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+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 232, April 8, 1854, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 232, April 8, 1854
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc
+
+Author: Various
+
+Other: George Bell
+
+Release Date: December 10, 2009 [EBook #30641]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, APRIL 8, 1854 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+{317} NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 232.]
+SATURDAY, APRIL 8. 1854.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--                                                    Page
+
+  Arabian Tales and their Sources, by J. W. Thomas             319
+  La Rochefoucauld, by J. Macray                               320
+  Shropshire Ballad                                            320
+  "Of the Benefit of the Death of Christ," by Aonio Paleario,
+  by the Rev. J. Ayre                                          321
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Stone Chisels--Acrostic--Simmels--Ogborne's
+  History of Essex--Fleas and Bugs--Zeuxis and Parrhasius--
+  Cure for Hydrophobia--The "Fusion"                           321
+
+  QUERIES:--
+  Lyra's Commentary, by Edw. Peacock                           323
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--Barristers' Gowns--"Charta Hen. 2. G. G.
+  n. 2. q."--Albany Wallace--Leslie and Dr. Middleton--Star
+  and Garter, Kirkstall--Shrove Tuesday--"Tarbox for that"--
+  De Gurney Pedigree--"[Greek: Pistis]," unde deriv.--Snush--
+  John Bale, Bishop of Ossory--Proxies for absent Sponsors--
+  Heraldic Query--Christmas Ballad--Hay-bread Recipe--Te
+  Deum--Mary Queen of Scots at Auchincas--Right of Refuge in
+  the Church Porch--Christopher Lemying of Burneston--Ralph
+  Ashton the Commander                                         323
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Roman Roads in England--
+  Inscription on the Brass of Sir G. Felbridge--Skipwith--
+  College Battel--Origin of Clubs--Royal Arms in Churches--
+  Odd Fellows--Governor-General of India--Precedence           325
+
+  REPLIES:--
+  Marmortinto, or Sand-painting, by John Mummery               327
+  O'Brien of Thosmond                                          328
+  Coronation Stone                                             328
+  Polygamy, by T. J. Buckton and the Rev. A. Gatty             329
+  Poetical Tavern Signs                                        330
+  "Behemoth," by C. H. Cooper                                  332
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Photographic Slides for the
+  Magic Lantern--Albumenized Paper--Mounting Positives on
+  Cardboard--Mr. Lyte's Collodion                              332
+
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy"
+  --Original Royal Letters to the Grand Masters of Malta--
+  Prince Charles' Attendants in Spain--Churchill's Grave--
+  "Cissle"--Contributors to Knight's "Quarterly Magazine"--
+  "La Langue Pandras"--Cranmer Bibles--Voisonier--Word-minting
+  --Fair Rosamond--Death-warnings in ancient Families--Poets
+  Laureate--Brissot de Warville--"Branks"--Theobald le Botiller
+  --Lord Harington--Amontillado--"Mairdill"--Separation of the
+  Sexes in Church--Costume of the Clergy not Enarean, &c.      333
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Notes on Books, &c.                                          338
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                                 339
+  Notices to Correspondents                                    339
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ARCHÆOLOGY OF THE STREETS OF DUBLIN, and CELTIC RECORDS OF IRELAND, ETC.
+
+For the Series of Papers illustrating the above, see Vols. I. II. and III.
+of the "Irish Quarterly Review." Price, bound, 11s. each.
+
+London: SIMPKIN & CO.
+
+Dublin: W. B. KELLY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This day is Published,
+
+HISTORY OF THE FRENCH PROTESTANT REFUGEES, FROM THE REVOCATION OF THE EDICT
+OF NANTES. By CHARLES WEISS, Professor of History in the Lycée Buonaparte.
+Translated, with the assistance of the Author, by FREDERICK HARDMAN. In
+demy octavo, price 14s. cloth.
+
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+CORREGGIO; a Tragedy. By ADAM OEHLENSCHLAGER. Translated, with Notes, by
+THEODORE MARTIN.
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+NOTES ON AQUATIC MICROSCOPIC SUBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, selected from the
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+
+Also, in 8vo., pp. 720, plates 24, price 21_s_., or coloured, 36s.,
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+A HISTORY OF INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, Living and Fossil, containing
+Descriptions of every species, British and Foreign, the methods of
+procuring and viewing them, &c., illustrated by numerous Engravings. By
+ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.
+
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+THE MYTHOLOGY OF GREECE AND ITALY. By THOMAS KEIGHTLEY.
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+
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+
+{318}
+
+THE EDINBURGH REVIEW, No. CCII., will be published on TUESDAY next.
+
+                 Contents:
+     I. MORMONISM.
+    II. JOHN LOCKE--HIS CHARACTER AND PHILOSOPHY.
+   III. HISTORY OF FRENCH PROTESTANT REFUGEES.
+    IV. MOORE'S JOURNAL.
+     V. THE NATIONAL GALLERY REPORT.
+    VI. RECENT ITALIAN AUTOBIOGRAPHIES.
+   VII. OPINIONS OF THE JUDGES ON CODIFICATION.
+  VIII. CONSUMPTION OF FOOD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
+
+London: LONGMAN & CO.
+
+Edinburgh: A. & C. BLACK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
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+RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW (New Series): consisting of Criticisms upon, Analyses
+of, and Extracts from, Curious, Useful, Valuable, and Scarce Old Books.
+
+Vol. I., 8vo., pp. 436, cloth 10s. 6d.., is also ready.
+
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+
+THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE FOR APRIL contains, among other articles:--The
+History of the Protestant Refugees in France. The Positive Philosophy of
+Auguste Comte. Traits of the Czars. Pilgrimage to High Places: Einsiedlen
+in Switzerland. Moore and the Right Hon. John Wilson Croker. The Table of
+Precedency. The Moscow Septuagint. Anecdotes of Norden the Topographer.
+Ancient Wedding Ceremonies. The Lord Mayor's Pageant of 1684. Emendation of
+a Passage in Coriolanus. With Notes of the Month, Reviews of New
+Publications, Reports of Archæological Societies, &c. The Obituary
+contains, Memoirs of the Marquess of Londonderry, the Bishop of Salisbury,
+Sir Ralph Lopes, Bart.; Sir John Conroy, Bart., Capt. Sir Everard Home,
+Bart.; Sir Henry Miers Elliot, K.C.B.; Colonel Joliffe; Rev. W. L.
+Richards, D.D.; Rev. R. Jenkyns, D.D., Dean of Wells; Rev. W. P. Greswell;
+Rev. W. H. Dixon, F.S.A.; John Martin the Painter; Robert Alexander, Esq.;
+Thomas Saunders, Esq., F.S.A.; John Fardell, Esq., F.S.A.; Henry Belcher,
+Esq., &c.
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+  9. Notices.
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+
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+long Article on NAPOLEON. Sent free on Application.
+
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+  2. Weather Prognostics.
+  3. The Planets. Are they Inhabited Globes? Chap. II.
+  4. Popular Fallacies in Questions of Physical Science.
+
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+
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+
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+WANDERINGS OF AN ANTIQUARY: chiefly upon the Traces of the ROMANS IN
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+
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+9. Valley of Maidstone. 10. Hill Entrenchments on the Welsh Borders. 11.
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+
+{319}
+
+_LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 8, 1854._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Notes.
+
+ARABIAN TALES AND THEIR SOURCES.
+
+The Arabians have been the immediate instruments in transmitting to us
+those Oriental tales, of which the conception is so brilliant, and the
+character so rich and varied, and which, after having been the delight of
+our childhood, never lose entirely the spell of their enchantment over our
+maturer age. But while many of these tales are doubtless of Arabian origin,
+it is not to be supposed that all are equally so. If we may believe the
+French translator of the _Thousand and One Tales_, that publication does
+not include the thirty-sixth part of the great Arabian collection, which is
+not confined to books, but has been the traditional inheritance of a
+numerous class, who, like the minstrels of the West, gained their
+livelihood by reciting, what would interest the feelings of their hearers.
+This class of Eastern story-tellers was common throughout the whole extent
+of Mahomedan dominion in Turkey, Persia, and even to the extremity of
+India.
+
+The sudden rise of the Saracen empire, and its rapid transition from
+barbarism to refinement, and from the deepest ignorance to the most
+extensive cultivation of literature and science, is an extraordinary
+phenomenon in the history of mankind. A century scarcely elapsed from the
+age of Amrou, the general of Caliph Omar, who is said to have burned the
+great Alexandrian library, to the period when the family of the Abbasides,
+who mounted the throne of the Caliphs A.D. 750, introduced a passionate
+love of art, science, and even poetry. The celebrated Haroun Al Raschid
+never took a journey without at least a hundred men of science in his
+train. But the most munificent patron of Arabic literature was Al Mamoun,
+the seventh Caliph of the race of the Abbasides, and son of Haroun Al
+Raschid. Having succeeded to the throne A.D. 813, he rendered Bagdad the
+centre of literature: collecting from the subject provinces of Syria,
+Armenia, and Egypt the most important books which could be discovered, as
+the most precious tribute that could be rendered, and causing them to be
+translated into Arabic for general use. When Al Mamoun dictated the terms
+of peace to Michael, the Greek emperor, the tribute which he demanded from
+him was a collection of Greek authors.
+
+The Arabian tales had their birth after this period; and when the Arabians
+had yielded to the Tartars, Turks, and Persians, the empire of the sword.
+Soldiers are seldom introduced; the splendours of the just Caliph's reign
+are dwelt upon with fond remembrance; the style is that of a mercantile
+people, while riches and artificial luxuries are only rivalled by the
+marvellous gifts of the genii and fairies. This brilliant mythology, the
+offspring of the Arabian imagination, together with the other
+characteristics of the Arabian tales, has had an extensive influence on our
+own literature. Many of these tales had found their way into our poetry
+long before the translation of the _Arabian Nights_; and are met with in
+the old _Fabliaux_, and in Boccacio, Ariosto, and Chaucer. But while these
+tales are Arabian in their structure, the materials have been derived, not
+only from India, Persia, and China, but also from ancient Egypt, and the
+classical literature of Greece.
+
+I shall content myself at present with adducing one example of such
+probable derivation from the source last mentioned. The stories to be
+compared are too long for quotation, which, as they are well known, will
+not be necessary. I shall therefore merely give, in parallel columns, the
+numerous points of resemblance, or coincidence, between the two. The
+Arabian tale is that of "Ali Baba and the Forty Robbers;" the corresponding
+story will be found in Herodotus, b. II. c. cxxi.; it is that of
+Rhampsinitus and the robbery of his royal treasury:
+
+    THE EGYPTIAN TALE.
+
+    1. The king constructs a stone edifice for the security of his vast
+    riches.
+
+    2. In the wall of this treasury is a stone so artfully disposed that a
+    single person can move it, so as to enter and retreat without leaving
+    any trace of his having done so.
+
+    3. Two brothers become acquainted with the secret opening into the
+    treasury, and enter it for the purpose of enriching themselves.
+
+    4. One of the brothers becomes rich by abstracting large sums of money
+    from the royal treasury.
+
+    5. The other brother is caught in the snare which the king had laid
+    within the treasury, for the detection and apprehension of the
+    intruders.
+
+    6. At his own request the brother thus caught is beheaded by the other
+    to avoid recognition, and to secure the escape of one. The dead body is
+    hung from the wall of the treasury, for the purpose of discovering his
+    accomplice.
+
+    7. The surviving brother, at his mother's earnest request, carries off
+    the dead body, and brings it home on the back of one of his asses.
+
+    8. The king, unable to ascertain how his treasury had been entered, is
+    enraged at the removal of the body, and alarmed at finding that some
+    one who possesses the secret still survives.
+
+    9. The king has recourse to stratagem, for the purpose of detecting the
+    depredator, but without success.
+
+    10. The surviving brother baffles the king's first attempt to detect
+    him, by means of some asses, which, in the character of a wine-seller,
+    he had loaded with wine-flasks, making the king's guards drunk, and
+    leaving them all fast asleep.
+
+    THE ARABIAN TALE.
+
+    1. In a rock so steep and craggy that none can scale it, a cave has
+    been hewn out, in which the robbers deposit their prodigious wealth.
+
+    2. In this rock is a door which opens into the cave, by means of two
+    magical words, "Open Sesame;" and closes again in like manner by
+    pronouncing the words "Shut Sesame."
+
+    3. Two brothers become acquainted with the door of the cave, and the
+    means of opening and shutting it; and they enter it for the purpose of
+    enriching themselves.
+
+    4. Ali Baba, one of the two brothers, becomes rich by carrying off a
+    great quantity of gold coin from the robbers' cave.
+
+    5. Cassim, the other brother, is caught as in a snare, by forgetting,
+    when in the cave, the magical words by which alone ran exit could be
+    obtained.
+
+    6. Cassim, in his attempt to escape, is killed by the robbers, and his
+    dead body is quartered, and hung up within the door of the cave, to
+    deter any who might be his accomplices.
+
+    7. Ali Baba, at the instance of Cassim's widow, carries off his remains
+    from the cave, and brings them home on the back of one of his asses.
+
+    8. The robbers, unable to guess how their cave had been entered, are
+    alarmed at the removal of Cassim's remains, which proves to them that
+    some one who possesses the secret still survives.
+
+    9. The robbers have recourse to stratagem, for the purpose of
+    discovering the depredator, but without success.
+
+    10. Ali Baba, assisted by his female slave, baffles the robber
+    captain's first attempt upon him, by means of some oil in a jar, his
+    men being concealed in the other jars, with which the captain, in the
+    character of an oil-merchant, had loaded some asses: thus the latter,
+    who thought his men asleep, finds them all dead.
+
+    {320}
+
+    THE EGYPTIAN TALE.
+
+    11. In the darkness of the night, the surviving brother tells the
+    king's daughter, whom her father had employed to detect him, the story
+    of his exploits in baffling the guards and carrying off the body of his
+    brother.
+
+    12. The king's daughter attempts to seize the brother, but he baffles
+    her, by leaving in her hand a dead arm instead of his own.
+
+    13. The king, who admires the audacity and ingenuity of the surviving
+    brother, offers him, by proclamation, pardon and reward; and, on his
+    coming forward, gives him his daughter in marriage.
+
+    THE ARABIAN TALE.
+
+    11. In the dusk of the evening, Baba Mustapha relates to the two
+    robbers in succession, who had been employed to detect Ali Baba, the
+    story of his having sewed a dead body together; and, blindfold, himself
+    conducts each of them to Ali Baba's door.
+
+    12. The two robbers successively mark the house of Ali Baba with chalk;
+    but his female slave baffles them by putting a similar mark on the
+    other houses, in consequence of which they are put to death instead of
+    her master.
+
+    13. Ali Baba, saved from the robber captain's designs by the course and
+    ingenuity of Morgiana, his female slave, gives her freedom, and marries
+    her to his son.
+
+Here, then, are above a dozen striking coincidences in this one example;
+and they are given with but slight dislocation or transposition. Other
+examples might be adduced, but I must reserve them for another
+communication.
+
+J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LA ROCHEFOUCAULD.
+
+Meeting occasionally, in reading new French works and journals, with
+sentiments and criticisms by eminent living writers on the characteristic
+peculiarities of some of the most distinguished French authors of the age
+of Louis XIV. and subsequently, perhaps you will allow me to send you, from
+time to time, "notes" or extracts from the criticisms alluded to, in case
+you should be of opinion that they may be agreeable to some of your
+readers, who may not be aware of the healthier and more Christian tone that
+now pervades one, at least, of the most influential organs of public
+opinion in France. Let us begin with _La Rochefoucauld_, as recently
+reviewed in the _Journal des Débats_.
+
+J. MACRAY.
+
+Oxford.
+
+    _"La Rochefoucauld._
+
+    "Pourquoi La Rochefoucauld m'inspire-t-il une répugnance invincible?
+    Pourquoi cette souffrance en le lisant? Ah! le voici, je crois. La
+    morale de La Rochefoucauld c'est la morale Chrétienne, moins, si je
+    puis m'exprimer ainsi, le Christianisme lui-même; c'est tout ce qui
+    peut humilier et abattre le coeur dans la sévère doctrine de
+    l'Evangile, moins ce qui le relève; c'est toutes les illusions
+    détruites sans les espérances qui remplacent les illusions. En un mot,
+    dans le Christianisme La Rochefoucauld n'a pris que le dogme de la
+    chute; il a laissé le dogme de la rédemption. En faisant briller un
+    côté du flambeau, celui qui désenchante l'homme de lui-même, il éclipse
+    l'autre, celui qui montre à l'homme dans le ciel sa force, son appui,
+    et l'espoir d'une régénération. La Rochefoucauld ne croit pas plus à la
+    sainteté qu'à la sagesse, pas plus à Dieu qu'à l'homme. Le pénitent
+    n'est pas moins vain à ses yeux que le philosophe. Partout l'orgueil,
+    partout le _moi_, sous la haire du Trappiste, comme sous le manteau du
+    cynique.
+
+    "La Rochefoucauld n'est Chrétien que pour poursuivre notre pauvre coeur
+    jusque dans ses derniers retranchemens; il n'est Chrétien que pour
+    verser son poison sur nos joies et sur nos rêves les plus chers.... Que
+    reste-t-il donc à l'homme? Pour les âmes fortes, il ne reste rien qu'un
+    froid et intrépide mépris de toutes choses, un sec et stoïque
+    contentement à envisager le néant absolu; pour les autres, le désespoir
+    ou les jouissances brutales du plaisir comme dernière fin de la vie!
+
+    "Et voilà ce que je déteste dans La Rochefoucauld! Cet idéal dont j'ai
+    soif, il le détruit partout. Ce bien, ce beau, dont les faibles images
+    me ravissent encore sous la forme imparfaite de nos vertus, de notre
+    science, de notre sagesse humaine, il le réduit à un sec intérêt."--S.
+    De Sacy, _Journal des Débats_, Janv. 28.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SHROPSHIRE BALLAD.
+
+Your correspondent B. H. C. (Vol. viii., p. 614.) gives, from recollection,
+a Northamptonshire version of the old "Ballad of Sir Hugh of Lincoln." It
+reminded me of a similar, though somewhat varied, version which I took
+down, more than forty years ago, from the lips of a nurse-maid in
+Shropshire. It may interest the author of _The Celt, the Roman, and the
+Saxon_, to know that it was recited in the place of his birth. Its
+resemblance to the ballad in Percy's _Reliques_ was my inducement to commit
+it to paper:
+
+  It hails, it rains, in Merry-Cock land,
+  It hails, it rains, both great and small,
+  And all the little children in Merry-Cock land,
+  They have need to play at ball.
+  They toss'd the ball so high,
+  They toss'd the ball so low,
+  Amongst all the Jews' cattle
+  And amongst the Jews below.
+  Out came one of the Jews' daughters
+  Dressed all in green.
+  "Come, my sweet Saluter,
+  And fetch the ball again."
+  "I durst not come, I must not come,
+  Unless all my little playfellows come along,
+  For if my mother sees me at the gate,
+  She'll cause my blood to fall."
+  She show'd me an apple as green as grass,
+  She show'd me a gay gold ring,
+  She show'd me a cherry as red as blood,
+  And so she entic'd me in.
+  She took me in the parlour,
+  She took me in the kitchen,
+  And there I saw my own dear nurse
+  A picking of a chicken.
+  She laid me down to sleep,
+  With a Bible at my head, and a Testament at my feet;
+  And if my playfellows come to quere for me,
+  Tell them I am asleep.
+
+S. P. Q.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{321}
+
+"OF THE BENEFIT OF THE DEATH OF CHRIST," BY AONIO PALEARIO.
+
+The total, or almost total, disappearance of books at one time largely
+circulated, is a curious fact in the history of literature. One cause of it
+may be found in the efforts made by the Church of Rome to suppress those
+works which were supposed to contain unsound doctrine.
+
+    "Heretical books," says Mr. T. B. Macaulay, "were sought out and
+    destroyed with unsparing rigour. Works which were once in every house,
+    were so effectually suppressed, that no copy of them is now to be found
+    in the most extensive libraries. One book in particular, entitled _Of
+    the Benefit of the Death of Christ_, had this fate. It was written in
+    Tuscan, was many times reprinted, and was eagerly read in every part of
+    Italy. But the inquisitors detected in it the Lutheran doctrine of
+    justification by faith alone. _They proscribed it; and it is now as
+    utterly lost as the second decade of Livy._"
+
+This book was published without a name. But the author was Aonio Paleario.
+It was translated into various languages, as French, Spanish, English, and
+possibly others; and within six years after its first appearance, 40,000
+copies are said to have been circulated.
+
+A few years ago I was fortunate enough to meet with a copy of the English
+version, which was made from the French, not from the original. This copy
+was printed in 1638, and was, according to the title-page, the fourth
+(English) edition. From it I edited the work, prefixing a short notice of
+the author, and verifying the references to the Fathers. It was
+subsequently retranslated into Italian, and has, I am informed, been much
+read in Italy. Some time after this publication, I became aware of the
+existence of a copy (in private hands) of the apparently first English
+edition, bearing the date of 1573. This I was allowed to inspect: and I
+hope hereafter to put forth another edition, in which the text of this copy
+will be followed, and two or three inaccuracies which had crept into the
+former impression will be corrected.
+
+I was, however, ignorant that a single copy of the original Italian
+existed; and all inquiry for it seemed to be vain. But one was near at
+hand, preserved with diligent care among the literary treasures of St.
+John's College, Cambridge, by the authorities there, who were well aware of
+its rarity and value. By their obliging permission, I was a few days ago
+permitted to examine it.
+
+It is a small square 16mo., bound, in beautiful condition, measuring about
+4¼ inches by 3, and containing seventy-two pages. The following is the
+title-page:
+
+    "Trattato vtilissimo del beneficio di Giesv Christo crocifisso, verso i
+    Christiani. Venetiis, Apud Bernardinum de Bindonis. Anno Do.
+    M.D.XXXXIII."
+
+From the date, it seems to be the first edition.
+
+There is an address
+
+    "Alli Lettori Christiani.
+
+    "Essendoci venuta alle mani un' opera delle piu pie e dotte, che a
+    nostri tempi si siano fatte, il titolo della quale e, Del beneficio di
+    Giesu Christo crocifisso verso i Christiani: ci e paruto a consolatione
+    e utilita vostra darla [=i] istampa, e senza il nome dello scrittore,
+    accioche piu la cosa vi muova, che l' autorita dell' autore."
+
+This most curious volume has been for upwards of a century in the library
+of St. John's College, as the following printed notice, pasted within the
+cover, will show:
+
+    "In grati animi testificationem, ob plurima Humanitatis officia, a
+    Collegio Divi Joannis Evangelistæ apud Cantabrigienses multifariam
+    collata, librum hunc inter alios lectissimos eidem collegio legavit
+    Illustrissimus Vir, Dominicus Antonius Ferrari, J. U. D. Neapolitanus,
+    1744.
+
+                     "Teste,
+                         "J. CREYK."
+
+But this is not all. The College is happy enough to possess a copy of the
+rare French translation of the same book. This is somewhat larger in size
+than the original Italian, and consists of sixty-four leaves. It contains,
+as will be seen by the title-page, some additional matter:
+
+    "Dv benefice de Iesvs Christ crvcifie, envers les Chrestiens. Traduict
+    de vulgaire Italien, en langage Françoys. Plus, Vne Traduction de la
+    huytiesme Homelie de sainct Iean Chrysostome, De la femme Cananée: mise
+    de Latin en Françoys. Venez a moy vous tous qui trauaillez et estes
+    chargez, et ie vous soulageray, 1552."
+
+There is an address by the French translator: "Le traducteur a tous les
+Chrestiens qui sont dessoubz le ciel, Salut;" and at the end of the volume
+is a "Traduction du Psalme xxxiv." The French version is said to have been
+first published in 1545. This therefore is not, it would seem, the earliest
+edition.
+
+This volume also, it may be added, was given to the College by Ferrari.
+
+J. AYRE.
+
+Hampstead.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Stone Chisels._--I saw recently an oviform stone implement which had been
+found on the granite moors of North Cornwall, and apparently had been used
+as a pickaxe in mining. The following notice shows that such implements
+were used by the ancient miners in the Lake Superior district:
+
+    "The explorers are now much aided by these guiding features, also by
+    pits, which indicate where an ancient race--probably the Aztecs or
+    Toltecs--have carried on their superficial operations on the veins.
+    Some of those I saw were twenty or thirty feet deep, which {322} must
+    have been the result of much labour, considering their tools--_the only
+    trace of which we find in the shape of oviformed stones, with a groove
+    round the centre for the purpose of securing a handle_, then to be used
+    as a hammer to shatter the vein-stone after it probably had been
+    reduced by the action of fire and water on the calcareous matter
+    entering into its composition. In favour of this conjecture, quantities
+    of charcoal have been found in the bottom of some of these pits, which
+    are almost effaced by the accumulation of timber decayed and foliage of
+    ages past."--From a letter in the _Mining Journal_, Jan. 7, 1854.
+
+S. R. PATTISON.
+
+_Acrostic._--I send you a very curious acrostic, copied from a monument in
+the Church of St. Germans, Cornwall. You will perceive that it is in memory
+of "Johannes Glanvill, Minister;" and it is surmounted with the arms of
+that ancient family:
+
+         A. D.     +-------------------------+   A. D.
+         1599.     |                         |   1631.
+        24^{to}    |          ARMS.          |   20^{mo}
+       Novemb^r    |                         |  Octob^r
+       natus est.  +-------------------------+  denatus.
+
+  I nditur in gelidum         G regis hujus opilio bustu    M,
+  O mnibus irriguus           L achrymis simul urbis et agr I.
+  H ujus erit vivax           A tque indelebile nome        N,
+  A rtibus et linguis         N ecnon virtute probat        I.
+  N obis ille novæ            V atem (pro munere) legi      S
+  N aviter et graviter        I ucunde et suaviter egi      T.
+  E rgo relanguenti           L icet eluctetur ab or        E
+  S piritus; æternum          L ucebit totus ut aste        R.
+
+W. D. F.
+
+Walton.
+
+_Simmels._--The Vienna correspondent of _The Times_, whose letter from
+"Vienna, March 5th," appeared in that paper on Friday the 10th, mentions a
+Viennese loaf, the name of which so strongly resembles the _simmel_ of our
+ancestors as to deserve a Note:
+
+    "The Viennese witlings, who are much inclined to abuse the hyperbole,
+    affirm that a magnifying glass will soon be requisite in order to
+    discover the whereabouts of the _semmeln_, the little wheaten loaves
+    for which Austria is famous."
+
+W. J. T.
+
+_Ogborne's History of Essex._--I lately fell in with (at a marine
+store-shop in Somers Town) some scattered materials in Mrs. Ogborne's
+handwriting for the above highly interesting but unfinished work. I have
+not yet sorted them, but I perceive that the MSS. contain some information
+that was never published, relating to Rochford Hundred, &c. The shopkeeper
+stated that she had used the greater part of Mrs. Ogborne's papers as
+waste-paper, but I am not without hopes that she will find more. There is a
+letter from Mr. Leman of Bath, which is published in the work. I am aware
+that Mr. Fossett has Mrs. Ogborne's MSS.; but those now in my possession
+are certainly interesting, and might be, to some future historian of Essex,
+even valuable. Should I discover anything worth inserting in "N. & Q." on
+examining the MSS. I will send it.
+
+G. I. S.
+
+_Fleas and Bugs._--Has the following explanation of an old saying ever been
+brought forward, and is it satisfactory? When a person is sent off "with a
+flea in his ear," the luckless applicant is peremptorily dismissed with an
+imperative "flee," with the word "flee" sounding in his ear, or,
+facetiously, "with a _flea_ in his ear."
+
+_Apropos_ of proverbial domestic entomology, is there more than lies on the
+surface in the elegant simile "As snug as a bug in a rug?" A rough variety
+of dog was termed a "rug" in Shakspeare's time; quartered on which, the
+insect might find good entertainment--a plentiful board, as well as a snug
+lodging. It appears, however, that the name has not long been applied to
+the _Cimex_, so that the saying may be of greater antiquity, and relate to
+bugbears.
+
+C. T.
+
+_Zeuxis and Parrhasius._--In the Preface to Mr. Grote's _History of
+Greece_, there occurs the following passage:
+
+    "If the reader blame me for not assisting him to determine this--if he
+    ask me why I do not undraw the curtain, and disclose the picture?--I
+    reply in the words of the painter Zeuxis, when the same question was
+    addressed to him on exhibiting his master-piece of imitative art: 'The
+    curtain _is_ the picture.'"
+
+Compare this with Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ XXXV. 36. § 3.; from which it appears
+that Parrhasius, not _Zeuxis_, painted the curtain.
+
+ARCH. WEIR.
+
+_Cure for Hydrophobia._--A gentleman named Monsell, who lived at Kilrush in
+the county Clare, possessed a cure for hydrophobia which was never known to
+fail. He required that the patient should be brought to him within nine
+days from the time of being bitten, and his first proceeding was to cause
+the person to look in a looking-glass or pail of water: if the patient bore
+that trial without showing any uneasiness, he declared that there was no
+doubt of his being able to effect a cure. He then retired to another room,
+leaving the patient alone for a short time; and when he returned, he
+brought two bits of cheese which he said contained the remedy, and caused
+the person to swallow them. He then desired that the patient should return
+home, and for nine days frequently drink a few sips of water; and also take
+opportunities to look at water or a looking-glass, so as to accustom the
+nerves to be under control. I knew a case of a peasant girl, who was bitten
+by a mad dog, and who had to be brought to him tied on a car, whom he
+cured. The dog, before he was killed, bit several valuable dogs, all of
+{323} which had to be destroyed; he also bit two pigs, which, after showing
+most frightful symptoms of hydrophobia, had to be shot and their flesh
+burned. Mr. Monsell always refused to declare what his remedy was, "lest it
+might be used for anything but a human being." It would appear that in a
+great measure he worked on the imagination of his patients: still some
+other means may have been used, and, as he has been dead some time, it is
+to be hoped he did not let his secret die with him. He never would take any
+remuneration from those he cured, or their friends. I never heard any
+person in that part of the country express the least doubt of the efficacy
+of the remedy he used.
+
+FRANCIS ROBERT DAVIES.
+
+_The "Fusion."_--Is it generally known that there exists, between the two
+branches of the Bourbons, a much nearer relationship than that which arises
+from their common descent from Louis XIII.? The Duchess de Berri was niece
+to Louis-Philippe's queen: so that the Duc de Bordeaux and the Comte de
+Paris are second cousins.
+
+E. H. A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+LYRA'S COMMENTARY.
+
+I possess a copy of the _Textus biblie c[=u] Glossa ordinaria Nicolai de
+lyra postilla Pauli Brug[=e]sis Additi[=o]ibus Matthie Thoring Replicis_,
+in 6 volumes folio, printed at Basle in the years 1506-8. The binding is of
+oak boards and calf leather, stamped with a very spirited design composed
+of foliated borders, surrounding, on the right cover, six impressions from
+a die three inches high by one and three quarters wide, consisting of a
+narrow border enclosing a human figure, who bears in his left hand a
+knotted staff as high as himself, while in the right he holds a bag or
+scrip containing many balls (perhaps stones or fruit), which hangs over his
+shoulder. Under the right arm he carries a sword, and on the wrist a wicker
+basket. The lower limbs of this strange being are clad in loose garments,
+like to a modern pair of trousers, with a large ragged hole on each knee.
+The feet are not seen, as he is behind a fence composed of interlaced
+branches of trees. To complete the picture, the head, which is much too
+large for the body, has no other covering but crisped hair.
+
+On the left cover are four impressions of a die three inches high by two
+wide, on which are six animals whose kinds it is difficult to determine
+with certainty; the two upper possibly may be horses, the middle a bird and
+a monkey, the lower a lion and a dog. The animals are separated from each
+other by a running pattern composed of branches, leaves, and flowers, and
+are surrounded by a frame, on which is the following in black-letter:
+
+ "DEUS DET NOBIS SUAM PACEM
+  ET POST MORTEM UITAM ETERNAM."
+
+The clasps have engraven on them, in the same character,--
+
+ "LIB D[=N]S ET M[=GE]R JOANNIS VAM MERE."
+
+On the title-page, slightly varied in each volume, is the following
+inscription, in a hand not much later than the publication of the book:
+
+    "Liber M. Joachimi Moller ex testamento M. Johan[=i]s vam mer optim et
+    maximus deus illius anime misereatur. Amen."
+
+I shall be much obliged to any one who will explain to me the figures on
+the cover, which, doubtless, have some legendary or symbolic meaning; and
+also give me any notes or references concerning either of the former
+possessors of the book, both of whom have, I believe, enriched it with
+manuscript notes.
+
+EDWARD PEACOCK.
+
+Bottesford Moors, Messingham,
+
+Kirton-in-Lindsey.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Barristers' Gowns._--What is the meaning of the lapel, or piece which
+hangs from the back of the barristers' gown? Has it any particular name? In
+shape it is very similar to the representations we see in pictures of the
+"cloven tongues." It is not improbable that it may be intended figuratively
+to bear reference to them.
+
+HENRY T. RILEY.
+
+"_Charta Hen. 2. G. G. n. 2. q._"--In Cowell's _Law Dictionary_ (ed. 1727),
+under the word LUSGUL, I find the following reference: "Charta Hen. 2.
+G. G. n. 2. q." I should be much obliged to any person who would suggest
+for what "G. G. n. 2. q." stands.
+
+K.
+
+_Albany Wallace._--Can any of your correspondents, familiar with the drama,
+tell me who this gentleman was? In 1827, there appeared _The Death of Mary
+Queen of Scots_, an historic drama in five acts, by A. W., Esq.: Worthing,
+printed for the author by W. Verrall. His name occurs again on the
+title-page of _The Reigns of the Stuarts in England dramatised. The First
+Part of King James the First_, a play in five acts: London, printed by the
+author, at his private press, Queen Ann Street, 1835.
+
+I naturally turned up Mr. Martin's _Privately Printed Books_, but neither
+our dramatist nor his press is there alluded to. Touching the latter, Mr.
+Wallace says in his preface,--
+
+    "A certain picture was said by a connoisseur to be 'very well painted
+    for a _gentleman!_' a species of {324} negative praise which gave but
+    little satisfaction to the artist. Should the amateur printer, however,
+    meet with as much, he will be very well contented. All he can himself
+    say for his work is 'that it is legible;' and his type being of a
+    pretty tolerable rotundity, he does not think it will need an
+    additional pair of spectacles to be made out."
+
+I am farther desirous of knowing if, in pursuance of his plan, Mr. Wallace
+_dramatised_ any more of the Stuarts?
+
+J. D.
+
+_Leslie and Dr. Middleton._--In Dr. McNeile's _Lecture on the Jews and
+Judaism_, Feb. 14, 1854, the four rules given by Leslie as a test of
+historical truth are thus quoted:
+
+    "1. That the matter of fact be such that men's outward senses, their
+    ears and eyes, may be judges of it.
+
+    "2. That it be done publicly, in the face of the world.
+
+    "3. That not only public monuments be kept in memory of it, but also
+    that some outward actions be statedly performed.
+
+    "4. That such observances be instituted, and do commence, from the time
+    at which such matter of fact is done.
+
+    "_It is said_ that Dr. Middleton endeavoured for twenty years to find
+    out some pretended fact to which Mr. Leslie's four rules could be
+    applied, but in vain."
+
+"It is said." Where; when; by whom?
+
+H. B. C.
+
+U. U. Club.
+
+_Star and Garter, Kirkstall._--What is _now_ a large hotel, at Kirkstall
+Bridge, near to Kirkstall Abbey in Yorkshire, was many years ago a mere
+village roadside hostel, under whose sign (the Star and Garter) was
+inscribed in Greek capitals "[Greek: TO PREPON]." How could such an
+inscription have got into such a place? Could it have been the suggestion
+of some "learned clerke" of the neighbouring monastery, as more suited to
+the genius of the vicinity than the ordinary announcement of "Good
+Entertainment for Man and Horse?"
+
+J. L. S., Sen.
+
+_Shrove Tuesday._--Happening to be at Newbury on Shrove Tuesday, I was
+struck with the tolling of the church bell as for a death, and, on inquiry,
+was informed that such was the custom of the place on this day. Does such a
+custom exist anywhere else, and what is the origin of it?
+
+NEWBURIENSIS.
+
+"_Tarbox for that._"--On reading a book of funny stories some years ago in
+the British Museum (a sort of _Joe Miller_ of Charles II.'s time), whenever
+any story was given that seemed "too good to be true," the anecdote ended
+with the words "Tarbox for that." Am I right in suspecting that this is
+equivalent to the expression, "Tell that to the marines," so well known in
+our day? "Tarbox" was probably a nickname for a bumpkin, or guardian of the
+tarbox, in which was kept the tar composition used for anointing sheep. Can
+anybody suggest another solution of the meaning of this expression?
+
+HENRY T. RILEY.
+
+_De Gurney Pedigree._--Can any of your readers inform me whether the
+following pedigree is correct, so far as it goes?
+
+  1170. Robert Fitzhardinge = Eva.
+                            |
+    -------------------------
+    |          |
+  Maurice    Robert = Hawisia de Gurney.
+                    |
+          --------------------------------------
+          |                       |            |
+  1230. Maurice = Alice de     Henry.[1]    Matthew =
+                    Gaunt.                          |
+                                                    |
+                              -----------------------
+                              |
+                      1269. Robert de Gurney.[2]
+
+
+Who was the father of Simon de Gaunt, Bishop of Salisbury in 1300?
+
+E. W. GODWIN.
+
+[Footnote 1: First Master of the Hospital of St. Mark in Bristol.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Heir to Maurice, his uncle.]
+
+"[Greek: Pistis]," _unde deriv._--Scapula and Hederic both give [Greek:
+peithô] as the root; but by what process is [Greek: pistis] so obtained?
+What objection is there to taking [Greek: histêmi] as the root? whence
+[Greek: ephistamai, epistas, pistos]. No doubt one of your learned readers
+will kindly aid the inquiry.
+
+[Psi].
+
+_Snush._--When did this name cease to be used for _snuff?_ I think I have
+met with it as late as the reign of Queen Anne. I believe the Scotch call
+snuff _snish_, or _snishen_.
+
+HENRY. T. RILEY.
+
+_John Bale, Bishop of Ossory._--A _complete_ list of the works of this
+voluminous writer, giving the titles in full, will be thankfully
+acknowledged; also any facts as to his life, not generally known. There is
+a very imperfect list of Bale's _Works_ given in Harris's _Ware's Bishops_,
+and most of the Biographical Dictionaries.
+
+JAMES GRAVES.
+
+Kilkenny.
+
+_Proxies for absent Sponsors._--Can any of your readers mention earlier
+instances than the following of the attendance of proxies on behalf of
+absent sponsors?
+
+    "My daughter, Elizabeth Burrell, was born on Thursday, 25th June, 1696
+    ... She was baptized on Monday, 15th February. My brother, P. Burrell
+    (by Wm. Board, Esq.), Godfather, my Lady Gee (by my sister Parker), and
+    my niece Jane Burrell, Godmothers."--"Extracts from the Journal and
+    Account-Book of Timothy Burrell, Esq., Barrister-at-Law of Ockenden
+    House, Cuckfield" (_Sussex Archæological Collections_, vol. iii.
+    p. 131.).
+
+E. M.
+
+Hastings.
+
+{325}
+
+_Heraldic Query._--Names of the families bearing the following coats of
+arms are requested:
+
+1. Ermine, on a chief sable, two griffins segreant combatant argent.
+_Crest_, a demylyon affrontée or.
+
+2. Azure, a bend or, between three spear-heads argent. _Crest_, an armed
+arm, embowed, grasping a broken spear.
+
+3. Barry of six or and sable (with quarterings). _Crest_, on coil of rope a
+dog sable collared argent.
+
+E. D.
+
+_Christmas Ballad._--Perhaps some of your correspondents may be able to
+throw some light upon the following verses, which are sung by the waits at
+Christmas in the neighbourhood of Falmouth:
+
+ "Twelve is twelve as goes to hell,
+  Eleven is eleven as goes to heaven,
+  Ten is the Ten Commandments,
+  Nine is nine so bright to shine,
+  Eight is the gable angels,
+  Seven is the seven stars of the sky,
+  And six is the six bold waiters,
+  Five is the flamboys under the bough,
+  And four is the Gospel preachers;
+  Three of them is thrivers (shrivers?),
+  Two of them is lilywhite babes, and clothed all in green oh!
+  And One is One, and all alone, and ever more shall be so."
+
+That the first line alludes to the fate of the twelfth apostle is evident.
+The meaning of the second, third, sixth, ninth, and last lines, is also
+apparent. The others I am quite at a loss to explain.
+
+C. M. G.
+
+_Hay-bread Recipe._--The Query of your correspondent G. D. (Vol. ix.,
+p. 148.) has reminded me of a question which I wish to ask. By what
+chemical process may hay be converted into bread?
+
+E. W. J.
+
+_Te Deum._--We read frequently of this hymn being sung in the Russian
+Church after victories. Can any of your correspondents inform me in what
+language it is used in the Eastern Churches? It is, I believe, generally
+admitted that it was originally composed in Latin for the use of the
+Western Church; but if the Emperor Nicholas, in his famous manifesto (vide
+Vol. viii., pp. 585. 655.), quotes from this hymn and not from the Psalms,
+the one being quite as likely as the other, it would almost appear that the
+Latin version is the one with which he is the most familiar.
+
+HONORÉ DE MAREVILLE.
+
+Guernsey.
+
+_Mary Queen of Scots at Auchincas._--Auchincas is an interesting ruin on
+the bank of the Evan in Dumfriesshire, the residence of Randolph, Earl of
+Murray, Regent of Scotland in 1329. I have heard tradition to the effect
+that when Mary Queen of Scots was fleeing towards England, she paused to
+rest here. Can any of your readers confirm or contradict this tradition?
+
+And can any of them furnish farther particulars regarding the history of
+the same castle, in addition to those given in the ordinary gazetteers, and
+in Black's _Guide to Moffat?_
+
+ANNANDALE.
+
+_Right of Refuge in the Church Porch._--In one of J. H. Parker's _Parochial
+Tales_, a custom is spoken of as existing at the present time in Norfolk,
+by which every parishioner has a right to make the church porch his
+temporary home until he can find a lodging elsewhere. Is this a fact? In
+the parish register of Flamstead, Herts, is an entry under the year 1578,
+of the burial of a child and its father, "w^h bothe died in y^e church
+porche."
+
+CHEVERELLS.
+
+_Christopher Lemying of Burneston._--The undersigned would be obliged to
+any of the readers of "N. & Q." who would furnish him with the names of the
+children and grandchildren of Christopher Lemying of Burneston, nigh
+Lemying, in Richmondshire, com. York, who lived about A.D. 1600 and 1640?
+And also with any information concerning the births and deaths of the same?
+The Heralds' Visitations for the seventeenth century would probably afford
+the information, but the writer has no access to them at present.
+
+C. P. L.
+
+_Ralph Ashton the Commander._--Your answer to my inquiry relative to
+"Isabella, the wife of Ralph the Commander" (_Ashton_, Vol. ix., p. 272.),
+induced me to refer to the work you quoted, Baines's _Lancashire_; but in
+the list of her sons I did not find named one who is mentioned in the
+ancient document I have spoken of, namely, "_James_, the son of Isabel, the
+wife of Ralph the Commander." Did she survive her husband and marry a
+second time; and, if so, what was his name? I ask this because, probably,
+that would be the name of the son here alluded to. A reply to this Query
+would oblige[3]
+
+JAYTEE.
+
+[Footnote 3: We cannot discover that Elizabeth Kaye, the wife of Ralph the
+Commander, married the second time. See Burke's _Extinct Baronetcies_, pp.
+21. 285., ed. 1838.--ED.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+_Roman Roads in England._--Whose is the best treatise on the Roman roads in
+England?
+
+PRESTONIENSIS.
+
+    [Although the credit and fidelity of Richard of Cirencester have
+    frequently been attacked, still, as {326} Gibbon remarks, "he shows a
+    genuine knowledge of antiquity very extraordinary for a monk of the
+    fourteenth century." In 1809, an edition was published in London,
+    entitled _The Description of Britain_, translated from Ricardus of
+    Cirencester, with the original treatise _De Situ Britanniæ_, with a map
+    and a fac-simile of the MS., as well as a Commentary on the Itinerary.
+    It has been reprinted in the _Six Old English Chronicles_ in Bohn's
+    _Antiquarian Library_, but without the map. The Itinerary contains
+    eighteen journeys, which Richard says he compiled from certain
+    fragments written by a Roman general, and from Ptolemy and other
+    authors. He mentions 176 stations, while Antoninus has only 113.]
+
+_Inscription on the Brass of Sir G. Felbrigge._--Can any of your numerous
+correspondents afford me an explanation of the following fragment of an
+inscription from the brass of Sir George Felbrigge, Playford, Suffolk? Each
+word is separated by the letter [Old English M], and a demi-rose conjoined.
+The part enclosed in brackets is now lost, but was remaining in Gough's
+time:
+
+    "Funda de per a dieu loange et dieu pur lalme de lui al [dieu quil est
+    pete ei(t) ceste]."
+
+This is the order in which the words now stand; but as they are quite
+unintelligible, and the fillet shows evident signs of having been broken in
+several places, we may reasonably suppose that they were misplaced when the
+brass was moved from its original slab. The principal word, about which I
+am in difficulty, is _pete_. Can it be the same as "pitië?" If so, I
+venture to suggest the following explanation, till some one may offer me a
+better:
+
+    "... _fils_ de père _qui_ funda ceste _place_, à dieu est loange et
+    qu'il eit pitië, _priez_ pur l'alme de lui à dieu."
+
+The words printed in Italics are supplied to complete the sense.
+
+F. G.
+
+    [Perhaps the following words in Italics may be supplied for those
+    obliterated: "Ceste _Chaunterie estait_ fonde de part _de George
+    Felbrigge, Ch^r._ A Dieu _soit_ loange _et gloire_ ... priez pur l'asme
+    de lui a Dieu quil eit pite ..."
+
+    The following notice of the destruction of this beautiful brass is
+    given in Davy's Suffolk Collections, Add. MSS. 19,086. p. 342.: "The
+    brass in memory of Sir George Felbrigge, which had for a long time been
+    covered by the pews, was three or four years ago, in consequence of
+    some repairs, uncovered, when the incumbent and his curate had it torn
+    from the stone, and it was for some time lying in pieces at the mercy
+    of any pilferer. Mr. Albert Way, the Director of the Society of
+    Antiquaries in Feb. 1844, wrote to me, to ask what was become of the
+    figure; and, in consequence, as I had not an opportunity of visiting
+    the church myself, I wrote to Mr. Arthur Biddell for information; and
+    the following is a copy of his answer, dated Feb. 23, 1844:
+    'Felbrigge's monument was removed, much against my wishes, from its
+    former place in the N. E. corner of the church to the chancel under the
+    communion table, where it is fixed; forming part of the pavement. The
+    broken pieces of brass are again fixed in the stone; but so many of the
+    pieces were long ago lost, and I think those which were lately
+    separated from the stone are not placed in their original position: so,
+    except the figure, there is little remains to convey an idea of the
+    ornamental and beautiful work by which the figure was surrounded.'"]
+
+_Skipwith._--
+
+    "'Here lyeth the body of William Skipwith, Baronet, who deceased the
+    25th of February, 1764, aged fifty-six years. He descended from Sir
+    Henry Skipwith of Prestwould, in Leicestershire, created baronet by
+    King James I., was honoured with King Charles I.'s commission for
+    raising men against the usurping powers, and proved loyal to his king,
+    so that he was deprived of his estate by the usurper, which occasioned
+    his and his sons' death, except Sir Gray Skipwith, grandfather of the
+    abovesaid Sir William Skipwith, who was obliged to come to Virginia for
+    refuge, where the family hath continued ever since.'
+
+    "Inscription copied from tombstone of Sir William, who lies buried at
+    Greencroft, near Petersburg, Virginia."--See _South. Messenger_, vol.
+    ix. p. 591.
+
+I should be obliged for information as to Sir Henry.
+
+T. BALCH.
+
+Philadelphia.
+
+    [Sir Henry Skipwith was created a baronet Dec. 20, 1622, and in 1629
+    obtained, jointly with Sir Thomas Walsingham, Knt., a grant of lands in
+    the counties of Leicester, Derby, &c.; in 1631 a grant of free-warren
+    for his lands in Leicestershire; in 1636 was high sheriff for the
+    county; and in 1637 certain amerciaments against him on account of that
+    office, which had been returned into the Court of Chancery, were
+    certified to the Court of Exchequer. Heartily espousing the cause of
+    Charles I., he was one of the Commissioners of Array for this county,
+    and on May 28, 1645, had the honour of entertaining his sovereign at
+    Cotes, after which he was fined 1114l. by the parliamentary
+    sequestrators. He was the last of the family who resided at Cotes; and
+    amongst his poems is "An Elegy on the Death of my never enough lamented
+    master, King Charles I." The others are chiefly of a melancholy turn.
+    Sir Henry, his second son, died soon after his father, unmarried;
+    whereupon his title and estate went to his next brother Sir Gray, who,
+    after the death of the king, went with several other gentlemen, to
+    avoid the usurpation, over to Virginia, and there married, and left one
+    son.--Nichols's _Leicestershire_, vol. iii. p. 367., which also
+    contains a pedigree of the family. Consult also Lloyd's _Worthies_,
+    p. 649.]
+
+_College Battel._--What is the derivation of a word peculiar to the
+universities, _battels_: is it connected with _batten?_
+
+S. A.
+
+    [In Todd's _Johnson_ we read, "BATTEL, from Sax. [taelan] or [tellan],
+    to count, or reckon, having the prefix _be_. The account of the
+    expenses of a student in {327} any college in Oxford." In the _Gent.
+    Mag._ for Aug. 1792, p. 716., a correspondent offers the following
+    probable etymology: "It is probably derived from the German _bezahlen_;
+    in Low German and Dutch _bettahlen_; in Welsh _talz_; which signifies
+    to pay; whence may be derived likewise the English verb _to tale_, and
+    the noun a _tale_, or _score_, if not the corrupted expressions _to
+    tell_ or _number_, and _to tally_ or _agree_."]
+
+_Origin of Clubs._--Can any of your correspondents inform me from whence
+the cognomen of "club" came to be applied to select companies, and which
+was the first society that bore that title?
+
+F. R. B.
+
+    [Club is defined by Johnson to be "an assembly of good fellows, meeting
+    under certain conditions." The present system of clubs may be traced in
+    its progressive steps from those small associations, meeting (as clubs
+    of a lower grade still do) at a house of public entertainment; then we
+    come to a time when the club took exclusive possession of the house,
+    and strangers could be only introduced, under regulations, by the
+    members; in the third stage, the clubs build houses, or rather palaces,
+    for themselves. The club at the Mermaid Tavern in Friday Street was,
+    according to all accounts, the first select company established, and
+    owed its origin to Sir Walter Raleigh, who had here instituted a
+    meeting of men of wit and genius, previously to his engagement with the
+    unfortunate Cobham. This society comprised all that the age held most
+    distinguished for learning and talent, numbering amongst its members
+    Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, Beaumont and Fletcher, Selden, Sir Walter
+    Raleigh, Donne, Cotton, Carew, Martin, and many others. There it was
+    that the "wit-combats" took place between Shakspeare and Ben Johson, to
+    which, probably, Beaumont alludes with so much affection in his letter
+    to the old poet, written from the country:
+
+                     "What things have we seen
+      Done at the Mermaid! heard words that have been
+      So nimble and so full of subtle flame,
+      As if that every one from whom they came
+      Had meant to put his whole wit in a jest."
+
+    Ben Jonson had another club, of which he appears to have been the
+    founder, held in a room of the old Devil Tavern, distinguished by the
+    name of the "Apollo." It stood between the Temple Gates and Temple Bar.
+    It was for this Club that Jonson wrote the "Leges Convivales," printed
+    among his works.]
+
+_Royal Arms in Churches._--When were the Royal Arms first put up in
+churches?
+
+Are churchwardens compelled to place them over the chancel arch, or in any
+part of the building over which their jurisdiction extends?
+
+In a church without an heraldic coat of Royal Arms, can a churchwarden, or
+the incumbent _refuse_ legally to put up such a decoration, it being the
+gift of a parishioner?
+
+AZURE.
+
+    [For replies to AZURE'S first Query, see our Sixth Volume _passim_. The
+    articles at pp. 227. and 248. of the same volume incidentally notice
+    his other queries.]
+
+_Odd Fellows._--What is the origin of Odd Fellowship? What gave rise to the
+title of Odd Fellows? Are there any books published on the subject, and
+where are they to be had? Is there any published record of the origin and
+progress of the Manchester Unity?
+
+C. F. A. W.
+
+    [Our correspondent should consult _The Odd Fellows Magazine_, New
+    Series, published Quarterly by order of the Grand Master and Board of
+    Directors of the Manchester Unity of the Independent Order of Odd
+    Fellows. We have only seen vols. i. to vii., which appeared between
+    1828 and 1842. Perhaps some of our readers may wish to know what is an
+    Odd Fellow. Take the following description of one as given in vol. iv.
+    p. 287.: "He is like a fox for cunning; a dove for tameness; a lamb for
+    innocence; a lion for boldness; a bee for industry; and a sheep for
+    usefulness. This is an Odd Fellow according to Odd Fellowship."]
+
+_Governor-General of India._--Will some of your learned readers be good
+enough to inform me upon what authority the present Governor-General of
+India is styled, in all official notices, "The Most Noble?" I have always
+understood the style of a Marquis to be "Most Honorable."
+
+NOVICE.
+
+    [Official notices from public departments are frequently incorrect in
+    reference to the styles of persons. The style of a Marquis is only
+    _Most Honorable_, that of Duke _Most Noble_.]
+
+_Precedence._--Supposing an earl's daughter marries a commoner, do her
+children by him take precedence as the earl's grandchildren?
+
+SNOB.
+
+    [The children take only the precedence derived from their _paternal_
+    status.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+MARMORTINTO, OR SAND-PAINTING.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 217.)
+
+Mr. Haas, a native of Bibrach, in Germany, was accustomed to lay claim to
+the invention of sand-painting; and would often with a little pride repeat
+to his friends the way in which it was first suggested to his mind. Simply
+this:--Once, while he was engaged ornamenting a plateau with an elaborate
+and rich design, King George III. entered the apartment; and after having
+regarded the design and _modum operandi_ for some considerable time in
+silence, exclaimed, in an impatient manner, as if vexed that so much beauty
+should be so short-lived: "Haas! Haas! you ought to fasten it." From that
+moment, the artist turned his ingenuity to the subject: and how
+successfully, his pictures show.
+
+The remarks of F. C. H. as to the mode of painting are quite correct. The
+fixing of the {328} sand was the last operation, inasmuch as I have heard
+of the artist's wrath visiting a poor pussy because she had shaken a
+picture, and thereby disturbed the sand not yet fixed. The secret died with
+him and a friend, a contemporaneous artist, to whom I believe he had
+communicated the secret; this friend's name I do not know. Mr. Haas painted
+landscapes, the friend painted cattle pieces. I have in my possession some
+of Mr. Haas' work. It is beautifully soft and quiet. The foliage is fine in
+the extreme, withal a rich depth of colouring. The Welsh scenery he felt
+most at home in, he threw into it a spirit of repose: while it was bold,
+there was nothing harsh or offensive to the eye. I have tried many
+experiments with one of this pictures: amongst other things, I find the
+least moisture will remove the sand. Mr. Haas had a gallery in London for
+some time (I believe in Regent Street), where there were portraits done in
+sand. A portrait of himself was considered the gem of the pictures: such a
+vitality and delicacy of colouring did it possess. I mention this merely to
+show that sand could be applied to other branches of art besides
+landscapes. The history of the pictures at Windsor Castle is to be seen in
+one of the old _Windsor Guides_. Mr. Hans died at Bibrach, where doubtless
+many of his pictures are.
+
+Sand-paintings cannot last long; they have in themselves the element of
+their own destruction, "their rough surface," which very soon collects and
+retains the dust. I never heard of their being cleaned.
+
+JOHN MUMMERY.
+
+Queenwood College, Stockbridge, Hants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+O'BRIEN OF THOSMOND.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 125.)
+
+In corroboration of my former suggestion, that Nicholas Thosmound of
+Somersetshire was an O'Brien of Thomond, I beg to add some farther facts.
+Cotemporary with him was William Toutmound, who obtained in the sixth year
+of Henry IV. a grant of the office (in England) of chief carpenter of the
+king for his life. This singular office, "Capitalis Carpentarius Regis,"
+must, I suppose, be called Lord High Carpenter of England, in analogy with
+the offices of steward, butler, &c. It is mentioned in the _Calendar of
+Patent Rolls of England_ at the 6 Henry IV.; and in the same repository is
+mention of a grant long before by Henry III. of the land of Tosmond in
+Ireland, to A. R. Tosmond (R standing, I presume, for "Regi," for the Irish
+Toparchs were then thus designated by the English government). In this case
+then we have the letter _s_ used for _t_, as in the _Inq. P. M._ of Alicia,
+wife of the before-mentioned Nicholas Thosmound. In the _Abbreviatio
+Rotulorum Originalium of England_, in 15 Edw. II., is the expression
+"Regalitatem de Totamon," applied to the district of Thomond in Ireland. It
+seems not unlikely that the two cotemporary individuals mentioned above
+were sons or grandsons of Turloch, or Tirrèlagh, O'Brien, sovereign of
+Thomond from 1367 to 1370, when he was supplanted by his nephew Brien
+O'Brien, ancestor of the Marquis of Thomond. For this Turloch was in some
+favour with the government, by whom his distress was sometimes relieved.
+Thus it appears from the printed calendar of Irish Chancery Rolls, that a
+writ of _liberate_ issued in the 4th Rich. II. for the payment to him of
+forty marks; and again, 5 Rich. II., of twenty marks, "ei concord. [p=]
+recompens. labor." He was much befriended by the Earl of Desmond, whose
+successor being high in favour with the kings Henry V. and VI., obtained a
+large grant of land in the county of Waterford, which he immediately
+conferred on the sons of Turloch. Yet some of those sons may, through his
+interest, have been established in England. It becomes, therefore, a matter
+of considerable interest to ascertain whether the _Inq. P. M._ 2 Henry IV.
+contains any proof that Nicholas Thosmound was an O'Brien.
+
+While on this subject, may I inquire the reason why the O'Briens quarter
+with their own arms the bearing of three piles meeting in a point? These
+latter were the arms of the English baronial family of Bryan, not at all
+connected with the Irish family. I suspect the Irish were late in their
+assumption of arms, and borrowed in many cases the arms of English families
+of nearly similar names.
+
+A. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CORONATION STONE.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 123.)
+
+Possibly the following authorities may tend to throw light upon the
+question started by your correspondent.
+
+In _Ant. Univ. Hist._, vol. xvii. p. 287., 4to. ed., London, 1747, it is
+said:
+
+    "St. Austin tells us that some of the Carthaginian divinities had the
+    name of Abaddires, and their priests that of Eucaddires. This class, in
+    all probability, was derived from the stone which Jacob anointed with
+    oil, after it had served him for a pillow the night he had his vision;
+    for in the morning he called the place where he lay Bethel. Now it is
+    no wonder this should have been esteemed as sacred, since God himself
+    says, he was the GOD OF BETHEL, the place where Jacob anointed the
+    pillar. From Bethel came the bætylus of Damascius, which we find called
+    Abaddir by Priscian. This Abaddir is the Phoenician Aban-dir, that is,
+    the spherical stone, exactly answering to the description of the
+    bætylus given us by Damascius and others. The case seems to have been
+    this; the Canaanites of the neighbourhood first worshipped the
+    individual stone itself, upon which Jacob had poured {329} oil;
+    afterwards they consecrated others of that form, and worshipped them;
+    which false worship was perpetuated even to the time of St.
+    Austin."--See note (N), _Ant. Univ. Hist._, vol. i. p. 310.
+
+Now if such stones were an object of worship among the Phoenicians, nothing
+is more probable than that they should take such a stone along with them in
+their migrations to new settlements; and it may therefore well be that the
+Phoenicians, who first settled in Ireland, did bring such a stone with
+them; and hence possibly the tradition in question may have originated.
+
+There is abundant evidence that the Phoenicians fled from Palestine in very
+early times (_Ant. Univ. Hist._, vol. iii. p. 479.), and probably some of
+the Jews also about the time when Samaria was taken; and there can be no
+doubt that some Phoenicians, if not some Jews, settled in these islands at
+a very remote period; and it is a very remarkable fact that the Welsh
+spoken in North Wales is said to be nearer to the old Hebrew than any other
+existing language, and varying no more from it than the great length of
+time which has passed would lead any one to expect. (_Ant. Univ. Hist._,
+vol. vi. p. 31. note.)
+
+It should seem that some at least of the bætyli were round, and of such a
+size that they might be carried about by their votaries either by hanging
+at the neck or in some other way (_Ant. Univ. Hist._, vol. xvii. p. 287.
+_x._). But probably they were originally in the shape of a pillow. In Gen.
+xxviii. 18., it is said that Jacob "took the stone that he had put for his
+pillow, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon the top of it;"
+from which it is plain that the stone was not a sphere, but oblong and flat
+at the top and bottom; and probably not with square edges, as that would be
+most uncomfortable to lay the head upon.[4]
+
+S. G. C.
+
+[Footnote 4: Query whether from these bætyli our ancestors derived the word
+_beetle_, which denotes a wooden maul or hammer for driving wedges. Its
+head is about a foot long, flat at each end, and the rest round; so that it
+nearly resembles a pillow in shape, and the head, together with its handle,
+would well resemble a stone of similar shape suspended by a cord in the
+middle. Bailey derives the word in this sense, and as denoting the insect,
+from Sax. [Bytel]. If a handle was ever put in a bætylus, which was of the
+form I have suggested, it would form an excellent instrument for driving
+wedges or the like.]
+
+Thirty years ago, the coronation stone in Westminster Abbey stood under a
+very old chair; and was a bluish irregular block of stone, similar both in
+colour and shape to stepping-stones in the shallow rivers of the north of
+England. It is _now_ a very nice hewn block, nicely fitted into the frame
+under the seat of a renovated chair. It does not look at all like the old
+stone of former days. Is the geological formation of the present block very
+difficult to ascertain?
+
+H. R. NÉE F.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POLYGAMY.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 246.)
+
+In answer to the various Queries of _Stylites_ I have to observe:
+
+1. That the Jews do not at present, in any country, practise polygamy, it
+being contrary, not to the letter, but to the spirit of the law of Moses,
+which nevertheless provides for cases where a man has two wives at the same
+time; the inconvenience of which practice is several times pointed out, and
+which was also inconsistent with the Levirate law. (See Jahn, § 151.; and
+the Mishna, [Hebrew: SDR NSHYM], which designates more wives than one
+[Hebrew: TSRWT], _trouble, adversaries_.)
+
+2. The practice was, however, allowed expressly to the Jewish kings only,
+perhaps to the extent of _four_ wives, which is the Rabbinic exposition,
+and coincides with the Koran.
+
+3. Marriage being a civil contract in most heathen countries, as also
+amongst the Jews and early Christians, polygamy is not forbidden or allowed
+on religious grounds. Marriage was included under the general head of
+covenants, [Hebrew: KTWBWT], in the Mishna. Barbarous nations generally
+practised polygamy, according to Tacitus (_Germ._ 18.); excepting the
+Germans, who, like the Greeks and Romans, "were content with a single
+wife," although some exceptions were found in this respect, _non libidine,
+sed ob nobilitatem_.
+
+4. Polygamy was not practised amongst the early Christians, who followed
+the Jews in this matter.
+
+5. Clement of Alexandria (_Stromata_, lib. iii. p. 461., edit. 1629) says:
+
+    "[Greek: All' ho autos anêr kai Kurios, palaia kainizôn, ou polugamian
+    eti sunchôrei; tote gar apêtei ho Theos, hote auxanesthai kai
+    plêthunein echrên; monogamian de eisagei, dia paidopoiian, kai tên tou
+    oikou kêdemonian, eis ên boêthos edothê hê gunê]."
+
+Whence it appears that to have progeny and a helpmate at home were the
+objects proposed in matrimony, for which polygamy was unfavorable. He then
+remarks on the privilege conceded to some to form a second marriage, after
+the death of the first wife, which St. Paul forbids to a bishop, who was to
+be, in the _modern_ sense of the word, a monogamist. Two wives at the same
+time were wholly repugnant to Jewish, as well as Greek and Roman,
+sentiment. Ignatius (_ad Polyc. 5._) says it is _proper_ ([Greek: prepei])
+for married persons to unite under the bishop's advice, so that the
+marriage may be [Greek: kata Theon] and not [Greek: kat' epithumian];
+whence it is inferred that a marriage was {330} valid in his time, although
+no religious sanction was obtained.
+
+It appears from Our Lord's remarks, Matt. xix. 8., Mark x. 5., that the
+consuetudinary law of marriage was not wholly abrogated, but was
+accommodated to the Jews by the Mosaic code. To understand this subject,
+therefore, the ancient usages and existing practices must be weighed, as
+well from ancient authors as from modern travellers. Whence it appears that
+the contract of marriage, whereby a man received a wife in consideration of
+a certain sum of money paid to her father, contemplated progeny as its
+special object.[5] In default of an heir the Jew took a second wife, it
+being assumed that the physical defect was on the wife's part. If the
+second had no child he took a third, and in like default a fourth, which
+was the limit as understood by the rabbins, and is now the limit assigned
+by the Mahometan doctors. But the Mosaic law proceeded even beyond this,
+and allowed, on the husband's death, the right of _Iboom_, usually called
+the Levirate law, so that in case of there being _no_ child, some _one_ of
+the deceased's brothers had a right to take some _one_ of the deceased's
+wives: and their progeny was deemed by the Mosaic code to be his deceased
+brother's, whose property indeed devolved in the line of such progeniture.
+It would appear that it was usual for the eldest brothers to marry, the
+younger brothers remaining single. This was a remnant, as modified by
+Moses, of the custom of polyandry, several brothers taking one wife,--a
+sort of necessary result of polygamy, since the number of males and females
+born is equal in all countries, within certain limits of variation. The
+best authorities on this subject are the Mishna, Selden, Du Halde, Niebuhr,
+Süsmilch, and Michälis, the last in Dr. Smith's translation, at the
+beginning of the 2nd volume.
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+Lichfield.
+
+[Footnote 5: In the recent ceremony of the French emperor's marriage, money
+was presented to the bride.]
+
+STYLITES says, "On what ground has polygamy become forbidden among
+Christians? I am not aware that it is directly forbidden by Scripture." In
+reply to this I venture to say, that the Divine will on this matter was
+sufficiently indicated at the creation, when one woman was appointed for
+one man, as expressed in Gen. ii. 24., and quoted by Our Lord, with the
+significant addition of the word _twain_: "They twain shall be one flesh"
+(Matt. xix. 5.). _Twain_, i.e. two; not twenty, nor any indefinite number.
+Moreover, the law of nature speaks, in the nearly equal numbers of men and
+women that are born, or, as in this parish, by making the men the more
+numerous.
+
+But STYLITES starts a most interesting question in a practical point of
+view. It is admitted that the Gospel is not very explicit respecting
+polygamy; and why so? Possibly the Gospel was purposely kept silent; and
+the Church allowed some latitude in judgment upon a very difficult point,
+because it was foreseen that the custom of polygamy would prove one of the
+greatest obstacles to a reception of pure Christianity. This difficulty is
+of constant occurrence in heathen lands at the present day. The Christian
+missionary insists upon the convert abandoning all his wives, except the
+one whom he first married. This woman was probably childless; and because
+she was so, he formed other and _legal_ connexions. But before he can be
+received as a Christian, he must dissolve all these later ties, and
+bastardise children who were innocently born in lawful wedlock. The
+conditions are very awful. An act of cruelty and injustice has to be
+performed by one who is on the point of entering the threshold of
+Christianity!
+
+Perhaps these considerations may serve to account for the comparative
+silence of the Gospel upon a subject which seemed to require the expression
+of a direct command, whilst they will in no way obscure its
+universally-admitted meaning.
+
+ALFRED GATTY.
+
+Ecclesfield.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POETICAL TAVERN SIGNS.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 58.)
+
+The subjoined lines address themselves to the traveller, as he looks on the
+sign of "The Rodney's Pillar" inn at Criggirn, a hamlet on the borders of
+Montgomeryshire and this county:
+
+ "Under these trees, in sunny weather,
+  Just try a cup of ale, however;
+  And if in tempest or in storm,
+  A couple then to make you warm;
+  But when the day is very cold,
+  Then taste a mug a twelvemonth old."
+
+          _Reverse side._
+
+ "Rest, and regale yourself: 'tis pleasant.
+    Enough is all the prudent need.
+  That's the due of the hardy peasant,
+    Who toils all sorts of men to feed.
+
+ "Then 'muzzle not the ox when he treads out corn,'
+  Nor grudge honest labour its pipe and its horn."
+
+G. H. BILLINGTON.
+
+The following, although not a _tavern_ sign, may be worth preserving. I saw
+it under a painting of an ox, which adorned a butcher's shop at Ischl, in
+Upper Austria, A.D. 1835:
+
+ "Der Ochs besteht aus Fleisch und Bein zum laufen,
+  Darum kann ich das Fleisch nicht ohne Bein verkaufen."
+
+J. C. R.
+
+{331}
+
+In the parlour of the "Three Pigeons," Brentford, is an old painting, dated
+1704, representing a landlord attending to his guests seated at a table in
+the open air, with these lines above:
+
+ "Wee are new beginners,
+    And thrive wee would faine;
+  I am Honest Ralf of Reading,
+    My wife Susand to name."
+
+Wright, in his _Historia Histronica_, 1699, tells us that--
+
+    "Lowin (one of the original actors in Shakspeare's plays), in his
+    latter days, kept an inn, the 'Three Pigeons,' at Brentford, where he
+    died very old."
+
+At the "Old Parr's Head," Aldersgate Street, was, in 1825, a sign of an
+ancient gentleman, with these lines under:
+
+ "Your head cool,
+    Your feet warm;
+  But a glass of good gin
+    Would do you no harm."
+
+The author of _Tavern Anecdotes_, 12mo., 1825, records the following:
+
+      _"Rhyming Host at Stratford._
+
+  At the Swan Tavern, kept by Lound,
+  The best accommodation's found--
+  Wine, spirits, porter, bottled beer,
+  You'll find in high perfection here.
+  If, in the garden with your lass,
+  You feel inclin'd to take a glass,
+  There tea and coffee, of the best,
+  Provided is for every guest;
+  And, females not to drive from hence,
+  His charge is only fifteen pence.
+  Or, if dispos'd a pipe to smoke,
+  To sing a song, or crack a joke,
+  You may repair across the green,
+  Where nought is heard, tho' much is seen:
+  There laugh, and drink, and smoke away,
+  And but a mod'rate reck'ning pay,--
+  Which is a most important object,
+  To every loyal British subject.
+
+              In short,
+  The best accommodation's found,
+  By those who deign to visit Lound."
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+1. At a public-house near Cambridge, known to the natives of Cambridgeshire
+as "Tew-Pot House," formerly kept by one Cooper, there used to be, I cannot
+say decidedly is, as I have not passed the place for ten years and more,
+the following:
+
+ "Rest, traveller, rest; lo! Cooper's hand
+  Obedient brings two pots at thy command.
+  Rest, traveller, rest, and banish thoughts of care.
+  Drink to thy friends, and recommend them here."
+
+2. The Robin Hood inscription is found, with a very little variation, in
+front of a public-house at Cherryhinton, at the corner of the road to
+Fulbourn, in this county.
+
+3. Who can forget the suggestion by Walter Scott, of
+
+ "Drink, weary traveller, drink and _pay_,"
+
+as a motto for the public-house at Flodden? (See Lockhart's _Life of
+Scott_, cap. xxv.)
+
+I remember seeing the following in the parlour of a house at Rancton, I
+believe in Norfolk:
+
+ "More   beer   score   clerk
+  For    my     my      his
+  Do     trust  pay     sent
+  I      I      must    have
+  Shall  if     I       brewer
+  What   and    and     my."[6]
+
+P. J. F. GANTILLON.
+
+[Footnote 6: Begin with the bottom word of the right-hand column and read
+upwards, treating the other columns in a similar way.]
+
+In Deansgate, Manchester, under an artistic representation of Llangollen
+Castle, is the following:
+
+ "Near the above place, in a vault,
+    There is such liquor fixed,
+  You'll say that water, hops, and malt
+    Were never better mixed."
+
+As a parallel to the case cited by NEWBURIENSIS, I may mention the sign of
+the "BROWN COW," near the village of Glodwick, Oldham:
+
+ "This cow gives such liquor,
+  'Twould puzzle a viccar" [_sic_].
+
+JOHN SCRIBE.
+
+The following verse from the sign-board of the Bull Inn at Buckland near
+Dover, may not be an uninteresting addition to your list of poetical tavern
+signs.
+
+ "The bull is tame, so fear him not,
+  All the while you pay your shot;
+  When money's gone, and credit's bad,
+  It's that which makes the bull run mad!"
+
+FRAS. BRENT.
+
+Sandgate.
+
+At the Red Lion, Stretton, near Warmington:
+
+ "The Lion is strong, the Cat is vicous[_sic_],
+  My ale is good, and so is my liquors."
+
+E. P. PALING.
+
+February 20, 1854.
+
+At Swainsthorpe, a village five miles from Norwich, on the road to Ipswich,
+is a public-house known as the "Dun Cow." Under the portrait of the cow, in
+former days, stood the following couplet:
+
+ "Walk in, gentlemen; I trust you'll find
+  The dun cow's milk is to your mind."
+
+{332} Whether it still remains I know not, as many years have gone by since
+I passed that way.
+
+T. B. B. H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"BEHEMOTH."
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 77.)
+
+Hobbes's _Behemoth_ forms the eighth tract in the collection relating to
+the civil wars by the Baron Maseres (1815), and occupies nearly 200 pages.
+The Baron, in his Preface (pp. lxxviii., lxxix.) gives the following
+character of the work:
+
+    "It is written in a very clear and lively style, and contains a great
+    deal of curious historical matter concerning the rise and gradual
+    increase of the Pope's power over temporal princes: the prohibition of
+    marriage in secular priests; the doctrine of transubstantiation; the
+    institution of auricular confession to a priest; the institution of
+    Orders of preaching friars; and the institution of Universities and
+    Schools of Disputation; (all which institutions, he observes, had a
+    tendency to increase the power of the Pope, and were made for that
+    purpose,) which is set forth in pp. 467, 468., &c., to p. 472. And much
+    other interesting matter, concerning the sentiments of the Presbyterian
+    ministers, the Papists, the Independents, and other sectaries. The
+    pretensions made by them to Spiritual Power, and the nature of heresies
+    and the history of them, is clearly and justly described in another
+    part of it; over and above the narration of the several events of the
+    civil war itself, which I believe to be faithful and exact in point of
+    fact, though with a different judgment of Mr. Hobbes as to the moral
+    merit of the persons concerned in producing them, from that which, I
+    presume, will be formed by many of the readers of this history at this
+    day; which difference of judgment between Mr. Hobbes and the present
+    readers of this work, will be a necessary consequence, from Mr.
+    Hobbes's having entertained two very important opinions concerning the
+    nature of civil government in general, and of the monarchical
+    government of England in particular, which in the present age are
+    thought, by almost every Englishman who has paid any attention to the
+    subject, to be exceedingly erroneous."
+
+Subjoined to his reprint of this tract, the Baron has appended remarks on
+some particular passages therein, which appeared to him to contain
+erroneous opinions.
+
+C. H. COOPER.
+
+Cambridge.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Photographic Slides for the Magic Lantern._--Might not the collodion
+process be applied very usefully in the preparation of slides for the magic
+lantern?
+
+Good slides are always expensive, owing, in great measure, to the accuracy
+required, where every defect will be magnified some hundred times.
+
+I would suggest that a photographic picture should be taken on the glass
+plate, and then varnished. The painter should then apply his colours to the
+_opposite_ side of the glass, using the photographic image as his outline.
+The colours would then be burnt in, and the varnish and collodion film
+cleared off.
+
+This plan would be especially useful when the photographic picture had been
+taken by the microscope.
+
+THOS. SCOTT, B.A.
+
+Brighton.
+
+_Albumenized Paper._--If MR. HELE will follow the directions contained in a
+paper of mine which you published in Vol. ix., p. 206., for albumenizing
+paper, I think he will have no reason to complain of waves, or streaks, or
+blotches, and will be saved the trouble of the damping process which he
+uses and recommends to others. ("N. & Q.," Vol. ix., p. 254.) I have done a
+considerable quantity of paper of Canson, both positive and negative, and
+also of other makers, Whatman, Turner, Sandford, and Nash, and in all I
+have succeeded perfectly in obtaining an even coating of albumen. I am
+convinced from my own experience that the cause of waviness, &c., is due to
+raising the paper from the albumen _too slowly_. If the paper be snatched
+hastily from the solution, air bubbles no doubt will be formed; but if the
+paper be raised with a steady even motion, _not too slow_, the albumen will
+flow evenly from the paper, and it will dry with a perfectly even surface.
+
+MR. SHADBOLT is certainly mistaken in saying that positives printed from
+negatives will not stand a saturated solution of hypo. soda, unless they be
+printed so intensely dark that all traces of a picture by reflected light
+are obliterated. I have used nothing but a saturated solution for fixing my
+positives for a considerable time, and my experience agrees with that of
+other of your correspondents, that the picture is not as much reduced by a
+saturated solution as by a weaker one. By adding about one grain of sel
+d'or to every eight ounces of saturated solution, very rich black tones
+will be obtained.
+
+I inclose a specimen of what I have got in this way.
+
+C. E. F.
+
+    [The specimen sent is most satisfactory; we wish that the locality of
+    the view had been stated.--ED.]
+
+_Mounting Positives on Cardboard._--In the absence of any other reply to
+J. L. S. (Vol. ix., p. 282.), the following, as the method I always adopt,
+may serve his purpose.
+
+Having cut the positive to the size required, and trimmed the edges, place
+it upon the cardboard to which it is intended to be attached, and carefully
+centre it; then with a pencil make a slight dot at each of the angles.
+Remove the proof, and lay it _face downwards_ upon a piece of clean paper
+or a cloth, and with any convenient brush smear it evenly over with a paste
+made of arrowroot, taking care not to have more than just enough to cover
+it without leaving any patches. Place it gently on the cardboard, holding
+it for the purpose by two _opposite_ angles, and with a silk handkerchief
+dab it gently, beginning in the middle, and work any little superfluity of
+the paste towards the edges, when it will be gradually pressed out. The
+whole may be placed in a press, or under a pile of books to dry. {333}
+
+My object in using arrowroot is simply that of having a _pure starch_
+without colour, and it serves as a size to the paper, which has lost that
+originally in it by the repeated washings, &c.
+
+The paste is made very thin, thus:--Put a teaspoonful of arrowroot (not
+_heaped_) into a teacup with about two spoonfuls of cold water, and mix
+into a paste: then add _boiling_ water enough to fill the cup, and stir.
+Many photographers merely attach the _edges_ of their pictures, but I
+prefer them to adhere all over. Gum is fatal to the beauty of a photograph,
+unless it is previously re-sized.
+
+GEO. SHADBOLT.
+
+_Mr. Lyte's Collodion_ (Vol. ix., p. 225.).--Our readers may remember that
+in "N. & Q.," Feb. 18, MR. F. MAXWELL LYTE furnished our readers with a
+detailed plan of his mode of preparing collodion. In that article, written
+from Pau, that gentleman was so good as to promise us that when he had an
+opportunity he would send us a couple of specimens of his workmanship. He
+has more than fulfilled his promise, for we have received from him this
+week four photographs, which, for general beauty and minuteness of detail,
+cannot be surpassed. The subjects are, I. Study of Trees, No. 2.; II. Study
+of Trees, No. 5. Old Pollard Oak; III. Study of Trees, Peasants collecting
+Leaves; IV. Old Church Porch, Morlâas, Monogram of the Eleventh Century.
+MR. LYTE, who is a first-rate chemist, has shown himself by these specimens
+to be also a first-rate practical photographer. From him, therefore, the
+art may look for much future progress.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy"_ (Vol. ix., p. 191.).--DR. RIMBAULT may
+perhaps be interested in hearing that some years ago I urged upon two
+London publishers the desirableness of bringing out a new edition of
+Burton's _Anatomy of Melancholy_, but they both declined to undertake the
+work. I then resolved to publish myself the _latter_ part of the work (on
+_Religious Melancholy_), and made known my intention in. "N. & Q.," in the
+hope of obtaining some casual notes and observations; but in this also I
+was disappointed. As, however, my intention is only suspended for the
+present, not abandoned, I shall be obliged by any assistance that DR.
+RIMBAULT, or any of your readers, can afford me. Can any one correct the
+following list of editions of the _Anatomy of Melancholy_?
+
+  1621. 4to. Oxford.
+  1624. fol. Oxford.
+  1628. fol. Oxford.
+  1632. fol. Oxford.
+  1638. fol.
+  1651-2. fol.
+  1660. fol. London.
+  1676. fol.
+  1728. fol.
+  1738. fol.
+  1800. fol. 2 vols.
+  1804. 8vo. 2 vols.
+  1806. 8vo. 2 vols.
+  1827. 8vo. 2 vols.
+  1829. 8vo. 2 vols.
+  1837. 8vo. 2 vols.
+  1839. 8vo.
+  1845. 8vo.
+
+If Watt's _Biblioth._ be correct, the _last_ folio edition was _not_ that
+of 1676 (see "N. & Q.," Vol. ix., p. 121.); but on this and other similar
+points I shall be glad to hear DR. RIMBAULT'S opinion.
+
+M. D.
+
+_Original Royal Letters to the Grand Masters of Malta_ (Vol. viii.,
+p. 99.).--When making out the list of English Royal Letters, which has
+already appeared in "N. & Q.," we were not aware that any others besides
+those which we recorded at the time were to be found in the Record Office.
+Since then Dr. Vella has examined other manuscript volumes, and,
+fortunately, brought to light nine more autograph letters, to which,
+according to their dates, we hope to call your attention hereafter. They
+are as follows:
+
+  +-------------+-------------------------+-----------------------------+
+  |Writer.      |Date.                    |In what  |To whom addressed. |
+  |             |                         |Language |                   |
+  |             |                         |written. |                   |
+  +-------------+-------------------------+-----------------------------+
+  |Charles II.  |28th November, 1670.     |Latin.   |Nicholas Cotoner.  |
+  |Ditto        |12th February, 1674.     |Ditto.   |Ditto.             |
+  |Ditto        |19th May, 1675.          |Ditto.   |Ditto.             |
+  |Ditto        |28th October, 1676.      |Ditto.   |Ditto.             |
+  |Ditto        |2nd November, 1678.      |Ditto.   |Ditto.             |
+  |James II.*   |24th August, 1685.       |Ditto.   |Gregory Caraffa.   |
+  |Ditto        |10th day of Jan. 1686-7. |Ditto.   |Ditto.             |
+  |Ditto        |9th April, 1687.         |Ditto.   |Ditto.             |
+  |George I.    |5th May, 1715.           |Ditto.   |Raymond Perellos.  |
+  +-------------+-------------------------+-----------------------------+
+
+* The letters of James II. are countersigned "Comes de Sunderland,"[7] and
+that of George I. "I. Stanhope."
+
+In our previous list an error occurred, which we would wish to correct. The
+last letter of Henry VIII. was addressed to the Grand Master Pierre Du
+Pont, and not to Nicholas Cotoner, who ascended the Maltese throne in 1663.
+The translation of H. M.'s congratulatory letter to Du Pont, on his
+election, we trust you have already received. We referred in our former
+Note to a letter of Charles II., under date of "the last day of November,
+1674," and since that came to our observation we have seen an _exact copy_
+bearing the autograph of the king. This circumstance leads us to inquire at
+what period, and with what English monarch, the custom of sending duplicate
+letters originated? In the time of James II. it would appear to have been
+followed, as one of H. M.'s letters is thus marked in his own handwriting.
+
+We would state, before closing this Note, that the letters of James II. are
+the earliest in date of any English royal letters filed away at this island
+which are _countersigned, or bear the address_ of the Grand Master at the
+foot of the first page, on the left-hand side, as is customary in writing
+official letters to government officers at the present time.
+
+Will any of your correspondents kindly inform us with what English monarch
+the custom {334} originated of having his letters countersigned by a
+minister, and of placing the address within the letter, as is the case in
+those of James II. to which we have just referred?
+
+WILLIAM WINTHROP.
+
+La Valetta, Malta.
+
+[Footnote 7: Robert Spencer, second Earl of Sunderland, K.G., was principal
+Secretary of State during the latter years of Charles II. and the whole
+reign of James II., and as such, when countersigning a royal letter, he
+placed at the end of his signature the letter P.]
+
+_Prince Charles' Attendants in Spain_ (Vol. ix., p. 272.).--In a small 4to.
+MS. in my possession, entitled "A Narrative of Count Gondomar's Proceedings
+in England," is the following list of "The Prince's Servants" who
+accompanied him in his Journey into Spain:
+
+ "_Master of the Horse_, Lord Andover.
+  _Master of the Ward_, Lord Compton.
+  _Chamberlain_, Lord Carey.
+  _Comptroller_, Lord Vaughan.
+  _Secretary_, Sir Francis Cottington.
+  _Gentleman of the Bed-chamber_, Sir Robert Carr.
+
+                           {Sir William Howard,
+                           {Sir Edmund Verney,
+                           {Sir William Crofts,
+  _Gentlemen of the Privy_ {Sir Richard Wynne,
+  _Chamber_                {Mr. Ralph Clare,
+                           {Mr. John Sandilaus,
+                           {Mr. Charles Glemham.
+                           {Mr. Francis Carew.
+
+  _Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber_, Sir John North.
+
+                                     {Mr. Newton,
+  _Gentlemen Ushers of the Presence_ {Mr. Young,
+                                     {Mr. Tyrwhitt.
+  _Grooms of the Bed-chamber_, five.
+  _Pages_, three.
+  _Chaplains_, two."
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+_Churchill's Grave_ (Vol. ix., p. 122.).--The fact that Churchill's grave
+is at Dover, is not an obscure one. It was visited by Byron, who wrote a
+poem on the subject, which will be found in his _Works_. This poem is
+remarkable, among other things, from the circumstance that it is written in
+avowed and serious imitation of the style of Wordsworth.
+
+M. T. W.
+
+"_Cissle_" (Vol. ix., p. 148.).--If A. refers to Forby's _Vocabulary of
+East Anglia_, he will find:
+
+    "SIZZLE, _v._ To dry and shrivel up with hissing, by the action of fire
+    or some greasy or juicy substance."
+
+C. R. M.
+
+_Contributors to Knight's "Quarterly Magazine"_ (Vol. ix., p. 103.).--I can
+answer one of E. H.'s inquiries. Gerard Montgomery was the assumed name of
+the Rev. J. Moultrie. It was originally adopted by him in that most
+brilliant of all school periodicals, _The Etonian_, and the mask was thrown
+off in the list of contributors given at the end of the third volume. In
+_The Etonian_ it was attached to "Godiva," the poem which attracted the
+warm admiration of Gifford of the _Quarterly Review_, a man not prodigal of
+praise, and the "Godiva" of Moultrie may still fearlessly unveil its charms
+beside the "Godiva" of Tennyson. His longest poem in Knight's _Quarterly_
+was "La Belle Tryamour," which has since been republished in a volume of
+collected poems with his name to them, many of which are strikingly unlike
+it in character. The gay _Etonian_ is now the vicar of Rugby; and the story
+of his experiences has been told by himself with a singular charm in his
+"Dream of a Life."
+
+Strange it is that the contributions of Macaulay to Knight's _Quarterly
+Magazine_ should not, ere now, have been reprinted. Some few of them have
+been so, and are become familiar as household words on both sides of the
+Atlantic. The others are as obscure as if still in manuscript. What does
+the public at large know of the "Fragments of a Roman Tale," or the "Scenes
+from Athenian Revels;" in which the future historian tried his powers as a
+romancer and a dramatist--in the one case bringing before us Cæsar and
+Catiline, in the other Alcibiades and his comrades. There are essays too by
+Macaulay in Knight's _Quarterly Magazine_ of a lighter character than those
+in the _Edinburgh Review_, but not less brilliant than any in that splendid
+series which now takes rank as one of the most valuable contributions of
+the present age to the standard literature of England. It would not be one
+of the least weighty arguments against the extended law of copyright, which
+Macaulay succeeded in passing, that the public is now deprived of the
+enjoyment of such treasures as these by the too nice fastidiousness of
+their author. As on two former occasions, we suppose that they are likely
+to be first collected in Boston or New York, and that London will
+afterwards profit by the rebound.
+
+M. T. W.
+
+"_La Langue Pandras_" (Vol. ii., pp. 376. 403.).--It is merely a
+conjecture, but may not the word _Pandras_ be the second person singular in
+the future tense of a verb derived from the Latin _pando_, "to open?" I am
+not aware of the existence of such a word as _pander_ in old French; but I
+believe that it was by no means an unusual practice among the writers of
+Chaucer's time to adapt Latin words to their own idiom.
+
+HONORÉ DE MAREVILLE.
+
+Guernsey.
+
+_Cranmer Bibles_ (Vol. ix., p. 119.).--S. R. M. will be gratified to learn,
+that the death of Mr. Lea Wilson has not, as he conjectures, led to the
+dispersion of the curious collection of Cranmer Bibles, which he had been
+at so much pains in forming, but to its being rendered more accessible.
+They were all purchased for the British Museum.
+
+M. T. W.
+
+_Voisonier_ (Vol. ix., p. 224.).--A corruption of _vowsoner_, _i. e._ the
+owner of the _vowson_; this last {335} word being anciently used for
+_advowson_, as may by seen by the glossary to Robert of Gloucester's
+_Works_.
+
+C. H.
+
+I submit that this word means _advowsoner_, that is, "owner of the
+advowson."
+
+Q. D.
+
+_Word-minting_ (Vol. ix., p. 151.).--To MR. MELVILLE'S list of new words,
+you may add: _talented_ (Yankee), _adumbrate_ (pedantic), _service_. The
+latter word is of very late importation from the French, within three
+years, as applied to the lines of steamers, or traffic of railways. It is
+an age of word-minting; and bids fair to corrupt the purity of the English
+language by the coinage of the slovenly writer, and adoption of foreign or
+learned words which possess an actual synonym in our own tongue. MR.
+MELVILLE deserves our thanks for his timely notice of such "contraband"
+wares.
+
+MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.
+
+Your correspondent MR. MELVILLE will be surprised to learn that the words
+_deranged_, _derangement_, now so generally used in reference to a
+disordered intellect, or madness, are not to be found in any dictionary
+that I have seen.
+
+J. A. H.
+
+_Fair Rosamond_ (Vol. ix., p. 163.).--The lines which your correspondent
+C. C. inquires for are from Warner's _Albion's England_, which first
+appeared in thirteen books in 1586:
+
+ "Fair Rosamond, surprised thus ere thus she did expect,
+  Fell on her humble knees, and did her fearful hands erect:
+  She blushed out beauty, whilst the tears did wash her pleasing face,
+  And begged pardon, meriting no less of common grace.
+ 'So far, forsooth, as in me lay, I did,' quoth she, 'withstand;
+  But what may not so great a king by means or force command?'
+ 'And dar'st thou, minion,' quoth the queen, 'thus article to me?'
+    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
+  With that she dashed her on the lips, so dyed double red:
+  Hard was the heart that gave the blow, soft were those lips that bled."
+
+J. M. B.
+
+_Death-warnings in ancient Families_ (Vol. ix., pp. 55. 114. 150.).--
+
+    "As a Peaksman, and a long resident in the Isle of Man, Peveril was
+    well acquainted with many a superstitious legend; and particularly with
+    a belief, which attached to the powerful family of the Stanleys, for
+    their peculiar demon, a Ban-shie, or female spirit, who was wont to
+    shriek, 'Foreboding evil times;' and who was generally seen weeping and
+    bemoaning herself before the death of any person of distinction
+    belonging to the family."--_Peveril of the Peak_, vol. ii. p. 174.
+
+J. M.
+
+Oxford.
+
+_Poets Laureate_ (Vol. ii., p. 20.).--Your correspondent S. H. will find
+"an account of the origin, office, emoluments, and privileges of poet
+laureate" in a recent work entitled _The Lives of the Poets Laureate, with
+an Introductory Essay on the Title and Office_, by W. S. Austin, Jun., and
+J. Ralph (Richard Bentley, 1853).
+
+From _The Memoirs of William Wordsworth_, vol. ii. p. 403., it would appear
+that there is a "very interesting literary essay on the laureates of
+England by Mr. Quillinan."
+
+In the year 1803, it would appear that Lord Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant of
+Ireland, "offered to create a laureateship in Ireland, with the same
+emoluments as the English one," if Mr. Moore would accept it. (_Memoirs of
+Tom Moore_, vol. i. p. 228.)
+
+From Mr. Moore's Letter to his Mother, dated May 20, 1803, we learn that--
+
+    "The manner in which Mr. Wickham communicated the circumstance to me
+    would disgust any man with the least spirit of independence about him.
+    I accordingly, yesterday, after the receipt of my father's letter,
+    enclosed the ode on the birth-day, at the same time resigning the
+    situation."--_Memoirs of Tom Moore_, vol. i. pp. 126--128.
+
+LEONARD L. HARTLEY.
+
+York.
+
+_Brissot de Warville_ (Vol. ix., p. 209.).--Since my last communication on
+the above subject, I have obtained _The Life of J. P. Brissot, &c., written
+by himself_, an 8vo. volume of pp. 92, published by Debrett, London, 1794.
+It is a translation, the original of which I have never seen. And if you do
+not think the subject exhausted, perhaps you will spare a few lines for his
+own account of his name.
+
+    "The office of an attorney was my gymnasium; I laboured in it for the
+    space of five years, as well in the country as in Paris.... To relieve
+    my weariness and disgust, I applied myself to literature and to the
+    sciences. The study of the languages was, above all others, my
+    favourite pursuit. Chance threw in my way two Englishmen, on a visit to
+    my own country: I learned their language, and this circumstance decided
+    my fate. It was at the commencement of my passion for that language
+    that I made the metamorphosis of a diphthong in my name, which has been
+    imputed to me as so great a crime; and, since I must render an account
+    of every particular point, lest even the slightest hold against me
+    should be afforded to malignity, I will declare the cause of the change
+    in question. Born the thirteenth child of my family, and the second of
+    my brothers in it, I bore, for the purpose of being distinguished from
+    them, according to the custom of Beance, the name of a village in which
+    my father {336} possessed some landed property. This village was called
+    Ouarville, and Ouarville became the name by which I was known in my own
+    country. A fancy struck me that I would cast an English air over my
+    name, and therefore I substituted, in the place of the French diphthong
+    _ou_, the _w_ of the English, which has the same sound. Since this
+    nominal alteration, having put it as a signature to my published works
+    and to different deeds, I judged it right to preserve it. If this be a
+    crime, I participate in the guilt of the French _literati_, who, in the
+    sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, made no scruple whatsoever of
+    _grecising_ or (if we may use the expressions) _latinising_ their
+    appellations. _Arouet_, to escape from a reproachful pun upon his name,
+    changed it into that of _Voltaire_. The _Anglomania_ (if such it may be
+    called) has occasioned me to alter mine; not, as it has been pretended,
+    to draw in dupes, or to avoid passing for the son of my father, since I
+    have perpetually borne, signed, and printed the name of my father after
+    that second name which was given to me according to the custom of my
+    country."
+
+There are many other interesting particulars, but the above is all that
+bears upon his adoption of the name Warville, and will, perhaps, be
+considered pretty conclusive.
+
+N. J. A.
+
+"_Branks_," (Vol. ix., p. 149.).--In Wodrow's _Biographical Collections_,
+vol. ii. p. 72., under the date June 15, 1596, will be found the following:
+
+    "The Session (of Glasgow) appoint jorgs and _branks_ to be made for
+    punishing flyters."
+
+I cannot at this moment refer particularly, but I know that the word is to
+be found in Burns' _Poems_ in the sense of a rustic bit or bridle. The term
+is still in use in the west of Scotland; and country horses, within the
+memory of many, were tormented with the clumsy contrivance across their
+noses. With all its clumsiness it was very powerful, as it pressed on the
+nostrils of the animal: its action was somewhat like that of a pair of
+scissors.
+
+L. N. R.
+
+_Theobald le Botiller._ (Vol. viii., p. 367.).--If MR. DEVEREUX refers to
+Lynch on _Feudal Dignities_, p. 81., he will find that Theobald le
+Botiller, called the second hereditary Butler of Ireland, was of age in
+1220, and died, not in 1230, but in 1248; that he married Roesia de Verdon;
+that his eldest son and heir was Theobald, third Butler (grandfather of
+Edmund, sixth Butler, who was created Earl of Carrick), and that by the
+same marriage he was also the ancestor of the Verdons of England and of
+Ireland. Now, in Lodge's _Peerage_ by Archdall, 1789, vol. iv. p. 5., it is
+said that the wife of Theobald, second Butler, was Joane, eldest sister and
+co-heir of John de Marisco, a great baron in Ireland; and thirdly, Sir
+Bernard Burke, in his _Extinct Peerage_, makes his wife to be Maud, sister
+of Thomas à Becket. Which of these three accounts am I to believe?
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+_Lord Harington (not Harrington)_ (Vol. viii., p. 366.).--In Collins'
+_Peerage_, by Sir Egerton Brydges, ed. 1812, I find that Hugh Courtenay,
+second Earl of Devon, born in 1303, had a daughter Catherine who married
+first, Lord Harington, and secondly, Sir Thomas Engain. This evidently must
+have been John, second Lord Harington, who died in 1363, and not William,
+fifth lord, as given in Burke: the fifth lord was not born till after 1384,
+and died in 1457.
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+_Amontillado_ (Vol. ix., p. 222.).--This wine was first imported into
+England about the year 1811, and the supply was so small, that the entire
+quantity was only sufficient for the table of three consumers, who speedily
+became attached to it, and thenceforward drank no other sherry. One of
+these was His Royal Highness the late Duke of Kent; and another, an old
+friend of one who now ventures from a distant recollection to give an
+account of its origin.
+
+The winegrowers at Xeres de la Frontera had been obliged, in consequence of
+the increasing demand for sherry, to extend their vineyards up the sides of
+the mountains, beyond the natural soil of the sherry grape. The produce
+thus obtained was mixed with the fruit of the more genial soil below, and a
+very good sherry for common use was the result.
+
+When the French devastated the neighbourhood of Xeres in 1809, they
+destroyed many of the vineyards, and for a time put the winegrowers to
+great shifts. One house in particular was obliged to have recourse chiefly
+to the mountain grape for the support of its trade, and for the first time
+manufactured it without admixture into wine. Very few butts of this produce
+would stand, and by far the greater portion was treated with brandy to make
+it saleable.
+
+The small quantity that resisted the acetous fermentation, turned out to be
+very different in flavour to the ordinary sherry wine, and it was sent over
+to this country under the name of Amontillado sherry, from the circumstance
+of the grape having been grown on the mountains.
+
+The genuine wine is very delicate, with a peculiar flavour, slightly
+aromatic rather than nutty; and answers admirably to the improved taste of
+the present age.
+
+PATONCE.
+
+"_Mairdil_" (Vol. ix., p. 233.).--I have heard the word "maddle" often used
+in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in exactly the same sense as the word
+_mairdil_, as mentioned by MR. STEPHENS. And in this part the work-people
+would use the word "muddle" in a similar sense.
+
+J. L. SISSON.
+
+_Separation of the Sexes in Church_ (Vol. ii., p. 94.).--In many churches
+in Lower Brittany I observed that the women occupied the nave exclusively,
+the men placing themselves in the aisles. {337} I speak, of course, of
+Roman Catholic churches; but I believe that in the Protestant congregations
+in France, the rule of the separation of the sexes has always been
+observed.
+
+In the island of Guernsey it has been usual, although the custom is now
+beginning to be broken through, for the men to communicate before the
+women. As the Presbyterian discipline was introduced into that island from
+France and Geneva, and prevailed there from the time of the Reformation
+until the Restoration of Charles II., it is probable that this usage is a
+remnant of the rule by which the sexes were separated during divine
+service.
+
+EDGAR MACCULLOCH.
+
+Guernsey.
+
+_Costume of the Clergy not Enarean_ (Vol. ix., p.101.).--A. C. M. has no
+other authority for calling the cassock and girdle of the clergy
+"effeminate," or "a relique of the ancient priestly predilection for female
+attire," than the contrast to the close-fitting skin-tight fashion adopted
+by modern European tailors; the same might be said of any flowing kind of
+robe, such as the Eastern costume, or that of the English judges, which as
+nearly approaches to the cassock and cincture as possible. In a late number
+of the _Illustrated London News_ will be found drawings from the new
+statues of the kings of England lately erected in the new Houses of
+Parliament: of, I think, twelve there represented, eight have a
+"petticoat-like cassock," or frock, and of course for convenience a girdle.
+
+Can any of your correspondents inform us when the cassock was introduced as
+an ecclesiastical dress, whether it was then worn by persons of other
+vocations, and what was the ecclesiastical costume (if any) which it
+superseded?
+
+H. P.
+
+_Inedited Letter of Lord Nelson_ (Vol. ix., p. 241.).--On behalf of the
+precious pages of "N. & Q.," I beg leave to protest against printing as
+_inedited_ what a very slight degree of research would have found to have
+been long since published. The letter in question will be found in Clarke
+and McArthur's _Life of Nelson_, vol. ii. p. 431., and in Nicolas's _Nelson
+Despatches_, vol. vii. p. 75.
+
+I am induced to notice this especially, in the hope that MR. JACOB, who
+promises us future communications of the same class, may previously satisfy
+himself that they are _inedited_.
+
+C.
+
+_Views in London by Canaletto_ (Vol. ix., p. 106.).--In reply to the
+inquiry of your correspondent GONDOLA, with respect to views of London
+painted by Canaletto, whose announcement of them he quotes, I beg to inform
+him that I have in my collection one of these views, "The Thames from the
+Temple Gardens," in which it is curious to trace, in Thames wherries, grave
+Templars, and London atmosphere, the hand that was usually employed on
+gondolas, maskers, and Italian skies. I believe that others of his London
+views are in the collections of the Dukes of Northumberland and Buccleuch.
+
+EDMUND PHIPPS.
+
+Park Lane.
+
+_Richard Geering_ (Vol. viii., p. 504.).--I thank JULIA R. BOCKETT for her
+Reply, and if H. C. C. will send me a copy of the Geering pedigree and
+arms, I shall feel much obliged, and should I succeed in discovering any
+particulars of _Richard's_ ancestry, I shall willingly communicate the
+result to him. I have already sent you my name and address, but not for
+publication; and I added a stamped envelope, in case any person wished to
+communicate directly with me. I can have no objection to your giving my
+address privately to any one, but being "unknown to fame," I prefer
+retaining in your pages the _incognito_ I have assumed. I quite agree with
+the remarks of H. B. C. and MR. KING, Vol. viii., pp. 112. 182.
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+_Grafts and the Parent Tree_ (Vol. vii., pp. 365. 436. 486. 536.).--I was
+equally surprised with H. C. K. at the dictum of MR. INGLEBY, that "grafts
+after some fifteen years wear themselves out," but the ground for such a
+belief is fairly suggested by J. G. (p. 536.), otherwise I am afraid the
+almost universal experience of orchardists would contradict MR. INGLEBY'S
+theory. The "Ross Nonpareil," a well-known and valuable fruit, was, like
+the Ribston Pippin, singular to say, raised from Normandy seed. The fact
+has been often told to me by a gentleman who died several years since, at a
+very advanced age, in the town of New Ross, co. Wexford. He perfectly
+remembered the original tree standing in the garden attached to the endowed
+school in that town, where it had been originally planted by Sir John
+Ivory, the son or grandson of a Cromwellian settler, who raised it from
+seed, at the commencement of the eighteenth century; and who left his own
+dwelling-house in New Ross to be a school, and endowed it out of his
+estates. The tree has long since decayed, but its innumerable _grafted_
+successors are in the most flourishing condition. The flavour of this apple
+lies chiefly in its rind.
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+_Golden Tooth_ (Vol. viii., p. 382.).--I recollect very well, when a boy,
+trying to keep my tongue out of the cavity from whence a tooth had been
+extracted, in the hope of acquiring the golden tooth promised to me by my
+old nurse, and after several attempts having succeeded in refraining for
+four-and-twenty hours (the period required to elapse), and no gold tooth
+appearing, I well remember my disgust and disappointment. This {338} folk
+lore (query _lure_) was, and I believe still is, in full force in the south
+of Ireland, and probably elsewhere.
+
+Y. S. M.
+
+_Cambridge Mathematical Questions_ (Vol. ix., p. 35.).--These are so far
+put forth "by authority" as the publication in the Cambridge _Calendar_,
+and the two local newspapers goes; a collection of the Senate House Papers
+for "Honours" from 1838 to 1849, has also been published, arranged
+according to subjects, by Rev. A. H. Frost, M.A., of St. John's College.
+
+P. J. F. GANTILLON.
+
+_Lichfield Bower or Wappenschau_ (Vol. ix., p. 242.).--In answer to MR.
+LAMONT'S question, I have to inform him that in this city a similar
+_wappenschau_, or exhibition of arms, has been annually maintained, with a
+short intermission, from time immemorial. The Court of Array held on Whit
+Monday was anciently commenced, according to Pitt, by the high constables
+of this city, attended by ten men with firelocks, and adorned with ribbons,
+preceded by eight morris-dancers, and a clown fantastically dressed,
+escorting the sheriff, town clerk, and bailiffs from the Guildhall to the
+Bower at Greenhill, temporarily erected for their reception, where the
+names of all the householders and others of the twenty-one wards of the
+city were called to do suit and service to "the court of review of men and
+arms." The dozener, or petty constable of each ward, was summoned to
+attend, who with a flag joined the procession through his ward, when a
+volley was fired over every house in it, and the procession was regaled by
+the inhabitants with refreshments. Those inhabitants who, on such summons,
+proceeded to the Bower, were regaled with a cold collation. Those who did
+not attend (for the names of each ward were called over) were fined one
+penny each. The twenty-one wards require a long day for this purpose, and
+it is concluded by a procession to the market-place, where the town clerk
+informs them that the firm allegiance of their ancestors had obtained
+grants to their city of valuable charters and immunities, and advises them
+to continue in the same course. The dozeners then deposit their flags under
+the belfry in the adjacent church of St. Mary's. This ceremony still
+continues, with the exception of the armed men and the firing.
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+Lichfield.
+
+_Anecdote of George IV._ (Vol. ix., p. 244.).--In the letter supposed to be
+written by the late Prince of Wales when a child, I observe these words:
+"which have stolen from the old woman (the queen)." I think it more
+probable that the writer refers to Mrs. Schwellenberg, an old German lady,
+who came over with the late queen as a confidential domestic, and who would
+have such articles under her keeping. (See _Diary of Madame D'Arblay_.) The
+transaction is a notable instance of the prince's forethought and
+liberality at an early age.
+
+W. H.
+
+_Pedigree to the Time of Alfred_ (Vol. viii., p. 586.; Vol. ix.,
+p. 283.).--I beg to inform your correspondent S. D. that she will find a
+very interesting notice of the Wapshot family in _Chertsey and its
+Neighbourhood_, by Mrs. S. C. Hall, 1853.
+
+GEO. BISH WEBB.
+
+_Tortoiseshell Tom-cat_ (Vol. v., p. 465.; Vol. vii., p. 271.).--I have
+certainly heard of tortoiseshell tom-cats; but never having seen one, I
+cannot affirm that any such exist. The fact of their rarity is undoubted;
+but I should like to be informed by W. R., or any other person who has paid
+particular attention to the natural history of this useful and much
+calumniated domestic animal, whether yellow female cats are not quite as
+uncommon as tortoiseshell males?
+
+HONORÉ DE MAREVILLE.
+
+Guernsey.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+The new edition of Mr. Smee's valuable little work on _The Eye in Health
+and Disease_, is one to which we desire to direct the attention of all our
+readers, for the subject is one of great importance, and more especially to
+reading men. Mr. Smee has obviously devoted great attention to the various
+derangements to which this hardly-worked yet beautifully-delicate organ is
+liable; and his remarks cannot fail to prove of great service to those who
+require the assistance either of the oculist or the optician. To our
+photographic readers, the present reprint will be of especial interest for
+the very able paper "_On the Stereoscope and Binocular Perspective_," which
+is appended to it.
+
+_The Homeric Design of the Shield of Achilles_, by William Watkiss Lloyd. A
+dissertation on a subject immortalised by the poetry of Homer and the
+sculpture of Flaxman, which will well repay our classical readers for the
+time spent in its perusal.
+
+_Architectural Botany, setting forth the Geometrical Distribution of
+Foliage, Flowers, Fruit_, &c.--a separately published extract from Mr.
+W. P. Griffith's _Ancient Gothic Churches_--is a farther endeavour on the
+part of the author to direct attention to the laws by which vegetable
+productions were created and imitated by the early architects, and thereby
+to contribute to securing greater beauty and precision on the part of their
+successors to the decoration of churches.
+
+BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, with Notes
+by Milman and Guizot, edited by_ Dr. William Smith. The second volume of
+this handsome edition, forming part of Murray's _British Classics_, extends
+from the reign of Claudius to Julian's victories in Gaul.--_The Archæologia
+Cambrensis, New {339} Series, No. XVII._, has, in addition to an excellent
+article by Mr. Hartshorne on Conway Castle, a number of other papers on
+subjects connected with the Principality.--_Lives of the Queens of
+England_, by Agnes Strickland, Vol. IV., is entirely dedicated to Glorious
+Queen Bess, of whom we think far more highly than her
+biographer.--_Poetical Works of William Cowper_, edited by Robert Bell,
+Vol. I. Cowper is so great and deserved a favourite, that his works will
+probably be among the most popular portion of Parker's _Annotated Edition
+of the English Poets_.--_The Journal of Sacred Literature_, New Series, No.
+XI., April 1854, contains thirteen various articles illustrative of the
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+intelligence.--_Macaulay's Critical and Historical Essays._ Part II. of the
+People's Edition contains for one shilling some six or seven of these
+brilliant essays, including those on Moore's Byron, Boswell's Johnson,
+Nugent's Hampden, and Burleigh.--The _Cyclopædia Bibliographica_, Part XIX.
+The first portion of this valuable work must be drawing rapidly to a close,
+as this nineteenth part extends to Rev. R. Valpy.
+
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+BYRON'S WORKS. Vol. VI. of Murray's Edition. 1829.
+
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+THE FAMILY INSTRUCTOR, by De Foe. 2 Vols. 1841. Oxford, Talboys.
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+ALLAN RAMSAY'S TEA-TABLE MISCELLANY. 1724.
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+THE LADY'S POETICAL MAGAZINE, or Beauties of British Poets. 4 Vols. London,
+1781.
+
+THE HIVE, 3 Vols., containing _First_ Edition of Vol. I.
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+ONE WHO HAS WHISTLED AT THE PLOUGH.--_The three grains of pyrogallic acid
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+PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.--D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square
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+D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square, Lists and Designs Gratis.
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+ALLSOPP'S PALE or BITTER ALE. MESSRS. S. ALLSOPP & SONS beg to inform the
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+MESSRS. ALLSOPP & SONS take the opportunity of announcing to PRIVATE
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+
+When in bottle, the genuineness of the label can be ascertained by its
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+W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of
+Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are
+greatly facilitated) begs to Inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in
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+among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or
+other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature,
+History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had
+considerable experience.
+
+1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.
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+HEAL & SON'S SPRING MATTRESSES.--The most durable Bedding is a well-made
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+varieties. For prices of the different sizes and qualities, apply for HEAL
+& SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, and priced LIST OF BEDDING. It
+contains designs and prices of upwards of 100 Bedsteads, and prices of
+every description of Bedding, and is sent free by Post.
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+HEAL & SON, 196. Tottenham Court Road.
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+
+{340}
+
+ARUNDEL SOCIETY.--The Publication of the Fourth Year (1852-3), consisting
+of Eight Wood Engravings by MESSRS. DALZIEL, from Mr. W. Oliver Williams'
+Drawings after GIOTTO'S Frescos at PADUA, is now ready: and Members who
+have not paid their Subscriptions are requested to forward them to the
+Treasurer by Post-Office Order, payable at the Charing Cross Office.
+
+          JOHN J. ROGERS,
+              Treasurer and Hon. Sec.
+  13. & 14.  Pall Mall East.
+      March, 1854.
+
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+PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.
+
+THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and Continental
+Artists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free Admission.
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+
+Miniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings, Photographed
+and Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country Mansions,
+Churches, &c., taken at a short notice.
+
+Cameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and
+Chemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed.
+
+Gratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of Apparatus.
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION,
+168. New Bond Street.
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+IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have,
+by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal,
+they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any
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+Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of
+Photography. Instruction in the Art.
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+THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., per
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+Collodion portraits and views obtained with the greatest ease and certainty
+by using BLAND & LONG'S preparation of Soluble Cotton; certainty and
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+Albumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving a
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+Waxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality. Instruction in the Processes.
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+BLAND & LONG, Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative
+Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London.
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+*** Catalogues sent on application.
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+The sight preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to suit every variety
+of Vision by means of SMEE'S OPTOMETER, which effectually prevents Injury
+to the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and is extensively
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+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.
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+3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
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+Founded A.D. 1842.
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+  _Directors._
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+  H. E. Bicknell, Esq.          | T. Grissell, Esq.
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+  W. Evans, Esq.                | E. Lucas, Esq.
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+  J. H. Goodhart, Esq.          | J. Carter Wood, Esq.
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+  _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell,
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+  Age       £   s.  d. | Age       £   s.  d.
+   17       1  14   4  |  32       2  10   8
+   22       1  18   8  |  37       2  18   6
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+ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.
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+Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions,
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+GILBERT J. FRENCH, Bolton, Lancashire, has prepared his usual large Supply
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+Bennett's model watch, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X.,
+in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates,
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+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish
+of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.
+Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.
+Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of
+London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, April 8,
+1854.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 232, April
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