrous battle, Vaudreuil, Governor of Montreal, sent him urgent
+charges to do his utmost to hold out until reinforcements, which were on
+a forced march from Montreal and elsewhere, should arrive to his
+succour; but, the besieged being in the greatest extreme of fright and
+starvation, his force refused to fight. His conduct has been much
+criticized, but one annalist asserts that he was "not the man to shrink
+from danger or death had there been anything but foolhardiness in the
+risk, as he belonged to the good old fighting stock of North
+Britain,"--the race which produced a Wallace and a Bruce. He, however,
+signed the articles of capitulation, as recommended by the Council of
+War summoned, and the British marched in through the iron-spiked
+gates,--when, had he held out only twenty-four hours longer, Canada
+might have been saved for France, as the British could not for any
+length of time have maintained their position on the Plains of Abraham.
+Returning to France, where he was related to several families of the
+Noblesse, who held that "war was the only worthy calling, and prized
+honour more than life," he received so cool a reception at Court that
+his proud spirit, being unable to brook the humiliation, he applied for
+a passport allowing him to return to Canada, but subsequently he
+abandoned the idea of returning to his native land. Had he carried out
+his intention, he might have seen French, English and American flags
+successively wave over the red roof of the Château of his boyhood.
+
+To complete the conquest, Montreal was attacked at three different
+points by Generals Amherst, Murray and Haldimand. Arriving within a few
+hours of each other, they camped outside of the old walls of the town.
+Vaudreuil and de Lévis tried to oppose them, but with Quebec lost, and
+the only defences a rude citadel and weak walls built to resist Indian
+attack and useless in civilized warfare, they were compelled to
+surrender. A small stone cottage, until quite recently standing in a
+private garden on the mountain side, was used as Amherst's headquarters,
+and in which the articles of capitulation were signed between the
+victorious and vanquished generals.
+
+Among those who entered the town with Amherst was Israel Putnam, a man
+who had been brought into Montreal a year before a prisoner by the
+French. He had great physical strength and decision of character, and
+was absolutely incapable of fear. On the breaking out of the
+Revolutionary War, he entered with zeal into the cause of the colonists,
+and lead them in the battle of Bunker Hill. True to his convictions, he
+refused the large sums of money offered him by the British for his
+services. By the American troops he was lovingly called "Old Put." On
+his tombstone was inscribed:--"He dared to lead where any dared to
+follow."
+
+As the British entered the city by the old Recollet Monastery gate, the
+French retired to _la Citadelle_, a strong wood block house at the other
+end of the town. General Haldimand was the First Englishman to enter
+within the walls, remains of which are still frequently dug up in
+excavating. The oldest Ensign in Amherst's army received the French
+colours, and it is said the keys of the city were given over by a woman,
+but it is recorded with certainty that the fallen foes were treated with
+the greatest consideration and respect, not even the Indian allies being
+permitted to commit a single act of violence. "Amherst commanded the
+principal division, including the 'Black Watch,' or gallant 42nd, which
+has been renowned in military story wherever the British flag has been
+borne to victory for more than a hundred and forty years." At Waterloo,
+Corunna, Alma and Lucknow, in Afghan defiles and Egyptian deserts, they
+were always in the thickest of the fight.
+
+It is said, Pitt, wanting a safe and sure officer to command them, chose
+what he called a stubborn Colonel, who had shown his mettle in Germany,
+and made him Major-General Amherst.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CANADA UNDER ENGLISH RULE.
+
+
+General James Murray, the son of Lord Elibank, was appointed the first
+British Governor of Canada. Previous to the fall of Montreal, de Lévis,
+refusing to consider the cause of France lost on the St. Lawrence,
+valiantly resolved on an attack on General Murray at Quebec. The news of
+his advance was conveyed to Murray by a "half-frozen _cannonier_, whom
+the British troops carried up Mountain Hill in a sailor's
+hammock."--April 26th, 1760. Hearing of this unfortunate circumstance,
+which gave up to the enemy his intention of taking him unawares, de
+Lévis hurriedly led his men under the walls of the city, where Murray,
+promptly coming out to meet him, the battle of "Ste. Foye" took place,
+when the French this time saw their efforts crowned with success, the
+British having to find a shelter within the walls of the old Citadel.
+The French leader was too weak to operate a regular siege, so remained
+camped on the battle-field, awaiting the reinforcements expected.
+
+[Illustration: De Lévis]
+
+One bright sunny morning it was heralded on all sides that a fleet had
+been signalled, and the joy of the French troops knew no bounds; but,
+alas! for them it was found out but too soon that the ships were under
+England's flag. Instead of de Lévis receiving the assistance he
+required, it came to the already victorious Briton. It but remained,
+therefore, for him to retire in haste to Montreal, where, being soon
+followed up by the enemy and surrounded on all sides, he had to submit
+to the dictates of fate, as already stated.
+
+He affixed his name to the Articles of Capitulation, with, it is said,
+the document placed against a tree at the head of St. Helen's Island.
+
+De Lévis, although blamed for his unsoldierlike act in the destruction
+of his regimental colours, was, nevertheless, a fine specimen of the
+long line of chivalrous nobles, whose names and deeds emblazon French
+chronicles of field and foray since the days when Charlemagne wore his
+iron crown. Deeply chagrined at the refusal of the British to allow the
+garrison to march out with the honours of war, although high-spirited to
+a fault, he humbled himself to pray in writing for the reversal of the
+order. It may have been in the salon of the Château that the
+representatives of the two knights stood face to face as suppliant and
+arbiter. Their fathers may have crossed swords at Crécy, when the
+Plantagenet Prince bore off the feathered crest which was to be the
+insignia of all future first-born sons of English kings, or they may
+have tilted with lance and pennon on the Field of the Cloth of Gold; but
+here de Lévis, with his petition sternly denied, was forced to retire in
+anger, filled with humiliation at the failure of his intercession.
+
+It may be imagined with what conflicting emotions he entered the
+following words in his journal:--
+
+"The British sent a detachment to _Place d'Armes_ with artillery,
+whither our battalions marched one after another, to lay down their
+arms, and the enemy took possession of the posts and watches of the
+city." As they filed past the Château, which was on their line of march,
+many a heavy heart beat beneath the blue coats, and when a few days
+later they embarked with their chief for France, even valour need not
+have been ashamed if tears dimmed the sight of the English colours
+flying from their flag staffs, and the fair land fading from their sight
+forever.
+
+The Château de Vaudreuil was then dismantled of its treasures of fine
+china and specimens of the arts revived in what is known as the
+_Renaissance_, when everything that was exquisite in painting,
+sculpture, working in metals, and art in all its forms had received such
+an impetus from the Italian artists whom Louis the Fourteenth gathered
+around his court, as well as from the influence of Madame de Pompadour,
+whose taste, unhappily, far exceeded her morals. It was purchased by
+Chartier de Lotbinière, and it is pleasant to chronicle that a few years
+ago his direct descendant, M. de Léry Macdonald, while visiting France,
+had the honour of meeting la Comtesse de Clairemont-Tonnerre, the last
+living representative of the De Vaudreuil family, who graciously
+presented to him the "_Croix St. Louis_," which had been bestowed upon
+the first Vaudreuil who held an official position in Canada, which relic
+is now to be seen in the Château de Ramezay.
+
+The old fortifications of Ville Marie were planned by a de Léry; he, and
+the military engineer who traced out his campaigns with Bonaparte, and
+whom he called the "_Immortel Général_," were members of this family, in
+the possession of which are priceless old tapestries, which were gifts
+from royalty as rewards of diplomatic or personal services.
+
+About a year after the evacuation of Quebec, Murray was sitting in the
+chilliness of an October evening by the chimney meditating. As he gazed
+at the glowing fire of maple logs, he may have fancied that he saw again
+the face of his dead commander, and may have thought of that desperate
+charge outside the gates--of the shouts of victory and cries of
+defeat--where then the only sound to be heard was the wind rustling the
+withered grass that had been dyed red in the blood of so many gallant
+young hearts. The soldier's face may have softened as he thought of the
+old hearthstone among the heather hills, where tales of the Border and
+the traditions of his clan had fired his young soul for the glory of
+conquest.
+
+He was suddenly aroused from his dream by the announcement that two
+warlike frigates were sailing below the cliffs. He hurried to the
+bastion, which commanded the spot, to survey what might portend fresh
+struggles and more bloodshed. But soon a standard was run up to the
+masthead, unfolding to the breeze the flag of England. Immediately from
+the ramparts, where so recently had proudly floated the flag of France,
+an answering signal was shown, and, as the guns roared out a salute to
+the British colours, it was also a farewell honour to the old _Régime_,
+which has passed away forever from Canadian shores.
+
+Of Murray, the first British Governor of Canada, it has been said that,
+in the long roll of unblemished good service, in the record of his
+honourable fidelity to his trust and duty, no passage of his life stands
+out in brighter colours than this period, during which he turned a deaf
+ear to intolerance and the spirit of persecution, and strove to show the
+new subjects of the Crown how truly beneficent, just and good, with all
+its errors, the rule of Great Britain had ever proved to be.
+
+With the Treaty of Paris in 1763 King George III. abolished the French
+laws, substituting for them the English Code in the newly won Dominion;
+later on, however, by the "Quebec Act," they were restored to the
+Canadians.
+
+The members of the _Noblesse_, whose ties compelled their remaining in
+Canada, sent to London to offer fealty to King George, and thus further
+their personal interests.
+
+When the Chevalier de Léry and his wife, the beautiful Louise de
+Brouages, one of the most lovely women of her day, were presented at the
+Court of St. James, the young Sovereign was so struck with her beauty
+that he gallantly exclaimed:--
+
+"If all Canadian ladies resemble her, we have indeed made a conquest."
+
+A French writer of the time says:--
+
+"How can we sufficiently deplore the loss of Canada, with all its
+present value and with all its future hope--a possession of which all
+the difficulties were already overcome, and of which the consequent
+advantages were secure and within reach! That loss might have been
+guarded against--yes, that land consecrated by the blood of a Montcalm,
+a Jumonville, and so many brave Frenchmen who shared their dangers, and
+were united with them in fate--that country honoured with the name of
+New France--that country where we may yet trace her children enjoying
+the manners and customs of their forefathers--that country might yet
+have existed under its rightful princes, if the Cabinet of Versailles
+had known the true position it held--had erected there a new throne and
+had placed upon it a Prince of the Royal Family--it would have ruled
+to-day over that vast region, and preserved the treasures vainly spent
+in its defence."
+
+After the conquest the Château de Ramezay was saved from being a mere
+fur-trading post by becoming the city residence of the Baron de
+Longueuil, a Canadian feudal lord, the towers, embattlements and chapel
+of whose castle were visible on the south side of the river. The founder
+of this house, which to-day holds the only hereditary feudal barony of
+Canada, was Charles LeMoyne, who came to Canada in 1642 with
+Maisonneuve. This man was the son of an innkeeper at Dieppe (France),
+who it is alleged was descended from a younger branch of the old Norman
+family of LeMoyne, the head of the house being the Marquis de Longueuil.
+
+Fourteen years after his arrival in Canada, LeMoyne received the
+Seigniory of Longueuil, he having in the meantime amassed a considerable
+fortune in the fur trade.
+
+The eldest son, who was named after his father, was born in 1656, and
+in recognition of his services at a siege of Quebec, and against the
+Iroquois, he was made a Baron of France in 1700 by Louis 14th. The old
+deed of nobility is to this day in an almost perfect condition.
+
+An original sketch of the Château de Longueuil, taken after a fire which
+partially destroyed it in 1792, is still in possession of the family.
+The Château, or in reality the Castle, was built by the first Baron in
+1699, and for nearly a hundred years sheltered the family of LeMoyne.
+
+It stood partly on the ground now occupied by the front of the present
+parish church of Longueuil, and partly across the highway, at a corner
+of the Chambly road. The north-west tower was located as late as 1835,
+but was covered with earth by the excavation for the new church. The
+Château, comprising the chapel, was 210 by 170 feet, and was constructed
+in the strongest possible manner of stones which were gathered by the
+river bank. The building was two storeys in height all around, and was
+flanked by four towers with conical tops. There were high gables over
+the building, and in the centre a court. On the river-side front it was
+loop-holed for defence, and it was here that the retainers came in time
+of trouble. On the west side was the chapel, which was large and
+extensive.
+
+After the fire it was never again occupied, and later on the stone work
+went to help make the present roadway, as had been the fate of many an
+Italian palace and temple of Greece. The family gave the land where the
+present church stands, and they also built the first church, with vaults
+below. This was done on condition that the family should all be buried
+there, and so far this has been carried out. The barony was once very
+extensive, taking in a territory of about one hundred and fifty square
+miles, including St. Helen's Island, upon which may still be recognized
+the ruins of the residence which stood on the eastern side of it, Capt.
+Grant and his wife, Madame de Baronne de Longueuil, having lived there
+for some time.
+
+Fort Senneville, an interesting ruin, at the western end of Montreal
+Island, and which was destroyed by Benedict Arnold at the invasion of
+Canada, during the American Revolution, was erected by the Le Ber
+family, which was closely allied to that of LeMoyne, and was enobled at
+the same time as the latter. The fort was intended for a fortified
+fur-trading post.
+
+In 1880 the seventh Baron claimed royal recognition from the English
+Crown of his title to the old French Barony, which Queen Victoria was
+graciously pleased to recognize. The de Longueuil family was always
+generously treated by royalty, and on the Richelieu river are several
+Seigniories which have been granted to members of it. On the same side
+of the river St. Lawrence, but a considerable distance inland, is the
+pretty town of Iberville. It is named after LeMoyne d'Iberville, a
+member of this family, who, with his seven brothers, took their several
+names from their seigniories, and were all distinguished for daring and
+ambition in all the perilous adventures of New France in their day.
+
+[Illustration: Le Moyne D'Iberville]
+
+In the Indian village of Caughnawaga, situated near the Lachine Rapids,
+is the half-ruined Curial House, if it may be so called, of the early
+historian, the Jesuit Charlevoix. Like all French travellers of that
+period, he had his visions of reaching the Pacific coast, which,
+although never realized, yet he was a celebrated explorer and an
+accurate and painstaking writer. His "_Histoire Générale de la Nouvelle
+France_" is a valuable and authentic history of the period it covers,
+and is looked upon as one of the most reliable authorities to-day.
+
+In this thrifty hamlet, clustering around the church, under whose
+steeple worship the remnants of the once fierce and dreaded Iroquois,
+are the last of their race. They are adroit in the use of the canoe, and
+for many years have acted as pilots for the St. Lawrence steamers in the
+perilous navigation of the Rapids. The squaws are skilful in the bead
+work so dear to the savage heart, and form picturesque groups in
+blankets and moccasins exposing their wares for sale in the railway
+stations.
+
+About ten years after the British occupation, the Château de Ramezay
+fell again into government hands, being selected as the official
+residence. One of those who frequently crossed its threshold at this
+period was General Thomas Gage, second in command under Sir Jeffrey
+Amherst.
+
+He was the first British Governor of Montreal, and the last of
+Massachusetts, and was remarkable for his doughty deeds during the
+American Revolution. And then in these rooms, where so often had
+sparkled French wit and wine, high-born English dames held sway, with
+the grand manners and stately dances of Queen Charlotte's Drawing Rooms
+at Windsor Castle. These doors were none too large for the extended
+skirts and towering head-dresses, some of which had satin cushions large
+enough to have had the family coat of arms painted on them, and yet had
+room to spare. The ladies naturally followed the fashions set by the
+Queen, who was exceedingly fond of display in dress, and had an oriental
+love for gems. A description of one of her toilettes has come down to
+us, which was almost barbaric in its profusion of ornaments. At the
+first Drawing Room held after King George's recovery from a dangerous
+illness, she "fairly glittered in a blaze of diamonds. Around her neck
+was a double row of these gems, to which was suspended a medallion.
+Across her shoulders were festooned three rows of costly pearls, and the
+portrait of the King was hung upon the back of her skirt from five rows
+of brilliants, producing a gorgeous effect. The tippet was of fine lace,
+fastened with the letter G. in diamonds of immense size and value, and
+in Her Majesty's hair was--'God save the King,' in letters formed of the
+same costly gems."
+
+[Illustration: THE MINUET--QUEEN OF SWORDS.]
+
+Under her sovereignty the guttural Anglo-Saxon tongue was heard in the
+homes and on the streets mingling with the mellifluent French, and the
+liturgy of Westminster Abbey was solemnized side by side with the ritual
+of St. Peter's in the hush of Sabbaths, after the din and clamour of war
+had ceased, and quiet once more reigned in the grey old town.
+
+As memorials of those days of strife, carnage and conquest, some
+Canadian names have taken root in British soil. Gen. James Murray chose
+the name of Beauport for his country seat, and that of the Earls of
+Amherst, among the hop gardens and rose hedges of Kent, bears the name
+of Montreal, Amherst having been created Baron of Montreal.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN INVASION.
+
+
+In the year 1775, when the thirteen American Colonies had risen in arms
+against the Motherland, it was to be expected that they would desire to
+have the assistance of those north of the forty-ninth parallel. Being so
+recently laid under British allegiance, it was supposed there would be
+much sympathy for the young cause in the Canadian Colonies. But, whether
+the treaty which had been made had been considered gracious in its
+terms, or that the horrible memories of war had not had time to die
+away, or from a combination of causes, the French-English provinces
+refused to take up the Colonial grievances. To compel them to do this,
+an expedition, consisting of Col. Ethan Allen and his "Green Mountain
+Boys," was detached against Montreal. Arriving on the opposite bank of
+the river, just below the town, with about one hundred and fifty men, he
+crossed over from Longueuil and reached the eastern suburbs at about
+ten o'clock p.m., when he proceeded to billet his men in private houses.
+That was before the days of telephones, so it was some time before the
+news reached the city and the gates were closed. The rash project of so
+small a force attempting to beleaguer a walled town of fourteen thousand
+inhabitants could have but one outcome, and it resulted in the capture
+of Ethan Allen. He was brought in through the Quebec Gate, or _Porte St.
+Martin_, sent to England and lodged in Pendennis Castle, where he could
+hear the moan of the wide sea that separated him from the land he loved
+and longed to fight for.
+
+But the expedition was not abandoned on account of this repulse, for
+soon General Montgomery appeared. Rattray describes Montgomery as a
+brave officer of generous and exemplary character. He was an Irishman, a
+lieutenant in the 17th Foot, but resigned his commission in the year
+1772, owing, it is said, to some grievance connected with promotion;
+when he settled and married in the State of New York. Crossing the
+Canadian lines he captured Forts St. Jean and Chambly, the latter a
+stone fortress on the site of a post built by Tracey's men, and thus he
+became possessed of ammunition and other military stores of which he
+stood in need. The French-Canadian _Noblesse_ were the first to offer to
+defend the country against the invader, but Sir Guy Carleton,
+Commander-in-Chief of the forces, being without sufficient troops to
+successfully resist attack at this point, determined to retire to Quebec
+and make a resolute stand within its walls. He therefore dismissed to
+their homes the Canadians under arms, spiked the cannon and burned the
+_bateaux_ he could not use. Three armed sloops were loaded with
+provisions and baggage to be ready for emergency. He felt it was a point
+of honour to remain at Montreal as long as possible, but it was of the
+utmost importance to the cause that his person should not fall into the
+hands of the enemy. He therefore remained until news arrived that the
+Americans had landed on a small island in the river, a short distance
+above the city, now called Nun's Island, and then hurried arrangements
+were made for his departure. As he left the Château, passing out of the
+main entrance and down the path that led to the river, he was followed
+by groups of friends and citizens, whose sad countenances evinced their
+forebodings of the future. The historian Bouchette, whose father was one
+of those in attendance on the Commander, relates the incidents of the
+perilous and momentous journey in the following words:--
+
+[Illustration: FORT CHAMBLY,
+
+Near Montreal, captured by the Continental Army, under Gen. Montgomery,
+in 1775.]
+
+"It was through the intrepidity of a party of Canadian boatmen that the
+Governor of the country was enabled, after escaping the most critical
+perils, to reach the Capital of the Province, where his arrival is well
+known to have prevented the capitulation of Quebec and the surrender of
+the country. In reverting to the history of the Revolutionary contest,
+no event will be found more strikingly illustrative of the extraordinary
+chances of war than the perilous, though fortunate, adventure of the
+Commander-in-Chief of the army in Canada, whose descent by water from
+Montreal to Quebec was effected with safety in the very teeth of
+danger. The shores of the St. Lawrence for upwards of fifty miles below
+the city were possessed by the enemy, who had constructed armed rafts
+and floating batteries at the junction of the Sorel with the St.
+Lawrence, to cut off communication with the Capital. Upon the successful
+issue of so hazardous an attempt depended the preservation of Canada,
+and the taking of General Carleton, which appeared nearly certain, would
+have rendered its fate inevitable; but the happy arrival of the Governor
+at Quebec at so critical a juncture, and the well-advised and active
+steps which he immediately adopted, secured to Britain a footing in that
+beautiful portion of America which circumstances threatened to forever
+deny her. A clandestine escape from the surrounding enemy was the only
+alternative left, and an experienced officer, distinguished for his
+intrepidity and courage, was immediately sent for to concert measures
+for the General's precipitate departure. Captain Bouchette, the officer
+selected for this purpose, then in command of an armed vessel in the
+harbour, and who was styled the 'wild pigeon' on account of the celerity
+of his movements, zealously assumed the responsible duty assigned him,
+suggesting at the same time the absolute necessity of the General's
+disguise in the costume of a Canadian peasant fisherman. This was deemed
+prudent as increasing the chances of escape, if, as seemed probable,
+they should fall in with the enemy, whose gun-boats, chiefly captures,
+were cruising in various parts of the river.
+
+"It was a dark and damp night in November, a light skiff with muffled
+paddles, manned by a few chosen men, provisioned with three biscuits
+each, lay alongside the waiting vessel." Under cover of the night, the
+disguised Governor embarked, attended by an orderly sergeant, and his
+devoted Aide-de-Camp, Charles Terieu de la Pérade, Sieur de Lanaudière,
+Seigneur de Ste. Anne, and a lineal descendant of de Ramezay. The skiff
+silently pushed off, the Captain frequently communicating his orders in
+a preconcerted manner by silently touching the shoulder or head of the
+man next to him, who passed on the signal to the one nearest, and so on.
+"Their perplexity increased as they approached the Berthier Islands,
+from the knowledge that the enemy had taken up strong positions at this
+point, especially in the islands which commanded the channel on the
+south-west of Lake St. Peter, which compelled their adoption of the
+other to the northward, although the alternative seemed equally fraught
+with peril, as the American troops were encamped on the banks. The most
+eminent danger they experienced was passing through the 'Narrows' at
+Berthier, the shores of which were lined by American bivouacs, whose
+blazing fires, reflecting far out on the surface of the waters, obliged
+them to stoop, cease paddling and allow themselves to drift down with
+the current, imitating the appearance of drifting timber frequently seen
+in the St. Lawrence. So near did they approach, that the Sentinel's
+exulting shout of 'All's well' occasionally broke upon the awful
+stillness of the night. Their perilous situation was increased by the
+constant barking of dogs that seemed to threaten them with discovery. It
+evidently required the greatest prudence and good fortune to escape the
+vigilance of an enemy thus stationed. The descent was, however, happily
+made by impelling the skiff smoothly along the water, and paddling with
+the hands for a distance of nine miles. After ascertaining that the
+enemy had not yet occupied Three Rivers (a point half way to Quebec),
+they repaired thither to recruit from their fatigue, when the whole
+party narrowly escaped being made prisoners by a detachment of the
+American Army which was then entering the town. Overcome by exhaustion,
+the General leaned over a table in an inner room and fell asleep. The
+clang of arms was presently heard in the outer passage, and soon
+afterward American soldiers filled the adjoining apartment to that in
+which the General himself was, but his disguise proved his preservation.
+Captain Bouchette, with peculiar self-possession and affected
+listlessness, walked up to the Governor, and with the greatest
+familiarity beckoned him away, at the same time apprising him of the
+threatened danger. Passing through the midst of the heedless guards, and
+hastening to the beach, they moved oft precipitately in the skiff and
+reached unmolested the foot of the Richelieu Rapids, where an armed brig
+was fortunately found lying at anchor, which on their arrival
+immediately set sail with a favouring breeze for Quebec.
+
+Arrived at the Citadel, they proceeded to the Château St. Louis, where
+the important services just rendered the country were generously
+acknowledged."
+
+[Illustration: Lanaudière]
+
+It is remarkable that the man who shared so largely in the risk involved
+in this dramatic scene should have been a Frenchman, Carleton's
+Aide-de-camp. Between him and his Chief a warm attachment continued to
+exist until the end of their lives, an uninterrupted correspondence
+being kept up between this noble soldier, Charles Terieu de Lanaudière
+and Lord Dorchester, after the latter with the title bestowed upon him
+for his success on this occasion had retired from active service in the
+colonies. De Lanaudière's career was a remarkable one. He began with the
+rank of Lieutenant in the Régiment de la Sarre, and was wounded in the
+battle of Ste. Foye. He was afterwards received with royal favour by
+King George the Third, being present at the state dinner when His
+Majesty with the dignity which he knew how to assume when the occasion
+required, rang for the carriage of his sometime favourite, the
+fastidious Beau Brummel, who had presumed on his august good nature by
+undue familiarity.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE CONTINENTAL ARMY IN CANADA.
+
+
+On the Sunday following Sir Guy Carleton's departure from Montreal, as
+the people were proceeding to church, they were thrown into a state of
+great alarm by the tidings of the landing of Montgomery's force on the
+Island of Montreal itself, at the spot where now the great Victoria
+Bridge springs from the shore, this densely-packed manufacturing
+district being then swamps and meadows. There was no hope of attempting
+defence under the circumstances, so both French and English, represented
+by an important committee of the foremost inhabitants of the town,
+headed by Col. Pierre Guy, entered into terms with Montgomery respecting
+persons and property. At nine o'clock in the morning, Nov. 13, 1775, the
+American troops marched in through the same gate by which Amherst had
+entered sixteen years before. Just inside the walls was the most
+sumptuous private dwelling in the city, called the Château Fortier. Its
+walls were hung with beautiful tapestries wrought in historical scenes,
+and its rooms were elegantly furnished and elaborately wainscotted. This
+old house still stands among the tall, business blocks, strong yet as a
+fortress, with high tin roof and deep windows and doors. It is now used
+as a tavern, but even this does not spoil the charm of its unique
+exterior, which still remains unchanged since the winter of 1775, when
+Montgomery and his officers held their mess here, and the descendants of
+the Puritans changed the character of the French château, as Oliver
+Cromwell and his "Roundheads," a century before, altered that of the
+English palace of Whitehall.
+
+[Illustration: CHATEAU FORTIER.
+
+Where Montgomery and his officers held their mess in the winter of 1775.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+Little or nothing is known of what happened in Montreal during the
+autumn of 1775, when the Army of Congress held possession of the town.
+There may, and doubtless were, some sympathizers in the city who
+frequented the Château Fortier, but the loyalists avoided its vicinity
+as much as policy permitted. The French and English ladies looked
+askance at the American soldiers, and if a town, invested by an enemy,
+indulged in any form of merriment, it is probable that no invitation was
+ever addressed to General Montgomery or Brigadier-General Wooster. In
+their rounds of the town it may have been that glimpses of home
+gatherings in the firelight may have given to these men of war many a
+twinge of homesickness for hearths across the border, where women who
+had been clad in satin and brocade sat spinning homespun, and were
+content to drink spring water from the hills, while the tea they had
+loved to sip in their Colonial drawing-rooms was floating about the
+Boston beaches. If the Boys in blue and buff encountered any of the
+Montreal maidens in their walks by the river, or glanced at them as they
+passed through the gates to wander in the maple woods around, the
+English girls passed them haughtily with a cold disdain in their blue
+eyes, and the French demoiselles flashed a fine scorn from the depths of
+their dark orbs, which wounded as keenly as a thrust of steel.
+
+Events followed each other so rapidly across the line that Montgomery,
+tired of inaction, resolved to carry out before the year ended his
+cherished plan of making an assault on Quebec, and proceeded to join
+Arnold's men, who, half-famished and in rags, had arrived outside that
+city's walls.
+
+Arnold, who was born at Norwich, Connecticut, Jan. 14, 1741, was, it is
+said, a very handsome man, but his character was a striking combination
+of contradictory qualities, and his career marked by extremes. He was
+the bearer of a letter from General Washington to the Canadians, in
+which was written: "We have taken up arms in defence of our liberty, our
+property, our wives and our children. The Grand American Congress has
+sent an army into your province, not to plunder but to protect you. To
+co-operate with this design I have detached Col. Arnold into your
+country, with a part of the Army under my command. Come then, ye
+generous citizens, range yourselves under the standard of general
+liberty, against which all the force of artifice and tyranny will never
+be able to prevail."
+
+Arnold with his two regiments, numbering together about eleven hundred
+men, had left Boston in the month of September, with the fixed intention
+of penetrating the unbroken wilderness which lay between the two cities.
+On the twenty-second of the month he embarked with his troops on the
+Kennebec River, in two hundred _batteaux_, and notwithstanding "all the
+natural impediments, the ascent of the rapid streams, interrupted by
+frequent _portages_, through thick woods and swamps, in spite of
+accidents, the desertion of one-third of their number, difficulties and
+privations so great as on one occasion to compel them to kill their dogs
+for sustenance;" after thirty-two days of the perils of this wilderness
+march they came in sight of the first settlement near Quebec.
+
+About a week later, when darkness had fallen along the river shores and
+lights twinkled from the little dwellings of the lower town on the
+opposite bank, they embarked in canoes for a silent passage across, and
+arrived early in the morning at Wolfe's Cove, where, sixteen years
+before, a similar landing had been effected, with the same purpose in
+view of assaulting the garrison in the seemingly impregnable fortress.
+For weeks the blockade was maintained, the American troops being
+established in every house near the walls, more especially in the
+vicinity of the Intendant's Palace, which once had been gorgeous with
+the prodigal luxury and magnificence for which this old Château had been
+notorious. The roughly-shod New England soldiers tramped through the
+rooms and up the noble staircases on which ladies of fashion had glided
+when the infamous Intendant Bigot had disgraced his King and office by
+his profligacies. These men, establishing themselves in the cupola,
+found it an excellent vantage point to fire upon and annoy the sentries
+on guard.
+
+On the 5th of December General Montgomery arrived with his troops from
+Montreal and joined Arnold. "They sent a flag of truce to General
+Carleton, who utterly disregarded it, declaring that he would not have
+any communication with rebels unless they came to claim the King's
+mercy."
+
+General Montgomery, realizing that it was impossible to carry on a
+regular siege, with neither the engineers nor artillery requisite for
+the purpose, determined upon a night attack. This intention became known
+to the garrison, and the most careful precautions were taken against
+surprise. For several days those on duty and in responsible positions
+observed the strictest vigilance, even sleeping in their clothes, with
+their arms within reach, to be ready for the slightest alarm. The report
+reached the garrison that Montgomery had said that he would dine within
+the walls on Christmas Day, and he certainly seemed to consider himself
+sure of victory.
+
+Arnold's communications to Carleton has been treated with contempt, no
+parley being entered into nor conditions considered. Montgomery tried
+various expedients to have his messages received, but without success,
+until an old woman was found willing to carry them in. On her errand
+becoming known, she was arrested, imprisoned for a few hours and then
+drummed out of the city, thus receiving the most disgraceful dismissal
+possible in military discipline. The two letters of which she was the
+bearer were directed, one to Carleton and the other to the citizens.
+
+That to the Governor read:--
+
+"I am at the head of troops accustomed to success, confident of the
+righteousness of the cause they are engaged in and inured to danger."
+
+To the people his words were:--
+
+"My friends and fellow subjects, 'tis with the utmost compunction I find
+myself reduced to measures which may overwhelm you with distress. The
+city in flames at this severe season, a general attack on your wretched
+works, defended by a more wretched garrison, the confusion, carnage and
+plunder which must be the consequence of such an attack, fill me with
+horror! Let me entreat you to use your endeavours to procure my
+peaceable admission. I have not the reproach to make my own conscience
+that I have not warned you of your danger."
+
+Montgomery, waiting for a night of unusual darkness, during which he
+hoped to place his ladders against the barriers unnoticed by the guards,
+found the 31st of December suited to his purpose. On the last day of the
+year, when in Boston, New York and other American towns, family
+re-unions and festive gatherings were taking place, as far as the
+disturbed state of the country permitted, in a blinding snow-storm,
+poorly-clad, but resolute, these troops stood in line of battle, waiting
+for the word of command through the dreary hours of that night, in which
+every belfry in New England was chiming out the dawn of the New Year,
+which was to be the greatest in the Republic's history--1776--the birth
+year of the nation.
+
+At four o'clock in the morning two rockets glared redly to the sky, and
+were immediately responded to by answering signals, which were observed
+from the ramparts. The solitary sentinel on St. John's Bastion reported
+an armed body of men approaching. It was a feint to distract attention
+from the point where Montgomery was to make the attack.
+
+The tidings spread that the riflemen of New England were at the gates;
+the peaceable denizens of the town were startled with the cry of "To
+arms! To arms!" from officers hastening through the streets. The pickets
+in the Recollet Convent hurriedly gathered--the church bells clanged out
+the alarm for the troops to march at once to their posts, while drums
+beat and muskets rattled.
+
+    "Ah! then and there was hurrying to and fro,
+      And gathering tears and tremblings of distress,
+    And cheeks all pale--and whispering with white lips,
+      'The foe! They come, they come!'"
+
+Lights glimmered from the frost-covered casements as fearful mothers
+tried to still the cries of their children, frightened with the unusual
+clamour. Hands were rung and tearful farewells taken of those whose duty
+called them out, with no certainty of return, for
+
+    "Who could guess if ever more should meet those mutual eyes?"
+
+Arnold's men rushed at the barricades in Sault-au-Matelot st., with the
+words "Victory or Death" stuck in their hats, while Montgomery
+approached by a path known as "Près-de-Ville." It was extremely narrow,
+and obstructed with blocks of ice and snow-drifts. It was in the
+neighbourhood of where now are the wharves of the Allan Line Steamship
+Co.
+
+In the narrowest part the Americans marched slowly and cautiously. They
+passed the outer barrier without resistance and approached the inner,
+commanded by Dambourges. All was apparently unwarned and silent, but it
+was not deserted. Within was a masked battery of only a few
+three-pounders, with a little band of Canadians, eight British Militia
+and nine seamen to work the guns. The force advanced to within thirty
+yards, with Montgomery in front. Beside a gun, which pointed directly
+down their path, Sergeant Hugh McQuarters stood ready, the match in his
+hand lighted to send the deadly missile at the advancing column.
+
+A quick movement--a flash--a dull boom--and the fearless leader of the
+assault fell dead, with twelve others, including his secretary and
+aide-de-camp--Arnold, his lieutenant, being wounded, and thus ended the
+fifth and last siege of Quebec.
+
+It was well for Quebec that her gates that night were not thrown open to
+the sack of troops, among which was Aaron Burr, who had accompanied
+Arnold's command. These two men were possessed of less moral character
+than any who were connected with the Revolutionary struggle. Arnold was
+a strange mixture of bravery and treachery, generosity and rapacity,
+courage and petty spite. This arch-traitor subsequently offered to sell
+West Point to the British for $30,000, then took service among his
+country's foes, and returned to pillage and ravage his former comrades.
+Aaron Burr, though descended from generations of clergymen, among whom
+was the saintly and learned Jonathan Edwards, was guilty of murder,
+treason, and every other vice by which a man could become notorious, his
+whole career leaving dishonour, blasting, misery and death, like the
+trail of a venomous serpent, behind him.
+
+Governor Carleton, being desirous of ascertaining the certainty of
+Montgomery's fate, sent an aide-de-camp to enquire if any of the
+American prisoners would identify the body. A field officer, who had
+commanded in Arnold's Division, consented to perform the sad office. He
+followed the aide-de-camp to the Près-de-Ville guard, and singled out
+from among the other bodies his General's remains, by the side of which
+lay his sword, at the same time pronouncing with the deepest emotion a
+glowing eulogium of the worth and character of him who, frozen stiff
+and cold, had been found half buried in his winding-sheet--a Canadian
+snow-drift. Deeply impressed by the scene and circumstances, Sir Guy
+Carleton ordered that his late enemy be interred in the foreign soil
+with the glory of martial, burial honours. In the Château Museum may be
+seen a sword which was picked up in the morning after Montgomery's
+repulse. It is in a good state of preservation, much care evidently
+having since been bestowed upon it.
+
+[Illustration: SIR GUY CARLETON]
+
+"Of these five sieges, in the years 1629, 1690, 1759, 1760 and 1775,
+none were pushed with more spirit and apparent prospects of success than
+this blockade of the city by the two armies sent by Congress in the
+autumn of 1775, under the advice of the illustrious General George
+Washington; and, had there been a governor less firm, less wise and less
+conciliating than Sir Guy Carleton, the Star-Spangled Banner would now
+be floating from Cape Diamond.
+
+Fort after fort, town after town, Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Saint John,
+Chambly, Montreal, Sorel and Three Rivers, had hoisted the white emblem
+of surrender, but there still streamed to the breeze the banner of St.
+George on the Citadel. With the black flag of rebellion over the suburbs
+and the American riflemen of undisputed courage and determination
+thundering at the gates, never had a brave little garrison to contend
+against greater odds, nor leader to accept a more unequal contest, no
+help from Britain being possible."
+
+"When news reached Congress that the assault on Quebec had failed; that
+Montgomery had been left dead on the snowy heights, and Arnold had been
+borne from the field; that cold, hunger and small-pox were wasting the
+army, and that discipline was forgotten, the expedient was resorted to
+of appointing commissioners to go to Montreal to confer with Arnold, and
+arrange a plan for the rectification of Canadian affairs."
+
+They were received by General Arnold in the most polite manner,
+conducted to the Château de Ramezay, the headquarters of the Continental
+Army, where a "genteel" company of ladies and gentlemen had assembled to
+welcome them, after which they supped with Arnold, probably in the
+dining-room adjoining the _Sâlon_.
+
+In a vaulted cellar next to the subterranean kitchens and dungeons,
+Benjamin Franklin set up his printing press, the first in the city, and
+with it issued manifestoes to the people, to try and induce them to join
+in rebellion, and send delegates to the Congress at Philadelphia.
+
+[Illustration: COPYRIGHT.
+
+Vault in which Benjamin Franklin set up his printing press, 1775.]
+
+The instructions given to Franklin and the other members of the
+commission directed them to extend to the Canadians, "whom the Americans
+regarded as brothers," the means of assuring their own independence.
+They were also to demonstrate to the people of Canada the necessity of
+adopting decisive and prompt measures for coming under the protection of
+the American confederation.
+
+Through the doors of the Château then entered Chase, Carroll, of
+Carrolltown (who was expected to have influence with the French people,
+and especially with the clergy), and others great in the young American
+Commonwealth's struggle for freedom. From the antiquated ovens,
+doubtless the brown bread and baked beans of New England succeeded the
+roast beef of Old England, and the _entrées_, _fricassées_ and _pâtés_
+of the French _cuisine_.
+
+In the gloom of this chamber Franklin no doubt uttered some of his wise
+sayings, gems of philosophy, which in his "Poor Richard's Almanac" had
+for years been familiar in every chimney corner of New England.
+
+[Illustration: Franklin]
+
+In the _Montreal Gazette_, which is still in circulation, the present
+voluminous and influential journalism of the Metropolis of the Dominion
+had here its origin in the setting up of this old hand printing-press,
+similar to if not the same which is now preserved in the Patent Office
+at Washington. For it Franklin sometimes made his own type and ink,
+engraved the wood cuts, and even carried in a wheelbarrow through the
+streets of Philadelphia the white paper required for the printing of his
+paper, the _Pennsylvania Gazette_. It is now called the _Saturday
+Evening Post_, and has about it a certain quaintness and originality
+suggestive of the great mind which gave such an impetus to the American
+and Canadian press of over a century ago.
+
+"For nearly one hundred and seventy years there has been hardly a week,
+except only when a British army held Philadelphia, when this paper has
+not been sent to press regularly."
+
+His identification with the history of letters in the United States and
+Canada was an epoch in the development of both. In the great army of
+newsboys in America Franklin was the first; he was also the first editor
+of a monthly magazine in the country, his having on its title page the
+Prince of Wales' Feathers, with the motto: 'Ich Dien.'
+
+"He has never been surpassed in the editorial faculty, at the same time
+being apt as compositor, pressman, verse-maker, compiler and reporter;
+but as adviser, satirist and humorist he was perhaps at his best. His
+one and two line bits of comment and wisdom were models of pithiness,
+and few writers have equalled him in masterly skill in argument. He is
+spoken of by David Hume as the first great man of letters to whom
+England was beholden to America."
+
+In addition to these qualifications, he founded the Library of
+Philadelphia, the American post-office system, made several valuable
+inventions for the improvement of heating, was the first to call
+practical attention to ventilation, and to attempt experiment with
+electricity. "He founded the American Philosophical Society, and led to
+the foundation of the High School system in the State of Pennsylvania,
+assisted in opening its first hospital, and helped to defend the city
+against an attack of Indians. He was a leading factor in securing the
+union and independence of the Colonies, being the principal mover in the
+repeal of the Stamp Act." He made valuable meteorological discoveries,
+improved navigation, and was an earnest advocate of the abolition of
+slavery; so that in sending Benjamin Franklin to Canada at this critical
+juncture, she was compelled to hold to her political convictions against
+one of the intellectual giants of the day. On discovering the patriotic
+obstinacy of the Canadians, he wrote to Congress, saying:--
+
+"We are afraid that it will not be in our power to render our country
+any further service in this colony."
+
+Perceiving the hopelessness of the situation, and that not even his
+matchless logic could win sympathy in his project, he left Montreal on
+May 11, and thus ended the efforts to coerce Canada into a struggle
+which was to try so sorely the energy and fortitude of the thirteen
+colonies--efforts which had cost them the life of one of their greatest
+generals--Richard Montgomery.
+
+Franklin, when leaving, had under his escort some ladies who were
+returning to the United States. Of one of these he wrote to Congress,
+saying:--
+
+"We left Mrs. Walker and her husband at Albany. They took such liberties
+in taunting us at our conduct in Canada that it came almost to a
+quarrel. We parted civilly, but coldly. I think they both have an
+excellent talent for making enemies, and I believe where they live they
+will never be long without them!"
+
+Charles Carroll, who was associated with Franklin in trying to obtain
+the concurrence of the Canadians in revolt, was of a family which had
+always stood at the head of the colonial aristocracy, and which had
+owned the most ample estate in the country. His character was mild and
+pleasing, his deportment correct and faultless. By his eloquence
+everyone was charmed, and many were persuaded, but even his great and
+subtle powers in argument were abortive here. Through his daughter,
+Polly Carroll, he became associated afterwards with the most dignified
+circles of the British aristocracy. In the year 1809 two of his
+grand-daughters were celebrated beauties in the most exclusive social
+circles of Washington and Baltimore. The eldest, during a tour with her
+husband through Europe, formed a warm friendship with Sir Arthur
+Wellesley, afterwards the great Duke of Wellington. On becoming a widow
+and returning to London, he introduced her to his elder brother, the
+Marquis of Wellesley, whose wife she subsequently became. Her younger
+sister married Colonel Hervey, who acted as aide-de-camp to the hero of
+Waterloo on that momentous occasion. This family, therefore, was closely
+identified with that great struggle between the two nations who had
+fought on Canadian soil a few years before Carroll set foot upon it.
+
+During the first Presidential court, many distinguished Frenchmen came
+to America; some in official capacities, others from curiosity, and many
+were driven into forced or voluntary exile by the French Revolution.
+Among these were M. de Talleyrand, the exiled Bishop of Autun, the Duke
+de Liancourt, the Duke de la Rochefoucauld, Louis Philippe d'Orleans and
+his two brothers, the Duke de Montpensier and the Count de Beaujolais.
+
+Louis Philippe lodged in a single room over a barber's shop in
+Philadelphia. On one occasion, when entertaining some friends at dinner,
+he apologized with a courtly grace for seating one-half his guests on
+the side of a bed, saying he had himself occupied less comfortable
+places without the consolation of an agreeable company.
+
+The exiled Prince fell in love with the beautiful Miss Bingham, the
+reigning belle of the city. On her royal suitor's asking her fair hand
+from her father, the American citizen declined the alliance with the
+French Prince, saying to him:--"Should you ever be restored to your
+hereditary position you will be too great a match for her; if not, she
+is too great a match for you."
+
+[Illustration: Rich Montgomery]
+
+One year from the fall of Montgomery, the event was celebrated by
+special religious services and social functions in Quebec, the city he
+had never succeeded in entering. "At nine o'clock grand mass was
+celebrated by the Bishop in the Cathedral. On this occasion those who
+had shown sympathy with the Congress troops had to perform public
+penance. The officers of the garrison and the militia, with the British
+inhabitants, met at 10 o'clock, waited upon Carleton, and then
+proceeded to the English Church. After the service a parade took place
+when a _feu de joie_ was fired. Carleton himself gave a dinner to sixty
+people, and a public _fête_ was given at seven o'clock, which ended with
+a ball."
+
+About fifty years later, at Montgomery Place, on the banks of the
+Hudson, an aged face, with eyes dimmed with the tears of long years of
+waiting, looked sadly at the vessel that was bringing back to her the
+dust of her young soldier husband, which had so long lain in the gorge,
+near the fatal bastion. Forty-three years before, he had buckled on his
+sword to fight for what he considered a righteous cause, at the command
+of his leader, Washington. Expecting a speedy return, he marched away as
+she listened to the drum beats growing fainter and fainter in the
+distance, and, after half a century had passed, he was still to her the
+young soldier in his brave, blue coat, who had kissed her for that long
+farewell. All that is left on Canadian soil to recall this gallant
+though luckless soldier is the low-ceiled cottage where his body was
+laid out, a small tablet on the precipice, which reads, "Here Montgomery
+fell, 1775," and another of white marble, in the courtyard of the
+military prison in the Citadel, recently erected by two patriotic
+American girls in memory of the volunteers who fell with him.
+
+One hundred New Year's Eves came and passed away, and, on Dec. 31st,
+1875,
+
+    "There was a sound of revelry by night,
+      And Canada's Capital had gathered there
+    Her beauty and her chivalry, and bright
+      The lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men."
+
+It was with no desire to re-kindle the rancours and strifes of that
+distant period, but to properly celebrate an event of such importance,
+and commemorate that night of blustering storm, gallant attack and sore
+defeat a century before, that the Centennial Montgomery Ball was given.
+Soldiers and citizens, in the costumes of 1775, some in the identical
+dress worn by their ancestors in that memorable repulse; and the ladies
+in toilettes of the same period, received their guests as they entered
+the ball-room, the approaches to which were tastefully decorated. "Half
+way between the dancing and receiving rooms was a grand, double
+staircase, the sides of which were draped with the white and golden
+lilies of France, our Dominion Ensign, and the Stars and Stripes of the
+neighbouring Republic. On the other side of the broad steps were stacks
+of arms and warlike implements. Facing the guests as they ascended the
+stairs, among the huge banners which fell gracefully about the dark
+musketry, and parted to right and left above the drums and trumpets,
+there hung from the centre a red and black pennant--the American colours
+of 1775. Immediately underneath was the escutcheon of the United States,
+on which, heavily craped, was suspended the hero's sword--the weapon by
+which, one hundred years before, the dead, but honoured and revered hero
+had beckoned on his men, and which only left his hand when he like 'a
+soldier fell.'
+
+"Underneath the kindly tribute to the dead General were the solemn
+prayerful initials of _Requiescat in Pace_.
+
+"At the foot of the trophy were piled two sets of old flint-lock muskets
+and accoutrements, and in the centre a brass cannon, which was captured
+from the Americans in 1775, and which bore the 'Lone Star' and the
+figure of an Indian--the Arms of the State of Massachusetts. This
+military tableau vividly recalled the troublous times of long ago, and
+spoke of the patience and pluck, the bravery and sturdy manhood of a
+bygone century.
+
+"On the stroke of the hour of midnight, the clear, clarion notes of a
+trumpet thrilled all hearts present. A panel in the wainscotting of the
+lower dancing-room flew open as if by magic, and out jumped a jaunty
+little trumpeter with a slashed and decorated jacket and the busby of a
+hussar. The blast he blew rang in tingling echoes far and wide, and a
+second later the weird piping and drumming of an unfamiliar music were
+heard in a remote part of the barracks.
+
+"Nearer and nearer every moment came the sharp shrill notes of the fifes
+and the quick detonation of the drum-stick taps. The rattle of the drums
+came closer and closer, when two folding-doors opened, and through them
+stalked in grim solemnity the 'Phantom Guard,' led by the intrepid
+Sergeant Hugh McQuarters.
+
+"Regardless of the festive decorations and the bright faces around them,
+the 'Guard' passed through the assembly as if they were not. On through
+salon and passage--past ball-room and conversation parlor--they glided
+with measured step, and halting in front of the 'Montgomery Trophy,'
+paid military honours to the memento of a hero's valiant, if
+unsuccessful act. Upon their taking close order, the Bombardier, who
+personated the dead Sergeant, and who actually wore the blood-stained
+sword-belt of a man who was killed in the action commemorated, advanced
+and delivered an address to the Commander of the Quebec Garrison, of
+which the concluding words were:--
+
+    'We ask of you to pay us now one tribute,
+    By firing from these heights one last salute.'
+
+"The grave, sonorous words of the martial request were hardly uttered,
+ere through the darkness of the night the great cannon boomed,--a
+soldier's welcome and a brave man's requiem,--which caused women's
+hearts to throb and men's to beat exultingly." While the whole air
+trembled with the sullen reverberations, which echoed from crag to crag,
+the glare of rockets lit up the path of Près-de-Ville, as the signal
+lights had done one hundred winters before.
+
+At the suggestion of the American Consul, the old house on St. Louis
+street, in which the body of Montgomery was laid out January 1st, 1776,
+was decorated with the American flag, and brilliantly illuminated, in
+honour of him who had so nobly tried to do what he considered his duty.
+
+And thus the years of the century, as they rolled around, have in a
+great measure smoothed away the animosities which marked those days that
+tried men's souls, when the sons of those who had played around the same
+old English hearths fought to the death for liberty or loyalty. That the
+angry strifes are forgotten, leaving only the memory of the bravery
+which distinguished the star actors in the great drama, needs no further
+proof than can be found on a green hill near the Palisades, in the State
+of New York, where one hundred and twenty years ago a warm young heart,
+beating beneath the soldier's red coat, was stilled by American justice.
+The granite shaft on the spot tells its sad and sombre story:--
+
+           Here died, October 2nd, 1780,
+    Major John André, of the British Army, who, entering
+      the American lines on a Secret Mission to
+        Benedict Arnold for the Surrender of
+          West Point, was taken prisoner,
+            tried and condemned
+              as a spy.
+
+    His death, though according to the stern code of
+        war, moved even his enemies to pity, and
+            both armies mourned the fate of
+                one so young and so brave.
+           In 1821 his remains were removed to
+                   Westminster Abbey.
+
+    A hundred years after his execution this stone was
+     placed above the spot where he lay, by a citizen of
+      the States against which he fought; not to perpetuate
+       a record of strife, but in token of those
+         better feelings which have since united
+           two nations, one in race, in language
+              and religion, with
+                 the earnest hope that
+                    this friendly union
+                       will never be
+                          broken.
+
+    "He was more unfortunate than criminal,
+    An accomplished man and a gallant officer."
+
+                           --George Washington.
+
+An American visitor to Quebec was recently shown the cannon used in the
+trophy, which the British Corporal proudly explained had been taken at
+Bunker Hill.
+
+"Ah! yes, friend," the stranger replied, "you have the cannon, but we
+have the hill."
+
+On the top of the monument, near Boston, which marks the spot on which
+this battle took place, are two guns similar to this one, the
+inscription on which corroborates the soldier's statement; it reads:--
+
+                 "Sacred to Liberty."
+
+    This is one of the four cannon which constituted
+           the whole train of field
+               artillery possessed by
+                   the British Colonies
+                          of
+                     North America,
+              at the commencement of the
+                         War
+              on the 19th of April, 1775.
+         This cannon and its fellow belonged to
+                 a number of citizens of
+                       Boston.
+
+    The other two, the property of the Government
+    of Massachusetts, were taken by the enemy.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With the failure of the American expedition, and the return of the
+British troops to Montreal, the Château again became Government
+headquarters and was called Government House.
+
+When internal and international tranquillity were completely restored,
+and the people were permitted to return to their ordinary avocations of
+life, Sir Guy Carleton established himself at Quebec with his wife, the
+Lady Maria, and their three children, one of whom had been born in
+Canada. She had joined him at Montreal, being the bearer of the
+decoration of the Order of the Bath, which she had received from the
+hands of the King to present to her husband. Sir Guy Carleton or Lord
+Dorchester was one of those men "who, during a long and varied public
+life, lived so utterly irreproachably, that his memory remains unstained
+by the charge of any semblance of a vice."
+
+On the occasion of his last appearance in an official character he
+arrived to make his final inspection of the troops. After general parade
+the officers waited upon him to pay their last respects to one who had
+been the bulwark of Canada through her greatest vicissitudes. The
+leave-taking of their old General, whom they never expected to see
+again, was marked by the deepest feelings of regard and regret. His
+connection with Canadian history covered a period marked by events of a
+nature the most critical, the results of which will colour the entire
+future of the Dominion.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Between the years eighteen thirty-seven and forty, when Canada was torn
+by internal rebellion, the Earl of Elgin, who was then Governor-General,
+drove in hot haste to the Château, where had sat the special council
+during the suspension of the Constitution. After giving the Queen's
+sanction to what was called by a certain party "The Rebel Indemnity
+Bill," he rushed into one door and out of another, when this Peer of the
+Realm, in all the dignity of coach and four, postillions and outriders,
+was pelted with rotten eggs and other unpleasant missiles. Then, in the
+dark of night, at the instance of some so-called politicians, the mob
+moved on to the Parliament buildings, and, most unfortunately for
+Montreal, deliberately set them on fire; which act resulted ultimately
+in the removal of the seat of government to Ottawa and the decline of
+the glory of the old Château.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE FUR KINGS.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sir William Alexander]
+
+It was to the French explorers whose names stand "conspicuous on the
+pages of half-savage romance," and to their successors the Scotch
+fur-kings, that we owe much of the geographical knowledge of the
+northern part of the Continent. There is some uncertainty as to who was
+the discoverer of the Mackenzie River, which carries its waters to the
+ice-fields of Polar seas, but it bears the name of one claimant to the
+distinction, Sir Alexander Mackenzie.
+
+Of the other waterways of the region much valuable information was
+obtained by Alexander Henry in his intercourse with the native tribes.
+To Sir William Alexander was given the honour of being the first
+Scotchman to cross the Rocky Mountains. Like his fellow countrymen, he
+was distinguished by the same characteristics which made their fathers
+in tartan and kilt foemen "worthy of any man's steel," and themselves
+fit successors of the bearers of such honourable names as duLuth, Joliet
+and de La Vérandrye. A few rods from the gate of the Château de Ramezay
+is a tall warehouse which bears on its peaked gable the date 1793. It
+was in this old building that the early business years of John Jacob
+Astor, the New York millionaire, were spent. It was the property of the
+North-West Fur Company, which was the centre of so much that was
+romantic and captivating. This Company was an association of Scottish
+and Canadian merchants, who, in the political changes which had taken
+place, had supplanted those purely French. In energy and enterprise they
+did not exceed their predecessors, but had more capital and influence at
+their command.
+
+In consequence of their more lavish measures, they were called the
+"Lordly Nor' Westers." Full justice has been done them by the pen of
+Washington Irving, who, in writing the tale of "Astoria," that
+Northwestern "Utopia," so splendid in its conception, but so lamentable
+in its failure, became familiar with their life in all its phases. He
+says:--"To behold the North-West Company in all its grandeur it was
+necessary to witness the annual gathering at Fort William. On these
+occasions might be seen the change since the unceremonious time of the
+old French traders, with their roystering _coureurs des bois_ and
+_voyageurs_ gaily returning from their adventurous trading in the
+pathless regions of the West. Then the aristocratic character of the
+Briton, or rather the feudal spirit of the Highlander, shone out
+magnificently. Every partner who had charge of an inferior post felt
+like the chieftain of a Highland clan. To him a visit to the grand
+conference at Fort William was a most important event, and he repaired
+thither as to a meeting of Parliament. They were wrapped in rich furs,
+their huge canoes being freighted with every luxury and convenience. The
+partners at Montreal were the lords of these occasions, as they ascended
+the river, like sovereigns making a progress. At Fort William an immense
+wooden building was the council chamber and also the banqueting hall,
+decorated with Indian arms and accoutrements, and with trophies of the
+fur trade. The great and mighty councils alternated with feasts and
+revels." These old days of primitive bartering are gone forever from the
+St. Lawrence, but to-day as it flows in majesty to the ocean, carrying
+with it one-third of the fresh water of the world, it is a great highway
+for the commerce of the globe.
+
+The University of McGill stands on what was once, in part, the ancient
+village of Hochelaga, which was visited by Jacques Cartier, and was
+later the domain belonging to old "Burnside Hall." Its cheerful fire
+many a time shone out under the shadow of Mount Royal, when were
+gathered around its board Simon McTavish, Duncan McGillivray, Sir John
+Franklin and Joseph Frobisher. With them was frequently seen Thomas
+Douglas, Earl of Selkirk, who formulated the scheme of populating the
+prairies of the North-West with poverty-stricken and down-trodden
+tenants from older lands, many of whom lie in the old grave-yard of the
+Kildonan settlement on the Red River of the North, a few miles from the
+City of Winnipeg. Their descendants with their Scotch thrift form the
+backbone of that progressive province of such magnificent possibilities.
+Their weary journeys overland, toilsome _portages_ and struggles with
+want and isolation are now mere matters of history, for the overflow
+population of the crowded centres of Europe are carried in a few days
+from sea to sea with every possible convenience and even luxury. The
+great Canadian transcontinental line has spanned the valleys and crossed
+the mountains, literally opening up a highway for the thousands who from
+the ends of the earth are yearly crowding into these vast fertile plains
+and sub-arctic gold fields.
+
+Franklin lies in an unknown grave among Northern snows, lost in his
+attempt, at the age of sixty, to find the North Pole. He was last seen
+moored to an iceberg in Baffin's Bay, apparently waiting for a
+favourable opportunity to begin work in what is known as the Middle Sea.
+The problem of his fate long baffled discovery, although many an earnest
+searching party, in the Polar twilight, has sought him in that region of
+ice and snow, in a silence broken only by the howl of the arctic blast,
+the scream of sea-fowl or the thundering report of an ice-floe breaking
+away from the mainland.
+
+One party sent out by the Hudson Bay Co. in 1853 found traces of the
+expedition in some bits of metal and a silver plate engraved with the
+name Franklin. Another, fitted out partly by Lady Franklin, and partly
+by public subscription, and commanded by McClintock, afterwards Sir
+Leopold McClintock, learned from an Eskimo woman that she had heard of a
+party of men, whom it was said "fell down and died as they walked." With
+the exception of these faint traces, their fate is still wrapped in
+obscurity.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+INTERESTING SITES.
+
+
+Few visitors to the city, as the Palace cars of the Canadian Pacific
+Railway carry them into the mammoth station on Dalhousie Square, realize
+the historic associations which cling around this spot. In the
+magnificently equipped dining-room of the Company's Hotel, as delicacies
+from the most distant parts of the earth are laid before the traveller,
+he should call to remembrance the lives of deprivation and uncomplaining
+endurance which have made the ground now crowned by the beautiful
+edifice full of the most tragic interest, and filled with memories which
+will be immortal as long as courage and stout-heartedness are honoured.
+
+Two hundred and fifty years ago the sound of hammer and saw here awoke
+the echoes of the forest. Workmen who had learned their craft in old
+French towns, when Colbert, the great statesman and financier, was
+developing the architecture and industries, revenues and resources of
+the kingdom, here reared a wind-mill, the first industrial building in
+Montreal.
+
+The winds of these autumns long ago turned the fans and ground the seed
+of harvests toilsomely gathered from corn-fields, among whose furrows
+many a time the arrow and tomahawk spilt the blood of reaper and sower.
+The old mill with its pastoral associations of peaceful toil in time
+passed away, and was succeeded by a structure dedicated to the art of
+war, for on the same spot stood _la Citadelle_. This stronghold, though
+primitive in its appointments, was important during the French
+occupation and evacuation of New France, being the last fortification
+held by French troops on Canadian soil.
+
+This old earthen Citadel, a relic of mediæval defence, was, about
+seventy years ago, removed, its material being used in the leveling and
+enlargement of the Parade Ground, or, as it is called, the
+"_Champ-de-Mars._" Its demolition might be regretted were it not that in
+an age of progress even sentiment must give way before advance. The
+grand Hotel Viger, although built to promote the comfort of the people
+of the Dominion, has not destroyed the pathetic interest of the early
+struggles and heroism which still clothes its site, and which heightens
+the present appreciation of a civilization of which the old mill and
+fort were the pioneers.
+
+The hospitable hearth of James McGill, graced by his noble-minded
+French-Canadian wife, has also long since disappeared; but through his
+endowment, and the prince-like gifts of William Molson, Peter Redpath,
+Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal, Sir Wm. Macdonald and many others, the
+torch of education has been lighted here, which shall shine a beacon for
+ages to come. Although but three-quarters of a century old, yet the
+University of McGill compares favourably with older institutions, its
+Mining Building being the most perfectly fitted up in the world. Its
+sons take rank with the most cultured minds in Europe and America,
+influencing to a most marked degree the educational thought of the day.
+
+The year 1896 marked an epoch in its history, when a graduate of the
+class of '68 was elected to the Presidency of the British Medical
+Association, one of the most august and learned corporations in the
+world. In calling a Canadian, Dr. T. G. Roddick, M.P., to this eminent
+position, a signal honour was conferred, it being the first time the
+office was held by a Colonial member. Thirty-five years ago, a
+French-Canadian youth, slight in form, with broad brow and eyes full of
+deep thoughtfulness, stood before the Faculty and friends as the
+valedictorian of his class. That slender boy is to-day the great
+Canadian Premier, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the eloquent Statesman and the
+honoured of Her Majesty the Queen.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+FAMOUS NAMES.
+
+
+[Illustration: Brant]
+
+Conspicuous among the portraits of soldiers, heroes and navigators which
+adorn the walls of the different rooms of the Château, is one, a full
+size painting of an old Highland Chief, a veritable Rhoderick Dhu, in
+Scotch bonnet and dirk, who, with the call of his clan, and the pipes
+playing the airs of his native glen, led the charge of Bunker Hill. He
+was Sir John Small, who came to Canada with his regiment, the famous
+"Black Watch," and served under Abercrombie in the battle of Carillon.
+One of his descendants, visiting Boston early in the century, found on
+the walls of a museum, and where it may still be seen, a painting of the
+battle of Bunker Hill with General Small on his white horse, rallying
+his men to the attack. It was to the credit of the successors of those
+who fought that day, although only thirty or forty years had elapsed
+since their forefathers had met in mortal combat, that the most gentle
+courtesy and kindness were shown on both sides by their descendants.
+
+A fine picture of a full-blooded Indian is that of Brant, the great
+Mohawk Chief, an ally of the English and a cruel and ruthless foe; on
+one occasion having, it is said, slain with his own hand, forty-four of
+his enemies. Other portraits of Jacques Cartier, Champlain, Vaudreuil,
+Montcalm, deLevis, Dorchester, deSalaberry and Murray are also there to
+be seen and admired.
+
+[Illustration: Sir John Small
+
+British Leader in the Battle of Bunker Hill.]
+
+Many of the streets of Montreal, such as Dorchester, Sherbrooke, Wolfe,
+d'Youville, Jacques Cartier, Guy, Amherst, Murray, Vaudreuil, de
+Lagauchetière, Olier, Mance, Longueuil, and others equally well named,
+will carry down to future generations the memory of those who were
+prominent in the making and moulding of Canada. It is strange that one
+of the most insignificant streets in the city, a mere lane, of a single
+block in length, should bear the name of Dollard, the hero of one of
+the most illustrious deeds recorded in history, an event which has
+rightly been called the Thermopylæ of Canada. The facts were as
+follows:--In 1660 the Colony was on the eve of extinction by the
+Iroquois, the whole of the tribes being on the war-path with the
+intention of sweeping the French from the St. Lawrence. Dollard des
+Ormeaux and sixteen young men of Montreal determined upon a deed which
+should teach the savages a lesson. They bound themselves by an oath
+neither to give nor take quarter. They made their wills and took the
+sacrament in the Chapel of the _Hôtel-Dieu_, and then started up Lake
+St. Louis. They were not accustomed to the management of the frail
+canoes of bark, and day after day struggled to pass the currents of St.
+Anne's, at the head of the island, where now the pleasure yacht spreads
+its white sails to the breezes of summer, and on whose shores the
+huntsmen and hounds gaily gallop when in the woods of autumn the leaves
+turn crimson and gold under the mellow hunter's moon. At last, after a
+week had been thus spent, they entered the Ottawa River, proceeding by
+the shores until they descried the remains of a rough palisaded fort
+surrounded by a small clearing. It was only a circle enclosed by trunks
+of trees, but here they "made their fire and slung their kettles. Being
+soon joined by some friendly Hurons and Algonquins they bivouacked
+together. Morning, noon and night they prayed, and when at sunset the
+long reaches of forest on the opposite shore basked peacefully in the
+level rays, the rapids joined their hoarse music to the notes of their
+evening hymn." As their young voices floated through the forest glades,
+and they lay down to sleep under the stars of the sweet May skies, they
+thought of the bells tinkling in the still air of their loved
+_Ville-Marie_, where those they had come to die for sent up for them
+_Aves_ around hearth and altar. In the words of a Canadian poet, it is
+thus described:--
+
+    "Beside the dark Uttawa's stream, two hundred years ago,
+    A wondrous feat of arms was wrought, which all the world should know.
+    'Tis hard to read with tearless eyes this record of the past,
+    It stirs our blood, and fires our souls, as with a clarion blast.
+    What, though beside the foaming flood untombed their ashes lie,--
+    All earth becomes the monument of men who nobly die.
+    Daulac, the Captain of the Fort, in manhood's fiery prime
+    Hath sworn by some immortal deed to make his name sublime,
+    And sixteen soldiers of the Cross, his comrades true and tried,
+    Have pledged their faith for life or death, all kneeling side by side.
+    And this their oath, on flood or field, to challenge face to face
+    The ruthless hordes of Iroquois,--the scourges of their race.
+    No quarter to accept nor grant, and loyal to the grave.
+    To die like martyrs for the land they'd shed their blood to save.
+    And now these self-devoted youths from weeping friends have passed,
+    And on the Fort of _Ville-Marie_ each fondly looks his last.
+    Soft was the balmy air of spring in that fair month of May,
+    The wild flowers bloomed, the spring birds sang on many a budding spray,
+    When loud and high a thrilling cry dispelled the magic charm,
+    And scouts came hurrying from the woods to bid their comrades arm.
+    And bark canoes skimmed lightly down the torrent of the _Sault_,
+    Manned by three hundred dusky forms, the long-expected foe.
+    Eight days of varied horrors passed, what boots it now to tell
+    How the pale tenants of the fort heroically fell?
+    Hunger and thirst and sleeplessness, Death's ghastly aids, at length.
+    Marred and defaced their comely forms, and quelled their giant strength.
+    The end draws nigh,--they yearn to die--one glorious rally more
+    For the sake of _Ville-Marie_, and all will soon be o'er.
+    Sure of the martyr's golden crown, they shrink not from the Cross;
+    Life yielded for the land they love, they scorn to reckon loss.
+    The fort is fired, and through the flame, with slippery, splashing tread,
+    The Redmen stumble to the camp o'er ramparts of the dead.
+    Then with set teeth and nostrils wide, Daulac, the dauntless, stood,
+    And dealt his foes remorseless blows 'mid blinding smoke and blood,
+    Till hacked and hewn, he reeled to earth, with proud, unconquered glance,
+    Dead--but immortalized by death--Leonidas of France;
+    True to their oath, his comrade knights no quarter basely craved,--
+    So died the peerless twenty-two--so Canada was saved."
+
+The historian says:--"It was the enthusiasm of honour, the enthusiasm of
+adventure and the enthusiasm of faith. Daulac was the _Coeur-de-Lion_
+among the forests and savages of the New World." The names and
+occupations of the young men may still be read in the parish registers,
+the faded writing illumined by the sanctity of martyrdom. The "Lays of
+Rome" recount among her heroes none of greater valour than these by the
+lonely rapids in the silence of the Canadian forest.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+ECHOES FROM THE PAST.
+
+
+Near a modern window in the gallery leans an old spinning-wheel, which
+was found in the vaults. By its hum in winter twilights, a hundred years
+ago, soft lullabies were crooned, and fine linen spun for dainty brides,
+over whose forgotten graves the blossoms of a century of summers have
+fallen. In hoop and farthingale they tripped over the threshold of the
+old church of _Notre Dame de Bonsecours_. They plighted their troth as
+happily before the altar of the little chapel, as do their descendants
+in the stately church of _Notre Dame_, with the grand organ pealing
+through the dim arches and groined roof.
+
+The old, old wheel is silent, and the fingers that once held distaff and
+spindle have crumbled into dust, but the noble deeds and glorious names
+of those days gone by are carven deep in the monument of a grateful
+country's memory.
+
+Over an archway in the picture gallery is an enormous oil painting,
+dark with age, of the British Coat of Arms, which, it is whispered, was
+brought over hurriedly from New York during the American Revolution.
+
+The museum of the Château is daily receiving donations of interesting
+relics, and has already a fine collection of coins, medals, old swords
+and historical mementoes--some of the autograph letters of Arnold,
+Champlain, Roberval, Vaudreuil, Amherst, Carleton, the de Ramezay family
+and many others, being of great interest.
+
+These early days have passed away forever. The whirr of the
+spinning-wheel, or shout of the hunter, no longer sound along the banks
+of the St. Lawrence. No canoe of the painted warrior now glides silently
+by the shore; for Montreal with its three thousand inhabitants when
+Vaudreuil beat his retreat, to its present population of 300,000, has
+thrown its magnificent civilization around these spots hallowed by the
+footprints of the great men whose feet have walked her ancient streets.
+
+    "She has grown in her strength like a Northern queen,
+      'Neath her crown of light and her robe of snow,
+    And she stands in her beauty fair between
+      The Royal Mount and the river below."
+
+The two nationalities live harmoniously side by side in commercial and
+social life, both retaining their racial and distinctive
+characteristics. The old _chansons_ of Brittany are still heard from the
+hay-carts and by the firesides, and up and down the rivers ring out the
+same songs as when the "fleet of swift canoes came up all vocal with the
+songs of _voyageurs_, whose cadence kept time among the dipping
+paddles."
+
+The Château de Ramezay has suffered many changes and modifications in
+the various hands through which it has passed since its foundation
+stones were laid, but the citizens of Montreal, revering its age and
+associations, are restoring it as much as possible to its original state
+and appearance; and the thousands who yearly pass through it testify to
+the romance surrounding the walls of the old Château, _Ville Marie's_
+grandest relic of an illustrious past--a past which belongs equally to
+both French and British subjects, and which has developed a patriotism
+well expressed in the words of the eloquent churchman, Bruchesi,
+Archbishop of Montreal, who says:
+
+"I know the countries so much boasted of where the myrtles bloom, where
+the birds are lighter on the wing, and where gentler breezes blow. I
+have passed quiet days on the beach at Sorrento, where the Mediterranean
+rolls its blue waves to the foot of the orange tree. I have seen Genoa,
+the superb and radiant Florence, and Venice, the Queen of the Adriatic.
+More than once I have gazed upon the beauty of Naples glittering with
+the fires of the setting sun. I have sailed upon the azure waves of the
+Lake of Geneva. I have tasted the charm of our sweet France. My steps
+have trodden the blessed soil of Rome, and I have trembled with
+unspeakable gladness. But all these noble sights, all these undying
+memories, all this sublime poetry, all these enchantments of nature did
+not take the place in my heart of Canada, my Fatherland, which I have
+never ceased to regard with enthusiasm and admiration.
+
+What nation can boast of a purer or more glorious origin? May the future
+of Canada be worthy of its noble past. May charity, true charity, reign
+among all our citizens as among the children of the same mother. Let us
+have none of those intestine divisions which enfeeble us,--none of those
+unhappy jealousies capable of compromising the most sacred interests."
+
+    Our fathers' battle-cries are hushed,
+    The ancient feuds are gone;
+    Canadians now and brothers,
+    With God we're marching on.
+    With spears to ploughshares beaten,
+    The furrowed land is won.
+    Through bannered fields of waving corn
+    In peace we're marching on.
+    The North wind through the pine woods
+    Swells out our pæan song,
+    To the music of its harping
+    We bravely march along,
+    And join the trampling millions,
+    In chorus deep and strong.
+    To drum-beats of a nation's heart,
+    We proudly march along.
+    O, fair, blue skies, and mountain streams
+    Whose flashing sands run gold,
+    No standard but the Triple-Cross
+    Thy breezes shall unfold.
+    With roaring surge of circling seas
+    We shout our patriot song
+    For Home and Queen and Canada,
+    With God we're marching on.
+    On, marching on, while brave the colours float
+    From sea to sea, with cheer and song,
+    This watchword pass the ranks along,
+      Our Land is marching on!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Famous Firesides of French Canada, by 
+Mary Wilson Alloway
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS FIRESIDES OF FRENCH CANADA ***
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+
+Project Gutenberg's Famous Firesides of French Canada, by Mary Wilson Alloway
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Famous Firesides of French Canada
+
+Author: Mary Wilson Alloway
+
+Release Date: December 14, 2009 [EBook #30674]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS FIRESIDES OF FRENCH CANADA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marcia Brooks, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Canada Team at
+http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by The Internet
+Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 429px;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="429" height="650" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="front" id="front"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 392px;">
+<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="392" height="650" alt="Hearths beside which were rocked the cradles of those who
+made the history of Canada." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Hearths beside which were rocked the cradles of those who
+made the history of Canada.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1>FAMOUS FIRESIDES</h1>
+
+<h4>OF</h4>
+
+<h1>FRENCH CANADA</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Mary Wilson Alloway</span>.</h2>
+
+<h3>ILLUSTRATED.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">MONTREAL:<br />
+
+PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELL &amp; SON<br />
+
+1899</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year
+one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine, by <span class="smcap">Mary Wilson
+Alloway</span>, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture and
+Statistics at Ottawa.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<p class="center">
+TO<br />
+<br />
+THE RIGHT HONOURABLE<br />
+<br />
+LORD STRATHCONA AND MOUNT ROYAL, G.C.M.G., LL.D., &amp;c.,<br />
+<br />
+CHANCELLOR OF McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL,<br />
+<br />
+AND<br />
+<br />
+HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR CANADA IN LONDON,<br />
+<br />
+THIS VOLUME<br />
+<br />
+IS<br />
+<br />
+BY SPECIAL PERMISSION<br />
+<br />
+<i>Respectfully Dedicated</i><br />
+<br />
+BY<br />
+<br />
+THE AUTHOR.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<p>The principal authorities consulted in the preparation of this work were
+Le Moyne, Kingsford, Rattray, Garneau, Parkman, Hawkins and Bouchette.</p>
+
+<p>Acknowledgments are also due to the kind interest evinced and
+encouragement given by the Hon. Judge Baby, President of the Numismatic
+and Antiquarian Society of Montreal.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<p>
+Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_19'>19</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Heroes of the Past                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-la-Victoire    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_51'>51</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Le S&eacute;minaire                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cathedrals and Cloisters               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Massacre of Lachine                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ch&acirc;teau de Vaudreuil                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_95'>95</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Battle of the Plains                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_103'>103</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Canada under English Rule             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span><br />
+<br />
+American Invasion                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_144'>144</a></span><br />
+<br />
+The Continental Army in Canada        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_155'>155</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fur Kings                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_192'>192</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Interesting Sites                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_199'>199</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Famous Names                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Echoes from the Past                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_212'>212</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="tocnum"><span class="smcap">Page.</span></span><br />
+<br />
+Fireplace                          <span class="tocnum"><i><a href="#front">Frontispiece</a>.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Ch&acirc;teau Kitchen                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Montgomery Salon                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chapel of Notre Dame de la Victoire           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_52'>52</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Le S&eacute;minaire                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Home of La Salle                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_84'>84</a></span><br />
+<br />
+St. Amable St.                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_98'>98</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fort Chambly                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_146'>146</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ch&acirc;teau Fortier                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_156'>156</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Franklin Vaults                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_170'>170</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In offering this little volume to the kind consideration of Canadian and
+American readers, it is the earnest wish of the Author that it may
+commend itself to the interest of both, as the early histories of Canada
+and the United States are so closely connected that they may be
+considered identical.</p>
+
+<p>We have tried to recall the days when, by these firesides, we re rocked
+the cradles of those who helped to make Canadian history, and to render
+more familiar the names and deeds of the great men, French, English and
+American, upon whose valour and wisdom such mighty issues depended.</p>
+
+<p>The recital is, we trust, wholly impartial and without prejudice.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be hoped that the union of sentiment which the close of this
+century sees between the two great Anglo-Saxon peoples may cast<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> a veil
+of forgetfulness over the strife of the one preceding it; and be a
+herald of that reign of peace, when "nation shall no more rise against
+nation, and wars shall cease."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/p0020.jpg" width="300" height="88" alt="Signature" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Montreal</span>, May 24, 1899.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>About twelve years after the first Spanish caravel had touched the
+shores of North America, we find the French putting forth efforts to
+share in some of the results of the discovery. In the year 1504 some
+Basque, Breton and Norman fisher-folk had already commenced fishing
+along the bleak shores of Newfoundland and the contiguous banks for the
+cod in which this region is still so prolific.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish claim to the discovery of America is disputed by several
+aspirants to that honour. Among these are the ancient mariners of
+Northern Europe, the Norsemen of the Scandinavian Peninsula. They assert
+that their Vikings touched American shores three centuries before
+Isabella of Castille drove the Moors from their palaces among the orange
+groves of <i>Espana</i>. Eric the Red, and other sea-kings, made voyages to
+Iceland and Greenland<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> in the eleventh and following centuries; and it
+is highly probable that these Norsemen, with their hardihood and
+enterprise, touched on some part of the mainland. One Danish writer
+claims that this occurred as far back as the year 985, about eighty
+years after the death of the Danes' mortal enemy, the great Saxon King
+Alfred.</p>
+
+<p>Even the Welsh, from the isolation of their mountain fastnesses, declare
+that a Cambrian expedition, in the year 1170, under Prince Modoc, landed
+in America. In proof of this, there is said to exist in Mexico a colony
+bearing indisputable traces of the tongue of these ancient Celts.</p>
+
+<p>The term Canada first appears as the officially recognized name of the
+region in the instructions given by Francis I to its original colonists
+in the year 1538.</p>
+
+<p>There are various theories as to the etymology of the word, its having
+by different authorities been attributed to Indian, French and Spanish
+origins.</p>
+
+<p>In an old copy of a Montreal paper, bearing date of Dec. 24, 1834, it is
+asserted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> that Canada or <i>Kannata</i> is an Indian word, meaning a village,
+and was mistaken by the early visitors for the name of the whole
+country.</p>
+
+<p>The Philadelphia <i>Courier</i>, of July, 1836, gives the following not
+improbable etymology of the name of the province:&mdash;Canada is compounded
+of two aboriginal words, <i>Can</i>, which signifies the mouth, and <i>Ada</i> the
+country, meaning the mouth of the country. A writer of the same period,
+when there seems to have been considerable discussion on the subject,
+says:&mdash;The word is undoubtedly of Spanish origin, coming from a common
+Spanish word, <i>Canada</i>, signifying a space or opening between mountains
+or high banks&mdash;a district in Mexico of similar physical features,
+bearing the same name.</p>
+
+<p>"That there were Spanish pilots or navigators among the first
+discoverers of the St. Lawrence may be readily supposed, and what more
+natural than that those who first visited the gulf should call the
+interior of the country <i>El Canada</i> from the typographical appearance of
+the opening to it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> the custom of illiterate navigators naming places
+from events and natural appearances being well established."</p>
+
+<p>Hennepin, an etymological <i>savant</i>, declares that the name arose from
+the Spaniards, who were the first discoverers of Canada, exclaiming, on
+their failure to find the precious metals, "<i>El Capa da nada</i>," or Cape
+Nothing. There seems to be some support of this alleged presence of the
+Spanish among the early navigators of the St. Lawrence, by the finding
+in the river, near Three Rivers, in the year 1835, an ancient cannon of
+peculiar make, which was supposed to be of Spanish construction.</p>
+
+<p>The origins of the names of Montreal and Quebec are equally open to
+discussion. Many stoutly assert that Montreal is the French for Mount
+Royal, or Royal Mount; others, that by the introduction of one letter,
+the name is legitimately Spanish&mdash;<i>Monte-real</i>. <i>Monte</i>, designating any
+wooded elevation, and that <i>real</i> is the only word in that language for
+royal.</p>
+
+<p>The word Quebec is attributed to Indian and French sources. It is said
+that it is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> an Algonquin word, meaning a strait, the river at this point
+being not more than a mile wide; but although Champlain coincided in
+this view, its root has never been discovered in any Indian tongue. Its
+abrupt enunciation has not to the ear the sound of an Indian word, and
+it could scarcely have come from the Algonquin language, which is
+singularly soft and sweet, and may be considered the Italian of North
+American dialects.</p>
+
+<p>Those who claim for it a French origin, say that the Normans, rowing up
+the river with Cartier at his first discovery, as they rounded the
+wooded shores of the Isle of Orleans, and came in sight of the bare rock
+rising three hundred feet from its base, exclaimed "<i>Quel bec!</i>" or,
+What a promontory! The word bears intrinsically strong evidence of
+Norman origin.</p>
+
+<p>Cape Diamond received its name from the fact that in the "dark colored
+slate of which it is composed are found perfectly limpid quartz crystals
+in veins, along with crystallized carbonate of lime, which, sparkling
+like diamonds among the crags, suggested the appellation."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Famous Firesides</h2>
+
+<h4>&mdash;OF&mdash;</h4>
+
+<h2>French Canada</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>THE CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY.</h2>
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropa.jpg" width="98" height="125" alt="A" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">A few yards from the busy municipal centre of the city of Montreal,
+behind an antique iron railing, is a quaint, old building known as the
+Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay. Its history is contemporary with that of the city
+for the last two centuries, and so identified with past stirring events
+that it has been saved from the vandalism of modern improvement, and is
+to be preserved as a relic of the old <i>R&eacute;gime</i> in New France. It is a
+long one-storied structure, originally red-tiled, with graceful, sloping
+roof, double rows of peaked, dormer windows, huge chimneys and the
+unpolished architecture of the period.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the many historical buildings of America, none have been the scene
+of more thrilling events, a long line of interesting associations being
+connected with the now quiet old Ch&acirc;teau, looking in its peaceful old
+age as out of keeping with its modern surroundings as would an ancient
+vellum missal, mellowed for centuries in a monkish cell, appear among
+some of the ephemeral literature of to-day.</p>
+
+<p>A brilliant line of viceroys have here held rule, and within its walls
+things momentous in the country's annals have been enacted. During its
+checkered experience no less than three distinct <i>R&eacute;gimes</i> have followed
+each other, French, British and American. In an old document still to be
+found among the archives of the Seminary of St. Sulpice, it is recorded
+that the land on which it stands was ceded to the Governor of Montreal
+in the year 1660, just eighteen years after Maisonneuve, its founder,
+planted the silken Fleur-de-Lys of France on the shores of the savage
+Redman, and one hundred years before the tri-cross of England floated
+for the first time from the ramparts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Somewhere about the year 1700 a portion of this land was acquired by
+Claude de Ramezay, Sieur de la Gesse, Bois Fleurent and Monnoir, in
+France, and Governor of Three Rivers, and this house built.</p>
+
+<p>De Ramezay was of an old Franco-Scottish family, being descended by
+<i>Thimothy</i>, his father, from one Sir John Ramsay, a Scotchman, who, with
+others of his compatriots, went over to France in the 16th century. He
+may have joined an army raised for the French wars, or may have formed
+part of a bridal train similar to the gay retinue of the fair Princess
+Mary, who went from the dark fells and misty lochs of the land of the
+Royal Stuarts to be the loveliest queen who ever sat on the throne of
+<i>la belle France</i>. De Ramezay was the father of thirteen children, by
+his wife, Mademoiselle Denys de la Ronde, a sister of Mesdames Thomas
+Tarieu de La Naudi&egrave;re de La P&eacute;rade, d'Ailleboust d'Argenteuil, Chartier
+de Lotbini&egrave;re and Aubert de la Chenage, the same family out of whom came
+the celebrated de Jumonville, so well known in connection with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+unfortunate circumstances of Fort Necessity. The original of the
+marriage contract is still preserved in the records of the Montreal
+Court House; with its long list of autographs of Governor, Intendant,
+and high officials, civil and military, scions of the nobility of the
+country, appended thereto. The annals of the family tell us that some of
+them died in infancy, several met violent and untimely deaths, two of
+the sisters took conventual vows in the cloisters of Quebec, two
+married, having descendants now living in France and Canada, and two
+remained unmarried.</p>
+
+<p>De Ramezay came over as a captain in the army with the Viceroy de Tracy,
+and was remarkable for his highly refined education, having been a pupil
+of the celebrated F&eacute;n&eacute;lon, who was said to have been the pattern of
+virtue in the midst of a corrupt court, and who was entrusted by Louis
+the Fourteenth with the education of his grandsons, the Dukes of
+Burgundy, Anjou and Berri. Had the first named, who was heir-presumptive
+to the throne, lived to practice the princely virtues, the seeds of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+which his preceptor had sown in his heart, some of the most bloody pages
+in French history might never have been written.</p>
+
+<p>De Ramezay, for many years being Governor of Montreal, held official
+court in the Council chamber to the right of the entrance hall of the
+Ch&acirc;teau, which is now a museum of rare and valuable relics of Canada's
+past.</p>
+
+<p>The Salon was the scene of many a gay rout, as Madame de Ramezay,
+imitating the brilliant social and political life as it was in France in
+the time of <i>Le Grand Monarque</i>, transplanted to the wilds of America
+some reflection of court ceremonial and display as they culminated in
+that long and brilliant reign. From the dormer windows above, high-bred
+French ladies looked at the sun rising over the forest-clothed shores of
+the river, on which now stands the architectural grandeur of the modern
+city. How strange to the swarthy-faced dwellers in the wigwam must the
+old-time gaieties have appeared, as the lights from the silver
+<i>candelabres</i> shone far out in the night, when the old Ch&acirc;teau was <i>en
+f&ecirc;te</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> and aglow with music, dancing and laughter.</p>
+
+<p>What a contrast to the burden-bearing squaws were the dainty French
+women in stiff brocade and jewels, high heels, paint, patches and
+tresses <i>&agrave; la Pompadour</i>, tripping through the stately measures of the
+minuet to the sound of lute or harpsichord!</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"O, fair young land of <i>La Nouvelle France</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With thy halo of olden time romance,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Back like a half-forgotten dream<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Come the bygone days of the old <i>R&eacute;gime</i>."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The servants and retainers, imitating their lords, held high revel in
+the vaulted kitchens; while dishes and confections, savoury and
+delicious, came from the curious fireplace and ovens recently discovered
+in the vaults. These ancient kitchen offices, built to resist a siege,
+are exceedingly interesting in the light of our culinary arrangements of
+to-day. They were so constructed that if the buildings above, with their
+massive masonry, were destroyed, they would afford safe and comfortable
+refuge. The roof is arched, and, like the walls, is several feet thick,
+of solid stone, lighted by heavily barred windows, with strong iron
+shutters. In clearing out the walled-up and long-forgotten ovens, there
+were found bits of broken crockery, pipe-stems and the ashes of fires,
+gone out many, many long years ago. As indicated by an early map of the
+city, the position of the original well was located; in which, when it
+is cleaned out, it is intended to hang an old oaken bucket and drinking
+cups as nearly as possible as they originally were.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/p0033.jpg" width="650" height="408" alt="Ancient kitchen and fireplace of the Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Ancient kitchen and fireplace of the Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay.<br />
+
+COPYRIGHT.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Some time after the death of de Ramezay, which occurred in the city of
+Quebec in 1724, these noble halls fell into the possession of the
+fur-traders of Canada, and many a time these underground cellars were
+stored with the rich skins of the mink, silver fox, marten, sable and
+ermine for the markets of Europe and for royalty itself. They were
+brought in by the hunters and trappers over the boundless domains of the
+fur companies, and by the Indian tribes friendly to the peltrie trade.
+As these hardy, bronzed men sat around the hearth, while the juicy
+haunch of venison roasted on the spit by the blazing logs,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> relating
+blood-curdling tales and hairbreadth escapes, they were a necessary
+phase of times long passed away, but which will always have a
+picturesqueness especially their own.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of the white man's influencing the savage towards civilized
+customs, it was often found, as one writer has said, that hundreds of
+white men were barbarized on this continent for each single savage that
+was civilized. Many of the former identified themselves by marriage and
+mode of life with the Indians, developed their traits of hardihood and
+acquired their knowledge of woodcraft and skill in navigating the
+streams. In pursuit of the fur-bearing animals in their native haunts,
+they shot the raging rapids, ventured out upon the broad expanse of the
+treacherous lakes, and endured without complaint the severity of winter
+and the exposure of forest life in summer.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/p0037.jpg" width="650" height="409" alt="CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Their ranks were continually increased by those who were impatient of
+the slow method of obtaining a livelihood from the tillage of the soil,
+when the husbandman was frequently driven from the plough by the sudden
+attack of Indian foes, or interrupted in his hasty and anxious
+harvesting by their war-whoop, or perhaps was compelled to leave his
+farm to take up arms, if the occasion arose, so that in many instances
+the homesteads were left to the old men, women and children. The
+excitement of the chase and the wild freedom of the plains had a
+fascination that many could not resist, so much so that the king had to
+promulgate an edict, to stop, under heavy penalties, this roving life of
+his Canadian subjects, as their nomadic tendencies interfered with the
+successful settlement of the colony.</p>
+
+<p>To the lover of the quaint architecture of other centuries, there is an
+indescribable charm in these time-worn walls, which are still as
+substantial as if the snows and rains of two centuries had not beaten
+against them. The interior is equally interesting in this regard, as the
+walls dividing the chambers and corridors, though covered with modern
+plaster and stucco, are found to consist of several feet of solid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> stone
+masonry, while the ornamental ceiling covers beams of timber, twenty
+inches by eighteen, which is strong, well jointed and placed as close as
+flooring. Above this is heavy stone work over twelve inches thick, so
+that the sloping roof was the only part pregnable in an assault with the
+munitions of war then in use. Upon removing a portion of the modern
+wainscotting in the main reception room, there was discovered an ancient
+fireplace, made of roughly hewn blocks of granite. A crescent-shaped
+portion of the hearthstone is capable of removal, for what purpose it is
+not known. With old andirons and huge logs, it looks to-day exactly as
+it must have done when Montgomery and his suite, in revolutionary
+uniform, received delegations in this chamber, and when Brigadier
+General Wooster, who succeeded him, wrote and sent despatches by courier
+from the French Ch&acirc;teau to the Colonial mansion at Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/p0041.jpg" width="650" height="411" alt="Salon in which Montgomery held official receptions, 1775." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Salon in which Montgomery held official receptions, 1775.<br />
+
+COPYRIGHT.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The rooms of state in those days were, it is said, all in what is at
+present the back of the house, the rear of the building being the front,
+facing the river, down to which ran the gardens.</p>
+
+<p>It may be that the moonlight cast on these panes the shadow of the noble
+Sir Jeffrey Amherst, in his red coat, as looking out over the river he
+may have seen the smoke of the fire lighted by de L&eacute;vis, where he burnt
+his colours rather than let them fall into the hands of the English.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 289px;">
+<img src="images/p0043.jpg" width="289" height="300" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HEROES OF THE PAST.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropo.jpg" width="81" height="125" alt="O" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">On the river bank below the Ch&acirc;teau, tradition says, was the spot
+trodden by Jacques Cartier, who gave the river its name. Born at the
+time when all Europe was still excited over the tales of Columbus'
+adventures, he left the white cliffs and grey docks of St. Malo, where
+he had learned the sailor's craft, to search for the western route to
+the Indies.</p></div>
+
+<p>A little higher up, less than a century later, Champlain, to push on
+actively his operations in the fur-trade, built his fort, the name which
+he then gave the spot, "<i>Place Royale</i>," being recently restored to it.
+In his wanderings for the further pursuance of this object, he
+discovered Lakes Ontario, Huron and Champlain.</p>
+
+<p>Being betrothed to a twelve year old maiden, H&eacute;l&egrave;ne Bouill&eacute;, the
+daughter of a Huguenot, he named the island opposite the city, which
+lies like a green gem among the crystal waters, H&eacute;l&egrave;ne, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> affectionate
+remembrance of her who, at the end of eight years, was to join him in
+his adventurous life.</p>
+
+<p>The winding length of quiet, old St. Paul street, then an Indian trail,
+following the course of the river through the oak forest, must often
+have known the presence of this picturesque warrior in his
+weather-beaten garments of the doublet and long hose then in vogue.
+"Over the doublet he buckled on a breastplate, and probably a back
+piece, while his thighs were protected by cuisses of steel and his head
+by a plumed casque. Across his shoulders hung the strap of his
+<i>baudolier</i> or ammunition box, at his side was his sword, and in his
+hand his arquebuse. Such was the equipment of this ancient Indian
+fighter, whose exploits date eleven years before the Puritans landed,"
+among the grey granite hills of New England.</p>
+
+<p>He was an armourer of Dieppe, who, though "a great captain, a successful
+discoverer and a noted geographer, was more than all a God-fearing,
+Christian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> gentleman." He was more concerned to gain victories by the
+cross than by the sword, saying:&mdash;"The salvation of a soul is of more
+value than the conquest of an empire."</p>
+
+<p>The year 1620 was a red letter day in the history of the Colony, when,
+from a little vessel moored at the foot of the cliff, he led on shore at
+Quebec his young bride, who with her three maids had come to the western
+wilderness, the first gentlewoman to land on Canadian shores. He
+conducted her to where is now the corner of Notre Dame and Sous-le-Fort
+streets, to the rude "<i>habitation</i>" he had prepared for her reception,
+which was poorly furnished and unhomelike in comparison to the one which
+she had left over the sea. But history tells of no word of complaint nor
+disappointment coming from the gentle lips; but, as the youthful
+<i>ch&acirc;teleine</i> sat by her hearth, it shed a light among the huts of the
+settlers and dusky lodges of the natives, as her example of patience and
+duty performed by the first refined, civilized fireside in the land
+does<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> to the thousands who have succeeded her. After almost three
+hundred years, the "charms of her person, her elegance and kindliness of
+manner" are still remembered. The chronicler tells us that the
+"Governor's lady wore in her daily rambles, amongst the wigwams, an
+article of feminine attire, not unusual in those days, a small mirror at
+her girdle." It appealed irresistibly to the simple natures around her,
+that "a beauteous being should love them so much as to carry their
+images reflected close to her heart."</p>
+
+<p>"The graceful figure of the first lady of Canada, gliding noiselessly
+along by the murmuring waters of the St. Lawrence, showering everywhere
+smiles and kindness, a help-mate to her noble lord, and a pattern of
+purity and refinement, was indeed a vision of female loveliness" which
+time cannot obliterate nor forgetfulness dim. The domestic life of the
+colony dates from about the time of her arrival, the first regular
+register of marriage being entered in the following year; two months
+after the first nuptial ceremony<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> was performed in New England. The
+first christening took place in the same year, 1621, the ordinance being
+administered to the infant son of Abraham Martin, <i>dit L'Ecossais</i>,
+pilot of the river St. Lawrence. This old pilot, named in the journal of
+the Jesuits as <i>Ma&icirc;tre</i> Abraham, has bequeathed his name to the famous
+Plains, on which was decided the destiny of New France.</p>
+
+<p>It was indeed a sorry day for the settlement when the inhabitants, on
+the 16th of August, 1624, saw the white sails of Champlain's vessel
+disappear behind what is now Point Levis, carrying back, alas! forever,
+to the shores of her beloved France, Madame de Champlain, sighing for
+the mystic life of the cloister, tired out by the incessant alarms and
+the Indian ferocities spread around the Fort during the frequent
+absences of her husband and her favourite brother, Eustache Bouill&eacute;. The
+daintily-nurtured French lady must have found the quiet of the old-world
+convent a very haven of peace and rest. She died at Mieux, an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> Ursuline
+Nun, in the order which subsequently was to be so closely identified
+with the religious history of her wilderness home.</p>
+
+<p>But monastic retreat had no attractions for the founder of Fort St.
+Louis. Parkman says: "Champlain, though in Paris is restless. He is
+enamoured of the New World, whose rugged charms have seized his fancy
+and his heart. His restless thoughts revert to the fog-wrapped coasts,
+the piney odours of the forests, the noise of waters and the sharp and
+piercing sunlight so dear to his remembrance."</p>
+
+<p>Among these he was destined to lay down his well worn armour at the
+command of death, the only enemy before whom he ever retreated; for on
+Christmas Day, 1635, in a chamber in the Fort at Quebec, "breathless and
+cold lay the hardy frame which war, the wilderness and the sea had
+buffeted so long in vain. The chevalier, crusader, romance-loving
+explorer and practical navigator lay still in death," leaving the memory
+of a courage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> that was matchless and a patience that was sublime.</p>
+
+<p>For over two hundred and sixty years, no monument stood to celebrate
+this true patriot's name, but now his statue stands in his city, near to
+where he laid the foundations and built the Ch&acirc;teau St. Louis. Most
+unfortunately his last resting place is unknown, notwithstanding the
+laborious and learned efforts of the many distinguished antiquarians of
+Quebec.</p>
+
+<p>The Fort which Champlain built in 1620, and in which he died, was for
+over two centuries the seat of government, and the name recalls the
+thrilling events which clothed it with an atmosphere of great and
+stirring interest during its several periods. The hall of the Fort
+during the weakness of the colony was often, it is said, a scene of
+terror and despair from the inroads of the ferocious savages, who,
+having passed and overthrown all the French outposts, threatened the
+Fort itself, and massacred some friendly Indians within sight of its
+walls.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"In the palmy days of French sovereignty it was the centre of power over
+the immense domain extending from the Gulf of St. Lawrence along the
+shores of the noble river and down the course of the Mississippi to its
+outlet below New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>The banner which first streamed from the battlements of Quebec was
+displayed from a line of forts which protected the settlements
+throughout this vast extent of country. The Council Chamber of the
+Castle was the scene of many a midnight vigil, many a long deliberation
+and deep-laid project, to free the continent from the intrusion of the
+ancient rivals of France and assert her supremacy. Here also was
+rendered, with all its ancient forms, the fealty and homage of the
+<i>noblesse</i> and military retainers, who held possessions under the Crown,
+a feudal service suited to those early times, and which is still
+performed by the peers at the coronation of our kings in Westminster
+Abbey."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 330px;">
+<img src="images/p0052.jpg" width="330" height="450" alt="Frontenac" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the many dramatic scenes of which it was the theatre, no
+occurrence was more remarkable than an event which happened in the year
+1690, when "Castle St. Louis had assumed an appearance worthy of the
+Governor-General, who then made it the seat of the Royal Government, the
+dignified Count de Frontenac, a nobleman of great talents, long service
+and extreme pride, and who is considered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> one of the most illustrious of
+the early French rulers." The story is, that Sir William Phipps, an
+English admiral, arriving with his fleet in the harbour, and believing
+the city to be in a defenceless condition, thought he might capture it
+by surprise. An officer was sent ashore with a flag of truce. He was met
+half way by a French major and his men, who, placing a bandage over the
+intruder's eyes, conducted him by a circuitous route to the Castle,
+having recourse on the way to various stratagems, such as making small
+bodies of soldiers cross and re-cross his path, to give him the
+impression of the presence of a strong force. On arriving at the Castle,
+his surprise we are told was extreme on finding himself in the presence
+of the Governor-General, the Intendant and the Bishop, with a large
+staff of French officers, uniformed in full regimentals, drawn up in the
+centre of the great hall ready to receive him.</p>
+
+<p>The British officer immediately handed to Frontenac a written demand for
+an unconditional surrender, in the name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> of the new Sovereigns, William
+and Mary, whom Protestant England had crowned instead of the dethroned
+and Catholic James. Taking his watch from his pocket and placing it on a
+table near by, he peremptorily demanded a positive answer in an hour's
+time at the furthest. This action was like the spark in the tinder, and
+completely roused the anger and indignation of his hearers, who had
+scarcely been able to restrain their excitement during the reading of
+the summons, which the Englishman had delivered in an imperious voice,
+and which an interpreter had translated word for word to the outraged
+audience.</p>
+
+<p>A murmur of repressed resentment ran through the assembly, when one of
+the officers, without waiting for his superior to reply, exclaimed
+impetuously:&mdash;that the messenger ought to be treated as the envoy of a
+corsair, or common marauder, since Phipps was in arms against his
+legitimate Sovereign. Frontenac, although keenly hurt in his most
+vulnerable point,&mdash;his pride&mdash;by the lack of ceremony displayed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> in the
+conduct of the Englishman, replied in a calm voice, but in impassioned
+words, saying loftily:&mdash;"You will have no occasion to wait so long for
+my answer,&mdash;here it is:&mdash;I do not recognize King William, but I know
+that the Prince of Orange is an usurper, who has violated the most
+sacred ties of blood and religion in dethroning the King, his
+father-in-law; and I acknowledge no other legitimate Sovereign than
+James the Second. Do your best, and I will do mine."</p>
+
+<p>The messenger thereupon demanded that the reply be given him in writing,
+which the Governor haughtily refused, saying:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am going to answer your master at the cannon's mouth; he shall be
+taught that this is not the manner in which a person of my rank ought to
+be summoned."</p>
+
+<p>Charlevoix seems to have very much admired the lordly bearing of
+Frontenac on this occasion, which was so trying to his self-control,
+but, with an impartiality creditable to a Frenchman, he justly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+chronicles his equal admiration for the coolness and presence of mind
+with which the Englishman signalized himself in carrying out his
+mission, under insults and humiliations scarcely to be looked for from
+those who should have known better the respect due to a flag of truce.</p>
+
+<p>The commander of the fleet, finding the place ready for resistance,
+concluded that the lateness of the season rendered it unwise to commence
+a regular siege against a city whose natural and artificial defences
+made it a formidable fortress, and which, when garrisoned by troops of
+such temper and mettle, it appeared impossible to reduce. It must also
+be considered that Phipps had been delayed by contrary winds and pilots
+ignorant of the river navigation, which combination of untoward
+circumstances conspired to compel him to relinquish his design, which
+under more favouring conditions he might have carried out with success,
+and conquered the place before it could have been known in Montreal that
+it was even in danger.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Without doubt Frontenac was the most conspicuous figure which the
+annals of the early colonization of Canada affords. He was the
+descendant of several generations of distinguished men who were famous
+as courtiers and soldiers." He was of Basque origin and proud of his
+noble ancestry. He was born in 1620, and was distinguished by becoming
+the god-child of the King, the royal sponsor bestowing his own name on
+the unconscious babe, who was in after years to be a sturdy defender of
+France's dominions over the ocean. He became a soldier at the age of
+fifteen, and even in early youth and manhood saw active service and gave
+promise of gallantry and bravery.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1648, he married the lovely young Anne de la Grange-Trianon,
+a "maiden of imperious temper, lively wit and marvellous grace." She was
+a beauty of the court and chosen friend of Mademoiselle de Montpensier,
+the granddaughter of King Henry the Fourth. A celebrated painting of the
+<i>Comtesse de Frontenac</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> in the character of Minerva, smiles on the
+walls of one of the galleries at Versailles.</p>
+
+<p>The marriage took place without the consent of the bride's relatives,
+and soon proved an ill-starred one, the young wife's fickle affection
+turning into a strong repulsion for her husband, whom she intrigued to
+have sent out of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Her influence at court, and some jealousy on the part of the King
+combined to bring about this end, and Frontenac was appointed Governor
+and Lieutenant-General of <i>La Nouvelle France</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Parkman says:&mdash;"A man of courts and camps, born and bred in the focus of
+a most gorgeous civilization, he was banished to the ends of the earth,
+among savage hordes and half-reclaimed forests, to exchange the
+splendour of St. Germain and the dawning glories of Versailles for a
+stern, grey rock, haunted by sombre priests, rugged merchants, traders,
+blanketed Indians and wild bushrangers." When he sailed up the river and
+the stern grandeur of the scene opened up before him, he felt as he
+afterwards wrote:&mdash;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I never saw anything more superb than the position of this town. It
+could not be better situated for the future capital of an empire."</p>
+
+<p>But the dainty and luxurious <i>Comtesse</i> had no taste for pioneer life,
+and no thought of leaving her silken-draped <i>boudoir</i> for a home in a
+rude fort on a rock; she therefore accepted the offer of a domicile with
+her kindred spirit, Mademoiselle d'Outrelaise. The "<i>Divines</i>," as they
+were called, established a <i>Salon</i>, which, among the many similar
+coteries of the time, was remarkable for its wit and gaiety. It set the
+fashion to French society, and was affected by all the leading spirits
+of the Court and Capital.</p>
+
+<p>Although an occasional <i>billet</i> came from the recreant spouse to her
+husband in the Castle St. Louis, no home life nor welcoming domestic
+fireside threw a charm over his exile. The glamour with which affection
+can glorify even the rudest surroundings was denied him in his long life
+of seventy-six years.</p>
+
+<p>To avoid the confusion to which the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> terms Fort St. Louis and Castle St.
+Louis might lead, it must be understood that they in a measure were the
+same, as the one enclosed the other.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1834, two hundred and fourteen years after the foundation of
+this Ch&acirc;teau, a banquet was prepared for the reception of those invited
+to partake of the official hospitality of the Governor; when suddenly
+the tocsin sounded,&mdash;the dreaded alarm of fire. Soon the streets were
+thronged with citizens, with anxious enquiries passing from lip to lip,
+and ere long the cry was uttered: "To the Castle, to the Castle!"</p>
+
+<p>The entire population of merchants and artisans, soldiers from the
+garrison, priests from the monasteries, and citizens, rich and poor,
+joined hands with the firemen to save the medi&aelig;val fortress from
+destruction, and its treasured contents from the flames. Old silver was
+snatched from the banquet table by some who had expected to sit around
+the board as guests.</p>
+
+<p>At the head of the principal staircase, where it had stood for fifty
+years or more,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> was a bust of Wolfe, with the inscription upon it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Let no vain tear upon this bust be shed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A common tribute to the common dead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But let the good, the generous, the brave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With God-like envy sigh for such a grave."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Fortunately, in the confusion of the disaster it was not overlooked, but
+was carried to a place of safety. While every heart present could not
+but be moved with the deepest feelings of regret at the loss of its
+hoary walls, yet the beholder was forced to admire the magnificent
+spectacular effect of the conflagration which crowned the battlements
+and reflected over crag and river, as the old fort, which had stubbornly
+resisted all its enemies during five sieges, fell before the devouring
+element.</p>
+
+<p>Its stones were permeated with the military and religious history of the
+"old rock city," for, in the fifteen years of its occupancy by
+Champlain, it was as much a mission as a fort. The historian says:&mdash;"A
+stranger visiting the Fort of Quebec would have been astonished at its
+air of conventual decorum. Black-robed Jesuits<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> and scarfed officers
+mingled at Champlain's table. There was little conversation, but in its
+place histories and the lives of the saints were read aloud, as in a
+monastic refectory. Prayers, masses and confessions followed each other,
+and the bell of the adjacent chapel rang morning, noon and night. Quebec
+became a shrine. Godless soldiers whipped themselves to penitence, women
+of the world outdid each other in the fury of their contrition, and
+Indians gathered thither for the gifts of kind words and the polite
+blandishments bestowed upon them."</p>
+
+<p>The site where the old Ch&acirc;teau St. Louis once stood, with its halo of
+romance and renown, is now partially covered by the great Quebec
+hostelry, the Ch&acirc;teau Frontenac, which in its erection and appointments
+has not destroyed, but rather perpetuated, the traditions of the
+"Sentinel City of the St. Lawrence."</p>
+
+<p>"Ch&acirc;teau Frontenac has been planned with the strong sense of the fitness
+of things, being a veritable old-time Ch&acirc;teau, whose curves and cupolas,
+turrets and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> towers, even whose tones of gray stone and dulled brick
+harmonize with the sober quaint architecture of our dear old Fortress
+City, and looks like a small bit of Medi&aelig;val Europe perched upon a
+rock."</p>
+
+<p>Under the promenade of Durham Terrace is still the cellar of the old
+Ch&acirc;teau; and standing upon it, the patriot, whether English or French,
+cannot but thrill as he looks on the same scene upon which the heroes of
+the past so often gazed, and from which they flung defiance to their
+foes.</p>
+
+<p>On almost the same spot upon which Champlain had landed at Montreal, and
+about seven years after his death, a small band of consecrated men and
+women, singing a hymn, drew up their tempest-worn pinnace, and raised
+their standard in the name of King Louis, while Maisonneuve, the ascetic
+knight, planted a crucifix, and dedicated the land to God.</p>
+
+<p>The city as it stands on this spot is a fulfilment of his vow then made,
+when he declared, as he pitched his tent and lighted his camp-fire, that
+here he would found a city though every tree on the island were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> an
+Iroquois. On an altar of bark, decorated with wild flowers and lighted
+by fireflies, the first mass was celebrated, and the birthnight of
+Montreal registered.</p>
+
+<p>From the little seed thus planted in this rude altar, a mighty harvest
+has arisen in cathedral, monastery, church and convent, representing
+untold wealth and influence. The early French explorer, with a "sword in
+his hand and a crucifix on his breast," was more desirous of
+Christianizing than of conquering the native tribes. So completely has
+this creed become identified with the country's character and history,
+that the province of Quebec is emphatically a Catholic community. So
+faithfully have its tenets been handed down by generations of devout
+followers of this faith, that even the streets and squares bear the
+names of saints and martyrs, such as St. Francis Xavier, St. Peter, St.
+John, St. Joseph, St. Mary, and in fact the entire calendar is
+represented, especially in the east end of the town. St. Paul, which was
+probably the first street laid out, is called after the city's founder
+himself,&mdash;Paul Chomedy de Maisonneuve.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+<h2>NOTRE-DAME-DE-LA-VICTOIRE.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropa.jpg" width="98" height="125" alt="A" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">A few rods to the west of the Ch&acirc;teau, through a vaulted archway leading
+from the street, in the shadow of the peaceful convent buildings is a
+little chapel called <i>Notre-Dame-de-la-Victoire</i>. The swallows
+twittering under its broken eaves are now the only sign of life; and its
+rotting timbers and threshold, forgotten by the world, give no
+suggestion of the martial incident to which it owes its existence. While
+the American Colonies were still English, the British Ensign floated
+over Boston town, and good Queen Anne was prayed for in Puritan pulpits,
+an expedition was fitted out under Sir Hovenden Walker to drive the
+French out of Canada. In the previous year, 1710, the Legislature of New
+York had taken steps to lay before the Queen the alarming progress of
+Gallic domination in America, saying:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<p>"It is well known that the French can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> go by water from Quebec to
+Montreal; from thence they can do the like through the rivers and lakes,
+at the risk of all your Majesty's plantations on this Continent, as far
+as Carolina."</p>
+
+<p>In the command of Walker were several companies of regulars draughted
+from the great Duke of Marlborough's Army. While he was leading it from
+victory to victory for the glory of his King, his wife, the famous Sarah
+Jennings, was making a conquest at home of the affections of the
+simple-minded and susceptible Queen. It is remarkable that the coronet
+of this ambitious woman should now rest on the brow of an American girl,
+and that a daughter of New York should reign at Blenheim Castle. At that
+period France possessed the two great valleys of North America, the
+Mississippi and the St. Lawrence; to capture the latter was the aim of
+the expedition.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/p0067.jpg" width="650" height="454" alt="CHAPEL OF NOTRE-DAME-DE-LA-VICTOIRE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CHAPEL OF NOTRE-DAME-DE-LA-VICTOIRE.<br />
+COPYRIGHT.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As the hostile fleet sailed up the St. Lawrence, a storm of great
+severity burst upon the invaders. Eight of the transports were recked on
+the reefs, and in the dawn of the midsummer morning the bodies of a
+thousand red-coated soldiers were strewn on the sands of
+<i>Isle-aux-&OElig;ufs</i>. It has been said that an old sea-dog, Jean Paradis,
+refused to act as pilot, and in a fog allowed them to run straight on to
+death; and also that among those who perished was one of the court
+beauties who had eloped with Sir Hovenden.</p>
+
+<p>The disabled vessels retreated before the artillery of the elements, and
+left Bourbon's Lilied Blue to wave for half a century longer over Fort
+St. Louis. This bloodless victory for the French was attributed by them
+to the intervention of the Virgin, in gratitude for which this chapel
+was vowed and built, as was also another on the market place, Lower
+Town, Quebec. The miraculous feature of the defeated invasion was
+considered certain from the fact that a recluse in the convent near the
+chapel, and who was remarkable for her piety, had embroidered a prayer
+to the Virgin on the flag which the Baron de Longueuil had borne from
+Montreal in command of a detachment of troops.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Some of the original interior fittings of the chapel still exist, but
+the bell which chimed its first call to vespers, when the great city was
+a quiet, frontier hamlet, has long been silent. It is to be regretted
+that from its historical character it has not been preserved from decay,
+but looks as time-worn and mouldering as does the rusty cannon in the
+hall of the Ch&acirc;teau, which was one of the guns of the ill-fated fleet,
+and over which the river had flowed for almost two hundred years. Seven
+of England's sovereigns had lived, reigned and died, and in France the
+Royal house had fallen in the deluge of blood that flowed around the
+guillotine. Quebec had changed flags&mdash;the Tri-color had been unfurled
+over the <i>H&ocirc;tel-de-Ville</i> at Paris, and the Stars and Stripes over the
+new-born nation.</p>
+
+<p>The thrones of Europe had tottered at the word of the Corsican boy,&mdash;he
+had played with crowns as with golden baubles, and had gone from the
+imperial purple to the mist-shrouded rocks of St. Helena. Eugenie, the
+Beautiful, had ruled the world by her grace, and fled from the throne
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> the haughty Louis to a loveless exile&mdash;while the old gun, with its
+charge rusting in its mouth, lay in silence under the passing keels of a
+million craft.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/p0071.jpg" width="400" height="225" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+<h2>LE S&Eacute;MINAIRE.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/drops.jpg" width="88" height="125" alt="S" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">Still more ancient is a venerable postern in the blackened wall of the
+Seminary of St. Sulpice, near by, which is now the oldest building in
+the city, being erected some fifty years before the Ch&acirc;teau. It leads by
+a narrow lane to the gardens of the Monastery, which bloom quiet and
+still here in the heart of the throbbing life of a city of to-day.
+Generations of saintly men, under vows, have trodden in the shade of its
+walks, trying with the rigours of monastic life to crush out the
+memories of love and home left behind among the sun-kissed vineyards of
+France. For two hundred years and more no woman's footstep had fallen
+here among the flowers, until recently the wife of a Governor-General
+was admitted on a special occasion. On the cobble-stones of the
+courtyard, pilgrims, penitents, priests and soldiers have trodden, the
+echoes of their footsteps passing away in centuries of years. Above the
+walls, blackened by time and pierced by windows with the small panes of
+a fashion gone by, the bells of the clock ring out the stroke of
+midnight over one-third of a million souls, as it did the hours of
+morning when the great-great-grandfathers of the present generation ran
+to school over the grass-grown pavements of young Ville-Marie.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/p0073.jpg" width="650" height="405" alt="SEMINARY OF ST. SULPICE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">SEMINARY OF ST. SULPICE</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The inimitable old roof-curves still cover the walls, and the
+Fleur-de-Lys still cap the pinnacles" as in the days when Richelieu, the
+prince of prelates, sought to plant the feudalism and Christianity of
+old France on the shores of the new. They still rise against the blue of
+Canadian skies unmolested, while in France, in the early years of the
+century, popular frenzy dragged this symbol of royalty from the spires
+of the churches and convents of Paris.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 286px;">
+<img src="images/p0075.jpg" width="286" height="300" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CATHEDRALS AND CLOISTERS.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropt.jpg" width="98" height="125" alt="T" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">The Order of the Gentlemen of St. Sulpice is supposed to be very rich,
+the amount of the immense revenues never being made public. They were
+the feudal lords of the Island of Montreal in the earlier chapters of
+its history. Through their zealous efforts and the generosity of their
+parishioners was opened in the year eighteen hundred and twenty-nine the
+grand church adjoining, that of <i>Notre Dame</i>, built on the site of the
+original parish church. Viewing it from the extensive <i>plaza</i> in front,
+its imposing proportions fill the beholder with the same awe as when
+looking at some lofty mountain peak, but its symmetry is so exquisite
+that its size cannot at first be appreciated.</p></div>
+
+<p>In imitation of its prototype, <i>Notre Dame de Paris</i>, twin towers rise
+in stateliness to a height of two hundred and twenty-seven feet, and are
+visible for a distance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> of thirty miles. The fa&ccedil;ade is impressive, the
+style a modification of different schools adapted to carry out the
+design intended. Three colossal statues of the Virgin, St. Joseph and
+St. John the Baptist are placed over the arcades. The sublime structure
+belongs to a branch of the Gothic, in the pointed arch type of
+architecture which was brought home from the Crusades,&mdash;a style which
+has come down from the time-honoured architecture of the old world, when
+religious thought that now finds expression in books was written and
+symbolized in stone.</p>
+
+<p>From a vestibule at the foot of the western tower, an ascent of two
+hundred and seventy-nine steps offers a most enchanting view of
+mountain, river, street and harbour, with such a wilderness of dome,
+steeple and belfry, that the exclamation involuntarily arises&mdash;this is
+truly a city of churches!</p>
+
+<p>On the descent, a pause on a platform gives the opportunity of admiring
+"<i>Le Gros Bourdon</i>," or great bell, and one of the largest in the world.
+It weighs twenty-four<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> thousand, seven hundred and eighty pounds, and is
+six feet high. Its mouth measures eight feet, seven inches in diameter.
+The tone is magnificent in depth and fullness. On occasions such as the
+death of high ecclesiastics or other solemn events, its tolling is
+indescribable in its slow, sonorous vibrations. In the eastern tower
+hang ten smaller bells of beautiful quality, and so harmonized that
+choice and varied compositions can be performed by the eighteen ringers
+required in their manipulation. On high festivals, when all ring out
+with brazen tongues, caught up and re-echoed from spire to spire in what
+Victor Hugo describes as:&mdash;"Mingling and blending in the air like a rich
+embroidery of all sorts of melodious sounds"&mdash;America can furnish no
+greater oratorio.</p>
+
+<p>Its interior, which is profusely embellished and enriched, the spacious,
+two-storied galleries, in a twilight of mysterious gloom, and an altar
+upon which so much wealth has been consecrated, combine to make it a
+temple worthy of any time or race.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Whatever may be the external differences, we always find in the
+Christian Cathedral, no matter how modified, the Roman Basilica. It
+rises forever from the ground in harmony with the same laws. There are
+invariably two naves intersecting each other in the form of a cross, the
+upper end being rounded into a chancel or choir. There are always side
+aisles for processions or for chapels, and a sort of lateral gallery
+into which the principal nave opens by means of the spaces between the
+columns.</p>
+
+<p>"The number of chapels, steeples, doors and spires may be modified
+indefinitely, according to the century, the people and the art. Statues,
+stained glass, rose-windows, arabesques, denticulations, capitals and
+bas-reliefs are employed according as they are desired. Hence the
+immense variety in the exterior of structures, within which there dwells
+such unity and order."</p>
+
+<p>The nave here is two hundred and twenty feet long, almost eighty in
+height, and one hundred and twenty in width, including the side aisles.
+The walls, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> are five feet thick, have fourteen side windows forty
+feet high, which light softly the galleries and grand aisle. So
+admirable is the arrangement, that fifteen thousand people can find
+accommodation and hear perfectly in all parts of the building. On high
+festivals, such as Christmas or Easter, when the great organ, said to be
+the finest in America, under the fingers of a master, with full choir
+and orchestra, rolls out the music of the masses, the senses are
+enthralled by the magnificence of the harmony. The various altars and
+mural decorations are beautiful with painting, gilding and carving. In
+the subdued light, which filters through the stained windows, are found
+many things of especial sanctity to the faithful. On a column rests an
+exquisite little statuette of the Virgin, which was a gift from Pope
+Pius the Ninth, the finely chased and wrought crucifix and the riband
+attached to it having been worn around the neck of the High Pontiff
+himself. Directly opposite to it is a statue of St. Peter, a copy of
+that at Rome. Fifty days indulgence are granted to those who piously<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+kiss this image. Under one altar rest the bones of St. Felix, which were
+taken from the Catacombs at Rome, and on another is a picture of the
+Madonna, said to be a copy of one painted by St. Luke. On all the
+shrines are candlesticks, votive offerings and many other articles of
+great age, value and veneration.</p>
+
+<p>The main altar is exceedingly rich in artistic ornamentation,
+representing in its design the religious history of the world, and is
+the only one of the kind in existence. Although the foundation stones of
+this great pile were laid seventy years ago, this grand anthem in stone
+has not yet reached its "amen," many additions to it being yet in
+contemplation.</p>
+
+<p>Like many others of earth masterpieces in architecture, it is at once
+the monument to and the mausoleum of its builder, whose body, according
+to his dying request, although a Protestant, lies in the vaults beneath
+his greatest life-work.</p>
+
+<p>Through some halls and corridors back of the grand altar is the chapel
+of "Our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> Lady of the Sacred Heart," which is one of the most beautiful
+sanctuaries in the city, and remarkable for the harmony of its lines and
+proportions. It is in the form of a cross, ninety feet in length,
+eighty-five feet in the transept with an altitude of fifty-five feet.
+The splendour of its ornamentation, carving, sculpture, elegant
+galleries, panels in mosaic, original paintings by Canadian artists, and
+a beautiful reproduction of Raphael's celebrated frieze of "The Dispute
+of the Blessed Sacrament," unite to constitute this piece of
+ecclesiastical architecture a <i>chef d'&oelig;uvre</i>.</p>
+
+<p>An iconoclast might marvel at the absorption in prayer of some of the
+devotees, among accessories bewildering to eyes accustomed to the
+plainer surroundings of other forms of ritual, but the worship of those
+in attendance seems sincere and complete.</p>
+
+<p>Following the footsteps of Cartier to where, near the foot of Mount
+Royal, he found the Indian village of Hochelaga, is now to be seen the
+St. James' Cathedral,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> which is a reduced copy of St. Peter's at Rome,
+the great centre from which radiates the Catholicism of Christendom. It
+is somewhat less than half the dimensions of its model, with certain
+modifications necessary in the differences of climate. The work was
+entrusted to M. Victor Bourgeau, who, to gain the information necessary
+to carry out successfully a repetition of the great master, Michael
+Angelo's conception, spent some time in the Eternal City studying the
+various details. But the real architect, it may be said, who made the
+plans and supervised and directed the building of the sacred monument,
+was Rev. Father Michaud, of the St. Viateur Order. To raise the funds
+necessary for the initial work, every member of the immense diocese was
+taxed; and even now, after a lapse of thirty years, it is still
+unfinished, so great has been the expense involved. The handsome fa&ccedil;ade
+is elaborately columned in cut-stone, for which only blocks of the most
+perfect kind were used.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Like the colossal dome at Rome, this one towers above every other
+structure in the city, with the height of the cross included, being
+forty feet higher than the lofty towers of <i>Notre Dame</i>. It is seventy
+feet in diameter, and two hundred and ten feet above the pavement. It is
+after the work of Brunelleschi, whose exquisite art and genius flung the
+airy grace of his incomparable domes against Florentine and Roman skies.</p>
+
+<p>There is none of the "dim, religious light" in the interior decoration
+of white and gold, the subtle colouring of the symbolic frescoing and
+the brilliance of the gold and brazen altar furnishing. At a service
+celebrated especially for the Papal Zuaves, the picturesque red and grey
+of their uniform, the priests in gorgeous canonicals of scarlet, stiff
+with gold, the acolytes in white surplices and the venerable archbishop
+in cardinal and purple, with a chorus from Handel ringing through the
+vaulted roof, a full conception of the Papal form of worship can be
+obtained; while a squaw in blanket and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> moccasins kneeling on the floor
+beside a fluted pillar seems the living symbol of the heathendom the
+early fathers came to convert.</p>
+
+<p>In Canada the Jesuits have always been prominent in its history,
+signalizing themselves by extraordinary devotion and self-sacrifice, and
+were among the earliest explorers of the Continent, the first sound of
+civilization over many of the lakes and rivers being the chant of the
+capuchined friar. Fathers Breb&oelig;uf and Lalemant, burnt by the Indians;
+Garreau, butchered; Chabanel, drowned by an apostate Huron, and others
+hideously tortured, testified with their blood to their devotion. From
+the Atlantic to the prairies, from the bleak shores of the Hudson Bay to
+the sunny beaches of Louisiana, they suffered, bled and died.</p>
+
+<p>It is said the Jesuits have a genius for selecting sites, and certainly
+the situation of their especial church and adjoining colleges bears out
+the statement. Like the other churches of this most Catholic city, it is
+not complete, the towers having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> yet to be continued into spires. It is
+much frequented for the fine music and admired for its beautiful
+interior. It is in the Florentine Renaissance style, which is the one
+usually favoured by this Order. The frescoes are unusually pleasing,
+being in soft tones of monochrome, the work of eminent Roman artists,
+and are reproductions of the modern German School of Biblical scenes and
+from the history of the Jesuits. There are in addition some fine
+paintings by the Gagliardi brothers at Rome and others.</p>
+
+<p>In the Eastern part of the city, commonly called the French quarter, so
+purely French are the people, with temperaments as gay and volatile as
+in <i>Le Beau Paris</i> itself, is a gem of architecture in the church of
+"Our Lady of Lourdes." This chapel, reared as a visible expression of
+the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, is of the Byzantine and
+Renaissance type, a style frequently to be seen reflected from the
+lagoons of Venice.</p>
+
+<p>"The choir and transepts terminate in a circular domed apsis, and a
+large central<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> dome rises at the intersection of the latter. The statue
+over the altar, and which immediately strikes the eye, is symbolic of
+the doctrine illustrated. The Virgin is represented in the attitude
+usually shown in the Spanish School of Painters, with hands crossed upon
+the breast, standing on a cloud with the words: 'A woman clothed with
+the sun and the moon under her feet.'" A singularly beautiful light,
+thrown down from an unseen source, casts a kind of heavenly radiance
+around the figure with fine effect.</p>
+
+<p>"Some of the painting is exceedingly good. The decoration of the church,
+in gold and colours, arabesque and fifteenth century ornament, is very
+beautiful and harmonious. This building is interesting as being the only
+one of the kind in America."</p>
+
+<p>By descending a narrow stairway, which winds beneath the floor, is found
+a shrine fitted up in imitation of the grotto near Lourdes, in France,
+in which it is said the Virgin appeared to a young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> girl, Bernadette
+Souberous, at which time a miracle-working fountain is said to have
+gushed out of the rock, and still continues its wonderful cures. A
+goblet of the water stands on the altar, and is said to have powers of
+healing. This underground shrine, lighted only by dim, coloured lamps,
+gives a sensation of peculiar weirdness after the light and beauty of
+the structure above.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 391px;">
+<img src="images/p0088.jpg" width="391" height="500" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Perhaps there is no church of French Canada of deeper interest than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+"<i>Notre Dame de Bonsecours</i>." On its site stood the first place of
+worship built, for which Maisonneuve himself assisted to cut and draw
+the timbers, some of which are still in existence. The name
+<i>Bonsecours</i>, signifying succour, was given on account of a narrow
+escape of the infant colony from the Iroquois. The present building,
+erected in 1771 on the old foundations, was, until a few years ago,
+remarkable for its graceful tin roof and finely-pointed spire. The rear
+having since been altered in a manner entirely out of keeping with the
+original, which time had "painted that sober hue which makes the
+antiquity of churches their greatest beauty," much of the charm which
+made it unique has been destroyed. If it is true that it was an act of
+piety on the part of a devoted priest, it is another proof that zeal at
+times outruns correct taste.</p>
+
+<p>The statue of heroic size on the new portion of the edifice, with arms
+uplifted as if in blessing, was the gift of a noble of Brittany. It was
+brought over in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> Seventeenth Century, and for two hundred years has
+been the patron saint of sailors, who ascribe to it miraculous powers.
+Its ancient pews, the crutches on the walls, and pictures which are
+among the first works of art brought to the country, suggest the varied
+scenes which have taken place around the old sanctuary since its doors
+were first opened for worship.</p>
+
+<p>The ascent of a hundred steps reveals the daintiest and most aerial of
+chapels above the roof of the church. Tiny coloured windows, designed in
+lilies and pierced hearts, a microscopic organ, brought from France, no
+one knows when, and a few rows of seats are the furnishing. The altar,
+instead of the usual appearance, is a miniature house. Its history is as
+follows:&mdash;"One of the most remarkable events in the history of the
+Church was the sudden disappearance of the house which had been
+inhabited by the Holy Family at Nazareth in Galilee. This took place in
+1291. As this sacred relic was about to be exposed to the danger of
+being destroyed by the Saracen infidels,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> it was miraculously raised
+from its foundations and transported by angels to Dalmatia, where, early
+in the morning, some peasants discovered on a small hill, a house
+without foundations, half converted into a shrine, and with a steeple
+like a chapel.</p>
+
+<p>The next day their venerable bishop informed them that Our Lady had
+appeared to him and said that this house had been carried by angels from
+Nazareth, and was the same in which she had lived; that the altar had
+been erected by the apostles, and the statue sculptured in cedar wood
+had been made by St. Luke. Three years afterwards it again disappeared,
+its luminous journey being witnessed by some Italian shepherds.</p>
+
+<p>Its present position is about a mile from the Adriatic, at Loretto, just
+as the angels placed it six hundred years ago. Millions of pilgrims
+visit it from all parts of the world."</p>
+
+<p>For the aerial chapel of <i>Bonsecours</i>, a fac-simile has been obtained.
+To render it more sacred it was placed for a period<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> within the holy
+house, it touched its walls, and was blessed with holy water in the
+vessel from which our Lord drank. Such is the alleged history of this
+shrine, and the peculiar sanctity attached to it.</p>
+
+<p>The extensive convent buildings of the Grey Nuns and other sisterhoods
+are as numerous as the churches. As the <i>matin</i> bell falls on the ear in
+the early morning hours, calling to prayers those who have chosen the
+austerities and serenities of convent life, it recalls to memory the
+noble band of ladies of the old aristocracy who left ch&acirc;teaux hoary with
+the traditions of a chivalrous ancestry, and dear with the memories of
+home, in the company of rough seamen to brave the untried perils of the
+ocean, a hostile country, homesickness and death, to carry spiritual and
+bodily healing to the savages. Their followers keep the same vigils now
+among the sins and sorrows of the bustling city. They glide through the
+streets with downcast eyes, in sombre robes, wimple and linen coif, bent
+on missions of church service and errands of mercy, tending the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> sick
+and suffering, and striving to win back human wrecks to a better life.</p>
+
+<p>The various sisterhoods differ in degrees of austerity, the Grey Nuns
+being one of the least exacting. Their Foundling Hospital, it is said,
+had its origin in a most touching circumstance. One of the original
+members of the Order, Madame d'Youville, on leaving the convent gates in
+the middle of winter, found frozen in the ice of a little stream that
+then flowed near what is called Foundling street, an infant with a
+poignard in its heart. Since then tens of thousands of these small
+outcasts have found sanctuary and tender care within the cloister walls.</p>
+
+<p>The daughter of Ethan Allan, the founder of Vermont, died a member of
+this Order.</p>
+
+<p>The Carmelites are the most rigid in their requirements of service. They
+are small numerically and live behind high walls, and renounce forever
+the sight of the outside world, never leaving their cloister, and being
+practically dead to home and friends, sleeping, it is said, in their own
+coffins.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Instances have been known of a sister's assuming vows of special
+severity, as in the case of Jean Le Ber, of the <i>Congregation de Notre
+Dame</i>, a daughter of a merchant in the town, who voluntarily lived in
+solitary confinement from the year 1695 to 1714&mdash;nineteen years of
+self-immolation, when her couch was a pallet of straw, and her prayers
+and fastings unceasing. She denied herself everything that to us would
+make life desirable or even endurable&mdash;sacrificed the dearest ties of
+kindred, and pursued with intense fervour the self-imposed rigours of
+her vocation. Yet, it was not that in her nature she had no love for
+beauty nor craving for pleasure, for in the sacristy of the Cathedral,
+carefully preserved in a receptacle in which are kept the vestments of
+the clergy, are robes ornamented by her needle that are simply marvels
+of colour, design and exquisite finish. The modern robes, though
+gorgeous in richly-piled velvet from the looms of Lyons, heavy with gold
+work and embroidered with angels and figures so exquisitely wrought as
+to look as if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> painted on ivory, yet do not compare with that done by
+the fingers that were worn by asceticism within the walls of her cell.
+In the spare form, clad in thread-bare garments, there must have been
+crushed down a gorgeously artistic nature which found visible expression
+in the beautifully adorned <i>chasubles</i> of the priests and altar cloths,
+which are solid masses of delicate silken work on a ground of fine
+silver threads, the colours and lustre of which seem unimpaired by time.
+Six generations of priests have performed the sacrifice of the mass in
+these marvellously beautiful robes, the incense from the swaying censors
+of two hundred years have floated around them in waves of perfume. The
+taste and skill with which high-born ladies of that time wrought
+tapestries to hang on their castle walls were consecrated by her to
+religion, in devoting to the Church, work which was fit to adorn the
+royal drapings of a Zenobia.</p>
+
+<p>Without the magnificence which distinguishes the cathedrals, some of the
+rural shrines are full of interest. The church<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> of <i>Ste. Anne's</i>, an old
+building near the western end of the island, and one of the oldest
+sacerdotal edifices in America, has around it a halo of romance and
+piety since the fur-trading days, being the last church visited by the
+<i>voyageurs</i> and their last glimpse of civilization before facing the
+dangers of the pathless wilderness of the West. At its altar these
+rough, half-wild men knelt to pray and put themselves under the
+protection of their titular <i>Sainte Anne</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Trappists, though rarely seen outside the walls of their retreat,
+look precisely as did medi&aelig;val monks of centuries ago, with whose
+appearance we are familiar in pictures of Peter the Hermit and other
+zealots, who with their fiery eloquence sent the Armies of Christendom
+to fight for the Holy Sepulchre. They dress in a coarse brown gown and
+cowl, with a girdle of rope, and are under vows of perpetual silence.
+They live on frugal meals of vegetables and fruit twice a day, have the
+head tonsured, and feet bare in sandals. The continued fasts, severe
+flagellations, labours and meditations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> of those anchorites make the
+regulations governing this order exceedingly strict, and recall the
+times when kings and emperors, in the same monkish garb, walked barefoot
+to knock humbly in penance at monastery gates.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most unique shrine in the province is that of Mount Rigaud,
+on the banks of the Ottawa, not far from the spot where Dollard and his
+band of Christian knights lay down their lives. The mountain is regarded
+with much superstition by the ignorant, on account of its peculiar and
+unaccountable natural phenomena, whose origin has puzzled the most
+learned scientists to account for. The wooded mountain is crowned by
+what is called "The Field of Stones," or "The Devil's Garden," from a
+deposit of almost spherical boulders, of so far unmeasured depth, which
+cover its surface. Encircled by trees and verdure, this strange
+formation of several acres in extent is composed mainly of rock
+different from the mass of the mountain, which belongs to the same
+family as the igneous mountains of the neighbouring region.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> What were
+the causes and conditions which carried this strange material to the top
+of this elevation will, when they are explained, be of intense interest.
+It is said that the only other deposit similar, though smaller in
+extent, is in Switzerland. Perhaps some ancient glacier, through eons of
+time, gradually melted here, and slowly deposited the drift it had borne
+from regions far away.</p>
+
+<p>A bold spur of the hill has been converted into a shrine, adorned with
+images, while on the bare rough sides of the lichen-covered rocks have
+been inscribed in large white letters the words "Penitence&mdash;Penitence."
+At regular intervals on the stony road approaching it are what are
+called the "Stations of the Cross." They are fourteen in number, being
+little chapels made from the uncut stones of the "Devil's Garden." The
+floors of these, on which the penitents kneel before pictures of the
+"Passion," are covered with sand and coarse gravel.</p>
+
+<p>The conquest of Canada in 1759 by the English differed from that of
+Britain by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> Norman French in 1066, in that here the vanquished were
+allowed to retain their language, customs and full religious liberties,
+so that, after a lapse of one hundred and fifty years, the Papal service
+is solemnized with all the pomp and ceremonial of the Vatican, and in
+the courts, the Quebec Legislature and in Society is heard the euphonic
+French speech, and, outside of Rome, Canada is considered the chief
+bulwark of Papacy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/p0099.jpg" width="350" height="174" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE MASSACRE OF LACHINE.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropt.jpg" width="98" height="125" alt="T" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">The conquest and settlement of all new regions are necessarily more or
+less written in blood, and the natural characteristics of the North
+American Indian have caused much of the early history of Canada to be
+traced in deeds of horror and agony lighted by the torture fire, with
+sufferings the most exquisite of which the human mind can conceive. When
+these were inflicted on individuals, it was sufficiently heartrending,
+but when a whole community fell a victim to their ferocity, as was the
+case in what is called "The Massacre of Lachine," the details are too
+horrible for even the imagination to dwell upon. Standing on the river
+bank, or "shooting" the rapids in the steamer, with the green shores as
+far as the eye can reach dotted with villages and villas, the wonderful
+bridges spanning the stream, and beyond, the great city with its domes
+and spires, it can scarcely be realized that for two days<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> and two
+nights the spot was a scene of the most revolting carnage. It was an
+evening in the summer of 1689. In spite of a storm of wind and rain
+which broke over the young settlement, the fields of grain and meadows
+looked cheerful and thrifty. In each cabin home the father had returned
+from the day's toil in the harvest field and was sitting by the
+fireside, where the kettle sang contentedly. The mother sat spinning or
+knitting, and perhaps singing a lullaby, as she rocked the cradle,
+little recking that ere the morning dawned the hamlet would lie in
+ashes, and the tomahawk of the Indian be buried in her babies' hearts;
+but such was the case, for after forty-eight hours of fiendish cruelty,
+death and desolation reigned for miles along the shores. Where the blue
+smoke had curled up among the trees were only the smoking ruins of
+hearths and homes, surrounded with sights and suggestions of different
+forms of death, which even the chronicler, two hundred years after, is
+fain to pass by in shuddering silence.</p></div>
+
+<p>The crumbling remains of a fortified<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> seigniorial ch&acirc;teau, within sight
+of the Rapids of Lachine, a tradition asserts, was in the year 1668 the
+home of La Salle, who was one of the most excellent men of his day.
+Leaving his fair demesne, which the Sulpicians had conferred upon him,
+and the home which to-day is slowly falling to decay among the
+apple-orchards along the river side, he too followed his thirst for
+adventure into untrodden fields.</p>
+
+<p>There is a well-founded legend that the old chimney attached thereto was
+built by Champlain in his trading post of logs. It is of solid masonry,
+and is sixty years older than the walls which surround it. The wide
+fireplace has a surface of fifty square feet, and is the most
+interesting piece of architecture in all Canada. The snowflakes of
+almost three hundred winters have fallen into its cavernous depths since
+these stones and mortar were laid. When Champlain stood by its hearth,
+as its first blaze, lighted by tinder and flint, roared up to the
+sky&mdash;William Shakespeare was still writing his sublime lines, Queen
+Elizabeth had lain but twelve years in her marble tomb, and the Ch&acirc;teau
+de Ramezay was not to be built for a hundred years to come. Often in the
+two years during which it had for La Salle the sacredness of the home
+fireside, its light must have fallen on his handsome young face, and
+flowing curls, as he laid out plans for his palisaded village, and
+dreamt of the golden lands towards the setting sun. He was a true
+patriot, and literally gave his life for the advancement of his country,
+being murdered in the Lower Mississippi by one of his own men while
+endeavouring to extend its territory.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/p0103.jpg" width="650" height="443" alt="HOME OF LA SALLE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">HOME OF LA SALLE.<br />
+
+COPYRIGHT.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Posterity is not true to the memory of these great pioneers, for the
+elements beat upon the roofless timbers, the north wind sweeps the
+hearth that is mouldering under the rains and sunshine of the skies they
+loved. In another generation all that can be said will be&mdash;here once
+stood the historic stones of the ancient fireside of the heroes who won
+the wilderness for those who have allowed this monument of their
+fortitude and self-sacrifice to crumble into dust.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 318px;">
+<img src="images/p0106.jpg" width="318" height="450" alt="La Salle" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>La Salle had heard from some stray bands of Seneca Indians, who had
+visited his post at Lachine, of a great river that flowed from their
+hunting grounds to the sea. Imagining it would open his way to find the
+route to the golden Ind, he sold his grant at Lachine, and in company
+with two priests from the Seminary at Montreal, and some Senecas as
+guides, started on July 6th, 1669. With visions of finding for France a
+clime of warmer suns and more rich in silver and gold than Canada, he
+pushed on. The priests on their return<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> brought back nothing of any
+value except the first map procured of the upper lake region.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most enthusiastic fellow travelers of La Salle was a
+Franciscan, Father Hennepin. They crossed the ocean from France
+together, and probably beguiled many an hour of the long voyage in
+relating their dreams of finding the treasures hidden in the land to
+which the prow of the vessel pointed.</p>
+
+<p>Hennepin also penetrated to the Mississippi, reaching in his wanderings
+a beautiful fall foaming between its green bluffs which he named St.
+Anthony, on which spot now stands the "Flour City," Minneapolis, in the
+county of Hennepin, Minnesota. He probably heard of the other falls,
+five miles away, which we know as Minnehaha, and around which the
+sweetest of American poets has woven the witchery of Indian legend in
+the wooing of "Hiawatha." It seems almost incredible that where are now
+the largest flour mills in the world, turning out daily about 40,000
+barrels, there was, scarcely fifty years ago, only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> the cedar strewn
+wigwam and smoke of the camp fire, the tread of moccasined feet and the
+dip of the paddles by the bark canoe.</p>
+
+<p>Near by <i>Place d'Armes</i> Square may be seen a grey stone house on which
+is written "Here lived Sieur DuLuth." He was a leading spirit among the
+young men of the town, who gathered around his fireside to listen to his
+thrilling tales of adventure, and of his early life when he was a
+<i>gendarme</i> in the King's Guard. Coming to Canada in the year 1668, he
+explored among the Sioux tribes of the Western plains. He was one of the
+first Frenchmen to approach the sources of the Mississippi. The city of
+Duluth in Minnesota received its name from him. A tablet on a modern
+building in the same locality informs the passer-by that <i>Cadillac</i>, who
+founded the City of Detroit about the same time as the Ch&acirc;teau de
+Ramezay was built, spent the last years of his wandering life on this
+spot.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Varennes, down the river, is called from the owner of a
+Seigniory in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> the forest, le Chevalier Gauthier de la V&eacute;randrye, a
+soldier and a trader, who was the first to explore the great Canadian
+North-West, and to discover the "Rockies." He was an undaunted and
+fearless traveler, establishing post after post, as far as the wild
+banks of the Saskatchewan and even further north, which, in giving to
+France, he ultimately gave to Canada.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Honour to those who fought the trees,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And won the land for us."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The traditions connected with the Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay are scarcely more
+interesting than those surrounding many spots in the vicinity.
+Incorporated in this prosaic, business part of the city are many an old
+gable or window, which were once part of some medi&aelig;val chapel or home of
+these early times. On the other side of Notre Dame street, where now
+stands the classic and beautiful pile called the City Hall, were to be
+seen in those days the church and "<i>Habitation</i>," as it was called, of
+the Jesuit Fathers, within whose walls lived many learned sons of
+Loyola, Charlevoix among others. They were burnt down in 1803,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> at the
+same time as the Ch&acirc;teau de Vaudreuil was destroyed, by one of the
+disastrous fires which have so frequently swept the cities of Montreal
+and Quebec, and in which many quaint historical structures disappeared.
+About a mile to the west is still standing the family residence of
+Daniel Hyacinthe, Marie Li&eacute;nard de Beaujeu, the hero of the Monongahela,
+at which battle George Washington was an officer.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 295px;">
+<img src="images/p0110.jpg" width="295" height="450" alt="De Beaujeu" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It was a lamentable event, the indiscriminate slaughter of three
+thousand men through the stupidity and incredible obstancy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> of General
+Braddock, who, like Dieskau at a subsequent time, despising the counsel
+of those familiar with Indian methods of warfare, determinedly followed
+his own plans.</p>
+
+<p>Washington in this engagement held the rank of Adjutant-General of
+Virginia. "His business was to inform the French that they were building
+forts on English soil, and that they would do well to depart peaceably."</p>
+
+<p>Beaujeu was sent at the head of a force composed of French soldiers and
+Indian allies to answer the Briton with the powerful argument of force
+of arms.</p>
+
+<p>As Braddock reached the ford over the river which was to put him on the
+same side as the fort, Colonel Thomas Gage crossed in advance, without
+opposition. Beaujeu had intended to contest the passage, but his Indians
+being refractory, his march was delayed. Gage with the advance was
+pushing on when his engineer saw a man, apparently an officer, wave his
+cap to his followers, who were unseen in the woods. From every vantage
+ground of knoll and bole, and on three sides of the column, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+concealed muskets were levelled upon the English, who returned the fire.
+As Beaujeu fell, Dumas, who succeeded him, thought that the steady front
+of the red-skins was going to carry the day, until he saw his Canadians
+fly, followed by the Indians, after Gage had wheeled his cannon on the
+woods. A little time, however, changed all this. The Indians rallied and
+poured their bullets into the massed and very soon confused British
+troops. Braddock, when he spurred forward, found everybody demoralized
+except the Virginians, who were firing from the tree trunks, as the
+enemy did. The British General was shocked at such an unmilitary habit,
+and ordered them back into line. No one under such orders could find
+cover, and every puff from a concealed Indian was followed by a
+soldier's fall. No exertion of Braddock, nor of Washington, nor of
+anyone prevailed. The General had four horses shot under him and
+Washington had two. Still the hillsides and the depths of the wood were
+spotted by puffs of smoke, and the slaughter-pen was in a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+turmoil&mdash;scarce one Englishman in three escaped bullets. The commander
+then gave the sign to retreat, and was endeavouring to restore order
+when a ball struck him from his horse. The British Army had become
+bewildered fugitives, and a guard could hardly be kept for the wounded
+General, as he was borne along on a horse as a litter.</p>
+
+<p>The sinking Braddock at last died and was buried in the road, that the
+tramp of the surging mass of men might obliterate his grave. His remains
+are said to have been discovered in 1823 by some workmen engaged in
+constructing the National road, at a spot pointed out by an old man who
+had been in the ranks in 1755. He claimed to have seen Braddock buried,
+and to have fired the bullet that killed him. It was impossible to
+identify the remains almost seventy years after their interment, but
+with them were found bits of military trappings, so his tale may have
+been correct. In the year 1841, near to the spot, was discovered a large
+quantity of shot and shell left by the retreating army.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Adjoining the grounds of the Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay was the mansion of
+General Ralph Burton, who fought close to Wolfe in the siege of Quebec,
+to whom his dying words were spoken, and who carried out his last
+command, which decided the day. As Wolfe lay half unconscious, the riot
+of the battle growing dull on his failing senses, they were roused by
+the cry, "They run!" He opened his glazed eyes and asked, "Who run?" and
+the reply was, "The French!" With a supreme effort he turned to Burton,
+and ordered him, saying, "Command Webb to march down to the St. Charles
+and cut off the retreat at the bridge"; and then amid the crash and
+carnage of war, he murmured, "Now I thank God, and die contented," and
+instantly expired.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 220px;">
+<img src="images/p0114.jpg" width="220" height="250" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE CHATEAU DE VAUDREUIL.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropa.jpg" width="98" height="125" alt="A" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">A short distance to the south-west is the spot on which stood the
+Ch&acirc;teau and famous gardens of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, the last French
+Governor of Canada. Imagination can forget the miles of docks and
+warehouses, the electricity and commerce with which we are entering the
+twentieth century, and fancy it sees again the old vice-regal palace, a
+miniature in Canadian forests of the gay court at the Tuilleries, with
+its bewitchment of lace, silk and velvet, powdered wigs and the
+exaggerated politeness and exquisite bows of <i>la grande dame</i> and <i>le
+chevalier</i> of the time.</p></div>
+
+<p>Let us step back to the winter of 1758 and '59. The mountain is
+snow-capped and the St. Lawrence is frozen several feet thick, making
+good roads for the shaggy Canadian pony and <i>cariole</i>, or heavy
+<i>traineau</i> with wooden runners. In the early winter's evening, lights
+gleam through<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> the small windows of the earthen citadel which guards the
+<i>Porte St. Martin</i>, and the clash of arms or halberds, and the pacing of
+the sentries' footsteps, are heard at every closed gate of the little
+walled town. Patches of warm light from candle and hearth checker the
+snow which lies glistening on the sidewalks, for there are no street
+lamps on the St. Paul, St. Mary or Notre Dame streets of these old days.</p>
+
+<p>Under the night sky, the storehouses look like gloomy prisons, but
+cheerful groups talk and laugh, as the beaux and belles bend their steps
+along the narrow streets to the Governor's salon. As the guests of the
+Marquis de Vaudreuil assemble, the brilliance of their costumes is
+heightened in effect by the gorgeous livery of the attendants and the
+blue and white of the soldiers' regimentals. Groups around the
+spindle-legged card tables exchange <i>bon-mots</i> and play, while others
+dance and promenade on the polished floors until the morning light
+breaks over the river.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p0117.jpg" width="500" height="353" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The gaiety and frivolity, feasting and gossip are in strange contrast to
+the grey gown of the Jesuit priest hurrying from the monastery opposite,
+to shrive some sinner, or to administer "Extreme Unction" to some dying
+saint. Within the convent walls pious sisters, followers of Mademoiselle
+Mance and Madame d'Youville, tend the sick and unfortunate, whom the
+tide of life has cast upon this far away shore. From the taverns on the
+corners and on the river front comes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> the sound of mirth and merriment,
+as with the cup of good Gascon wine are passed around tales of the high
+seas or of times gone by in the old-world towns of Brittany.</p>
+
+<p>On the altars of the chapels lights burn dimly in a silence unbroken,
+save by the murmuring of prayers and telling of beads by suppliants
+driven hither by sin, sorrow or homesickness.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;">
+<img src="images/p0119.jpg" width="401" height="650" alt="RUE ST. AMABLE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">RUE ST. AMABLE.<br />
+
+COPYRIGHT.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A narrow little street, named St. Amable, running west from the
+Governor's mansion, has been subjected to so little change since those
+days of long ago that the passer-by on its two feet of sidewalk sees it
+just as it was when its vaulted warehouses held the cargoes of the
+weather-beaten sailing craft that anchored at the shore below. Where now
+the French <i>habitant</i> sits chattering with his <i>confr&egrave;res</i> and smoking
+his pipe filled with home-grown <i>tabac</i> were once the shady walks and
+stiff parterres of the ancient garden. Here, under the summer moons,
+were doubtless stolen meetings as sweet, vows as insincere, and
+intrigues as foolish as those in the exquisite bowers of <i>Le Petit
+Trianon</i> at Versailles. On its paths have fallen the martial tread of
+"de L&eacute;vis, de Beaujeu, and many a brave soldier and dainty courtier,
+official guests at the Governor's Ch&acirc;teau." Among them was one who
+eclipsed all others in sad interest, the courtly young commander, Louis
+Joseph Saint Veran de Montcalm. Any spot associated with this ill-fated
+general is of immortal memory. After his skillful man&oelig;uvering at the
+battle of Carillon, his march to Montreal was a triumph. At the close of
+this engagement, as, accompanied by de L&eacute;vis and his staff, he rode
+along the ranks, thanking his troops, who idolized him, in the name of
+their king, for their glorious display of French valour in a field where
+thirty-six hundred men had for six hours withstood fifteen thousand, he
+was in every particular a worthy and capable general. He spoke of his
+own share in the glory of the day with simplicity and modesty, writing
+the next day to Vaudreuil:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The only credit I can claim as accruing to me is the glory of
+commanding troops so valorous."</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion, the capture of Oswego, which is described as the most
+brilliant military exploit then known in Canadian history, he with his
+own hand snatched the colours from a British officer and sent the trophy
+to Quebec, to adorn the walls of the Cathedral of that city; as many a
+time before had been done for old-world Minsters by knights on the
+battlefields of Europe, whose empty armour now hangs in the baronial
+halls of England.</p>
+
+<p>Montcalm had been summoned to Montreal to confer with the Governor on
+the further conduct of the war, and, as he marched forth to take command
+of the Citadel of Quebec, all hearts centred on him, saying, "Save for
+France her fair dominion in the West;" but the gallant soldier, in his
+endeavour to do so, met his tragic and untimely end.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 413px;">
+<img src="images/p0123.jpg" width="413" height="450" alt="Louis Joseph Marquis de Montcalm" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Entrenched behind the ramparts of Quebec, he prepared for the great
+struggle which was to decide the fortunes of the then two foremost
+powers of Europe. He and de L&eacute;vis, although a considerable distance from
+each other, had seventeen thousand men under their command, with a
+splendid line of fortifications running from Montmorenci to the St.
+Charles, supplementing the granite defences of the Citadel. Montcalm
+being in doubt for some time at what point to look for attack from the
+enemy, sent orders along the whole line for his troops to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> be in perfect
+readiness everywhere. He was several years older than Wolfe, and was an
+old campaigner, having served his king with honour and distinction in
+Germany, Italy and Bohemia.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 232px;">
+<img src="images/p0124.jpg" width="232" height="350" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropi.jpg" width="43" height="125" alt="I" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_1">It was the evening of the 12th of Sept., 1759. The French troops were on
+the alert,&mdash;the British ready. The evening was calm and fine and the
+occasion full of solemnity as Wolfe embarked in a boat to visit some of
+his posts. As the oars dipped softly in the stream, and the quiet dusk
+of the autumn twilight hid the grim signs of war and brought out the
+peaceful beauty of the scene, he thought of the morrow&mdash;that where</p></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all the air a solemn stillness holds,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>would be rent by the roar of cannon, the flash of bloody steel and the
+cries of the wounded and dying.</p>
+
+<p>Feeling perhaps a shrinking from the great crisis which the dawn would
+bring, he repeated to the officers and midshipmen within hearing a
+number of the verses from the most finished poem in the English
+language, Grey's "Elegy in a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> Country Churchyard," and which had
+appeared a short time before. Probably the lines on which he lingered
+longest were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Await alike the inevitable hour;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The paths of glory lead but to the grave."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The last line was, alas! prophetic in his own case, and he may have had
+some premonition of it, for turning to his listeners, who were to share
+with him victory or defeat, he said with a wistful pathos in his young
+voice, "I would prefer being the author of that poem to the glory of
+beating the French to-morrow."</p>
+
+<p>He did not dream that for what that morrow would bring, his name, with
+that of the poet he loved, would be carven among those of England's
+great men in Westminster Abbey&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Where thro' the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The pealing anthem swells the note of praise."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Landing in a ravine (Wolfe's Cove), which he had located by the use of a
+glass&mdash;with the strategic venture at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> which all the world has since
+wondered&mdash;in the dark hours of the same night, he, at the head of the
+famous Fraser Highlanders, placed his force on the Plains of Abraham,
+each man knowing it was victory or death, as there was no possibility of
+retreat.</p>
+
+<p>The intelligence of the landing of the British troops was first brought
+to the Governor-General, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, and he had the task
+of communicating the unwelcome news to Montcalm, who had hurried from
+his quarters on the ramparts to ascertain what was the meaning of the
+firing above the town.</p>
+
+<p>On learning the situation, he bitterly exclaimed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"They have at least got to the weak side of this miserable garrison,
+and, therefore, we must endeavour to crush them by our numbers before 12
+o'clock."</p>
+
+<p>Montcalm, with more courage than discretion, without waiting for de
+L&eacute;vis, who was twenty-eight miles away,&mdash;the victim of an inexorable
+destiny, unsupported<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> led forth his men, and saw, not without surprise,
+the whole British Army ranged in battle array. Without giving his men
+time to recover breath after the fatigue of their laborious and hurried
+march, he went into action, trusting to the well-tested courage of his
+troops.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 335px;">
+<img src="images/p0128.jpg" width="335" height="450" alt="Jam: Wolfe" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Wolfe led the charge at the head of the Louisburg Grenadiers, and when
+the Highlanders, throwing away their muskets, rushed on with their broad
+swords<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> like a tempest of steel, the hapless blue coats, though lacking
+in neither prowess nor patriotism, fled in all directions. The two young
+leaders fell almost simultaneously.</p>
+
+<p>When Wolfe received his death wound, he was in a conspicuous spot near
+the Redoubt, and was thence borne to the rear. He had calmly prepared
+for this contingency. He had made his will, of which he appointed Sir
+Guy Carleton the executor, and for whom he had early formed a close
+friendship, generally speaking of him as "My friend Carleton," and to
+whom he bequeathed his books and papers. His plate he willed to
+Saunders, and to another friend he entrusted the miniature of his
+betrothed with the charge of returning it to her in the event of his
+fall. That was probably the most trying moment of those hours so fraught
+with tragedy&mdash;a moment like those on the eve of Waterloo, when there
+were</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Partings that crush the life from out young hearts."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It was not in his martial cloak nor in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> his country's flag that he was
+carried dead off the field, but in the tartan "plaidie" of an old
+Highland man, named McLeod, which was tenderly wrapped around him, wet
+with tears from eyes to which tears had long been strangers.</p>
+
+<p>As he fell, his principal care was for the effect it would have upon his
+troops, who, down to the humblest in his command, had caught his spirit,
+and who felt that "they must fulfil the trust reposed in them, or die in
+the ranks."</p>
+
+<p>Leaning against the shoulder of the officer who caught him when falling,
+he implored him to support him, saying, "Do not let my brave soldiers
+see me drop, the day is ours, keep it!" A death attended with
+circumstances more pathetic or incidents more picturesque the annals of
+war do not record.</p>
+
+<p>"The capture of Quebec was an achievement of so formidable a character,
+so distinguished by chivalrous enterprise, and so fraught with singular
+adventure, that the interest attending it still remains undimmed and its
+glorious recollections unfaded."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The virtues and heroism of the youthful leader of the campaign and the
+bravery of his troops, whose toast was "The British flag on every fort,
+post and garrison in America," are themes of just pride to the lover of
+his country. "Young in years but mature in experience, Wolfe possessed
+all the liberal virtues in addition to an enthusiastic knowledge of the
+military art with a sublimity of genius, always the distinguishing mark
+of minds above the ordinary level of mankind. His celebrated letter to
+Mr. Pitt is still considered unsurpassed in military composition."</p>
+
+<p>As Montcalm was carried off the field he enquired if his wound was
+mortal; on being answered in the affirmative, with a mental anguish
+keener than the intense physical pain he was suffering, he said, "So
+much the better, I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Few
+scenes are more full of sadness than his march from his last
+battle-field, as supported by two grenadiers, and passing through the
+St. Louis Gate on his black charger, he courteously greeted the weeping
+women<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> who lined his path, telling them not to weep for him; but it
+could not be but a day of tears for the daughters of Quebec as groans of
+mortal agony came to their ears through the smoke and dust of retreat.</p>
+
+<p>A few hours afterward, on being visited by M. de Ramezay, who commanded
+the garrison, with the title of Lieutenant <i>du Roy</i>, and another
+officer, Montcalm addressed them saying, "Gentlemen, I commend to your
+keeping the honour of France,&mdash;for myself, I shall pass the night with
+God, and prepare myself for death."</p>
+
+<p>On M. de Ramezay's pressing to receive commands respecting the defence
+of Quebec, he exclaimed with emotion:&mdash;"I will neither give orders nor
+interfere further. I have business that must be attended to of greater
+moment than your ruined garrison and this wretched country. My time is
+very short, so pray leave me; I wish you all comfort, and to be happily
+extricated from your present difficulties."</p>
+
+<p>Before expiring, he paid a noble tribute to his late foes, when he
+said:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Since it was my misfortune to be discomfited and mortally wounded, it
+is a great consolation to me to be vanquished by so brave and generous
+an enemy. If I could survive this wound, I would engage to beat three
+times the number of such forces as I commanded this morning with a third
+of such troops as were opposed to me."</p>
+
+<p>Almost his last conscious act was to write a letter praying the English
+victors to show clemency to the French prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that a fissure ploughed by a cannon ball within the walls of
+the Ursuline Convent furnished him a fitting soldier's grave.</p>
+
+<p>One of the sisterhood, an eye-witness of the event, described the burial
+in the following touching and graphic words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"At length it was September, with its lustrous skies and pleasant
+harvest scenes. The city was destroyed, but it was not taken. Would not
+the early autumn, so quickly followed by winter, force the enemy to
+withdraw their fleet? For several days the troops which had been so
+long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> idle were moving in various directions above and below Quebec, but
+they were watched and every point guarded, but no one dreamed of the
+daring project the intrepid Wolfe was meditating. The silence of the
+night told no tale of the stealthy march of five thousand soldiers. The
+echoes of the high cliff only brought to the listening boatmen the
+necessary password. No rock of the shelving precipice gave way under the
+cat-like tread of the Highlanders accustomed to the crags of their
+native hills, but the morning light glittered on serried rows of British
+bayonets, and in an hour the battle of the Plains changed the destinies
+of New France. The remnant of the French army, after turning many times
+on their pursuers, completely disappeared. Their tents were still
+standing on the Plains of Beauport, but their batteries were silent and
+trenches empty&mdash;their guns still pointed, but were mute.</p>
+
+<p>"At nine o'clock in the evening a funeral <i>cort&egrave;ge</i> issuing from the
+castle, wound its way through the dark and obstructed streets to the
+little church of the Ursulines.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> The measured foot steps of the military
+escort kept time with the heavy tread of the bearers, as the officers of
+the garrison followed the lifeless remains of their illustrious
+commander-in-chief to their last resting place. No martial pomp was
+displayed around that humble bier and rough wooden box, which were all
+the ruined city could afford the body of her defender; but no burial
+rite could be more solemn than that hurried evening service performed by
+torchlight under the war-scarred roof of the Convent, as with tears and
+sighs were chanted the words 'Libera me Domine.'"</p>
+
+<p>Some years ago an Englishman, Lord Aylmer, caused to be placed within
+the convent enclosure a tablet with the words carved in marble:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">Honneur<br />
+&agrave;<br />
+Montcalm.<br />
+Le Destin en lui d&eacute;robant<br />
+La Victoire,<br />
+L'a r&eacute;compens&eacute; par<br />
+Une Mort Glorieuse.<br /></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Or, Honor to Montcalm. Fate denied him victory, but rewarded him with a
+glorious death. Byron expresses a similar sentiment when he said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"They never fail who die in a good cause."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>On the spot where Wolfe fell has been raised a simple shaft on which is
+written:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">"Here Wolfe died victorious,<br />
+Sept. 13th, 1759,<br />
+In the thirty-fourth year of his age."<br /></p>
+
+<p>The stone which formed his death couch is preserved in its original
+position, but sunk beneath the ground to protect it from the ravages of
+the relic hunter. The column is supported on a pedestal of rocks formed
+of boulders from the scene of the battle, conspicuous among which may be
+seen the actual rock upon which Wolfe was supported when he breathed his
+last. The stones of the monument are strongly cemented together,
+embedded in the solid foundation of rock, and will be as enduring as the
+fame of him whose name it bears.</p>
+
+<p>The well near by, from which the water<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> was brought to allay his thirst,
+was filled up and obliterated some years ago, much to the regret of
+those who venerated the immortal incident connected with it, and which
+placed it among the historic shrines of the world.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/p0137.jpg" width="300" height="450" alt="Chas Saunders" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Associated with Wolfe, and a sharer in the glory of the capture of
+Quebec, was Charles Saunders, commander of the squadron. By bombarding
+the town, he kept the enemy in a state of constant and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> anxious alarm,
+at the same time showing wonderful skill in cleverly protecting his
+fleet from disaster; even when threatened by fire-ships sent to destroy
+it, which were grappled by the British sailors and run aground.</p>
+
+<p>Among those who rendered signal service to Admiral Saunders when he
+neared Quebec was the famous navigator, Captain Cook. He was the pilot
+who conducted the boats to the attack at Montmorency on July 31st, 1759,
+and managed the disembarkment at the Heights of Abraham.</p>
+
+<p>The great mariner, while engaged in his celebrated voyages of discovery,
+was murdered by South Sea Islanders at Owhyhee on the 14th of Feby.,
+1779. He had been sent by the British Government to find if the
+discovery of the North-West passage, which seemed impossible by the
+Atlantic, were feasible by the Pacific Ocean; for which purpose he had
+to round the southern part of the entire American Continent. He was on
+the point of abandoning the project and returning home when he met<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> his
+terrible death, "leaving a name unsurpassed for gallantry by any
+sea-faring man of his time."</p>
+
+<p>In the month of October Saunders' fleet dropped silently down the river.
+On one of the ships was the embalmed body of James Wolfe, returning to
+the land he had served so well, but where alas! he would never hear the
+acclamations with which his fellow countrymen, from the palace to the
+cabin, would lay the laurel wreath upon his tomb,&mdash;the paths of glory
+had truly led but to the grave!</p>
+
+<p>Saunders on his return was appointed Lieutenant-General of Marine, and
+on taking his seat as a member of the House of Commons received the
+thanks of the Speaker. He became Knight Commander of the Bath, and on
+his death was buried in Westminster Abbey near to the Monument of Wolfe.</p>
+
+<p>Of the regiments to whom England owes the Conquest of Canada, the Scotch
+claim the greatest share of glory. "Hardy sons of mountain and heather,
+they were in fact the flower of the army, the boldest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> in attack, the
+fiercest at close quarters, the last to retreat at command, and always
+the bravest of the brave in the forefront of England's battles."</p>
+
+<p>The kilted "laddies" from beyond the Grampians, in their "<i>braw</i>" plumed
+bonnets, with their war-pipes lilting above the loudest din of war, have
+met some of the fiercest onslaughts singing and stepping to the
+blood-stirring strains of "Scots wha ha'e wi' Wallace bled."</p>
+
+<p>An eye-witness of their march out of Brussels on that beautiful June
+morning in 1815, the dawn of Waterloo, says:</p>
+
+<p>"One could not but admire their fine appearance, their steady military
+demeanour, with their pipes playing before them, and the beams of the
+rising sun shining on their glittering arms." Many of the young officers
+were in the silk stockings and dancing pumps which they wore the night
+before to the Duchess of Richmond's ball, when they laughed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"On with the dance, let joy be unconfined,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No sleep till morn when youth and beauty meet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To chase the glowing hours with flying feet."<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></div></div>
+
+<p>With swords waving, the pibroch screaming and the "stirring memories of
+a thousand years," they rushed into the stupendous conflict leading the
+"<i>Forty-twa</i>" into the field, which the setting of the same sun saw
+drenched through with blood, but marked by deeds which covered with
+glory many a thatched ingle-nook on highland hills and in lowland
+valleys.</p>
+
+<p>After the Conquest of Canada, the Fraser Highlanders with the remains of
+the 42nd were offered grants of land if they chose to remain as
+settlers, a privilege which many of them accepted. Sixteen years
+afterward, when a foreign invasion threatened Canada, they loyally left
+the plough in the furrow and again sprang to arms, to protect their
+altars and firesides.</p>
+
+<p>Among the blue Laurentian hills of the lower St. Lawrence, around their
+simple hearths, their descendants live the placid life of the Canadian
+<i>habitant</i>. They bear the old historic names of their Gaelic
+forefathers,&mdash;Fraser, Cameron, Blackburn, MacDonald, etc.&mdash;but in
+nothing else could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> it be thought that in their veins runs the blood of
+those who fought at Colloden and Bannockburn. They are as purely French
+in their religion, language and customs, as those whose sires sailed
+from Breton and Norman ports.</p>
+
+<p>The Commandant of Quebec at the time of its fall was the son of Claude
+de Ramezay, the builder of the Ch&acirc;teau of that name. After the
+disastrous battle, Vaudreuil, Governor of Montreal, sent him urgent
+charges to do his utmost to hold out until reinforcements, which were on
+a forced march from Montreal and elsewhere, should arrive to his
+succour; but, the besieged being in the greatest extreme of fright and
+starvation, his force refused to fight. His conduct has been much
+criticized, but one annalist asserts that he was "not the man to shrink
+from danger or death had there been anything but foolhardiness in the
+risk, as he belonged to the good old fighting stock of North
+Britain,"&mdash;the race which produced a Wallace and a Bruce. He, however,
+signed the articles of capitulation, as recommended<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> by the Council of
+War summoned, and the British marched in through the iron-spiked
+gates,&mdash;when, had he held out only twenty-four hours longer, Canada
+might have been saved for France, as the British could not for any
+length of time have maintained their position on the Plains of Abraham.
+Returning to France, where he was related to several families of the
+Noblesse, who held that "war was the only worthy calling, and prized
+honour more than life," he received so cool a reception at Court that
+his proud spirit, being unable to brook the humiliation, he applied for
+a passport allowing him to return to Canada, but subsequently he
+abandoned the idea of returning to his native land. Had he carried out
+his intention, he might have seen French, English and American flags
+successively wave over the red roof of the Ch&acirc;teau of his boyhood.</p>
+
+<p>To complete the conquest, Montreal was attacked at three different
+points by Generals Amherst, Murray and Haldimand. Arriving within a few
+hours of each other, they camped outside of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> old walls of the town.
+Vaudreuil and de L&eacute;vis tried to oppose them, but with Quebec lost, and
+the only defences a rude citadel and weak walls built to resist Indian
+attack and useless in civilized warfare, they were compelled to
+surrender. A small stone cottage, until quite recently standing in a
+private garden on the mountain side, was used as Amherst's headquarters,
+and in which the articles of capitulation were signed between the
+victorious and vanquished generals.</p>
+
+<p>Among those who entered the town with Amherst was Israel Putnam, a man
+who had been brought into Montreal a year before a prisoner by the
+French. He had great physical strength and decision of character, and
+was absolutely incapable of fear. On the breaking out of the
+Revolutionary War, he entered with zeal into the cause of the colonists,
+and lead them in the battle of Bunker Hill. True to his convictions, he
+refused the large sums of money offered him by the British for his
+services. By the American troops he was lovingly called "Old Put."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> On
+his tombstone was inscribed:&mdash;"He dared to lead where any dared to
+follow."</p>
+
+<p>As the British entered the city by the old Recollet Monastery gate, the
+French retired to <i>la Citadelle</i>, a strong wood block house at the other
+end of the town. General Haldimand was the First Englishman to enter
+within the walls, remains of which are still frequently dug up in
+excavating. The oldest Ensign in Amherst's army received the French
+colours, and it is said the keys of the city were given over by a woman,
+but it is recorded with certainty that the fallen foes were treated with
+the greatest consideration and respect, not even the Indian allies being
+permitted to commit a single act of violence. "Amherst commanded the
+principal division, including the 'Black Watch,' or gallant 42nd, which
+has been renowned in military story wherever the British flag has been
+borne to victory for more than a hundred and forty years." At Waterloo,
+Corunna, Alma and Lucknow, in Afghan defiles and Egyptian deserts, they
+were always in the thickest of the fight.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is said, Pitt, wanting a safe and sure officer to command them, chose
+what he called a stubborn Colonel, who had shown his mettle in Germany,
+and made him Major-General Amherst.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 215px;">
+<img src="images/p0146.jpg" width="215" height="450" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CANADA UNDER ENGLISH RULE.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropg.jpg" width="87" height="125" alt="G" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">General James Murray, the son of Lord Elibank, was appointed the first
+British Governor of Canada. Previous to the fall of Montreal, de L&eacute;vis,
+refusing to consider the cause of France lost on the St. Lawrence,
+valiantly resolved on an attack on General Murray at Quebec. The news of
+his advance was conveyed to Murray by a "half-frozen <i>cannonier</i>, whom
+the British troops carried up Mountain Hill in a sailor's
+hammock."&mdash;April 26th, 1760. Hearing of this unfortunate circumstance,
+which gave up to the enemy his intention of taking him unawares, de
+L&eacute;vis hurriedly led his men under the walls of the city, where Murray,
+promptly coming out to meet him, the battle of "Ste. Foye" took place,
+when the French this time saw their efforts crowned with success, the
+British having to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> find a shelter within the walls of the old Citadel.
+The French leader was too weak to operate a regular siege, so remained
+camped on the battle-field, awaiting the reinforcements expected.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 369px;">
+<img src="images/p0148.jpg" width="369" height="450" alt="De L&eacute;vis" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>One bright sunny morning it was heralded on all sides that a fleet had
+been signalled, and the joy of the French troops knew no bounds; but,
+alas! for them it was found out but too soon that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> the ships were under
+England's flag. Instead of de L&eacute;vis receiving the assistance he
+required, it came to the already victorious Briton. It but remained,
+therefore, for him to retire in haste to Montreal, where, being soon
+followed up by the enemy and surrounded on all sides, he had to submit
+to the dictates of fate, as already stated.</p>
+
+<p>He affixed his name to the Articles of Capitulation, with, it is said,
+the document placed against a tree at the head of St. Helen's Island.</p>
+
+<p>De L&eacute;vis, although blamed for his unsoldierlike act in the destruction
+of his regimental colours, was, nevertheless, a fine specimen of the
+long line of chivalrous nobles, whose names and deeds emblazon French
+chronicles of field and foray since the days when Charlemagne wore his
+iron crown. Deeply chagrined at the refusal of the British to allow the
+garrison to march out with the honours of war, although high-spirited to
+a fault, he humbled himself to pray in writing for the reversal of the
+order. It may have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> been in the salon of the Ch&acirc;teau that the
+representatives of the two knights stood face to face as suppliant and
+arbiter. Their fathers may have crossed swords at Cr&eacute;cy, when the
+Plantagenet Prince bore off the feathered crest which was to be the
+insignia of all future first-born sons of English kings, or they may
+have tilted with lance and pennon on the Field of the Cloth of Gold; but
+here de L&eacute;vis, with his petition sternly denied, was forced to retire in
+anger, filled with humiliation at the failure of his intercession.</p>
+
+<p>It may be imagined with what conflicting emotions he entered the
+following words in his journal:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The British sent a detachment to <i>Place d'Armes</i> with artillery,
+whither our battalions marched one after another, to lay down their
+arms, and the enemy took possession of the posts and watches of the
+city." As they filed past the Ch&acirc;teau, which was on their line of march,
+many a heavy heart beat beneath the blue coats, and when a few days<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+later they embarked with their chief for France, even valour need not
+have been ashamed if tears dimmed the sight of the English colours
+flying from their flag staffs, and the fair land fading from their sight
+forever.</p>
+
+<p>The Ch&acirc;teau de Vaudreuil was then dismantled of its treasures of fine
+china and specimens of the arts revived in what is known as the
+<i>Renaissance</i>, when everything that was exquisite in painting,
+sculpture, working in metals, and art in all its forms had received such
+an impetus from the Italian artists whom Louis the Fourteenth gathered
+around his court, as well as from the influence of Madame de Pompadour,
+whose taste, unhappily, far exceeded her morals. It was purchased by
+Chartier de Lotbini&egrave;re, and it is pleasant to chronicle that a few years
+ago his direct descendant, M. de L&eacute;ry Macdonald, while visiting France,
+had the honour of meeting la Comtesse de Clairemont-Tonnerre, the last
+living representative of the De Vaudreuil family, who graciously
+presented to him the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> "<i>Croix St. Louis</i>," which had been bestowed upon
+the first Vaudreuil who held an official position in Canada, which relic
+is now to be seen in the Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay.</p>
+
+<p>The old fortifications of Ville Marie were planned by a de L&eacute;ry; he, and
+the military engineer who traced out his campaigns with Bonaparte, and
+whom he called the "<i>Immortel G&eacute;n&eacute;ral</i>," were members of this family, in
+the possession of which are priceless old tapestries, which were gifts
+from royalty as rewards of diplomatic or personal services.</p>
+
+<p>About a year after the evacuation of Quebec, Murray was sitting in the
+chilliness of an October evening by the chimney meditating. As he gazed
+at the glowing fire of maple logs, he may have fancied that he saw again
+the face of his dead commander, and may have thought of that desperate
+charge outside the gates&mdash;of the shouts of victory and cries of
+defeat&mdash;where then the only sound to be heard was the wind rustling the
+withered grass that had been dyed red in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> blood of so many gallant
+young hearts. The soldier's face may have softened as he thought of the
+old hearthstone among the heather hills, where tales of the Border and
+the traditions of his clan had fired his young soul for the glory of
+conquest.</p>
+
+<p>He was suddenly aroused from his dream by the announcement that two
+warlike frigates were sailing below the cliffs. He hurried to the
+bastion, which commanded the spot, to survey what might portend fresh
+struggles and more bloodshed. But soon a standard was run up to the
+masthead, unfolding to the breeze the flag of England. Immediately from
+the ramparts, where so recently had proudly floated the flag of France,
+an answering signal was shown, and, as the guns roared out a salute to
+the British colours, it was also a farewell honour to the old <i>R&eacute;gime</i>,
+which has passed away forever from Canadian shores.</p>
+
+<p>Of Murray, the first British Governor of Canada, it has been said that,
+in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> long roll of unblemished good service, in the record of his
+honourable fidelity to his trust and duty, no passage of his life stands
+out in brighter colours than this period, during which he turned a deaf
+ear to intolerance and the spirit of persecution, and strove to show the
+new subjects of the Crown how truly beneficent, just and good, with all
+its errors, the rule of Great Britain had ever proved to be.</p>
+
+<p>With the Treaty of Paris in 1763 King George III. abolished the French
+laws, substituting for them the English Code in the newly won Dominion;
+later on, however, by the "Quebec Act," they were restored to the
+Canadians.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the <i>Noblesse</i>, whose ties compelled their remaining in
+Canada, sent to London to offer fealty to King George, and thus further
+their personal interests.</p>
+
+<p>When the Chevalier de L&eacute;ry and his wife, the beautiful Louise de
+Brouages, one of the most lovely women of her day, were presented at the
+Court of St. James, the young Sovereign was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> so struck with her beauty
+that he gallantly exclaimed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"If all Canadian ladies resemble her, we have indeed made a conquest."</p>
+
+<p>A French writer of the time says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"How can we sufficiently deplore the loss of Canada, with all its
+present value and with all its future hope&mdash;a possession of which all
+the difficulties were already overcome, and of which the consequent
+advantages were secure and within reach! That loss might have been
+guarded against&mdash;yes, that land consecrated by the blood of a Montcalm,
+a Jumonville, and so many brave Frenchmen who shared their dangers, and
+were united with them in fate&mdash;that country honoured with the name of
+New France&mdash;that country where we may yet trace her children enjoying
+the manners and customs of their forefathers&mdash;that country might yet
+have existed under its rightful princes, if the Cabinet of Versailles
+had known the true position it held&mdash;had erected there a new throne and
+had placed upon it a Prince of the Royal Family&mdash;it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> would have ruled
+to-day over that vast region, and preserved the treasures vainly spent
+in its defence."</p>
+
+<p>After the conquest the Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay was saved from being a mere
+fur-trading post by becoming the city residence of the Baron de
+Longueuil, a Canadian feudal lord, the towers, embattlements and chapel
+of whose castle were visible on the south side of the river. The founder
+of this house, which to-day holds the only hereditary feudal barony of
+Canada, was Charles LeMoyne, who came to Canada in 1642 with
+Maisonneuve. This man was the son of an innkeeper at Dieppe (France),
+who it is alleged was descended from a younger branch of the old Norman
+family of LeMoyne, the head of the house being the Marquis de Longueuil.</p>
+
+<p>Fourteen years after his arrival in Canada, LeMoyne received the
+Seigniory of Longueuil, he having in the meantime amassed a considerable
+fortune in the fur trade.</p>
+
+<p>The eldest son, who was named after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> his father, was born in 1656, and
+in recognition of his services at a siege of Quebec, and against the
+Iroquois, he was made a Baron of France in 1700 by Louis 14th. The old
+deed of nobility is to this day in an almost perfect condition.</p>
+
+<p>An original sketch of the Ch&acirc;teau de Longueuil, taken after a fire which
+partially destroyed it in 1792, is still in possession of the family.
+The Ch&acirc;teau, or in reality the Castle, was built by the first Baron in
+1699, and for nearly a hundred years sheltered the family of LeMoyne.</p>
+
+<p>It stood partly on the ground now occupied by the front of the present
+parish church of Longueuil, and partly across the highway, at a corner
+of the Chambly road. The north-west tower was located as late as 1835,
+but was covered with earth by the excavation for the new church. The
+Ch&acirc;teau, comprising the chapel, was 210 by 170 feet, and was constructed
+in the strongest possible manner of stones which were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> gathered by the
+river bank. The building was two storeys in height all around, and was
+flanked by four towers with conical tops. There were high gables over
+the building, and in the centre a court. On the river-side front it was
+loop-holed for defence, and it was here that the retainers came in time
+of trouble. On the west side was the chapel, which was large and
+extensive.</p>
+
+<p>After the fire it was never again occupied, and later on the stone work
+went to help make the present roadway, as had been the fate of many an
+Italian palace and temple of Greece. The family gave the land where the
+present church stands, and they also built the first church, with vaults
+below. This was done on condition that the family should all be buried
+there, and so far this has been carried out. The barony was once very
+extensive, taking in a territory of about one hundred and fifty square
+miles, including St. Helen's Island, upon which may still be recognized
+the ruins of the residence which stood on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> eastern side of it, Capt.
+Grant and his wife, Madame de Baronne de Longueuil, having lived there
+for some time.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Senneville, an interesting ruin, at the western end of Montreal
+Island, and which was destroyed by Benedict Arnold at the invasion of
+Canada, during the American Revolution, was erected by the Le Ber
+family, which was closely allied to that of LeMoyne, and was enobled at
+the same time as the latter. The fort was intended for a fortified
+fur-trading post.</p>
+
+<p>In 1880 the seventh Baron claimed royal recognition from the English
+Crown of his title to the old French Barony, which Queen Victoria was
+graciously pleased to recognize. The de Longueuil family was always
+generously treated by royalty, and on the Richelieu river are several
+Seigniories which have been granted to members of it. On the same side
+of the river St. Lawrence, but a considerable distance inland, is the
+pretty town of Iberville. It is named after LeMoyne d'Iberville, a
+member of this family, who, with his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> seven brothers, took their several
+names from their seigniories, and were all distinguished for daring and
+ambition in all the perilous adventures of New France in their day.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 325px;">
+<img src="images/p0160.jpg" width="325" height="450" alt="Le Moyne D&#39;Iberville" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In the Indian village of Caughnawaga, situated near the Lachine Rapids,
+is the half-ruined Curial House, if it may be so called, of the early
+historian, the Jesuit Charlevoix. Like all French travellers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> of that
+period, he had his visions of reaching the Pacific coast, which,
+although never realized, yet he was a celebrated explorer and an
+accurate and painstaking writer. His "<i>Histoire G&eacute;n&eacute;rale de la Nouvelle
+France</i>" is a valuable and authentic history of the period it covers,
+and is looked upon as one of the most reliable authorities to-day.</p>
+
+<p>In this thrifty hamlet, clustering around the church, under whose
+steeple worship the remnants of the once fierce and dreaded Iroquois,
+are the last of their race. They are adroit in the use of the canoe, and
+for many years have acted as pilots for the St. Lawrence steamers in the
+perilous navigation of the Rapids. The squaws are skilful in the bead
+work so dear to the savage heart, and form picturesque groups in
+blankets and moccasins exposing their wares for sale in the railway
+stations.</p>
+
+<p>About ten years after the British occupation, the Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay
+fell again into government hands, being selected as the official
+residence. One of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> those who frequently crossed its threshold at this
+period was General Thomas Gage, second in command under Sir Jeffrey
+Amherst.</p>
+
+<p>He was the first British Governor of Montreal, and the last of
+Massachusetts, and was remarkable for his doughty deeds during the
+American Revolution. And then in these rooms, where so often had
+sparkled French wit and wine, high-born English dames held sway, with
+the grand manners and stately dances of Queen Charlotte's Drawing Rooms
+at Windsor Castle. These doors were none too large for the extended
+skirts and towering head-dresses, some of which had satin cushions large
+enough to have had the family coat of arms painted on them, and yet had
+room to spare. The ladies naturally followed the fashions set by the
+Queen, who was exceedingly fond of display in dress, and had an oriental
+love for gems. A description of one of her toilettes has come down to
+us, which was almost barbaric in its profusion of ornaments. At the
+first Drawing Room held after King George's recovery from a dangerous
+illness, she "fairly glittered in a blaze of diamonds. Around her neck
+was a double row of these gems, to which was suspended a medallion.
+Across her shoulders were festooned three rows of costly pearls, and the
+portrait of the King was hung upon the back of her skirt from five rows
+of brilliants, producing a gorgeous effect. The tippet was of fine lace,
+fastened with the letter G. in diamonds of immense size and value, and
+in Her Majesty's hair was&mdash;'God save the King,' in letters formed of the
+same costly gems."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/p0163.jpg" width="500" height="322" alt="THE MINUET&mdash;QUEEN OF SWORDS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE MINUET&mdash;QUEEN OF SWORDS.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Under her sovereignty the guttural Anglo-Saxon tongue was heard in the
+homes and on the streets mingling with the mellifluent French, and the
+liturgy of Westminster Abbey was solemnized side by side with the ritual
+of St. Peter's in the hush of Sabbaths, after the din and clamour of war
+had ceased, and quiet once more reigned in the grey old town.</p>
+
+<p>As memorials of those days of strife, carnage and conquest, some
+Canadian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> names have taken root in British soil. Gen. James Murray chose
+the name of Beauport for his country seat, and that of the Earls of
+Amherst, among the hop gardens and rose hedges of Kent, bears the name
+of Montreal, Amherst having been created Baron of Montreal.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 281px;">
+<img src="images/p0165.jpg" width="281" height="300" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+<h2>AMERICAN INVASION.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropi.jpg" width="43" height="125" alt="I" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_1">In the year 1775, when the thirteen American Colonies had risen in arms
+against the Motherland, it was to be expected that they would desire to
+have the assistance of those north of the forty-ninth parallel. Being so
+recently laid under British allegiance, it was supposed there would be
+much sympathy for the young cause in the Canadian Colonies. But, whether
+the treaty which had been made had been considered gracious in its
+terms, or that the horrible memories of war had not had time to die
+away, or from a combination of causes, the French-English provinces
+refused to take up the Colonial grievances. To compel them to do this,
+an expedition, consisting of Col. Ethan Allen and his "Green Mountain
+Boys," was detached against Montreal. Arriving on the opposite bank of
+the river, just below the town, with about one hundred and fifty men, he
+crossed over from Longueuil and reached<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> the eastern suburbs at about
+ten o'clock p.m., when he proceeded to billet his men in private houses.
+That was before the days of telephones, so it was some time before the
+news reached the city and the gates were closed. The rash project of so
+small a force attempting to beleaguer a walled town of fourteen thousand
+inhabitants could have but one outcome, and it resulted in the capture
+of Ethan Allen. He was brought in through the Quebec Gate, or <i>Porte St.
+Martin</i>, sent to England and lodged in Pendennis Castle, where he could
+hear the moan of the wide sea that separated him from the land he loved
+and longed to fight for.</p></div>
+
+<p>But the expedition was not abandoned on account of this repulse, for
+soon General Montgomery appeared. Rattray describes Montgomery as a
+brave officer of generous and exemplary character. He was an Irishman, a
+lieutenant in the 17th Foot, but resigned his commission in the year
+1772, owing, it is said, to some grievance connected with promotion;
+when he settled and married in the State of New York.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> Crossing the
+Canadian lines he captured Forts St. Jean and Chambly, the latter a
+stone fortress on the site of a post built by Tracey's men, and thus he
+became possessed of ammunition and other military stores of which he
+stood in need. The French-Canadian <i>Noblesse</i> were the first to offer to
+defend the country against the invader, but Sir Guy Carleton,
+Commander-in-Chief of the forces, being without sufficient troops to
+successfully resist attack at this point, determined to retire to Quebec
+and make a resolute stand within its walls. He therefore dismissed to
+their homes the Canadians under arms, spiked the cannon and burned the
+<i>bateaux</i> he could not use. Three armed sloops were loaded with
+provisions and baggage to be ready for emergency. He felt it was a point
+of honour to remain at Montreal as long as possible, but it was of the
+utmost importance to the cause that his person should not fall into the
+hands of the enemy. He therefore remained until news arrived that the
+Americans had landed on a small island in the river, a short distance
+above the city, now called Nun's Island, and then hurried arrangements
+were made for his departure. As he left the Ch&acirc;teau, passing out of the
+main entrance and down the path that led to the river, he was followed
+by groups of friends and citizens, whose sad countenances evinced their
+forebodings of the future. The historian Bouchette, whose father was one
+of those in attendance on the Commander, relates the incidents of the
+perilous and momentous journey in the following words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/p0169.jpg" width="650" height="394" alt="FORT CHAMBLY" title="" />
+<span class="caption">FORT CHAMBLY,<br />
+
+Near Montreal, captured by the Continental Army, under Gen. Montgomery,
+in 1775.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"It was through the intrepidity of a party of Canadian boatmen that the
+Governor of the country was enabled, after escaping the most critical
+perils, to reach the Capital of the Province, where his arrival is well
+known to have prevented the capitulation of Quebec and the surrender of
+the country. In reverting to the history of the Revolutionary contest,
+no event will be found more strikingly illustrative of the extraordinary
+chances of war than the perilous, though fortunate, adventure of the
+Commander-in-Chief of the army in Canada, whose descent by water from
+Montreal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> to Quebec was effected with safety in the very teeth of
+danger. The shores of the St. Lawrence for upwards of fifty miles below
+the city were possessed by the enemy, who had constructed armed rafts
+and floating batteries at the junction of the Sorel with the St.
+Lawrence, to cut off communication with the Capital. Upon the successful
+issue of so hazardous an attempt depended the preservation of Canada,
+and the taking of General Carleton, which appeared nearly certain, would
+have rendered its fate inevitable; but the happy arrival of the Governor
+at Quebec at so critical a juncture, and the well-advised and active
+steps which he immediately adopted, secured to Britain a footing in that
+beautiful portion of America which circumstances threatened to forever
+deny her. A clandestine escape from the surrounding enemy was the only
+alternative left, and an experienced officer, distinguished for his
+intrepidity and courage, was immediately sent for to concert measures
+for the General's precipitate departure. Captain Bouchette, the officer
+selected for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> this purpose, then in command of an armed vessel in the
+harbour, and who was styled the 'wild pigeon' on account of the celerity
+of his movements, zealously assumed the responsible duty assigned him,
+suggesting at the same time the absolute necessity of the General's
+disguise in the costume of a Canadian peasant fisherman. This was deemed
+prudent as increasing the chances of escape, if, as seemed probable,
+they should fall in with the enemy, whose gun-boats, chiefly captures,
+were cruising in various parts of the river.</p>
+
+<p>"It was a dark and damp night in November, a light skiff with muffled
+paddles, manned by a few chosen men, provisioned with three biscuits
+each, lay alongside the waiting vessel." Under cover of the night, the
+disguised Governor embarked, attended by an orderly sergeant, and his
+devoted Aide-de-Camp, Charles Terieu de la P&eacute;rade, Sieur de Lanaudi&egrave;re,
+Seigneur de Ste. Anne, and a lineal descendant of de Ramezay. The skiff
+silently pushed off, the Captain frequently communicating his orders in
+a preconcerted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> manner by silently touching the shoulder or head of the
+man next to him, who passed on the signal to the one nearest, and so on.
+"Their perplexity increased as they approached the Berthier Islands,
+from the knowledge that the enemy had taken up strong positions at this
+point, especially in the islands which commanded the channel on the
+south-west of Lake St. Peter, which compelled their adoption of the
+other to the northward, although the alternative seemed equally fraught
+with peril, as the American troops were encamped on the banks. The most
+eminent danger they experienced was passing through the 'Narrows' at
+Berthier, the shores of which were lined by American bivouacs, whose
+blazing fires, reflecting far out on the surface of the waters, obliged
+them to stoop, cease paddling and allow themselves to drift down with
+the current, imitating the appearance of drifting timber frequently seen
+in the St. Lawrence. So near did they approach, that the Sentinel's
+exulting shout of 'All's well' occasionally broke<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> upon the awful
+stillness of the night. Their perilous situation was increased by the
+constant barking of dogs that seemed to threaten them with discovery. It
+evidently required the greatest prudence and good fortune to escape the
+vigilance of an enemy thus stationed. The descent was, however, happily
+made by impelling the skiff smoothly along the water, and paddling with
+the hands for a distance of nine miles. After ascertaining that the
+enemy had not yet occupied Three Rivers (a point half way to Quebec),
+they repaired thither to recruit from their fatigue, when the whole
+party narrowly escaped being made prisoners by a detachment of the
+American Army which was then entering the town. Overcome by exhaustion,
+the General leaned over a table in an inner room and fell asleep. The
+clang of arms was presently heard in the outer passage, and soon
+afterward American soldiers filled the adjoining apartment to that in
+which the General himself was, but his disguise proved his preservation.
+Captain Bouchette, with peculiar self-possession<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> and affected
+listlessness, walked up to the Governor, and with the greatest
+familiarity beckoned him away, at the same time apprising him of the
+threatened danger. Passing through the midst of the heedless guards, and
+hastening to the beach, they moved oft precipitately in the skiff and
+reached unmolested the foot of the Richelieu Rapids, where an armed brig
+was fortunately found lying at anchor, which on their arrival
+immediately set sail with a favouring breeze for Quebec.</p>
+
+<p>Arrived at the Citadel, they proceeded to the Ch&acirc;teau St. Louis, where
+the important services just rendered the country were generously
+acknowledged."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 372px;">
+<img src="images/p0177.jpg" width="372" height="450" alt="Lanaudi&egrave;re" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It is remarkable that the man who shared so largely in the risk involved
+in this dramatic scene should have been a Frenchman, Carleton's
+Aide-de-camp. Between him and his Chief a warm attachment continued to
+exist until the end of their lives, an uninterrupted correspondence
+being kept up between this noble soldier, Charles Terieu de Lanaudi&egrave;re
+and Lord Dorchester, after the latter with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> title bestowed upon him
+for his success on this occasion had retired from active service in the
+colonies. De Lanaudi&egrave;re's career was a remarkable one. He began with the
+rank of Lieutenant in the R&eacute;giment de la Sarre, and was wounded in the
+battle of Ste. Foye. He was afterwards received with royal favour by
+King George the Third, being present at the state dinner when His<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+Majesty with the dignity which he knew how to assume when the occasion
+required, rang for the carriage of his sometime favourite, the
+fastidious Beau Brummel, who had presumed on his august good nature by
+undue familiarity.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/p0178.jpg" width="400" height="340" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE CONTINENTAL ARMY IN CANADA.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropo.jpg" width="81" height="125" alt="O" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">On the Sunday following Sir Guy Carleton's departure from Montreal, as
+the people were proceeding to church, they were thrown into a state of
+great alarm by the tidings of the landing of Montgomery's force on the
+Island of Montreal itself, at the spot where now the great Victoria
+Bridge springs from the shore, this densely-packed manufacturing
+district being then swamps and meadows. There was no hope of attempting
+defence under the circumstances, so both French and English, represented
+by an important committee of the foremost inhabitants of the town,
+headed by Col. Pierre Guy, entered into terms with Montgomery respecting
+persons and property. At nine o'clock in the morning, Nov. 13, 1775, the
+American troops marched in through the same gate by which Amherst had
+entered sixteen years before. Just inside the walls was the most
+sumptuous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> private dwelling in the city, called the Ch&acirc;teau Fortier. Its
+walls were hung with beautiful tapestries wrought in historical scenes,
+and its rooms were elegantly furnished and elaborately wainscotted. This
+old house still stands among the tall, business blocks, strong yet as a
+fortress, with high tin roof and deep windows and doors. It is now used
+as a tavern, but even this does not spoil the charm of its unique
+exterior, which still remains unchanged since the winter of 1775, when
+Montgomery and his officers held their mess here, and the descendants of
+the Puritans changed the character of the French ch&acirc;teau, as Oliver
+Cromwell and his "Roundheads," a century before, altered that of the
+English palace of Whitehall.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/p0181.jpg" width="650" height="523" alt="CHATEAU FORTIER." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CHATEAU FORTIER.<br />
+
+Where Montgomery and his officers held their mess in the winter of 1775.<br />
+
+COPYRIGHT.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Little or nothing is known of what happened in Montreal during the
+autumn of 1775, when the Army of Congress held possession of the town.
+There may, and doubtless were, some sympathizers in the city who
+frequented the Ch&acirc;teau Fortier, but the loyalists avoided its vicinity
+as much as policy permitted. The French and English ladies looked
+askance at the American soldiers, and if a town, invested by an enemy,
+indulged in any form of merriment, it is probable that no invitation was
+ever addressed to General Montgomery or Brigadier-General Wooster. In
+their rounds of the town it may have been that glimpses of home
+gatherings in the firelight may have given to these men of war many a
+twinge of homesickness for hearths across the border, where women who
+had been clad in satin and brocade sat spinning homespun, and were
+content to drink spring water from the hills, while the tea they had
+loved to sip in their Colonial drawing-rooms was floating about the
+Boston beaches. If the Boys in blue and buff encountered any of the
+Montreal maidens in their walks by the river, or glanced at them as they
+passed through the gates to wander in the maple woods around, the
+English girls passed them haughtily with a cold disdain in their blue
+eyes, and the French demoiselles flashed a fine scorn from the depths of
+their dark orbs, which wounded as keenly as a thrust of steel.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Events followed each other so rapidly across the line that Montgomery,
+tired of inaction, resolved to carry out before the year ended his
+cherished plan of making an assault on Quebec, and proceeded to join
+Arnold's men, who, half-famished and in rags, had arrived outside that
+city's walls.</p>
+
+<p>Arnold, who was born at Norwich, Connecticut, Jan. 14, 1741, was, it is
+said, a very handsome man, but his character was a striking combination
+of contradictory qualities, and his career marked by extremes. He was
+the bearer of a letter from General Washington to the Canadians, in
+which was written: "We have taken up arms in defence of our liberty, our
+property, our wives and our children. The Grand American Congress has
+sent an army into your province, not to plunder but to protect you. To
+co-operate with this design I have detached Col. Arnold into your
+country, with a part of the Army under my command. Come then, ye
+generous citizens, range yourselves under the standard of general
+liberty, against which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> all the force of artifice and tyranny will never
+be able to prevail."</p>
+
+<p>Arnold with his two regiments, numbering together about eleven hundred
+men, had left Boston in the month of September, with the fixed intention
+of penetrating the unbroken wilderness which lay between the two cities.
+On the twenty-second of the month he embarked with his troops on the
+Kennebec River, in two hundred <i>batteaux</i>, and notwithstanding "all the
+natural impediments, the ascent of the rapid streams, interrupted by
+frequent <i>portages</i>, through thick woods and swamps, in spite of
+accidents, the desertion of one-third of their number, difficulties and
+privations so great as on one occasion to compel them to kill their dogs
+for sustenance;" after thirty-two days of the perils of this wilderness
+march they came in sight of the first settlement near Quebec.</p>
+
+<p>About a week later, when darkness had fallen along the river shores and
+lights twinkled from the little dwellings of the lower town on the
+opposite bank,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> they embarked in canoes for a silent passage across, and
+arrived early in the morning at Wolfe's Cove, where, sixteen years
+before, a similar landing had been effected, with the same purpose in
+view of assaulting the garrison in the seemingly impregnable fortress.
+For weeks the blockade was maintained, the American troops being
+established in every house near the walls, more especially in the
+vicinity of the Intendant's Palace, which once had been gorgeous with
+the prodigal luxury and magnificence for which this old Ch&acirc;teau had been
+notorious. The roughly-shod New England soldiers tramped through the
+rooms and up the noble staircases on which ladies of fashion had glided
+when the infamous Intendant Bigot had disgraced his King and office by
+his profligacies. These men, establishing themselves in the cupola,
+found it an excellent vantage point to fire upon and annoy the sentries
+on guard.</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th of December General Montgomery arrived with his troops from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
+Montreal and joined Arnold. "They sent a flag of truce to General
+Carleton, who utterly disregarded it, declaring that he would not have
+any communication with rebels unless they came to claim the King's
+mercy."</p>
+
+<p>General Montgomery, realizing that it was impossible to carry on a
+regular siege, with neither the engineers nor artillery requisite for
+the purpose, determined upon a night attack. This intention became known
+to the garrison, and the most careful precautions were taken against
+surprise. For several days those on duty and in responsible positions
+observed the strictest vigilance, even sleeping in their clothes, with
+their arms within reach, to be ready for the slightest alarm. The report
+reached the garrison that Montgomery had said that he would dine within
+the walls on Christmas Day, and he certainly seemed to consider himself
+sure of victory.</p>
+
+<p>Arnold's communications to Carleton has been treated with contempt, no
+parley being entered into nor conditions considered.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> Montgomery tried
+various expedients to have his messages received, but without success,
+until an old woman was found willing to carry them in. On her errand
+becoming known, she was arrested, imprisoned for a few hours and then
+drummed out of the city, thus receiving the most disgraceful dismissal
+possible in military discipline. The two letters of which she was the
+bearer were directed, one to Carleton and the other to the citizens.</p>
+
+<p>That to the Governor read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am at the head of troops accustomed to success, confident of the
+righteousness of the cause they are engaged in and inured to danger."</p>
+
+<p>To the people his words were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"My friends and fellow subjects, 'tis with the utmost compunction I find
+myself reduced to measures which may overwhelm you with distress. The
+city in flames at this severe season, a general attack on your wretched
+works, defended by a more wretched garrison, the confusion, carnage and
+plunder which must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> be the consequence of such an attack, fill me with
+horror! Let me entreat you to use your endeavours to procure my
+peaceable admission. I have not the reproach to make my own conscience
+that I have not warned you of your danger."</p>
+
+<p>Montgomery, waiting for a night of unusual darkness, during which he
+hoped to place his ladders against the barriers unnoticed by the guards,
+found the 31st of December suited to his purpose. On the last day of the
+year, when in Boston, New York and other American towns, family
+re-unions and festive gatherings were taking place, as far as the
+disturbed state of the country permitted, in a blinding snow-storm,
+poorly-clad, but resolute, these troops stood in line of battle, waiting
+for the word of command through the dreary hours of that night, in which
+every belfry in New England was chiming out the dawn of the New Year,
+which was to be the greatest in the Republic's history&mdash;1776&mdash;the birth
+year of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>At four o'clock in the morning two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> rockets glared redly to the sky, and
+were immediately responded to by answering signals, which were observed
+from the ramparts. The solitary sentinel on St. John's Bastion reported
+an armed body of men approaching. It was a feint to distract attention
+from the point where Montgomery was to make the attack.</p>
+
+<p>The tidings spread that the riflemen of New England were at the gates;
+the peaceable denizens of the town were startled with the cry of "To
+arms! To arms!" from officers hastening through the streets. The pickets
+in the Recollet Convent hurriedly gathered&mdash;the church bells clanged out
+the alarm for the troops to march at once to their posts, while drums
+beat and muskets rattled.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ah! then and there was hurrying to and fro,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And gathering tears and tremblings of distress,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And cheeks all pale&mdash;and whispering with white lips,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">'The foe! They come, they come!'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Lights glimmered from the frost-covered casements as fearful mothers
+tried to still the cries of their children, frightened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> with the unusual
+clamour. Hands were rung and tearful farewells taken of those whose duty
+called them out, with no certainty of return, for</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Who could guess if ever more should meet those mutual eyes?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Arnold's men rushed at the barricades in Sault-au-Matelot st., with the
+words "Victory or Death" stuck in their hats, while Montgomery
+approached by a path known as "Pr&egrave;s-de-Ville." It was extremely narrow,
+and obstructed with blocks of ice and snow-drifts. It was in the
+neighbourhood of where now are the wharves of the Allan Line Steamship
+Co.</p>
+
+<p>In the narrowest part the Americans marched slowly and cautiously. They
+passed the outer barrier without resistance and approached the inner,
+commanded by Dambourges. All was apparently unwarned and silent, but it
+was not deserted. Within was a masked battery of only a few
+three-pounders, with a little band of Canadians, eight British Militia
+and nine seamen to work the guns.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> The force advanced to within thirty
+yards, with Montgomery in front. Beside a gun, which pointed directly
+down their path, Sergeant Hugh McQuarters stood ready, the match in his
+hand lighted to send the deadly missile at the advancing column.</p>
+
+<p>A quick movement&mdash;a flash&mdash;a dull boom&mdash;and the fearless leader of the
+assault fell dead, with twelve others, including his secretary and
+aide-de-camp&mdash;Arnold, his lieutenant, being wounded, and thus ended the
+fifth and last siege of Quebec.</p>
+
+<p>It was well for Quebec that her gates that night were not thrown open to
+the sack of troops, among which was Aaron Burr, who had accompanied
+Arnold's command. These two men were possessed of less moral character
+than any who were connected with the Revolutionary struggle. Arnold was
+a strange mixture of bravery and treachery, generosity and rapacity,
+courage and petty spite. This arch-traitor subsequently offered to sell
+West Point to the British<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> for $30,000, then took service among his
+country's foes, and returned to pillage and ravage his former comrades.
+Aaron Burr, though descended from generations of clergymen, among whom
+was the saintly and learned Jonathan Edwards, was guilty of murder,
+treason, and every other vice by which a man could become notorious, his
+whole career leaving dishonour, blasting, misery and death, like the
+trail of a venomous serpent, behind him.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Carleton, being desirous of ascertaining the certainty of
+Montgomery's fate, sent an aide-de-camp to enquire if any of the
+American prisoners would identify the body. A field officer, who had
+commanded in Arnold's Division, consented to perform the sad office. He
+followed the aide-de-camp to the Pr&egrave;s-de-Ville guard, and singled out
+from among the other bodies his General's remains, by the side of which
+lay his sword, at the same time pronouncing with the deepest emotion a
+glowing eulogium of the worth and character of him who,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> frozen stiff
+and cold, had been found half buried in his winding-sheet&mdash;a Canadian
+snow-drift. Deeply impressed by the scene and circumstances, Sir Guy
+Carleton ordered that his late enemy be interred in the foreign soil
+with the glory of martial, burial honours. In the Ch&acirc;teau Museum may be
+seen a sword which was picked up in the morning after Montgomery's
+repulse. It is in a good state of preservation, much care evidently
+having since been bestowed upon it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 387px;">
+<img src="images/p0194.jpg" width="387" height="450" alt="SIR GUY CARLETON" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Of these five sieges, in the years 1629, 1690, 1759, 1760 and 1775,
+none were pushed with more spirit and apparent prospects of success than
+this blockade of the city by the two armies sent by Congress in the
+autumn of 1775, under the advice of the illustrious General George
+Washington; and, had there been a governor less firm, less wise and less
+conciliating than Sir Guy Carleton, the Star-Spangled Banner would now
+be floating from Cape Diamond.</p>
+
+<p>Fort after fort, town after town, Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Saint John,
+Chambly, Montreal, Sorel and Three Rivers, had hoisted the white emblem
+of surrender, but there still streamed to the breeze the banner of St.
+George on the Citadel. With the black flag of rebellion over the suburbs
+and the American riflemen of undisputed courage and determination
+thundering at the gates, never had a brave little garrison to contend
+against greater odds, nor leader to accept a more unequal contest, no
+help from Britain being possible."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"When news reached Congress that the assault on Quebec had failed; that
+Montgomery had been left dead on the snowy heights, and Arnold had been
+borne from the field; that cold, hunger and small-pox were wasting the
+army, and that discipline was forgotten, the expedient was resorted to
+of appointing commissioners to go to Montreal to confer with Arnold, and
+arrange a plan for the rectification of Canadian affairs."</p>
+
+<p>They were received by General Arnold in the most polite manner,
+conducted to the Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay, the headquarters of the Continental
+Army, where a "genteel" company of ladies and gentlemen had assembled to
+welcome them, after which they supped with Arnold, probably in the
+dining-room adjoining the <i>S&acirc;lon</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In a vaulted cellar next to the subterranean kitchens and dungeons,
+Benjamin Franklin set up his printing press, the first in the city, and
+with it issued manifestoes to the people, to try and induce them to join
+in rebellion, and send delegates to the Congress at Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/p0197.jpg" width="650" height="412" alt="Vault in which Benjamin Franklin set up his printing press, 1775." title="" />
+<span class="caption">COPYRIGHT.<br />
+
+Vault in which Benjamin Franklin set up his printing press, 1775.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The instructions given to Franklin and the other members of the
+commission directed them to extend to the Canadians, "whom the Americans
+regarded as brothers," the means of assuring their own independence.
+They were also to demonstrate to the people of Canada the necessity of
+adopting decisive and prompt measures for coming under the protection of
+the American confederation.</p>
+
+<p>Through the doors of the Ch&acirc;teau then entered Chase, Carroll, of
+Carrolltown (who was expected to have influence with the French people,
+and especially with the clergy), and others great in the young American
+Commonwealth's struggle for freedom. From the antiquated ovens,
+doubtless the brown bread and baked beans of New England succeeded the
+roast beef of Old England, and the <i>entr&eacute;es</i>, <i>fricass&eacute;es</i> and <i>p&acirc;t&eacute;s</i>
+of the French <i>cuisine</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the gloom of this chamber Franklin no doubt uttered some of his wise
+sayings, gems of philosophy, which in his "Poor Richard's Almanac" had
+for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> years been familiar in every chimney corner of New England.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 399px;">
+<img src="images/p0200.jpg" width="399" height="450" alt="Franklin" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In the <i>Montreal Gazette</i>, which is still in circulation, the present
+voluminous and influential journalism of the Metropolis of the Dominion
+had here its origin in the setting up of this old hand printing-press,
+similar to if not the same which is now preserved in the Patent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> Office
+at Washington. For it Franklin sometimes made his own type and ink,
+engraved the wood cuts, and even carried in a wheelbarrow through the
+streets of Philadelphia the white paper required for the printing of his
+paper, the <i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i>. It is now called the <i>Saturday
+Evening Post</i>, and has about it a certain quaintness and originality
+suggestive of the great mind which gave such an impetus to the American
+and Canadian press of over a century ago.</p>
+
+<p>"For nearly one hundred and seventy years there has been hardly a week,
+except only when a British army held Philadelphia, when this paper has
+not been sent to press regularly."</p>
+
+<p>His identification with the history of letters in the United States and
+Canada was an epoch in the development of both. In the great army of
+newsboys in America Franklin was the first; he was also the first editor
+of a monthly magazine in the country, his having on its title page the
+Prince of Wales' Feathers, with the motto: 'Ich Dien.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"He has never been surpassed in the editorial faculty, at the same time
+being apt as compositor, pressman, verse-maker, compiler and reporter;
+but as adviser, satirist and humorist he was perhaps at his best. His
+one and two line bits of comment and wisdom were models of pithiness,
+and few writers have equalled him in masterly skill in argument. He is
+spoken of by David Hume as the first great man of letters to whom
+England was beholden to America."</p>
+
+<p>In addition to these qualifications, he founded the Library of
+Philadelphia, the American post-office system, made several valuable
+inventions for the improvement of heating, was the first to call
+practical attention to ventilation, and to attempt experiment with
+electricity. "He founded the American Philosophical Society, and led to
+the foundation of the High School system in the State of Pennsylvania,
+assisted in opening its first hospital, and helped to defend the city
+against an attack of Indians. He was a leading factor in securing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
+union and independence of the Colonies, being the principal mover in the
+repeal of the Stamp Act." He made valuable meteorological discoveries,
+improved navigation, and was an earnest advocate of the abolition of
+slavery; so that in sending Benjamin Franklin to Canada at this critical
+juncture, she was compelled to hold to her political convictions against
+one of the intellectual giants of the day. On discovering the patriotic
+obstinacy of the Canadians, he wrote to Congress, saying:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"We are afraid that it will not be in our power to render our country
+any further service in this colony."</p>
+
+<p>Perceiving the hopelessness of the situation, and that not even his
+matchless logic could win sympathy in his project, he left Montreal on
+May 11, and thus ended the efforts to coerce Canada into a struggle
+which was to try so sorely the energy and fortitude of the thirteen
+colonies&mdash;efforts which had cost them the life of one of their greatest
+generals&mdash;Richard Montgomery.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Franklin, when leaving, had under his escort some ladies who were
+returning to the United States. Of one of these he wrote to Congress,
+saying:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"We left Mrs. Walker and her husband at Albany. They took such liberties
+in taunting us at our conduct in Canada that it came almost to a
+quarrel. We parted civilly, but coldly. I think they both have an
+excellent talent for making enemies, and I believe where they live they
+will never be long without them!"</p>
+
+<p>Charles Carroll, who was associated with Franklin in trying to obtain
+the concurrence of the Canadians in revolt, was of a family which had
+always stood at the head of the colonial aristocracy, and which had
+owned the most ample estate in the country. His character was mild and
+pleasing, his deportment correct and faultless. By his eloquence
+everyone was charmed, and many were persuaded, but even his great and
+subtle powers in argument were abortive here. Through his daughter,
+Polly Carroll, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> became associated afterwards with the most dignified
+circles of the British aristocracy. In the year 1809 two of his
+grand-daughters were celebrated beauties in the most exclusive social
+circles of Washington and Baltimore. The eldest, during a tour with her
+husband through Europe, formed a warm friendship with Sir Arthur
+Wellesley, afterwards the great Duke of Wellington. On becoming a widow
+and returning to London, he introduced her to his elder brother, the
+Marquis of Wellesley, whose wife she subsequently became. Her younger
+sister married Colonel Hervey, who acted as aide-de-camp to the hero of
+Waterloo on that momentous occasion. This family, therefore, was closely
+identified with that great struggle between the two nations who had
+fought on Canadian soil a few years before Carroll set foot upon it.</p>
+
+<p>During the first Presidential court, many distinguished Frenchmen came
+to America; some in official capacities, others from curiosity, and many
+were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> driven into forced or voluntary exile by the French Revolution.
+Among these were M. de Talleyrand, the exiled Bishop of Autun, the Duke
+de Liancourt, the Duke de la Rochefoucauld, Louis Philippe d'Orleans and
+his two brothers, the Duke de Montpensier and the Count de Beaujolais.</p>
+
+<p>Louis Philippe lodged in a single room over a barber's shop in
+Philadelphia. On one occasion, when entertaining some friends at dinner,
+he apologized with a courtly grace for seating one-half his guests on
+the side of a bed, saying he had himself occupied less comfortable
+places without the consolation of an agreeable company.</p>
+
+<p>The exiled Prince fell in love with the beautiful Miss Bingham, the
+reigning belle of the city. On her royal suitor's asking her fair hand
+from her father, the American citizen declined the alliance with the
+French Prince, saying to him:&mdash;"Should you ever be restored to your
+hereditary position you will be too great a match for her; if not, she
+is too great a match for you."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 360px;">
+<img src="images/p0207.jpg" width="360" height="450" alt="Rich Montgomery" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>One year from the fall of Montgomery, the event was celebrated by
+special religious services and social functions in Quebec, the city he
+had never succeeded in entering. "At nine o'clock grand mass was
+celebrated by the Bishop in the Cathedral. On this occasion those who
+had shown sympathy with the Congress troops had to perform public
+penance. The officers of the garrison and the militia, with the British
+inhabitants, met<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> at 10 o'clock, waited upon Carleton, and then
+proceeded to the English Church. After the service a parade took place
+when a <i>feu de joie</i> was fired. Carleton himself gave a dinner to sixty
+people, and a public <i>f&ecirc;te</i> was given at seven o'clock, which ended with
+a ball."</p>
+
+<p>About fifty years later, at Montgomery Place, on the banks of the
+Hudson, an aged face, with eyes dimmed with the tears of long years of
+waiting, looked sadly at the vessel that was bringing back to her the
+dust of her young soldier husband, which had so long lain in the gorge,
+near the fatal bastion. Forty-three years before, he had buckled on his
+sword to fight for what he considered a righteous cause, at the command
+of his leader, Washington. Expecting a speedy return, he marched away as
+she listened to the drum beats growing fainter and fainter in the
+distance, and, after half a century had passed, he was still to her the
+young soldier in his brave, blue coat, who had kissed her for that long
+farewell. All<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> that is left on Canadian soil to recall this gallant
+though luckless soldier is the low-ceiled cottage where his body was
+laid out, a small tablet on the precipice, which reads, "Here Montgomery
+fell, 1775," and another of white marble, in the courtyard of the
+military prison in the Citadel, recently erected by two patriotic
+American girls in memory of the volunteers who fell with him.</p>
+
+<p>One hundred New Year's Eves came and passed away, and, on Dec. 31st,
+1875,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"There was a sound of revelry by night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And Canada's Capital had gathered there<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her beauty and her chivalry, and bright<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It was with no desire to re-kindle the rancours and strifes of that
+distant period, but to properly celebrate an event of such importance,
+and commemorate that night of blustering storm, gallant attack and sore
+defeat a century before, that the Centennial Montgomery Ball was given.
+Soldiers and citizens, in the costumes of 1775, some in the identical
+dress worn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> by their ancestors in that memorable repulse; and the ladies
+in toilettes of the same period, received their guests as they entered
+the ball-room, the approaches to which were tastefully decorated. "Half
+way between the dancing and receiving rooms was a grand, double
+staircase, the sides of which were draped with the white and golden
+lilies of France, our Dominion Ensign, and the Stars and Stripes of the
+neighbouring Republic. On the other side of the broad steps were stacks
+of arms and warlike implements. Facing the guests as they ascended the
+stairs, among the huge banners which fell gracefully about the dark
+musketry, and parted to right and left above the drums and trumpets,
+there hung from the centre a red and black pennant&mdash;the American colours
+of 1775. Immediately underneath was the escutcheon of the United States,
+on which, heavily craped, was suspended the hero's sword&mdash;the weapon by
+which, one hundred years before, the dead, but honoured and revered hero
+had beckoned on his men,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> and which only left his hand when he like 'a
+soldier fell.'</p>
+
+<p>"Underneath the kindly tribute to the dead General were the solemn
+prayerful initials of <i>Requiescat in Pace</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"At the foot of the trophy were piled two sets of old flint-lock muskets
+and accoutrements, and in the centre a brass cannon, which was captured
+from the Americans in 1775, and which bore the 'Lone Star' and the
+figure of an Indian&mdash;the Arms of the State of Massachusetts. This
+military tableau vividly recalled the troublous times of long ago, and
+spoke of the patience and pluck, the bravery and sturdy manhood of a
+bygone century.</p>
+
+<p>"On the stroke of the hour of midnight, the clear, clarion notes of a
+trumpet thrilled all hearts present. A panel in the wainscotting of the
+lower dancing-room flew open as if by magic, and out jumped a jaunty
+little trumpeter with a slashed and decorated jacket and the busby of a
+hussar. The blast he blew rang in tingling echoes far and wide, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> a
+second later the weird piping and drumming of an unfamiliar music were
+heard in a remote part of the barracks.</p>
+
+<p>"Nearer and nearer every moment came the sharp shrill notes of the fifes
+and the quick detonation of the drum-stick taps. The rattle of the drums
+came closer and closer, when two folding-doors opened, and through them
+stalked in grim solemnity the 'Phantom Guard,' led by the intrepid
+Sergeant Hugh McQuarters.</p>
+
+<p>"Regardless of the festive decorations and the bright faces around them,
+the 'Guard' passed through the assembly as if they were not. On through
+salon and passage&mdash;past ball-room and conversation parlor&mdash;they glided
+with measured step, and halting in front of the 'Montgomery Trophy,'
+paid military honours to the memento of a hero's valiant, if
+unsuccessful act. Upon their taking close order, the Bombardier, who
+personated the dead Sergeant, and who actually wore the blood-stained
+sword-belt of a man who was killed in the action commemorated, advanced
+and delivered an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> address to the Commander of the Quebec Garrison, of
+which the concluding words were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'We ask of you to pay us now one tribute,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By firing from these heights one last salute.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"The grave, sonorous words of the martial request were hardly uttered,
+ere through the darkness of the night the great cannon boomed,&mdash;a
+soldier's welcome and a brave man's requiem,&mdash;which caused women's
+hearts to throb and men's to beat exultingly." While the whole air
+trembled with the sullen reverberations, which echoed from crag to crag,
+the glare of rockets lit up the path of Pr&egrave;s-de-Ville, as the signal
+lights had done one hundred winters before.</p>
+
+<p>At the suggestion of the American Consul, the old house on St. Louis
+street, in which the body of Montgomery was laid out January 1st, 1776,
+was decorated with the American flag, and brilliantly illuminated, in
+honour of him who had so nobly tried to do what he considered his duty.</p>
+
+<p>And thus the years of the century, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> they rolled around, have in a
+great measure smoothed away the animosities which marked those days that
+tried men's souls, when the sons of those who had played around the same
+old English hearths fought to the death for liberty or loyalty. That the
+angry strifes are forgotten, leaving only the memory of the bravery
+which distinguished the star actors in the great drama, needs no further
+proof than can be found on a green hill near the Palisades, in the State
+of New York, where one hundred and twenty years ago a warm young heart,
+beating beneath the soldier's red coat, was stilled by American justice.
+The granite shaft on the spot tells its sad and sombre story:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">Here died, October 2nd, 1780,<br />
+Major John Andr&eacute;, of the British Army, who, entering<br />
+the American lines on a Secret Mission to<br />
+Benedict Arnold for the Surrender of<br />
+West Point, was taken prisoner,<br />
+tried and condemned<br />
+as a spy.<br />
+<br />
+His death, though according to the stern code of<br />
+war, moved even his enemies to pity, and<br />
+both armies mourned the fate of<br />
+one so young and so brave.<br />
+In 1821 his remains were removed to<br />
+Westminster Abbey.<br />
+<br />
+A hundred years after his execution this stone was<br />
+placed above the spot where he lay, by a citizen of<br />
+the States against which he fought; not to perpetuate<br />
+a record of strife, but in token of those<br />
+better feelings which have since united<br />
+two nations, one in race, in language<br />
+and religion, with<br />
+the earnest hope that<br />
+this friendly union<br />
+will never be<br />
+broken.<br />
+<br />
+"He was more unfortunate than criminal,<br />
+An accomplished man and a gallant officer."
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i23">&mdash;George Washington.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>An American visitor to Quebec was recently shown the cannon used in the
+trophy, which the British Corporal proudly explained had been taken at
+Bunker Hill.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah! yes, friend," the stranger replied, "you have the cannon, but we
+have the hill."</p>
+
+<p>On the top of the monument, near Boston, which marks the spot on which
+this battle took place, are two guns similar to this one, the
+inscription on which corroborates the soldier's statement; it reads:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">"Sacred to Liberty."<br />
+<br />
+This is one of the four cannon which constituted<br />
+the whole train of field<br />
+artillery possessed by<br />
+the British Colonies<br />
+of<br />
+North America,<br />
+at the commencement of the<br />
+War<br />
+on the 19th of April, 1775.<br />
+This cannon and its fellow belonged to<br />
+a number of citizens of<br />
+Boston.<br />
+<br />
+The other two, the property of the Government<br />
+of Massachusetts, were taken by the enemy.<br /></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 428px;">
+<img src="images/p0216.jpg" width="428" height="400" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>With the failure of the American expedition, and the return of the
+British troops to Montreal, the Ch&acirc;teau again became Government
+headquarters and was called Government House.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When internal and international tranquillity were completely restored,
+and the people were permitted to return to their ordinary avocations of
+life, Sir Guy Carleton established himself at Quebec with his wife, the
+Lady Maria, and their three children, one of whom had been born in
+Canada. She had joined him at Montreal, being the bearer of the
+decoration of the Order of the Bath, which she had received from the
+hands of the King to present to her husband. Sir Guy Carleton or Lord
+Dorchester was one of those men "who, during a long and varied public
+life, lived so utterly irreproachably, that his memory remains unstained
+by the charge of any semblance of a vice."</p>
+
+<p>On the occasion of his last appearance in an official character he
+arrived to make his final inspection of the troops. After general parade
+the officers waited upon him to pay their last respects to one who had
+been the bulwark of Canada through her greatest vicissitudes. The
+leave-taking of their old General, whom they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> never expected to see
+again, was marked by the deepest feelings of regard and regret. His
+connection with Canadian history covered a period marked by events of a
+nature the most critical, the results of which will colour the entire
+future of the Dominion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 355px;">
+<img src="images/p0218.jpg" width="355" height="450" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Between the years eighteen thirty-seven and forty, when Canada was torn
+by internal rebellion, the Earl of Elgin, who was then Governor-General,
+drove<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> in hot haste to the Ch&acirc;teau, where had sat the special council
+during the suspension of the Constitution. After giving the Queen's
+sanction to what was called by a certain party "The Rebel Indemnity
+Bill," he rushed into one door and out of another, when this Peer of the
+Realm, in all the dignity of coach and four, postillions and outriders,
+was pelted with rotten eggs and other unpleasant missiles. Then, in the
+dark of night, at the instance of some so-called politicians, the mob
+moved on to the Parliament buildings, and, most unfortunately for
+Montreal, deliberately set them on fire; which act resulted ultimately
+in the removal of the seat of government to Ottawa and the decline of
+the glory of the old Ch&acirc;teau.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/p0219.jpg" width="350" height="247" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE FUR KINGS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 315px;">
+<img src="images/p0220.jpg" width="315" height="450" alt="Sir William Alexander" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropi.jpg" width="43" height="125" alt="I" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_1">It was to the French explorers whose names stand "conspicuous on the
+pages of half-savage romance," and to their successors the Scotch
+fur-kings, that we owe much of the geographical knowledge of the
+northern part of the Continent. There is some uncertainty as to who was
+the discoverer of the Mackenzie River, which carries its waters to the
+ice-fields<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> of Polar seas, but it bears the name of one claimant to the
+distinction, Sir Alexander Mackenzie.</p></div>
+
+<p>Of the other waterways of the region much valuable information was
+obtained by Alexander Henry in his intercourse with the native tribes.
+To Sir William Alexander was given the honour of being the first
+Scotchman to cross the Rocky Mountains. Like his fellow countrymen, he
+was distinguished by the same characteristics which made their fathers
+in tartan and kilt foemen "worthy of any man's steel," and themselves
+fit successors of the bearers of such honourable names as duLuth, Joliet
+and de La V&eacute;randrye. A few rods from the gate of the Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay
+is a tall warehouse which bears on its peaked gable the date 1793. It
+was in this old building that the early business years of John Jacob
+Astor, the New York millionaire, were spent. It was the property of the
+North-West Fur Company, which was the centre of so much that was
+romantic and captivating. This Company was an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> association of Scottish
+and Canadian merchants, who, in the political changes which had taken
+place, had supplanted those purely French. In energy and enterprise they
+did not exceed their predecessors, but had more capital and influence at
+their command.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of their more lavish measures, they were called the
+"Lordly Nor' Westers." Full justice has been done them by the pen of
+Washington Irving, who, in writing the tale of "Astoria," that
+Northwestern "Utopia," so splendid in its conception, but so lamentable
+in its failure, became familiar with their life in all its phases. He
+says:&mdash;"To behold the North-West Company in all its grandeur it was
+necessary to witness the annual gathering at Fort William. On these
+occasions might be seen the change since the unceremonious time of the
+old French traders, with their roystering <i>coureurs des bois</i> and
+<i>voyageurs</i> gaily returning from their adventurous trading in the
+pathless regions of the West. Then the aristocratic character of the
+Briton, or rather<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> the feudal spirit of the Highlander, shone out
+magnificently. Every partner who had charge of an inferior post felt
+like the chieftain of a Highland clan. To him a visit to the grand
+conference at Fort William was a most important event, and he repaired
+thither as to a meeting of Parliament. They were wrapped in rich furs,
+their huge canoes being freighted with every luxury and convenience. The
+partners at Montreal were the lords of these occasions, as they ascended
+the river, like sovereigns making a progress. At Fort William an immense
+wooden building was the council chamber and also the banqueting hall,
+decorated with Indian arms and accoutrements, and with trophies of the
+fur trade. The great and mighty councils alternated with feasts and
+revels." These old days of primitive bartering are gone forever from the
+St. Lawrence, but to-day as it flows in majesty to the ocean, carrying
+with it one-third of the fresh water of the world, it is a great highway
+for the commerce of the globe.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The University of McGill stands on what was once, in part, the ancient
+village of Hochelaga, which was visited by Jacques Cartier, and was
+later the domain belonging to old "Burnside Hall." Its cheerful fire
+many a time shone out under the shadow of Mount Royal, when were
+gathered around its board Simon McTavish, Duncan McGillivray, Sir John
+Franklin and Joseph Frobisher. With them was frequently seen Thomas
+Douglas, Earl of Selkirk, who formulated the scheme of populating the
+prairies of the North-West with poverty-stricken and down-trodden
+tenants from older lands, many of whom lie in the old grave-yard of the
+Kildonan settlement on the Red River of the North, a few miles from the
+City of Winnipeg. Their descendants with their Scotch thrift form the
+backbone of that progressive province of such magnificent possibilities.
+Their weary journeys overland, toilsome <i>portages</i> and struggles with
+want and isolation are now mere matters of history, for the overflow
+population of the crowded centres of Europe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> are carried in a few days
+from sea to sea with every possible convenience and even luxury. The
+great Canadian transcontinental line has spanned the valleys and crossed
+the mountains, literally opening up a highway for the thousands who from
+the ends of the earth are yearly crowding into these vast fertile plains
+and sub-arctic gold fields.</p>
+
+<p>Franklin lies in an unknown grave among Northern snows, lost in his
+attempt, at the age of sixty, to find the North Pole. He was last seen
+moored to an iceberg in Baffin's Bay, apparently waiting for a
+favourable opportunity to begin work in what is known as the Middle Sea.
+The problem of his fate long baffled discovery, although many an earnest
+searching party, in the Polar twilight, has sought him in that region of
+ice and snow, in a silence broken only by the howl of the arctic blast,
+the scream of sea-fowl or the thundering report of an ice-floe breaking
+away from the mainland.</p>
+
+<p>One party sent out by the Hudson Bay Co. in 1853 found traces of the
+expedition<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> in some bits of metal and a silver plate engraved with the
+name Franklin. Another, fitted out partly by Lady Franklin, and partly
+by public subscription, and commanded by McClintock, afterwards Sir
+Leopold McClintock, learned from an Eskimo woman that she had heard of a
+party of men, whom it was said "fell down and died as they walked." With
+the exception of these faint traces, their fate is still wrapped in
+obscurity.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/p0226.jpg" width="450" height="216" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INTERESTING SITES.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropf.jpg" width="78" height="125" alt="F" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">Few visitors to the city, as the Palace cars of the Canadian Pacific
+Railway carry them into the mammoth station on Dalhousie Square, realize
+the historic associations which cling around this spot. In the
+magnificently equipped dining-room of the Company's Hotel, as delicacies
+from the most distant parts of the earth are laid before the traveller,
+he should call to remembrance the lives of deprivation and uncomplaining
+endurance which have made the ground now crowned by the beautiful
+edifice full of the most tragic interest, and filled with memories which
+will be immortal as long as courage and stout-heartedness are honoured.</p></div>
+
+<p>Two hundred and fifty years ago the sound of hammer and saw here awoke
+the echoes of the forest. Workmen who had learned their craft in old
+French towns, when Colbert, the great statesman and financier, was
+developing the architecture<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> and industries, revenues and resources of
+the kingdom, here reared a wind-mill, the first industrial building in
+Montreal.</p>
+
+<p>The winds of these autumns long ago turned the fans and ground the seed
+of harvests toilsomely gathered from corn-fields, among whose furrows
+many a time the arrow and tomahawk spilt the blood of reaper and sower.
+The old mill with its pastoral associations of peaceful toil in time
+passed away, and was succeeded by a structure dedicated to the art of
+war, for on the same spot stood <i>la Citadelle</i>. This stronghold, though
+primitive in its appointments, was important during the French
+occupation and evacuation of New France, being the last fortification
+held by French troops on Canadian soil.</p>
+
+<p>This old earthen Citadel, a relic of medi&aelig;val defence, was, about
+seventy years ago, removed, its material being used in the leveling and
+enlargement of the Parade Ground, or, as it is called, the
+"<i>Champ-de-Mars.</i>" Its demolition might be regretted were it not that in
+an age of progress even sentiment must give way<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> before advance. The
+grand Hotel Viger, although built to promote the comfort of the people
+of the Dominion, has not destroyed the pathetic interest of the early
+struggles and heroism which still clothes its site, and which heightens
+the present appreciation of a civilization of which the old mill and
+fort were the pioneers.</p>
+
+<p>The hospitable hearth of James McGill, graced by his noble-minded
+French-Canadian wife, has also long since disappeared; but through his
+endowment, and the prince-like gifts of William Molson, Peter Redpath,
+Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal, Sir Wm. Macdonald and many others, the
+torch of education has been lighted here, which shall shine a beacon for
+ages to come. Although but three-quarters of a century old, yet the
+University of McGill compares favourably with older institutions, its
+Mining Building being the most perfectly fitted up in the world. Its
+sons take rank with the most cultured minds in Europe and America,
+influencing to a most marked degree the educational thought of the day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The year 1896 marked an epoch in its history, when a graduate of the
+class of '68 was elected to the Presidency of the British Medical
+Association, one of the most august and learned corporations in the
+world. In calling a Canadian, Dr. T. G. Roddick, M.P., to this eminent
+position, a signal honour was conferred, it being the first time the
+office was held by a Colonial member. Thirty-five years ago, a
+French-Canadian youth, slight in form, with broad brow and eyes full of
+deep thoughtfulness, stood before the Faculty and friends as the
+valedictorian of his class. That slender boy is to-day the great
+Canadian Premier, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the eloquent Statesman and the
+honoured of Her Majesty the Queen.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/p0230.jpg" width="350" height="322" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
+<h2>FAMOUS NAMES.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropc.jpg" width="61" height="125" alt="C" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">Conspicuous among the portraits of soldiers, heroes and navigators which
+adorn the walls of the different rooms of the Ch&acirc;teau, is one, a full
+size painting of an old Highland Chief, a veritable Rhoderick Dhu, in
+Scotch bonnet and dirk, who, with the call of his clan, and the pipes
+playing the airs of his native glen, led the charge of Bunker Hill. He
+was Sir John Small, who came to Canada with his regiment, the famous
+"Black Watch," and served under Abercrombie in the battle of Carillon.
+One of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> descendants, visiting Boston early in the century, found on
+the walls of a museum, and where it may still be seen, a painting of the
+battle of Bunker Hill with General Small on his white horse, rallying
+his men to the attack. It was to the credit of the successors of those
+who fought that day, although only thirty or forty years had elapsed
+since their forefathers had met in mortal combat, that the most gentle
+courtesy and kindness were shown on both sides by their descendants.</p></div>
+
+<p>A fine picture of a full-blooded Indian is that of Brant, the great
+Mohawk Chief, an ally of the English and a cruel and ruthless foe; on
+one occasion having, it is said, slain with his own hand, forty-four of
+his enemies. Other portraits of Jacques Cartier, Champlain, Vaudreuil,
+Montcalm, deLevis, Dorchester, deSalaberry and Murray are also there to
+be seen and admired.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 351px;">
+<img src="images/p0233.jpg" width="351" height="450" alt="Sir John Small" title="" />
+<span class="caption">
+British Leader in the Battle of Bunker Hill.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many of the streets of Montreal, such as Dorchester, Sherbrooke, Wolfe,
+d'Youville, Jacques Cartier, Guy, Amherst, Murray, Vaudreuil, de
+Lagaucheti&egrave;re, Olier, Mance, Longueuil, and others equally well named,
+will carry down to future generations the memory of those who were
+prominent in the making and moulding of Canada. It is strange that one
+of the most insignificant streets in the city, a mere lane, of a single
+block in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> length, should bear the name of Dollard, the hero of one of
+the most illustrious deeds recorded in history, an event which has
+rightly been called the Thermopyl&aelig; of Canada. The facts were as
+follows:&mdash;In 1660 the Colony was on the eve of extinction by the
+Iroquois, the whole of the tribes being on the war-path with the
+intention of sweeping the French from the St. Lawrence. Dollard des
+Ormeaux and sixteen young men of Montreal determined upon a deed which
+should teach the savages a lesson. They bound themselves by an oath
+neither to give nor take quarter. They made their wills and took the
+sacrament in the Chapel of the <i>H&ocirc;tel-Dieu</i>, and then started up Lake
+St. Louis. They were not accustomed to the management of the frail
+canoes of bark, and day after day struggled to pass the currents of St.
+Anne's, at the head of the island, where now the pleasure yacht spreads
+its white sails to the breezes of summer, and on whose shores the
+huntsmen and hounds gaily gallop when in the woods of autumn the leaves
+turn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> crimson and gold under the mellow hunter's moon. At last, after a
+week had been thus spent, they entered the Ottawa River, proceeding by
+the shores until they descried the remains of a rough palisaded fort
+surrounded by a small clearing. It was only a circle enclosed by trunks
+of trees, but here they "made their fire and slung their kettles. Being
+soon joined by some friendly Hurons and Algonquins they bivouacked
+together. Morning, noon and night they prayed, and when at sunset the
+long reaches of forest on the opposite shore basked peacefully in the
+level rays, the rapids joined their hoarse music to the notes of their
+evening hymn." As their young voices floated through the forest glades,
+and they lay down to sleep under the stars of the sweet May skies, they
+thought of the bells tinkling in the still air of their loved
+<i>Ville-Marie</i>, where those they had come to die for sent up for them
+<i>Aves</i> around hearth and altar. In the words of a Canadian poet, it is
+thus described:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Beside the dark Uttawa's stream, two hundred years ago,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A wondrous feat of arms was wrought, which all the world should know.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Tis hard to read with tearless eyes this record of the past,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It stirs our blood, and fires our souls, as with a clarion blast.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What, though beside the foaming flood untombed their ashes lie,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All earth becomes the monument of men who nobly die.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Daulac, the Captain of the Fort, in manhood's fiery prime<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hath sworn by some immortal deed to make his name sublime,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And sixteen soldiers of the Cross, his comrades true and tried,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Have pledged their faith for life or death, all kneeling side by side.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And this their oath, on flood or field, to challenge face to face<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ruthless hordes of Iroquois,&mdash;the scourges of their race.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No quarter to accept nor grant, and loyal to the grave.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To die like martyrs for the land they'd shed their blood to save.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And now these self-devoted youths from weeping friends have passed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And on the Fort of <i>Ville-Marie</i> each fondly looks his last.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Soft was the balmy air of spring in that fair month of May,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wild flowers bloomed, the spring birds sang on many a budding spray,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When loud and high a thrilling cry dispelled the magic charm,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And scouts came hurrying from the woods to bid their comrades arm.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bark canoes skimmed lightly down the torrent of the <i>Sault</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Manned by three hundred dusky forms, the long-expected foe.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eight days of varied horrors passed, what boots it now to tell<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">How the pale tenants of the fort heroically fell?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hunger and thirst and sleeplessness, Death's ghastly aids, at length.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Marred and defaced their comely forms, and quelled their giant strength.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The end draws nigh,&mdash;they yearn to die&mdash;one glorious rally more<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For the sake of <i>Ville-Marie</i>, and all will soon be o'er.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sure of the martyr's golden crown, they shrink not from the Cross;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Life yielded for the land they love, they scorn to reckon loss.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The fort is fired, and through the flame, with slippery, splashing tread,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Redmen stumble to the camp o'er ramparts of the dead.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then with set teeth and nostrils wide, Daulac, the dauntless, stood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And dealt his foes remorseless blows 'mid blinding smoke and blood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till hacked and hewn, he reeled to earth, with proud, unconquered glance,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dead&mdash;but immortalized by death&mdash;Leonidas of France;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">True to their oath, his comrade knights no quarter basely craved,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So died the peerless twenty-two&mdash;so Canada was saved."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The historian says:&mdash;"It was the enthusiasm of honour, the enthusiasm of
+adventure and the enthusiasm of faith. Daulac was the <i>C&oelig;ur-de-Lion</i>
+among the forests and savages of the New World." The names and
+occupations of the young men may still be read in the parish registers,
+the faded writing illumined by the sanctity of martyrdom. The "Lays of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>
+Rome" recount among her heroes none of greater valour than these by the
+lonely rapids in the silence of the Canadian forest.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 196px;">
+<img src="images/p0239.jpg" width="196" height="200" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p>
+<h2>ECHOES FROM THE PAST.</h2>
+
+
+<div  class="drop">
+<img src="images/dropn.jpg" width="97" height="125" alt="N" class="cap" />
+
+<p class="cap_2">Near a modern window in the gallery leans an old spinning-wheel, which
+was found in the vaults. By its hum in winter twilights, a hundred years
+ago, soft lullabies were crooned, and fine linen spun for dainty brides,
+over whose forgotten graves the blossoms of a century of summers have
+fallen. In hoop and farthingale they tripped over the threshold of the
+old church of <i>Notre Dame de Bonsecours</i>. They plighted their troth as
+happily before the altar of the little chapel, as do their descendants
+in the stately church of <i>Notre Dame</i>, with the grand organ pealing
+through the dim arches and groined roof.</p></div>
+
+<p>The old, old wheel is silent, and the fingers that once held distaff and
+spindle have crumbled into dust, but the noble deeds and glorious names
+of those days gone by are carven deep in the monument of a grateful
+country's memory.</p>
+
+<p>Over an archway in the picture gallery<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> is an enormous oil painting,
+dark with age, of the British Coat of Arms, which, it is whispered, was
+brought over hurriedly from New York during the American Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>The museum of the Ch&acirc;teau is daily receiving donations of interesting
+relics, and has already a fine collection of coins, medals, old swords
+and historical mementoes&mdash;some of the autograph letters of Arnold,
+Champlain, Roberval, Vaudreuil, Amherst, Carleton, the de Ramezay family
+and many others, being of great interest.</p>
+
+<p>These early days have passed away forever. The whirr of the
+spinning-wheel, or shout of the hunter, no longer sound along the banks
+of the St. Lawrence. No canoe of the painted warrior now glides silently
+by the shore; for Montreal with its three thousand inhabitants when
+Vaudreuil beat his retreat, to its present population of 300,000, has
+thrown its magnificent civilization around these spots hallowed by the
+footprints of the great men whose feet have walked her ancient streets.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"She has grown in her strength like a Northern queen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">'Neath her crown of light and her robe of snow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And she stands in her beauty fair between<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The Royal Mount and the river below."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The two nationalities live harmoniously side by side in commercial and
+social life, both retaining their racial and distinctive
+characteristics. The old <i>chansons</i> of Brittany are still heard from the
+hay-carts and by the firesides, and up and down the rivers ring out the
+same songs as when the "fleet of swift canoes came up all vocal with the
+songs of <i>voyageurs</i>, whose cadence kept time among the dipping
+paddles."</p>
+
+<p>The Ch&acirc;teau de Ramezay has suffered many changes and modifications in
+the various hands through which it has passed since its foundation
+stones were laid, but the citizens of Montreal, revering its age and
+associations, are restoring it as much as possible to its original state
+and appearance; and the thousands who yearly pass through it testify to
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> romance surrounding the walls of the old Ch&acirc;teau, <i>Ville Marie's</i>
+grandest relic of an illustrious past&mdash;a past which belongs equally to
+both French and British subjects, and which has developed a patriotism
+well expressed in the words of the eloquent churchman, Bruchesi,
+Archbishop of Montreal, who says:</p>
+
+<p>"I know the countries so much boasted of where the myrtles bloom, where
+the birds are lighter on the wing, and where gentler breezes blow. I
+have passed quiet days on the beach at Sorrento, where the Mediterranean
+rolls its blue waves to the foot of the orange tree. I have seen Genoa,
+the superb and radiant Florence, and Venice, the Queen of the Adriatic.
+More than once I have gazed upon the beauty of Naples glittering with
+the fires of the setting sun. I have sailed upon the azure waves of the
+Lake of Geneva. I have tasted the charm of our sweet France. My steps
+have trodden the blessed soil of Rome, and I have trembled with
+unspeakable gladness. But all these noble sights, all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> these undying
+memories, all this sublime poetry, all these enchantments of nature did
+not take the place in my heart of Canada, my Fatherland, which I have
+never ceased to regard with enthusiasm and admiration.</p>
+
+<p>What nation can boast of a purer or more glorious origin? May the future
+of Canada be worthy of its noble past. May charity, true charity, reign
+among all our citizens as among the children of the same mother. Let us
+have none of those intestine divisions which enfeeble us,&mdash;none of those
+unhappy jealousies capable of compromising the most sacred interests."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Our fathers' battle-cries are hushed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ancient feuds are gone;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Canadians now and brothers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With God we're marching on.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With spears to ploughshares beaten,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The furrowed land is won.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through bannered fields of waving corn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In peace we're marching on.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The North wind through the pine woods<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Swells out our p&aelig;an song,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To the music of its harping<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We bravely march along,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And join the trampling millions,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In chorus deep and strong.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To drum-beats of a nation's heart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We proudly march along.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O, fair, blue skies, and mountain streams<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose flashing sands run gold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No standard but the Triple-Cross<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy breezes shall unfold.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With roaring surge of circling seas<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We shout our patriot song<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For Home and Queen and Canada,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With God we're marching on.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On, marching on, while brave the colours float<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From sea to sea, with cheer and song,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This watchword pass the ranks along,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Our Land is marching on!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 255px;">
+<img src="images/p0245.jpg" width="255" height="250" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Famous Firesides of French Canada, by 
+Mary Wilson Alloway
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS FIRESIDES OF FRENCH CANADA ***
+
+***** This file should be named 30674-h.htm or 30674-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/6/7/30674/
+
+Produced by Marcia Brooks, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Canada Team at
+http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by The Internet
+Archive/Canadian Libraries)
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+</pre>
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+  </body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's Famous Firesides of French Canada, by Mary Wilson Alloway
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Famous Firesides of French Canada
+
+Author: Mary Wilson Alloway
+
+Release Date: December 14, 2009 [EBook #30674]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS FIRESIDES OF FRENCH CANADA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marcia Brooks, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Canada Team at
+http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by The Internet
+Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Hearths beside which were rocked the cradles of those who
+made the history of Canada.]
+
+
+
+
+FAMOUS FIRESIDES
+
+OF
+
+FRENCH CANADA
+
+BY
+
+MARY WILSON ALLOWAY.
+
+ILLUSTRATED.
+
+MONTREAL:
+
+PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELL & SON
+
+1899
+
+     Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year
+     one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine, by MARY WILSON
+     ALLOWAY, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture and
+     Statistics at Ottawa.
+
+
+TO
+
+THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
+
+LORD STRATHCONA AND MOUNT ROYAL, G.C.M.G., LL.D., &c.,
+
+CHANCELLOR OF McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL,
+
+AND
+
+HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR CANADA IN LONDON,
+
+THIS VOLUME
+
+IS
+
+BY SPECIAL PERMISSION
+
+_Respectfully Dedicated_
+
+BY
+
+THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+The principal authorities consulted in the preparation of this work were
+Le Moyne, Kingsford, Rattray, Garneau, Parkman, Hawkins and Bouchette.
+
+Acknowledgments are also due to the kind interest evinced and
+encouragement given by the Hon. Judge Baby, President of the Numismatic
+and Antiquarian Society of Montreal.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+Chateau de Ramezay                       19
+
+Heroes of the Past                       30
+
+Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-la-Victoire      51
+
+Le Seminaire                             56
+
+Cathedrals and Cloisters                 58
+
+Massacre of Lachine                      82
+
+Chateau de Vaudreuil                     95
+
+Battle of the Plains                    103
+
+Canada under English Rule               125
+
+American Invasion                       144
+
+The Continental Army in Canada          155
+
+Fur Kings                               192
+
+Interesting Sites                       199
+
+Famous Names                            203
+
+Echoes from the Past                    212
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                              PAGE.
+
+Fireplace                           _Frontispiece._
+
+Chateau Kitchen                                 24
+
+Chateau de Ramezay                              26
+
+Montgomery Salon                                28
+
+Chapel of Notre Dame de la Victoire             52
+
+Le Seminaire                                    56
+
+Home of La Salle                                84
+
+St. Amable St.                                  98
+
+Fort Chambly                                   146
+
+Chateau Fortier                                156
+
+Franklin Vaults                                170
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In offering this little volume to the kind consideration of Canadian and
+American readers, it is the earnest wish of the Author that it may
+commend itself to the interest of both, as the early histories of Canada
+and the United States are so closely connected that they may be
+considered identical.
+
+We have tried to recall the days when, by these firesides, we re rocked
+the cradles of those who helped to make Canadian history, and to render
+more familiar the names and deeds of the great men, French, English and
+American, upon whose valour and wisdom such mighty issues depended.
+
+The recital is, we trust, wholly impartial and without prejudice.
+
+It is to be hoped that the union of sentiment which the close of this
+century sees between the two great Anglo-Saxon peoples may cast a veil
+of forgetfulness over the strife of the one preceding it; and be a
+herald of that reign of peace, when "nation shall no more rise against
+nation, and wars shall cease."
+
+[Illustration: Signature]
+
+MARY WILSON ALLOWAY
+
+MONTREAL, May 24, 1899.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+About twelve years after the first Spanish caravel had touched the
+shores of North America, we find the French putting forth efforts to
+share in some of the results of the discovery. In the year 1504 some
+Basque, Breton and Norman fisher-folk had already commenced fishing
+along the bleak shores of Newfoundland and the contiguous banks for the
+cod in which this region is still so prolific.
+
+The Spanish claim to the discovery of America is disputed by several
+aspirants to that honour. Among these are the ancient mariners of
+Northern Europe, the Norsemen of the Scandinavian Peninsula. They assert
+that their Vikings touched American shores three centuries before
+Isabella of Castille drove the Moors from their palaces among the orange
+groves of _Espana_. Eric the Red, and other sea-kings, made voyages to
+Iceland and Greenland in the eleventh and following centuries; and it
+is highly probable that these Norsemen, with their hardihood and
+enterprise, touched on some part of the mainland. One Danish writer
+claims that this occurred as far back as the year 985, about eighty
+years after the death of the Danes' mortal enemy, the great Saxon King
+Alfred.
+
+Even the Welsh, from the isolation of their mountain fastnesses, declare
+that a Cambrian expedition, in the year 1170, under Prince Modoc, landed
+in America. In proof of this, there is said to exist in Mexico a colony
+bearing indisputable traces of the tongue of these ancient Celts.
+
+The term Canada first appears as the officially recognized name of the
+region in the instructions given by Francis I to its original colonists
+in the year 1538.
+
+There are various theories as to the etymology of the word, its having
+by different authorities been attributed to Indian, French and Spanish
+origins.
+
+In an old copy of a Montreal paper, bearing date of Dec. 24, 1834, it is
+asserted that Canada or _Kannata_ is an Indian word, meaning a village,
+and was mistaken by the early visitors for the name of the whole
+country.
+
+The Philadelphia _Courier_, of July, 1836, gives the following not
+improbable etymology of the name of the province:--Canada is compounded
+of two aboriginal words, _Can_, which signifies the mouth, and _Ada_ the
+country, meaning the mouth of the country. A writer of the same period,
+when there seems to have been considerable discussion on the subject,
+says:--The word is undoubtedly of Spanish origin, coming from a common
+Spanish word, _Canada_, signifying a space or opening between mountains
+or high banks--a district in Mexico of similar physical features,
+bearing the same name.
+
+"That there were Spanish pilots or navigators among the first
+discoverers of the St. Lawrence may be readily supposed, and what more
+natural than that those who first visited the gulf should call the
+interior of the country _El Canada_ from the typographical appearance of
+the opening to it, the custom of illiterate navigators naming places
+from events and natural appearances being well established."
+
+Hennepin, an etymological _savant_, declares that the name arose from
+the Spaniards, who were the first discoverers of Canada, exclaiming, on
+their failure to find the precious metals, "_El Capa da nada_," or Cape
+Nothing. There seems to be some support of this alleged presence of the
+Spanish among the early navigators of the St. Lawrence, by the finding
+in the river, near Three Rivers, in the year 1835, an ancient cannon of
+peculiar make, which was supposed to be of Spanish construction.
+
+The origins of the names of Montreal and Quebec are equally open to
+discussion. Many stoutly assert that Montreal is the French for Mount
+Royal, or Royal Mount; others, that by the introduction of one letter,
+the name is legitimately Spanish--_Monte-real_. _Monte_, designating any
+wooded elevation, and that _real_ is the only word in that language for
+royal.
+
+The word Quebec is attributed to Indian and French sources. It is said
+that it is an Algonquin word, meaning a strait, the river at this point
+being not more than a mile wide; but although Champlain coincided in
+this view, its root has never been discovered in any Indian tongue. Its
+abrupt enunciation has not to the ear the sound of an Indian word, and
+it could scarcely have come from the Algonquin language, which is
+singularly soft and sweet, and may be considered the Italian of North
+American dialects.
+
+Those who claim for it a French origin, say that the Normans, rowing up
+the river with Cartier at his first discovery, as they rounded the
+wooded shores of the Isle of Orleans, and came in sight of the bare rock
+rising three hundred feet from its base, exclaimed "_Quel bec!_" or,
+What a promontory! The word bears intrinsically strong evidence of
+Norman origin.
+
+Cape Diamond received its name from the fact that in the "dark colored
+slate of which it is composed are found perfectly limpid quartz crystals
+in veins, along with crystallized carbonate of lime, which, sparkling
+like diamonds among the crags, suggested the appellation."
+
+
+
+
+Famous Firesides
+
+--OF--
+
+French Canada
+
+
+
+
+THE CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY.
+
+
+A few yards from the busy municipal centre of the city of Montreal,
+behind an antique iron railing, is a quaint, old building known as the
+Chateau de Ramezay. Its history is contemporary with that of the city
+for the last two centuries, and so identified with past stirring events
+that it has been saved from the vandalism of modern improvement, and is
+to be preserved as a relic of the old _Regime_ in New France. It is a
+long one-storied structure, originally red-tiled, with graceful, sloping
+roof, double rows of peaked, dormer windows, huge chimneys and the
+unpolished architecture of the period.
+
+Among the many historical buildings of America, none have been the scene
+of more thrilling events, a long line of interesting associations being
+connected with the now quiet old Chateau, looking in its peaceful old
+age as out of keeping with its modern surroundings as would an ancient
+vellum missal, mellowed for centuries in a monkish cell, appear among
+some of the ephemeral literature of to-day.
+
+A brilliant line of viceroys have here held rule, and within its walls
+things momentous in the country's annals have been enacted. During its
+checkered experience no less than three distinct _Regimes_ have followed
+each other, French, British and American. In an old document still to be
+found among the archives of the Seminary of St. Sulpice, it is recorded
+that the land on which it stands was ceded to the Governor of Montreal
+in the year 1660, just eighteen years after Maisonneuve, its founder,
+planted the silken Fleur-de-Lys of France on the shores of the savage
+Redman, and one hundred years before the tri-cross of England floated
+for the first time from the ramparts.
+
+Somewhere about the year 1700 a portion of this land was acquired by
+Claude de Ramezay, Sieur de la Gesse, Bois Fleurent and Monnoir, in
+France, and Governor of Three Rivers, and this house built.
+
+De Ramezay was of an old Franco-Scottish family, being descended by
+_Thimothy_, his father, from one Sir John Ramsay, a Scotchman, who, with
+others of his compatriots, went over to France in the 16th century. He
+may have joined an army raised for the French wars, or may have formed
+part of a bridal train similar to the gay retinue of the fair Princess
+Mary, who went from the dark fells and misty lochs of the land of the
+Royal Stuarts to be the loveliest queen who ever sat on the throne of
+_la belle France_. De Ramezay was the father of thirteen children, by
+his wife, Mademoiselle Denys de la Ronde, a sister of Mesdames Thomas
+Tarieu de La Naudiere de La Perade, d'Ailleboust d'Argenteuil, Chartier
+de Lotbiniere and Aubert de la Chenage, the same family out of whom came
+the celebrated de Jumonville, so well known in connection with the
+unfortunate circumstances of Fort Necessity. The original of the
+marriage contract is still preserved in the records of the Montreal
+Court House; with its long list of autographs of Governor, Intendant,
+and high officials, civil and military, scions of the nobility of the
+country, appended thereto. The annals of the family tell us that some of
+them died in infancy, several met violent and untimely deaths, two of
+the sisters took conventual vows in the cloisters of Quebec, two
+married, having descendants now living in France and Canada, and two
+remained unmarried.
+
+De Ramezay came over as a captain in the army with the Viceroy de Tracy,
+and was remarkable for his highly refined education, having been a pupil
+of the celebrated Fenelon, who was said to have been the pattern of
+virtue in the midst of a corrupt court, and who was entrusted by Louis
+the Fourteenth with the education of his grandsons, the Dukes of
+Burgundy, Anjou and Berri. Had the first named, who was heir-presumptive
+to the throne, lived to practice the princely virtues, the seeds of
+which his preceptor had sown in his heart, some of the most bloody pages
+in French history might never have been written.
+
+De Ramezay, for many years being Governor of Montreal, held official
+court in the Council chamber to the right of the entrance hall of the
+Chateau, which is now a museum of rare and valuable relics of Canada's
+past.
+
+The Salon was the scene of many a gay rout, as Madame de Ramezay,
+imitating the brilliant social and political life as it was in France in
+the time of _Le Grand Monarque_, transplanted to the wilds of America
+some reflection of court ceremonial and display as they culminated in
+that long and brilliant reign. From the dormer windows above, high-bred
+French ladies looked at the sun rising over the forest-clothed shores of
+the river, on which now stands the architectural grandeur of the modern
+city. How strange to the swarthy-faced dwellers in the wigwam must the
+old-time gaieties have appeared, as the lights from the silver
+_candelabres_ shone far out in the night, when the old Chateau was _en
+fete_ and aglow with music, dancing and laughter.
+
+What a contrast to the burden-bearing squaws were the dainty French
+women in stiff brocade and jewels, high heels, paint, patches and
+tresses _a la Pompadour_, tripping through the stately measures of the
+minuet to the sound of lute or harpsichord!
+
+    "O, fair young land of _La Nouvelle France_,
+    With thy halo of olden time romance,
+    Back like a half-forgotten dream
+    Come the bygone days of the old _Regime_."
+
+The servants and retainers, imitating their lords, held high revel in
+the vaulted kitchens; while dishes and confections, savoury and
+delicious, came from the curious fireplace and ovens recently discovered
+in the vaults. These ancient kitchen offices, built to resist a siege,
+are exceedingly interesting in the light of our culinary arrangements of
+to-day. They were so constructed that if the buildings above, with their
+massive masonry, were destroyed, they would afford safe and comfortable
+refuge. The roof is arched, and, like the walls, is several feet thick,
+of solid stone, lighted by heavily barred windows, with strong iron
+shutters. In clearing out the walled-up and long-forgotten ovens, there
+were found bits of broken crockery, pipe-stems and the ashes of fires,
+gone out many, many long years ago. As indicated by an early map of the
+city, the position of the original well was located; in which, when it
+is cleaned out, it is intended to hang an old oaken bucket and drinking
+cups as nearly as possible as they originally were.
+
+[Illustration: Ancient kitchen and fireplace of the Chateau de Ramezay.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+Some time after the death of de Ramezay, which occurred in the city of
+Quebec in 1724, these noble halls fell into the possession of the
+fur-traders of Canada, and many a time these underground cellars were
+stored with the rich skins of the mink, silver fox, marten, sable and
+ermine for the markets of Europe and for royalty itself. They were
+brought in by the hunters and trappers over the boundless domains of the
+fur companies, and by the Indian tribes friendly to the peltrie trade.
+As these hardy, bronzed men sat around the hearth, while the juicy
+haunch of venison roasted on the spit by the blazing logs, relating
+blood-curdling tales and hairbreadth escapes, they were a necessary
+phase of times long passed away, but which will always have a
+picturesqueness especially their own.
+
+Instead of the white man's influencing the savage towards civilized
+customs, it was often found, as one writer has said, that hundreds of
+white men were barbarized on this continent for each single savage that
+was civilized. Many of the former identified themselves by marriage and
+mode of life with the Indians, developed their traits of hardihood and
+acquired their knowledge of woodcraft and skill in navigating the
+streams. In pursuit of the fur-bearing animals in their native haunts,
+they shot the raging rapids, ventured out upon the broad expanse of the
+treacherous lakes, and endured without complaint the severity of winter
+and the exposure of forest life in summer.
+
+[Illustration: CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY.]
+
+Their ranks were continually increased by those who were impatient of
+the slow method of obtaining a livelihood from the tillage of the soil,
+when the husbandman was frequently driven from the plough by the sudden
+attack of Indian foes, or interrupted in his hasty and anxious
+harvesting by their war-whoop, or perhaps was compelled to leave his
+farm to take up arms, if the occasion arose, so that in many instances
+the homesteads were left to the old men, women and children. The
+excitement of the chase and the wild freedom of the plains had a
+fascination that many could not resist, so much so that the king had to
+promulgate an edict, to stop, under heavy penalties, this roving life of
+his Canadian subjects, as their nomadic tendencies interfered with the
+successful settlement of the colony.
+
+To the lover of the quaint architecture of other centuries, there is an
+indescribable charm in these time-worn walls, which are still as
+substantial as if the snows and rains of two centuries had not beaten
+against them. The interior is equally interesting in this regard, as the
+walls dividing the chambers and corridors, though covered with modern
+plaster and stucco, are found to consist of several feet of solid stone
+masonry, while the ornamental ceiling covers beams of timber, twenty
+inches by eighteen, which is strong, well jointed and placed as close as
+flooring. Above this is heavy stone work over twelve inches thick, so
+that the sloping roof was the only part pregnable in an assault with the
+munitions of war then in use. Upon removing a portion of the modern
+wainscotting in the main reception room, there was discovered an ancient
+fireplace, made of roughly hewn blocks of granite. A crescent-shaped
+portion of the hearthstone is capable of removal, for what purpose it is
+not known. With old andirons and huge logs, it looks to-day exactly as
+it must have done when Montgomery and his suite, in revolutionary
+uniform, received delegations in this chamber, and when Brigadier
+General Wooster, who succeeded him, wrote and sent despatches by courier
+from the French Chateau to the Colonial mansion at Mount Vernon.
+
+[Illustration: Salon in which Montgomery held official receptions, 1775.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+The rooms of state in those days were, it is said, all in what is at
+present the back of the house, the rear of the building being the front,
+facing the river, down to which ran the gardens.
+
+It may be that the moonlight cast on these panes the shadow of the noble
+Sir Jeffrey Amherst, in his red coat, as looking out over the river he
+may have seen the smoke of the fire lighted by de Levis, where he burnt
+his colours rather than let them fall into the hands of the English.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+HEROES OF THE PAST.
+
+
+On the river bank below the Chateau, tradition says, was the spot
+trodden by Jacques Cartier, who gave the river its name. Born at the
+time when all Europe was still excited over the tales of Columbus'
+adventures, he left the white cliffs and grey docks of St. Malo, where
+he had learned the sailor's craft, to search for the western route to
+the Indies.
+
+A little higher up, less than a century later, Champlain, to push on
+actively his operations in the fur-trade, built his fort, the name which
+he then gave the spot, "_Place Royale_," being recently restored to it.
+In his wanderings for the further pursuance of this object, he
+discovered Lakes Ontario, Huron and Champlain.
+
+Being betrothed to a twelve year old maiden, Helene Bouille, the
+daughter of a Huguenot, he named the island opposite the city, which
+lies like a green gem among the crystal waters, Helene, in affectionate
+remembrance of her who, at the end of eight years, was to join him in
+his adventurous life.
+
+The winding length of quiet, old St. Paul street, then an Indian trail,
+following the course of the river through the oak forest, must often
+have known the presence of this picturesque warrior in his
+weather-beaten garments of the doublet and long hose then in vogue.
+"Over the doublet he buckled on a breastplate, and probably a back
+piece, while his thighs were protected by cuisses of steel and his head
+by a plumed casque. Across his shoulders hung the strap of his
+_baudolier_ or ammunition box, at his side was his sword, and in his
+hand his arquebuse. Such was the equipment of this ancient Indian
+fighter, whose exploits date eleven years before the Puritans landed,"
+among the grey granite hills of New England.
+
+He was an armourer of Dieppe, who, though "a great captain, a successful
+discoverer and a noted geographer, was more than all a God-fearing,
+Christian gentleman." He was more concerned to gain victories by the
+cross than by the sword, saying:--"The salvation of a soul is of more
+value than the conquest of an empire."
+
+The year 1620 was a red letter day in the history of the Colony, when,
+from a little vessel moored at the foot of the cliff, he led on shore at
+Quebec his young bride, who with her three maids had come to the western
+wilderness, the first gentlewoman to land on Canadian shores. He
+conducted her to where is now the corner of Notre Dame and Sous-le-Fort
+streets, to the rude "_habitation_" he had prepared for her reception,
+which was poorly furnished and unhomelike in comparison to the one which
+she had left over the sea. But history tells of no word of complaint nor
+disappointment coming from the gentle lips; but, as the youthful
+_chateleine_ sat by her hearth, it shed a light among the huts of the
+settlers and dusky lodges of the natives, as her example of patience and
+duty performed by the first refined, civilized fireside in the land
+does to the thousands who have succeeded her. After almost three
+hundred years, the "charms of her person, her elegance and kindliness of
+manner" are still remembered. The chronicler tells us that the
+"Governor's lady wore in her daily rambles, amongst the wigwams, an
+article of feminine attire, not unusual in those days, a small mirror at
+her girdle." It appealed irresistibly to the simple natures around her,
+that "a beauteous being should love them so much as to carry their
+images reflected close to her heart."
+
+"The graceful figure of the first lady of Canada, gliding noiselessly
+along by the murmuring waters of the St. Lawrence, showering everywhere
+smiles and kindness, a help-mate to her noble lord, and a pattern of
+purity and refinement, was indeed a vision of female loveliness" which
+time cannot obliterate nor forgetfulness dim. The domestic life of the
+colony dates from about the time of her arrival, the first regular
+register of marriage being entered in the following year; two months
+after the first nuptial ceremony was performed in New England. The
+first christening took place in the same year, 1621, the ordinance being
+administered to the infant son of Abraham Martin, _dit L'Ecossais_,
+pilot of the river St. Lawrence. This old pilot, named in the journal of
+the Jesuits as _Maitre_ Abraham, has bequeathed his name to the famous
+Plains, on which was decided the destiny of New France.
+
+It was indeed a sorry day for the settlement when the inhabitants, on
+the 16th of August, 1624, saw the white sails of Champlain's vessel
+disappear behind what is now Point Levis, carrying back, alas! forever,
+to the shores of her beloved France, Madame de Champlain, sighing for
+the mystic life of the cloister, tired out by the incessant alarms and
+the Indian ferocities spread around the Fort during the frequent
+absences of her husband and her favourite brother, Eustache Bouille. The
+daintily-nurtured French lady must have found the quiet of the old-world
+convent a very haven of peace and rest. She died at Mieux, an Ursuline
+Nun, in the order which subsequently was to be so closely identified
+with the religious history of her wilderness home.
+
+But monastic retreat had no attractions for the founder of Fort St.
+Louis. Parkman says: "Champlain, though in Paris is restless. He is
+enamoured of the New World, whose rugged charms have seized his fancy
+and his heart. His restless thoughts revert to the fog-wrapped coasts,
+the piney odours of the forests, the noise of waters and the sharp and
+piercing sunlight so dear to his remembrance."
+
+Among these he was destined to lay down his well worn armour at the
+command of death, the only enemy before whom he ever retreated; for on
+Christmas Day, 1635, in a chamber in the Fort at Quebec, "breathless and
+cold lay the hardy frame which war, the wilderness and the sea had
+buffeted so long in vain. The chevalier, crusader, romance-loving
+explorer and practical navigator lay still in death," leaving the memory
+of a courage that was matchless and a patience that was sublime.
+
+For over two hundred and sixty years, no monument stood to celebrate
+this true patriot's name, but now his statue stands in his city, near to
+where he laid the foundations and built the Chateau St. Louis. Most
+unfortunately his last resting place is unknown, notwithstanding the
+laborious and learned efforts of the many distinguished antiquarians of
+Quebec.
+
+The Fort which Champlain built in 1620, and in which he died, was for
+over two centuries the seat of government, and the name recalls the
+thrilling events which clothed it with an atmosphere of great and
+stirring interest during its several periods. The hall of the Fort
+during the weakness of the colony was often, it is said, a scene of
+terror and despair from the inroads of the ferocious savages, who,
+having passed and overthrown all the French outposts, threatened the
+Fort itself, and massacred some friendly Indians within sight of its
+walls.
+
+"In the palmy days of French sovereignty it was the centre of power over
+the immense domain extending from the Gulf of St. Lawrence along the
+shores of the noble river and down the course of the Mississippi to its
+outlet below New Orleans.
+
+The banner which first streamed from the battlements of Quebec was
+displayed from a line of forts which protected the settlements
+throughout this vast extent of country. The Council Chamber of the
+Castle was the scene of many a midnight vigil, many a long deliberation
+and deep-laid project, to free the continent from the intrusion of the
+ancient rivals of France and assert her supremacy. Here also was
+rendered, with all its ancient forms, the fealty and homage of the
+_noblesse_ and military retainers, who held possessions under the Crown,
+a feudal service suited to those early times, and which is still
+performed by the peers at the coronation of our kings in Westminster
+Abbey."
+
+[Illustration: Frontenac]
+
+Among the many dramatic scenes of which it was the theatre, no
+occurrence was more remarkable than an event which happened in the year
+1690, when "Castle St. Louis had assumed an appearance worthy of the
+Governor-General, who then made it the seat of the Royal Government, the
+dignified Count de Frontenac, a nobleman of great talents, long service
+and extreme pride, and who is considered one of the most illustrious of
+the early French rulers." The story is, that Sir William Phipps, an
+English admiral, arriving with his fleet in the harbour, and believing
+the city to be in a defenceless condition, thought he might capture it
+by surprise. An officer was sent ashore with a flag of truce. He was met
+half way by a French major and his men, who, placing a bandage over the
+intruder's eyes, conducted him by a circuitous route to the Castle,
+having recourse on the way to various stratagems, such as making small
+bodies of soldiers cross and re-cross his path, to give him the
+impression of the presence of a strong force. On arriving at the Castle,
+his surprise we are told was extreme on finding himself in the presence
+of the Governor-General, the Intendant and the Bishop, with a large
+staff of French officers, uniformed in full regimentals, drawn up in the
+centre of the great hall ready to receive him.
+
+The British officer immediately handed to Frontenac a written demand for
+an unconditional surrender, in the name of the new Sovereigns, William
+and Mary, whom Protestant England had crowned instead of the dethroned
+and Catholic James. Taking his watch from his pocket and placing it on a
+table near by, he peremptorily demanded a positive answer in an hour's
+time at the furthest. This action was like the spark in the tinder, and
+completely roused the anger and indignation of his hearers, who had
+scarcely been able to restrain their excitement during the reading of
+the summons, which the Englishman had delivered in an imperious voice,
+and which an interpreter had translated word for word to the outraged
+audience.
+
+A murmur of repressed resentment ran through the assembly, when one of
+the officers, without waiting for his superior to reply, exclaimed
+impetuously:--that the messenger ought to be treated as the envoy of a
+corsair, or common marauder, since Phipps was in arms against his
+legitimate Sovereign. Frontenac, although keenly hurt in his most
+vulnerable point,--his pride--by the lack of ceremony displayed in the
+conduct of the Englishman, replied in a calm voice, but in impassioned
+words, saying loftily:--"You will have no occasion to wait so long for
+my answer,--here it is:--I do not recognize King William, but I know
+that the Prince of Orange is an usurper, who has violated the most
+sacred ties of blood and religion in dethroning the King, his
+father-in-law; and I acknowledge no other legitimate Sovereign than
+James the Second. Do your best, and I will do mine."
+
+The messenger thereupon demanded that the reply be given him in writing,
+which the Governor haughtily refused, saying:--
+
+"I am going to answer your master at the cannon's mouth; he shall be
+taught that this is not the manner in which a person of my rank ought to
+be summoned."
+
+Charlevoix seems to have very much admired the lordly bearing of
+Frontenac on this occasion, which was so trying to his self-control,
+but, with an impartiality creditable to a Frenchman, he justly
+chronicles his equal admiration for the coolness and presence of mind
+with which the Englishman signalized himself in carrying out his
+mission, under insults and humiliations scarcely to be looked for from
+those who should have known better the respect due to a flag of truce.
+
+The commander of the fleet, finding the place ready for resistance,
+concluded that the lateness of the season rendered it unwise to commence
+a regular siege against a city whose natural and artificial defences
+made it a formidable fortress, and which, when garrisoned by troops of
+such temper and mettle, it appeared impossible to reduce. It must also
+be considered that Phipps had been delayed by contrary winds and pilots
+ignorant of the river navigation, which combination of untoward
+circumstances conspired to compel him to relinquish his design, which
+under more favouring conditions he might have carried out with success,
+and conquered the place before it could have been known in Montreal that
+it was even in danger.
+
+"Without doubt Frontenac was the most conspicuous figure which the
+annals of the early colonization of Canada affords. He was the
+descendant of several generations of distinguished men who were famous
+as courtiers and soldiers." He was of Basque origin and proud of his
+noble ancestry. He was born in 1620, and was distinguished by becoming
+the god-child of the King, the royal sponsor bestowing his own name on
+the unconscious babe, who was in after years to be a sturdy defender of
+France's dominions over the ocean. He became a soldier at the age of
+fifteen, and even in early youth and manhood saw active service and gave
+promise of gallantry and bravery.
+
+In October, 1648, he married the lovely young Anne de la Grange-Trianon,
+a "maiden of imperious temper, lively wit and marvellous grace." She was
+a beauty of the court and chosen friend of Mademoiselle de Montpensier,
+the granddaughter of King Henry the Fourth. A celebrated painting of the
+_Comtesse de Frontenac_, in the character of Minerva, smiles on the
+walls of one of the galleries at Versailles.
+
+The marriage took place without the consent of the bride's relatives,
+and soon proved an ill-starred one, the young wife's fickle affection
+turning into a strong repulsion for her husband, whom she intrigued to
+have sent out of the country.
+
+Her influence at court, and some jealousy on the part of the King
+combined to bring about this end, and Frontenac was appointed Governor
+and Lieutenant-General of _La Nouvelle France_.
+
+Parkman says:--"A man of courts and camps, born and bred in the focus of
+a most gorgeous civilization, he was banished to the ends of the earth,
+among savage hordes and half-reclaimed forests, to exchange the
+splendour of St. Germain and the dawning glories of Versailles for a
+stern, grey rock, haunted by sombre priests, rugged merchants, traders,
+blanketed Indians and wild bushrangers." When he sailed up the river and
+the stern grandeur of the scene opened up before him, he felt as he
+afterwards wrote:--
+
+"I never saw anything more superb than the position of this town. It
+could not be better situated for the future capital of an empire."
+
+But the dainty and luxurious _Comtesse_ had no taste for pioneer life,
+and no thought of leaving her silken-draped _boudoir_ for a home in a
+rude fort on a rock; she therefore accepted the offer of a domicile with
+her kindred spirit, Mademoiselle d'Outrelaise. The "_Divines_," as they
+were called, established a _Salon_, which, among the many similar
+coteries of the time, was remarkable for its wit and gaiety. It set the
+fashion to French society, and was affected by all the leading spirits
+of the Court and Capital.
+
+Although an occasional _billet_ came from the recreant spouse to her
+husband in the Castle St. Louis, no home life nor welcoming domestic
+fireside threw a charm over his exile. The glamour with which affection
+can glorify even the rudest surroundings was denied him in his long life
+of seventy-six years.
+
+To avoid the confusion to which the terms Fort St. Louis and Castle St.
+Louis might lead, it must be understood that they in a measure were the
+same, as the one enclosed the other.
+
+In the year 1834, two hundred and fourteen years after the foundation of
+this Chateau, a banquet was prepared for the reception of those invited
+to partake of the official hospitality of the Governor; when suddenly
+the tocsin sounded,--the dreaded alarm of fire. Soon the streets were
+thronged with citizens, with anxious enquiries passing from lip to lip,
+and ere long the cry was uttered: "To the Castle, to the Castle!"
+
+The entire population of merchants and artisans, soldiers from the
+garrison, priests from the monasteries, and citizens, rich and poor,
+joined hands with the firemen to save the mediaeval fortress from
+destruction, and its treasured contents from the flames. Old silver was
+snatched from the banquet table by some who had expected to sit around
+the board as guests.
+
+At the head of the principal staircase, where it had stood for fifty
+years or more, was a bust of Wolfe, with the inscription upon it:--
+
+    "Let no vain tear upon this bust be shed,
+    A common tribute to the common dead,
+    But let the good, the generous, the brave,
+    With God-like envy sigh for such a grave."
+
+Fortunately, in the confusion of the disaster it was not overlooked, but
+was carried to a place of safety. While every heart present could not
+but be moved with the deepest feelings of regret at the loss of its
+hoary walls, yet the beholder was forced to admire the magnificent
+spectacular effect of the conflagration which crowned the battlements
+and reflected over crag and river, as the old fort, which had stubbornly
+resisted all its enemies during five sieges, fell before the devouring
+element.
+
+Its stones were permeated with the military and religious history of the
+"old rock city," for, in the fifteen years of its occupancy by
+Champlain, it was as much a mission as a fort. The historian says:--"A
+stranger visiting the Fort of Quebec would have been astonished at its
+air of conventual decorum. Black-robed Jesuits and scarfed officers
+mingled at Champlain's table. There was little conversation, but in its
+place histories and the lives of the saints were read aloud, as in a
+monastic refectory. Prayers, masses and confessions followed each other,
+and the bell of the adjacent chapel rang morning, noon and night. Quebec
+became a shrine. Godless soldiers whipped themselves to penitence, women
+of the world outdid each other in the fury of their contrition, and
+Indians gathered thither for the gifts of kind words and the polite
+blandishments bestowed upon them."
+
+The site where the old Chateau St. Louis once stood, with its halo of
+romance and renown, is now partially covered by the great Quebec
+hostelry, the Chateau Frontenac, which in its erection and appointments
+has not destroyed, but rather perpetuated, the traditions of the
+"Sentinel City of the St. Lawrence."
+
+"Chateau Frontenac has been planned with the strong sense of the fitness
+of things, being a veritable old-time Chateau, whose curves and cupolas,
+turrets and towers, even whose tones of gray stone and dulled brick
+harmonize with the sober quaint architecture of our dear old Fortress
+City, and looks like a small bit of Mediaeval Europe perched upon a
+rock."
+
+Under the promenade of Durham Terrace is still the cellar of the old
+Chateau; and standing upon it, the patriot, whether English or French,
+cannot but thrill as he looks on the same scene upon which the heroes of
+the past so often gazed, and from which they flung defiance to their
+foes.
+
+On almost the same spot upon which Champlain had landed at Montreal, and
+about seven years after his death, a small band of consecrated men and
+women, singing a hymn, drew up their tempest-worn pinnace, and raised
+their standard in the name of King Louis, while Maisonneuve, the ascetic
+knight, planted a crucifix, and dedicated the land to God.
+
+The city as it stands on this spot is a fulfilment of his vow then made,
+when he declared, as he pitched his tent and lighted his camp-fire, that
+here he would found a city though every tree on the island were an
+Iroquois. On an altar of bark, decorated with wild flowers and lighted
+by fireflies, the first mass was celebrated, and the birthnight of
+Montreal registered.
+
+From the little seed thus planted in this rude altar, a mighty harvest
+has arisen in cathedral, monastery, church and convent, representing
+untold wealth and influence. The early French explorer, with a "sword in
+his hand and a crucifix on his breast," was more desirous of
+Christianizing than of conquering the native tribes. So completely has
+this creed become identified with the country's character and history,
+that the province of Quebec is emphatically a Catholic community. So
+faithfully have its tenets been handed down by generations of devout
+followers of this faith, that even the streets and squares bear the
+names of saints and martyrs, such as St. Francis Xavier, St. Peter, St.
+John, St. Joseph, St. Mary, and in fact the entire calendar is
+represented, especially in the east end of the town. St. Paul, which was
+probably the first street laid out, is called after the city's founder
+himself,--Paul Chomedy de Maisonneuve.
+
+
+
+
+NOTRE-DAME-DE-LA-VICTOIRE.
+
+
+A few rods to the west of the Chateau, through a vaulted archway leading
+from the street, in the shadow of the peaceful convent buildings is a
+little chapel called _Notre-Dame-de-la-Victoire_. The swallows
+twittering under its broken eaves are now the only sign of life; and its
+rotting timbers and threshold, forgotten by the world, give no
+suggestion of the martial incident to which it owes its existence. While
+the American Colonies were still English, the British Ensign floated
+over Boston town, and good Queen Anne was prayed for in Puritan pulpits,
+an expedition was fitted out under Sir Hovenden Walker to drive the
+French out of Canada. In the previous year, 1710, the Legislature of New
+York had taken steps to lay before the Queen the alarming progress of
+Gallic domination in America, saying:--
+
+"It is well known that the French can go by water from Quebec to
+Montreal; from thence they can do the like through the rivers and lakes,
+at the risk of all your Majesty's plantations on this Continent, as far
+as Carolina."
+
+In the command of Walker were several companies of regulars draughted
+from the great Duke of Marlborough's Army. While he was leading it from
+victory to victory for the glory of his King, his wife, the famous Sarah
+Jennings, was making a conquest at home of the affections of the
+simple-minded and susceptible Queen. It is remarkable that the coronet
+of this ambitious woman should now rest on the brow of an American girl,
+and that a daughter of New York should reign at Blenheim Castle. At that
+period France possessed the two great valleys of North America, the
+Mississippi and the St. Lawrence; to capture the latter was the aim of
+the expedition.
+
+[Illustration: CHAPEL OF NOTRE-DAME-DE-LA-VICTOIRE.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+As the hostile fleet sailed up the St. Lawrence, a storm of great
+severity burst upon the invaders. Eight of the transports were recked on
+the reefs, and in the dawn of the midsummer morning the bodies of a
+thousand red-coated soldiers were strewn on the sands of
+_Isle-aux-OEufs_. It has been said that an old sea-dog, Jean Paradis,
+refused to act as pilot, and in a fog allowed them to run straight on to
+death; and also that among those who perished was one of the court
+beauties who had eloped with Sir Hovenden.
+
+The disabled vessels retreated before the artillery of the elements, and
+left Bourbon's Lilied Blue to wave for half a century longer over Fort
+St. Louis. This bloodless victory for the French was attributed by them
+to the intervention of the Virgin, in gratitude for which this chapel
+was vowed and built, as was also another on the market place, Lower
+Town, Quebec. The miraculous feature of the defeated invasion was
+considered certain from the fact that a recluse in the convent near the
+chapel, and who was remarkable for her piety, had embroidered a prayer
+to the Virgin on the flag which the Baron de Longueuil had borne from
+Montreal in command of a detachment of troops.
+
+Some of the original interior fittings of the chapel still exist, but
+the bell which chimed its first call to vespers, when the great city was
+a quiet, frontier hamlet, has long been silent. It is to be regretted
+that from its historical character it has not been preserved from decay,
+but looks as time-worn and mouldering as does the rusty cannon in the
+hall of the Chateau, which was one of the guns of the ill-fated fleet,
+and over which the river had flowed for almost two hundred years. Seven
+of England's sovereigns had lived, reigned and died, and in France the
+Royal house had fallen in the deluge of blood that flowed around the
+guillotine. Quebec had changed flags--the Tri-color had been unfurled
+over the _Hotel-de-Ville_ at Paris, and the Stars and Stripes over the
+new-born nation.
+
+The thrones of Europe had tottered at the word of the Corsican boy,--he
+had played with crowns as with golden baubles, and had gone from the
+imperial purple to the mist-shrouded rocks of St. Helena. Eugenie, the
+Beautiful, had ruled the world by her grace, and fled from the throne
+of the haughty Louis to a loveless exile--while the old gun, with its
+charge rusting in its mouth, lay in silence under the passing keels of a
+million craft.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+LE SEMINAIRE.
+
+
+Still more ancient is a venerable postern in the blackened wall of the
+Seminary of St. Sulpice, near by, which is now the oldest building in
+the city, being erected some fifty years before the Chateau. It leads by
+a narrow lane to the gardens of the Monastery, which bloom quiet and
+still here in the heart of the throbbing life of a city of to-day.
+Generations of saintly men, under vows, have trodden in the shade of its
+walks, trying with the rigours of monastic life to crush out the
+memories of love and home left behind among the sun-kissed vineyards of
+France. For two hundred years and more no woman's footstep had fallen
+here among the flowers, until recently the wife of a Governor-General
+was admitted on a special occasion. On the cobble-stones of the
+courtyard, pilgrims, penitents, priests and soldiers have trodden, the
+echoes of their footsteps passing away in centuries of years. Above the
+walls, blackened by time and pierced by windows with the small panes of
+a fashion gone by, the bells of the clock ring out the stroke of
+midnight over one-third of a million souls, as it did the hours of
+morning when the great-great-grandfathers of the present generation ran
+to school over the grass-grown pavements of young Ville-Marie.
+
+[Illustration: SEMINARY OF ST. SULPICE]
+
+"The inimitable old roof-curves still cover the walls, and the
+Fleur-de-Lys still cap the pinnacles" as in the days when Richelieu, the
+prince of prelates, sought to plant the feudalism and Christianity of
+old France on the shores of the new. They still rise against the blue of
+Canadian skies unmolested, while in France, in the early years of the
+century, popular frenzy dragged this symbol of royalty from the spires
+of the churches and convents of Paris.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CATHEDRALS AND CLOISTERS.
+
+
+The Order of the Gentlemen of St. Sulpice is supposed to be very rich,
+the amount of the immense revenues never being made public. They were
+the feudal lords of the Island of Montreal in the earlier chapters of
+its history. Through their zealous efforts and the generosity of their
+parishioners was opened in the year eighteen hundred and twenty-nine the
+grand church adjoining, that of _Notre Dame_, built on the site of the
+original parish church. Viewing it from the extensive _plaza_ in front,
+its imposing proportions fill the beholder with the same awe as when
+looking at some lofty mountain peak, but its symmetry is so exquisite
+that its size cannot at first be appreciated.
+
+In imitation of its prototype, _Notre Dame de Paris_, twin towers rise
+in stateliness to a height of two hundred and twenty-seven feet, and are
+visible for a distance of thirty miles. The facade is impressive, the
+style a modification of different schools adapted to carry out the
+design intended. Three colossal statues of the Virgin, St. Joseph and
+St. John the Baptist are placed over the arcades. The sublime structure
+belongs to a branch of the Gothic, in the pointed arch type of
+architecture which was brought home from the Crusades,--a style which
+has come down from the time-honoured architecture of the old world, when
+religious thought that now finds expression in books was written and
+symbolized in stone.
+
+From a vestibule at the foot of the western tower, an ascent of two
+hundred and seventy-nine steps offers a most enchanting view of
+mountain, river, street and harbour, with such a wilderness of dome,
+steeple and belfry, that the exclamation involuntarily arises--this is
+truly a city of churches!
+
+On the descent, a pause on a platform gives the opportunity of admiring
+"_Le Gros Bourdon_," or great bell, and one of the largest in the world.
+It weighs twenty-four thousand, seven hundred and eighty pounds, and is
+six feet high. Its mouth measures eight feet, seven inches in diameter.
+The tone is magnificent in depth and fullness. On occasions such as the
+death of high ecclesiastics or other solemn events, its tolling is
+indescribable in its slow, sonorous vibrations. In the eastern tower
+hang ten smaller bells of beautiful quality, and so harmonized that
+choice and varied compositions can be performed by the eighteen ringers
+required in their manipulation. On high festivals, when all ring out
+with brazen tongues, caught up and re-echoed from spire to spire in what
+Victor Hugo describes as:--"Mingling and blending in the air like a rich
+embroidery of all sorts of melodious sounds"--America can furnish no
+greater oratorio.
+
+Its interior, which is profusely embellished and enriched, the spacious,
+two-storied galleries, in a twilight of mysterious gloom, and an altar
+upon which so much wealth has been consecrated, combine to make it a
+temple worthy of any time or race.
+
+"Whatever may be the external differences, we always find in the
+Christian Cathedral, no matter how modified, the Roman Basilica. It
+rises forever from the ground in harmony with the same laws. There are
+invariably two naves intersecting each other in the form of a cross, the
+upper end being rounded into a chancel or choir. There are always side
+aisles for processions or for chapels, and a sort of lateral gallery
+into which the principal nave opens by means of the spaces between the
+columns.
+
+"The number of chapels, steeples, doors and spires may be modified
+indefinitely, according to the century, the people and the art. Statues,
+stained glass, rose-windows, arabesques, denticulations, capitals and
+bas-reliefs are employed according as they are desired. Hence the
+immense variety in the exterior of structures, within which there dwells
+such unity and order."
+
+The nave here is two hundred and twenty feet long, almost eighty in
+height, and one hundred and twenty in width, including the side aisles.
+The walls, which are five feet thick, have fourteen side windows forty
+feet high, which light softly the galleries and grand aisle. So
+admirable is the arrangement, that fifteen thousand people can find
+accommodation and hear perfectly in all parts of the building. On high
+festivals, such as Christmas or Easter, when the great organ, said to be
+the finest in America, under the fingers of a master, with full choir
+and orchestra, rolls out the music of the masses, the senses are
+enthralled by the magnificence of the harmony. The various altars and
+mural decorations are beautiful with painting, gilding and carving. In
+the subdued light, which filters through the stained windows, are found
+many things of especial sanctity to the faithful. On a column rests an
+exquisite little statuette of the Virgin, which was a gift from Pope
+Pius the Ninth, the finely chased and wrought crucifix and the riband
+attached to it having been worn around the neck of the High Pontiff
+himself. Directly opposite to it is a statue of St. Peter, a copy of
+that at Rome. Fifty days indulgence are granted to those who piously
+kiss this image. Under one altar rest the bones of St. Felix, which were
+taken from the Catacombs at Rome, and on another is a picture of the
+Madonna, said to be a copy of one painted by St. Luke. On all the
+shrines are candlesticks, votive offerings and many other articles of
+great age, value and veneration.
+
+The main altar is exceedingly rich in artistic ornamentation,
+representing in its design the religious history of the world, and is
+the only one of the kind in existence. Although the foundation stones of
+this great pile were laid seventy years ago, this grand anthem in stone
+has not yet reached its "amen," many additions to it being yet in
+contemplation.
+
+Like many others of earth masterpieces in architecture, it is at once
+the monument to and the mausoleum of its builder, whose body, according
+to his dying request, although a Protestant, lies in the vaults beneath
+his greatest life-work.
+
+Through some halls and corridors back of the grand altar is the chapel
+of "Our Lady of the Sacred Heart," which is one of the most beautiful
+sanctuaries in the city, and remarkable for the harmony of its lines and
+proportions. It is in the form of a cross, ninety feet in length,
+eighty-five feet in the transept with an altitude of fifty-five feet.
+The splendour of its ornamentation, carving, sculpture, elegant
+galleries, panels in mosaic, original paintings by Canadian artists, and
+a beautiful reproduction of Raphael's celebrated frieze of "The Dispute
+of the Blessed Sacrament," unite to constitute this piece of
+ecclesiastical architecture a _chef d'oeuvre_.
+
+An iconoclast might marvel at the absorption in prayer of some of the
+devotees, among accessories bewildering to eyes accustomed to the
+plainer surroundings of other forms of ritual, but the worship of those
+in attendance seems sincere and complete.
+
+Following the footsteps of Cartier to where, near the foot of Mount
+Royal, he found the Indian village of Hochelaga, is now to be seen the
+St. James' Cathedral, which is a reduced copy of St. Peter's at Rome,
+the great centre from which radiates the Catholicism of Christendom. It
+is somewhat less than half the dimensions of its model, with certain
+modifications necessary in the differences of climate. The work was
+entrusted to M. Victor Bourgeau, who, to gain the information necessary
+to carry out successfully a repetition of the great master, Michael
+Angelo's conception, spent some time in the Eternal City studying the
+various details. But the real architect, it may be said, who made the
+plans and supervised and directed the building of the sacred monument,
+was Rev. Father Michaud, of the St. Viateur Order. To raise the funds
+necessary for the initial work, every member of the immense diocese was
+taxed; and even now, after a lapse of thirty years, it is still
+unfinished, so great has been the expense involved. The handsome facade
+is elaborately columned in cut-stone, for which only blocks of the most
+perfect kind were used.
+
+Like the colossal dome at Rome, this one towers above every other
+structure in the city, with the height of the cross included, being
+forty feet higher than the lofty towers of _Notre Dame_. It is seventy
+feet in diameter, and two hundred and ten feet above the pavement. It is
+after the work of Brunelleschi, whose exquisite art and genius flung the
+airy grace of his incomparable domes against Florentine and Roman skies.
+
+There is none of the "dim, religious light" in the interior decoration
+of white and gold, the subtle colouring of the symbolic frescoing and
+the brilliance of the gold and brazen altar furnishing. At a service
+celebrated especially for the Papal Zuaves, the picturesque red and grey
+of their uniform, the priests in gorgeous canonicals of scarlet, stiff
+with gold, the acolytes in white surplices and the venerable archbishop
+in cardinal and purple, with a chorus from Handel ringing through the
+vaulted roof, a full conception of the Papal form of worship can be
+obtained; while a squaw in blanket and moccasins kneeling on the floor
+beside a fluted pillar seems the living symbol of the heathendom the
+early fathers came to convert.
+
+In Canada the Jesuits have always been prominent in its history,
+signalizing themselves by extraordinary devotion and self-sacrifice, and
+were among the earliest explorers of the Continent, the first sound of
+civilization over many of the lakes and rivers being the chant of the
+capuchined friar. Fathers Breboeuf and Lalemant, burnt by the Indians;
+Garreau, butchered; Chabanel, drowned by an apostate Huron, and others
+hideously tortured, testified with their blood to their devotion. From
+the Atlantic to the prairies, from the bleak shores of the Hudson Bay to
+the sunny beaches of Louisiana, they suffered, bled and died.
+
+It is said the Jesuits have a genius for selecting sites, and certainly
+the situation of their especial church and adjoining colleges bears out
+the statement. Like the other churches of this most Catholic city, it is
+not complete, the towers having yet to be continued into spires. It is
+much frequented for the fine music and admired for its beautiful
+interior. It is in the Florentine Renaissance style, which is the one
+usually favoured by this Order. The frescoes are unusually pleasing,
+being in soft tones of monochrome, the work of eminent Roman artists,
+and are reproductions of the modern German School of Biblical scenes and
+from the history of the Jesuits. There are in addition some fine
+paintings by the Gagliardi brothers at Rome and others.
+
+In the Eastern part of the city, commonly called the French quarter, so
+purely French are the people, with temperaments as gay and volatile as
+in _Le Beau Paris_ itself, is a gem of architecture in the church of
+"Our Lady of Lourdes." This chapel, reared as a visible expression of
+the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, is of the Byzantine and
+Renaissance type, a style frequently to be seen reflected from the
+lagoons of Venice.
+
+"The choir and transepts terminate in a circular domed apsis, and a
+large central dome rises at the intersection of the latter. The statue
+over the altar, and which immediately strikes the eye, is symbolic of
+the doctrine illustrated. The Virgin is represented in the attitude
+usually shown in the Spanish School of Painters, with hands crossed upon
+the breast, standing on a cloud with the words: 'A woman clothed with
+the sun and the moon under her feet.'" A singularly beautiful light,
+thrown down from an unseen source, casts a kind of heavenly radiance
+around the figure with fine effect.
+
+"Some of the painting is exceedingly good. The decoration of the church,
+in gold and colours, arabesque and fifteenth century ornament, is very
+beautiful and harmonious. This building is interesting as being the only
+one of the kind in America."
+
+By descending a narrow stairway, which winds beneath the floor, is found
+a shrine fitted up in imitation of the grotto near Lourdes, in France,
+in which it is said the Virgin appeared to a young girl, Bernadette
+Souberous, at which time a miracle-working fountain is said to have
+gushed out of the rock, and still continues its wonderful cures. A
+goblet of the water stands on the altar, and is said to have powers of
+healing. This underground shrine, lighted only by dim, coloured lamps,
+gives a sensation of peculiar weirdness after the light and beauty of
+the structure above.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Perhaps there is no church of French Canada of deeper interest than
+"_Notre Dame de Bonsecours_." On its site stood the first place of
+worship built, for which Maisonneuve himself assisted to cut and draw
+the timbers, some of which are still in existence. The name
+_Bonsecours_, signifying succour, was given on account of a narrow
+escape of the infant colony from the Iroquois. The present building,
+erected in 1771 on the old foundations, was, until a few years ago,
+remarkable for its graceful tin roof and finely-pointed spire. The rear
+having since been altered in a manner entirely out of keeping with the
+original, which time had "painted that sober hue which makes the
+antiquity of churches their greatest beauty," much of the charm which
+made it unique has been destroyed. If it is true that it was an act of
+piety on the part of a devoted priest, it is another proof that zeal at
+times outruns correct taste.
+
+The statue of heroic size on the new portion of the edifice, with arms
+uplifted as if in blessing, was the gift of a noble of Brittany. It was
+brought over in the Seventeenth Century, and for two hundred years has
+been the patron saint of sailors, who ascribe to it miraculous powers.
+Its ancient pews, the crutches on the walls, and pictures which are
+among the first works of art brought to the country, suggest the varied
+scenes which have taken place around the old sanctuary since its doors
+were first opened for worship.
+
+The ascent of a hundred steps reveals the daintiest and most aerial of
+chapels above the roof of the church. Tiny coloured windows, designed in
+lilies and pierced hearts, a microscopic organ, brought from France, no
+one knows when, and a few rows of seats are the furnishing. The altar,
+instead of the usual appearance, is a miniature house. Its history is as
+follows:--"One of the most remarkable events in the history of the
+Church was the sudden disappearance of the house which had been
+inhabited by the Holy Family at Nazareth in Galilee. This took place in
+1291. As this sacred relic was about to be exposed to the danger of
+being destroyed by the Saracen infidels, it was miraculously raised
+from its foundations and transported by angels to Dalmatia, where, early
+in the morning, some peasants discovered on a small hill, a house
+without foundations, half converted into a shrine, and with a steeple
+like a chapel.
+
+The next day their venerable bishop informed them that Our Lady had
+appeared to him and said that this house had been carried by angels from
+Nazareth, and was the same in which she had lived; that the altar had
+been erected by the apostles, and the statue sculptured in cedar wood
+had been made by St. Luke. Three years afterwards it again disappeared,
+its luminous journey being witnessed by some Italian shepherds.
+
+Its present position is about a mile from the Adriatic, at Loretto, just
+as the angels placed it six hundred years ago. Millions of pilgrims
+visit it from all parts of the world."
+
+For the aerial chapel of _Bonsecours_, a fac-simile has been obtained.
+To render it more sacred it was placed for a period within the holy
+house, it touched its walls, and was blessed with holy water in the
+vessel from which our Lord drank. Such is the alleged history of this
+shrine, and the peculiar sanctity attached to it.
+
+The extensive convent buildings of the Grey Nuns and other sisterhoods
+are as numerous as the churches. As the _matin_ bell falls on the ear in
+the early morning hours, calling to prayers those who have chosen the
+austerities and serenities of convent life, it recalls to memory the
+noble band of ladies of the old aristocracy who left chateaux hoary with
+the traditions of a chivalrous ancestry, and dear with the memories of
+home, in the company of rough seamen to brave the untried perils of the
+ocean, a hostile country, homesickness and death, to carry spiritual and
+bodily healing to the savages. Their followers keep the same vigils now
+among the sins and sorrows of the bustling city. They glide through the
+streets with downcast eyes, in sombre robes, wimple and linen coif, bent
+on missions of church service and errands of mercy, tending the sick
+and suffering, and striving to win back human wrecks to a better life.
+
+The various sisterhoods differ in degrees of austerity, the Grey Nuns
+being one of the least exacting. Their Foundling Hospital, it is said,
+had its origin in a most touching circumstance. One of the original
+members of the Order, Madame d'Youville, on leaving the convent gates in
+the middle of winter, found frozen in the ice of a little stream that
+then flowed near what is called Foundling street, an infant with a
+poignard in its heart. Since then tens of thousands of these small
+outcasts have found sanctuary and tender care within the cloister walls.
+
+The daughter of Ethan Allan, the founder of Vermont, died a member of
+this Order.
+
+The Carmelites are the most rigid in their requirements of service. They
+are small numerically and live behind high walls, and renounce forever
+the sight of the outside world, never leaving their cloister, and being
+practically dead to home and friends, sleeping, it is said, in their own
+coffins.
+
+Instances have been known of a sister's assuming vows of special
+severity, as in the case of Jean Le Ber, of the _Congregation de Notre
+Dame_, a daughter of a merchant in the town, who voluntarily lived in
+solitary confinement from the year 1695 to 1714--nineteen years of
+self-immolation, when her couch was a pallet of straw, and her prayers
+and fastings unceasing. She denied herself everything that to us would
+make life desirable or even endurable--sacrificed the dearest ties of
+kindred, and pursued with intense fervour the self-imposed rigours of
+her vocation. Yet, it was not that in her nature she had no love for
+beauty nor craving for pleasure, for in the sacristy of the Cathedral,
+carefully preserved in a receptacle in which are kept the vestments of
+the clergy, are robes ornamented by her needle that are simply marvels
+of colour, design and exquisite finish. The modern robes, though
+gorgeous in richly-piled velvet from the looms of Lyons, heavy with gold
+work and embroidered with angels and figures so exquisitely wrought as
+to look as if painted on ivory, yet do not compare with that done by
+the fingers that were worn by asceticism within the walls of her cell.
+In the spare form, clad in thread-bare garments, there must have been
+crushed down a gorgeously artistic nature which found visible expression
+in the beautifully adorned _chasubles_ of the priests and altar cloths,
+which are solid masses of delicate silken work on a ground of fine
+silver threads, the colours and lustre of which seem unimpaired by time.
+Six generations of priests have performed the sacrifice of the mass in
+these marvellously beautiful robes, the incense from the swaying censors
+of two hundred years have floated around them in waves of perfume. The
+taste and skill with which high-born ladies of that time wrought
+tapestries to hang on their castle walls were consecrated by her to
+religion, in devoting to the Church, work which was fit to adorn the
+royal drapings of a Zenobia.
+
+Without the magnificence which distinguishes the cathedrals, some of the
+rural shrines are full of interest. The church of _Ste. Anne's_, an old
+building near the western end of the island, and one of the oldest
+sacerdotal edifices in America, has around it a halo of romance and
+piety since the fur-trading days, being the last church visited by the
+_voyageurs_ and their last glimpse of civilization before facing the
+dangers of the pathless wilderness of the West. At its altar these
+rough, half-wild men knelt to pray and put themselves under the
+protection of their titular _Sainte Anne_.
+
+The Trappists, though rarely seen outside the walls of their retreat,
+look precisely as did mediaeval monks of centuries ago, with whose
+appearance we are familiar in pictures of Peter the Hermit and other
+zealots, who with their fiery eloquence sent the Armies of Christendom
+to fight for the Holy Sepulchre. They dress in a coarse brown gown and
+cowl, with a girdle of rope, and are under vows of perpetual silence.
+They live on frugal meals of vegetables and fruit twice a day, have the
+head tonsured, and feet bare in sandals. The continued fasts, severe
+flagellations, labours and meditations of those anchorites make the
+regulations governing this order exceedingly strict, and recall the
+times when kings and emperors, in the same monkish garb, walked barefoot
+to knock humbly in penance at monastery gates.
+
+Perhaps the most unique shrine in the province is that of Mount Rigaud,
+on the banks of the Ottawa, not far from the spot where Dollard and his
+band of Christian knights lay down their lives. The mountain is regarded
+with much superstition by the ignorant, on account of its peculiar and
+unaccountable natural phenomena, whose origin has puzzled the most
+learned scientists to account for. The wooded mountain is crowned by
+what is called "The Field of Stones," or "The Devil's Garden," from a
+deposit of almost spherical boulders, of so far unmeasured depth, which
+cover its surface. Encircled by trees and verdure, this strange
+formation of several acres in extent is composed mainly of rock
+different from the mass of the mountain, which belongs to the same
+family as the igneous mountains of the neighbouring region. What were
+the causes and conditions which carried this strange material to the top
+of this elevation will, when they are explained, be of intense interest.
+It is said that the only other deposit similar, though smaller in
+extent, is in Switzerland. Perhaps some ancient glacier, through eons of
+time, gradually melted here, and slowly deposited the drift it had borne
+from regions far away.
+
+A bold spur of the hill has been converted into a shrine, adorned with
+images, while on the bare rough sides of the lichen-covered rocks have
+been inscribed in large white letters the words "Penitence--Penitence."
+At regular intervals on the stony road approaching it are what are
+called the "Stations of the Cross." They are fourteen in number, being
+little chapels made from the uncut stones of the "Devil's Garden." The
+floors of these, on which the penitents kneel before pictures of the
+"Passion," are covered with sand and coarse gravel.
+
+The conquest of Canada in 1759 by the English differed from that of
+Britain by the Norman French in 1066, in that here the vanquished were
+allowed to retain their language, customs and full religious liberties,
+so that, after a lapse of one hundred and fifty years, the Papal service
+is solemnized with all the pomp and ceremonial of the Vatican, and in
+the courts, the Quebec Legislature and in Society is heard the euphonic
+French speech, and, outside of Rome, Canada is considered the chief
+bulwark of Papacy.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE MASSACRE OF LACHINE.
+
+
+The conquest and settlement of all new regions are necessarily more or
+less written in blood, and the natural characteristics of the North
+American Indian have caused much of the early history of Canada to be
+traced in deeds of horror and agony lighted by the torture fire, with
+sufferings the most exquisite of which the human mind can conceive. When
+these were inflicted on individuals, it was sufficiently heartrending,
+but when a whole community fell a victim to their ferocity, as was the
+case in what is called "The Massacre of Lachine," the details are too
+horrible for even the imagination to dwell upon. Standing on the river
+bank, or "shooting" the rapids in the steamer, with the green shores as
+far as the eye can reach dotted with villages and villas, the wonderful
+bridges spanning the stream, and beyond, the great city with its domes
+and spires, it can scarcely be realized that for two days and two
+nights the spot was a scene of the most revolting carnage. It was an
+evening in the summer of 1689. In spite of a storm of wind and rain
+which broke over the young settlement, the fields of grain and meadows
+looked cheerful and thrifty. In each cabin home the father had returned
+from the day's toil in the harvest field and was sitting by the
+fireside, where the kettle sang contentedly. The mother sat spinning or
+knitting, and perhaps singing a lullaby, as she rocked the cradle,
+little recking that ere the morning dawned the hamlet would lie in
+ashes, and the tomahawk of the Indian be buried in her babies' hearts;
+but such was the case, for after forty-eight hours of fiendish cruelty,
+death and desolation reigned for miles along the shores. Where the blue
+smoke had curled up among the trees were only the smoking ruins of
+hearths and homes, surrounded with sights and suggestions of different
+forms of death, which even the chronicler, two hundred years after, is
+fain to pass by in shuddering silence.
+
+The crumbling remains of a fortified seigniorial chateau, within sight
+of the Rapids of Lachine, a tradition asserts, was in the year 1668 the
+home of La Salle, who was one of the most excellent men of his day.
+Leaving his fair demesne, which the Sulpicians had conferred upon him,
+and the home which to-day is slowly falling to decay among the
+apple-orchards along the river side, he too followed his thirst for
+adventure into untrodden fields.
+
+There is a well-founded legend that the old chimney attached thereto was
+built by Champlain in his trading post of logs. It is of solid masonry,
+and is sixty years older than the walls which surround it. The wide
+fireplace has a surface of fifty square feet, and is the most
+interesting piece of architecture in all Canada. The snowflakes of
+almost three hundred winters have fallen into its cavernous depths since
+these stones and mortar were laid. When Champlain stood by its hearth,
+as its first blaze, lighted by tinder and flint, roared up to the
+sky--William Shakespeare was still writing his sublime lines, Queen
+Elizabeth had lain but twelve years in her marble tomb, and the Chateau
+de Ramezay was not to be built for a hundred years to come. Often in the
+two years during which it had for La Salle the sacredness of the home
+fireside, its light must have fallen on his handsome young face, and
+flowing curls, as he laid out plans for his palisaded village, and
+dreamt of the golden lands towards the setting sun. He was a true
+patriot, and literally gave his life for the advancement of his country,
+being murdered in the Lower Mississippi by one of his own men while
+endeavouring to extend its territory.
+
+[Illustration: HOME OF LA SALLE.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+Posterity is not true to the memory of these great pioneers, for the
+elements beat upon the roofless timbers, the north wind sweeps the
+hearth that is mouldering under the rains and sunshine of the skies they
+loved. In another generation all that can be said will be--here once
+stood the historic stones of the ancient fireside of the heroes who won
+the wilderness for those who have allowed this monument of their
+fortitude and self-sacrifice to crumble into dust.
+
+[Illustration: La Salle]
+
+La Salle had heard from some stray bands of Seneca Indians, who had
+visited his post at Lachine, of a great river that flowed from their
+hunting grounds to the sea. Imagining it would open his way to find the
+route to the golden Ind, he sold his grant at Lachine, and in company
+with two priests from the Seminary at Montreal, and some Senecas as
+guides, started on July 6th, 1669. With visions of finding for France a
+clime of warmer suns and more rich in silver and gold than Canada, he
+pushed on. The priests on their return brought back nothing of any
+value except the first map procured of the upper lake region.
+
+One of the most enthusiastic fellow travelers of La Salle was a
+Franciscan, Father Hennepin. They crossed the ocean from France
+together, and probably beguiled many an hour of the long voyage in
+relating their dreams of finding the treasures hidden in the land to
+which the prow of the vessel pointed.
+
+Hennepin also penetrated to the Mississippi, reaching in his wanderings
+a beautiful fall foaming between its green bluffs which he named St.
+Anthony, on which spot now stands the "Flour City," Minneapolis, in the
+county of Hennepin, Minnesota. He probably heard of the other falls,
+five miles away, which we know as Minnehaha, and around which the
+sweetest of American poets has woven the witchery of Indian legend in
+the wooing of "Hiawatha." It seems almost incredible that where are now
+the largest flour mills in the world, turning out daily about 40,000
+barrels, there was, scarcely fifty years ago, only the cedar strewn
+wigwam and smoke of the camp fire, the tread of moccasined feet and the
+dip of the paddles by the bark canoe.
+
+Near by _Place d'Armes_ Square may be seen a grey stone house on which
+is written "Here lived Sieur DuLuth." He was a leading spirit among the
+young men of the town, who gathered around his fireside to listen to his
+thrilling tales of adventure, and of his early life when he was a
+_gendarme_ in the King's Guard. Coming to Canada in the year 1668, he
+explored among the Sioux tribes of the Western plains. He was one of the
+first Frenchmen to approach the sources of the Mississippi. The city of
+Duluth in Minnesota received its name from him. A tablet on a modern
+building in the same locality informs the passer-by that _Cadillac_, who
+founded the City of Detroit about the same time as the Chateau de
+Ramezay was built, spent the last years of his wandering life on this
+spot.
+
+The town of Varennes, down the river, is called from the owner of a
+Seigniory in the forest, le Chevalier Gauthier de la Verandrye, a
+soldier and a trader, who was the first to explore the great Canadian
+North-West, and to discover the "Rockies." He was an undaunted and
+fearless traveler, establishing post after post, as far as the wild
+banks of the Saskatchewan and even further north, which, in giving to
+France, he ultimately gave to Canada.
+
+    "Honour to those who fought the trees,
+    And won the land for us."
+
+The traditions connected with the Chateau de Ramezay are scarcely more
+interesting than those surrounding many spots in the vicinity.
+Incorporated in this prosaic, business part of the city are many an old
+gable or window, which were once part of some mediaeval chapel or home of
+these early times. On the other side of Notre Dame street, where now
+stands the classic and beautiful pile called the City Hall, were to be
+seen in those days the church and "_Habitation_," as it was called, of
+the Jesuit Fathers, within whose walls lived many learned sons of
+Loyola, Charlevoix among others. They were burnt down in 1803, at the
+same time as the Chateau de Vaudreuil was destroyed, by one of the
+disastrous fires which have so frequently swept the cities of Montreal
+and Quebec, and in which many quaint historical structures disappeared.
+About a mile to the west is still standing the family residence of
+Daniel Hyacinthe, Marie Lienard de Beaujeu, the hero of the Monongahela,
+at which battle George Washington was an officer.
+
+[Illustration: De Beaujeu]
+
+It was a lamentable event, the indiscriminate slaughter of three
+thousand men through the stupidity and incredible obstancy of General
+Braddock, who, like Dieskau at a subsequent time, despising the counsel
+of those familiar with Indian methods of warfare, determinedly followed
+his own plans.
+
+Washington in this engagement held the rank of Adjutant-General of
+Virginia. "His business was to inform the French that they were building
+forts on English soil, and that they would do well to depart peaceably."
+
+Beaujeu was sent at the head of a force composed of French soldiers and
+Indian allies to answer the Briton with the powerful argument of force
+of arms.
+
+As Braddock reached the ford over the river which was to put him on the
+same side as the fort, Colonel Thomas Gage crossed in advance, without
+opposition. Beaujeu had intended to contest the passage, but his Indians
+being refractory, his march was delayed. Gage with the advance was
+pushing on when his engineer saw a man, apparently an officer, wave his
+cap to his followers, who were unseen in the woods. From every vantage
+ground of knoll and bole, and on three sides of the column, the
+concealed muskets were levelled upon the English, who returned the fire.
+As Beaujeu fell, Dumas, who succeeded him, thought that the steady front
+of the red-skins was going to carry the day, until he saw his Canadians
+fly, followed by the Indians, after Gage had wheeled his cannon on the
+woods. A little time, however, changed all this. The Indians rallied and
+poured their bullets into the massed and very soon confused British
+troops. Braddock, when he spurred forward, found everybody demoralized
+except the Virginians, who were firing from the tree trunks, as the
+enemy did. The British General was shocked at such an unmilitary habit,
+and ordered them back into line. No one under such orders could find
+cover, and every puff from a concealed Indian was followed by a
+soldier's fall. No exertion of Braddock, nor of Washington, nor of
+anyone prevailed. The General had four horses shot under him and
+Washington had two. Still the hillsides and the depths of the wood were
+spotted by puffs of smoke, and the slaughter-pen was in a
+turmoil--scarce one Englishman in three escaped bullets. The commander
+then gave the sign to retreat, and was endeavouring to restore order
+when a ball struck him from his horse. The British Army had become
+bewildered fugitives, and a guard could hardly be kept for the wounded
+General, as he was borne along on a horse as a litter.
+
+The sinking Braddock at last died and was buried in the road, that the
+tramp of the surging mass of men might obliterate his grave. His remains
+are said to have been discovered in 1823 by some workmen engaged in
+constructing the National road, at a spot pointed out by an old man who
+had been in the ranks in 1755. He claimed to have seen Braddock buried,
+and to have fired the bullet that killed him. It was impossible to
+identify the remains almost seventy years after their interment, but
+with them were found bits of military trappings, so his tale may have
+been correct. In the year 1841, near to the spot, was discovered a large
+quantity of shot and shell left by the retreating army.
+
+Adjoining the grounds of the Chateau de Ramezay was the mansion of
+General Ralph Burton, who fought close to Wolfe in the siege of Quebec,
+to whom his dying words were spoken, and who carried out his last
+command, which decided the day. As Wolfe lay half unconscious, the riot
+of the battle growing dull on his failing senses, they were roused by
+the cry, "They run!" He opened his glazed eyes and asked, "Who run?" and
+the reply was, "The French!" With a supreme effort he turned to Burton,
+and ordered him, saying, "Command Webb to march down to the St. Charles
+and cut off the retreat at the bridge"; and then amid the crash and
+carnage of war, he murmured, "Now I thank God, and die contented," and
+instantly expired.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE CHATEAU DE VAUDREUIL.
+
+
+A short distance to the south-west is the spot on which stood the
+Chateau and famous gardens of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, the last French
+Governor of Canada. Imagination can forget the miles of docks and
+warehouses, the electricity and commerce with which we are entering the
+twentieth century, and fancy it sees again the old vice-regal palace, a
+miniature in Canadian forests of the gay court at the Tuilleries, with
+its bewitchment of lace, silk and velvet, powdered wigs and the
+exaggerated politeness and exquisite bows of _la grande dame_ and _le
+chevalier_ of the time.
+
+Let us step back to the winter of 1758 and '59. The mountain is
+snow-capped and the St. Lawrence is frozen several feet thick, making
+good roads for the shaggy Canadian pony and _cariole_, or heavy
+_traineau_ with wooden runners. In the early winter's evening, lights
+gleam through the small windows of the earthen citadel which guards the
+_Porte St. Martin_, and the clash of arms or halberds, and the pacing of
+the sentries' footsteps, are heard at every closed gate of the little
+walled town. Patches of warm light from candle and hearth checker the
+snow which lies glistening on the sidewalks, for there are no street
+lamps on the St. Paul, St. Mary or Notre Dame streets of these old days.
+
+Under the night sky, the storehouses look like gloomy prisons, but
+cheerful groups talk and laugh, as the beaux and belles bend their steps
+along the narrow streets to the Governor's salon. As the guests of the
+Marquis de Vaudreuil assemble, the brilliance of their costumes is
+heightened in effect by the gorgeous livery of the attendants and the
+blue and white of the soldiers' regimentals. Groups around the
+spindle-legged card tables exchange _bon-mots_ and play, while others
+dance and promenade on the polished floors until the morning light
+breaks over the river.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The gaiety and frivolity, feasting and gossip are in strange contrast to
+the grey gown of the Jesuit priest hurrying from the monastery opposite,
+to shrive some sinner, or to administer "Extreme Unction" to some dying
+saint. Within the convent walls pious sisters, followers of Mademoiselle
+Mance and Madame d'Youville, tend the sick and unfortunate, whom the
+tide of life has cast upon this far away shore. From the taverns on the
+corners and on the river front comes the sound of mirth and merriment,
+as with the cup of good Gascon wine are passed around tales of the high
+seas or of times gone by in the old-world towns of Brittany.
+
+On the altars of the chapels lights burn dimly in a silence unbroken,
+save by the murmuring of prayers and telling of beads by suppliants
+driven hither by sin, sorrow or homesickness.
+
+[Illustration: RUE ST. AMABLE.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+A narrow little street, named St. Amable, running west from the
+Governor's mansion, has been subjected to so little change since those
+days of long ago that the passer-by on its two feet of sidewalk sees it
+just as it was when its vaulted warehouses held the cargoes of the
+weather-beaten sailing craft that anchored at the shore below. Where now
+the French _habitant_ sits chattering with his _confreres_ and smoking
+his pipe filled with home-grown _tabac_ were once the shady walks and
+stiff parterres of the ancient garden. Here, under the summer moons,
+were doubtless stolen meetings as sweet, vows as insincere, and
+intrigues as foolish as those in the exquisite bowers of _Le Petit
+Trianon_ at Versailles. On its paths have fallen the martial tread of
+"de Levis, de Beaujeu, and many a brave soldier and dainty courtier,
+official guests at the Governor's Chateau." Among them was one who
+eclipsed all others in sad interest, the courtly young commander, Louis
+Joseph Saint Veran de Montcalm. Any spot associated with this ill-fated
+general is of immortal memory. After his skillful manoeuvering at the
+battle of Carillon, his march to Montreal was a triumph. At the close of
+this engagement, as, accompanied by de Levis and his staff, he rode
+along the ranks, thanking his troops, who idolized him, in the name of
+their king, for their glorious display of French valour in a field where
+thirty-six hundred men had for six hours withstood fifteen thousand, he
+was in every particular a worthy and capable general. He spoke of his
+own share in the glory of the day with simplicity and modesty, writing
+the next day to Vaudreuil:--
+
+"The only credit I can claim as accruing to me is the glory of
+commanding troops so valorous."
+
+On one occasion, the capture of Oswego, which is described as the most
+brilliant military exploit then known in Canadian history, he with his
+own hand snatched the colours from a British officer and sent the trophy
+to Quebec, to adorn the walls of the Cathedral of that city; as many a
+time before had been done for old-world Minsters by knights on the
+battlefields of Europe, whose empty armour now hangs in the baronial
+halls of England.
+
+Montcalm had been summoned to Montreal to confer with the Governor on
+the further conduct of the war, and, as he marched forth to take command
+of the Citadel of Quebec, all hearts centred on him, saying, "Save for
+France her fair dominion in the West;" but the gallant soldier, in his
+endeavour to do so, met his tragic and untimely end.
+
+[Illustration: Louis Joseph Marquis de Montcalm]
+
+Entrenched behind the ramparts of Quebec, he prepared for the great
+struggle which was to decide the fortunes of the then two foremost
+powers of Europe. He and de Levis, although a considerable distance from
+each other, had seventeen thousand men under their command, with a
+splendid line of fortifications running from Montmorenci to the St.
+Charles, supplementing the granite defences of the Citadel. Montcalm
+being in doubt for some time at what point to look for attack from the
+enemy, sent orders along the whole line for his troops to be in perfect
+readiness everywhere. He was several years older than Wolfe, and was an
+old campaigner, having served his king with honour and distinction in
+Germany, Italy and Bohemia.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS.
+
+
+It was the evening of the 12th of Sept., 1759. The French troops were on
+the alert,--the British ready. The evening was calm and fine and the
+occasion full of solemnity as Wolfe embarked in a boat to visit some of
+his posts. As the oars dipped softly in the stream, and the quiet dusk
+of the autumn twilight hid the grim signs of war and brought out the
+peaceful beauty of the scene, he thought of the morrow--that where
+
+    "Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,
+    And all the air a solemn stillness holds,"
+
+would be rent by the roar of cannon, the flash of bloody steel and the
+cries of the wounded and dying.
+
+Feeling perhaps a shrinking from the great crisis which the dawn would
+bring, he repeated to the officers and midshipmen within hearing a
+number of the verses from the most finished poem in the English
+language, Grey's "Elegy in a Country Churchyard," and which had
+appeared a short time before. Probably the lines on which he lingered
+longest were:--
+
+    "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,
+      And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave,
+    Await alike the inevitable hour;
+      The paths of glory lead but to the grave."
+
+The last line was, alas! prophetic in his own case, and he may have had
+some premonition of it, for turning to his listeners, who were to share
+with him victory or defeat, he said with a wistful pathos in his young
+voice, "I would prefer being the author of that poem to the glory of
+beating the French to-morrow."
+
+He did not dream that for what that morrow would bring, his name, with
+that of the poet he loved, would be carven among those of England's
+great men in Westminster Abbey--
+
+    "Where thro' the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault
+    The pealing anthem swells the note of praise."
+
+Landing in a ravine (Wolfe's Cove), which he had located by the use of a
+glass--with the strategic venture at which all the world has since
+wondered--in the dark hours of the same night, he, at the head of the
+famous Fraser Highlanders, placed his force on the Plains of Abraham,
+each man knowing it was victory or death, as there was no possibility of
+retreat.
+
+The intelligence of the landing of the British troops was first brought
+to the Governor-General, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, and he had the task
+of communicating the unwelcome news to Montcalm, who had hurried from
+his quarters on the ramparts to ascertain what was the meaning of the
+firing above the town.
+
+On learning the situation, he bitterly exclaimed:--
+
+"They have at least got to the weak side of this miserable garrison,
+and, therefore, we must endeavour to crush them by our numbers before 12
+o'clock."
+
+Montcalm, with more courage than discretion, without waiting for de
+Levis, who was twenty-eight miles away,--the victim of an inexorable
+destiny, unsupported led forth his men, and saw, not without surprise,
+the whole British Army ranged in battle array. Without giving his men
+time to recover breath after the fatigue of their laborious and hurried
+march, he went into action, trusting to the well-tested courage of his
+troops.
+
+[Illustration: Jam: Wolfe]
+
+Wolfe led the charge at the head of the Louisburg Grenadiers, and when
+the Highlanders, throwing away their muskets, rushed on with their broad
+swords like a tempest of steel, the hapless blue coats, though lacking
+in neither prowess nor patriotism, fled in all directions. The two young
+leaders fell almost simultaneously.
+
+When Wolfe received his death wound, he was in a conspicuous spot near
+the Redoubt, and was thence borne to the rear. He had calmly prepared
+for this contingency. He had made his will, of which he appointed Sir
+Guy Carleton the executor, and for whom he had early formed a close
+friendship, generally speaking of him as "My friend Carleton," and to
+whom he bequeathed his books and papers. His plate he willed to
+Saunders, and to another friend he entrusted the miniature of his
+betrothed with the charge of returning it to her in the event of his
+fall. That was probably the most trying moment of those hours so fraught
+with tragedy--a moment like those on the eve of Waterloo, when there
+were
+
+    "Partings that crush the life from out young hearts."
+
+It was not in his martial cloak nor in his country's flag that he was
+carried dead off the field, but in the tartan "plaidie" of an old
+Highland man, named McLeod, which was tenderly wrapped around him, wet
+with tears from eyes to which tears had long been strangers.
+
+As he fell, his principal care was for the effect it would have upon his
+troops, who, down to the humblest in his command, had caught his spirit,
+and who felt that "they must fulfil the trust reposed in them, or die in
+the ranks."
+
+Leaning against the shoulder of the officer who caught him when falling,
+he implored him to support him, saying, "Do not let my brave soldiers
+see me drop, the day is ours, keep it!" A death attended with
+circumstances more pathetic or incidents more picturesque the annals of
+war do not record.
+
+"The capture of Quebec was an achievement of so formidable a character,
+so distinguished by chivalrous enterprise, and so fraught with singular
+adventure, that the interest attending it still remains undimmed and its
+glorious recollections unfaded."
+
+The virtues and heroism of the youthful leader of the campaign and the
+bravery of his troops, whose toast was "The British flag on every fort,
+post and garrison in America," are themes of just pride to the lover of
+his country. "Young in years but mature in experience, Wolfe possessed
+all the liberal virtues in addition to an enthusiastic knowledge of the
+military art with a sublimity of genius, always the distinguishing mark
+of minds above the ordinary level of mankind. His celebrated letter to
+Mr. Pitt is still considered unsurpassed in military composition."
+
+As Montcalm was carried off the field he enquired if his wound was
+mortal; on being answered in the affirmative, with a mental anguish
+keener than the intense physical pain he was suffering, he said, "So
+much the better, I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Few
+scenes are more full of sadness than his march from his last
+battle-field, as supported by two grenadiers, and passing through the
+St. Louis Gate on his black charger, he courteously greeted the weeping
+women who lined his path, telling them not to weep for him; but it
+could not be but a day of tears for the daughters of Quebec as groans of
+mortal agony came to their ears through the smoke and dust of retreat.
+
+A few hours afterward, on being visited by M. de Ramezay, who commanded
+the garrison, with the title of Lieutenant _du Roy_, and another
+officer, Montcalm addressed them saying, "Gentlemen, I commend to your
+keeping the honour of France,--for myself, I shall pass the night with
+God, and prepare myself for death."
+
+On M. de Ramezay's pressing to receive commands respecting the defence
+of Quebec, he exclaimed with emotion:--"I will neither give orders nor
+interfere further. I have business that must be attended to of greater
+moment than your ruined garrison and this wretched country. My time is
+very short, so pray leave me; I wish you all comfort, and to be happily
+extricated from your present difficulties."
+
+Before expiring, he paid a noble tribute to his late foes, when he
+said:--
+
+"Since it was my misfortune to be discomfited and mortally wounded, it
+is a great consolation to me to be vanquished by so brave and generous
+an enemy. If I could survive this wound, I would engage to beat three
+times the number of such forces as I commanded this morning with a third
+of such troops as were opposed to me."
+
+Almost his last conscious act was to write a letter praying the English
+victors to show clemency to the French prisoners.
+
+It is said that a fissure ploughed by a cannon ball within the walls of
+the Ursuline Convent furnished him a fitting soldier's grave.
+
+One of the sisterhood, an eye-witness of the event, described the burial
+in the following touching and graphic words:--
+
+"At length it was September, with its lustrous skies and pleasant
+harvest scenes. The city was destroyed, but it was not taken. Would not
+the early autumn, so quickly followed by winter, force the enemy to
+withdraw their fleet? For several days the troops which had been so
+long idle were moving in various directions above and below Quebec, but
+they were watched and every point guarded, but no one dreamed of the
+daring project the intrepid Wolfe was meditating. The silence of the
+night told no tale of the stealthy march of five thousand soldiers. The
+echoes of the high cliff only brought to the listening boatmen the
+necessary password. No rock of the shelving precipice gave way under the
+cat-like tread of the Highlanders accustomed to the crags of their
+native hills, but the morning light glittered on serried rows of British
+bayonets, and in an hour the battle of the Plains changed the destinies
+of New France. The remnant of the French army, after turning many times
+on their pursuers, completely disappeared. Their tents were still
+standing on the Plains of Beauport, but their batteries were silent and
+trenches empty--their guns still pointed, but were mute.
+
+"At nine o'clock in the evening a funeral _cortege_ issuing from the
+castle, wound its way through the dark and obstructed streets to the
+little church of the Ursulines. The measured foot steps of the military
+escort kept time with the heavy tread of the bearers, as the officers of
+the garrison followed the lifeless remains of their illustrious
+commander-in-chief to their last resting place. No martial pomp was
+displayed around that humble bier and rough wooden box, which were all
+the ruined city could afford the body of her defender; but no burial
+rite could be more solemn than that hurried evening service performed by
+torchlight under the war-scarred roof of the Convent, as with tears and
+sighs were chanted the words 'Libera me Domine.'"
+
+Some years ago an Englishman, Lord Aylmer, caused to be placed within
+the convent enclosure a tablet with the words carved in marble:--
+
+          Honneur
+            a
+          Montcalm.
+    Le Destin en lui derobant
+        La Victoire,
+      L'a recompense par
+      Une Mort Glorieuse.
+
+Or, Honor to Montcalm. Fate denied him victory, but rewarded him with a
+glorious death. Byron expresses a similar sentiment when he said:--
+
+    "They never fail who die in a good cause."
+
+On the spot where Wolfe fell has been raised a simple shaft on which is
+written:--
+
+          "Here Wolfe died victorious,
+              Sept. 13th, 1759,
+    In the thirty-fourth year of his age."
+
+The stone which formed his death couch is preserved in its original
+position, but sunk beneath the ground to protect it from the ravages of
+the relic hunter. The column is supported on a pedestal of rocks formed
+of boulders from the scene of the battle, conspicuous among which may be
+seen the actual rock upon which Wolfe was supported when he breathed his
+last. The stones of the monument are strongly cemented together,
+embedded in the solid foundation of rock, and will be as enduring as the
+fame of him whose name it bears.
+
+The well near by, from which the water was brought to allay his thirst,
+was filled up and obliterated some years ago, much to the regret of
+those who venerated the immortal incident connected with it, and which
+placed it among the historic shrines of the world.
+
+[Illustration: Chas Saunders]
+
+Associated with Wolfe, and a sharer in the glory of the capture of
+Quebec, was Charles Saunders, commander of the squadron. By bombarding
+the town, he kept the enemy in a state of constant and anxious alarm,
+at the same time showing wonderful skill in cleverly protecting his
+fleet from disaster; even when threatened by fire-ships sent to destroy
+it, which were grappled by the British sailors and run aground.
+
+Among those who rendered signal service to Admiral Saunders when he
+neared Quebec was the famous navigator, Captain Cook. He was the pilot
+who conducted the boats to the attack at Montmorency on July 31st, 1759,
+and managed the disembarkment at the Heights of Abraham.
+
+The great mariner, while engaged in his celebrated voyages of discovery,
+was murdered by South Sea Islanders at Owhyhee on the 14th of Feby.,
+1779. He had been sent by the British Government to find if the
+discovery of the North-West passage, which seemed impossible by the
+Atlantic, were feasible by the Pacific Ocean; for which purpose he had
+to round the southern part of the entire American Continent. He was on
+the point of abandoning the project and returning home when he met his
+terrible death, "leaving a name unsurpassed for gallantry by any
+sea-faring man of his time."
+
+In the month of October Saunders' fleet dropped silently down the river.
+On one of the ships was the embalmed body of James Wolfe, returning to
+the land he had served so well, but where alas! he would never hear the
+acclamations with which his fellow countrymen, from the palace to the
+cabin, would lay the laurel wreath upon his tomb,--the paths of glory
+had truly led but to the grave!
+
+Saunders on his return was appointed Lieutenant-General of Marine, and
+on taking his seat as a member of the House of Commons received the
+thanks of the Speaker. He became Knight Commander of the Bath, and on
+his death was buried in Westminster Abbey near to the Monument of Wolfe.
+
+Of the regiments to whom England owes the Conquest of Canada, the Scotch
+claim the greatest share of glory. "Hardy sons of mountain and heather,
+they were in fact the flower of the army, the boldest in attack, the
+fiercest at close quarters, the last to retreat at command, and always
+the bravest of the brave in the forefront of England's battles."
+
+The kilted "laddies" from beyond the Grampians, in their "_braw_" plumed
+bonnets, with their war-pipes lilting above the loudest din of war, have
+met some of the fiercest onslaughts singing and stepping to the
+blood-stirring strains of "Scots wha ha'e wi' Wallace bled."
+
+An eye-witness of their march out of Brussels on that beautiful June
+morning in 1815, the dawn of Waterloo, says:
+
+"One could not but admire their fine appearance, their steady military
+demeanour, with their pipes playing before them, and the beams of the
+rising sun shining on their glittering arms." Many of the young officers
+were in the silk stockings and dancing pumps which they wore the night
+before to the Duchess of Richmond's ball, when they laughed:--
+
+    "On with the dance, let joy be unconfined,
+    No sleep till morn when youth and beauty meet,
+    To chase the glowing hours with flying feet."
+
+With swords waving, the pibroch screaming and the "stirring memories of
+a thousand years," they rushed into the stupendous conflict leading the
+"_Forty-twa_" into the field, which the setting of the same sun saw
+drenched through with blood, but marked by deeds which covered with
+glory many a thatched ingle-nook on highland hills and in lowland
+valleys.
+
+After the Conquest of Canada, the Fraser Highlanders with the remains of
+the 42nd were offered grants of land if they chose to remain as
+settlers, a privilege which many of them accepted. Sixteen years
+afterward, when a foreign invasion threatened Canada, they loyally left
+the plough in the furrow and again sprang to arms, to protect their
+altars and firesides.
+
+Among the blue Laurentian hills of the lower St. Lawrence, around their
+simple hearths, their descendants live the placid life of the Canadian
+_habitant_. They bear the old historic names of their Gaelic
+forefathers,--Fraser, Cameron, Blackburn, MacDonald, etc.--but in
+nothing else could it be thought that in their veins runs the blood of
+those who fought at Colloden and Bannockburn. They are as purely French
+in their religion, language and customs, as those whose sires sailed
+from Breton and Norman ports.
+
+The Commandant of Quebec at the time of its fall was the son of Claude
+de Ramezay, the builder of the Chateau of that name. After the
+disastrous battle, Vaudreuil, Governor of Montreal, sent him urgent
+charges to do his utmost to hold out until reinforcements, which were on
+a forced march from Montreal and elsewhere, should arrive to his
+succour; but, the besieged being in the greatest extreme of fright and
+starvation, his force refused to fight. His conduct has been much
+criticized, but one annalist asserts that he was "not the man to shrink
+from danger or death had there been anything but foolhardiness in the
+risk, as he belonged to the good old fighting stock of North
+Britain,"--the race which produced a Wallace and a Bruce. He, however,
+signed the articles of capitulation, as recommended by the Council of
+War summoned, and the British marched in through the iron-spiked
+gates,--when, had he held out only twenty-four hours longer, Canada
+might have been saved for France, as the British could not for any
+length of time have maintained their position on the Plains of Abraham.
+Returning to France, where he was related to several families of the
+Noblesse, who held that "war was the only worthy calling, and prized
+honour more than life," he received so cool a reception at Court that
+his proud spirit, being unable to brook the humiliation, he applied for
+a passport allowing him to return to Canada, but subsequently he
+abandoned the idea of returning to his native land. Had he carried out
+his intention, he might have seen French, English and American flags
+successively wave over the red roof of the Chateau of his boyhood.
+
+To complete the conquest, Montreal was attacked at three different
+points by Generals Amherst, Murray and Haldimand. Arriving within a few
+hours of each other, they camped outside of the old walls of the town.
+Vaudreuil and de Levis tried to oppose them, but with Quebec lost, and
+the only defences a rude citadel and weak walls built to resist Indian
+attack and useless in civilized warfare, they were compelled to
+surrender. A small stone cottage, until quite recently standing in a
+private garden on the mountain side, was used as Amherst's headquarters,
+and in which the articles of capitulation were signed between the
+victorious and vanquished generals.
+
+Among those who entered the town with Amherst was Israel Putnam, a man
+who had been brought into Montreal a year before a prisoner by the
+French. He had great physical strength and decision of character, and
+was absolutely incapable of fear. On the breaking out of the
+Revolutionary War, he entered with zeal into the cause of the colonists,
+and lead them in the battle of Bunker Hill. True to his convictions, he
+refused the large sums of money offered him by the British for his
+services. By the American troops he was lovingly called "Old Put." On
+his tombstone was inscribed:--"He dared to lead where any dared to
+follow."
+
+As the British entered the city by the old Recollet Monastery gate, the
+French retired to _la Citadelle_, a strong wood block house at the other
+end of the town. General Haldimand was the First Englishman to enter
+within the walls, remains of which are still frequently dug up in
+excavating. The oldest Ensign in Amherst's army received the French
+colours, and it is said the keys of the city were given over by a woman,
+but it is recorded with certainty that the fallen foes were treated with
+the greatest consideration and respect, not even the Indian allies being
+permitted to commit a single act of violence. "Amherst commanded the
+principal division, including the 'Black Watch,' or gallant 42nd, which
+has been renowned in military story wherever the British flag has been
+borne to victory for more than a hundred and forty years." At Waterloo,
+Corunna, Alma and Lucknow, in Afghan defiles and Egyptian deserts, they
+were always in the thickest of the fight.
+
+It is said, Pitt, wanting a safe and sure officer to command them, chose
+what he called a stubborn Colonel, who had shown his mettle in Germany,
+and made him Major-General Amherst.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CANADA UNDER ENGLISH RULE.
+
+
+General James Murray, the son of Lord Elibank, was appointed the first
+British Governor of Canada. Previous to the fall of Montreal, de Levis,
+refusing to consider the cause of France lost on the St. Lawrence,
+valiantly resolved on an attack on General Murray at Quebec. The news of
+his advance was conveyed to Murray by a "half-frozen _cannonier_, whom
+the British troops carried up Mountain Hill in a sailor's
+hammock."--April 26th, 1760. Hearing of this unfortunate circumstance,
+which gave up to the enemy his intention of taking him unawares, de
+Levis hurriedly led his men under the walls of the city, where Murray,
+promptly coming out to meet him, the battle of "Ste. Foye" took place,
+when the French this time saw their efforts crowned with success, the
+British having to find a shelter within the walls of the old Citadel.
+The French leader was too weak to operate a regular siege, so remained
+camped on the battle-field, awaiting the reinforcements expected.
+
+[Illustration: De Levis]
+
+One bright sunny morning it was heralded on all sides that a fleet had
+been signalled, and the joy of the French troops knew no bounds; but,
+alas! for them it was found out but too soon that the ships were under
+England's flag. Instead of de Levis receiving the assistance he
+required, it came to the already victorious Briton. It but remained,
+therefore, for him to retire in haste to Montreal, where, being soon
+followed up by the enemy and surrounded on all sides, he had to submit
+to the dictates of fate, as already stated.
+
+He affixed his name to the Articles of Capitulation, with, it is said,
+the document placed against a tree at the head of St. Helen's Island.
+
+De Levis, although blamed for his unsoldierlike act in the destruction
+of his regimental colours, was, nevertheless, a fine specimen of the
+long line of chivalrous nobles, whose names and deeds emblazon French
+chronicles of field and foray since the days when Charlemagne wore his
+iron crown. Deeply chagrined at the refusal of the British to allow the
+garrison to march out with the honours of war, although high-spirited to
+a fault, he humbled himself to pray in writing for the reversal of the
+order. It may have been in the salon of the Chateau that the
+representatives of the two knights stood face to face as suppliant and
+arbiter. Their fathers may have crossed swords at Crecy, when the
+Plantagenet Prince bore off the feathered crest which was to be the
+insignia of all future first-born sons of English kings, or they may
+have tilted with lance and pennon on the Field of the Cloth of Gold; but
+here de Levis, with his petition sternly denied, was forced to retire in
+anger, filled with humiliation at the failure of his intercession.
+
+It may be imagined with what conflicting emotions he entered the
+following words in his journal:--
+
+"The British sent a detachment to _Place d'Armes_ with artillery,
+whither our battalions marched one after another, to lay down their
+arms, and the enemy took possession of the posts and watches of the
+city." As they filed past the Chateau, which was on their line of march,
+many a heavy heart beat beneath the blue coats, and when a few days
+later they embarked with their chief for France, even valour need not
+have been ashamed if tears dimmed the sight of the English colours
+flying from their flag staffs, and the fair land fading from their sight
+forever.
+
+The Chateau de Vaudreuil was then dismantled of its treasures of fine
+china and specimens of the arts revived in what is known as the
+_Renaissance_, when everything that was exquisite in painting,
+sculpture, working in metals, and art in all its forms had received such
+an impetus from the Italian artists whom Louis the Fourteenth gathered
+around his court, as well as from the influence of Madame de Pompadour,
+whose taste, unhappily, far exceeded her morals. It was purchased by
+Chartier de Lotbiniere, and it is pleasant to chronicle that a few years
+ago his direct descendant, M. de Lery Macdonald, while visiting France,
+had the honour of meeting la Comtesse de Clairemont-Tonnerre, the last
+living representative of the De Vaudreuil family, who graciously
+presented to him the "_Croix St. Louis_," which had been bestowed upon
+the first Vaudreuil who held an official position in Canada, which relic
+is now to be seen in the Chateau de Ramezay.
+
+The old fortifications of Ville Marie were planned by a de Lery; he, and
+the military engineer who traced out his campaigns with Bonaparte, and
+whom he called the "_Immortel General_," were members of this family, in
+the possession of which are priceless old tapestries, which were gifts
+from royalty as rewards of diplomatic or personal services.
+
+About a year after the evacuation of Quebec, Murray was sitting in the
+chilliness of an October evening by the chimney meditating. As he gazed
+at the glowing fire of maple logs, he may have fancied that he saw again
+the face of his dead commander, and may have thought of that desperate
+charge outside the gates--of the shouts of victory and cries of
+defeat--where then the only sound to be heard was the wind rustling the
+withered grass that had been dyed red in the blood of so many gallant
+young hearts. The soldier's face may have softened as he thought of the
+old hearthstone among the heather hills, where tales of the Border and
+the traditions of his clan had fired his young soul for the glory of
+conquest.
+
+He was suddenly aroused from his dream by the announcement that two
+warlike frigates were sailing below the cliffs. He hurried to the
+bastion, which commanded the spot, to survey what might portend fresh
+struggles and more bloodshed. But soon a standard was run up to the
+masthead, unfolding to the breeze the flag of England. Immediately from
+the ramparts, where so recently had proudly floated the flag of France,
+an answering signal was shown, and, as the guns roared out a salute to
+the British colours, it was also a farewell honour to the old _Regime_,
+which has passed away forever from Canadian shores.
+
+Of Murray, the first British Governor of Canada, it has been said that,
+in the long roll of unblemished good service, in the record of his
+honourable fidelity to his trust and duty, no passage of his life stands
+out in brighter colours than this period, during which he turned a deaf
+ear to intolerance and the spirit of persecution, and strove to show the
+new subjects of the Crown how truly beneficent, just and good, with all
+its errors, the rule of Great Britain had ever proved to be.
+
+With the Treaty of Paris in 1763 King George III. abolished the French
+laws, substituting for them the English Code in the newly won Dominion;
+later on, however, by the "Quebec Act," they were restored to the
+Canadians.
+
+The members of the _Noblesse_, whose ties compelled their remaining in
+Canada, sent to London to offer fealty to King George, and thus further
+their personal interests.
+
+When the Chevalier de Lery and his wife, the beautiful Louise de
+Brouages, one of the most lovely women of her day, were presented at the
+Court of St. James, the young Sovereign was so struck with her beauty
+that he gallantly exclaimed:--
+
+"If all Canadian ladies resemble her, we have indeed made a conquest."
+
+A French writer of the time says:--
+
+"How can we sufficiently deplore the loss of Canada, with all its
+present value and with all its future hope--a possession of which all
+the difficulties were already overcome, and of which the consequent
+advantages were secure and within reach! That loss might have been
+guarded against--yes, that land consecrated by the blood of a Montcalm,
+a Jumonville, and so many brave Frenchmen who shared their dangers, and
+were united with them in fate--that country honoured with the name of
+New France--that country where we may yet trace her children enjoying
+the manners and customs of their forefathers--that country might yet
+have existed under its rightful princes, if the Cabinet of Versailles
+had known the true position it held--had erected there a new throne and
+had placed upon it a Prince of the Royal Family--it would have ruled
+to-day over that vast region, and preserved the treasures vainly spent
+in its defence."
+
+After the conquest the Chateau de Ramezay was saved from being a mere
+fur-trading post by becoming the city residence of the Baron de
+Longueuil, a Canadian feudal lord, the towers, embattlements and chapel
+of whose castle were visible on the south side of the river. The founder
+of this house, which to-day holds the only hereditary feudal barony of
+Canada, was Charles LeMoyne, who came to Canada in 1642 with
+Maisonneuve. This man was the son of an innkeeper at Dieppe (France),
+who it is alleged was descended from a younger branch of the old Norman
+family of LeMoyne, the head of the house being the Marquis de Longueuil.
+
+Fourteen years after his arrival in Canada, LeMoyne received the
+Seigniory of Longueuil, he having in the meantime amassed a considerable
+fortune in the fur trade.
+
+The eldest son, who was named after his father, was born in 1656, and
+in recognition of his services at a siege of Quebec, and against the
+Iroquois, he was made a Baron of France in 1700 by Louis 14th. The old
+deed of nobility is to this day in an almost perfect condition.
+
+An original sketch of the Chateau de Longueuil, taken after a fire which
+partially destroyed it in 1792, is still in possession of the family.
+The Chateau, or in reality the Castle, was built by the first Baron in
+1699, and for nearly a hundred years sheltered the family of LeMoyne.
+
+It stood partly on the ground now occupied by the front of the present
+parish church of Longueuil, and partly across the highway, at a corner
+of the Chambly road. The north-west tower was located as late as 1835,
+but was covered with earth by the excavation for the new church. The
+Chateau, comprising the chapel, was 210 by 170 feet, and was constructed
+in the strongest possible manner of stones which were gathered by the
+river bank. The building was two storeys in height all around, and was
+flanked by four towers with conical tops. There were high gables over
+the building, and in the centre a court. On the river-side front it was
+loop-holed for defence, and it was here that the retainers came in time
+of trouble. On the west side was the chapel, which was large and
+extensive.
+
+After the fire it was never again occupied, and later on the stone work
+went to help make the present roadway, as had been the fate of many an
+Italian palace and temple of Greece. The family gave the land where the
+present church stands, and they also built the first church, with vaults
+below. This was done on condition that the family should all be buried
+there, and so far this has been carried out. The barony was once very
+extensive, taking in a territory of about one hundred and fifty square
+miles, including St. Helen's Island, upon which may still be recognized
+the ruins of the residence which stood on the eastern side of it, Capt.
+Grant and his wife, Madame de Baronne de Longueuil, having lived there
+for some time.
+
+Fort Senneville, an interesting ruin, at the western end of Montreal
+Island, and which was destroyed by Benedict Arnold at the invasion of
+Canada, during the American Revolution, was erected by the Le Ber
+family, which was closely allied to that of LeMoyne, and was enobled at
+the same time as the latter. The fort was intended for a fortified
+fur-trading post.
+
+In 1880 the seventh Baron claimed royal recognition from the English
+Crown of his title to the old French Barony, which Queen Victoria was
+graciously pleased to recognize. The de Longueuil family was always
+generously treated by royalty, and on the Richelieu river are several
+Seigniories which have been granted to members of it. On the same side
+of the river St. Lawrence, but a considerable distance inland, is the
+pretty town of Iberville. It is named after LeMoyne d'Iberville, a
+member of this family, who, with his seven brothers, took their several
+names from their seigniories, and were all distinguished for daring and
+ambition in all the perilous adventures of New France in their day.
+
+[Illustration: Le Moyne D'Iberville]
+
+In the Indian village of Caughnawaga, situated near the Lachine Rapids,
+is the half-ruined Curial House, if it may be so called, of the early
+historian, the Jesuit Charlevoix. Like all French travellers of that
+period, he had his visions of reaching the Pacific coast, which,
+although never realized, yet he was a celebrated explorer and an
+accurate and painstaking writer. His "_Histoire Generale de la Nouvelle
+France_" is a valuable and authentic history of the period it covers,
+and is looked upon as one of the most reliable authorities to-day.
+
+In this thrifty hamlet, clustering around the church, under whose
+steeple worship the remnants of the once fierce and dreaded Iroquois,
+are the last of their race. They are adroit in the use of the canoe, and
+for many years have acted as pilots for the St. Lawrence steamers in the
+perilous navigation of the Rapids. The squaws are skilful in the bead
+work so dear to the savage heart, and form picturesque groups in
+blankets and moccasins exposing their wares for sale in the railway
+stations.
+
+About ten years after the British occupation, the Chateau de Ramezay
+fell again into government hands, being selected as the official
+residence. One of those who frequently crossed its threshold at this
+period was General Thomas Gage, second in command under Sir Jeffrey
+Amherst.
+
+He was the first British Governor of Montreal, and the last of
+Massachusetts, and was remarkable for his doughty deeds during the
+American Revolution. And then in these rooms, where so often had
+sparkled French wit and wine, high-born English dames held sway, with
+the grand manners and stately dances of Queen Charlotte's Drawing Rooms
+at Windsor Castle. These doors were none too large for the extended
+skirts and towering head-dresses, some of which had satin cushions large
+enough to have had the family coat of arms painted on them, and yet had
+room to spare. The ladies naturally followed the fashions set by the
+Queen, who was exceedingly fond of display in dress, and had an oriental
+love for gems. A description of one of her toilettes has come down to
+us, which was almost barbaric in its profusion of ornaments. At the
+first Drawing Room held after King George's recovery from a dangerous
+illness, she "fairly glittered in a blaze of diamonds. Around her neck
+was a double row of these gems, to which was suspended a medallion.
+Across her shoulders were festooned three rows of costly pearls, and the
+portrait of the King was hung upon the back of her skirt from five rows
+of brilliants, producing a gorgeous effect. The tippet was of fine lace,
+fastened with the letter G. in diamonds of immense size and value, and
+in Her Majesty's hair was--'God save the King,' in letters formed of the
+same costly gems."
+
+[Illustration: THE MINUET--QUEEN OF SWORDS.]
+
+Under her sovereignty the guttural Anglo-Saxon tongue was heard in the
+homes and on the streets mingling with the mellifluent French, and the
+liturgy of Westminster Abbey was solemnized side by side with the ritual
+of St. Peter's in the hush of Sabbaths, after the din and clamour of war
+had ceased, and quiet once more reigned in the grey old town.
+
+As memorials of those days of strife, carnage and conquest, some
+Canadian names have taken root in British soil. Gen. James Murray chose
+the name of Beauport for his country seat, and that of the Earls of
+Amherst, among the hop gardens and rose hedges of Kent, bears the name
+of Montreal, Amherst having been created Baron of Montreal.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN INVASION.
+
+
+In the year 1775, when the thirteen American Colonies had risen in arms
+against the Motherland, it was to be expected that they would desire to
+have the assistance of those north of the forty-ninth parallel. Being so
+recently laid under British allegiance, it was supposed there would be
+much sympathy for the young cause in the Canadian Colonies. But, whether
+the treaty which had been made had been considered gracious in its
+terms, or that the horrible memories of war had not had time to die
+away, or from a combination of causes, the French-English provinces
+refused to take up the Colonial grievances. To compel them to do this,
+an expedition, consisting of Col. Ethan Allen and his "Green Mountain
+Boys," was detached against Montreal. Arriving on the opposite bank of
+the river, just below the town, with about one hundred and fifty men, he
+crossed over from Longueuil and reached the eastern suburbs at about
+ten o'clock p.m., when he proceeded to billet his men in private houses.
+That was before the days of telephones, so it was some time before the
+news reached the city and the gates were closed. The rash project of so
+small a force attempting to beleaguer a walled town of fourteen thousand
+inhabitants could have but one outcome, and it resulted in the capture
+of Ethan Allen. He was brought in through the Quebec Gate, or _Porte St.
+Martin_, sent to England and lodged in Pendennis Castle, where he could
+hear the moan of the wide sea that separated him from the land he loved
+and longed to fight for.
+
+But the expedition was not abandoned on account of this repulse, for
+soon General Montgomery appeared. Rattray describes Montgomery as a
+brave officer of generous and exemplary character. He was an Irishman, a
+lieutenant in the 17th Foot, but resigned his commission in the year
+1772, owing, it is said, to some grievance connected with promotion;
+when he settled and married in the State of New York. Crossing the
+Canadian lines he captured Forts St. Jean and Chambly, the latter a
+stone fortress on the site of a post built by Tracey's men, and thus he
+became possessed of ammunition and other military stores of which he
+stood in need. The French-Canadian _Noblesse_ were the first to offer to
+defend the country against the invader, but Sir Guy Carleton,
+Commander-in-Chief of the forces, being without sufficient troops to
+successfully resist attack at this point, determined to retire to Quebec
+and make a resolute stand within its walls. He therefore dismissed to
+their homes the Canadians under arms, spiked the cannon and burned the
+_bateaux_ he could not use. Three armed sloops were loaded with
+provisions and baggage to be ready for emergency. He felt it was a point
+of honour to remain at Montreal as long as possible, but it was of the
+utmost importance to the cause that his person should not fall into the
+hands of the enemy. He therefore remained until news arrived that the
+Americans had landed on a small island in the river, a short distance
+above the city, now called Nun's Island, and then hurried arrangements
+were made for his departure. As he left the Chateau, passing out of the
+main entrance and down the path that led to the river, he was followed
+by groups of friends and citizens, whose sad countenances evinced their
+forebodings of the future. The historian Bouchette, whose father was one
+of those in attendance on the Commander, relates the incidents of the
+perilous and momentous journey in the following words:--
+
+[Illustration: FORT CHAMBLY,
+
+Near Montreal, captured by the Continental Army, under Gen. Montgomery,
+in 1775.]
+
+"It was through the intrepidity of a party of Canadian boatmen that the
+Governor of the country was enabled, after escaping the most critical
+perils, to reach the Capital of the Province, where his arrival is well
+known to have prevented the capitulation of Quebec and the surrender of
+the country. In reverting to the history of the Revolutionary contest,
+no event will be found more strikingly illustrative of the extraordinary
+chances of war than the perilous, though fortunate, adventure of the
+Commander-in-Chief of the army in Canada, whose descent by water from
+Montreal to Quebec was effected with safety in the very teeth of
+danger. The shores of the St. Lawrence for upwards of fifty miles below
+the city were possessed by the enemy, who had constructed armed rafts
+and floating batteries at the junction of the Sorel with the St.
+Lawrence, to cut off communication with the Capital. Upon the successful
+issue of so hazardous an attempt depended the preservation of Canada,
+and the taking of General Carleton, which appeared nearly certain, would
+have rendered its fate inevitable; but the happy arrival of the Governor
+at Quebec at so critical a juncture, and the well-advised and active
+steps which he immediately adopted, secured to Britain a footing in that
+beautiful portion of America which circumstances threatened to forever
+deny her. A clandestine escape from the surrounding enemy was the only
+alternative left, and an experienced officer, distinguished for his
+intrepidity and courage, was immediately sent for to concert measures
+for the General's precipitate departure. Captain Bouchette, the officer
+selected for this purpose, then in command of an armed vessel in the
+harbour, and who was styled the 'wild pigeon' on account of the celerity
+of his movements, zealously assumed the responsible duty assigned him,
+suggesting at the same time the absolute necessity of the General's
+disguise in the costume of a Canadian peasant fisherman. This was deemed
+prudent as increasing the chances of escape, if, as seemed probable,
+they should fall in with the enemy, whose gun-boats, chiefly captures,
+were cruising in various parts of the river.
+
+"It was a dark and damp night in November, a light skiff with muffled
+paddles, manned by a few chosen men, provisioned with three biscuits
+each, lay alongside the waiting vessel." Under cover of the night, the
+disguised Governor embarked, attended by an orderly sergeant, and his
+devoted Aide-de-Camp, Charles Terieu de la Perade, Sieur de Lanaudiere,
+Seigneur de Ste. Anne, and a lineal descendant of de Ramezay. The skiff
+silently pushed off, the Captain frequently communicating his orders in
+a preconcerted manner by silently touching the shoulder or head of the
+man next to him, who passed on the signal to the one nearest, and so on.
+"Their perplexity increased as they approached the Berthier Islands,
+from the knowledge that the enemy had taken up strong positions at this
+point, especially in the islands which commanded the channel on the
+south-west of Lake St. Peter, which compelled their adoption of the
+other to the northward, although the alternative seemed equally fraught
+with peril, as the American troops were encamped on the banks. The most
+eminent danger they experienced was passing through the 'Narrows' at
+Berthier, the shores of which were lined by American bivouacs, whose
+blazing fires, reflecting far out on the surface of the waters, obliged
+them to stoop, cease paddling and allow themselves to drift down with
+the current, imitating the appearance of drifting timber frequently seen
+in the St. Lawrence. So near did they approach, that the Sentinel's
+exulting shout of 'All's well' occasionally broke upon the awful
+stillness of the night. Their perilous situation was increased by the
+constant barking of dogs that seemed to threaten them with discovery. It
+evidently required the greatest prudence and good fortune to escape the
+vigilance of an enemy thus stationed. The descent was, however, happily
+made by impelling the skiff smoothly along the water, and paddling with
+the hands for a distance of nine miles. After ascertaining that the
+enemy had not yet occupied Three Rivers (a point half way to Quebec),
+they repaired thither to recruit from their fatigue, when the whole
+party narrowly escaped being made prisoners by a detachment of the
+American Army which was then entering the town. Overcome by exhaustion,
+the General leaned over a table in an inner room and fell asleep. The
+clang of arms was presently heard in the outer passage, and soon
+afterward American soldiers filled the adjoining apartment to that in
+which the General himself was, but his disguise proved his preservation.
+Captain Bouchette, with peculiar self-possession and affected
+listlessness, walked up to the Governor, and with the greatest
+familiarity beckoned him away, at the same time apprising him of the
+threatened danger. Passing through the midst of the heedless guards, and
+hastening to the beach, they moved oft precipitately in the skiff and
+reached unmolested the foot of the Richelieu Rapids, where an armed brig
+was fortunately found lying at anchor, which on their arrival
+immediately set sail with a favouring breeze for Quebec.
+
+Arrived at the Citadel, they proceeded to the Chateau St. Louis, where
+the important services just rendered the country were generously
+acknowledged."
+
+[Illustration: Lanaudiere]
+
+It is remarkable that the man who shared so largely in the risk involved
+in this dramatic scene should have been a Frenchman, Carleton's
+Aide-de-camp. Between him and his Chief a warm attachment continued to
+exist until the end of their lives, an uninterrupted correspondence
+being kept up between this noble soldier, Charles Terieu de Lanaudiere
+and Lord Dorchester, after the latter with the title bestowed upon him
+for his success on this occasion had retired from active service in the
+colonies. De Lanaudiere's career was a remarkable one. He began with the
+rank of Lieutenant in the Regiment de la Sarre, and was wounded in the
+battle of Ste. Foye. He was afterwards received with royal favour by
+King George the Third, being present at the state dinner when His
+Majesty with the dignity which he knew how to assume when the occasion
+required, rang for the carriage of his sometime favourite, the
+fastidious Beau Brummel, who had presumed on his august good nature by
+undue familiarity.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE CONTINENTAL ARMY IN CANADA.
+
+
+On the Sunday following Sir Guy Carleton's departure from Montreal, as
+the people were proceeding to church, they were thrown into a state of
+great alarm by the tidings of the landing of Montgomery's force on the
+Island of Montreal itself, at the spot where now the great Victoria
+Bridge springs from the shore, this densely-packed manufacturing
+district being then swamps and meadows. There was no hope of attempting
+defence under the circumstances, so both French and English, represented
+by an important committee of the foremost inhabitants of the town,
+headed by Col. Pierre Guy, entered into terms with Montgomery respecting
+persons and property. At nine o'clock in the morning, Nov. 13, 1775, the
+American troops marched in through the same gate by which Amherst had
+entered sixteen years before. Just inside the walls was the most
+sumptuous private dwelling in the city, called the Chateau Fortier. Its
+walls were hung with beautiful tapestries wrought in historical scenes,
+and its rooms were elegantly furnished and elaborately wainscotted. This
+old house still stands among the tall, business blocks, strong yet as a
+fortress, with high tin roof and deep windows and doors. It is now used
+as a tavern, but even this does not spoil the charm of its unique
+exterior, which still remains unchanged since the winter of 1775, when
+Montgomery and his officers held their mess here, and the descendants of
+the Puritans changed the character of the French chateau, as Oliver
+Cromwell and his "Roundheads," a century before, altered that of the
+English palace of Whitehall.
+
+[Illustration: CHATEAU FORTIER.
+
+Where Montgomery and his officers held their mess in the winter of 1775.
+
+COPYRIGHT.]
+
+Little or nothing is known of what happened in Montreal during the
+autumn of 1775, when the Army of Congress held possession of the town.
+There may, and doubtless were, some sympathizers in the city who
+frequented the Chateau Fortier, but the loyalists avoided its vicinity
+as much as policy permitted. The French and English ladies looked
+askance at the American soldiers, and if a town, invested by an enemy,
+indulged in any form of merriment, it is probable that no invitation was
+ever addressed to General Montgomery or Brigadier-General Wooster. In
+their rounds of the town it may have been that glimpses of home
+gatherings in the firelight may have given to these men of war many a
+twinge of homesickness for hearths across the border, where women who
+had been clad in satin and brocade sat spinning homespun, and were
+content to drink spring water from the hills, while the tea they had
+loved to sip in their Colonial drawing-rooms was floating about the
+Boston beaches. If the Boys in blue and buff encountered any of the
+Montreal maidens in their walks by the river, or glanced at them as they
+passed through the gates to wander in the maple woods around, the
+English girls passed them haughtily with a cold disdain in their blue
+eyes, and the French demoiselles flashed a fine scorn from the depths of
+their dark orbs, which wounded as keenly as a thrust of steel.
+
+Events followed each other so rapidly across the line that Montgomery,
+tired of inaction, resolved to carry out before the year ended his
+cherished plan of making an assault on Quebec, and proceeded to join
+Arnold's men, who, half-famished and in rags, had arrived outside that
+city's walls.
+
+Arnold, who was born at Norwich, Connecticut, Jan. 14, 1741, was, it is
+said, a very handsome man, but his character was a striking combination
+of contradictory qualities, and his career marked by extremes. He was
+the bearer of a letter from General Washington to the Canadians, in
+which was written: "We have taken up arms in defence of our liberty, our
+property, our wives and our children. The Grand American Congress has
+sent an army into your province, not to plunder but to protect you. To
+co-operate with this design I have detached Col. Arnold into your
+country, with a part of the Army under my command. Come then, ye
+generous citizens, range yourselves under the standard of general
+liberty, against which all the force of artifice and tyranny will never
+be able to prevail."
+
+Arnold with his two regiments, numbering together about eleven hundred
+men, had left Boston in the month of September, with the fixed intention
+of penetrating the unbroken wilderness which lay between the two cities.
+On the twenty-second of the month he embarked with his troops on the
+Kennebec River, in two hundred _batteaux_, and notwithstanding "all the
+natural impediments, the ascent of the rapid streams, interrupted by
+frequent _portages_, through thick woods and swamps, in spite of
+accidents, the desertion of one-third of their number, difficulties and
+privations so great as on one occasion to compel them to kill their dogs
+for sustenance;" after thirty-two days of the perils of this wilderness
+march they came in sight of the first settlement near Quebec.
+
+About a week later, when darkness had fallen along the river shores and
+lights twinkled from the little dwellings of the lower town on the
+opposite bank, they embarked in canoes for a silent passage across, and
+arrived early in the morning at Wolfe's Cove, where, sixteen years
+before, a similar landing had been effected, with the same purpose in
+view of assaulting the garrison in the seemingly impregnable fortress.
+For weeks the blockade was maintained, the American troops being
+established in every house near the walls, more especially in the
+vicinity of the Intendant's Palace, which once had been gorgeous with
+the prodigal luxury and magnificence for which this old Chateau had been
+notorious. The roughly-shod New England soldiers tramped through the
+rooms and up the noble staircases on which ladies of fashion had glided
+when the infamous Intendant Bigot had disgraced his King and office by
+his profligacies. These men, establishing themselves in the cupola,
+found it an excellent vantage point to fire upon and annoy the sentries
+on guard.
+
+On the 5th of December General Montgomery arrived with his troops from
+Montreal and joined Arnold. "They sent a flag of truce to General
+Carleton, who utterly disregarded it, declaring that he would not have
+any communication with rebels unless they came to claim the King's
+mercy."
+
+General Montgomery, realizing that it was impossible to carry on a
+regular siege, with neither the engineers nor artillery requisite for
+the purpose, determined upon a night attack. This intention became known
+to the garrison, and the most careful precautions were taken against
+surprise. For several days those on duty and in responsible positions
+observed the strictest vigilance, even sleeping in their clothes, with
+their arms within reach, to be ready for the slightest alarm. The report
+reached the garrison that Montgomery had said that he would dine within
+the walls on Christmas Day, and he certainly seemed to consider himself
+sure of victory.
+
+Arnold's communications to Carleton has been treated with contempt, no
+parley being entered into nor conditions considered. Montgomery tried
+various expedients to have his messages received, but without success,
+until an old woman was found willing to carry them in. On her errand
+becoming known, she was arrested, imprisoned for a few hours and then
+drummed out of the city, thus receiving the most disgraceful dismissal
+possible in military discipline. The two letters of which she was the
+bearer were directed, one to Carleton and the other to the citizens.
+
+That to the Governor read:--
+
+"I am at the head of troops accustomed to success, confident of the
+righteousness of the cause they are engaged in and inured to danger."
+
+To the people his words were:--
+
+"My friends and fellow subjects, 'tis with the utmost compunction I find
+myself reduced to measures which may overwhelm you with distress. The
+city in flames at this severe season, a general attack on your wretched
+works, defended by a more wretched garrison, the confusion, carnage and
+plunder which must be the consequence of such an attack, fill me with
+horror! Let me entreat you to use your endeavours to procure my
+peaceable admission. I have not the reproach to make my own conscience
+that I have not warned you of your danger."
+
+Montgomery, waiting for a night of unusual darkness, during which he
+hoped to place his ladders against the barriers unnoticed by the guards,
+found the 31st of December suited to his purpose. On the last day of the
+year, when in Boston, New York and other American towns, family
+re-unions and festive gatherings were taking place, as far as the
+disturbed state of the country permitted, in a blinding snow-storm,
+poorly-clad, but resolute, these troops stood in line of battle, waiting
+for the word of command through the dreary hours of that night, in which
+every belfry in New England was chiming out the dawn of the New Year,
+which was to be the greatest in the Republic's history--1776--the birth
+year of the nation.
+
+At four o'clock in the morning two rockets glared redly to the sky, and
+were immediately responded to by answering signals, which were observed
+from the ramparts. The solitary sentinel on St. John's Bastion reported
+an armed body of men approaching. It was a feint to distract attention
+from the point where Montgomery was to make the attack.
+
+The tidings spread that the riflemen of New England were at the gates;
+the peaceable denizens of the town were startled with the cry of "To
+arms! To arms!" from officers hastening through the streets. The pickets
+in the Recollet Convent hurriedly gathered--the church bells clanged out
+the alarm for the troops to march at once to their posts, while drums
+beat and muskets rattled.
+
+    "Ah! then and there was hurrying to and fro,
+      And gathering tears and tremblings of distress,
+    And cheeks all pale--and whispering with white lips,
+      'The foe! They come, they come!'"
+
+Lights glimmered from the frost-covered casements as fearful mothers
+tried to still the cries of their children, frightened with the unusual
+clamour. Hands were rung and tearful farewells taken of those whose duty
+called them out, with no certainty of return, for
+
+    "Who could guess if ever more should meet those mutual eyes?"
+
+Arnold's men rushed at the barricades in Sault-au-Matelot st., with the
+words "Victory or Death" stuck in their hats, while Montgomery
+approached by a path known as "Pres-de-Ville." It was extremely narrow,
+and obstructed with blocks of ice and snow-drifts. It was in the
+neighbourhood of where now are the wharves of the Allan Line Steamship
+Co.
+
+In the narrowest part the Americans marched slowly and cautiously. They
+passed the outer barrier without resistance and approached the inner,
+commanded by Dambourges. All was apparently unwarned and silent, but it
+was not deserted. Within was a masked battery of only a few
+three-pounders, with a little band of Canadians, eight British Militia
+and nine seamen to work the guns. The force advanced to within thirty
+yards, with Montgomery in front. Beside a gun, which pointed directly
+down their path, Sergeant Hugh McQuarters stood ready, the match in his
+hand lighted to send the deadly missile at the advancing column.
+
+A quick movement--a flash--a dull boom--and the fearless leader of the
+assault fell dead, with twelve others, including his secretary and
+aide-de-camp--Arnold, his lieutenant, being wounded, and thus ended the
+fifth and last siege of Quebec.
+
+It was well for Quebec that her gates that night were not thrown open to
+the sack of troops, among which was Aaron Burr, who had accompanied
+Arnold's command. These two men were possessed of less moral character
+than any who were connected with the Revolutionary struggle. Arnold was
+a strange mixture of bravery and treachery, generosity and rapacity,
+courage and petty spite. This arch-traitor subsequently offered to sell
+West Point to the British for $30,000, then took service among his
+country's foes, and returned to pillage and ravage his former comrades.
+Aaron Burr, though descended from generations of clergymen, among whom
+was the saintly and learned Jonathan Edwards, was guilty of murder,
+treason, and every other vice by which a man could become notorious, his
+whole career leaving dishonour, blasting, misery and death, like the
+trail of a venomous serpent, behind him.
+
+Governor Carleton, being desirous of ascertaining the certainty of
+Montgomery's fate, sent an aide-de-camp to enquire if any of the
+American prisoners would identify the body. A field officer, who had
+commanded in Arnold's Division, consented to perform the sad office. He
+followed the aide-de-camp to the Pres-de-Ville guard, and singled out
+from among the other bodies his General's remains, by the side of which
+lay his sword, at the same time pronouncing with the deepest emotion a
+glowing eulogium of the worth and character of him who, frozen stiff
+and cold, had been found half buried in his winding-sheet--a Canadian
+snow-drift. Deeply impressed by the scene and circumstances, Sir Guy
+Carleton ordered that his late enemy be interred in the foreign soil
+with the glory of martial, burial honours. In the Chateau Museum may be
+seen a sword which was picked up in the morning after Montgomery's
+repulse. It is in a good state of preservation, much care evidently
+having since been bestowed upon it.
+
+[Illustration: SIR GUY CARLETON]
+
+"Of these five sieges, in the years 1629, 1690, 1759, 1760 and 1775,
+none were pushed with more spirit and apparent prospects of success than
+this blockade of the city by the two armies sent by Congress in the
+autumn of 1775, under the advice of the illustrious General George
+Washington; and, had there been a governor less firm, less wise and less
+conciliating than Sir Guy Carleton, the Star-Spangled Banner would now
+be floating from Cape Diamond.
+
+Fort after fort, town after town, Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Saint John,
+Chambly, Montreal, Sorel and Three Rivers, had hoisted the white emblem
+of surrender, but there still streamed to the breeze the banner of St.
+George on the Citadel. With the black flag of rebellion over the suburbs
+and the American riflemen of undisputed courage and determination
+thundering at the gates, never had a brave little garrison to contend
+against greater odds, nor leader to accept a more unequal contest, no
+help from Britain being possible."
+
+"When news reached Congress that the assault on Quebec had failed; that
+Montgomery had been left dead on the snowy heights, and Arnold had been
+borne from the field; that cold, hunger and small-pox were wasting the
+army, and that discipline was forgotten, the expedient was resorted to
+of appointing commissioners to go to Montreal to confer with Arnold, and
+arrange a plan for the rectification of Canadian affairs."
+
+They were received by General Arnold in the most polite manner,
+conducted to the Chateau de Ramezay, the headquarters of the Continental
+Army, where a "genteel" company of ladies and gentlemen had assembled to
+welcome them, after which they supped with Arnold, probably in the
+dining-room adjoining the _Salon_.
+
+In a vaulted cellar next to the subterranean kitchens and dungeons,
+Benjamin Franklin set up his printing press, the first in the city, and
+with it issued manifestoes to the people, to try and induce them to join
+in rebellion, and send delegates to the Congress at Philadelphia.
+
+[Illustration: COPYRIGHT.
+
+Vault in which Benjamin Franklin set up his printing press, 1775.]
+
+The instructions given to Franklin and the other members of the
+commission directed them to extend to the Canadians, "whom the Americans
+regarded as brothers," the means of assuring their own independence.
+They were also to demonstrate to the people of Canada the necessity of
+adopting decisive and prompt measures for coming under the protection of
+the American confederation.
+
+Through the doors of the Chateau then entered Chase, Carroll, of
+Carrolltown (who was expected to have influence with the French people,
+and especially with the clergy), and others great in the young American
+Commonwealth's struggle for freedom. From the antiquated ovens,
+doubtless the brown bread and baked beans of New England succeeded the
+roast beef of Old England, and the _entrees_, _fricassees_ and _pates_
+of the French _cuisine_.
+
+In the gloom of this chamber Franklin no doubt uttered some of his wise
+sayings, gems of philosophy, which in his "Poor Richard's Almanac" had
+for years been familiar in every chimney corner of New England.
+
+[Illustration: Franklin]
+
+In the _Montreal Gazette_, which is still in circulation, the present
+voluminous and influential journalism of the Metropolis of the Dominion
+had here its origin in the setting up of this old hand printing-press,
+similar to if not the same which is now preserved in the Patent Office
+at Washington. For it Franklin sometimes made his own type and ink,
+engraved the wood cuts, and even carried in a wheelbarrow through the
+streets of Philadelphia the white paper required for the printing of his
+paper, the _Pennsylvania Gazette_. It is now called the _Saturday
+Evening Post_, and has about it a certain quaintness and originality
+suggestive of the great mind which gave such an impetus to the American
+and Canadian press of over a century ago.
+
+"For nearly one hundred and seventy years there has been hardly a week,
+except only when a British army held Philadelphia, when this paper has
+not been sent to press regularly."
+
+His identification with the history of letters in the United States and
+Canada was an epoch in the development of both. In the great army of
+newsboys in America Franklin was the first; he was also the first editor
+of a monthly magazine in the country, his having on its title page the
+Prince of Wales' Feathers, with the motto: 'Ich Dien.'
+
+"He has never been surpassed in the editorial faculty, at the same time
+being apt as compositor, pressman, verse-maker, compiler and reporter;
+but as adviser, satirist and humorist he was perhaps at his best. His
+one and two line bits of comment and wisdom were models of pithiness,
+and few writers have equalled him in masterly skill in argument. He is
+spoken of by David Hume as the first great man of letters to whom
+England was beholden to America."
+
+In addition to these qualifications, he founded the Library of
+Philadelphia, the American post-office system, made several valuable
+inventions for the improvement of heating, was the first to call
+practical attention to ventilation, and to attempt experiment with
+electricity. "He founded the American Philosophical Society, and led to
+the foundation of the High School system in the State of Pennsylvania,
+assisted in opening its first hospital, and helped to defend the city
+against an attack of Indians. He was a leading factor in securing the
+union and independence of the Colonies, being the principal mover in the
+repeal of the Stamp Act." He made valuable meteorological discoveries,
+improved navigation, and was an earnest advocate of the abolition of
+slavery; so that in sending Benjamin Franklin to Canada at this critical
+juncture, she was compelled to hold to her political convictions against
+one of the intellectual giants of the day. On discovering the patriotic
+obstinacy of the Canadians, he wrote to Congress, saying:--
+
+"We are afraid that it will not be in our power to render our country
+any further service in this colony."
+
+Perceiving the hopelessness of the situation, and that not even his
+matchless logic could win sympathy in his project, he left Montreal on
+May 11, and thus ended the efforts to coerce Canada into a struggle
+which was to try so sorely the energy and fortitude of the thirteen
+colonies--efforts which had cost them the life of one of their greatest
+generals--Richard Montgomery.
+
+Franklin, when leaving, had under his escort some ladies who were
+returning to the United States. Of one of these he wrote to Congress,
+saying:--
+
+"We left Mrs. Walker and her husband at Albany. They took such liberties
+in taunting us at our conduct in Canada that it came almost to a
+quarrel. We parted civilly, but coldly. I think they both have an
+excellent talent for making enemies, and I believe where they live they
+will never be long without them!"
+
+Charles Carroll, who was associated with Franklin in trying to obtain
+the concurrence of the Canadians in revolt, was of a family which had
+always stood at the head of the colonial aristocracy, and which had
+owned the most ample estate in the country. His character was mild and
+pleasing, his deportment correct and faultless. By his eloquence
+everyone was charmed, and many were persuaded, but even his great and
+subtle powers in argument were abortive here. Through his daughter,
+Polly Carroll, he became associated afterwards with the most dignified
+circles of the British aristocracy. In the year 1809 two of his
+grand-daughters were celebrated beauties in the most exclusive social
+circles of Washington and Baltimore. The eldest, during a tour with her
+husband through Europe, formed a warm friendship with Sir Arthur
+Wellesley, afterwards the great Duke of Wellington. On becoming a widow
+and returning to London, he introduced her to his elder brother, the
+Marquis of Wellesley, whose wife she subsequently became. Her younger
+sister married Colonel Hervey, who acted as aide-de-camp to the hero of
+Waterloo on that momentous occasion. This family, therefore, was closely
+identified with that great struggle between the two nations who had
+fought on Canadian soil a few years before Carroll set foot upon it.
+
+During the first Presidential court, many distinguished Frenchmen came
+to America; some in official capacities, others from curiosity, and many
+were driven into forced or voluntary exile by the French Revolution.
+Among these were M. de Talleyrand, the exiled Bishop of Autun, the Duke
+de Liancourt, the Duke de la Rochefoucauld, Louis Philippe d'Orleans and
+his two brothers, the Duke de Montpensier and the Count de Beaujolais.
+
+Louis Philippe lodged in a single room over a barber's shop in
+Philadelphia. On one occasion, when entertaining some friends at dinner,
+he apologized with a courtly grace for seating one-half his guests on
+the side of a bed, saying he had himself occupied less comfortable
+places without the consolation of an agreeable company.
+
+The exiled Prince fell in love with the beautiful Miss Bingham, the
+reigning belle of the city. On her royal suitor's asking her fair hand
+from her father, the American citizen declined the alliance with the
+French Prince, saying to him:--"Should you ever be restored to your
+hereditary position you will be too great a match for her; if not, she
+is too great a match for you."
+
+[Illustration: Rich Montgomery]
+
+One year from the fall of Montgomery, the event was celebrated by
+special religious services and social functions in Quebec, the city he
+had never succeeded in entering. "At nine o'clock grand mass was
+celebrated by the Bishop in the Cathedral. On this occasion those who
+had shown sympathy with the Congress troops had to perform public
+penance. The officers of the garrison and the militia, with the British
+inhabitants, met at 10 o'clock, waited upon Carleton, and then
+proceeded to the English Church. After the service a parade took place
+when a _feu de joie_ was fired. Carleton himself gave a dinner to sixty
+people, and a public _fete_ was given at seven o'clock, which ended with
+a ball."
+
+About fifty years later, at Montgomery Place, on the banks of the
+Hudson, an aged face, with eyes dimmed with the tears of long years of
+waiting, looked sadly at the vessel that was bringing back to her the
+dust of her young soldier husband, which had so long lain in the gorge,
+near the fatal bastion. Forty-three years before, he had buckled on his
+sword to fight for what he considered a righteous cause, at the command
+of his leader, Washington. Expecting a speedy return, he marched away as
+she listened to the drum beats growing fainter and fainter in the
+distance, and, after half a century had passed, he was still to her the
+young soldier in his brave, blue coat, who had kissed her for that long
+farewell. All that is left on Canadian soil to recall this gallant
+though luckless soldier is the low-ceiled cottage where his body was
+laid out, a small tablet on the precipice, which reads, "Here Montgomery
+fell, 1775," and another of white marble, in the courtyard of the
+military prison in the Citadel, recently erected by two patriotic
+American girls in memory of the volunteers who fell with him.
+
+One hundred New Year's Eves came and passed away, and, on Dec. 31st,
+1875,
+
+    "There was a sound of revelry by night,
+      And Canada's Capital had gathered there
+    Her beauty and her chivalry, and bright
+      The lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men."
+
+It was with no desire to re-kindle the rancours and strifes of that
+distant period, but to properly celebrate an event of such importance,
+and commemorate that night of blustering storm, gallant attack and sore
+defeat a century before, that the Centennial Montgomery Ball was given.
+Soldiers and citizens, in the costumes of 1775, some in the identical
+dress worn by their ancestors in that memorable repulse; and the ladies
+in toilettes of the same period, received their guests as they entered
+the ball-room, the approaches to which were tastefully decorated. "Half
+way between the dancing and receiving rooms was a grand, double
+staircase, the sides of which were draped with the white and golden
+lilies of France, our Dominion Ensign, and the Stars and Stripes of the
+neighbouring Republic. On the other side of the broad steps were stacks
+of arms and warlike implements. Facing the guests as they ascended the
+stairs, among the huge banners which fell gracefully about the dark
+musketry, and parted to right and left above the drums and trumpets,
+there hung from the centre a red and black pennant--the American colours
+of 1775. Immediately underneath was the escutcheon of the United States,
+on which, heavily craped, was suspended the hero's sword--the weapon by
+which, one hundred years before, the dead, but honoured and revered hero
+had beckoned on his men, and which only left his hand when he like 'a
+soldier fell.'
+
+"Underneath the kindly tribute to the dead General were the solemn
+prayerful initials of _Requiescat in Pace_.
+
+"At the foot of the trophy were piled two sets of old flint-lock muskets
+and accoutrements, and in the centre a brass cannon, which was captured
+from the Americans in 1775, and which bore the 'Lone Star' and the
+figure of an Indian--the Arms of the State of Massachusetts. This
+military tableau vividly recalled the troublous times of long ago, and
+spoke of the patience and pluck, the bravery and sturdy manhood of a
+bygone century.
+
+"On the stroke of the hour of midnight, the clear, clarion notes of a
+trumpet thrilled all hearts present. A panel in the wainscotting of the
+lower dancing-room flew open as if by magic, and out jumped a jaunty
+little trumpeter with a slashed and decorated jacket and the busby of a
+hussar. The blast he blew rang in tingling echoes far and wide, and a
+second later the weird piping and drumming of an unfamiliar music were
+heard in a remote part of the barracks.
+
+"Nearer and nearer every moment came the sharp shrill notes of the fifes
+and the quick detonation of the drum-stick taps. The rattle of the drums
+came closer and closer, when two folding-doors opened, and through them
+stalked in grim solemnity the 'Phantom Guard,' led by the intrepid
+Sergeant Hugh McQuarters.
+
+"Regardless of the festive decorations and the bright faces around them,
+the 'Guard' passed through the assembly as if they were not. On through
+salon and passage--past ball-room and conversation parlor--they glided
+with measured step, and halting in front of the 'Montgomery Trophy,'
+paid military honours to the memento of a hero's valiant, if
+unsuccessful act. Upon their taking close order, the Bombardier, who
+personated the dead Sergeant, and who actually wore the blood-stained
+sword-belt of a man who was killed in the action commemorated, advanced
+and delivered an address to the Commander of the Quebec Garrison, of
+which the concluding words were:--
+
+    'We ask of you to pay us now one tribute,
+    By firing from these heights one last salute.'
+
+"The grave, sonorous words of the martial request were hardly uttered,
+ere through the darkness of the night the great cannon boomed,--a
+soldier's welcome and a brave man's requiem,--which caused women's
+hearts to throb and men's to beat exultingly." While the whole air
+trembled with the sullen reverberations, which echoed from crag to crag,
+the glare of rockets lit up the path of Pres-de-Ville, as the signal
+lights had done one hundred winters before.
+
+At the suggestion of the American Consul, the old house on St. Louis
+street, in which the body of Montgomery was laid out January 1st, 1776,
+was decorated with the American flag, and brilliantly illuminated, in
+honour of him who had so nobly tried to do what he considered his duty.
+
+And thus the years of the century, as they rolled around, have in a
+great measure smoothed away the animosities which marked those days that
+tried men's souls, when the sons of those who had played around the same
+old English hearths fought to the death for liberty or loyalty. That the
+angry strifes are forgotten, leaving only the memory of the bravery
+which distinguished the star actors in the great drama, needs no further
+proof than can be found on a green hill near the Palisades, in the State
+of New York, where one hundred and twenty years ago a warm young heart,
+beating beneath the soldier's red coat, was stilled by American justice.
+The granite shaft on the spot tells its sad and sombre story:--
+
+           Here died, October 2nd, 1780,
+    Major John Andre, of the British Army, who, entering
+      the American lines on a Secret Mission to
+        Benedict Arnold for the Surrender of
+          West Point, was taken prisoner,
+            tried and condemned
+              as a spy.
+
+    His death, though according to the stern code of
+        war, moved even his enemies to pity, and
+            both armies mourned the fate of
+                one so young and so brave.
+           In 1821 his remains were removed to
+                   Westminster Abbey.
+
+    A hundred years after his execution this stone was
+     placed above the spot where he lay, by a citizen of
+      the States against which he fought; not to perpetuate
+       a record of strife, but in token of those
+         better feelings which have since united
+           two nations, one in race, in language
+              and religion, with
+                 the earnest hope that
+                    this friendly union
+                       will never be
+                          broken.
+
+    "He was more unfortunate than criminal,
+    An accomplished man and a gallant officer."
+
+                           --George Washington.
+
+An American visitor to Quebec was recently shown the cannon used in the
+trophy, which the British Corporal proudly explained had been taken at
+Bunker Hill.
+
+"Ah! yes, friend," the stranger replied, "you have the cannon, but we
+have the hill."
+
+On the top of the monument, near Boston, which marks the spot on which
+this battle took place, are two guns similar to this one, the
+inscription on which corroborates the soldier's statement; it reads:--
+
+                 "Sacred to Liberty."
+
+    This is one of the four cannon which constituted
+           the whole train of field
+               artillery possessed by
+                   the British Colonies
+                          of
+                     North America,
+              at the commencement of the
+                         War
+              on the 19th of April, 1775.
+         This cannon and its fellow belonged to
+                 a number of citizens of
+                       Boston.
+
+    The other two, the property of the Government
+    of Massachusetts, were taken by the enemy.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With the failure of the American expedition, and the return of the
+British troops to Montreal, the Chateau again became Government
+headquarters and was called Government House.
+
+When internal and international tranquillity were completely restored,
+and the people were permitted to return to their ordinary avocations of
+life, Sir Guy Carleton established himself at Quebec with his wife, the
+Lady Maria, and their three children, one of whom had been born in
+Canada. She had joined him at Montreal, being the bearer of the
+decoration of the Order of the Bath, which she had received from the
+hands of the King to present to her husband. Sir Guy Carleton or Lord
+Dorchester was one of those men "who, during a long and varied public
+life, lived so utterly irreproachably, that his memory remains unstained
+by the charge of any semblance of a vice."
+
+On the occasion of his last appearance in an official character he
+arrived to make his final inspection of the troops. After general parade
+the officers waited upon him to pay their last respects to one who had
+been the bulwark of Canada through her greatest vicissitudes. The
+leave-taking of their old General, whom they never expected to see
+again, was marked by the deepest feelings of regard and regret. His
+connection with Canadian history covered a period marked by events of a
+nature the most critical, the results of which will colour the entire
+future of the Dominion.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Between the years eighteen thirty-seven and forty, when Canada was torn
+by internal rebellion, the Earl of Elgin, who was then Governor-General,
+drove in hot haste to the Chateau, where had sat the special council
+during the suspension of the Constitution. After giving the Queen's
+sanction to what was called by a certain party "The Rebel Indemnity
+Bill," he rushed into one door and out of another, when this Peer of the
+Realm, in all the dignity of coach and four, postillions and outriders,
+was pelted with rotten eggs and other unpleasant missiles. Then, in the
+dark of night, at the instance of some so-called politicians, the mob
+moved on to the Parliament buildings, and, most unfortunately for
+Montreal, deliberately set them on fire; which act resulted ultimately
+in the removal of the seat of government to Ottawa and the decline of
+the glory of the old Chateau.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE FUR KINGS.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sir William Alexander]
+
+It was to the French explorers whose names stand "conspicuous on the
+pages of half-savage romance," and to their successors the Scotch
+fur-kings, that we owe much of the geographical knowledge of the
+northern part of the Continent. There is some uncertainty as to who was
+the discoverer of the Mackenzie River, which carries its waters to the
+ice-fields of Polar seas, but it bears the name of one claimant to the
+distinction, Sir Alexander Mackenzie.
+
+Of the other waterways of the region much valuable information was
+obtained by Alexander Henry in his intercourse with the native tribes.
+To Sir William Alexander was given the honour of being the first
+Scotchman to cross the Rocky Mountains. Like his fellow countrymen, he
+was distinguished by the same characteristics which made their fathers
+in tartan and kilt foemen "worthy of any man's steel," and themselves
+fit successors of the bearers of such honourable names as duLuth, Joliet
+and de La Verandrye. A few rods from the gate of the Chateau de Ramezay
+is a tall warehouse which bears on its peaked gable the date 1793. It
+was in this old building that the early business years of John Jacob
+Astor, the New York millionaire, were spent. It was the property of the
+North-West Fur Company, which was the centre of so much that was
+romantic and captivating. This Company was an association of Scottish
+and Canadian merchants, who, in the political changes which had taken
+place, had supplanted those purely French. In energy and enterprise they
+did not exceed their predecessors, but had more capital and influence at
+their command.
+
+In consequence of their more lavish measures, they were called the
+"Lordly Nor' Westers." Full justice has been done them by the pen of
+Washington Irving, who, in writing the tale of "Astoria," that
+Northwestern "Utopia," so splendid in its conception, but so lamentable
+in its failure, became familiar with their life in all its phases. He
+says:--"To behold the North-West Company in all its grandeur it was
+necessary to witness the annual gathering at Fort William. On these
+occasions might be seen the change since the unceremonious time of the
+old French traders, with their roystering _coureurs des bois_ and
+_voyageurs_ gaily returning from their adventurous trading in the
+pathless regions of the West. Then the aristocratic character of the
+Briton, or rather the feudal spirit of the Highlander, shone out
+magnificently. Every partner who had charge of an inferior post felt
+like the chieftain of a Highland clan. To him a visit to the grand
+conference at Fort William was a most important event, and he repaired
+thither as to a meeting of Parliament. They were wrapped in rich furs,
+their huge canoes being freighted with every luxury and convenience. The
+partners at Montreal were the lords of these occasions, as they ascended
+the river, like sovereigns making a progress. At Fort William an immense
+wooden building was the council chamber and also the banqueting hall,
+decorated with Indian arms and accoutrements, and with trophies of the
+fur trade. The great and mighty councils alternated with feasts and
+revels." These old days of primitive bartering are gone forever from the
+St. Lawrence, but to-day as it flows in majesty to the ocean, carrying
+with it one-third of the fresh water of the world, it is a great highway
+for the commerce of the globe.
+
+The University of McGill stands on what was once, in part, the ancient
+village of Hochelaga, which was visited by Jacques Cartier, and was
+later the domain belonging to old "Burnside Hall." Its cheerful fire
+many a time shone out under the shadow of Mount Royal, when were
+gathered around its board Simon McTavish, Duncan McGillivray, Sir John
+Franklin and Joseph Frobisher. With them was frequently seen Thomas
+Douglas, Earl of Selkirk, who formulated the scheme of populating the
+prairies of the North-West with poverty-stricken and down-trodden
+tenants from older lands, many of whom lie in the old grave-yard of the
+Kildonan settlement on the Red River of the North, a few miles from the
+City of Winnipeg. Their descendants with their Scotch thrift form the
+backbone of that progressive province of such magnificent possibilities.
+Their weary journeys overland, toilsome _portages_ and struggles with
+want and isolation are now mere matters of history, for the overflow
+population of the crowded centres of Europe are carried in a few days
+from sea to sea with every possible convenience and even luxury. The
+great Canadian transcontinental line has spanned the valleys and crossed
+the mountains, literally opening up a highway for the thousands who from
+the ends of the earth are yearly crowding into these vast fertile plains
+and sub-arctic gold fields.
+
+Franklin lies in an unknown grave among Northern snows, lost in his
+attempt, at the age of sixty, to find the North Pole. He was last seen
+moored to an iceberg in Baffin's Bay, apparently waiting for a
+favourable opportunity to begin work in what is known as the Middle Sea.
+The problem of his fate long baffled discovery, although many an earnest
+searching party, in the Polar twilight, has sought him in that region of
+ice and snow, in a silence broken only by the howl of the arctic blast,
+the scream of sea-fowl or the thundering report of an ice-floe breaking
+away from the mainland.
+
+One party sent out by the Hudson Bay Co. in 1853 found traces of the
+expedition in some bits of metal and a silver plate engraved with the
+name Franklin. Another, fitted out partly by Lady Franklin, and partly
+by public subscription, and commanded by McClintock, afterwards Sir
+Leopold McClintock, learned from an Eskimo woman that she had heard of a
+party of men, whom it was said "fell down and died as they walked." With
+the exception of these faint traces, their fate is still wrapped in
+obscurity.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+INTERESTING SITES.
+
+
+Few visitors to the city, as the Palace cars of the Canadian Pacific
+Railway carry them into the mammoth station on Dalhousie Square, realize
+the historic associations which cling around this spot. In the
+magnificently equipped dining-room of the Company's Hotel, as delicacies
+from the most distant parts of the earth are laid before the traveller,
+he should call to remembrance the lives of deprivation and uncomplaining
+endurance which have made the ground now crowned by the beautiful
+edifice full of the most tragic interest, and filled with memories which
+will be immortal as long as courage and stout-heartedness are honoured.
+
+Two hundred and fifty years ago the sound of hammer and saw here awoke
+the echoes of the forest. Workmen who had learned their craft in old
+French towns, when Colbert, the great statesman and financier, was
+developing the architecture and industries, revenues and resources of
+the kingdom, here reared a wind-mill, the first industrial building in
+Montreal.
+
+The winds of these autumns long ago turned the fans and ground the seed
+of harvests toilsomely gathered from corn-fields, among whose furrows
+many a time the arrow and tomahawk spilt the blood of reaper and sower.
+The old mill with its pastoral associations of peaceful toil in time
+passed away, and was succeeded by a structure dedicated to the art of
+war, for on the same spot stood _la Citadelle_. This stronghold, though
+primitive in its appointments, was important during the French
+occupation and evacuation of New France, being the last fortification
+held by French troops on Canadian soil.
+
+This old earthen Citadel, a relic of mediaeval defence, was, about
+seventy years ago, removed, its material being used in the leveling and
+enlargement of the Parade Ground, or, as it is called, the
+"_Champ-de-Mars._" Its demolition might be regretted were it not that in
+an age of progress even sentiment must give way before advance. The
+grand Hotel Viger, although built to promote the comfort of the people
+of the Dominion, has not destroyed the pathetic interest of the early
+struggles and heroism which still clothes its site, and which heightens
+the present appreciation of a civilization of which the old mill and
+fort were the pioneers.
+
+The hospitable hearth of James McGill, graced by his noble-minded
+French-Canadian wife, has also long since disappeared; but through his
+endowment, and the prince-like gifts of William Molson, Peter Redpath,
+Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal, Sir Wm. Macdonald and many others, the
+torch of education has been lighted here, which shall shine a beacon for
+ages to come. Although but three-quarters of a century old, yet the
+University of McGill compares favourably with older institutions, its
+Mining Building being the most perfectly fitted up in the world. Its
+sons take rank with the most cultured minds in Europe and America,
+influencing to a most marked degree the educational thought of the day.
+
+The year 1896 marked an epoch in its history, when a graduate of the
+class of '68 was elected to the Presidency of the British Medical
+Association, one of the most august and learned corporations in the
+world. In calling a Canadian, Dr. T. G. Roddick, M.P., to this eminent
+position, a signal honour was conferred, it being the first time the
+office was held by a Colonial member. Thirty-five years ago, a
+French-Canadian youth, slight in form, with broad brow and eyes full of
+deep thoughtfulness, stood before the Faculty and friends as the
+valedictorian of his class. That slender boy is to-day the great
+Canadian Premier, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the eloquent Statesman and the
+honoured of Her Majesty the Queen.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+FAMOUS NAMES.
+
+
+[Illustration: Brant]
+
+Conspicuous among the portraits of soldiers, heroes and navigators which
+adorn the walls of the different rooms of the Chateau, is one, a full
+size painting of an old Highland Chief, a veritable Rhoderick Dhu, in
+Scotch bonnet and dirk, who, with the call of his clan, and the pipes
+playing the airs of his native glen, led the charge of Bunker Hill. He
+was Sir John Small, who came to Canada with his regiment, the famous
+"Black Watch," and served under Abercrombie in the battle of Carillon.
+One of his descendants, visiting Boston early in the century, found on
+the walls of a museum, and where it may still be seen, a painting of the
+battle of Bunker Hill with General Small on his white horse, rallying
+his men to the attack. It was to the credit of the successors of those
+who fought that day, although only thirty or forty years had elapsed
+since their forefathers had met in mortal combat, that the most gentle
+courtesy and kindness were shown on both sides by their descendants.
+
+A fine picture of a full-blooded Indian is that of Brant, the great
+Mohawk Chief, an ally of the English and a cruel and ruthless foe; on
+one occasion having, it is said, slain with his own hand, forty-four of
+his enemies. Other portraits of Jacques Cartier, Champlain, Vaudreuil,
+Montcalm, deLevis, Dorchester, deSalaberry and Murray are also there to
+be seen and admired.
+
+[Illustration: Sir John Small
+
+British Leader in the Battle of Bunker Hill.]
+
+Many of the streets of Montreal, such as Dorchester, Sherbrooke, Wolfe,
+d'Youville, Jacques Cartier, Guy, Amherst, Murray, Vaudreuil, de
+Lagauchetiere, Olier, Mance, Longueuil, and others equally well named,
+will carry down to future generations the memory of those who were
+prominent in the making and moulding of Canada. It is strange that one
+of the most insignificant streets in the city, a mere lane, of a single
+block in length, should bear the name of Dollard, the hero of one of
+the most illustrious deeds recorded in history, an event which has
+rightly been called the Thermopylae of Canada. The facts were as
+follows:--In 1660 the Colony was on the eve of extinction by the
+Iroquois, the whole of the tribes being on the war-path with the
+intention of sweeping the French from the St. Lawrence. Dollard des
+Ormeaux and sixteen young men of Montreal determined upon a deed which
+should teach the savages a lesson. They bound themselves by an oath
+neither to give nor take quarter. They made their wills and took the
+sacrament in the Chapel of the _Hotel-Dieu_, and then started up Lake
+St. Louis. They were not accustomed to the management of the frail
+canoes of bark, and day after day struggled to pass the currents of St.
+Anne's, at the head of the island, where now the pleasure yacht spreads
+its white sails to the breezes of summer, and on whose shores the
+huntsmen and hounds gaily gallop when in the woods of autumn the leaves
+turn crimson and gold under the mellow hunter's moon. At last, after a
+week had been thus spent, they entered the Ottawa River, proceeding by
+the shores until they descried the remains of a rough palisaded fort
+surrounded by a small clearing. It was only a circle enclosed by trunks
+of trees, but here they "made their fire and slung their kettles. Being
+soon joined by some friendly Hurons and Algonquins they bivouacked
+together. Morning, noon and night they prayed, and when at sunset the
+long reaches of forest on the opposite shore basked peacefully in the
+level rays, the rapids joined their hoarse music to the notes of their
+evening hymn." As their young voices floated through the forest glades,
+and they lay down to sleep under the stars of the sweet May skies, they
+thought of the bells tinkling in the still air of their loved
+_Ville-Marie_, where those they had come to die for sent up for them
+_Aves_ around hearth and altar. In the words of a Canadian poet, it is
+thus described:--
+
+    "Beside the dark Uttawa's stream, two hundred years ago,
+    A wondrous feat of arms was wrought, which all the world should know.
+    'Tis hard to read with tearless eyes this record of the past,
+    It stirs our blood, and fires our souls, as with a clarion blast.
+    What, though beside the foaming flood untombed their ashes lie,--
+    All earth becomes the monument of men who nobly die.
+    Daulac, the Captain of the Fort, in manhood's fiery prime
+    Hath sworn by some immortal deed to make his name sublime,
+    And sixteen soldiers of the Cross, his comrades true and tried,
+    Have pledged their faith for life or death, all kneeling side by side.
+    And this their oath, on flood or field, to challenge face to face
+    The ruthless hordes of Iroquois,--the scourges of their race.
+    No quarter to accept nor grant, and loyal to the grave.
+    To die like martyrs for the land they'd shed their blood to save.
+    And now these self-devoted youths from weeping friends have passed,
+    And on the Fort of _Ville-Marie_ each fondly looks his last.
+    Soft was the balmy air of spring in that fair month of May,
+    The wild flowers bloomed, the spring birds sang on many a budding spray,
+    When loud and high a thrilling cry dispelled the magic charm,
+    And scouts came hurrying from the woods to bid their comrades arm.
+    And bark canoes skimmed lightly down the torrent of the _Sault_,
+    Manned by three hundred dusky forms, the long-expected foe.
+    Eight days of varied horrors passed, what boots it now to tell
+    How the pale tenants of the fort heroically fell?
+    Hunger and thirst and sleeplessness, Death's ghastly aids, at length.
+    Marred and defaced their comely forms, and quelled their giant strength.
+    The end draws nigh,--they yearn to die--one glorious rally more
+    For the sake of _Ville-Marie_, and all will soon be o'er.
+    Sure of the martyr's golden crown, they shrink not from the Cross;
+    Life yielded for the land they love, they scorn to reckon loss.
+    The fort is fired, and through the flame, with slippery, splashing tread,
+    The Redmen stumble to the camp o'er ramparts of the dead.
+    Then with set teeth and nostrils wide, Daulac, the dauntless, stood,
+    And dealt his foes remorseless blows 'mid blinding smoke and blood,
+    Till hacked and hewn, he reeled to earth, with proud, unconquered glance,
+    Dead--but immortalized by death--Leonidas of France;
+    True to their oath, his comrade knights no quarter basely craved,--
+    So died the peerless twenty-two--so Canada was saved."
+
+The historian says:--"It was the enthusiasm of honour, the enthusiasm of
+adventure and the enthusiasm of faith. Daulac was the _Coeur-de-Lion_
+among the forests and savages of the New World." The names and
+occupations of the young men may still be read in the parish registers,
+the faded writing illumined by the sanctity of martyrdom. The "Lays of
+Rome" recount among her heroes none of greater valour than these by the
+lonely rapids in the silence of the Canadian forest.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+ECHOES FROM THE PAST.
+
+
+Near a modern window in the gallery leans an old spinning-wheel, which
+was found in the vaults. By its hum in winter twilights, a hundred years
+ago, soft lullabies were crooned, and fine linen spun for dainty brides,
+over whose forgotten graves the blossoms of a century of summers have
+fallen. In hoop and farthingale they tripped over the threshold of the
+old church of _Notre Dame de Bonsecours_. They plighted their troth as
+happily before the altar of the little chapel, as do their descendants
+in the stately church of _Notre Dame_, with the grand organ pealing
+through the dim arches and groined roof.
+
+The old, old wheel is silent, and the fingers that once held distaff and
+spindle have crumbled into dust, but the noble deeds and glorious names
+of those days gone by are carven deep in the monument of a grateful
+country's memory.
+
+Over an archway in the picture gallery is an enormous oil painting,
+dark with age, of the British Coat of Arms, which, it is whispered, was
+brought over hurriedly from New York during the American Revolution.
+
+The museum of the Chateau is daily receiving donations of interesting
+relics, and has already a fine collection of coins, medals, old swords
+and historical mementoes--some of the autograph letters of Arnold,
+Champlain, Roberval, Vaudreuil, Amherst, Carleton, the de Ramezay family
+and many others, being of great interest.
+
+These early days have passed away forever. The whirr of the
+spinning-wheel, or shout of the hunter, no longer sound along the banks
+of the St. Lawrence. No canoe of the painted warrior now glides silently
+by the shore; for Montreal with its three thousand inhabitants when
+Vaudreuil beat his retreat, to its present population of 300,000, has
+thrown its magnificent civilization around these spots hallowed by the
+footprints of the great men whose feet have walked her ancient streets.
+
+    "She has grown in her strength like a Northern queen,
+      'Neath her crown of light and her robe of snow,
+    And she stands in her beauty fair between
+      The Royal Mount and the river below."
+
+The two nationalities live harmoniously side by side in commercial and
+social life, both retaining their racial and distinctive
+characteristics. The old _chansons_ of Brittany are still heard from the
+hay-carts and by the firesides, and up and down the rivers ring out the
+same songs as when the "fleet of swift canoes came up all vocal with the
+songs of _voyageurs_, whose cadence kept time among the dipping
+paddles."
+
+The Chateau de Ramezay has suffered many changes and modifications in
+the various hands through which it has passed since its foundation
+stones were laid, but the citizens of Montreal, revering its age and
+associations, are restoring it as much as possible to its original state
+and appearance; and the thousands who yearly pass through it testify to
+the romance surrounding the walls of the old Chateau, _Ville Marie's_
+grandest relic of an illustrious past--a past which belongs equally to
+both French and British subjects, and which has developed a patriotism
+well expressed in the words of the eloquent churchman, Bruchesi,
+Archbishop of Montreal, who says:
+
+"I know the countries so much boasted of where the myrtles bloom, where
+the birds are lighter on the wing, and where gentler breezes blow. I
+have passed quiet days on the beach at Sorrento, where the Mediterranean
+rolls its blue waves to the foot of the orange tree. I have seen Genoa,
+the superb and radiant Florence, and Venice, the Queen of the Adriatic.
+More than once I have gazed upon the beauty of Naples glittering with
+the fires of the setting sun. I have sailed upon the azure waves of the
+Lake of Geneva. I have tasted the charm of our sweet France. My steps
+have trodden the blessed soil of Rome, and I have trembled with
+unspeakable gladness. But all these noble sights, all these undying
+memories, all this sublime poetry, all these enchantments of nature did
+not take the place in my heart of Canada, my Fatherland, which I have
+never ceased to regard with enthusiasm and admiration.
+
+What nation can boast of a purer or more glorious origin? May the future
+of Canada be worthy of its noble past. May charity, true charity, reign
+among all our citizens as among the children of the same mother. Let us
+have none of those intestine divisions which enfeeble us,--none of those
+unhappy jealousies capable of compromising the most sacred interests."
+
+    Our fathers' battle-cries are hushed,
+    The ancient feuds are gone;
+    Canadians now and brothers,
+    With God we're marching on.
+    With spears to ploughshares beaten,
+    The furrowed land is won.
+    Through bannered fields of waving corn
+    In peace we're marching on.
+    The North wind through the pine woods
+    Swells out our paean song,
+    To the music of its harping
+    We bravely march along,
+    And join the trampling millions,
+    In chorus deep and strong.
+    To drum-beats of a nation's heart,
+    We proudly march along.
+    O, fair, blue skies, and mountain streams
+    Whose flashing sands run gold,
+    No standard but the Triple-Cross
+    Thy breezes shall unfold.
+    With roaring surge of circling seas
+    We shout our patriot song
+    For Home and Queen and Canada,
+    With God we're marching on.
+    On, marching on, while brave the colours float
+    From sea to sea, with cheer and song,
+    This watchword pass the ranks along,
+      Our Land is marching on!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Famous Firesides of French Canada, by
+Mary Wilson Alloway
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS FIRESIDES OF FRENCH CANADA ***
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