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diff --git a/30595.txt b/30595.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f7295f --- /dev/null +++ b/30595.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4576 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 216, December 17, +1853, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 216, December 17, 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc + +Author: Various + +Other: George Bell + +Release Date: December 4, 2009 [EBook #30595] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, DEC. 17, 1853 *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + + * * * * * + + +{581} NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 216.] +SATURDAY, DECEMBER 17. 1853. +[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + Teaching a Dog French, by Arthur Paget 581 + The Religion of the Russians 582 + Leicestershire Epitaphs, by William Kelly 582 + Longfellow's "Reaper and the Flowers" 583 + + MINOR NOTES:--"Receipt" or "Recipe"--Death of Philip III. + of Spain--Churchwardens--Epigram--Oxford Commemoration Squib, + 1849--Professor Macgillivray--Manifesto of the Emperor + Nicholas 583 + + QUERIES:-- + William Cookworthy, the Inventor of British Porcelain, + by J. Prideaux 585 + Catholic Floral Directories, &c. 585 + George Alsop 585 + + MINOR QUERIES:--B. L. M.--Member of Parliament electing + himself--"Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re"--Jacobite Garters + --Daughters taking their Mothers' Names--General Fraser--A + Punning Divine--Contango--Pedigree to the Time of Alfred-- + "Service is no inheritance"--Antiquity of Fire-irons-- + General Wolfe at Nantwich--"Corporations have no Souls," + &c.--Leeming Family--MS. Poems and Songs--Bishop Watson 585 + + MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Herbert's "Memoirs of the Last + Years of Charles I."--"Liturgy of the Ancients"--"Ancient + hallowed Dee"--Who was True Blue?--Charge of Plagiarism + against Paley--Weber's "Cecilia"--Andrew Johnson--MS. by + Glover--Gurney's Short-hand--Spurious Don Quixote 587 + + REPLIES:-- + + Pronunciation of Hebrew Names and Words in the Bible, by + T. J. Buckton, &c. 590 + Lord Halifax and Mrs. Catherine Barton, by Weld Taylor 590 + Inscriptions in Books 591 + Praying to the West 592 + "Green Eyes," by C. Forbes, &c. 592 + The Myrtle Bee, by W. R. D. Salmon 593 + Tin 593 + Milton's Widow 594 + Books chained to Desks in Churches--Old Parochial Libraries 595 + The Court-house, by P. H. Fisher 596 + + PHOTOGRAPHY.--On the Simplicity of the Calotype Process, + by Dr. Diamond 596 + + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Belike--Stage-coaches--Birthplace + of King Edward V.--Ringing Church Bells at Death--What is + the Origin of "Getting into a Scrape?"--High Dutch and Low + Dutch--Discovery of Planets--Gloves at Fairs--Awk--Tenet-- + Lovett of Astwell--Irish Rhymes--Passage in Boerhaave-- + Unkid--To split Paper--La Fleur des Saints--Dr. Butler and + St. Edmund's Bury, &c. 600 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, &c. 606 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 607 + Notices to Correspondents 607 + Advertisements 608 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +TEACHING A DOG FRENCH. + +"N. & Q." the other day (Vol. viii., p. 464.) contained a curious tale of a +cat: will you insert as a pendent the following one of a dog? The +supposition that D. Julio was some obnoxious Frenchman protected by the +Government, seems necessary to account for the "teachyng a dogg frenche" in +front of his door constituting such a dire offence. His name occurs, if I +remember rightly, in Dr. Dee's _Diary_ (Cam. Soc.), but I have not the book +at hand to refer to. Perhaps some of your correspondents may inform me who +he was. The original is in the Lansdowne MS. (114. No. 8.) in the British +Museum; and the fact of its being amongst Lord Burleigh's papers shows that +the occurrence took place between 1571 and 1598, the respective dates of +his appointment as "l tresurer" and his death. + +ARTHUR PAGET. + + * * * * * + +"_D. Julio's Abstract of the Deposicons of ye witnesses sworne touching ye +speches of John Paget_. + + "To proue that one William (sic) Paget, on the V^{th} day of this + present moneth, being Friday, betwixt VIII and IX of the clocke at + nyght, went vp and down teachyng a dogg frenche. + + "1. M^{ris} Karter, a jentilwoman borne, sayeth, that about the same + tym, she did hear the said Paget, that he wold teache his dogg to speak + frenche. + + "2. M^{ris} Anne Coot, a jentilwoman, affirmeth the same. + + "3. One William Poyser, yeoman, sayeth, that he harde Paget saye that + he wold make his dogg speake as good frenche as any of them. + + "4. James Hudson sayeth, that standing at his maisters doore he did + hear Paget speake to his dogg in a straunge language, but what language + he knew not. + + "5. Edward, a grosser, is to be deposed that he harde Paget say, I will + teache my dogg to speake frenche, and was talking with his dogg in + frenche. + + "To proue that the sayd Paget did say, Shortlye will come vnto the + realme frenche dogges, I hope I shall see thame all rootted out. + + "1. M^{ris} Karter sayeth, she harde Paget say, Shortlie wil come vnto + the realme frenche dogges, I hope I shall see thame all rootted out. + + {582} + + "2. M^{ris} Anne Coot affirmeth the same. + + "3. William Poyser sayeth, he harde Paget say, Within this week or two, + there will come a great many frenche dogges. + + "4. M^{ris} Eleonore Borgourneci vppon her othe affirmeth the same. + + "5. The l maior writteth in his l[=r]e to my l tresurer that Paget + affirmeth before him that he wold the realme were ryd of all yll + straungers, adding this qualification. [Qualification not given.] + + "To proue the great assembly that was with Paget, before D. Julio + came home to his howse. + + "1. John Polton saieth, when his maister came home there was about a + hundreth persone of men, women, and chyldren, vp and downe there. + + "2. James Hudson sayeth, that he thinketh there was about ^{XX}IIII + people assembled in the streett before this examinat his maister came + home. + + "3. Richard Preston sayeth, that there was in his iudgement aboue a + hundred people in the streett before this deponets maister came home, + and after his m^r came home the nomber of the people were greater. + + "To proue that the sayd Paget did resiste to the constable when he + came to apprehend him. + + "1. William Poyser sayeth, when the constable came to apprehende the + sayd Paget he kept the constable out with force, and sayd he should not + enter on him. + + "2. James Hudson sayeth, Paget wold not suffer the constable to entere + vnto his howse, but sayd if any man will entere vnto this howse, yf it + were not f^r felony or treason to apprehend him, he wold kill hym, yf + he could, f^r he sayd his howse was his castell. + + "3. Richard Preston sayeth, when the constable came to apprehende + Pagett, he hauing a bill or halberd in his hand, did keape him out of + his howse, and sayd, he showld not enter except it were f^r felonye or + treason, or that he brought my l maiors warrant." + + * * * * * + +THE RELIGION OF THE RUSSIANS. + +Public attention being very particularly directed towards the Russian +nation at the present time, a few remarks regarding some peculiarities in +their manner of worship, &c., which probably are not generally known, may +be interesting. + +I have been for some time past endeavouring to determine the exact nature +of the homage the Russians pay to the "gods"--whether they should be called +_images_ or _pictures_? and whether the Russians should be considered +idolaters or not? + +Whenever a Russian passes a church, his custom is to cross himself (some do +so three times, accompanying it with bowing). In every room in their houses +an image (or picture) is placed in the east corner, before which they +uncover their heads and cross themselves on entering. + +Their churches are filled with these their representatives of the deity, +and it is very curious to observe a devout Russian kissing the toe of one, +crossing himself before another, while to another he will in addition +prostrate himself, even with his head to the ground; this latter is also +very frequently done at intervals during the celebration of their services: +but their churches are always open, so that if any one wants to pay +devotion to a particular image (or picture) while no service is going on, +he can do so. + +I understand that they consider they worship the deity through these +representations. In the present day these gods are called _obraaz_, of +which the literal translation is _image_. The old Sclavonic word for them +is _eekona_, which was formerly in general use, and has exactly the same +meaning, answering to the Greek word [Greek: eikon]. As far as I can make +out, neither of these words can be translated _picture_; but I do not +remember to have found this point touched upon in any books I I have read +on Russia or its religion; and hope, if any correspondent is able to give +us farther information on the subject, he will do so. + +The Russians also believe in relics, in their efficacy in healing diseases, +working other miracles, &c. Notwithstanding this, a very short time ago, a +new relic was found in the south of Russia, and a courier being immediately +despatched with it to the Emperor at St. Petersburg; on his arrival, his +Imperial Majesty (expecting some important news regarding his operations in +the neighbourhood of Turkey), when told his errand, exclaimed, "Away with +the relic! it is time to put an end to such nonsense." Would that this were +to be carried out! But their superstitions seem too deeply rooted to be +done away with in a short time. + +J. S. A. + + * * * * * + +LEICESTERSHIRE EPITAPHS. + +Having seen only one epitaph from this county among those which have +appeared in "N. & Q.," I annex a few specimens, which you may perhaps deem +worth inserting in your pages. + +Burbage: + + "These pretty babes, who we did love, + Departed from us like a dove; + These babes, who we did much adore, + Is gone, and cannot come no more." + +Hinckley: + + "My days on earth they were but few, + With fever draughts and cordials few, + They wasted like the morning dew." + +Braunstone: + + "All triumph yesterday, to-day all terror! + Nay, the fair morning overcast ere even: + Nay, one short hour saw well and dead, War's mirror + Having Death's swift stroke unperceived given." + +{583} + +Another: + + "An honest, prudent wife was she; + And was always inclin'd + A tender mother for to be, + And to her neighbours kind." + +Belgrave. This I quote from memory; it may not be verbally, but it is +substantially correct: + + "Laurance Stetly slumbers here; + He lived on earth near forty year; + October's eight-and-twentieth day + His soul forsook its house of clay, + And thro' the pure ether took its way. + We hope his soul doth rest in heaven. + 1777." + +Newtown Linford, adjoining Bradgate Park. In this churchyard is a tombstone +on which is engraved only the letters of the alphabet and the simple +numerals. The story goes, that he who lies below, an illiterate inhabitant +of the village in the last century, whose name, I believe, is now +forgotten, being very anxious that, after death, a tombstone should be +erected to perpetuate his memory, and being fearful that his relatives +might neglect to do so, came to Leicester to purchase one himself. Seeing +this stone in the mason's workshop (where it was used by the workmen as a +pattern for the letters and figures), he bought it "a bargain," supposing +it would serve his purpose as well as a new one, and after his decease it +was placed at the head of his grave, where it now appears. + +All Saints' churchyard, Leicester. On two children of John Bracebridge, who +were both named John, and died infants: + + "Both John and John soon lost their lives, + And yet, by God, John still survives." + +Throsby (_Hist. of Leic._) relates that Bishop Thurlow, at one of his +visitations, had the words _by God_ altered to _thro' God_. + +WILLIAM KELLY. + +Leicester. + + * * * * * + +LONGFELLOW'S "REAPER AND THE FLOWERS." + +On looking over, a short time ago, a book of German songs, I was much +struck by the similarity of thought, and even sometimes of expression, +between the above piece from Mr. Longfellow's _Voices of the Night_, and a +song by Luise Reichardt, a few verses of which I subjoin; as perhaps the +song may not be known to some of your correspondents. + + "It is a favourite theme," as Sir W. Scott says, "of laborious dulness + to trace such coincidences, because they appear to reduce genius of the + higher order to the usual standard of humanity, and of course to bring + the author nearer to a level with his critics." + +It is not, however, with the view of detracting from the originality of Mr. +Longfellow, that these two small pieces are put side by side; for possibly +the song alluded to was never seen by our transatlantic neighbour, but +merely for the purpose of showing how the poets treat the same, and +certainly not very novel subject. + + "DER SCHNITTER TOD. + (Von Luise Reichartdt.) + "Es ist ein Schnitter, der heisst Tod, + Der hat Gestalt vom hoechsten Gott. + Heut' wetzt er das Messer, + Es schneid't schon viel besser, + Bald wird er drein schneiden, + Wir muessen's nur leiden. + Huete dich, schoen's Bluemelein! + + "Was heut' noch gruen und frisch dasteht, + Wird morgen schon hinweg gemaeht; + Die edlen Narzissen, + Die Zierden der Wiesen + Die schoen' Nyagnithen, + Die turkischen Binden. + Huete dich, schoen's Bluemelein! + + "Viel hundert tausend ungezaehlt, + Was nur unter die Sichel faellt: + Ihr Rosen, ihr Lilien, + Euch wird er austilgen, + Auch die Kaiserkronen + Wird er nicht verschonen, + Huete dich, schoen's Bluemelein! + + "Trotz, Tod! Komm her, ich fuercht' dich nicht! + Trotz, eil daher in einem Schnitt! + Werd' ich nur verletzet, + So werd' ich versetzet, + In den himmlischen Garten, + Auf den wir alle warten, + Freue dich, schoen's Bluemelein!" + +J. C. B. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_"Receipt" or "Recipe."_--In one of Mr. Ryle's popular tracts, "_Do you +pray?_" Wertheim and Mackintosh: London, 1853, occurs the following +expression, p. 18.: + + "What is the best _receipt_ for happiness?" + +Is the use of "receipt" for "recipe" to be admitted into the English +language? + +W. E. + +_Death of Philip III. of Spain._--D'Israeli, in his _Curiosities of +literature_, states to the effect that this kings fatal illness was induced +by the overheating of a brazier, whereof state etiquette forbad the removal +until the person in regular attendance should arrive. For this statement he +quotes no authority, and consequently MR. BOLTON CORNEY, in his +_Illustrations of the Curiosities of Literature_ (2nd ed., p. 87.), +discredits the story. + +It is singular that MR. CORNEY should have forgotten that the anecdote is +given by the Marechal {584} de Bassompierre, who was at Madrid at the time +of the king's death; the Marechal's informant was the Marquis de Pobar, +_who was present at the scene_. Is not this sufficient? (See _Memoires de +Bassompierre_, under the date of 11th of March, 1621, vol. i. p. 548. of +the edition of Cologne, 1665.) + +C. V. + +_Churchwardens._--In an old scrap-book in my possession, I met with the +following, which, should you deem it of sufficient interest, I shall be +glad to see inserted in "N. & Q." The print appears to be about sixty or +seventy years old, and evidently from a newspaper: + + "The institution of churchwardens is of remote antiquity, they having + been first appointed at the African Council, held under Celestine and + Boniface, about the year of our Lord 423. These officers have at + different periods been distinguished by different appellations, + _Defensores_, _Oeconomi_, and _Praepositi Ecclesiae_, _Testes + Synodales_, &c. In the time of Edward III. they were called Church + Reves, as we read in Chaucer: + + 'Of church reves, and of testamentes, + Of contractes, and of lacke of sacramentes.' + + At this day they are called Churchwardens; all those names being + expressive of the nature of the office, which is to guard, preserve, + and superintend the rights, revenues, buildings, and furniture of the + church. In an old churchwarden's book of accounts, belonging to the + parish of Farringdon, in the county of Berks, and bearing date A.D. + 1518, there is the form of admitting churchwardens into their office at + that period, in the following words: 'Cherchye Wardenys, thys shall be + your charge: to be true to God and to the cherche: for love nor for + favor off no man wythin thys parriche to withold any ryght to the + cherche; but to resseve the dettys to hyt belongythe, or else to go to + the devell.'" + +Your readers will observe that the last is a very summary kind of sentence. +Any farther information relating to the institution of churchwardens[1] +will be esteemed by + +J. B. WHITBORNE. + +[Footnote 1: On the institution of churchwardens consult Burn's +_Ecclesiastical Law_, tit. Churchwardens; and the works noticed in "N. & +Q.," Vol. vii., p. 359.] + +_Epigram._--In an old book I found this epigram, published in 1660, more +suitable perhaps for your columns during the excitement of the Papal +aggression than now: + + "ON ROME. + "Hate and debate Rome through the world hath spread, + Yet Roma, amor is, if backward read; + Then is it strange, Rome hate should foster? no, + For out of backward love, all hate doth grow." + +ALIQUIS. + +Edinburgh. + +_Oxford Commemoration Squib_, 1849.--The following _jeu d'esprit_ was +circulated in Oxford at the Commemoration in 1849; it created a great +sensation at the time, from its clever allusion to the political changes on +the other side of the channel, and, I think, deserves to be rescued from +oblivion by a place in the columns of "N. & Q.:" + + "LIBERTY! FRATERNITY! EQUALITY! + + "Citizen Academicians, + + "The cry of Reform has been too long unheard. Our infatuated rulers + refused to listen to it. The term of their tyranny is at length + accomplished. The Vice-Chancellor has fled on horseback. The Proctors + have resigned their usurped authority. The Scouts have fraternised with + the friends of liberty. The University is no more. A Republican Lyceum + will henceforth diffuse light and civilisation. The hebdomadal board is + abolished. The Legislative Powers will be entrusted to a General + Convention of the whole Lyceum. A Provisional Government has been + established. The undersigned citizens have nobly devoted themselves to + the task of administration. + + (Signed) "Citizen CLOUGH (_President of the Executive Council_). + SEWELL. + BOSSOM (_Operative_). + JOHN CONINGTON. + WRIGHTSON." + +Your academical readers will appreciate the signatures. + +TEWARS. + +_Professor Macgillivray._--The mention by W. (Vol. viii., p. 467.) of this +lamented naturalist's posthumous work, descriptive of the _Natural History +of Balmoral_, and of its intended publication by Prince Albert, induces me +to hope that you will give insertion to the following extract from +Professor Macgillivray's _History of the Molluscous Animals of +Aberdeenshire_, &c., as showing the character of the man, and the spirit in +which he prosecuted his researches. + + "The labour required for such an investigation cannot be at all + appreciated by those who have not directed their energies towards such + an object. The rocky coasts and sandy beaches of the sea, the valleys + and hills of the interior, the pastures, mossy banks, thickets, woods, + rocks, ruins, walls, ditches, pools, canals, rills, and rivers, were + all to be assiduously searched. No collections of mollusca made in the + district were known to me, nor do any of our libraries contain the + works necessary to be consulted, although that of King's College + supplies some of great value. In a situation so remote from the great + centres of civilisation, the solution of doubts is often difficult of + attainment, and there is always a risk of describing as new what may + already have been entered into the long catalogue of known objects. But + the pleasure of continually adding to one's knowledge, the sympathy of + friends, the invigorating influence of the many ramblings required, the + delight of aiding others in the same pursuits, and many other + circumstances, amply suffice to carry one through greater difficulties + than those alluded to, even should the sneers of the {585} + ignorantly-wise, or the frowns of the pompously-grave, be directed + toward the unconscious wight, who, immersed in mud, gropes with the + keenness of a money-gatherer, for the to them insignificant objects, + which have exercised the wisdom and the providence of the glorious + Creator."--Preface, p. 10. + +J. MACRAY. + +_Manifesto of the Emperor Nicholas._--Some of the newspapers, having stated +that the concluding Latin words in this manifesto--"Domine in te speravi, +ne confundar in eternum"--are from the Psalms, I beg to say that these +words are not taken from the Scriptures of either Testament, nor from the +Apocrypha; but constitute the last verse of the "Te Deum," commencing, "We +acknowledge thee to be the Lord," and ending, "O Lord, in thee have I +trusted, let me never be confounded." It is usual to sing "Te Deum" after +victories, but Nicholas begins his song _before_ he achieves one: taking +the _last_ verse _first_. + +T. J. BUCKTON. + +Lichfield. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +WILLIAM COOKWORTHY, THE INVENTOR OF BRITISH PORCELAIN. + +In endeavouring to revive the neglected memory of this good and great man, +I have carefully looked over the chief periodicals of his day (1730 to +1780) with very little success; perhaps because those I have at command, +the _Gentleman's Magazine_, _Universal Magazine_, and _Universal Museum_, +were not those selected for his correspondence. + +If any of your readers can refer me to any papers or essays of his, or any +details of the internal management of his China works, or of his public or +private life, it will be doing me a great favour. + +What I have hitherto collected are chiefly fragmentary accounts of his life +and character; general notices of his discovery of the China clay and +stone, of the progress of his manufactory, and of his treatment of British +cobalt ores; details of his experiments on the distillation of sea-water +for use on ship-board; a treatise in detail on the divining rod; and +several of his private letters, chiefly religious. + +Most of these I have thrown out in print, under the title of _Relics of +William Cookworthy, &c._, which I am desirous of making much more complete. + +J. PRIDEAUX. + + * * * * * + +CATHOLIC FLORAL DIRECTORIES, ETC. + +More than a year ago (Vol. vi., p. 503.) I made a Query respecting Catholic +Floral Directories, and two works in particular which were largely quoted +in Mr. Oakley's _Catholic Florist_, Lond. 1851; and I again alluded to them +in Vol. vii., p. 402., but have not got any reply. The two works referred +to, viz. the _Anthologia Borealis et Australis_, and the _Florilegium +Sanctorum Aspirationum_, are not to be heard of anywhere (so far as I can +see) save in Mr. Oakley's book. During the last year I have ransacked all +the bibliographical authorities I could lay hold of, and made every inquiry +after these mysterious volumes, but all in vain. + +The orthography and style of the passages cited are of a motley kind, and +most of them read like modern compositions, though here and there we have a +quaint simile and a piece of antique spelling. In fact they seem more like +imitations than anything else; and I cannot resist the temptation of +placing them on the same shelf with McPherson's _Ossian_ and the poems of +Rowley. In some places a French version of the _Florilegium_ is quoted: +even if that escaped one's researches, is it likely that two old English +books (which these purport to be), of such a remarkable kind, should be +unknown to all our bibliographers, and to the readers of "N. & Q.," among +whom may be found the chief librarians and bibliographers in the three +kingdoms. Is it not strange also that Mr. Oakley and his "compiler" decline +giving any information respecting these books? + +I shall feel extremely obliged to any correspondent who will clear up this +matter, and who will furnish me with a list of Catholic Floral Directories. + +EIRIONNACH. + + * * * * * + +GEORGE ALSOP. + +George Alsop was ordained deacon 1666-67, priest 1669, by Henry King, +Bishop of Chichester. He printed in 1669-- + + "An Orthodox Plea for the Sanctuary of God, Common Service, and White + Robe of the House. Printed for the Author, and sold by R. Reynolds, at + the Sun and Bible in the Postern." + +It is a small 8vo. of eighty-six pages, exclusive of the dedication to the +Bishop of Chichester, and an Epistle to the Reader, and has a portrait of +the author by W. Sherwin. + +Can any of your readers give me any account of this George Alsop, his +preferment, if any, and the time of his death? + +He is, I feel persuaded, a different person from the author of _A Character +of Maryland_, 12mo., 1666. + +P. B. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_B. L. M._--What is the meaning of the abbreviation B. L. M. in Italian +epistolary correspondence? I have reason to believe that it is used {586} +where some degree of acquaintance exists, but not in addressing an entire +stranger. In a correspondence now before me, one of the writers, an Italian +gentleman, uses it in the subscription to _every one_ of his letters, +_except the first_, thus: + + "Ho l'honore d' essere col piu profondo rispetto B. L. M. + Il di Lei Umiliss. Dev. Servo." + + "Frattanto la prego di volermi credere nella piu ampla estentione del + termine B. L. M. + Il di Lei Ubb^o. ed Obligato Servitore." + +I need not add more examples. There is nothing in Graglia's _Collection of +Italian Letters_ that explains it. + +J. W. T. + +Dewsbury. + +_Member of Parliament electing himself._--In the biographical notices of +the author of an _Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative +in England_, 1849, I find the following curious circumstances: + + "The writ for election (of a member for the county of Bute) was + transmitted to the sheriff, Mr. McLeod Bannatine, afterwards Lord + Bannatine. He named the day, and issued his precept for the election. + When the day of election arrived, Mr. Bannatine was the only freeholder + present. As freeholder he voted himself chairman of the meeting; as + sheriff he produced the writ and receipt for election, read the writ + and the oaths against bribery at elections; as sheriff he administered + the oaths of supremacy, &c., to himself as chairman; he signed the + oaths as chairman and as sheriff; as chairman he named the clerk to the + meeting, and called over the roll of freeholders; he proposed the + candidate and declared him elected; he dictated and signed the minutes + of election; as sheriff he made an indenture of election between + himself as sheriff and himself as chairman, and transmitted it to the + crown office." + +Can any of your correspondents furnish me with a similar case? + +H. M. + +Peckham. + +"_Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re._"--This rule is strongly recommended by +Lord Chesterfield in one of his letters, as "unexceptionably useful and +necessary in every part of life." Whence is it taken, and who is its +author? + +J. W. T. + +Dewsbury. + +_Jacobite Garters._--Can any of your readers inform me of the origin of the +"rebel garters," a pair of which I possess, and which have been carefully +handed down with other Stuart relics by my Jacobin fathers? + +They are about 4 feet long, and 1-1/4 inch deep, of silk woven in the loom; +the pattern consists of a stripe of red, yellow, and blue, once repeated, +and arranged so that the two blue lines meet in the centre. At each end, +for about six or seven inches, and at spaces set at regular intervals, +these lines of colour are crossed, so as to form a check or tartan; the +spaces corresponding with the words in the following inscription, and one +word being allotted to each space: + + "_Come lett us with one heart agree_" + +and it is continued on the other: + + "_To pray that God may bless P. C._" + +The tartan, however, does not appear to be the "Royal Stuart." + +Probably they were distributed to the friends and adherents of poor Prince +Charles Edward, to commemorate some special event in his ill-fated career. +But it would be interesting to know if many of them remain, and, if +possible, their correct history. + +E. L. I. + +_Daughters taking their Mothers' Names._--Can any of your readers favour me +with any instances, about the time of the first, second, and third Edwards, +of a daughter adding to her own name that of the mother, as Alicia, +daughter of Ada, &c. + +BURIENSIS. + +_General Fraser._--Have there been any _Life_ or _Memoirs_ ever published +of General Fraser, who fell in Burgoyne's most disastrous campaign? If any +such exist I should be glad to know of them. + +W. FRASER. + +Tor-Mohun. + +_A Punning Divine._--Wanted the whereabouts of the following sentence, +which is said to be taken from a volume of sermons published during the +reign of James I.: + + "This _dial_ shows that we must _die all_; yet notwithstanding, _all + houses_ are turned into _ale houses_; our _cares_ into _cates_; our + _paradise_ into a _pair o' dice_; _matrimony_ into a _matter of money_, + and _marriage_ into a _merry age_; our _divines_ have become _dry + vines_; it was not so in the days of _Noah_,--O no!" + +W. W. + +Malta. + +_Contango._--A technical term in use among the sharebrokers of Liverpool, +and I presume elsewhere, signifying a sum of money paid for accommodating +either a buyer or seller by carrying the engagement to pay money or deliver +shares over to the next account-day. Can your correspondents say from +whence derived? + +AGMOND. + +_Pedigree to the Time of Alfred._--Wapshott, a blacksmith in Chertsey, +holds lands held by his ancestors temp. Alfred (McCulloch's _Highlands_, +vol. iv. p. 410.). Can this statement be confirmed in 1853? + +A. C. + +"_Service is no inheritance._"--Will you or any of your readers have the +goodness to inform me {587} what is the origin of the adage occurring twice +in the _Waverley Novels_, thus: + + "Service, I wot, is no inheritance now-a-days; some are wiser than + other some," &c. (See _Peveril of the Peak_, chap. xiv.) + +and + + "Ay, St. Ronan's, that is a' very true,--but service is nae + inheritance, and as for friendship it begins at hame."--_St. Ronan's + Well_, chap. x. + +I have seen a stone in an old building in the north of Scotland, with the +following inscription, cut in letters of an ancient form: "Be gude in +office, or (or perhaps 'for,' part of the stone being here broken off) +servitude is no inheritance to none." And I am curious to know the origin +of this proverb, so similar to that put by Sir Walter Scott in the mouths +of two of his homely characters; the one English and the other Scotch. An +answer will very much oblige + +G. M. T. + +Edinburgh. + +_Antiquity of Fire-irons._--In an old book, published 1660, I met with the +following couplet: + + "The burnt child dreads the fire; if this be true, + Who first invented tongs its fury knew." + +Query, When were fire-irons first used? + +ALIQUIS. + +_General Wolfe at Nantwich._--I observe in the pamphlet entitled +_Historical Facts connected with Nantwich and its Neighbourhood_, lately +referred to in "N. & Q.," it is stated that according to local tradition +General Wolfe, the hero of Quebec, may in his boyhood have lived in the Yew +Tree House, near Stoke Hall. Now as this brave warrior was a native of +Kent, it is scarcely probable he would have been a visitor at the house +alluded to, unless he had relatives who resided there. Is he known to have +had any family connexion in that quarter, since the fact of his having had +such, if established, would tend to confirm the traditionary statement +respecting his domicile at the Yew Tree House? + +T. P. L. + +Manchester. + +_"Corporations have no Souls," &c._--It was once remarked that public +corporations, companies, &c. do harsh things compared with what individuals +can venture to do, the fact being that they have neither noses to be pulled +nor souls to be saved; you have no hold upon them either in this world or +the next. + +B. + +_Leeming Family._--A member of the Society of Friends, named Thomas +Leeming, lived at or near Wighton in the Wolds, in the East Riding of +Yorkshire, between the years 1660 and 1670. What were the dates of his +birth and death? what were the names of his parents, his brothers, and his +children? did any of them leave their native country? and how would a +letter from the inquirer reach a descendant of the family, who could +furnish farther information on the subject? An answer to the whole or part +of the above Queries will much oblige the undersigned. + +W. + +_MS. Poems and Songs._--In the third volume of MR. PAYNE COLLIER'S +invaluable _History Of English Dramatic Poetry_, p. 275., it is stated,-- + + "Mr. Thorpe, of Bedford Street, is in possession of a MS. full of songs + and poems, in the handwriting of a person of the name of Richard + Jackson, all copied prior to the year 1631, and including many + unpublished pieces by a variety of celebrated poets." + +Can any of the contributors to "N. & Q." oblige P. C. S. S. by informing +him where this MS. now exists, and whether the whole, or any portion of it, +has been published? + +P. C. S. S. + +_Bishop Watson._--In a lecture delivered by this bishop at Cambridge, he +gave the following quotation: + + "Scire ubi aliquid invenire posses, ea demum maxima pars eruditionis est." + +Will any of your readers inform me whence the passage is taken? + +G. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries with Answers. + +_Herbert's "Memoirs of the Last Years of Charles I."_--Can any of your +correspondents inform me under what title and at what date Sir Thomas +Herbert's _Narrative of the Last Years of Charles I._ was published? I have +at present in my possession what appears to be the original MS., and am +desirous of comparing it with the printed copy. The MS. bears the title of +_Carolina Threnodia: a Plain and very Particular Narrative of what happened +in the Last Years of King Charles the First_, by Sir Thomas Herbert, an eye +and ear witness. Its opening pages contain a reference to other letters on +the same subject of an earlier date (May 1 and 13, 1678). Were these +letters ever published, under what title, and when? + +J. B. + +Prestwich. + + [This work has already been incidentally noticed in our Second Volume, + pp. 140. 220. and 476.; and in Vol. iii., p. 157. Two editions of + Herbert's Memoirs have been published; the first in 1702, and the + second in 1813. The edition of 1702 is the best, as it contains an + "Advertisement to the Reader," and several documents omitted in the + edition published by G. and W. Nicol of Pall Mall in 1813. The + following is the title to it:-- + + "Memoirs of the Two last Years of the Reign of that unparallel'd + Prince, of ever-blessed Memory, King Charles I. By Sir Tho. Herbert, + Major Huntington, {588} Col. Edw. Coke, and Mr. Hen. Firebrace. With + the Character of that Blessed Martyr, by the Reverend Mr. John Diodati, + Mr. Alexander Henderson, and the Author of the _Princely Pelican_. To + which is added, the Death-Bed Repentance of Mr. Lenthal, Speaker of the + Long Parliament; extracted out of a Letter written from Oxford, Sept. + 1662. London: printed for Robert Clavell, at the Peacock, at the + West-end of St. Paul's, 1702," + + The "Advertisement to the Reader" states that, "there having been of + late years several Memoirs printed and published relating to the life + and actions of the Royal Martyr, King Charles I., of ever-blessed + memory, it was judged a proper and seasonable time to publish Sir + Thomas Herbert's _Carolina Threnodia_, under the title of his + _Memoirs_, there being contained in this book the most material + passages of the two last years of the life of that excellent and + unparallel'd prince, which were carefully observ'd and related by the + author in a large answer of a letter wrote to him by Sir William + Dugdale. In the same book is printed Major Huntington's relation made + to Sir William of sundry particulars relating to the King; as also + Colonel Edw. Coke's and Mr. Henry Firebrace's narratives of several + memorable passages observed by them during their attendance on him at + Newport, in the Isle of Wight, anno '48. All these were copied from a + MS. of the Right Reverend the Bishop of Ely, lately deceased; and, as I + am credibly informed, a copy of the several originals is now to be seen + amongst the Dugdale MSS. in Oxford library. To these Memoirs are added + two or three small tracts, which give some account of the affairs of + those times, of the character of K. Charles I., and of his just claim + and title to his _Divine Meditations_. These having been printed anno + 1646, 48, 49, and very scarce and difficult to procure, were thought + fit to be reprinted for publick service. As to the letter which gives + an account of Mr. Lenthal's carriage and behaviour on his death-bed, it + was printed anno 1662, and the truth of it attested by the learned Dr. + Dickenson, now living in St. Martin's Lane.... This I thought fit to + advertise the reader of, by way of introduction, that he might be + satisfied of the genuineness of the respective pieces, and thereby be + encouraged to peruse them with confidence and assurance."] + +"_Liturgy of the Ancients._"--Who was the author of a thin 4to. book +entitled _The Liturgy of the Ancients represented, as near as may be, in +English Forms, &c._, "London, printed for the Authour, 1696." He added to +it "A Proposal of a compleat work of Charity." + +T. G. LOMAX. + +Lichfield. + + [Edward Stephens is the author of this Liturgy, who describes himself + as "late of Cherington, co. Gloucester, sometime barrister-at-law of + the Hon. Society of the Middle Temple, and since engaged, by a very + special Divine Providence, in the most sacred employment." He farther + informs us, that "when it pleased God to discharge him from the civil + service, his first business in public was a gentle and tacit admonition + of the neglect of the most solemn and peculiar Christian worship of God + in this nation; accompanied by such public acts in the very heart of + the chief city, as made it a most remarkable witness and testimony + against them who would not receive it, but rejected the counsel and + favour of God towards them." Stephens's Liturgy has been republished by + the Rev. Peter Hall, in his _Fragmenta Liturgica_, vol. ii., who thus + notices the author:--"Stephens was the leader of a class by no means + contemptible, though himself as odd a mixture of gravity and + scurrility, learning and trifling, pietism that could stoop to + anything, and liberalism that stuck at nothing, as English theology + affords." Some account of Edward Stephens will be found in Leslie's + _Letter concerning the New Separation_, 1719; and in _An Answer to a + Letter from the Rev. C. Leslie, concerning what he calls the New + Separation_, 1719. Stephens advocated the practice of daily communion.] + +"_Ancient hallowed Dee._"--What is the historical, traditional, or +legendary allusion in this epithet, bestowed by Milton on the river Dee? + +J. W. T. + +Dewsbury. + + [Dee's divinity was Druidical. From the same superstition, some rivers + in Wales are still held to have the gift or virtue of prophecy. + Giraldus Cambrensis, who wrote in 1188, is the first who mentions Dee's + sanctity from the popular traditions. In Spenser, this river is the + haunt of magicians: + + "Dee, which Britons long ygone + Did call DIVINE." + + And Browne, in his _Britannia's Pastorals_, book ii. s. 5., says, + + "Never more let HOLY Dee, + Ore other rivers brave," &c. + + Much superstition was founded on the circumstance of its being the + ancient boundary between England and Wales; and Drayton, in his tenth + Song, having recited this part of its history, adds, that by changing + its fords it foretold good or evil, war or peace, dearth or plenty, to + either country. He then introduces the Dee, over which King Edgar had + been rowed by eight kings, relating to the story of Brutus. See more on + this subject in Warton's note to line 55. in Milton's _Lycidas_: + + "Now yet where Deva spreads her wizard stream." + +_Who was True Blue?_--In the churchyard of Little Brickhill, Bucks, is a +table monument bearing the following inscriptions: + + "Here lieth y^e body of _True Blue_, who departed this life January y^e + 17th, 1724-5, aged 57. Also y^e body of Eleanor, y^e wife of _True + Blue_, who departed this life January 21st, 1722-3, ageed (sic) 59." + +Who was "True Blue?" If it were not for his wife Eleanor, one would take +him to be some kin to "Eclipse" or "Highflyer." Lysons makes no mention of +such a person; nor, I am assured by a friend who has made the search for +me, does Lipscomb; although another friend referred me there under the +conviction that he was not only named, but that his history was given. The +kind {589} of tombstone is sufficient to show that he was a person of some +property, and yet he has not only no "Esq." affixed to his name, but it is +without the prefix "Mr." One can scarcely doubt that the name is not a real +one. Browns, Blacks, Whites, and Greens there are in abundance, but nobody +ever heard of a "Blue;" nor, so far as I know, did anybody ever christen +his child "True." Yet what could have been the incidents of a life that +required the fiction to be carried even to the grave? + +G. J. DE WILDE. + + [The foregoing monumental inscription is given in Lipscomb's _Bucks_, + vol. iv. p. 76., to which is subjoined the following note:--"The + singularity of this name has occasioned much curiosity; but no + information can be obtained besides that of _True Blue_ having been a + stranger, who settled here, and acquired some property, which after his + decease was disposed of. It has been conjectured that he lived here + under a feigned name. One Hercules True, about 1645, kept a house at + Windsor, to which deer-stealers were accustomed to resort; and he + uttered violent threats against a person, whose son, having been killed + in attempting to resist the deer-stealers in the Great Park, Thomas + Shemonds prosecuted the murderers, and True declared he would knock his + brains out, and is believed to have afterwards absconded."] + +_Charge of Plagiarism against Paley._--Has any reply been made to the +accusation against Paley, brought forward some years ago in _The +Athenaeum_? It was stated (and apparently proved) that his _Natural +Theology_ was merely a translation of a Dutch work, the name of whose +author has escaped my recollection. I suppose the archdeacon would have +defended this shameful plagiarism on his favourite principle of expediency. +It seems to me, however, that it is high time that either the accusation be +refuted, or the culprit consigned to that contempt as a man which he +deserved as a moralist. + +FIAT JUSTITIA. + + [We have frequently had to complain of the loose manner in which + Queries are sometimes submitted to our readers for solution. Here is a + specimen. The communication above involves two other Queries, which + should have been settled before it had been forwarded to us, namely, 1. + In what volume of the _Athenaeum_ is the accusation against Paley made? + and, 2. What is the title of the Dutch work supposed to be pirated? + After pulling down six volumes of the _Athenaeum_, we discovered that + the charge against Paley appeared at p. 803. of the one for the year + 1848, and that the work said to be pirated was written by Dr. Bernard + Nieuwentyt of Holland, and published at Amsterdam about the year 1700. + It was translated into English, under the title of _The Religious + Philosopher_, 3 vols. 8vo., 1718-19. The charge against Paley has been + ably and satisfactorily discussed in the same volume of the _Athenaeum_ + (see pp. 907. 933.), and at the present time we have neither "ample + room nor verge enough" to re-open the discussion in our pages.] + +_Weber's_ "_Cecilia._"--Can you inform me whether a work by Gottfried +Weber, entitled _Cecilia_, is to be had in English or in French? I find it +constantly referred to in the said Weber's work on the _Theory of Musical +Composition_, and in Mueller's _Physiology_. + +For any information you can give me on the subject I shall feel much +indebted. + +PHILHARMONICUS. + +Dublin. + + [_Caecilia_ is a musical art journal published in Germany, and is thus + noticed at page 12. of Warner's edition of Godfrey Weber's _Theory of + Musical Composition_:--"Since 1824 we have been laid under great + obligations to our distinguished mathematician and writer on acoustics, + Professor _W._ Weber, for most interesting developments on all these + points, which he has arranged into an article in the journal + _Caecilia_, vol. xii., expressly for musicians and musical instrument + manufacturers."] + +_Andrew Johnson._--In the character of Samuel Johnson, as drawn by Murphy, +there is the remark, "Like his uncle Andrew in the ring at Smithfield, +Johnson, in a circle of disputants, was determined neither to be thrown or +conquered." Other allusions are made, in Boswell's _Life_, to this uncle +having "kept the ring," but I cannot find out who he could have been. There +was a noted bruiser, Tom Johnson; but certainly he was not the person in +question. I shall be glad if any of your readers can inform me who this +"Uncle Andrew" was, and what authority there is for believing that he was a +pugilistic champion of note. + +PUGILLUS. + + [In the _Variorum Boswell_, i. e. Croker's ed., 1847, p. 198., PUGILLUS + will find a note by the editor, stating that Dr. Johnson told Mrs. + Piozzi that his uncle Andrew "for a whole year kept the ring at + Smithfield, where they wrestled and boxed, and never was thrown or + conquered."] + +_MS. by Glover._--Can MR. BOLTON CORNEY, or MR. R. SIMS, inform me whether +the Lansdowne MS. 205. is in Glover's handwriting? + +H. M. + + [This volume (Lansdowne, 205.) contains twenty-six articles in + different hands. Art. 3. contains _pedigrees by Glover in his own + hand_. See MS. Harl. 807., and an autograph letter in MS. Cot., Titus + B. vii. fol. 14.] + +_Gurney's Short-hand._--Can any of your correspondents inform me if there +have been any alterations in this system of short-hand since 1802? Also, if +it be now much used? + +WM. O'SULLIVAN. + +Ballymenagh. + + [This well-known system of short-hand is certainly still in use,--in + fact, is that employed at the present time by the Gurneys, who are the + appointed short-hand writers to the Houses of Lords and Commons.] + +{590} + +_Spurious Don Quixote._--What English and French versions are there of the +spurious continuation of _Don Quixote_ by Avellaneda? + +V. T. STERNBERG. + + [A notice of the English translations is given in Lowndes's _Bib. + Man._, vol. i. p. 374., art. Cervantes. Consult also Ebert's _Bibl. + Dict._, vol. i. p. 299., for the French translations.] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +PRONUNCIATION OF HEBREW NAMES AND WORDS IN THE BIBLE. + +(Vol. viii., p. 469.) + +Your correspondent does not, of course, inquire what is the proper Hebrew +pronunciation of the several _letters_, but rather what is the accented +syllable in each word. To pronounce in a manner nearly approaching to the +Hebrew might make the congregation stare, but would appear very pedantic to +a learned ear. The safest mode is to examine the Greek of the Septuagint, +or of the New Testament (if the reader does not understand Hebrew), and +observe the place of the acute accent. On that place, if it be on the +penultimate or antepenultimate, the accent should be laid in English. But +if the accent be on the last syllable, though it is strictly right to place +it there also in English, it is not worth while to do so, for fear of +making hearers talk about a strange sound, instead of attending to the +service. It will be safer to accent the penultimate in dissyllables, and +the antepenultimate in trisyllables, which in the Greek are acutitones; in +fact, to pronounce, as all clergymen used to pronounce, until a pedantic +and ignorant practice arose of lengthening, or rather accenting, every +syllable in the penultimate, which had or was supposed to have a long +quantity in Greek. Hence the comparatively new habit of pronouncing [Greek: +Sabaoth], [Greek: Zaboulon], [Greek: sabachthani], [Greek: Akeldama], with +a strong accent on the penultima; whereas the old-fashioned way of +accenting the antepenultima makes no one stare, and is a much nearer +approach to the true pronunciation. There is a curious inconsistency in the +common way of reading, in English, [Greek: Samareia] and [Greek: +Kaisareia]. Samar[=i]a is decidedly a Greek word; but yet, in this word, it +is usual to accent the antepenultima. Cesar[)e]a is decidedly a Latin word +Graecised, and yet it is usual to read this with an accent on the +penultima. I never observed any of those who read Sabaoth, Zabulon, and +sabachthani, read either Samaria or Cesarea. The Greek accents on Hebrew +words always accord, as Hebraists know, with the tonic accent in that +language. + +E. C. H. + +As a contribution to the desirable object of settling the pronunciation of +the words mentioned, the following representation of their pronunciation in +the originals is offered. The vowels are to be read as in Italian, the _th_ +as in English, and the _hh_ as _ch_ in German: + + Hebrew. Sabaoth = ts[)i]-v[=a]-['=o]th. + + Hebrew. [The] Moriah = [h[)a]m-]m['=o]-r[=i]-y['=a]h. + + Syriac. Aceldama = hh[)i]-k[')a]l-d[)i]-m['=a]. + + Syro-Chaldee. Eli Eli lamma sabachthani = [=e]-l['=i] [=e]l['=i] + l[)a]m-m['=a] s[)a]-b[')a]hh-t[)a]-n['=i], as in Matthew; or + [)e]-l['=o]-h[=i], as in Mark. + + Chaldee. Abednego = [)a]-ved n[)i]-g['=o]. + +The _conventional_ pronunciation given by Walker is perhaps best adapted to +English ears, which would be quite repulsed by an attempt to restore the +ancient pronunciation of such familiar words, for instance, as Jacob, +Isaac, Job, and Jeremiah. + +T. J. BUCKTON. + +Lichfield. + + * * * * * + +LORD HALIFAX AND CATHERINE BARTON. + +(Vol. viii., pp. 429. 543.) + +One has some doubt, in reading PROFESSOR DE MORGAN'S article on the above +subject, what inference is to be drawn from it. If it is to prove a private +marriage between Halifax and Mrs. Barton, on the strength of the date on +the watch at the Royal Society being falsified, it is a failure. I have +examined that watch since PROFESSOR DE MORGAN published his Note, and can +testify most decidedly that, if anything, the inscription is older than the +case, nor is there a vestige of anything like unfair alteration; and any +one accustomed to engraving would arrive at the same conclusion. The +outside case is beautifully chased in Louis Quatorze style: but the inner +case, on which the inscription is graven, has no need of such elaborate +work, nor is such work ever introduced on the inside of watches; they are +invariably smooth. + +And all that is noticeable in the present instance is, that the writing has +lost the sharpness of the graver by use, or returning it into its case; or +more probably the case has not been used at all, being cumbersome and set +aside as a curious work of art, which indeed it is. + +The date on the watch is 1708, and PROFESSOR DE MORGAN states that Mrs. +Barton was married in 1718; the watch therefore denies this; but when she +married Conduit ought, if possible, to be found out by register, which +might prove the watch date untrue; but the watch declares she was Mrs. +Conduit in 1708. She was then of course twenty-eight years of age: thus we +come to a {591} plainer conclusion that when she lived with Halifax, or +whatever other arrangement they made, a position which is said to have +occurred between 1700 and the time of Halifax's death in 1715, she was +really Mrs. Conduit, and not Catherine Barton. And thus we are brought to +think that if there is any private marriage in the case, it is between the +lady and Mr. Conduit; at all events she went back to her husband, if the +watch is true. + +As to an apology for Newton, I look upon it in a very different light: +first, I should say he had no clear right to interfere in the matter, as +the lady was married; and supposing he had, he could have done no more than +expostulate. He lived in a world of his own studies, and did not choose to +be interrupted by quarrels and scandals. And it is certainly a proper +addition to say, that the public morals of that age are not to be judged by +the present standard. All these account very well for Newton's silence on +the subject; but to settle the matter, some search might be made in the +registers of the parishes where they resided, in order that the subject may +be fully explained. + +WELD TAYLOR. + + * * * * * + +INSCRIPTIONS IN BOOKS. + +(Vol. viii. pp. 64. 153. 472.) + +In the famous _Rouen Missal_, called St. Guthlac's book, is the following +inscription in the handwriting of Robert, Bishop of London, and afterwards +Archbishop of Canterbury, who was formerly head of the monastery of +Jumieges, to which the book belonged, and where, in 1053, he died: + + "Quem si quis vi vel dolo seu quoquo modo isti loco subtraxerit, animae + suae propter quod fecerit detrimentum patiatur, atque de libro + viventium deleatur, et cum justis non scribatur." + +John Grollier had on all his books inscribed: + + "Portio mea, domine, sit in terra viventium;" + +and underneath: + + "Io. Grollierii et Amicorum." + +Henry de Rantzan wrote a decree for his library, of which here is the +fulminatory clause: + + "Libros partem ne aliquam abstulerit, + Extraxerit, clepserit, rapserit, + Concerpserit, corruperit, + Dolo malo, + Illico maledictus, + Perpetuo execrabilis, + Semper detestabilis, + Esto, maneto." + +See Dibdin's bibliographical works. + +J. S. + +Norwich. + +The two following are copied from the _originals_ written in the fly-leaf +of Brathwayte's _Panedone, or Health from Helicon_, pub. 1621, in my +possession: + + 1. + "Whose book I am if you would know, + In letters two I will you show: + The first is J, the most of might, + The next is M, in all men's sight; + Join these two letters discreetly, + And you will know my name thereby. + JAS. MORREY." + + 2. + "Philip Morrey is my name, + And with my pen I write the same; + Tho' had such pen been somewhat better, + I could have mended every letter." + +CESTRIENSIS. + +On the fly-leaf of _Theophila, or Love's Sacrifice_, a divine poem by +E. B., Esq., London, 1652, I find the following rare morsel: + + "MR. JAMES TINKER, + Rector of St. Andrews, Droitwich. + + "Father Tinker, when you are dead, + Great parts a long wir you are fled, + O that they wor conferred on mee, + Which would ad unto God's glory." + +The subject of the above laudation flourished in the early part of the last +century. + +In a Geneva Bible, date 1596: + + "Thomas Haud: his booke: + God giue him grace theare on to looke: + And if my pen it had bin better, + I would haue mend it euery letter. + 1693." + +R. C. WARDE. + +Kidderminster. + +_German Book Inscription._--You have not yet, I think, had a German +book-inscription: allow me to send you the following out of an old _Faust_, +bought last year at Antwerp: + + "Dieses Buch ist mir lieb, + Wer es stielt ist ein Dieb; + Mag er heissen Herr oder Knecht, + Haengen ist sein verdientes Recht." + +Underneath is the usual picture of the gallows-tree and its fruit. + +ISELDUNENSIS. + + * * * * * + +PRAYING TO THE WEST. + +(Vol. viii., p. 343. &c.) + +The setting sun and the darkness of evening has been immemorially connected +with death, just as the rising orb and the light of morning with life. In +Sophocles (_Oedipus Rex_, 179.), Pluto is called [Greek: hesperos theos]; +and the "Oxford translation" has the following note on the line: + + "In Lysia's Oration against Andocides is this passage: To expiate this + pollution (the mutilation of the {592} Hermae), the priestesses and + priests _turning towards the setting sun, the dwelling of the infernal + gods_, devoted with curses the sacrilegious wretch, and shook their + purple robes, in the manner prescribed by that law, which has been + transmitted from the earliest times."--Mitford, _History of Greece_, + ch. xxii. + +Liddell and Scott consider [Greek: Erebos] (the nether gloom) to be derived +from [Greek: erepho], to cover; akin to [Greek: eremnos], and probably also +to Hebrew _erev_ or _ereb_, our _eve_-ning; and mention as analogous the +Egyptian Amenti, _Hades_, from _ement_, the west. (Wilkinson's _Egyptians_, +ii. 2. 74.) + +Turning to the East on solemn occasions is a practice more frequently +mentioned. There is an interesting note on the subject in the Translation +above quoted, at Oedipus Col., 477., + + "[Greek: choas cheasthai stanta pros proten heo]," + +and doubtless much more may be found in the commentators. The custom, as is +well known, found its way into the Christian Church. + + "The primitive Christians used to assemble on the steps of the basilica + of St. Peter, to see the first rays of the rising sun, and kneel, + curvatis cervicibus in honorem splendidi orbis. (S. Leo. Serm. VII. _De + Nativ._) The practice was prohibited, as savouring of, or leading to, + Gentilism. (Bernino, i. 45.)"--Southey's _Common-Place Book_, ii. 44. + + "The rule of Orientation, though prescribed in the Apostolic + Constitutions, never obtained in Italy, where the churches are turned + indiscriminately towards every quarter of the heaven."--_Quarterly + Review_, vol. lxxv. p. 382. + +In the Reformed Church in England the custom is _recognised_, as far as the +position of the material church goes. (See rubric at the beginning of the +Communion Service.) "The priest shall stand at the _north side_ of the +table;" but turning eastward at the Creeds has no sanction that I know of, +but usage. (Compare Wheatly _On the Common Prayer_, ch. ii. s. 3., ch. iii. +s. 8.; and Williams, _The Cathedral_ ("Stanzas on the Cloisters"), +xxiv.-xxviii.) + +The _rationale_ of western paradise is given in the following extract, with +which I will conclude: + + "When the stream of mankind was flowing towards the West, it is no + wonder that the weak reflux of positive information from that quarter + should exhibit only the impulses of hope and superstition. Greece was + nearly on the western verge of the world, as it was known to Homer; and + it was natural for him to give wing to his imagination as he turned + towards the dim prospects beyond.... All early writers in Greece + believed in the existence of certain regions situated in the West + beyond the bounds of their actual knowledge, and, as it appears, of too + fugitive a nature ever to be fixed within the circle of authentic + geography. Homer describes at the extremity of the ocean the Elysian + plain, "where, under a serene sky, the favourites of Jove, exempt from + the common lot of mortals, enjoy eternal felicity." Hesiod, in like + manner, sets the Happy Isles, the abode of departed heroes, beyond the + deep ocean. The Hesperia of the Greeks continually fled before them as + their knowledge advanced, and they saw the terrestrial paradise still + disappearing in the West."--Cooley's _History of Maritime Discov_., + vol. i. p. 25., quoted in Anthon's _Horace_. + +A. A. D. + + * * * * * + +"GREEN EYES." + +(Vol. viii., p. 407.) + +In the edition of Longfellow's _Poetical Works_ published by Routledge, +1853, the note quoted by Mr. Temple ends thus: + + "Dante speaks of Beatrice's eyes as _emeralds_ (_Purgatorio_, xxxi. + 116.). Lami says, in his _Annotazioni_, 'Erano i suoi occhi d' un + turchino verdiccio, simile a quel del mare.'" + +More in favour of "green eyes" is to be found in one of Gifford's notes on +his translation of the thirteenth satire of _Juvenal_. The words in the +original are: + + "Caerula quis stupuit Germani lumina."--_Juv._ Sat. XIII. 164. + +And Gifford's note is as follows: + + "Ver. 223 ... and _eyes of sapphire blue_?]--The people of the south + seem to have regarded, as a phenomenon, those blue eyes, which with us + are so common, and, indeed so characteristic of beauty, as to form an + indispensable requisite of every Daphne of Grub Street. Tacitus, + however, from whom Juvenal perhaps borrowed the expression, adds an + epithet to _caerulean_, which makes the common interpretation doubtful. + 'The Germans,' he says (_De Mor. Ger._ 4.), 'have _truces et caerulei + oculi_, fierce, lively blue eyes.' With us, this colour is always + indicative of a soft, voluptuous languor. What, then, if we have + hitherto mistaken the sense, and, instead of blue, should have said + sea-green? This is not an uncommon colour, especially in the north. I + have seen many Norwegian seamen with eyes of this hue, which were + invariably quick, keen, and glancing. + + "Shakspeare, whom nothing escaped, has put an admirable description of + them into the mouth of Juliet's nurse: + + 'O he's a lovely man! An eagle, madam, + Hath not so _green_, so quick, so fair an eye, + As Paris hath.' + + "Steevens, who had some glimpse of the meaning of this word, refers to + an apposite passage in _The Two Noble Kinsmen_. It is in Aemilia's + address to Diana: + + ' . . . . . . Oh vouchsafe + With that thy rare _green eye_, which never yet + Beheld things maculate,' &c. + + "It is, indeed, not a little singular, that this expression should have + occasioned any difficulty to his commentators; since it occurs in most + of our old poets; {593} and Drummond of Hawthornden uses it + perpetually. One instance of it may be given: + + 'When Nature now had wonderfully wrought + All Auristella's parts, except her eyes: + To make those twins, two lamps in beauty's skies, + The counsel of the starry synod sought. + Mars and Apollo first did her advise, + To wrap in colours _black_ those comets bright, + That Love him so might soberly disguise, + And, unperceived, wound at every sight! + Chaste Phoeebe spake for purest _azure_ dyes; + But Jove and Venus _green_ about the light, + To frame, thought best, as bringing most delight, + That to pined hearts hope might for aye arise. + Nature, all said, a paradise of _green_ + Placed there, to make all love which have them seen.'" + Gifford's _Translation of Juvenal and Persius_, + 3rd edition, 1817. + +Gifford's quotation from _Romeo and Juliet_ (errors excepted) is to be +found in Act III. Sc. 5. + +C. FORBES. + +Temple. + + "Isabelle etait un peu plus agee que Ferdinand. Elle etait petite, mais + bien faite. Ses cheveux, au moins tres blonds, _ses yeux verts et + pleins de feu_, son teint un peu olivatre, ne l'empechaient pas d'avoir + un visage imposant et agreable. (_Revolutions d'Espagne_, tom. iv. liv. + viii.; Mariana, _Hist. d'Espagne_, tom. ii. liv. xxv.; _Hist. de + Ferdinand et d'Isabelle_, par M. l'Abbe Mignot, &c.)"--Florian, + Gonzalve de Cordoue, _Precis Historique sur les Maures d'Espagne_, + quatrieme epoque, note _i_. + +E. J. M. + +Hastings. + + * * * * * + +THE MYRTLE BEE. + +(Vol. viii., pp. 173. 450.) + +Allow me to thank C. BROWN for the reply he has sent to my inquiries on +this subject. I shall certainly avail myself with pleasure of the +permission he has given me to communicate with him by letter; but before +doing so, I hope you will allow me to address him this note through the +medium of your pages. The existence of the Myrtle Bee as a distinct species +has been denied by ornithologists, and as I think the question is more +likely to be set at rest by public than by private correspondence, I trust +C. BROWN will not consider that I am presuming too much on his kindness if +I ask him to send me farther information on the following points: What was +the exact size of the bird in question which he had in his hand? What was +its size compared with the Golden-crested Wren? Was it generally known in +the neighbourhood he mentions, and by whom was it known? By the common +people as well as others? From what source did he originally obtain the +appellation "Myrtle Bee," as applied to this bird? It has been suggested to +me that the bird seen by C. Brown may have been the Dartford Warbler +(_Sylvia provincialis_, Gmel.), wings short, tail elongated (this, if the +Myrtle Bee is the Dartford Warbler, would account for its "miniature +pheasant-like appearance"); a bird which, as we are informed in Yarrell's +_Hist. of British Birds_, 1839, vol. i. p. 311. _et seq._, haunts and +builds among the furze on commons; flies with short jerks; is very shy; +conceals itself on the least alarm; and creeps about from bush to bush. +This description would suit the Myrtle Bee. Not so the colour, which is +chiefly greyish-black and brown; whereas the bird seen by your +correspondent was "dusky light blue." Nor again does the description of the +Dartford Warbler, "lighting for a moment on the very point of the sprigs" +of furze (vid. Yarrell _ut sup._), coincide with the account of the bird +seen by C. BROWN, who "never saw one sitting or light on a branch of the +myrtle, but invariably flying from the base of one plant to that of +another." In conclusion I would venture to ask whether your correspondent's +memory may not have been treacherous respecting the colour of a bird which +he has not seen for twenty-five years, and whether he has ever seen the +Dartford Warbler on Chobham or the adjacent commons? + +W. R. D. SALMON. + + * * * * * + +TIN. + +(Vol. viii., pp. 290. 344.). + +The first mention I remember of the place from whence tin came, is in +Herodotus (lib. iii. c. 115.). He there says: + + "But concerning the extreme parts of Europe towards the west, I am not + able to speak certainly. For I neither believe that a certain river is + called Eridanus by the barbarians, which flows into a northern sea, and + from which there is a report that the amber is wont to come, nor have I + known (any) islands, being Cassiterides ([Greek: kassiteridas eousas]), + from which the tin is wont to come to us. For, on the one hand, the + very name Eridanus proves that it is Hellenic and not Barbaric, but + formed by some poet; and on the other, I am not able, though paying + much attention to this matter, to hear of any one that has been an + eye-witness that a sea exists upon that side of Europe. But doubtless + both the tin and the amber are wont to come from the extreme part of + Europe." + +[Greek: Kassiteros], according to Damm, is so called because it is more +ready to melt than other metals, i. e. [Greek: kausiteros], from [Greek: +kaio], to burn; this derivation agrees with that given by MR. CROSSLEY of +tin, "from the Celtic tin, to melt readily;" and it receives some support +from Hesiod (_D. G._ 861.), where he speaks of the earth burning and +melting as tin or as iron, which is the hardest of metals. + +But I own I doubt this derivation. First, {594} because it is quite clear +to my mind that Herodotus had no idea that it had a Greek derivation. He +assigns the Greek origin of the word Eridanus as a reason for disbelieving +the statement as to it; and had he known that Cassiteros had a like origin, +it cannot be doubted that he would have assigned the same reason as to it +likewise. Instead of which he resorts to the fact that he could not obtain +any authentic account of any sea on that side of Europe, as a proof that +the Cassiterides did not exist. In truth, his assertion as to the Greek +origin of the one, coupled with the reason that is added, seems almost, if +not quite, equivalent to a denial that the other had a Greek origin. +Secondly, it is in the highest degree improbable that these islands should +have received their name from the Greeks, as it is contrary to all +experience that a country should be named by persons ignorant of its +existence. The names of places are either given to them by those who +discover them, or the names by which they are called by their inhabitants +are adopted by others. + +At the time Caesar invaded this island, there was a people whom he calls +Cassi (_Caes. de B. G._, lib. v. 21.), of whose prince Camden says, "from +the Cassii their prince, Cassivellaunus or Cassibelinus, first took his +name;" and he adds that "it seems very probable that Cassivellaunus denotes +as much as the Prince of the Cassii." (_Camd. Brit._, p. 278., edit. 1695.) +According to which the word would be compounded of _Cassi_ and _vellaunus_ +or _belinus_; and this derivation is fortified by the word Cunobelinus, +which plainly is formed in a similar manner. Now there is a Celtic word, +_tir_ or _ter_ (from which _terra_ is derived), and the Welsh word _tir_ +(which I have heard pronounced _teer_), all denoting land. If then this +word be added to Cassi, we have Cassiter, that is, the land of the Cassi, +Cassiland. And as we have England, Scotland, and Ireland, possibly the +ancient inhabitants may have called their country Cassiter; and as +_chalybs_, steel, was so called both by the Greeks and Romans from the +people that made it, so might tin be from the country where it was found. +My derivation is conjectural, no doubt, and as such I submit it with great +deference to the candid consideration of your readers. + +Isaiah, who lived B.C. 758, mentions tin in i. 25. + +Ezekiel, who lived B.C. 598, mentions tin xxii. 18. 20.; and xxvii. 12., +speaking of Tyre, he says: + + "Tarshish was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of all kinds of + riches; with silver, iron, _tin_, and lead, they traded in thy fairs." + +This passage clearly shows that, at the time spoken of by Ezekiel, the +trade in tin was carried on by the inhabitants of Tarshish, whether that +place designates Carthage, or Tartessus in Spain, or not; and there can be +little doubt that they brought the tin from England; and the addition of +silver, iron, and lead, tends to strengthen this opinion. + +Herodotus recited his History at the Olympic Games, B.C. 445; and probably +the same people traded in tin in his time as in the time of Ezekiel. + +The Hebrew word for tin is derived from a verb meaning "to separate," and +seems to throw no light on the subject. + +S. G. C. + + * * * * * + +MILTON'S WIDOW. + +(Vol. viii., pp. 452. 544. &c.) + +Your correspondents MR. MARSH and MR. HUGHES are entitled to an apology +from me for having so long delayed noticing their comments on my +communication on the above subject in Vol. viii, p. 134., which comments +have failed in convincing me that I have fallen into the error they +attribute to me, because it is manifest Richard Minshull of Chester, son of +Richard of Wistaston, the writer of the letter of May 3rd, 1656, set forth +in the Rev. Mr. Hunter's _Milton Pamphlet_, pp. 37. and 38., could only +have been _fifteen_ years old when that letter was written, he having, as +MR. HUGHES states, been born in 1641, so that he must have been only three +years the junior of his supposed niece, Mrs. Milton, then Miss Minshull, +born in 1638, according to MR. MARSH'S account of her baptism; and +furthermore he, Richard, son of the writer of the said letter, must be +fairly presumed to have been married at the date of such letter, which he +(the Father) thus commences: "My love and best respects to you and my +daughter [meaning no doubt his daughter-in-law], tendered with trust of +your health." Very unlikely language for a parent to address to his son, a +boy of _fifteen_, on so important a subject as a family pedigree. If this +youthful Richard Minshull really was Mrs. Milton's uncle, his brother +Randle Minshull, her father, must have been very many years older than him, +which was not very probable. + +I noticed in a recent Number of your pages, with great satisfaction, a +communication from CRANMER, who has avowed himself to be your correspondent +MR. ARTHUR PAGET, for which, in common with MR. HUGHES and others, I feel +very thankful to him, notwithstanding it falls short of connecting Mrs. +Milton with Richard Minshull of Wistaston, the Holme correspondent of 1656. + +That historians have been much misled in assuming that Mrs. Milton was a +daughter of Sir Edward Minshull of Stoke, cannot, I think, be questioned; +although it may be very fairly asked whether there were not other +respectable Minshull families living in the neighbourhood of Wistaston, of +which Mrs. Milton might have been a member, and yet allied to the Paget and +Goldsmith families. + +GARLICHITHE. + +{595} + +MR. HUGHES is quite right, both in his facts, so far as they go, and in the +inference he draws from them in confirmation of the now well ascertained +identity of Milton's widow with the daughter of Randle Mynshull of +Wistaston. His observations derive additional force from the fact, that two +generations of Minshull of Wistaston married ladies of the name of +Goldsmith. Thomas Minshull, the great-grandfather of Milton's widow, +married ---- Goldsmith of Nantwich, as his son Richard informed Randal +Holmes, in a letter among the Harl. MSS., noticed by MR. HUNTER, and as +pointed out by MR. HUGHES; but the writer of that letter also married a +lady of the same name, Elizabeth, daughter of Nicholas Goldsmith, of +Bosworth, in the county of Leicester. The fact is worth noticing, though no +very accurate estimate can be formed of the precise degree of relationship +to be inferred from the title of "cousin" a couple of centuries ago. My +authority is the Cheshire visitation of 1663-4. Several other MS. pedigrees +are in existence; in some of which the lady's name is stated as Ellen, +instead of Elizabeth, and her father's as Richard instead of Nicholas. +Thomas Minshull of Manchester, the uncle of Milton's widow, deserves +perhaps a passing word of notice, as having embalmed the mortal remains of +Humphrey Chetham. + +J. F. M. + +Warrington. + +Our elegant poet Fenton, having written a _Life of Milton_, and no doubt +often visited his place of nativity (Shelton, in the Staffordshire +Potteries), he surely must have known _something_ respecting _Milton's_ +third wife's family, who lived only a few miles from thence; and if the +Fenton papers have, as is probable, been preserved by his family, some of +whom I am informed still live in the neighbourhood of Shelton, it is not +unlikely they will throw some light on the family of the poet's widow. + +NEWINGTON. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS CHAINED TO DESKS IN CHURCHES--OLD PAROCHIAL LIBRARIES. + +(Vol. viii., p. 93.) + +On a recent visit to Aberystwith, I walked to the mother church of +Llanbadarn, a fine old building, which I was glad to find, since a former +visit, was undergoing important repairs in its exterior. While inspecting +the interior, I requested the clerk to show me into the vestry, and upon +inquiring if the church possessed any black-letter Bible, Foxe's _Martyrs_, +or any of those volumes which at the Reformation were chained to the desks +or pews, he opened a case in the vestry, in which I was sorry to observe +many volumes, not of that early date, but about a century and a half old, +yet valuable in their day as well as at present, in a sad dilapidated +state, arising from the dampness of the room, which is without a +fire-place. Many of the volumes were the gift of a Doctor Fowle, with his +autograph, stating that they were given as a lending library to the +parishioners. + +The present incumbent is the Rev. ---- Hughes, a very excellent and zealous +pastor, with the modern church in Aberystwith annexed, who should this +narrative meet his eye, or be communicated to him, might be induced to make +inquiries into the losses which had taken place, and prevent farther +dilapidations and decay, in what was no doubt, once considered a valuable +acquisition to the inhabitants of the parish. + +Permit me to add, that in a room over the entrance porch of that venerable +Saxon church St. Peter in the East, at Oxford, there is a large lending +library for the use of the parishioners, largely contributed to by several +of its recent and present zealous incumbent, and to which church so much +has lately been done to remove former eye-sores, and to render it one of +the most chastely decorated and best attended parish churches in the +University. + +J. M. G. + +Worcester. + +In an old MS. headed + + "Articles, Conditions, and Covenants, upon which the Provost and other + officers of King's College in Cambridge have admitted Michael Mills, + Schollar of the said College, to be Keeper of the Publick Library of + the said College." + +the seventh and last article is-- + + "For the rendering his business about the library more easy, each + person that makes use of any book or books in the said library, is + required to sett 'em up again decently, without entangling the chains; + by which is signified to all concerned that no person whatsoever, upon + any pretence, is permitted to carry any book out of the library to + their chambers, or any otherwise to be used as a private book, it being + against the statutes of our college in y^t case provided." + +Under "Orders for regulating the publick library of King's College," Order +IV.: + + "All the fellows and scholars, and all other persons allowed the use of + the library, shall carefully set up those they use in their proper + place, without entangling the chains." + +Michael Mills got King's in 1683. + +T. H. L. + +In the church of Wiggenhall, St. Mary the Virgin, the following books may +be seen fastened by chains to a wooden desk in the chancel: Foxe's _Book of +Martyrs_, in three volumes, chained to the same staple; the Book of +Homilies; the Bible, with calendar in rubrics; and the works of Bishop +Jewell, in one volume. The title-page is lost from all the above: in other +respects they are in a fair state of preservation, considering their {596} +antiquity, of which their characters being old English, is a sufficient +proof. + +W. B. D. + +At a _soiree_ recently held at Crosby Hall, there were exhibited by the +churchwardens of St. Benet's, Gracechurch Street, Erasmus' _Commentary on +the Gospels_ in English, with the chains annexed, by which they were +fastened in the church. There are two volumes, in good preservation, and +black letter. + +In Minster Church, near Margate, Kent, there is an oak cover to a Bible +chained to a desk, temp. Henry VIII. The whole of the letter-press has been +taken away (by small pieces at a time) by visitors to this beautiful Norman +church. + +J. W. BROWN. + +At Bromsgrove Church, Worcestershire, a copy of Bishop Jewel's Sermon on 1 +Cor. ix. 16. (1609) is chained to a small lectern. + +At Suckley Church, also in Worcestershire, there is a black-letter copy of +the Homilies, 1578. + +CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. + +There is a copy of Foxe's _Monuments_ so chained in the chancel of Luton +Church, Bedfordshire. + +MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A. + + * * * * * + +THE COURT-HOUSE. + +(Vol. viii., p. 493.) + +This place is not "an old out-of-the-way place," as described to F. M., but +stands in a paddock adjoining the churchyard, in the town of "Painswick, in +Gloucestershire." It is a respectable old stone-built house in the +Elizabethan style; and stands on an eminence commanding a view of one of +the pleasant valleys which abound in this parish. I do not know of, and do +not believe that there is, any "full description of it." Neither of the +county histories, of Atkyns (1712), Rudder (1779), Rudge (1803), or +Fosbrook (1807), mentions the court-house, though probably it is referred +to by Atkyns as "a handsome pleasant house adjoining the town, [then] +lately the seat of Mr. Wm. Rogers." + +If either Charles I. or II. slept there, it was doubtless King Charles I., +on the night of the 5th of September, 1643, on which day he raised the +siege of Gloucester, and + + "Thousands of the royalist army marched in the rain up Painswick hill, + on the summit of which they encamped in the ancient entrenchment of the + part called Spoonbed hill. On this hill, tradition says, as Charles was + sitting on a stone near the camp, one of the princes, weary of their + present life, asked him 'When should they go home?' 'I have no home to + go to,' replied the disconsolate king. He went on to Painswick, and + passed the night there."--_Bibliotheca Gloucestriensis_ (Webb), + Introduction, p. 68., referring to Rudder (p. 592.) for the tradition + as to the colloquy. + +The lodge, an old wooden house, in this parish more properly deserves the +character of an "old out-of-the-way house." I remember it many years ago, +when it contained a court, in which were galleries approached by stairs, +and leading to the sleeping-rooms of the mansion; such as were formerly in +the court-yard of the Bull and Mouth Inn, London, and are now in the yard +of the New Inn, Gloucester. + +P. H. FISHER. + +Stroud. + + * * * * * + +ON THE SIMPLICITY OF THE CALOTYPE PROCESS, BY DR. DIAMOND. + +(Read before the Photographic Society, Nov. 3, 1853.) + +I feel that some few words are required to explain to the Society the +reasons which have induced me to call their attention to a branch of +photography, which of all others has been dwelt upon most fully, and +practised with such success by so many eminent photographers. + +The flourishing state of this Society, which is constantly receiving an +accession of new Members, indicates the great number that have lately +commenced the practice of photography, and to those I hope my observations +will not prove unacceptable, because of all others the calotype process is +undoubtedly the simplest, and the most useful; not only from that +simplicity, but from its being available when other modes could not be +used.[2] + +I am also induced to urge on the attention of the Society the advantages of +this, one of the earliest processes, because I think that there has been +lately such an eager desire for something new, that we all have more or +less run away from a steady wish to improve if possible the original +details of Mr. Fox Talbot; and have been tempted to practise new modes, +entailing much more care and trouble, without attaining a correspondingly +favourable result. + +Amongst antiquaries I have long noticed, that many who have especially +studied one particular {597} branch of archaeology, think and speak +slightingly of those departments in which they are not much interested. One +fond of research in the early tumuli is esteemed to be a mere "pot and pan +antiquary" by one who, in his turn, is thought to waste his time on +"mediaeval trash;" and this feeling pervades its many sections. + +I hope I shall not give offence in saying, that amongst photographers I +have noticed somewhat of a similar spirit, namely, an inclination to value +and praise a production, from the particular mode of operation adopted, +rather than from its intrinsic merits. The collodion, the waxed paper, or +the simple paper processes have merits pertaining to themselves alone; and +those who admire each of these several processes are too apt to be +prejudiced in favour of the works produced by them. + +Before proceeding farther, permit me to observe, that if some of my remarks +appear _too_ elementary, and _too_ well known by many assembled here, my +reason for making them is, that I have myself experienced the want of +_plain simple rules_, notwithstanding the many able treatises upon the +subject which have already been written: I hope, therefore, I shall receive +their pardon for entering fully into detail, because a want of success may +depend upon what may appear most trivial. + +I think the greatest number of failures result from not having good iodized +paper; which may be caused by + + 1. The quality of the paper; + 2. The mode of preparing it; + 3. The want of proper _definite_ proportions for a particular make of + paper; + +because I find very different results ensue unless these things are +relatively considered. + +I have not met with satisfactory results in iodizing the French and German +papers, and the thick papers of some of our English makers are quite +useless. + +Turner's paper, of the "Chafford Mills" make, is greatly to be preferred, +and therefore I will presume that to be used, and of a medium thickness. +The great fault of Turner's paper consists in the frequent occurrence of +spots, depending upon minute portions of brass coming from the machinery, +or from the rims of buttons left in the rags when being reduced to pulp, +and thus a single button chopped up will contaminate a large portion of +paper; occasionally these particles are so large that they reduce the +silver solutions to the metallic state, which is formed on the paper; at +other times they are so minute as to simply decompose the solution, and +white spots are left, much injuring the effect of the picture. + +Whatman's paper is much more free from blemishes, but it is not so fine and +compact in its texture; the skies in particular exhibiting a minutely +speckled appearance, and the whole picture admitting of much less +definition.[3] + +All papers are much improved by age; probably in consequence of a change +which the size undergoes by time. It is therefore advisable that the +photographer, when he meets with a desirable paper, should lay in a store +for use beyond his immediate wants. + +It may not be inappropriate to mention here, in reference to the minuteness +attainable by paper negatives, that a railway notice of six lines is +perfectly legible, and even the erasure for a new secretary's name is +discernible in the accompanying specimen, which was obtained with one of +Ross's landscape lenses, without any stop whatever being used, and after an +exposure of five minutes _during a heavy rain_. The sky is scarcely so +dense as could be desired, which will be fully accounted for by the dull +state of the atmosphere during the exposure in the camera. + +Having selected your paper as free from blemishes as possible, which is +most readily ascertained by holding it up to the light (as the rejected +sheets do perfectly well for positives, it is well to reject _all_ those +upon which _any_ doubt exists), mark the smoothest surface;--the touch will +always indicate this, but it is well at all times not to handle the +surfaces of papers more than can be avoided. There is much difference in +various individuals in this respect; some will leave a mark upon the +slightest touch, whereas others may rub the paper about with perfect +impunity. + +I prefer paper iodized by the single process; because, independently of the +case and economy of time, I think more rapidity of action is attained by +paper so treated, as well as that greater intensity of the blacks, so +requisite for producing a clear picture in after printing. + +To do this, take sixty grains of nitrate of silver and sixty grains of +iodide of potassium, dissolve each separately in an ounce of distilled +water, mix and stir briskly with a glass rod so as to ensure their +_perfect_ mixture; the precipitated iodide of silver will fall to the +bottom of the vessel; pour off the fluid, wash once with a little distilled +water, then pour upon it four ounces of distilled water, and add 650 grains +of iodide of potassium, which _should_ perfectly redissolve the silver and +form a clear fluid. Should it not (for chemicals differ occasionally in +their purity), then a little more should be very cautiously added until the +fluid is perfectly clear. + +The marked side of the paper should then be carefully laid upon the surface +of this fluid in a proper porcelain or glass dish. Then immediately {598} +remove it, lay it upon its dry side upon a piece of blotting-paper, and +stroke it over once or twice with a glass rod; this as effectually expels +all the particles of air as complete immersion; it is also more economical, +and has the advantage of requiring much less time in the after-immersion in +the hypo. when it is required to remove the iodide. Either pin the paper +up, or lay it down upon its dry side, and when it becomes tolerably dry +(perfect dryness is not requisite), immerse it in common cold water for the +space of four hours, changing the water during that time three or four +times, so that all the soluble salts may be removed; often move the papers, +so that when several sheets are together, one does not press so much upon +another that the water does not equally arrive at all the surface. + +If this paper is well made, it is of a pale straw colour, or rather +primrose, and perfectly free from unevenness of tint. It will keep good for +several years; if, however, the soluble salts have not been _entirely_ +removed, it attracts damp, and becomes brown and useless or uncertain in +its application. + +Some of our oldest and most successful operators still adhere to and prefer +the iodized paper prepared by the double process, which certainly effects a +saving in the use of the iodide of potassium. The following is the easiest +way of so preparing it:--Having floated your marked surface of the paper on +a 30-grain solution of nitrate of silver, and dried it[4], immerse it for +20 minutes in a solution of iodide of potassium of 20 grains to the ounce, +when it immediately assumes the desired colour. It is then requisite, +however, that it should undergo the same washing in pure water as the paper +prepared by the single process. + +Upon the goodness of your iodized paper of course depends your future +success. Although it is not requisite to prepare it by candle-light (which +in fact is objectionable from your inability to see if the yellow tint is +equally produced), I think it should not be exposed to too strong a light; +and as the fly-fisher in the dull winter months prepares his flies ready +for the approaching spring, so may the photographer in the dull weather +which now prevails, with much advantage prepare his stock of iodized paper +ready for the approach of fine weather.[5] + +Many other ways of iodizing paper have been recommended which have proved +successful in different hands. Dr. Mansell, of Guernsey, pours the iodide +solution upon his paper, which previously has had all its edges turned up +so as to resemble a dish; he rapidly pours it off again after it has +completely covered the paper, and then washes it in three waters for only +ten minutes in all: he considers that thereby none of the size of the paper +is removed, and a more favourable action is obtained. In the experiments I +have tried with the use of the air-pump, as recommended by Mr. Stewart, I +have met with much trouble and little success; and I am inclined to +attribute the very beautiful specimens which he has produced to his own +good manipulation under a favourable climate.[6] + +To excite the paper take 10 drops (minims) of solution of aceto-nitrate of +silver, and 10 drops of saturated solution of gallic acid, mixed with 3 +drachms of distilled water. + +The aceto-nitrate solution consists of-- + + Nitrate of silver 30 grains. + Glacial acetic acid 1 drachm. + Distilled water[7] 1 ounce. + +If the weather is warm, 6 drops of gallic acid to the 10 of aceto-nitrate +will suffice, and enable the prepared excited paper to be kept longer. + +This exciting fluid may be applied either directly {599} by means of the +glass rod, or by floating, as before, and then the glass rod. But if +floating is resorted to, then a larger quantity must be prepared. As soon +as it is applied the paper should be blotted off by means of blotting-paper +(which should never be used more than once in this way, although preserved +for other purposes), and put into the dark frames for use.[8] It is not +requisite that the paper should be perfectly dry. This exciting should be +conducted by a very feeble light; the paper is much more sensitive than is +generally supposed; in fact, it is then in a state to print from by the aid +of gas or the light of a common lamp, and very agreeable positives are so +produced by this negative mode of printing. + +I would advise the aceto-nitrate of silver and the solution of gallic acid +to be kept in two bottles with wooden cases differing in their shape, so +that they may not be mistaken when operating, in comparative darkness. A +1/4 of an ounce of gallic acid put into such a 3-ounce bottle, and _quite_ +filled up with distilled water as often as any is used, will serve a very +long time. + +I would also recommend that the paper should be excited upon the morning of +the day upon which it is intended to be used; no doubt the longer it is +kept, the less active and less certain it becomes. I have, however, used it +successfully eight days after excitement, and have a good negative produced +at that length of time. The general medium time of exposure required is +five minutes. In the negatives exhibited, the time has varied from three +minutes to eight, the latter being when the day was very dull. + +The pictures should be developed by equal quantities of the aceto-nitrate +of silver and the saturated solution of gallic acid, which are to be mixed +and immediately applied to the exposed surface. This may be done several +hours after the pictures have been removed from the camera. Care should be +taken that the back of the picture does not become wetted, as this is apt +to produce a stain which may spoil the printing of the positive. + +If upon the removal of the paper from the dark frame, the picture is very +apparent, by first applying little gallic acid, and immediately afterwards +the _mixed_ solutions, less likelihood is incurred of staining the +negative, which will be more evenly and intensely developed. If a browning +take place, a few drops of strong acetic acid will generally check it. + +Should the picture be very tardy, either from an insufficient exposure, +want of light, or other cause, a few drops of a solution of pyrogallic +acid, made with 3 grains to the ounce of water, and a drachm of acetic +acid, will act very beneficially. It sometimes gives an unpleasant redness +upon the surface, but produces great intensity upon looking through it. +Until the pyrogallic solution was added, there was scarcely anything +visible upon the specimen exhibited, the failure having in the _first_ +instance happened from the badness of the iodized paper. + +As soon as the picture is sufficiently developed it should be placed in +water, which should be changed once or twice; after soaking for a short +time, say half an hour, it may be pinned up and dried, or it may at once be +placed in a solution almost saturated, or quite so, of hyposulphite of +soda, remaining there no longer than is needful for the entire removal of +the iodide, which is known by the disappearance of the yellow colour. + +When travelling it is often desirable to avoid using the hyposulphite, for +many reasons (besides that of getting rid of extra chemicals), and it may +be relied on that negatives will keep even under exposure to light for a +very long time. I have kept some for several weeks, and I believe Mr. +Rosling has kept them for some months. + +The hyposulphite, lastly, should be effectually removed from the negative +by soaking in water, which should be frequently changed. + +Some prefer to use the hypo, quite hot, or even boiling, as thereby the +size of the paper is removed, allowing of its being afterwards readily +waxed.[9] I have always found that pouring a little boiling water upon the +paper effectually accomplishes the object; some negatives will readily wax +even when the size is not removed. A box iron very hot is best for the +purpose; but the most important thing to attend to is that the paper should +be perfectly dry, and it should therefore be passed between blotting-paper +and well ironed before the wax is applied. Negatives will even attract +moisture from the atmosphere, and therefore this process should at all +times be resorted to immediately before the application of the wax. + +Some photographers prefer, instead of using wax, to apply a solution of +Canada balsam in spirits of turpentine. This certainly adds much to the +transparency of the negative; and, in some instances, may be very +desirable. Even in so simple a thing as white wax, there is much {600} +variety; some forming little flocculent appearances on the paper, which is +not the case with other samples. Probably it may be adulterated with +stearine, and other substances producing this difference. + +Before concluding these remarks, I would draw attention to the great +convenience of the use of a bag of yellow calico, made so large as to +entirely cover the head and shoulders, and confined round the waist by +means of a stout elastic band. It was first, I believe, used by Dr. +Mansell. In a recent excursion, I have, with the greatest ease, been +enabled to change all my papers without any detriment whatever, and thereby +dispensed with the weight of more than a single paper-holder. The bag is no +inconvenience, and answers perfectly well, at any residence you may chance +upon, to obstruct the light of the window, if not protected with shutters. + +I would also beg to mention that a certain portion of the bromide of silver +introduced into the iodized paper seems much to accelerate its power of +receiving the green colour, as it undoubtedly does in the collodion. +Although it does not accelerate its _general_ action, it is decidedly a +great advantage for foliage. Its best proportions I have not been able +accurately to determine; but I believe if the following quantity is added +to the portion of solution of iodide of silver above recommended to be +made, that it will approach very near to that which will prove to be the +most desirable. Dissolve separately thirty grains of bromide of potassium, +and 42 grains of nitrate of silver, in separate half-ounces of distilled +water; mix, stir well, and wash the precipitate; pour upon it, in a glass +measure, distilled water up to one ounce; then, upon the addition of 245 +grains of iodide of potassium, a clear solution will be obtained; should it +not, a few more grains of the iodide of potassium will effect it. It may be +well to add that I believe neither of the solutions is injured by keeping, +especially if preserved in the dark. + +I would here offer a caution against too great reliance being placed upon +the use of gutta-percha vessels when travelling, as during the past summer +I had a bottle containing distilled water which came into pieces; and I +have now a new gutta-percha tray which has separated from its sides. This +may appear trivial, but when away from home the greatest inconvenience +results from these things, which may be easily avoided.[10] + +Dishes of zinc painted or japanned on the interior surface answer better +than gutta-percha, and one inverted within another forms, when travelling, +an admirable lid-box for the protection of glass bottles, rods, &c. On the +Continent wooden dishes coated with shellac varnish are almost entirely +used. + +[Footnote 2: In a communication I formerly addressed to my friend the +Editor of "N. & Q.," one of the arguments I used in favour of the collodion +process was, that the operator was enabled at once to know the results of +his attempts; and was not left in suspense concerning the probable success, +as with a paper picture requiring an after development. + +I made that observation not only from the partial success which had then +attended my own manipulations, but from the degree of success which was +attained by the majority of my photographic friends. But that objection is +now almost entirely removed by the comparative certainty to which the paper +process is reduced.] + +[Footnote 3: The effect was illustrated in two negatives of the same +subject, taken at the same time, exhibited to the meeting, and which may +now be seen at Mr. Bell's by those who take an interest in the subject.] + +[Footnote 4: For this purpose, strips of wood from 1 inch to 1-1/2 square +will be found much more convenient to pin the paper to than the tape or +string usually recommended. The pressure of a corner of the paper to the +wood will render it almost sufficiently adherent without the pin, and do +away with the vexation of corners tearing off.] + +[Footnote 5: Some difference of opinion seemed to exist at the reading of +the paper, as to the propriety of preparing iodized paper long before it +was required for use, and I have since received some letters from very able +photographers who have attributed an occasional want of success to this +cause. I have, however, never myself seen good iodized paper deteriorated +by age. Many friends tell me they have used it when several years old; and +I can confirm this by a remarkable instance. On Tuesday (Dec. 6) I was +successful in obtaining a perfectly good negative in the usual time from +some paper kindly presented to me by Mr. Mackinly, and which has been in +his possession since the year 1844. I should add, the paper bears the mark +of "J. Whatman, 1842," and has all the characters of Turner's best +photographic paper. It appears to be a make of Whatman's paper which I have +not hitherto seen, and, from its date, was evidently not made for +photographic purposes.] + +[Footnote 6: The paper may be iodized by pouring over it 30 minims of the +iodizing solution, and then smoothing it over with the glass rod. Care must +however be taken not to wet the back of the paper, as an unevenness of +depth in the negative would probably be the result.] + +[Footnote 7: Much more attention should be paid to the purity of the +distilled water than is generally supposed. In the many processes in which +distilled water is used, there is none in which attention to this is so +much required as the calotype process. I mention this from having lately +had some otherwise fine negatives spoiled by being covered with spots, +emanating entirely from impurities in distilled water purchased by me +during a late excursion into the country.] + +[Footnote 8: It is very requisite that the glasses of the frames should be +thoroughly cleansed before the excited papers are put into them. Although +not perceptible to the eye, there is often left on the glass (if this +precaution is not used) a decomposing influence which afterwards shows +itself by stains upon the negative.] + +[Footnote 9: If boiling water is carefully poured in the negative in a +porcelain dish, it will frequently remove a great deal of colouring matter, +thereby rendering the negative still more translucent. It is astonishing +how much colouring matter a negative so treated will give out, even when to +the eye it appears so clean as not to require it.] + +[Footnote 10: MR. SHADBOLT suggested a remedy for the disasters referred to +by DR. DIAMOND with regard to the gutta-percha vessels. Gutta-percha is +perfectly soluble in chloroform. MR. SHADBOLT therefore showed that if the +operator carries a small bottle of chloroform with him, he would be able to +mend the gutta-percha at any moment in a few seconds. It was not necessary +that the bottle should hold above half an ounce of chloroform.] + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Belike_ (Vol. viii., p. 358.).--The reasoning by which H. C. K. supports +his conjecture that "belike" in _Macbeth_ is formed immediately by +prefixing _be_ to a supposed verb, _like_, to lie, is ingenious, but far +from satisfactory. In the first place, we never used _to like_ in the sense +of _to lie_, the nearest approach to it is _to lig_. And in the next place, +the verb to _like_, to please, to feel or cause pleasure, to approve or +regard with approbation, as a consequential usage (agreeably to the Dutch +form of Liicken (Kilian), to _assimilate_), is common from our earliest +writers. Instances from Robert of Gloucester, Chaucer, and North, with +instances also of _mislike_, to displease, may be found in Richardson and +others in Todd's _Johnson_. + +Now, when we have a word well established in various usage (as _like_, +similis), from which other usages may be easily deduced, why not adopt that +word as the immediate source, rather than seek for a new one? That _like_, +now written _ly_, is from _lic_, a corpse, _i.e._ an essence, has, I +believe, the merit of originality; so too, his notion that _corpse_ is an +_essence_, and the more, as emanating from a rectory, which probably is not +far removed frown a churchyard. + +H. C. K., it is very _likely_, is right in his conception that all his +three _likes_ "have had originally one and the same source;" but he does +not appear inclined to rest contented with the very sufficient one in our +parent language, suggested by Richardson (in his 8vo. dictionary), the +Gothic _lag-yan_; A.-S. _lec-gan_, or _lic-gan_, to lay or lie. + +I should interpret _belike_ (for so I should write it with H. C. K.) by +"approve." + +Q. + +Bloomsbury. + +_Stage-coaches_ (Vol. viii., p. 439.).--The following Note may perhaps +prove acceptable to G. E. F. The article from which it was taken contained, +if I remember rightly, much more information upon the same subject: + + "The stage-coach 'Wonder,' from London to Shrewsbury, and the + 'Hirondelle' belonged to Taylor of Shrewsbury. The 'Hirondelle' did 120 + miles in 8 hours and 20 minutes. One day a team of four greys did 9 + miles in 35 minutes. The 'Wonder' left {601} Lion Yard, Shrewsbury, one + morning at 6 o'clock, and was at Islington at 7 o'clock the same + evening, being only 13 hours on the road."--_The Times_, July 11, 1842. + +W. R. D. S. + +_Birthplace of King Edward V._ (Vol. viii., p. 468.).-- + + "1471. In this year, the third day of November, Queen Elizabeth, being, + as before is said, in Westminster Sanctuary, was lighted of a fair + prince. And within the said place the said child, without pomp, was + after christened, whose godfathers were the abbat and prior of the said + place, and the Lady Scrope godmother."--Fabian's _Chronicle_, p. 659., + Lond. 1811. + +MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A. + +Fuller, in his _Worthies_, vol. ii. p. 414., says Edward, eldest son of +Edward IV. and Elizabeth his queen, was born in the sanctuary of +Westminster, November 4, 1471. + +A. + +_Ringing Church Bells at Death_ (Vol. viii., p. 55. &c.).--The custom of +ringing the church bell, as soon as might be convenient after the passing +of a soul from its earthly prison-house, in the manner described in "N. & +Q.," existed ten years ago in the parish of Rawmarsh, in the West Riding of +Yorkshire, and had existed there before I became its rector, twenty-two +years ago. First a brisk peal was rung, if I mistake not, on one of the +lighter bells, which was raised and lowered; then, upon the same, or some +other of the lighter bells, the sex of the deceased was indicated by a +given number of distinct strokes,--I cannot with certainty recall the +respective numbers; lastly, the tenor bell was made to declare the supposed +age of the deceased by as many strokes as had been counted years. + +JOHN JAMES. + +_What is the Origin of "Getting into a Scrape?"_ (Vol. viii., p. 292.).--It +may have been, first, a tumble in the mire; by such a process many of us in +childhood have both literally and figuratively "got into a scrape." Or, +secondly, the expression may have arisen from the use of _the razor_, where +to be shaved was regarded as an indignity, or practised as a token of deep +humiliation. D'Arvieux mentions an Arab who, having received a wound in his +jaw, chose rather to hazard his life, than allow the surgeon to take off +his beard. When Hanun had shaved off half the beards of David's servants, +"David sent to meet them, because they were greatly ashamed: and the king +said, 'Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then return'" (2 +Sam. x. 4, 5.). The expedient of _shaving off the other half_ seems not to +have been thought on, though that would naturally have been resorted to, +had not the indignity of being rendered beardless appeared intolerable. +Under this figure the desolation of a country is threatened. "In the same +day shall the Lord shave with a razor that is hired, by them beyond the +river, even by the King of Assyria, the head, and the hair of the feet, and +it shall consume the beard" (Isaiah vii. 20.). Again, as a token of grief +and humiliation: "Then Job arose and rent his mantle, and shaved his +beard," &c.--"There came fourscore men, having their heads shaven, and +their clothes rent, and having cut themselves," &c. (Jer. xli. 5.). Or, +thirdly, the allusion may be to the consequence of becoming infected with +some loathsome cutaneous disease. "So Satan smote Job with sore boils from +the sole of his foot unto his crown. And he took him a potsherd to _scrape_ +himself withal" (Job ii. 7, 8.). + +J. W. T. + +Dewsbury. + +_High Dutch and Low Dutch_ (Vol. viii., p. 478.).--Nieder Deutsch, or +rather Neder Duitsch, is the proper name of the Dutch language; at least it +is that which the people of Holland give to it. Low German does not +necessarily mean a vulgar patois. It is essentially as different a language +from High German, or rather more so, as Spanish is from Portuguese. I +believe German purists would point out Holstein, Hanover, Brunswick (not +Dresden), as the places where German is most classically spoken. I wish one +of your German (not Anglo-German) readers would set us right on this point. +The term Dutch, as applied to the language of Holland as distinguished from +that of German, is a comparative modernism in English. High Dutch and Low +Dutch used to be the distinction; and when Coverdale's _Translation of the +Bible_ is said to have been "compared with the Douche," German, and not +what we now call Dutch, is meant. Deutsch, in short, or Teutsch, is the +generic name for the language of the Teutones, for whom Germani, or +Ger-maenner, was not a national appellation, but one which merely betokened +their warlike character. + +E. C. H. + +_Discovery of Planets_ (Vol. vii., p. 211.).--I should wish to ask MR. H. +WALTER, who has a learned answer about the discovery of planets, whether +the idea which he there broaches of a lost world where sin entered and for +which mercy was not found, be his own original invention, or whether he is +indebted to any one for it, and if so, to whom? + +QUAESTOR. + +_Gloves at Fairs_ (Vol. viii., pp. 136. 421.).--This title has changed into +a question of the open hand as an emblem of power. In addition to the +instances cited by your correspondents, the following may be mentioned. + +The Romans used the open hand as a standard. + +The Kings of Ulster adopted it as their peculiar cognizance; thence it was +transferred to the shield of the baronets created Knights of Ulster by +James I.; to many of whose families recent {602} myths have in consequence +attributed bloody deeds to account for the cognizance of the bloody hand. +The Holte family of Aston Hall, near this town, affords an instance of such +a modern myth, which has, I think, already appeared in "N. & Q." The +subject of _modern myths_ would form a very interesting one for your pages. + +An open hand occurs on tombs in Lycia. (Fellowes' _Lycia_, p. 180.) + +The Turks and Moors paint an open hand as a specific against the evil eye. +(Shaw's _Travels in Barbary_, p. 243.) + +The open hand in red paint is of common occurrence on buffalo robes among +the tribes of North America, and is also stamped, apparently by the natural +hand dipped in a red colour, on the monuments of Yucatan and Guatemala. +(Stephen's _Yucatan_.) + +EDEN WARWICK. + +Birmingham. + +_Awk_ (Vol. viii., p. 310.).--H. C. K. asks for instances of the usage of +the word _awk_. He will find one in Richardson's _Dictionary_, and two of +_awkly_: + + "The _auke_ or left hand."--Holland's _Plutarch_. + + "They receive her _aukly_, when she (Fortune) presenteth herself on the + _right_ hand."--_Ibid._ + + "To undertake a thing _awkely_, or ungainly."--Fuller's _Worthies_. + +Q. + +Bloomsbury. + +_Tenet_ (Vol. viii., p. 330.) was used by Hooker and Hall, and is also +found in state trial, 1 Hen. V., 1413, of Sir John Oldcastle. Sir Thomas +Browne, though he writes _tenets_ in his title, has _tenent_ in c. i. of +b. vii. But these variations may be generally placed to the account of the +printers in those days. (See TENET, in Richardson.) + +Q. + +Bloomsbury. + +_Lovett of Astwell_ (Vol. viii., p. 363.).--Since I wrote on this subject, +I have consulted Baker's excellent _History of Northamptonshire_, and I +find the pedigree (vol. i. p. 732.) fully bears out my strictures on Betham +and Burke's account of Thomas Lovett, and his marriage with Joan Billinger. +With regard to Elizabeth Boteler, Mr. Baker simply states that Thomas +Lovett, Esq., of Astwell, married to his first wife Elizabeth, daughter of +John Boteler, Esq., of Watton Woodhall, Herts; but I observe that (_Idem._ +vol. i. p. 730.) there is in Wappenham Church (the parish of which Astwell +is hamlet) a brass to the memory of "Constance, late the wife of John +Boteler, Esq., and sister to Henry Vere, Esq., who died May 16, 1499:" this +lady, I conjecture, was the mother of Elizabeth Boteler, afterwards Lovett; +and her daughter must have been heir to her mother, as the arms of Vere and +Green are quartered on her grandson Thomas Lovett's tombstone in the same +church; as well as on another monument of the Lovetts, the inscription of +which is now obliterated. The pedigree of the Botelers in Clutterbuck +(_Herts_, vol. ii. p. 475.) does not give this marriage; but John Boteler, +Esq., of Watton Woodhall, who was of full age in 1456, and whose first wife +Elizabeth died Oct. 28, 1471, is said to have married to his second wife +Constance, daughter of ---- Downhall of Gedington, co. Northamptonshire. +Can this be the lady buried at Wappenham? She was the mother of John +Boteler, Esq., Watton Woodhall, Sheriff of Herts and Essex in 1490; +therefore her daughter would not be entitled to transmit her arms to her +descendants. Or could the last-mentioned John Boteler, who died in 1514, +have had another wife besides the three mentioned in Clutterbuck? There can +be no question that one of the two John Botelers of Watton Woodhall married +Constance de Vere, as the marriage is mentioned on the monument at +Wappenham. I hope some of your genealogical readers may examine this point. + +TEWARS. + +_Irish Rhymes_ (Vol. viii., p. 250.).--In "The Wish," appended to _The +Ocean_ of Young (afterwards suppressed in his collected works, but quoted +by Dr. Johnson), are the following rhymes: + + "Oh! may I _steal_ + Along the _vale_ + Of humble life, secure from foes." + +And again: + + "Have what I _have_, + And live not _leave_." + +And yet again: + + "Then leave one _beam_ + Of honest _fame_, + And scorn the labour'd monument." + +And in his "Instalment" (which shared the same fate as "The Wish"): + + "Oh! how I long, enkindled by the _theme_, + In deep eternity to launch thy _name_." + +Young was no "Mil_a_sian:" so these rhymes go to acquit Swift of the +Irishism attributed to him by CUTHBERT BEDE; as, taken in connexion with +those used by Pope and others, it is clear they were not uncommon or +confined to the Irish poets. At the same time, I cannot think them either +elegant or musical, nor can I agree with one of your correspondents, that +their occasional use destroys the sameness of rhyme. If poets were to +introduce eccentric rhymes at pleasure, to produce variety, the shade of +Walker would I think be troubled sorely. + +ALEXANDER ANDREWS. + +_Passage in Boerhaave_ (Vol. vii., p. 453.).--As the passage is incorrectly +given from memory, it {603} is not easy to say where it is to be found. I +venture, however, to lay before the FOREIGN SURGEON the following, from the +_Institutiones Medicae caet. digestae_, ab Herm. Boerhaave (Vienna, 1775), +p. 382.: + + "Unde tamen mors senilis per has mutationes accidit inevitabilis, et ex + ipsa sanitate sequens." + +And from Ph. Ambr. Marhesz, Praelectiones in H. Boerh., _Inst. Med._ +(Vienna, 1785), vol. iii. p. 44.: + + "Tum vivere cessat decripitus senex, sine morbo in mortem transiens, + nisi senectutis vitium ineluctabile pro morbo habeas." + +See also s. 475. Possibly the required passage may be found in Burton's +_Account of the Life, &c. of Dr. Boerhaave_ (London, 1743). Allow me, +however, to quote the following from a discourse of Joannes Oosterdijk +Schacht (Boerhaave's cotemporary), delivered by him September 12, 1729, +when he entered on the professorship at Utrecht. From this it will appear +that the words ascribed to Boerhaave may be attributed to other learned +men: + + "Nemini igitur mirum videatur, si innumeris stipata malis superveniat + senectus, quam nec solam nec morbis tantum comitatam obrepere, sed + ipsam morbum esse, et olim vidit vetustas, et hodierna abunde docet + experientia."--Joann. Oosterdijk Schacht, _Oratio Inauguralis caet._ + (Traj. ad Rhenum, 1729). + +From the _Navorscher_. + +L. D. R. + +Ginnekin. + +_Craton the Philosopher_ (Vol. viii., p. 441.).-- + + "At that time two brothers, who were extremely rich, sold their + inheritance by the advice of Crato the philosopher, and bought diamonds + of singular value, which they crushed in the Forum before all the + people, thus making an ostentatious exhibition of their contempt for + the world. St. John, happening to be passing through the Forum, + witnessed this display, and, pitying the folly of these misguided men, + kindly gave them sounder advice. Sending for Crato their master, who + had led them into error, he blamed the wasteful destruction of valuable + property, and instructed him in the true meaning of contempt for the + world according to Christ's doctrine, quoting the precept of that + teacher, his own Master, when, in reply to the young man who inquired + of Him how he might obtain eternal life, He said, 'If thou wilt be + perfect, go and sell all that thou hast and give to the poor, and thou + shalt have treasure in heaven; and come and follow me.' Crato the + philosopher, acknowledging the soundness of the apostle's teaching, + entreated him to restore the jewels which had been foolishly crushed to + their former condition. St. John then gathered up the precious + fragments, and, while he held them in his hand, prayed for some time + with his eyes raised to heaven. His prayer being concluded, and all the + faithful present having said _Amen_, the broken pieces of the jewels + became so closely united, that there remained not the slightest + appearance of any fracture. Then Crato the philosopher, with all his + disciples, threw himself at the apostle's feet, believed, and were + baptized; and Crato, preaching openly the faith of the Lord Jesus, + became a true philosopher. Moreover, the two brothers who before + destroyed their property to no purpose, now, in obedience to the + evangelical precept, sold their jewels, and distributed the price in + alms to the poor of Christ. And a multitude of believers began to + attach themselves to St. John, and to follow his steps."--_Ordericus + Vitalis_, b. II. ch. v. (Mr. Forrester's translation), Bohn's edit., + vol. i. pp. 240, 241. + +J. SANSOM. + +_The Curfew_ (Vol. vii., pp. 167. 539.).--Add to the already long list of +places where the curfew bell is still rung the following: + +St. Werburgh's (Cathedral) Chester, Acton, Audlem, Nantwich, Wybunbury; all +in Cheshire and adjoining parishes. + +Madeley, Staffordshire. In this place also (Audlem) the very ancient custom +of chiming at funerals is still maintained. + +T. H. KERSLEY, B.A. + +Audlem, Nantwich. + +_Thomas Blount_ (Vol. viii., p. 286.).--Since forwarding the monumental +inscription inserted as above, which makes this gentleman's death to take +place on Dec. 26, I find that Sir William Dugdale, with whom Blount was on +terms of intimacy, as he calls him "my very worthy friend," has the +following notice of him in his _Diary_ under the year 1679: + + "December 16. Mr. T. Blount dyed, at Orlton, Herefordshire, of an + apoplexie." + +Thus making a difference of ten days, which is probably an error made by +the engraver of the inscription. It may be interesting to know from the +same authority, that Mr. Blount's chamber was in Fig Tree Court, on the +back side of the Inner Temple Hall, London, his country residence being at +Orlton. From his correspondence with Sir William, it appears that he +rendered him much assistance in his works. + +J. B. WHITBORNE. + +_Pronunciations of "Coke" and "Cowper"_ (Vols. iv. and v. _passim_; Vol. +vi., p. 16.).--So much, and so well to the purpose, has already been said +in "N. & Q.," in support of the averment that the former of these names was +originally pronounced _Cook_, that it may appear needless to adduce +additional evidence; still, considering the source from which the testimony +I am now bringing forward is derived, I think I may stand excused for +recurring to the subject. It is from the Court Books of the manor of +Mitcham (the birthplace of Sir Edward Coke), and from the parochial +registers; in which, and, indeed, in all cotemporary records where sound +was followed in the spelling, I find the name of this family written {604} +_Cook_ or _Cooke_. The great Sir Edward's own baptismal register is thus +entered--1551, Feb. 7. "Edward Cooke genero." Surely this is conclusive. +The same pronunciation was vulgarly followed almost up to the present time. +There must be many who remember at the Norfolk elections the cry of "Cook +for ever," as well as that of the opposite political party who threw up +their caps for _Woodhouse_; for so _Wodehouse_ was in like manner +pronounced. Again, the Hobarts, another Norfolk family, were always called +_Hubbarts_; and more anciently Bokenham, _Buckenham_, Todenham, +_Tuddenham_, and others I could name, showing that in the Norfolk dialect +the usage was in pronunciation to soften the _o_. + +Now as regards the sound of Cowper, the same class of authorities, old +deeds, court rolls, and parish registers, appears to lead to a different +conclusion from that of your other correspondents. We have now no _Cowper_ +family of Norfolk origin; of _Coopers_ we have multitudes: the names of +whose forefathers were written _Couper_ or _Cowper_; and if written as +pronounced, the analogical inference is that the original pronunciation was +_Cowper_, Cooper being merely the modern way of spelling; and curiously +enough, the parish of _Hoo_, in this county, is called and now usually +spelt _How_. + +G. A. C. + +_Unkid_ (Vol. viii., p. 353.).--_Unketh_, _uncouth_, are different writings +of the same word. Jamieson has _uncoudy_, which he explains, dreary; and +_coudy_, i. e. couth, couthy, nearly allied to _cuth_, notus (see _couth_ +(could), _uncouth_, _unketh_, in Richardson; and _coudy_, _uncoudy_, in +Jamieson). Lye has "_Uncwid_, solitary; whence, perhaps, the not entirely +obsolete _unkid_." Grose also tells us that, in the north, _uncuffs_ and +_uncuds_ mean news. It is very plain that these are all the same word, +differently written and applied. + +Q. + +Bloomsbury. + +_To split Paper_ (Vol. viii., p. 413.).-- + + "Procure two rollers or cylinders of glass, amber, resin, or metallic + amalgam; strongly excite them by the well known means so as to produce + the attraction of cohesion, and then, with pressure, pass the paper + between the rollers; one half will adhere to the under roller, and the + other to the upper roller; then cease the excitation, and remove each + part."--From the _Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal_. + +A. H. B. + +_La Fleur des Saints_ (Vol. viii., p. 410.).--The work which Moliere +intended was in all probability the French translation of a Spanish work +entitled _Flos Sanctorum_. The author of it was Alonso de Villegas. It was +first printed at Toledo in 1591, and an English version appeared at Douay +in 1615. Some idea of the contents may be gathered from the following +title: _Flos Sanctorum, Historia General de la Vida, y Hechos de Jesu +Christo Dios y Senor nuestro; y de todos los Santos, de que reza, y haze +fiesta la Iglesia Catolica, &c._ My copy is the Madrid edition of 1653. + +C. HARDWICK. + +St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge. + +_Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury_ (Vol. viii., p. 125.).--Could this have +been Dr. William Butler, of eccentric memory, born at Ipswich about 1535, +and buried in St. Mary's Church, Cambridge, 1618? + +G. A. C. + +_Major Andre_ (Vol. viii., p. 174.).--Two nephews of Major Andre, sons of +his sister, Mrs. Mills, are resident in Norwich, both being surgeons there. +Perhaps, on application, your correspondent SERVIENS would be able to +obtain from them some serviceable information regarding this unfortunate +officer. + +G. A. C. + +_Wooden Tombs and Effigies_ (Vol. viii., p. 255.).--In the church of +Chew-Magna, co. Somerset, is the effigy of Sir John Hautville, cut (says +Collinson, vol. ii. p. 100.) in one solid piece of Irish oak. He lies on +his left side, resting on his hip and elbow, the left hand supporting his +head. The figure is in armour, with a red loose coat without sleeves over +it, a girdle and buckle, oblong shield, helmet, and gilt spurs. The right +hand rests on the edge of the shield. This monument was brought many years +ago from the neighbouring church (now destroyed) of Norton Hautville. Sir +John lived temp. Henry III. The popular story of him is that he was a +person of gigantic strength, and that he carried, for a feat, three men to +the top of Norton church tower, one under each arm, and the third in his +teeth! (Collinson, vol. ii. p. 108.) + +J. E. J. + +_Froissart's Accuracy_ (Vol. viii., p. 494.).--The accuracy of Froissart as +an historian has never been questioned, says T. J. This assertion ought not +to pass without a note. If T. J. will look into Hallam's _Lit. of Europe_, +ch. iii., he will find that judicious and learned critic comparing +Froissart with Livy for "fertility of historical invention," or, in other +words, for his unhesitatingly supplying his readers with a copious and +picturesque statement of the details of events, where they were palpably +out of the reach of his knowledge. + +As a gleaner of chivalrous gossip, and a painter of national manners, +Froissart is perhaps unequalled. Take up his account of a campaign on the +Scottish borders, and he relates the proceedings in his amusing style, as +if he had been behind every bush with the Scotch, and hunting for them in +vain with every English banner. But if his accuracy be inquired into, he +tells you that Carlisle, which he calls Cardoel en Gales, is on {605} the +Tyne, and was garrisoned in vain with "grand plante de Galois," to prevent +the Scotch from passing the Tyne under its walls (vol. i. ch. xviii. xix. +xxi.). + +So much by way of note; but there is a Query which I should be glad to see +answered. Bayle (art. Froissart) quotes a German critic as affirming that +in the Lyons edition of Froissart, by Denys Saulvage, 1559: "Omnia quae +Aulae Gallicae displicebant, deleta, vixque decimam historiae partem +relictam esse." Does Col. Johnes notice this inaccuracy in the edition +generally procurable? And does he state whether he saw, or consulted, or +received any benefit from the existence of the MS. copy of Froissart, once +in the library of Breslaw? + +HENRY WALTER. + +_Nursery Rhymes_ (Vol. viii., p. 452.).--I fear J. R.'s anxiety to find a +Saxon origin to a nursery rhyme has _suggested_ unconsciously a version +which does not otherwise exist. The rhyme in my young days used to be,-- + + "Hushaby, baby, on the tree top, + When the wind blows the cradle will rock." + +--a sufficient rhyme for the nursery. + +EDEN WARWICK. + +Birmingham. + +"_Hip, hip, hurrah!_" (Vol. viii., pp. 88. 323.).-- SIR J. EMERSON TENNENT, +in answering MR. BRENT'S observation at p. 88., seems to have been fighting +a shadow. Upon reference to Mr. Chappell's _Collection_, vol. ii. p. 38., +quoted by MR. BRENT, it appears that a note by Dr. Burney, in a copy of +Hawkins's _History of Music_, in the British Museum, is the authority for +the reading: + + "Hang up all the poor _hep_ drinkers, + Cries old Sim, the King of skinkers." + +In the folio edition of Ben Jonson's _Works_, published by Thomas Hodgkin, +London, 1692, in which the "Leges Convivales" are I believe for the first +time printed, the verses over the door of the Apollo are given, and the +couplet runs: + + "Hang up all the poor _hop_ drinkers, + Cries Old Sym, the King of skinkers." + +Probably Mr. Chappell misread Dr. Burney's MS. note: at all events MR. +BRENT'S ingenious suggestion is without foundation. + +A. F. B. + +Diss. + +_Dodo_ (Vol. vii., p. 83.).--Dodo or Doun Bardolf married Beatrix, daughter +of William de Warren of Wormegay. She was a widow in 1209, and remarried +the famous Hubert de Burgh. + +ANON. + +_Oaths_ (Vol. viii., p. 364.).--Your correspondent assumes that the act of +kissing the Bible, or other book containing the Holy Gospels, by a judicial +witness, is a part of the oath itself. Is it such, or is it merely an act +of reverence to the book? In support of the latter supposition, I would +quote Archdeacon Paley, who says, that after repeating the oath,-- + + "The juror kisses the book; the kiss, however, seems rather an act of + reverence to the contents of the book, as in the Popish ritual the + priest kisses the gospel before he reads it, than any part of the + oath."--_Mor. and Pol. Ph._, p. 193., thirteenth edition. + +In none of the instances given by C. S. G. does kissing the book appear to +be essential. Does not this rather favour Dr. Paley's explanation? which, +if it be correct, would, I think, afford grounds for concluding that the +practice of kissing the book accompanied the taking of ancient oaths, and +is not, as C. S. G. suggests, an addition of later times. + +Again, may I bring forward the same authority in opposition to that quoted +by your correspondent with reference to the origin of the term corporal +oath: + + "It is commonly thought that oaths are denominated corporal oaths from + the bodily action which accompanies them, of laying the right hand upon + a book containing the four gospels. This opinion, however, appears to + be a mistake, for the term is borrowed from the ancient usage of + touching upon these occasions the _corporale_, or cloth, which covered + the consecrated elements."--P. 191. + +R. V. T. + +Mincing Lane. + +The old custom of taking the judicial oath by merely laying the right hand +upon the book, is undoubtedly, thinks ERICA, of Pagan origin. In my humble +opinion it is far too common with us to ascribe things to Pagan origin. I +would venture to assert that the origin of this form of judicial oath may +be traced to Deuteronomy xxi. 1-8., where at the sacrifice offered up in +expiation of secret murder, the rulers of the city nearest the spot where +the corpse was found were in presence of the corpse to wash their hands +_over_ the victim, and say, "Our hands did not shed this blood, nor did our +eyes see it." + +CEYREP. + +_Mayors and Sheriffs_ (Vol. viii., p. 126.).--In answer to a SUBSCRIBER, +there can be little or no doubt, I consider, but that the mayor of a town +or borough is the principal and most important officer, and ought to have +precedence of a sheriff of a town or borough. By stat. 5 & 6 Wm. IV. cap. +76. sec. 57., it is enacted, "That the mayor for the time being of every +borough shall, during the time of his mayoralty, have precedence in all +places within the borough." As sheriffs of towns, and counties of towns, do +not derive their appointments from the Crown, but from the councils of +their respective towns, &c. (see sec. 61. of the {606} above Act), I do not +imagine that they can legally claim precedence of mayors, on the alleged +ground of any "representation of Majesty," in the face of the particular +enactment above quoted; which, indeed, seems to me to give to the mayor +within his own borough precedence of a high sheriff of a county, if present +on any public occasion. I am not aware that the sheriff of borough, as +such, can "_claim_ to have a grant of arms, if he has not any previous;" +although I have no doubt he may readily obtain one, upon payment of the +usual fees. + +C. J. + +_Mousehunt_ (Vol. viii., p. 516.).-- + + "A Mousehunt is a little animal of the species of weasel; it has a very + slender body, about the length of a rat, with a long hairy tail, bushy + at the end; the back is of a reddish-brown colour, the hair long and + smooth; the belly is white, as are also its feet; it runs very swiftly, + swaying its body as it moves along from side to side. The head is short + and narrow, with small ears, like those of a rat; the eyes are black, + piercing, and very bright. Their chief food is rats, mice, young + chickens, little birds, and eggs. They frequent mole-hills, and are + often caught in the traps set for the moles; they are destroyed by + ferrets and dogs. These mousehunts live, for the most part, in holes + beneath the roots of trees, or in old buildings." + +The above description of the Mousehunt is given in _The History of a +Field-mouse_ by Miss Black. Should it be thought of sufficient authority to +deserve a place in "N. & Q.," the coincidence which led "Little Downy" to +be read to a little girl on the morning of Nov. 26 will amuse. + +E. B. R. + +_"Salus populi," &c._ (Vol. viii., p. 410.).--Selden, in his _Table Talk_ +(art. PEOPLE), states, on what authority I know not, that this was part of +the law of XII Tables. + +E. S. T. T. + +_Love Charm from a Foal's Forehead_ (Vol. viii., p. 292.).--The word which +H. P. wants is _Hippomanes_. The reference which the Lexicons give is to +Aristotle's _History of Animals_, viii. 23. 5. + +I shall be glad to have some of H. P.'s references to Tacitus, as I cannot +now call one to mind. In connexion with the subject, I should like to know +if the white star, which used to be so fashionable on horses' foreheads, +was always or generally produced artificially. + +W. FRASER. + +Tor-Mohun. + +_Land of Green Ginger_ (Vol. viii., pp. 160. 227.). --So named, in all +probability, from green ginger having been manufactured there. Green ginger +was one of the favourite conserve of our ancestors, and great quantities of +it were made in this country from dried ginger roots. In an old +black-letter work without date, but unmistakeably of the sixteenth century, +entitled _The Book of pretty C[=o]ceits, taken out of Latine, French, +Dutch, and English_, there is a receipt "To make Green Ginger," commencing +thus:--"Take rases of cased ginger and use them in this sort." I need not +quote the long-winded receipt. Suffice it to say that dried ginger was +placed in alternate layers with fine white sand, and the whole mass kept +constantly wet until the ginger became quite soft. It was then washed, +scraped clean, and put into sirup. There can be no greater difficulty in +finding a derivation for the Land of Green Ginger, than for Pudding Lane, +or Pie Corner. + +W. PINKERTON. + +Ham. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. + +The Members of the _Camden Society_ have just received two volumes, with +which we doubt not all will be well pleased. The first is a farther +portion, namely, from M to R, of Mr. Way's most valuable edition of the +_Promptorium Parvulorum_. A glance at the foot-notes, so rich in +philological illustration, and a knowledge that Mr. Way's labours have been +greatly impeded by his removal from London, where only he can meet with the +authorities which he is obliged to consult, may well explain the delay +which has taken place in its publication. But we doubt not that the Camden +Council are justified in the hope which they have expressed that the favour +with which the present portion is received, will encourage the editor to +proceed with all possible dispatch to the conclusion of the work. + +Rich, like the _Promptorium_, in philological illustration, and of the +highest value as a contribution to the social history of the thirteenth +century, is the next work; and for which the Camden Members are indebted to +the learned Vicar of Holbeach, The Rev. James Morton. _The Ancren Riwle; a +Treatise on the Rules and Duties of Monastic Life_, which he has edited and +translated from a Semi-Saxon MS. of the thirteenth century, is a work which +many of our best scholars have long desired to see in print,--we believe we +may add, that many have thought seriously of editing. The information to be +derived from it, with regard to the state of society, the learning and +manners, the moral and religious teaching, and the language of the period +in which it was written, is so various and so important, that it is clear +the Camden Society has done good service in selecting it for publication; +while the manner in which it has been edited by Mr. Morton, and the +translation and complete Glossarial Index with which he has enriched it, +show that the Council did equally well in their choice of an editor. The +work does the highest credit both to that gentleman and to the Camden +Society. + +Mr Bridger, of 3. Keppel Street, Russell Square, is desirous of making +known to our readers that he is engaged in compiling a "Catalogue of +Privately Printed Books in Genealogy and kindred subjects," and to solicit +information in furtherance of his design, {607} more especially with regard +to privately printed sheet pedigrees. The Catalogue will be printed for +private distribution, and he will be happy to give a copy to any one who +may favour him with communications. + +BOOKS RECEIVED.--As usual, we have a large item to enter under this head to +the account of that enterprising caterer of good and cheap books, Mr. Bohn. +We have two volumes of his _Standard Library_, namely, Adam Smith's _Theory +of Moral Sentiments; and Dissertation on the Origin of Languages, with the +Biographical and Critical Memoir of the Author_, by Dugald Stewart--and a +work of greater present interest, though in itself of far less importance, +namely, Ranke's _History of Servia_, and his _Insurrection in Bosnia, +translated from the German_, by Mrs. A. Kerr, and the _Slave Provinces of +Turkey, chiefly from the French_ of M. Cyprien Robert, a volume which will +be read with eagerness in the present condition of the political world. +_Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius, literally translated, with Notes +and a General Index_, by the Reverend J. Selby Watson, M.A., forms the new +volume of the same publisher's _Classical Library_. Mr. Bohn has this month +commenced a New Series under the title of Bohn's _British Classics_. The +first work is an edition of Gibbon's _Decline and Fall_, with the notes of +Guizot, Wenck, and other continental writers; and farther illustrations by +an English Churchman. In thus choosing Gibbon, Mr. Bohn has not shown his +usual tact. He may not mean his edition to be a rival to that published by +Mr. Murray under the editorship of Dean Milman; but he will find much +difficulty in dissuading the reading world that it is not so intended. We +speak thus freely, because we have always spoken so freely in commendation +of Mr. Bohn's projects generally.--_Catalogue of my English Library, +collected and described_ by Henry Stevens, F.S.A., is a catalogue of the +books essential to a good English library of about 5000 volumes, and such +as Mr. Stevens, the indefatigable supplier of book rarities and book +utilities to his American brethren, feels justified in recommending. It +would be found so capital a Hand-book to all classes, that we are sorry to +see it is only printed for private distribution.--_The Botanist's +Word-book_, by G. Macdonald, Esq., and Dr. James Allan. This little +vocabulary of the terms employed in the Science of Botany, which may now +almost be described as the science of Long Names, will be found most useful +by all who pursue that fascinating study. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +THE FRIENDS. 1773. 2 Vols. + +THE EDINBURGH MISCELLANY. 1720. + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + +Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the +gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses are +given for that purpose: + +ORMEROD'S CHESHIRE. Parts II. and X. Small Paper. + +HEMINGWAY'S CHESTER. Parts I. and III. Large Paper. + + Wanted by _T. Hughes_, 13. Paradise Row, Chester. + + * * * * * + +AARON HILL'S PLAIN DEALER. + +EDINBURGH MISCELLANY. Edinb. 1720. + + Wanted by _F. Dinsdale_, Leamington. + + * * * * * + +OXFORD ALMANACK for 1719. + +AMOENITATES ACADEMICAE. Vol. I. Holmiae, 1749. + +AMMANUS l. STIRPES RARIORES. Petrop. 1739. + +PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS for 1683. + +ANNALS OF PHILOSOPHY for January, 1824. + +UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE for January, 1763. + +SPRINGEL AND DECANDOLLE'S BOTANY. + + Wanted by _Mr. H. T. Bobart_, Ashby-de-la-Zouch. + + * * * * * + +LADERCHII ANNALES ECCLESIASTICI. 3 Tom. Folio. Romae, 1728-37. + +THE BIBLE in Shorthand, according to the method of Mr. James Weston, whose +Shorthand Prayer Book was published in the Year 1730. A Copy of Addy's +Copperplate Shorthand Bible, London, 1687, would be given in exchange. + +LOESCHER, DE LATROCINIIS, QUAE IN SCRIPTORES PUBLICOS SOLENT COMMITTERE +HAERETICI. 4to. Vitemb. 1674. + +LOESCHER, ACTA REFORMATIONIS. + +SCHRAMM, DISSERT. DE LIBRORUM PROHIBITORUM INDICIBUS. 4to. Helmst. 1708. + +JAMESII SPECIMEN CORRUPTELARUM PONTIFIC. 4to. Lond. 1626. + +MACEDO, DIATRIBE DE CARDINALIS BONAE ERRORIBUS. + + Wanted by _Rev. Richard Gibbings_, Falcarragh, Letterkenny, Co. Donegal. + + * * * * * + +PECK'S (FR.) HISTORY OF THE STAMFORD BULL RUNNING. + +THE CASE OF MR. SAM. BRUCKSHAW CONSIDERED. 8vo. or 12mo. + + Wanted by _Mr. J. Phillips_, Stamford. + + * * * * * + +RECOLLECTIONS AND REFLECTIONS DURING THE REIGN OF GEORGE III., by John +Nicholls. 2 Vols. 8vo. London, Ridgway, 1820. + + Wanted by _G. Cornewall Lewis_, Kent House, Knightsbridge. + + * * * * * + +Notices to Correspondents. + +_We have this week the pleasure of again presenting our readers with a +Thirty-two page Number, in consequence of the number of Advertisements and +the length of _DR. DIAMOND'S_ valuable paper. This latter we recommend to +the attention of our antiquarian friends, who will find, as we have done, +that the process is at once simple and certain, and one which may be +mastered with very little trouble._ + +NON-MEDICUS. _Your correction of an obvious blunder in the +Registrar-General's Report is not fitted for our columns._ + +F. W. _The proverb_ Good wine needs no bush _has reference to the practice +which formerly prevailed of hanging a tuft of ivy at the door of a vintner, +as we learn from_-- + + "Now a days the good wyne needeth none ivye garland." + +_Ritson, in a note on the epilogue to Shakespeare's_ As You Like It, +_speaks of the custom as then prevalent in Warwickshire, and as having +given the name to the well-known_ Bush Inn _at Bristol_. + +B. W. C. (Barum). _The subject is under serious consideration, but the +difficulties are greater than our friendly Correspondent imagines._ + +J. D. Les Lettres Cabalistiques _were written by M. D'Argens, the author +of_ Les Lettres Juives _and_ Les Lettres Chinoises. + +MR. J. A. DUNKIN, _of Dartford, Kent, would feel obliged with the loan of +the following work_: Memoirs of the Origin of the Incorporation of the +Trinity House of Deptford Strond. _It is not in the British Museum._ + +FOLK LORE.--_We propose next week to present our readers with a Christmas +Number, rich in_ Folk Lore, _and other kindred subjects_. + +_Many replies to Correspondents are unavoidably postponed._ + +"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country +Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to +their Subscribers on the Saturday_. + +"NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vii., _price Three Guineas and a +Half.--Copies are being made up and may be had by order._ + + * * * * * + + +{608} + +In small 8vo. volumes, neatly bound, + +THE PARLOUR BOOKCASE. + +The Volumes now Ready are:-- + + Vol. 1. Sam Slick the Clockmaker. 5s. + 2. ---- the Attache. 5s. + 3. ---- Letter Bag of the Great Western. 2s. 6d. + 4. Captain Marryat's Monsieur Violet. 3s. 6d. + 5. ---- Olla Podrida. 3s. 6d. + 6. Mrs. Trollope's Domestic Manners of America. 3s. 6d. + 7. Paddiana; or, Irish Life. 3s. 6d. + 8. Salad for the Solitary. By an Epicure. 3s. 6d. + 9. Robert Chamber's History of Scotland. 3s. 6d. + 10. Smith's Traditions of the Streets of London. 3s. 6d. + 11. Maxwell's Wild Sports of the West. 3s. 6d. + 12. Col. Cunynghame's Service in China. 5s. + 13. Fairholt's Eccentric Characters. 2s. 6d. + 14. Maxwell's Czar, his Court and People. 3s. 6d. + 15. Memoirs of Theodore Hook. 5s. + 16. The Hon. Mrs. Norton's Undying One. 2s. 6d. + 17. Chalmeriana; or, Colloquies with Dr. Chalmers. By J. J. Gurney. + 2s. 6d. + 18. Brace's Home Life in Germany. 5s. + +To be followed by: + +A History of China.--Mrs. Sinnett's Byeways of History.--Beckford's Italy, +&c. + +RICHARD BENTLEY, New Burlington Street. + + * * * * * + + +BENTLEY'S RAILWAY LIBRARY. + +*** The Works in this Series are all copyright, and cannot be had in any +other collection. + +The new volume, published on the 15th inst., contains, THE TWO BROTHERS. + + Volumes already published: + Vol. 1. The Comic English Grammar. 1s. + 2. Notes on Noses. 1s. + 3. Morier's Adventures of Martin Toutrond. 1s. + 4. The Old Sailor's "Nights at Sea." 1s. + 5. Border Tales. By the Author of "Stories of Waterloo." 1s. + 6. Col. Cunynghame's Great Western Republic. 1s. + 7. Albert Smith's Comic Tales. 1s. + 8. Broad Grins from China. 1s. + 9. Albert Smith's Life at Home and Abroad. 1s. + 10. Sketches of English Character. By Mrs. Gore. 1s. + 11. Professor Creasy's Battle of Waterloo. 1s. + 12. Emille Carlen's Brilliant Marriage. 1s. + 13. Merrimee's Colomba. A Story of Corsica. Double vol. 1s. 6d. + 14. Merrimee's Massacre of St. Bartholomew. A Chronicle of Charles + IX. Double vol. 2s. + 15. John Drayton. the Liverpool Engineer. Double vol. 2s. + 16. Stella and Vanessa. A Romance of the Days of Swift. Double vol. + 2s. + 17. Ned Myers. By J. Fenimore Cooper. 1s. + +To be followed by + + Basil. By Wilkie Collins. + Stanley Thorn. By the Author of "Valentine Vox." + +RICHARD BENTLEY, New Burlington Street. + +And to be had of all Booksellers, and at all Railway Stations. + + * * * * * + + +In imperial quarto, beautifully printed in colours, price 21s. half-bound +morocco, + +ATLAS of CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By A. KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E., &c., Author +of the "Physical Atlas," &c. With a complete Index of Places. by T. HARVEY, +M.A. + +WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, +Edinburgh and London. + +Of whom may be had, + +AN EDITION OF THE SAME WORK FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS, strongly half-bound in +octavo, price 12s. 6d. + + * * * * * + + +In super-royal 16mo., illustrated by "Phiz," price 3s. 6d. cloth; 4s. 6d. +coloured, gilt edges. + +A PEEP AT THE PIXIES; or, LEGENDS OF THE WEST. BY MRS. BRAY. Author of "The +Life of Stothard," "Trelawny," &c. + + "Mrs. Bray's knowledge of the locality, her affection for her subject, + her exquisite feeling for nature, and her real delight in fairy lore, + have given a freshness to the little volume we did not expect. The + notes at the end contain matter of interest for all who feel a desire + to know the origin of such tales and legends."--_Art Journal._ + +GRANT & GRIFFITH, Corner of St. Paul's Churchyard. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, fcap. 8vo., price 5s. cloth, + +ANECDOTES of the HABITS and INSTINCTS of BIRDS, FISHES, and REPTILES. By +MRS. R. LEE, Author of "The African Wanderers," &c. Illustrations by +HARRISON WEIR. + +By the same Author, + +ANECDOTES of the HABITS and INSTINCT of ANIMALS. Illustrations by H. WEIR. +New Edition, 5s. cloth. + + "Amusing, instructive, and ably written."--_Literary Gazette._ + + "Mrs. Lee's authorities--to name only one, Professor Owen--are, for the + most part, first-rate."--_Athenaeum._ + +GRANT & GRIFFITH, Corner of St. Paul's Churchyard. + + * * * * * + + +HEAL AND SON'S EIDER DOWN QUILTS are made in three Varieties,--the BORDERED +QUILT, the PLAIN QUILT, and the DUVET. The Bordered Quilt is in the usual +form of Bed Quilts, and is a most elegant and luxurious article. The Plain +Quilt is smaller, and is useful as an extra covering on the bed, or as a +wrapper in the carriage, or on the couch. The Duvet is a loose case filled +with Eider Down as in general use on the Continent. Lists of Prices and +Sizes sent free by Post, on application to + +HEAL & SON'S Bedding Factory, 196. Tottenham Court Road. + + * * * * * + + +BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X., in +Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may +now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made +Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 +guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. +Ditto, in Silver Cases 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with +Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket +Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully +examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and +4l. Thermometers from 1s. each. + +BENNETT, Watch, Clock, Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board +of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen. + +65. CHEAPSIDE. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, with ten coloured Engravings, price 5s. + +NOTES ON AQUATIC MICROSCOPIC SUBJECTS of NATURAL HISTORY, selected from the +"Microscopic Cabinet." By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I. + +Also, in 8vo.; pp. 720; Plates 24; price 21s., or coloured, 36s., + +A HISTORY of INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, Living and Fossil, containing +Descriptions of every Species, British and foreign; the methods of +procuring and viewing them, &c., illustrated by numerous Engravings. BY +ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I. + + "There is no work extant in which so much valuable information + concerning Infusoria (Animalcules) can be found, and every Microscopist + should add it to his library."--_Silliman's Journal._" + +Also, price 8s. 6d., + +MICROGRAPHIA, or Practical Essays on Reflecting and Solar Microscopes; +Eye-Pieces; Micrometers, &c. + +Also, edited by the same, price 18s., + +ENGLISH PATENTS; being a Register of all those granted in the Arts, +Manufactures, Chemistry, &c., during the first forty-five years of this +century. + +WHITTAKER & Co., Ave Maria Lane. + + * * * * * + + +On 15th of December, price 2d.; stamped, 3d. + +THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL MISCELLANY, NO. II., contains a reprint of the very +rare, and probably unique, Tract of SIR DUDLEY DIGGES on the NORTH-WEST +PASSAGE to India and China printed in 1611, and is appended to JOHN +PETHERAM'S CATALOGUE OF OLD AND NEW BOOKS (upwards of 1000 articles) FOR +DECEMBER, 1853. + +JOHN PETHERAM, 94. High Holborn. + + * * * * * + + +SALES BY AUCTION. + + This Evening, at 6.--Remainders of numerous magnificent Illustrated + Books.--By SOUTHGATE & BARRETT, at their Rooms, 22. Fleet Street, THIS + EVENING, December 15th, and following Evenings (Saturday and Sunday + excepted), at 6, + +ROBERTS'S HOLY LAND, EGYPT, NUBIA, &c.; Digby Wyatt's Industrial Arts of +the Nineteenth Century (of both of which the lithographic stones will be +destroyed during the progress of the sale); Digby Wyatt's Metal Work, and +its Artistic Design; Kirby Wyatt's Geometrical Mosaics of the Middle Ages; +Darrell's China, India, and the Cape, coloured and mounted; Nash's Mansions +of England in the Olden Time; Gruner's Specimens of Ornamental Art; Musee +Royal (picked proofs before the letters); Richardson's Studies from Old +English Mansions; and a great number of Books of Prints by eminent Artists +will be sold in this Sale. Catalogues (1s. each, returnable to Purchasers) +will be forwarded to gentlemen sending their Address. + + * * * * * + + + This Evening, at 6. First Class English Engravings.--By SOUTHGATE & + BARRETT, at their Rooms, 22. Fleet Street, THIS EVENING, Dec. 15, and + following Evenings, at 6, + +CHOICE ENGRAVINGS, including all the best Productions of Sir Edwin +Landseer, R.A.; comprising the Stag at Bay (both large and small), the +Cover Hack, the Drive, Three Sporting Dogs, Return from the Warren, the +Mothers, complete Sets of his Etchings, and others; Turner's Dover and +Hastings; Ansdell's Just Caught; the Halt, and the Combat; Webster's +Rubber; Etty's Judgment of Paris; Harvey's Bowlers, and First Reading of +the Bible in Old St. Paul's; Murillo's Holy Family; the Rainbow, by +Constable; Mated and Checkmated, the Duet, and other graceful Compositions +by Frank Stone; Going With and against the Stream, after Jenkins; and +numerous others. All in the finest possible states. + + * * * * * + + +{609} + +PRIVATELY PRINTED BOOKS, SOLD BY + +JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, + +36. SOHO SQUARE, LONDON. + + * * * * * + +These Works are printed in quarto, uniform with the Club-Books, and the +series is now completed. Their value chiefly consists in the rarity and +curiosity of the pieces selected, the notes being very few in number. The +impression of each work is most strictly limited. + + * * * * * + +I. + +MORTE ARTHURE: The Alliterative Romance of the Death of King Arthur; now +first printed, from a Manuscript in the Library of Lincoln Cathedral. +Seventy-five Copies printed. 5l. + + *** A very curious Romance, full of allusions interesting to the + Antiquary and Philologist. It contains nearly eight thousand lines. + +II. + +THE CASTLE OF LOVE: A Poem, by ROBERT GROSTESTE, Bishop of Lincoln; now +first printed from inedited MSS. of the Fourteenth Century. One Hundred +Copies printed. 15s. + + *** This is a religious poetical Romance, unknown to Warton. Its + poetical merits are beyond its age. + +III. + +CONTRIBUTIONS TO EARLY ENGLISH LITERATURE, derived chiefly from Rare Books +and Ancient Inedited Manuscripts from the Fifteenth to the Seventeenth +Century. Seventy-five Copies printed. + + *** Out of print separately, but included in the few remaining complete + sets. + +IV. + +A NEW BOKE ABOUT SHAKESPEARE AND STRATFORD-ON-AVON, illustrated with +numerous woodcuts and facsimiles of Shakespeare's Marriage Bond, and other +curious Articles. Seventy-five Copies printed. 1l. 1s. + +V. + +THE PALATINE ANTHOLOGY. An extensive Collection of Ancient Poems and +Ballads relating to Cheshire and Lancashire; to which is added THE PALATINE +GARLAND. One Hundred and Ten Copies printed. 2l. 2s. + +VI. + +THE LITERATURE OF THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES, illustrated by +Reprints of very Rare Tracts. Seventy-five Copies printed. 2l. 2s. + + CONTENTS:--Harry White his Humour, set forth by M. P.--Comedie of the + two Italian Gentlemen--Tailor's Travels from London to the Isle of + Wight, 1648--Wyll Bucke his Testament--The Booke of Merry Riddles, + 1629--Comedie of All for Money, 1578--Wine, Beere, Ale, and Tobacco, + 1630--Johnson's New Booke of New Conceites, 1630--Love's Garland, 1624. + +VII. + +THE YORKSHIRE ANTHOLOGY.--An Extensive Collection of Ballads and Poems, +respecting the County of Yorkshire. One Hundred and Ten Copies printed. 2l. +2s. + + *** This Work contains upwards of 400 pages, and includes a reprint of + the very curious Poem, called "Yorkshire Ale," 1697, as well as a great + variety of Old Yorkshire Ballads. + +VIII, IX. + +A DICTIONARY OF ARCHAIC AND PROVINCIAL WORDS, printed in Two Volumes, +Quarto (Preface omitted), to range with Todd's "Johnson," with Margins +sufficient for Insertions. One Hundred and Twelve Copies printed in this +form. 2l. 2s. + +X. + +SOME ACCOUNT OF A COLLECTION OF SEVERAL THOUSAND BILLS, ACCOUNTS. AND +INVENTORIES, Illustrating the History of Prices between the Years 1650 and +1750, with Copious Extracts from Old Account-Books. Eighty Copies printed. +1l. 1s. + +XI. + +THE POETRY OF WITCHCRAFT, Illustrated by Copies of the Plays on the +Lancashire Witches, by Heywood and Shadwell, viz., the "Late Lancashire +Witches," and the "Lancashire Witches and Tegue O'Divelly, the Irish +Priest." Eighty Copies printed. 2l. 2s. + +XII. + +THE NORFOLK ANTHOLOGY, a Collection of Poems, Ballads, and Rare Tracts, +relating to the County of Norfolk. Eighty Copies printed. 2l. 2s. + +XIII. + +SOME ACCOUNT OF A COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES, COINS, MANUSCRIPTS, RARE +BOOKS, AND OTHER RELIQUES, Illustrative of the Life and Works of +Shakespeare. Illustrated with Woodcuts. Eighty Copies printed. 1l. 1s. + +XIV. + +SOME ACCOUNT OF THE MSS. PRESERVED IN THE PUBLIC LIBRARY, PLYMOUTH: a Play +attributed to Shirley, a Poem by N. BRETON, and other Miscellanies. Eighty +Copies printed. 2l. 2s. + + *** A Complete Set of the Fourteen Volumes, 21l. A reduction made in + favour of permanent libraries on application, it being obvious that the + works cannot thence return into the market to the detriment of original + subscribers. + + * * * * * + +JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London. + + * * * * * + + +{610} + +NEW EDITIONS, ETC. ISSUED BY + +H. WASHBOURNE & CO., + +25. IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW. + + * * * * * + +PICTORIAL BOOK OF ANCIENT BALLAD POETRY OF GREAT BRITAIN, Historical, +Traditional, and Romantic, Chronologically arranged, with Introductory +Notices, Historical and Critical; together with a Selection of Modern +Imitations, and some Translations, revised and enlarged. 15s. 8vo., +Roxburghe Style, or 2 vols. cloth. + +MARTIN'S ILLUSTRATED MILTON'S PARADISE LOST. 24 large Engravings. Imperial +8vo. 1l. 11s. 6d. half-bound morocco; 2l. 2s. morocco, elegantly gilt. + +*** Another Edition, Large Paper, imp. 4to. ILLUSTRATED BY MARTIN'S LARGER +PLATES, good Impressions, half-bound russia elegant, 3l. 3s. (Only 100 +Copies printed.) + + "He is more original, more self-dependent, than Raffaele or Michael + Angelo; they perfected the style of others--of Massaccio and + Signorelli; Martin borrowed from none."--_Sir E. L. B. Lytton._ + + * * * * * + +Cheap, Compact, and Complete Editions, Octavo. + +SPENSER'S WORKS. Portrait, &c. 9s. + +SPECTATOR, with Portraits and Lives of the Authors. 9s. + +ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, by FORSTER. 7s. + +PERCY'S RELIQUES of ANCIENT ENGLISH POETRY. 3 vols. fcap. 8vo., with +Illuminated Titles, 15s. cloth; 18s. half-morocco; 1l. 11s. 6d. morocco +antique. + +Also, to match, + +ELLIS'S SPECIMENS OF EARLY POETS. 3 vols. + + "Washbourne's Editions of Percy and Ellis are tempting + books."--_Gentleman's Magazine._ + +MASSINGER'S WORKS, by GIFFORD. Portrait, &c. 9s. + +BOSWELL'S LIFE OF DR. JOHNSON, by MALONE. 6s. + +WALTON'S LIVES OF DONNE, WOTTON, HOOKER, HERBERT, &c. (MAJOR'S). 76 +Engravings, and Notes. Small 8vo., 9s. cloth; 14s. morocco, or calf +antique; also L. P. crown 8vo., cloth, 12s. + +An enlarged Edition, with 4,000 Plates, 2 vols. 21s. + +BOOK of FAMILY CRESTS, &c.; with upwards of 4,000 Engravings, illustrative +of the Crests of nearly every Family. + + "No wonder this book sells."--_Spectator._ + +The best recommendation as to its correctness (in the main) is, that it has +been used as a book of reference in the Heralds' College. + +BOOK OF MOTTOES, with Translations and Bearers' Names, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. + +Fourteenth Edition, and 80th Year of its Publication, + +CLARK'S INTRODUCTION to HERALDRY. Upwards of 1,000 Plates, including the +Arms of numerous Families, small 8vo. 7s. 6d.; correctly coloured, 18s.; +or, 10s. 6d. on paper prepared for Learners. + + "I do not think I can offer better information than will be found in + Clark's Introduction to Heraldry."--_Basil Montagu._ + +Illustrated by 100 Portraits and Engravings on Copper and Wood. + +BUTLER'S HUDIBRAS, by DR. NASH, with some of Gray's Notes. 2 vols. crown +8vo., 18s. + +HERBERT'S POEMS AND COUNTRY PARSON, complete: 3s. 6d. cloth; 7s. morocco; +9s. antique morocco or calf. + + * * * * * + +*** Please to note WASHBOURNE'S Editions. + + * * * * * + + +This Day, Fourth and Cheaper Edition, in cloth and coloured, 5s. + +BIBLE MAPS; an Historical and Descriptive Atlas of Scripture Geography, +wherein the Ancient Authorities are verified, and corrected from the +Information of Modern Travellers up to the present Time. With Copious +Index. By WILLIAM HUGHES, F.R.G.S. + +London: J. W. PARKER & SON, West Strand. + + * * * * * + + +W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of +Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are +greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors end Gentlemen engaged in +Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches +among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or +other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature, +History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had +considerable experience. + +1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY. + + * * * * * + + +RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW (New Series), consisting of Criticisms upon, Analyses +of, and Extracts from, Curious Useful and Valuable Old Books. Vol. I. Pp. +436. Cloth, 10s. 6d. Part V., price 2s. 6d., published Quarterly, is now +ready. + +JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square. + + * * * * * + + +Price 2s., or, Post Free, 2s. 6d. in Stamps. + +PANTOMIME BUDGETS: contains Notes and Queries on Things in General, and +Taxation in particular. + +CROSS & SON, 18. Holborn. + + * * * * * + + +CHRISTMAS PRESENTS.--EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY. + +AMUSEMENT FOR LONG EVENINGS, by means of STATHAM'S Chemical Cabinets and +Portable Laboratories, 5s. 6d., 7s. 6d., 10s. 6d., 21s., 31s. 6d., 42s., +63s., and upwards. Book of Experiments, 6d. "Illustrated Descriptive +Catalogue" forwarded Free for Stamp. + + WILLIAM E. STATHAM, Operative Chemist, 29_c._ Rotherfield Street, + Islington, London, and of Chemists and Opticians everywhere. + + * * * * * + + +In 1 vol. 8vo., price 12s. 6d. cloth. + +MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS of JOHN PYE SMITH, D.D., LL.D., &c., late +Theological Tutor of the Old College, Homerton. By JOHN MEDWAY. + +London: JACKSON & WALFORD, 18. St. Paul's Churchyard. + + * * * * * + + +In fcap. 8vo., price 6s. cloth. + +A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH of the REV. JOSEPH GILBERT. By HIS WIDOW. With +Recollections of the Discourses of his Closing Years, from Notes at the +Time. By One of his Sons. + +London: JACKSON & WALFORD, 18. St. Paul's Churchyard. + + * * * * * + + +In fcap. 8vo., with Vignette, price 5s. cloth. + +SCENES in OTHER LANDS; with their Associations. By JOHN STOUGHTON. + +London: JACKSON & WALFORD, 18. St. Paul's Churchyard. + + * * * * * + + +In fcap. 8vo., price 2s. 6d., sewed, a revised and Cheaper Edition of + +THE AGE AND CHRISTIANITY. By ROBERT VAUGHAN, D.D. + +London: JACKSON & WALFORD, 18. St. Paul's Churchyard. + + * * * * * + + +In fcp. 8vo., price 5s. cloth. + +PRAYERS. Chiefly adapted for Times and Occasions of Personal Trial. By JOHN +SHEPPARD. + +London: JACKSON & WALFORD, 18. St. Paul's Churchyard. + + * * * * * + + +Second Edition, in fcap. 8vo., price 4s. cloth. + +THE REUNION and RECOGNITION of CHRISTIANS in the LIFE to COME. The Right +Love of Creatures and of the Creator. Christian Conversation. In Three +Essays. By JOHN SHEPPARD. + +London: JACKSON & WALFORD, 18. St. Paul's Churchyard. + + * * * * * + + +In square crown 8vo., price 21s.; or, 36s. bound in morocco. + +GOLDSMITH'S POETICAL WORKS. Edited by BOLTON CORNEY. With Engravings on +Wood, from Designs by Members of the Etching Club. + + "Apart from the grace and beauty of the illustrations, it is by far the + most correct and careful of the existing editions."--_Forster's Life of + Goldsmith._ + +London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS. + + * * * * * + + +Price One Guinea, in massive carved covers; or 30s. bound, + +MIRACLES OF OUR LORD, illuminated in the Missal Style. By HENRY NOEL +HUMPHREYS. + +By the same Illuminator, + + PARABLES OF OUR LORD. + MAXIMS AND PRECEPTS OF THE SAVIOUR. + BOOK OF RUTH. + RECORD OF THE BLACK PRINCE. + SENTIMENTS AND SIMILES OF SHAKSPEARE. + +London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS. + + * * * * * + + +{611} + +Solicitors' & General Life Assurance Society, + +52. CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. + +Subscribed Capital, _ONE MILLION_. + +THIS SOCIETY PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES: + +The Security of a Subscribed Capital of ONE MILLION. + +Exemption of the Assured from all Liability. + +Premiums affording particular advantages to Young Lives. + +Participating and Non-Participating Premiums. + +In the former EIGHTY PER CENT. or FOUR-FIFTHS of the Profits are divided +amongst the Assured Triennially, either by way of addition to the sum +assured, or in diminution of Premium, at their option. + +No deduction is made from the four-fifths of the profits for Interest on +Capital, for a Guarantee Fund, or on any other account. + +POLICIES FREE OF STAMP DUTY and INDISPUTABLE, except in case of fraud. + +At the General Meeting, on the 31st May last, A BONUS was declared of +nearly Two Per Cent. per annum on the _amount assured_, or at the rate of +from THIRTY to upwards of SIXTY per cent. on the _Premiums paid_. + +POLICIES share in the Profits, even if ONE PREMIUM ONLY has been paid. + +Next DIVISION OF PROFITS in 1856. + +The Directors meet on Thursdays at 2 o'Clock. Assurances may be effected by +applying on any other day, between the hours of 10 and 4, at the Office of +the Society, where prospectuses and all other requisite information can be +obtained. + + CHARLES JOHN GILL, Secretary. + + * * * * * + + +WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY. + +3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. + +Founded A.D. 1842. + + _Directors._ + + H. E. Bicknell, Esq. | T. Grissell, Esq. + T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P. | J. Hunt, Esq. + G. H. Drew, Esq. | J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. + W. Evans, Esq. | E. Lucas, Esq. + W. Freeman, Esq. | J. Lys Seager, Esq. + F. Fuller, Esq. | J. B. White, Esq. + J. H. Goodhart, Esq. | J. Carter Wood, Esq. + + _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, + Esq. + _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D. + _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. + +VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. + +POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary +difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to +suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in +the Prospectus. + +Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in +three-fourths of the Profits:-- + + Age L s. d. | Age L s. d. + 17 1 14 4 | 32 2 10 8 + 22 1 18 8 | 37 2 18 6 + 27 2 4 5 | 42 3 8 2 + +ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. + +Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, +INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING +SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in +the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a +Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR +SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. +Parliament Street, London. + + * * * * * + + +XYLO-IODIDE OF SILVER, exclusively used at all the Photographic +Establishments.--The superiority of this preparation is now universally +acknowledged. Testimonials from the best Photographers and principal +scientific men of the day, warrant the assertion, that hitherto no +preparation has been discovered which produces uniformly such perfect +pictures, combined with the greatest rapidity of action. In all cases where +a quantity is required, the two solutions may be had at Wholesale price in +separate Bottles, in which state it may be kept for years, and Exported to +any Climate. Full instructions for use. + +CAUTION.--Each Bottle is Stamped with a Red Label bearing my name, RICHARD +W. THOMAS, Chemist, 10. Pall Mall, to counterfeit which is felony. + +CYANOGEN SOAP: for removing all kinds of Photographic Stains. Beware of +purchasing spurious and worthless imitations of this valuable detergent. +The Genuine is made only by the Inventor, and is secured with a Red Label +bearing this Signature and Address, RICHARD W. THOMAS, CHEMIST, 10. PALL +MALL, Manufacturer of Pure Photographic Chemicals: and may be procured of +all respectable Chemists, in Pots at 1_s_., 2_s_., and 3s. 6d. each, +through MESSRS. EDWARDS, 67. St. Paul's Churchyard; and MESSRS. BARCLAY & +CO., 95. Farringdon Street, Wholesale Agents. + + * * * * * + + +POLICY HOLDERS in other COMPANIES, and intending Assurers generally, are +invited to examine the Rates, Principles, and Progress of the SCOTTISH +PROVIDENT INSTITUTION, the only Society in which the Advantages of Mutual +Assurance can be secured by moderate Premiums. Established 1837. Number of +Policies issued 6,400, assuring upwards of Two and a Half Millions. + +Full Reports and every Information had (Free) on Application. + +*** Policies are now issued Free of Stamp Duty; and attention is invited to +the circumstance that Premiums payable for Life Assurance are now allowed +as a Deduction from Income in the Returns for Income Tax. + + GEORGE GRANT, Resident Sec. + London Branch, 12. Moorgate Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHY. + +A COMPLETE SET OF APPARATUS for 4l. 4s., containing an Expanding Camera, +with warranted Double Achromatic Adjusting Lenses, a Portable Stand, +Pressure Frame, Levelling Stand, and Baths, complete. + +PORTRAIT LENSES of double Achromatic combination, from 1l. 12s. 6d. + +LANDSCAPE LENSES, with Rack Adjustment, from 25s. + +A GUIDE to the Practice of this interesting Art, 1s., by post free. 1s. 6d. + +French Polished MAHOGANY STEREOSCOPES, from 10s. 6d. A large assortment of +STEREOSCOPIC PICTURES for the same in Daguerreotype, Calotype, or Albumen, +at equally low prices. + +ACHROMATIC MICROSCOPES. + +Beautifully finished ACHROMATIC MICROSCOPE, with all the latest improvement +and apparatus, complete from 3l. 15s., at + +C. BAKER'S. Optical and Mathematical Instrument Warehouse, 244. High +Holborn (opposite Day & Martin's). + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.--An EXHIBITION of PICTURES, by the most +celebrated French, Italian, and English Photographers, embracing Views of +the principal Countries and Cities of Europe, is now OPEN. Admission 6d. A +Portrait taken by MR. TALBOT'S Patent Process, One Guinea; Three extra +Copies for 10s. + +PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. NEW BOND STREET. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous +Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. + +Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest +Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment. + +Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this +beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.--OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, +is superior to every other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, +from its capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, +its Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views or +Portraits.--The Trade supplied. + +Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames, +&c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, +Islington. + +New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings. + + * * * * * + + +IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have, +by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal, +they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any +other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and +appreciation of half tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed. + +Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of +Photography. Instruction in the Art. + +THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., per +Post, 1s. 2d. + + * * * * * + + +SPECTACLES.--Every Description of SPECTACLES and EYE-GLASSES for the +Assistance of Vision, adapted by means of Smee's Optometer: that being the +only correct method of determining the exact focus of the Lenses required, +and of preventing injury to the sight by the use of improper Glasses. + +BLAND & LONG. Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London. + + * * * * * + + +ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description of +upwards of 100 articles consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS, +Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and +other travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post on +receipt of Two Stamps. + +MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their +Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new +Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles +of the kind ever produced. + +J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand. + + * * * * * + + +PRINCE OF WALES'S SKETCH-BOX.--Containing Colours, Pencils, &c., with +printed directions, as now used by the Royal Family. Price 5s. + +MILLER'S, Artist's Colour Manufacturer, 56. Long Acre, London; and at her +Majesty's Steam Colour and Pencil Works, Pimlico. + + * * * * * + + +{612} + +BOOKS SUITABLE FOR CHRISTMAS PRESENTS, + +PUBLISHED BY + +MR. JOHN HENRY PARKER, + +OXFORD; and 377. STRAND LONDON. + + * * * * * + +THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. With Fifty Illustrations, from Designs by +Ancient and Modern Artists. Selected by the REV. H. J. ROSE and REV. J. W. +BURGON. In One handsome Volume, 8vo. The Prayer-Book is printed in very +large type, with Rubrics in Red. Elegantly bound in antique calf, with +vermillion edges, 2l. 5s. + +DAILY CHURCH SERVICES. In One Portable Volume, containing the Prayers and +Lessons for Daily Use: or, the Course of Scripture Readings for the Year, +authorised by the Church. Also, a Table of the Proper Lessons for Sundays +and Holydays, with References to the Pages. Price 10s. 6d., bound; 16s. in +Hayday's morocco. + + This volume will be found equally useful to those who read the Church + Service at home, as for those who use it at church, as the lessons and + services for every day are distinctly marked, forming a very suitable + book for a present. It is also kept by any respectable bookseller in a + variety of elegant bindings. + +OF THE IMITATION OF CHRIST. Four Books. By THOMAS a KEMPIS. A New Edition, +revised, handsomely printed in fcap. 8vo., with Vignettes and red florinted +borders taken from the ancient MSS. Cloth, 5s. Also in antique calf +binding, vermillion edges, 10s. 6d. + +THE CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH ILLUSTRATED. With brief Accounts of the +Saints who have Churches dedicated in their Names, or whose Images are most +frequently met with in England; the Early Christian and Mediaeval Symbols; +and an Index of Emblems. With numerous Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo., 10s. 6d.; or +bound in antique calf, 16s. + +A HISTORY of the CHURCH OF ENGLAND, to the REVOLUTION of 1688. By the late +REV. J. B. S. CARWITHEN, B.D. A new Edition, edited by the REV. W. R. +BROWELL, M.A., 2 vols. small 8vo., 12s. + +THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS. By JOHN BUNYAN. A New Edition, adapted by the REV. +J. M. NEALE, M.A., for the Use of Children of the Church of England. Fcap. +8vo., handsomely bound in gilt cloth, with Woodcuts, 3s. 6d. + +TRACTS FOR THE CHRISTIAN SEASONS. First Series. Four Vols., cloth, 18s. + +TRACTS FOR THE CHRISTIAN SEASONS. Second Series. Four Vols., cloth, 15s. + +SERMONS FOR THE CHRISTIAN SEASONS. A Series of Plain Sermons for Sunday +Reading. Four Vols., fcap. 8vo., 16s. + +A PLAIN COMMENTARY on the GOSPEL of ST. MATTHEW. with numerous +Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo., 6s. 6d. + +WILSON'S SACRA PRIVATA. From the original MSS. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo., +antique cloth, red edges, 6_s_; antique calf, red edges, 12s. + +THE PSALTER AND THE GOSPEL. The Life, Suffering, and Triumph of our Blessed +Lord, revealed in the Book of Psalms. Fcap. 8vo., uniform with the Plain +Commentary on the Four Holy Gospels. 2s. + + A selection of the most striking of the parallel passages contained in + the Psalter and the Gospel. + +SCOTLAND and the SCOTTISH CHURCH. By the REV. HENRY CASWALL, M.A., Vicar of +Figheldean, Wilts; Author of "America and the American Church," &c. &c., +and a Proctor in Convocation for the Diocese of Salisbury. Fcap. 8vo., 5s. + +A SHORT EXPLANATION of the NICENE CREED, for the Use of Persons beginning +the Study of Theology. By A. P. FORBES, D.C.L., Bishop of Brechin. Fcap. +8vo., cloth 6s. + +TEN SERMONS IN ILLUSTRATION OF THE CREED. By the REV. W. G. TUPPER, Warden +of the House of Charity, Soho; and late Scholar of Trinity College, Oxford. +Fcap. 8vo., cloth, 4s. + + "In his 'Sermons on the Creed,' Mr. Tupper has condensed, with much + painstaking, and an evident sense of deep responsibility, the dogmatic + teaching of the Church."--_Christian Remembrancer._ + +A NEW EDITION of DAILY STEPS TOWARDS HEAVEN. A Small Pocket Volume, +containing a few Practical Thoughts on the Gospel History: with Texts for +every Day in the Year, commencing with Advent. Fifth Edition. In roan +binding, gilt edges, 2s. 6d. + +DESCRIPTIONS OF CANAAN; being an Account of the Mountains, Rivers, and +Towns of the Holy Land. By the REV. C. P. WILBRAHAM. Fcap. 8vo., with Map, +cloth, 1s. + +*** This Manual is particularly adapted to the use of Parochial Schools. + + * * * * * + +TALES AND STORIES FOR CHRISTMAS. + +OLD CHRISTMAS. A Tale. 16mo. 6d. + +THE SINGERS OF THE SANCTUARY, and the MISSIONARY; Two Tales. By the Author +of "Angels Work." 16mo. 2s. 6d. + +ANGELS' WORK; or, the Choristers of St. Mark's. Second Edition. 2s. + +ANN ASH; or, the History of a Foundling. A Narrative founded on Fact. By +the Author of "Charlie Burton," "The Broken Arm," &c. 18mo. 2s. + +KENNETH; or, the Rear Guard of the Grand Army. By the Author of "Scenes and +Characters," "Kings of England," "Heir of Redclyffe" &c. Second Edition. +Fcap. 8vo. 5s. + +SPECULATION A Tale. By the REV. W. E. HEYGATE. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. + +PASTOR OF WELBOURNE AND HIS FLOCK. 18mo. 2s. + +LITTLE MARY. Third Edition. 18mo. 1s. + +HENRY VERNON; or, the Little Anglo-Indian. A New Edition. 18mo. 1s. + +ADA'S THOUGHTS; or, the Poetry of Youth. Fcap. 8vo., cloth, gilt edges, 2s. +6d. (Just Ready.) + + * * * * * + +SMALL BOOKS FOR PRESENTS. + +THE PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN'S LIBRARY: a Series of Cheap Publications for +General Circulation. + + s. d. + Learn to Die (Sutton) 1 0 + Private Devotions (Spinckes) 1 6 + The Imitation of Christ (a Kempis) 1 0 + Manual of Prayer for the Young (Ken) 0 6 + The Golden Grove (Taylor) 0 9 + Life of Ambrose Bonwicke 1 0 + Life of Bishop Bull (Nelson) 1 6 + Companion to the Prayer Book 1 0 + Selections from Hooker (Keble) 1 6 + Practical Christian (Sherlock). Part I. + 2s. Part II. 2s.; 1 vol. 4 0 + Learn to Live (Sutton) 2 0 + Doctrine of the English Church (Heylin) 0 8 + Holy Living (Bp. Taylor) 1 6 + Holy Dying (Bp. 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Strand, London. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish +of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5 New Street Square, in the Parish of St. +Bride, in the City of London; and Published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. +Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of +London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, December +17, 1853. + + * * * * * + + +Corrections made to printed original. + +page 591, "the Greek of the Septuagint, or of the New Testament": 'not of +the New Testament' in original, corrected by errata in Issue 217. + +ibid., "it is usual to read this with an accent on the penultima": +'antepenultima' in original, corrected by errata in Issue 217. + +page 594, "Richard, son of the writer of the said letter" : 'son of' +inserted by errata in Issue 218. + +ibid., "he (the Father) thus commences" : '(the Father)' inserted by errata +in Issue 218. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 216, +December 17, 1853, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, DEC. 17, 1853 *** + +***** This file should be named 30595.txt or 30595.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/5/9/30595/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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