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diff --git a/30295-h/30295-h.htm b/30295-h/30295-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..17778d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/30295-h/30295-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5659 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Social Work of the Salvation Army, by Edwin Gifford Lamb. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +.spacer {padding-left: 1em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30295 ***</div> + +<h1>THE SOCIAL WORK OF THE SALVATION ARMY</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>EDWIN GIFFORD LAMB, A.B.<br /><br /><br /></h2> + +<hr style="width: 20%;" /> + +<p class="center">Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of<br /> +Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Political Science</p> + +<p class="center">Columbia University</p> + +<hr style="width: 20%;" /> + + +<p class="center">New York</p> + +<p class="center">1909<br /><br /><br /><br /></p> + + + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1909</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">by</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edwin Gifford Lamb</span><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2><a name="Preface" id="Preface"></a>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>I use the word "Social" in the title of this work to suggest +that, save in an auxiliary way, I am not attempting to describe +the religious features of the organization. Such a field of investigation +would prove a very profitable and interesting one, but +it is a field, which, for the sake of clearness and impartial study, +should be kept separate. The organization itself recognizes the +primary division. Commander Booth-Tucker, the leader of the +Army in the United States from 1896 to 1904, says, "The Salvation +Army is the evolution of two great ideas: first, that of +reaching with the gospel of salvation the masses who are outside +the pale of ordinary church influence, and second, that of +caring for their temporal as well as spiritual interests."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p>I have secured very little data from books, as there is but +little authentic literature on the subject. Primarily, the data for +this treatise were taken from personal observation. In pursuing +the subject I have visited Salvation Army social institutions of +every description. In addition to visiting the larger cities of the +United States and the three Army colonies, situated in Ohio, +Colorado and California, respectively, I have investigated the +work in London, where the Army had its origin, and at the farm +colony in Hadleigh, on the river Thames, some thirty miles from +London. I have slept in the hotels, worked in the industrial +homes, wandered over the farm colonies, and mingled with the +inmates of other types of Army institutions.</p> + +<p> +Nov., 1909.<span class="spacer"> </span>E. G. L.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Pamphlet "The Salvation Army in the United States."</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2> + + + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td></td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">Page.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Preface">Preface</a></td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td><td align="right">7-15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">The Salvation Army Industrial Department</a></td><td align="right">16-62</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">The Salvation Army Hotels and Lodging Houses</a></td><td align="right">63-98</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">The Farm Colonies of the Salvation Army</a></td><td align="right">99-116</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">The Salvation Army Slum Department</a></td><td align="right">117-121</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">The Salvation Army Rescue Department</a></td><td align="right">122-126</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">Some Minor Features of the Salvation Army Social Work</a></td><td align="right">127-131</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">Conclusion</a></td><td align="right">132-139</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Introduction" id="Introduction"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span></h2> + + +<p>The Salvation Army was founded by William Booth in London, +England, in 1865. Previous to this time Mr. Booth had +been a successful clergyman in the Methodist Church, and had +become widely known throughout England as a revivalist. As +time passed, he had become more and more interested in the condition +of the un-churched masses, and as his church did not approve +of his taking up work among the masses in connection +with it as an organization, he had, in 1861, separated from the +Methodists. With little support, he established in London what +was known as The Christian Mission.</p> + +<p>From the first, numbers of converts were made, and soon several +missions were established in London, and other cities +of England. From the first, too, the agency of women was an +important feature. Especially was this true in visitation among +the lower classes. In regard to the foundation of the Army itself +and in connection with its earlier successes, much credit must be +given to Mrs. Booth, the wife of William Booth. She became as +noted a speaker and revivalist as her husband, and together, they +made plans for the movement. Unfortunately she died of cancer +in 1890. Through these early years of the movement its management, +almost unconsciously, developed along lines that were military +in form. At first the title of "Captain" was used among the +sailors and fishermen to designate the local leader of the company, +and then it was extended wherever, among the rough element, the +"Mr." or "Rev." would seem out of place. The usage and the +spirit accompanying it soon spread, and by the year 1879 military +methods and titles were officially added. The Rev. Wm. +Booth, who, up to this time, had been known as "Superintendent +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>of the Christian Mission," became "General" Booth, and the +"Mission" became the "Salvation Army."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>This addition of military methods seems to have accelerated +the movement by favoring efficient and systematic control. Soon +after this time, we find, the organization had spread to the +United States, Canada, Australia, France, Switzerland, Holland, +Belgium, Scandinavia, Germany and Italy. Then missionary +work was taken up in India, and later on, in Africa, Java and +Japan. At the present time (1908), according to its reports, the +Army occupies fifty-two different countries and colonies. In no +country has its rate of progress been more remarkable than in +the United States, where in point of numbers, the local organization +now ranks second only to that of Great Britain.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Along with the rapid growth went a differentiation almost as +rapid and unique as the growth itself. In fact, both reacted on +each other. The work was separated first into three main departments, +viz.: Spiritual, Social and Trade. It will be necessary +to make a brief statement of this differentiation in detail. In +the Spiritual Department we have the extension of the original +idea, that of converting the people. Corps, as the different religious +groups were called, sprang up and multiplied until even +the smaller towns were occupied. Converts were added by hundreds +and thousands. Large numbers of the brightest and best +of these converts were utilized in extending the work still further, +and after undergoing a brief training, were sent out, some +to aid the movement in the mother country, others to begin the +work in different parts of Europe and in America, and still others +as missionaries to all parts of the world. Meanwhile, the work +in each local organization or Corps, became systematized, and +the Corps were united into Sections or Divisions, the Divisions +into larger districts called Provinces, and the Provinces into +Commands, which for the most part controlled the territory of +an entire country. Each of these divisions from the Corps to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>Command, was delegated to an officer who had sole charge, and +who was responsible to the officer above him. For example, the +United States, at present, is divided into two Commands; the +first extending from New York to Chicago; the second from +Chicago to the Pacific Coast. The first Command has six Provinces; +the second, four. Each Province has from three to nine +Divisions, and each Division contains a number of Corps. Thus, +while each Corps is complete in itself, the general administration +is very highly centralized; so much so, that an order from General +Booth at the National Headquarters, London, England, must be +obeyed by every Corps in the world.</p> + +<p>While the organization of the Spiritual Department was taking +place in this manner, the Social Work was assuming large proportions, +and differentiating itself. Visitation in the lower parts +of the cities was organized into a regular department of Slum +Work, called the Slum Department, with a specialized corps of +officers. Work among fallen women was instituted as the Rescue +Department, with its rescue homes and trained workers. The +establishment of hotels and lunch counters for both men and +women became finally what is now the Social Department. The +wood yards and small factories, together with the salvage depots +and cheap stores, were organized into the Industrial Department. +Work among the children resulted in the establishment of kindergartens +and orphanages. The colonization enterprise took root, +and was divided into the industrial colonies and farm colonies. +Thus, we have here a differentiation of the original Social Department +into six distinct divisions, which we shall consider separately +in this treatise. As these lines of work advanced, although +each had its special group of workers, it was natural that the +work should follow the administrative system of Commands, +Provinces, Divisions and Corps, which had already been marked +out in the Spiritual Department.</p> + +<p>The third primary division, that of trade, has had some interesting +developments. There is, for example, the trade carried +on in articles necessary to the members of the Army them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>selves, +and which they cannot conveniently obtain in the open +market, such as uniforms, badges, books and musical instruments. +The Reliance Trading Company, for instance, was incorporated +in 1902, under the laws of the State of New Jersey. This company +owns and publishes the "War Cry," the official gazette of +the Army in the United States; does the printing for the various +departments of the Army; manufactures fountain pens; makes +uniforms, bonnets and hats for the Army members; conducts +an Insurance Department, and carries on other business enterprises.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>There is, too, the trade in the products of the various factories +and industries connected with the relief work of the Army. +For example, the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company, +incorporated in New Jersey, has greatly facilitated the industrial +work in the United States. There have been companies +formed and organized as building societies, insurance +companies, and a Salvation Army Bank.</p> + +<p>In all these companies the Salvation Army, through its officers, +always has control, although it invites and seeks investments +from the public. The following extract, taken from a prospectus +sent out by the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company, +illustrates the point:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Charter of our Industrial Homes Co. has been prepared by +Messrs. Jas. B. Dill & Co., the eminent corporation lawyers, who +have kindly given us the full benefit of their skill and experience, +at a fairly nominal charge. The capital consists of $500,000.00, +divided into 50,000 shares, of the par value of $10.00 each, of +which 25,000 are in 6% cumulative preferred stock and 25,000 in +common stock. Only the preferred shares are offered to the public, +and bear interest at 6%, which is guaranteed by the Army. The +common shares are held by the Army, with a view to retaining the +control of the company, and the entire profits, over and above the +interest on the preferred stock, are thus devoted to the charitable +and religious work of the Army, and help us to continually expand +and enlarge our homes." ... "We shall be happy to supply any information +or answer any questions as to the financial standing of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>the Salvation Army. For our spiritual and social operations in +the United States, we have now an annual income of nearly $2,000,000.00, +while the value of our real estate holdings in this country +amount to about $1,500,000. Hence, it will be seen that in guaranteeing +the interest upon these preferred shares, amounting in all +to only $15,000.00, we are abundantly able to insure the regular payment +of the same apart, altogether, from the income of our industrial +homes."</p></div> + +<p>As a result of this rapid growth along the three lines described, +the movement everywhere forced itself upon public recognition. +The publication of its weekly organ, the "War Cry," in many +different languages and countries aided its growth. Other magazines +of higher class and better quality were issued. At the same +time, the public press investigated the organization, and for a +long time criticised it harshly. In fact, during all this time, +while so successful, the Army suffered much persecution. The +crowds of people composed of those whom it was seeking to +benefit, seemed often to be its worst enemies, and then, to make +matters more difficult, the police, we are told, instead of furnishing +protection, often, themselves, joined in the persecution. There +were many instances, in this early period, where the enthusiastic +reformers were ill treated and even fatally injured. There was, +however, some reason for all this persecution. A movement so +sudden and apparently so contrary to existing institutions, needed +time for its real principle to become known. The external manifestation +seemed to consist of nothing but defiant disregard of +established religious custom and ceremonial. Thus, while the +vital principle of love for humanity was working its way into +individual lives and attracting them to the ranks of the organization, +the world at large openly showed its antagonism. Gradually, +however, the sense of public opposition and antagonism grew +less. Gradually the knowledge that, behind the superficial emotionalism, +were depths of disinterested sympathy for fellow men +and women worked itself into the public mind. Attacks on Army +groups on street corners became less frequent, and when they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>did occur, were suppressed by the police. The press ceased +its bitter criticism.</p> + +<p>It was about this time that renewed and increased attention +was focused on the new movement by the publication in 1890 of +General Booth's famous book, "In Darkest England, and the +Way Out." In some ways the book served to mark a new epoch +in the development of that part of practical sociology which +concerns itself with the direct betterment of the lower class of +society. The old method of dealing with the poor is ably described +by Ruskin, when he says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"We make our relief either so insulting to them, or so painful +that they rather die than take it at our hands; or, for third alternative, +we leave them so untaught and foolish, that they starve like +brute creatures, wild and dumb, not knowing what to do, or what +to ask."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p></div> + +<p>This was a point of view which in its relation to the degraded +elements of society was an expression of sympathy rather +than of harsh criticism and mistrust. Although it had been set +forth by others previously, it had never before forced itself so +strongly on the public. In addition, the daring statements and +bold theories, given utterance in "Darkest England," served to +surprise all schools of reform. The public consciousness had +never before faced the problem in such a way. It was aroused, +and began to ask questions. The book ran through edition +after edition. It was printed in a cheap form and within a +short time was circulated all over the civilized world.</p> + +<p>In his "scheme" General Booth laid down seven fundamental +principles, which he claimed were essential to success. They +were as follows:</p> + +<p>1. The first principle that must be bore in mind, as governing +every scheme that may be put forward, is that it must +change the man, when it is his character and conduct which +constitute the reasons for his failure in the battle of life.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> +<p>2. The remedy, to be effectual, must change the circumstances +of the individual, when they are the cause of his wretched condition, +and lie beyond his control.</p> + +<p>3. Any remedy worthy of consideration must be on a scale +commensurate with the evil with which it proposes to deal.</p> + +<p>4. Not only must the scheme be large enough, but it must be +permanent.</p> + +<p>5. But while it must be permanent, it must be made practicable.</p> + +<p>6. The indirect features of the scheme must not be such as to +produce injury to the persons whom we seek to benefit.</p> + +<p>7. While assisting one class of the community, it must not seriously +interfere with the interests of another.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p>General Booth's personal attitude, also, is well worth noting. +In the preface of his book he makes the following statement:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"I do not claim that my scheme is either perfect in its details, +or complete in the sense of being adequate to combat all forms of +gigantic evils, against which it is, in the main, directed. Like other +human things, it must be perfected through suffering; but it is a +sincere endeavor to do something, and to do it on principles, which +can be instantly applied and universally developed."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p></div> + +<p>And again, in view of some of the manifestations of the organization +as we see it, the following is interesting, as coming +from its founder. He says: "But one of the grimmest social +problems of our time should be sternly faced, not with a view to +the generation of profitless emotions, but with a view to its solution."<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>Upon the publication of this book there arose a division of +opinion in regard to the scheme which was set forth. On the +one hand, numbers of noted philanthropists aided General Booth +with money and moral support. On the other hand, there was +opposition from a certain class of reformers, headed by that +eminent scientist, Thomas Huxley. This opposition, however, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>did not so much attack the principles advocated, as the agency +for their application, namely, the Salvation Army, itself, characterized +in Huxley's words as "Autocratic socialism, masked by +its theological exterior."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>From that time to the present many thoughtful men have +continued this opposition to the Army as an agent of social service. +Further on we shall consider the validity and strength +of their arguments. At that time the press on all sides took +up the controversy, and it was finally decided to appoint a committee +of investigation to thoroughly examine the Army's methods +and institutions and publish a report. This committee +was composed of some of the leading business and public men +of England, headed by Sir Wilfred Lawson. They examined the +books of the Army and studied the system and methods of the +movement. They reported that all was entirely satisfactory and +not only so, but that the movement and work was worthy of +commendation.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> + +<p>The report of this Committee, together with a demonstration +of the work already accomplished, served to silence the critics +to some extent, and public favor began to turn toward the movement. +Since that period the Army has had, generally speaking, +the support of the press and many of the leading men throughout +the world, a support which it has not been slow to recognize, +or to utilize. For instance, about this time, we find the following +appeal issued through the English press:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"From personal witness or credible report of what General +Booth has done with the funds entrusted to him for the Social +Scheme which he laid before the country eighteen months ago, we +think it would be a serious evil if the great task which he has undertaken +should be crippled by lack of help during the next four +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>months. We therefore venture to recommend his work to the +generous support of all, who feel the necessity for some serious +and concentrated effort to grapple with the needs of the most +wretched and destitute, who have so long been the despair of our +legislation and our philanthropy."</p></div> + +<p>This appeal was signed by the Earl of Aberdeen, who was +then Governor-General of Canada, and fifteen other men and +women of international reputation. As an example of the attitude +of the press, we find the London Daily Telegraph, in the +midst of a long editorial entitled, "The General's Triumph," +saying, "There is no question about it, the General has become +popular. He has justified himself by results. We are told he +has not shown the way out, but few have done so much to +let the light in, and to bring with it life and healing."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +Since the publication of "In Darkest England" in 1890, the social +work of the Army has been extended, and has grown very +rapidly.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<p>In connection with this rapid growth, the social phase of the +movement has tended to eclipse the spiritual in the public eye. +The Army has taken advantage of this to advertise its advancement +along all lines, and there is reason for believing that the +public support of the whole movement, both social and spiritual, +at the present time, is largely due to this advertising.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +In any case, the social work of the Army is a movement large +enough to justify the interest of the public, and the extensive +study of every student of practical social economy.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the U. S.," p. 5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> "Life of William Booth," p. 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Social Relief Work of the S. A. in the U. S."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "Sesame and Lillies," p. 101. Cf. also "The New Movement in +Charity," Am. Jour. Soc. III, p. 596.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> "In Darkest England," pp. 85-87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, preface.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> "Social Diseases and Worse Remedies."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> "The committee of 1902 which inquired into certain aspects of the +Darkest England Scheme two years after its initiation, were careful to +state that they did not enter upon any consideration of the many economic +questions affecting the maintenance of the system sought to be carried +out." (The Salvation Army and the Public, p. 121.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> "London Daily Telegraph," July 6, 1904.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> In fifteen years, from 1890 to 1905, the social work grew from a +few small scattered institutions, to 687 institutions, many of which alone +would have greater accommodation than the total in 1890.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> See "The S. A. and the Public," ch. 3.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Industrial Department.</span></h2> + +<p>Originally the work now known as the Industrial Work was +handled with and under the same management as the Social +Work, but as the movement grew, the Industrial Work branched +out and finally became separate in operation and management, +the name "Social Department" being retained for the hotel work +only.</p> + + +<p>The Industrial Department itself may be divided into three +sections, all under the same management. These are The Industrial +Home, The Industrial Store and The Industrial Colony. +The object of the work embraced in these three divisions as +stated in the prospectus sent out by the Army two years ago is:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"One of the most difficult problems that has confronted the Salvation +Army has been the finding of employment for out-of-works +and human derelicts in our cities. A system has been gradually +organized by which this human waste is employed in collecting the +material waste of the city. This latter has been sorted, sifted and +sold, and temporary employment thus afforded to thousands of +stranded persons, who have thus been tided over periods of distress, +relieved of immediate suffering, saved from the stigma of +paupers, assured of human sympathy, and given a new start in +life."<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p></div> + +<p>After a careful review of the various divisions of this work, +above mentioned, we shall consider whether the object is being +attained, and of what value the work done is to society.</p> + +<p>In the formation of the Industrial Home the ideal building +and situation cannot always be secured; hence there are differences +in the planning and disposition of the different homes. +The general plan, however, is to have a three or four-story +building fitted up as follows: On the ground floor is a space +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>where the wagons filled with waste materials can unload, a +large room where furniture can be repaired and stored (unless +this is done in the basement below), an office, and another large +room to be used for a retail store. On the second floor is the +sorting room, and adjoining or connected with it is the baling +room, where such stuff as paper, rags and excelsior is pressed, +ready to be taken away. On this floor, too, is to be found the +kitchen, the dining room and the reading room. On the third +floor are situated the dormitories and sleeping rooms. This +plan is often varied. Sometimes there is a basement and only +one or two stories above. Sometimes, as in the Forty-eighth +Street home in New York, there are six or seven stories, and +sometimes, as in one home in Chicago, the sleeping and living +quarters of the men are entirely separate from the warehouse +where they work, possibly some blocks away. The kitchen is +nearly always found to be large and furnished with a good +range and other facilities. The dining room contains long, plain +tables, set so that the men can sit on both sides. The dishes +are of thick, strong ware. The food is plain but good. Everything +from the floor to the dishes is usually clean.</p> + +<p>The sleeping rooms are of two kinds, individual rooms and +dormitories. Those men who are of a better rank, that is, those +who have been working long, or who are doing a higher grade +of work, and those who have "boss" positions, occupy the +separate rooms; while the general class of workers sleep in the +dormitories. When it comes to the question of pure air, considerable +difficulty arises. Some of the separate rooms have no +outside window, though the partitions between the rooms rise +only to a certain height, thus giving common air to the whole +floor. Even where good ventilation facilities exist, it seems +difficult to make the men keep the windows open. As regards +ventilation, however, the industrial homes are, as a rule, better +than the lower class workingman's hotels, and are improving in +this respect. The beds are iron, single beds. The bed clothing +and the rooms themselves are clean and fumigated regularly.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> +<p>A reading room is also provided where daily papers and popular +magazines are kept, and where the men may write. In +some cases, a smoking room adjoins. Meetings of a devotional +character, to which the men may come or not as they see fit, +are often held in the reading room.</p> + +<p>The support that renders the industrial home possible is the +waste product of the city. This material is rubbish of all kinds +imaginable. In connection with each industrial plant are kept +a number of horses and wagons, mostly one-horse wagons. +Each driver of a wagon has a definite route to cover regularly. +Passing over his route, he collects everything of which people are +glad to be rid. Waste paper, old clothes, old furniture, and the +like, are the principal articles he collects. Many good people, +persuaded of the good work the Army is doing, save up their +store of odds and ends until the Army wagon shall call, often +giving things away which they would not have thrown away or +given any one else, unless it would be to sell them to an old-clothes +man. The driver returns with his load to the warehouse. +From his wagon the material is conveyed by means of an elevator +to the sorting room in the second story, whence the greater quantity +goes at once to the baling machine in the form of waste +paper. Any articles that may be of use, such as shoes, clothing +of any kind, books, crockery-ware, bottles, pots, kettles, etc., are +placed in their respective bins and finally, repaired, find their +way to the retail store. Heavy articles, such as stoves and furniture, +do not go up in the elevator, but are retained on the first +floor, where they go, first to the repairing and storage room, and +then out to the stores. The paper and rags, when baled, are +sold to the nearest paper mill for a good price. Some idea of +the amount of this class of material may be gained from the +fact that the average amount of paper sold by the Industrial +Department in the United States is about 2,500 tons per month.</p> + +<p>In England and other countries this work has not assumed +such large proportions, but there is some difference between the +workings of the industrial plant in the City of London and in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>New York. For instance, at the Salvation Army plant on Hanbury +Street, Whitechapel, London, we found, in 1906, a planing +mill, a paint and furniture shop, a mattress factory, and a sawmill +and cabinet shop. This place had employment for ninety +men, of whom twelve were regularly employed and the remainder +were transients. The regular employees were paid at a +union rate of wages. The men of this industrial plant lived some +distance away on Quaker Street, having possession of part of the +Salvation Army shelter or hotel there, the total accommodation +of which was two hundred and forty. Again, in a different part +of the city, over near Deptford, was a wood yard with good +machinery, run by electricity, which employed anywhere from +sixty to seventy men making kindling wood. On the other hand, +at the "Spa Road Elevator," was a plant almost identical with +the industrial plants in the United States, where were shipped +out an average of 100 pounds of paper every week and several +tons of rags in addition, and where was accommodation for +some two hundred men.</p> + +<p>Branching out from the main industrial plant are nearly always +to be found large stores. These are Salvation Army retail +stores. These stores are found in the poorest sections of +the city, and are patronized by the poorest class. Articles of +all descriptions may be purchased here at a very low figure. In +each store is a furniture department; a clothing department for +men, women and children; a toy department; a department +for stoves, pots, etc., and sometimes other departments varying +with the size of the store. It is possible, thus, for a poor family +moving into the neighborhood to completely furnish themselves +and their home from Salvation Army stores at a cost of often +less than one-half of what they would pay elsewhere. Each +store has a definite connection with the central industrial plant, +from which it receives its supplies, its workers and its government, +for the stores are merely branches of the central work, +and all are under the same general management.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> +<p>An interesting feature lies in an examination of the labor which +is employed. From the cases given at the end of the chapter, +it will be seen that it consists of all kinds, classes and nationalities, +who, through their own recklessness, or by unfortunate circumstances, +have fallen into want. A man willing to work comes +to the Army in want of food and shelter, and the Army happens +to have accommodation for him. He may go to one of the +men's hotels or to the industrial home, or to the central agency +of the Army. In any case he will probably be interviewed by an +officer specially detailed for the purpose, who will be able to +decide in short time what his needs are, and what can be done +for him. He may be sent out at once to take some position secured +through the employment bureau; he may be sent to the +hotel with the understanding that, after being fed and cared for, +he will be given an opportunity to pay for it in work; or he +may be sent straight to the industrial home. In any case, if possible, +he is put to work. He may be in a weak condition physically +or mentally, or both, but even then, he can often do +something; such, for example, as picking over paper and rags +in the sorting room. Meanwhile, he is being fed and housed. If +he means well and works earnestly, he is soon able to do some +other grade of work. He may have had technical knowledge +which will help him. In a few days, possibly, a call is made +to the employment bureau, which is maintained in conjunction +with each home or group of homes, for a man to fill some position. +If suitable, this man may be sent out to take it. On the +other hand, he may be retained in the home and employed permanently +as a driver on one of the wagons, or as overseer and +instructor in one of the rooms, or he may be sent out as assistant +to one of the stores, and, in time, he may be given charge of +a store. When the men first come to the home, they receive +board and clothing and some remuneration, although very slight. +If they continue to work at the home, they are paid wages ranging +from $1.00 per week up to $4.00 or $5.00 per week, besides +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>board and lodging in the United States, and from 1s. to 9s. in +England.</p> + +<p>When a man is able, but is lazy and not willing to work, he +is turned out. It is well known to those who have studied the +question, that there are a large number of such men, but this +class does not apply for help as often as it might to the Army, +as it soon learns the uselessness of so doing. The officers become +quite adept in seeing these men in their true colors. On +the other hand, if a man drops into bad habits and goes off on +a spree after he has been helped, he will be taken in again afterwards, +and this is continued within reason. Much of the labor +employed is a surface and floating population, the result of season +and periodic work in connection with so many of our industries, +and the men are just tided over a hard time in their +experiences. This class is larger sometimes than at others, but +is always in evidence. Another class, however, consists of the +men who have fallen through their own recklessness and bad +habits. Some of these men are sent out to positions which they +fill creditably, and finally rise as high or higher than they were +before. Naturally, the Army makes as much as possible out of +these cases for the purpose of advertisement. Owing to evident +difficulties, it is impossible to ascertain just what percentage +there is of this class among the total number helped, or what +percentage of this class itself is successfully aided. The industrial +work itself, as a paying business, is developing so fast that a +constantly increasing number of men are permanently retained +and used as regular employees, being paid regular wages.</p> + +<p>When we come to the industrial colony, we find it entirely +different from the farm colony, where families are sent to settle +upon the land in tracts of say twenty acres per family. The industrial +colony is managed like a large farm with many laborers, +all under one central head. The original idea was to graduate +men from the city plants to the industrial colonies and thence +to the farm colonies, but the Army has had difficulty in maintaining +its colonies at all, and, as a result, no regular system has +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>been followed. A large proportion of the men on the industrial +colony are single, whereas, as will be seen, families are needed +for the farm colonies. Again, many of these men are not the +kind who will succeed on the farm colony. Sometimes, too, they +have not been through the city plant, and sometimes they are +men sent directly from the city to get them out of temptations +which are too strong for them.</p> + +<p>The best example of an industrial colony is the one at Hadleigh, +about thirty miles from London, England. This colony +has an area of about 3,000 acres. One thousand acres is almost +useless now; and when taken by the Army in 1890, the whole consisted +of almost worthless land, some of which, as a result of +constant labor and fertilization, has been transformed into reasonably +good land. A great draw-back and a great expense +has been the lack of water, now partially supplied by two artesian +wells, the cheaper of which cost over $20,000.00.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> The population +varies from 300 to 700.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> In 1898, 775 men were +admitted to the colony. Out of this number, 193 left after a short +residence before they could be influenced for good; 47 were discharged +as incorrigible, and 309 graduated, obtaining situations +or being restored to their friends.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> There are three classes +received at the colony:</p> + +<p>1. Those sent by the Army agencies.</p> + +<p>2. Those sent by poor law authorities who pay from 5s. to 10s. +per week for periods of from three to twelve months for their +maintenance.</p> + +<p>3. Special cases sent by philanthropic societies, or by relatives +or others.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + +<p>Another division is made into four classes, thus:</p> + +<p>1. Those coming and passing off in a month, not being regular +colonists.</p> + +<p>2. Those averaging nine months on the colony, and called +colonists.</p> + +<p>3. Picked men from the second class, who are made employees.</p> + +<p>4. Employees hired in the neighborhood for specific purposes.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> + +<p>The proportion of each, according to either specification, is +such a variable quantity that nothing can be determined satisfactorily. +According to one officer's statement, about one in +every five is considered an employee.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> In the winter of +1903-4, 209 men were sent to Hadleigh and supported there by +a special fund, called "The Mansion House Fund for the Relief +of the London Unemployed."<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> Out of the class sent by the +Army agencies to the colony, a certain number are sent out as +emigrants to Canada. For instance, in 1905, 41 were sent out, +and in 1906, 58. The party of 58 was composed of five Irishmen, +one Welshman, three Scotchmen, and forty-nine Englishmen. +These men go to work on different farms in Canada, and some +sent out in previous years now have homesteads there. In the +colony there are five departments, viz.: the market garden, the +brick-making department, the dairy department together with +the piggery, the poultry department, and the Inebriate's Home. +There is also a store which has an income of $1,000.00 a month. +The market garden is one of the best industries, most of the +produce being sold in the town of Southend, four miles distant. +In the busy season, as many as 100 workers are found in this +department. There are four large conservatories, especially for +tomatoes and flowers. A good many potatoes are raised, and +there is a good deal of land in berries and orchard. There are +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>three brick-yards with the latest improved kilns and machinery. +These yards have been a very heavy expense and have not been +satisfactory. For instance, in 1898, the year's sale of bricks +amounted to £4717, while the expenditure of this department +was £5563, this latter sum including the expense of repairing +the drying fields, which that year were injured by a flood.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> +In the dairy department about twenty-five head of cattle provide +the colony with milk and butter, while sometimes milk is sold at +Southend. In the piggery the number of hogs runs from 200 +to 500. The poultry department is given over to prize poultry +breeding and has been successful in winning some noted prizes. +The Inebriate's Home is licensed for twenty male inebriates who +are charged from 25s. to 30s. per week. Between 60% and +70% are stated to be reclaimed after an average period of eight +months' treatment. In addition to these departments it might be +noted that there is a school on the colony with an attendance +of 100, some of whom come from outside the colony, and a good +sized hall, seating about 400, where gatherings are held for +social and religious purposes.</p> + +<p>For the feeding and lodging of the colonists, large preparations +are made. They are graded according to their position in +the colony, and an opportunity is given them to rise from the +lower to the higher grades. The superintendent stated that this +plan was found useful in stimulating ambition. There are two +dormitories, both clean and well-kept, but the higher grade with +better bedding and surroundings than the lower. This grading +system is also maintained in the dining room, the higher grade +of colonists being served with better food than the lower. Everything +around the buildings is well-kept and orderly, and the general +moral atmosphere of the colony seems to be healthful and +up-lifting.</p> + +<p>The industrial colony at Ft. Herrick, near Cleveland, Ohio, +differs in many ways from the one at Hadleigh, and doubtless has +been instrumental in aiding a good number of outcast and fallen +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>men, but it has been such a burden financially, and such an +unsolved problem in many ways, that it may be considered a +failure. The reason for its failure is not so much bad management +as lack of foresight on the part of those choosing the site. +The site is in no sense suitable for a colony, the soil being unfit +for intensive farming. Probably the best work done there has +been the reformation of drunkards, a work in which, according +to reports, the colony has been eminently successful.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> + +<p>Coming now to the management of the Industrial Department +in the United States, we find that it is an up-to-date business +enterprise. The department is controlled by a corporation called +"The Salvation Army Industrial Homes Co." already referred to +in our <a href="#Introduction">introduction</a>.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> The management of the company is in +the hands of the Army.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Under this central authority, we find +the United States divided into three districts; the eastern district, +with headquarters at New York; the central district with headquarters +at Cleveland, and the western district with headquarters +at Chicago. Each one of these districts has at its head a social +secretary, and under him are the different officers in charge of the +respective plants. Generally speaking, each local officer is +supreme in his individual plant. He can adopt methods and +means to suit the environment of his district, provided always +that his methods mean success. There are no iron-clad rules to +hold him in check beyond a system of bookkeeping and of making +out detailed reports, which must be sent to headquarters. When +about to engage in some new venture, however, such as securing +a new location for his plant, opening up a store, or renting or +purchasing new property, he must refer the project to his superior +officer, before undertaking it. The local officer in charge +has trusted employees under him, such as a warehouse boss, a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>kitchen boss, and stable boss, etc., each of whom is responsible +to the officer for his department.</p> + +<p>Although present to some extent in other countries the special +field of the industrial work is the United States. The growth in +this country during the recent years has been great. In 1896 +there were no regular industrial homes; in 1904 there were 49 +industrial institutions, and in control of these 49 institutions, +there were 70 Army officers and 820 regular employees. The +accommodation was about 1,100. During one month there were +225 cases that were considered unsatisfactory. There were 239 +horses and wagons in daily use. About 1,000 tons of paper were +baled and sold per month. Contrast this with the year 1907. In +this year there were 84 officers engaged in these institutions and +over 1,200 regular employees. There was accommodation for +1,651 men. The unsatisfactory cases for the year amounted to +1,389. There were 460 horses and wagons in daily use. An +average of 2,500 tons of paper was sold each month. 16,875 +men were placed in outside positions during the year. No large +city in the United States is without this industrial work, and it +is to be expected that, within a few years, there will be no city +in the country with a population of 100,000 that does not have an +industrial home, and that many cities with a smaller population +will have one also. Already there are several cities with a +population of less than 50,000 that have promising industrial +plants. In London, the growth has not been so rapid, and the +industrial institutions are run at a loss to the Army, but there are +about eight industrial plants in that city, and others are to be +found in other large cities of England.</p> + +<p>We come now to the question of the value of the Salvation +Army industrial work to society. From the preceding brief outline +of the methods, material, labor, management and extent of +the industrial work, it will be seen that it is a movement, unrestricted +in scope, with an unlimited field of development as an +economic enterprise. In certain fields where the Army is active, +its work is considered of little or no value; but as a result of our +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>investigation into this particular field, the conclusion is reached +that, with the exception of the industrial colonies, it is a practical, +social work, of value to society.</p> + +<p>We make an exception of the industrial colonies because we +do not consider that the two experiments already tried by the +Army justify their own continuance or the starting of other +similar colonies. The reference here is to Fort Herrick in Ohio, +and the Hadleigh Colony, near London. These colonies have +necessitated a continual sinking of funds contributed by the +charitable public, and the return does not justify their expense. +The Army should realize this, and admit the fact, instead of +drawing wool over the eyes of the ignorant public by the constant +reiteration of "the great work done at Hadleigh and Fort +Herrick." It looks as though the organization was afraid that +the infallibility and sanctity of General Booth's pet scheme would +be seriously impaired, if the public should discover that any part +of that scheme was a mistake and an unfortunate experiment, +and that, for this reason, it has continued to expend much +money on it, which might have been turned to better advantage +in connection with other parts of General Booth's plan. These +colonies are object lessons showing what is unwise to attempt, +rather than what can be done. The Army has no need to be +ashamed of having made a mistake, and its usefulness along +other lines is sufficient to maintain its reputation in spite of the +failure of its industrial colonies. There is no need of the +industrial colony anyway. The object in view is either to tide +workless men over a period of hard times and misfortune, or to +restore manhood where evil habits and recklessness have +destroyed it, and this can be done and is being done by means +of the city industrial work without the aid of the colony. As +regards the work of reforming the inebriate, in which the industrial +colonies have had some success, that could be carried on +without the great expense of a regular colony.</p> + +<p>The moral field of the city industrial work derives support from +the relation of its management to the spiritual work and influence +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>of the Army. The influence and spirit of the whole organization +runs to a certain extent through every branch of its varied developments. +This influence cannot be described by comparative +means. The spirit, somewhat unique in itself, runs through +everything, a spirit which is a mixture and blending of love, +gratitude, service and patience. While we think that, in the +tendency of this branch to become a business enterprise, there is +a considerable decrease in the influence just described, it still has +great power. The officers and employees now engaged in this +work were themselves not long since outcasts in society. Many of +them had despaired of ever making a success of life and were +simply drifting. But a helping hand had been stretched out to +them, hope had been imparted and new ideals had been placed +before them. They might even yet be men, wear decent clothes, +stand up straight and look their fellow men in the eye! What +wonder that the decent clothes to which they looked forward +turned out to be the uniform of the organization which had picked +them up from the gutter! What wonder they felt an eternal debt +of gratitude toward that organization! While this is not a true +expression of their attitude in every case, and while there are +some who hold their positions simply because they can get no +better, loyalty to the work exists in enough instances to create a +distinct moral atmosphere. The men wish to make a success of +their new work; they wish to see the Army advance, and to do +this they feel that it is essential that the same moral influence +which enabled them to become men should be continued. This +influence moves almost unconsciously among the industrial plants. +For instance, we do not find here the tendency to obscenity which +we find in any ordinary factory or workshop. Environment in +these plants is all-powerful as an uplifting condition. Cleanliness +is encouraged in the dormitory and kitchen. Respectful +attention is paid at meals while grace is being said. The reading +room is frequented, while the occasional meetings held are sometimes +well attended and sometimes not, according to the attraction. +The emotional religious element is a great deal in evidence, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>though not so much as in other departments of the Army. In +any case, the element of hope and ambition, which often arises +within these social outcasts, making them men once more, is to be +considered a great moral asset. The moral influence is due more +to the personality of those in charge than to anything else. A +large number of the managers have served in connection with +the Army's spiritual work and have the desire, as they would tell +you, to see every man under them "saved," not only in a moral +and social sense, but "saved" in accordance with the Army's +special significance of that term.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> While the Army's special +idea of salvation may have no value in itself, still if the emotional +element assists in the moral and social salvation of individuals, +we have no reason for not tolerating it unless it has +evil effects of real importance. Such effects, however, tend to +decrease, as the movement advances, and the education and +enlightenment of the masses increase.</p> + +<p>From an economic point of view, we believe that the work of +the Industrial Department has been successful. We have seen +that large numbers of men, who are out of work, are taken in +by this department and kept for a number of weeks or months, +and that, during this time, besides making their own support, and +gaining in efficiency, in many cases, they are able to return to +a more important part in production. Let us see what this +means. While these men are out of work, they are not producing +anything. They are idle, and thus a loss to the community. In +addition, they are fast losing any potential ability for production, +which they have had. But they now become producers, a gain +to the community, and their potential ability for production is at +least conserved if not increased. Secondly, out-of-work men are +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>a burden on the community. While they continue to live without +employment, they must be supported in some way or other by +private or public charity, and they form a great item of expense +to the community. But in the hands of the Industrial Department, +they cease being an expense to the public and become to +some extent a gain. Thirdly, some of these men are in danger of +becoming members of pseudo-social and anti-social classes; it is +from them that the pauper and criminal classes gain recruits. +But through the elevating environment of this branch of the +Army's work, their character is affected, and they are raised to a +higher level. In this way then, in successful cases, the worthless +men become workmen. Worthless men are changed into economic +assets. The dependents become independent. Working by means +of the laws of environment and association, the Army elevates +the degenerate from a pseudo-social and anti-social class to a +higher level and to social position. Where individuality was lost, +independence of character reasserts itself.</p> + +<p>Let us consider in detail some of the advantages connected +with this form of practical philanthropy. One advantage is, that +once started, the work continues and increases without further +expenditure on the part of the charitably disposed public beyond +the giving away of things for which they have no further use. +This is so because the Army here in its work becomes an efficient +producer and creates articles which have market value. +Leaving all charity alone, the work is paying and more than self-supporting, +and thus in a short time will be reimbursed with all +the money which was necessary to initiate it. In nearly every +city in which the work was started, rented property soon gives +place to property owned by the Army and poor ill-suited buildings, +to up-to-date structures built for the purpose. An example +of this is to be found in the history of the 48th Street Industrial +Home in New York City which is briefly described, in the examples +given <a href="#Page_36">at the end of this chapter</a>.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> That the entire +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>work has grown self-supporting in the United States is shown +by the fact that last year, 1907, there was a net gain of $21,000, +after the interest on the loans and investments had been paid. If +a home does not show signs of being successful financially, its +location will be changed or it will be discontinued.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p> + +<p>Another advantage lies in the fact that men who were +socially dependent are made self-supporting. We should place +emphasis on the effect on the man himself as well as on the +community. We saw how these men were given to understand +that they were earning their own livelihood and were not +recipients of charity, and how they were encouraged by the +receipt of wages, to be increased as their productiveness increased. +The relief given is true relief in that the man earns it himself and +realizes this fact, and because, along with this realization, comes +a return of manhood and independence. Of course if men have +lost all manhood and have no desire to be independent, but simply +to live as easily as possible on what may be given them, the above +is not the result; but few such get into the industrial homes, as +they know better and have no wish to work as these men do, and +if they get in temporarily, they are soon sorted out. Thus it cannot +be said of these homes as is said of many institutions, that +they pauperize men in place of helping them. The institution +that makes men work for everything they get and provides +some sort of channel for their ambition, maintaining itself meanwhile +as a paying concern, is not pauperizing in its tendency.</p> + +<p>Still another advantage of this work is found in the saving +of the community's funds. Of late years, more and more, the +principle has been advanced and brought before the public, that +the starving and unemployed are to be cared for in some way, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>and we are willing to tax ourselves to provide for this. As far +back as the census of 1890, we find that the United States spent +annually $40,000,000 in charities and over $12,000,000 in penal +and reformatory institutions. Probably the total expenditure for +these two objects to-day would be nearer $60,000,000 annually. +What percentage of this $60,000,000 would go to the class of +people aided by the Army industrial work would be hard to ascertain +or approximate, but there is room for a great extension of +this kind of work, and the Army's efforts are most suggestive. +In some of the European countries, especially Germany, many +helpful experiments along this line are in progress, but conditions +in the United States are vastly different. In any case +social economists are agreed that vast sums are spent annually +in our country to little or no purpose from the point of view of +social relief. In the year 1907, 8,696 men were cared for in the +United States industrial homes of the Army. This means just +that amount of saving to the nation that it would have cost the +regular municipal and state charities to have dealt with these +8,696 men, since these men were aided by a self-supporting +organization and paid for their own support. This work, then, +if carried far enough, would effect quite a saving of taxes.</p> + +<p>But along with advantages there may be disadvantages. Some +objections have been raised to this branch of the Army's work. +For instance, it is stated that industries entered into by the Army +tend to hurt economic conditions with regard to both wages and +prices.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> With regard to wages it is urged that the Army will +keep for its industries, workers in constraint of one kind or another, +paying them a lower wage than the same workers could +procure outside, and thus lowering the wages in the respective +industries. We do not consider this objection a strong one. +Let us forget for the present the philanthropic side of the industrial +work, and look on it as a distinctly economic enterprise, +as a factor of production. We think it quite likely that a +manager, anxious above everything else to make his institution +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>a financial success, would make an endeavor to keep as long +as possible, and at as low wages as possible, men who could +receive more on the outside. He might even try to retain men +for whom he could secure better positions through the employment +bureau, if he needed their services, and times were so good +that no other applicant offered to take their place, but this he +could not succeed in doing to any serious extent; for, in the first +place, the restraint exercised over the men is very slight, and +secondly, if the men could secure better wages, it would not be +long before they found it out and left the home voluntarily. It +would be just the same as in any industry in which most of the +workers are ignorant. They would remain under low wages +just as long as their ignorance and lack of initiative would allow, +but sooner or later the relatively able man would seek the best +wage. Hence the able man would seek the best wage, and his +place would be taken by one, possibly morally and physically +unable to procure any wage, or, in other words, belonging to the +unemployable class. If it should come to the point of the Army's +hiring able men to carry on the work without aiding the outcasts, +it must compete in the market for them and pay the market +price. The only real danger would lie in the Army's industrial +work securing a strong enough position in some industry to be +able to dictate terms to labor in an industry, but this is so unlikely +as to be almost irrelevant and even in such an almost inconceivable +case, the danger would be only temporary. Labor would +still be able to drift sufficiently to another agency, not controlled +by the Army and thus bring up wages again. This is the more +true in that any industry, in which the Army engages, must of +necessity be one in which unskilled labor is competent.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> In +addition to this, from personal investigation, we can state that +a large part of the labor employed in these plants of the Army +is at any rate temporarily inefficient labor and would not have +much chance in securing employment elsewhere. Finally, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>though considered a charitable work, this branch of the army is, +as already stated, a corporation, a business enterprise financed by +investors who receive interest on their investments; hence, to +the same extent that it is a financial enterprise, like other such +enterprises, it will be governed by the rate of wages.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> + +<p>Another objection has been raised by critics, to the effect that +the Army, through its industry, enters into competition with existing +firms and companies to the harm of the latter.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> For +instance they urge that in the case of those engaged in second-hand +goods and salvage, who are able to make a profit by buying +their material, the army enters into an unfair competition, when +it takes such material, given in charity, and sells at a lower +figure. In so far as the army does undersell others this objection +is valid, and we have no doubt that in some cases such is the +truth. Doubtless some individuals and firms have been hurt in +their business by this under-selling. For instance, in Chicago, +the Army has nine retail stores situated in the poorer districts, +doing a big business in second hand goods. In addition to those +goods it sends into the retail trade, it sells hundreds of tons of +paper and rags annually. This must have some effect on others +engaged in this business. However, the Army itself sometimes +pays for its material and does not often undersell.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> But there +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>is another side to this question of underselling. Naturally the +tendency is to get as much as possible for its goods, and provided +there is a market, the army would seek to obtain just as much as +any one else in the business. It now falls back on a question of +supply and demand. The only way in which the price would be +lowered by the Salvation Army would be by an increase of supply. +Doubtless the supply of these goods is increased by the thorough +work of the Army agents, and, to such an extent, its entrance +into this field would tend to lower prices. However, in the leading +salvage industries of the army, the increase in supply does no +more than offset the increase in demand. The amount of displacement +of the salvage and allied industries due to the competition +of the army at present would not seem to be much, +although of course it is difficult to get any exact figures along this +line.</p> + +<p>Looking at the Salvation Army retail store as a form of relief, +another question arises as to whether the opportunity given to +the residents of the district to get things at the Salvation Army's +store cheaper than elsewhere interferes with the standard of +living. By the standard of living we mean the scale or measure +of comfort and satisfaction which a person or a community of +persons regards as indispensable to happiness.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> This would +differ in the case of different persons and classes and communities, +but progress demands that the standard should never +be lowered, but should always be raised, in accord with increasing +enlightenment and education.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is only," says Dr. Devine, "when individuals or individual +families for personal or exceptional or temporary reasons fall +below the standard, that charitable assistance can effectively intervene. +In other words, as has been pointed out in other connections, +the relieving policy cannot be made to raise the general +standard of living, but it should be so established as not to depress +it"<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p><p>Here, then, the point is, whether those who are otherwise able +to come up to the standard of living in a given community take +advantage of this form of charity, or whether the customers of the +Salvation Army's stores are living below that standard. To just +the extent that the former is true, this part of the work would be +pauperizing and retrogressive, but we do not consider the +former to be true. Naturally, we have no statistics on this +point, but speaking from general observation, we should say +that the customers of these stores are needy poor, who are living +below the standard, and hence, the store is a boon to them in +aiding them toward a realization of that standard.</p> + +<p>Let us now sum up our conclusions regarding the industrial +work of the Army. Regarding the industrial colonies, we would +say that, while doubtless responsible for good and reformation +in certain cases, nevertheless, owing to their cost of maintenance +and the fact that the work can be done without them, they are +not a practical form of charity deserving the intelligent support +of the public. Regarding the city industrial work, including the +employment, amid a good environment, of men out of work, including +also the turning of much otherwise waste matter into +an economic good, and the assistance of deserving poor by means +of second-hand stores, we would say that it is commendable and +deserving of support. This latter conclusion is made in spite of +three objections: first, that there is a tendency to lower wages, +which objection we do not consider as important for reasons +given; second, that underselling of certain commodities by the +Army takes place, which objection we admit to a limited extent, +and third, that the standard of living is interfered with, which +objection we do not consider valid.</p> + + + +<h3><br />Examples of Men in the Army Industrial Homes.</h3> + +<p>These examples were collected by Mr. Jas. Ward at the two +industrial homes situated on West 19th Street and West 48th +Street, New York City, during the months of March and April, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>1908. Mr. Ward worked right with the men whose cases are +given here, and slept in the homes, thus being with them night +and day. The home on West 19th Street was an old milk depot +rented temporarily by the Army to aid the unemployed during +the winter, and had accommodation for two hundred men. +Everything was very crude. The men slept on the floor, some +without blankets. They were required to work from three to five +hours every day, and during the rest of the day, they were +allowed to go out and seek for work. The best of these men +were drafted out to fill the vacancies in the regular industrial +homes of the Army as they occurred. On the other hand, the +home on West 48th Street was and is one of the Army's best +homes, built for the purpose by the Army in 1907, at a cost of +$130,000.00. Everything here is arranged for comfort and cleanliness. +The dormitory is of the best, with good ventilation and +other sanitary conditions. It is a seven-story building, and has +accommodation for one hundred and seventy-five men. Twenty-two +wagons are sent out from this home every day. In every way +it is a contrast with the West 19th Street home, hence the +examples will show some difference, according to which home +they refer.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 1.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. Had no +trade. Had worked on a farm in Ireland. Had been in this +country fourteen years and had worked somewhat on a farm in +this country. Had been out of work two months. Lost his +position through an accident and spent three weeks in the hospital. +Had since been in the Army Industrial Home for five weeks, and +was growing stronger. His appearance was very good.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 2.</b></p> + +<p>Born in France. Thirty-five years old. Single. Had people +in France but never heard from them. Had no trade. Out of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>work all winter. Worked on a farm a little in France. In this +country fifteen years. Several charitable societies had helped +him and he had been in the Industrial Home eight days. The +Army gave him clothing and shoes. He looked like a drinking +man, but otherwise capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 3.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Married. Had wife in Italy. +Left there two years ago, and said he was going to send for his +wife when he got the money. He had worked on a farm in Italy, +and had worked at different trades in this country. Had been +out of work nine weeks. Had been in the Industrial Home two +days. Spoke good English. Looked dirty and without much +intelligence.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 4.</b></p> + +<p>Born in South Carolina. Twenty-three years old. Single. +Trade of a plumber. Left his people five months ago and came +to New York. Soon spent his money and could find no work. +Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Said he was going +home as soon as he could get the money. Never worked on +a farm. Looked capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 5.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Forty-two years old. Single. Had been in +this country twenty-five years and had followed the water nearly +all the time. Got in a fight on the Bowery six months ago and +spent five months in jail. Since coming out, he had had odd +jobs, and had been in the Industrial Home about two weeks. +Looked shiftless and dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 6.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Denver, Colo. American parents. Twenty-six years +old. Single. Had people in Philadelphia who did not help him. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>Machinist by trade. Belonged to the union in Philadelphia. Out +of work ten weeks. Said he had $100.00 but it did not last long. +Had been in the Industrial Home two days and expected work +shortly. Appearance was very good.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 7.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Had left his +family. Had no trade. In this country eight years. Never +worked in the country. Out of work all winter. Spent three +weeks in the hospital. Said he had consumption. Had been in +the Industrial Home four days. Looked very feeble but not dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 8.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-six years old. +Single. People lived in New York, but he had not lived with +them for three years. Had no trade. Had travelled a little. Said +he did not like hard work. Had been in the Industrial Home two +weeks. The Army gave him clothing and shoes. Said the +missions helped him. Expected to wander West when the weather +got warm. Looked like a tramp. Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 9.</b></p> + +<p>Born in San Francisco. German parents. Fifty-eight years +old. Single. Had no trade. Said he had beaten his way all +around the world. Had not worked all winter. In the Industrial +Home ten days. Looked shiftless and dissipated. Never worked +in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 10.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Maine. English parents. Twenty-four years old. +Single. Had people in Maine with whom he quarreled. Had no +trade. Out of work for four months. In the Industrial Home +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>one week. Never worked on a farm, but had worked in the +woods. Did not drink. Looked like a capable man.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 11.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Twenty-six years old. +Single. People in Philadelphia who helped him sometimes. Had +no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Out of work three +months. Said he drank whenever he could get liquor. Expected +to go home shortly. Had been in the Industrial Home three +days. Looked very shiftless and dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 12.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-two years old. Single. Had two +sisters in Brooklyn who were poor. In this country eighteen +years. Had no regular trade but worked in hotels as porter. +Out of work five months. Worked on a farm a good deal in +Ireland. Looked like a vagrant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 13.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-two years +old. Single. Said he was a truck driver. Had been out of +work one month. Drank sometimes. Had been in the Industrial +Home four days. Expected to leave New York as soon as the +weather became warmer. Looked very wild.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 14.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Vermont. Mother Irish. Father German. Thirty-two +years old. Single. He wrote to his people but they did +not help him. Had travelled around a good deal. Had no trade. +Said he "got saved" in a mission and they kept him all winter. +He said every time he got down, he went to the missions and +stayed as long as he could. Had been in the Industrial Home +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>nine days. Had worked on a farm a little. Looked like a +vagrant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 15.</b></p> + +<p>Born in London. Twenty-two years old. Single. Seaman by +trade. Left his boat one month ago in New York and had done +nothing since. Had been in the Industrial Home two weeks and +hoped to work his way back to England shortly. His appearance +was very good.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 16.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. About thirty-five +years old. Single. Brick-layer by trade. Did not belong to the +union. Out of work four months. Said he had been to every +city in the United States and had travelled on freight trains quite +often. Looked like a tramp.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 17.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Reading, Penna. American parents. Forty years old. +Married. Wife dead. One child living with his sister in Pennsylvania. +Carpenter by trade. Did not belong to the union. +Had been out of work all winter. All his tools were in pawn. The +Army had been helping him at times. Said he had to leave his +child on account of not working. He looked like a very hard +drinker. Had never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 18.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-five years +old. Single. Quarrelled with his people. Had not been home +for ten years. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. The +missions and the Army had helped him a good deal. Had been +in the Industrial Home three days. Never worked in the country. +Looked dissipated.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 19.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in +Ireland who were poor. Came to this country eleven years ago. +Had no trade. Out of work two months. Expected a position in +Brooklyn the following week. Said he had $60.00 in the bank +but lost his book and had to wait to get his money. Had been +in the Industrial Home two days. His appearance was good.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 20.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Jersey City. Italian parents. Twenty-five years old. +Single. Quarrelled with his people. Said he had a step-mother +and could not get along with her. Had been in New York five +years working at everything. Had no trade. Out of work five +months. Had saved some money, but it was all gone. Never +worked in the country. In the Industrial Home five days. Said +this was the first time he was ever down. Looked like a hopeful +case.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 21.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Thirty-two years old. +Married. His wife was working and had paid his board all +winter, until he came to New York two weeks before on a freight +train. Had been in the Industrial Home since, and expected to +return to his wife. Carpet-weaver by trade and belonged to the +union. Said he drank sometimes, but he looked like a hard +drinker. Otherwise very good.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 22.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Thirty years old. +Single. People lived in Brooklyn, but they did not have anything +to do with him. Piano-finisher by trade. Did not belong to +the union. Was in the army one year and deserted. Out of work +three months. Came to New York two months ago. Spent all +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>his money, $50.00, in two days. Had been in the Industrial Home +two weeks. Said he was going to reform and get a steady job. +Looked like a hard drinker but otherwise capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 23.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Scranton, Penna. German parents. Fifty years old. +Single. Had one sister and one brother at home, but he did not +write them. Had no trade. Had travelled all over the United +States. Seemed to know a mission in every city. Never worked +in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home some time, and +said they made him work too hard. Looked like a vagrant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 24.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Springfield, Mass. American parents. Forty years +old. Single. Had no trade. Had not worked for over a year. +Had been in jail several times for riding freights. Never worked +in the country. The missions and the Army had helped him +this winter. Looked like a dissipated character.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 25.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Had people in +Germany who were poor. Left home eight months ago and came +to New York, with a little money. Had not worked since he left +home. He spoke broken English. Had no trade. Did not +drink much. Had been in the Industrial Home some time. +Looked intelligent and capable. Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 26.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no +trade. Had been in this country twenty years. Worked a good +deal on a farm. Had wandered a good deal. He said the Army +were good people and had helped him in different cities. Had +been out of work two months. Looked shiftless.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 27.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Greenwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-seven +years old. Single. Used to be in business with his father as a +plumber in Greenwich, but quarrelled and had not been home for +six years. Never worked on a farm. Looked intelligent but very +wild. Said he could have anything he wanted at home, if he +would leave the drink alone.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 28.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Scotch parents. Fifty-three years old. +Married. Divorced seven years ago. Brass-moulder by trade. +Had belonged to the union but lost his membership through non-payment +of dues. Out of work three months. He drank a good +deal, but looked capable. Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 29.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-seven years +old. Single. Had no regular trade. Made a business of following +fairs as a fakir. Never worked in the country. Said the +missions and the Army had helped him a good deal this winter. +He also spent several nights in the city lodging house. Looked +capable but a little dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 30.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-six years +old. Single. Had no trade. Had not worked all winter. Was +in the Industrial Home for the fourth time this winter. The +missions had helped him. Never worked in the country. Looked +like a vagrant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 31.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no trade. +Out of work two months. The Army gave him clothing. Had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>been in the Industrial Home several days. Never stayed in one +place very long. Never worked in the country. Looked like a +vagrant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 32.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. Thirty-five years old. +Single. Had no people, except one brother who was in the +West. Had no trade. Out of work four months. Had been +in the Industrial Home one week. Never worked in the country. +Said when he had money he gambled and played the races. +Looked intelligent and capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 33.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Forty five years old. Married. Evidently +had left his family. Had no regular trade. Had followed the +water a good deal and worked along the docks. Had nothing +steady for three months. Was in the Industrial Home for the +second time this winter. Worked in the country about two years. +Said when the weather got warm he was going to the country. +Looked ignorant and dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 34.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old. +Single. Trade of a shoe-maker, but he had not worked at it for +nearly two years. Out of work three months. Worked in the +country a little. Appearance very good.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 35.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty years old. +Married. Had buried his wife and three children. Had no trade +but followed the circus as laborer. Never worked in the country. +Had had no steady work for a year. The Army had been helping +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>him for a month. He said he went on the drunk sometimes. +Looked intelligent but in feeble health.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 36.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Hungary. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had people +at home but did not write often. In this country eight years. +Talked good English. Had no trade. Worked on a farm a good +deal in Hungary. Had been in the Industrial Home four days. +Looked very hopeful.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 37.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Pittsfield, Mass. American parents. Twenty-one +years old. Single. Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial +Home three months. Was a trusted worker and received $2.50 a +week, for driving one of the Army wagons. Never worked in +the country. Looked like a respectable man.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 38.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty-years old. Single. In this country +twenty years. Had no trade. Had travelled around the world. +Had been in the Industrial Home one month. Said he used to +drink, but would never do it again. He was gray-haired and +feeble. Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 39.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty-five years old. Single. Had no trade +but followed the water a good deal. Out of work five months. +Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Said the Army +had helped him before. Looked like a vagrant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 40.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. +Single. People lived in New York, but he had not lived home +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>for several years. Quarrelled with his people because of drink. +Had no trade. Worked one season in the country. Had been out +of work two months. In the Industrial Home two weeks. The +Army had fitted him out with clothing. Looked capable but +dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 41.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Thirty-seven years old. Married. Would +not say anything about his family. In this country eleven years. +Had no trade but followed the water as cook or waiter. Had +been out of work all winter. The German Aid Society had +helped him. Never worked in the country. Looked dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 42.</b></p> + +<p>Born in England. Sixty-five years old. Married. Wife dead. +Five children living, but they did not help him. Came to this +country forty years ago. Bricklayer by trade. Belonged to the +union, but said they did not help him. Had been out of work +five months. Had been in the Industrial Home several times +this winter. Looked old, gray-haired and feeble.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 43.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years +old. Single. Had no trade. Quarrelled with his people three +years ago and had not been home since. Never worked in the +country. Had been in the Industrial Home four days. Looked +quite capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 44.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had +people in Long Island who were poor. Had no trade, but followed +the water a good deal. Out of work four months. In the +Industrial Home five weeks. The Army gave him clothes. Said +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>he drank a good deal. Never worked in the country. Looked +intelligent but dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 45.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Paterson, N. J. German parents. Twenty-five years +old. Had people in Paterson but was ashamed to write to them. +Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial Home two months. +Looked bright and capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 46.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Trenton, N. J. Irish parents. Twenty-two years old. +Single. Had no trade. Had been out of work three months. +In the Industrial Home three weeks. Expected money from +home shortly. Never worked in the country. Said he drank a +little. His appearance was very good.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 47.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Stanwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-six +years old. Single. Had people who were poor. Had no trade. +Was brought up on a farm. Came to New York one year ago +after a trip through the West. Expected to go back to the country +as soon as the weather got warmer. Had been in the Industrial +Home ten days. Looked stupid but otherwise capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 48.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Vermont. American parents. Forty-five years old. +Single. Was a tool-maker by trade. Did not belong to the +union. Had been out of work three months. Had been in the +Industrial Home one month. Said the Army were good people. +Appearance was good but somewhat dissipated. Never worked +in the country.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 49.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Seattle, Washington. Swedish parents. Twenty-eight +years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work two months. +In the Industrial Home three weeks. Did not drink. Appearance +was good. Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 50.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Separated from +his wife. In this country fifteen years. Had no trade. Out +of work all winter. The Army and the missions had helped +him several times. Never worked in the country. Looked shiftless +and dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 51.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Scotland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade. +Had wandered round a lot. Out of work five months. The +Scotch Aid Society helped him a good deal this winter. Said +he liked to drink. Never worked in the country. Looked like +a tramp.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 52.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-eight +years old. Married. His wife was living in Cleveland. He left +her because of a quarrel. Tool-maker by trade. Did not belong +to the Union. Out of work four months. In the Industrial +Home one week. Never worked in the country. Looked efficient +and capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 53.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Fifty years old. Evidently +married. Did not wish to talk about it. Had no trade. Out +of work all winter. Had received help from the missions and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>the Army. Drank heavily. Appearance very poor. Never +worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 54.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Boston, Mass. English parents. Twenty-five years +old. Single. Had people in Boston, who did not help him. Had +no trade. Out of work three months. In the Industrial Home +two days. Said he drank sometimes. Never worked in the +country. His appearance was very good.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 55.</b></p> + +<p>Born in South America. German parents. Twenty years old. +Single. Had no trade. Came from South America by working +on a boat. Left it two months ago in New York, and had done +nothing since. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Never +worked in the country. Expected to go back on the boat shortly. +Looked like a runaway boy and was bright and attractive.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 56.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Long Island. American parents. Fifty years old. +Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had rheumatism +and could not do much work. The Army had helped him a +good deal, but he expected to go to the hospital. Never worked +in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 57.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in Italy, +who were poor. In this country twelve years. Had no trade. +Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home seven days. Said +that this was the first time he had ever been out of money. +Worked in the country somewhat in Italy. Looked stupid and +inefficient.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 58.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Cuba. Father American, mother Cuban. Twenty-eight +years old. Single. Had people living in Panama who did +not help him. Had no trade. He travelled a good deal. Came +from the West two weeks ago. Got out of money, and had been +in the Industrial Home one week. Looked like a promising case.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 59.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Pittsfield, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. +Single. Had no trade, but followed the water somewhat. Had +been out of work five months. In the Industrial Home two +weeks. Never worked in the country. His face showed a very +hard life. He was gray-haired and feeble.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 60.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Scranton, Penna. American parents. Twenty-two +years old. Single. His people were living in Scranton, but he +was ashamed to write to them. Had no trade. Out of work eight +weeks. In the Industrial Home one week. Never worked in +the country. Looked very wild, but otherwise capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 61.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. German parents. Thirty years old. +Single. Two sisters lived in New York, but did not help him +because he drank too much. Had no trade. Had had no steady +work all winter. Looked dissipated. Never worked in the +country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 62.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Married. Wife dead. No +children. Had no trade. Out of work three months. Had been +in the Industrial Home one month. Never worked in the country. +Looked like a hard drinker.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 63.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-four years old. +Single. People in Chicago helped him sometimes. Had no +trade. Had been working in the Industrial Home in the kitchen +all winter at $1.00 per week. The Army had fitted him up, +and he looked very respectable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 64.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. About forty years old. Single. No people +living. Followed the water. Out of work two months. In the +Industrial Home three weeks. The Army gave him clothes. He +looked like a hard drinker, but otherwise capable. Never worked +in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 65.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Cambridge, Mass. Irish parents. Forty-eight years +old. Single. Had no trade. Had travelled all over the country. +Had been out of work four months, and had been in the Industrial +Home two days. Never worked in the country. Looked +like a hard drinker.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 66.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Lynn, Mass. American parents. About fifty years +old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had +travelled widely and beaten his way on freight trains. In the +Industrial Home three times this winter. Never worked in the +country. Looked shiftless.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 67.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. +Single. Quarrelled with his people. A rigger by trade. Did +not belong to the Union. Out of work six weeks. In the In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>dustrial +Home ten days. Said he drank a little. Looked capable. +Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 68.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. About thirty years old. Single. People +in Germany did not help him. Waiter by trade. In the Industrial +Home two weeks. Had no steady work all Winter. +Never worked in the country. Expected a position in a few days. +Looked stupid, but otherwise capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 69.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Philadelphia. Hungarian parents. Thirty-five years +old. Single. People dead. Had no trade. Out of work all +winter. Different charitable organizations had helped him. Had +been in the Industrial Home one week. Did not like to work. +Worked in the country a little. Looked shiftless.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 70.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. +Married. Wife dead. Had no trade. Had travelled a good +deal. Out of work all winter. Had been in the Industrial Home +six weeks. The Army fitted him out with clothing. He said he +was not going to drink any more, and looked intelligent, but was +getting old. Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 71.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-six years old. Single. In this +country six years. Had people in Germany, and he expected help +from them. Machinist by trade. Did not belong to the Union. +Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home two days. +Looked like a wild youth. Never worked in the country.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 72.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no +trade. Out of work all winter. Drank heavily. Worked in the +country two years. Had wandered all over the States. Looked +like a vagrant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 73.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-eight years +old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. In the +Industrial Home four days. Army gave him clothes. The missions +had helped him. Never worked in the country. Looked +capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 74.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Scotland. Forty-one years old. Single. Had no +trade. Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home +three days. Admitted that he drank heavily. Never worked in +the country. Looked like a tramp.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 75.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-two years old. +Single. People in Chicago were poor. Left home two months +ago and came to New York. Spent all his money. The Army +took him in, and for six weeks he had been in the Home. He +wrote home. Expected to get work shortly. Looked bright and +respectable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 76.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Twenty-four years old. +Single. Had no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never +worked in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home one +week. Did not like to work. Looked like a tramp.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 77.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Forty years old. Married. Wife lived in +Germany with two children. Had been in this country four years +and expected his wife next summer. Plumber by trade. Did +not belong to the Union. Out of work two months. In the +Industrial Home one week, after a very hard struggle around +the streets. Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 78.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Washington, D. C. Forty-five years old. Single. +Had no people. Had no trade. Belonged to the United States +Army six years. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial +Home three weeks. Worked in the country a good deal. Looked +shiftless.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 79.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty-five years old. Single. Hod carrier +by trade. Belonged to the Union. Out of work five months. In +the Industrial Home four days. Looked capable and efficient. +Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 80.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Fifty-two years old. Married. Wife +dead. Followed the water most of the time. Out of work all +winter. In the Industrial Home three days. Appearance very +poor. Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 81.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. Twenty-eight years old. Single. People +lived in New York, but did not help him. Out of work all winter. +Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial Home one month. +Looked like a dissipated character. Never worked in the country.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 82.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Swedish parents. Thirty years old. +Single. Iron worker by trade. Did not belong to the Union. +Had been out of work five months. Had been in the Industrial +Home five weeks. Never worked in the country. He drank a +good deal, but looked capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 83.</b></p> + +<p>Born in England. Eighteen years old. Single. In this +country two years. Had no trade. Out of work one month. +Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Had secured a +position on a ship going to England, starting in three days. +Looked like a straight-forward boy.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 84.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Twenty-four years +old. Single. Had no trade. Joined the navy two years ago. +Deserted, was captured and spent one year in jail. Had been +out three months and had not worked since. Had been in the +Industrial Home one month. Appearance was good. Never +worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 85.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade. +Had wandered all around the world. Out of work all winter. In +the Industrial Home two or three times. Said he worked one +year on a farm. He was crippled and looked feeble.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 86.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Single. People +in Germany, but he did not write home. Had no trade. In this +country five years. Out of work two months. Never worked +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home one day. +Seemed to lack ambition.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 87.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Denver, Colo. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. +Married. Separated from his wife five years ago. Painter by +trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work all winter. +In the Industrial Home three weeks. Appearance was very poor. +Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 88.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Sweden. Twenty-two years old. Single. People at +home sent him money sometimes. He said he had also sent +money home. Had no trade. Out of work three months. In +the Industrial Home four days. Used to work in the country +in Sweden. In this country three years. Looked capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 89.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Dublin, Ireland. Thirty-one years old. Single. In +this country two years. Had no trade. Out of work ten weeks. +In the Industrial Home three weeks. Worked in the country +for a few months. Appearance was very good.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 90.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years +old. Single. Had people in New York, but had nothing to do +with them. He wandered a lot. Had no trade. Never worked +in the country. Out of work all winter. The Army and missions +had helped him. In the Industrial Home three days. +Looked like a vagrant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 91.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no people. +Followed the water most of the time. Out of work seven months. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>Was in the German Hospital three months with hip disease. He +was still crippled and could not work well. Had been in the Industrial +Home three weeks. Looked very feeble. Never worked +in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 92.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Washington, D. C. American parents. Twenty-six +years old. Single. Was in the navy five years. Had no trade. +Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three days. +Never worked in the country. Acted very queerly and evidently +had weak mind.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 93.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old. +Single. Carpenter by trade. Out of work four months. In +the Industrial Home six weeks. The Army gave him clothing. +Never worked in the country. Used to drink heavily. Looked +capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 94.</b></p> + +<p>Born in England. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had people +in England, and he wrote home sometimes. Had no trade. +Out of work three months. In the Industrial Home five weeks. +Worked in the country one summer. Had been in this country +three years. Did not drink. Looked very intelligent and +capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 95.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Providence, R. I. Irish parents. Forty-five years +old. Single. Had no trade. Had beaten his way all through +the country. Never worked in the country. The Army had +helped him a good deal. Had been in the Home three months +and said he had not taken a drink during that time. He looked +bright and responsible, but showed the signs of a hard life.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 96.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. People lived in +Ireland. In this country four years. Never wrote home. Had +no trade. Worked in the country one year. In the Industrial +Home two weeks. Appearance was good but dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 97.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Trenton, N. J. American parents. Twenty-five +years old. Single. Followed the water a good deal. Out of +work all winter. Had been in the Industrial Home eight weeks. +Never worked in the country. Looked capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 98.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-six years old. +Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial +Home two weeks. Army gave him clothing. He looked +intelligent and capable. Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 99.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Forty-five years old. People lived in Germany, +but he did not write home. Had no trade. Out of work +all winter. He travelled round a good deal and drank heavily. +Had worked a good deal in the country. Had been in the Industrial +Home four months, and said he was going to reform. +Looked like a hopeful case.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 100.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Portland, Oregon. American parents. Twenty-six +years old. Single. Had no trade. Had travelled a good deal. +Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three months. +Expected money from home soon, and expected to go West. +Said he had worked on a farm a good deal. Looked stupid but +otherwise capable.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 101.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Vermont. American parents. Thirty years old. +Single. Carpenter by trade. Belonged to the Union. Out of +work all winter. In the Industrial Home one week. Never +worked in the country. The missions had helped him a good +deal this winter. Looked capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 102.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-two years old. +Single. People all dead. Had no trade. Out of work four +months. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Said he had +ruined his life through drink. Was in the hospital two months +this winter. He never worked in the country. He was crippled +and could not work much.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 103.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old. +Single. Had people in Chicago, but ran away four years ago. +Had no trade. Out of work three months. In the Industrial +Home two months. Never worked in the country. Looked like +a hopeful case.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 104.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Cincinnati, O. American parents. Thirty-five years +old. Single. Had no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never +worked in the country. In the Industrial Home two weeks. +Appearance was good but dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 105.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-five years old. +Single. Had people in New York, but they were unable to help +him. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had been in the +Industrial Home five weeks. Never worked in the country. +Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 106.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old. +Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial +Home three months. Never worked in the country. +The Army had helped him to become respectable, he said. Looked +capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 107.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-eight years old. Single. People +dead. Had no trade. Out of work two months. Had wandered +a lot. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Had worked in the +country somewhat. Looked dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 108.</b></p> + +<p>Born in St. Louis, Mo. American parents. Twenty-eight +years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work three months. +The Army gave him clothes and he had been in the Industrial +Home two months. Never worked in the country. Looked inefficient.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 109.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Sweden. Forty years old. Single. Had people in +Sweden. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had been in +Industrial Home three months. Army gave him clothing. Did +not drink. Looked capable and efficient. Never worked in the +country.</p> + + +<h3><br />Some Facts Brought Out in the 109 Industrial Examples.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"><b>Nationality.</b></td><td align="right" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>No.</b></td><td align="center" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>Percentage.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">American parentage</td><td align="right">41</td><td align="center">.376</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Irish parentage</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">.276</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">German parentage</td><td align="right">18</td><td align="center">.165</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">English and Scotch parentage</td><td align="right">9</td><td align="center">.083</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Italian parentage</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">.027</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Swedish parentage</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">.027</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Other countries, parentage</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">.046</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Married</td><td align="right">17</td><td align="center">.156</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Single</td><td align="right">92</td><td align="center">.844</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Worked a little in country</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="center">.146</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Worked considerably in country</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.064</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men with regular trades</td><td align="right">31</td><td align="center">.289</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Union men</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">.055</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men who looked efficient</td><td align="right">38</td><td align="center">.349</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men who looked semi-efficient</td><td align="right">21</td><td align="center">.193</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men who looked inefficient</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">.458</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><b>Ages.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">15-20</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">.018</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">20-30</td><td align="right">55</td><td align="center">.504</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">30-40</td><td align="right">23</td><td align="center">.212</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">40-50</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">.183</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">50-60</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">.074</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">60-70</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">.009</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><b>Length of time out of work.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Less than 1 month</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">.073</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">More than 1 month</td><td align="right">17</td><td align="center">.156</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">More than 2 months</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="center">.146</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">More than 3 months.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></td><td align="right">68</td><td align="center">.625</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> "Prospectus of the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Haggard places it at 500 in 1905; at the time of my visit, May, +1906, it was about 300.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> "Hadleigh," p. 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 127.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 113-114.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 114.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> "Hadleigh," p. 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Apparently no definite data are obtainable regarding these men +since the time of treatment.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Introduction, <a href="#Page_10">p. 10</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> For instance, the president, vice-president and secretary and +treasurer are all Army officers of high standing.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The following extract is taken from the Salvation Army Social +Gazette of February 5, 1908: "Whether the Officer of the Salvation +Army takes charge of the industrial home to manage it in the interests of +the concern, or whether he takes charge of the corps, the one great purpose +of his whole life is to proclaim salvation to all with whom he comes +in contact."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_36">p. 36</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> We think that this would probably be done, even though the +presence of the home in the particular locality was a great boon to the +poor, and although this would be contrary to the principles of the organization, +so strong is the idea which the company has of financial success. +This further strengthens the idea that the movement is drifting +from its original purpose of uplifting the down-fallen humanity to the +purpose of perpetuating and extending itself as an economic enterprise.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 121 to 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> A typical industry instanced to support this objection was the +manufacture of fire wood. See "The S. A. and the Public," p. 124.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> The criticism here of course would be that, to the extent that +the army applies donations from the public to this industrial work, to +that extent it has an advantage over another business enterprise and differs +from it just to that extent in which it secures capital on which it +need pay no interest or return. To what extent this is done, we have +been unable to ascertain, but the Army is paying interest to investors who +furnish money to carry on this work. This point is dealt with somewhat +in the next paragraph.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 122 to 127. Also "The Social +Relief Work of the S. A.," pp. 11 and 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Several leading officers have stated that they never undersell paper +or rags, the largest part of their business, and that the only underselling +done by them is in the retail store and that this is slight. They +justify themselves by the fact that the regular second-hand men are +tricksters and will rob the poor of their money, in most cases carrying +on a pawn shop, which the Army never does.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> See Seager, "Introduction to Economics," p. 234.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> See "Principles of Relief," p. 35.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> To show the difference in the grade of the men at the Industrial +Homes and those at the Hotels, I have given separate tables for +each. The combined tables showing certain characteristics of the class +of men in general with which the Army deals will be found at <a href="#Combined">the end +of Chapter IV</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> This number includes all the inefficient men and the men who +are steadily working in the Industrial Home.</p></div> + +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Hotels and Lodging Houses.</span></h2> + + +<p>In a study of environment and its effects on the lowest classes +of our great cities, the cheap lodging house affords a favorable +field. Here we have crowding, unsanitary conditions, immoral +atmosphere, and all the attendant evils. A good description of +such lodging houses in New York City has been given by +Jacob Riis, in the following words:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"In the caravansaries that line Chatham Street and the Bowery, +harboring nightly a population as large as that of many a thriving +town, a home-made article of tramp and thief is turned out that is +attracting the increasing attention of the police, and offers a field +for the missionary's labors, besides which most others seem of +slight consequence"<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>.</p></div> + +<p>The cheap lodging houses of London and other great cities +are similar in their environment and effects. This field was +early entered by the Army. It was necessary that a very low +rate of cost for the individual concerned be maintained because +of competition with the lodging houses already existing, and +because of the size of the prospective lodger's purse. The first +experiments were tried in London. There, at first, the primary +aim was to aid the needy and destitute, but later the Army entered +into a competition with the existing lodging houses and +paid more attention to the element of environment. It was +soon definitely proved that such a work could be carried on +to advantage, that shelter amid beneficial surroundings, could be +provided to those almost destitute, and that the work could +be self-supporting. Since then this work has extended to nearly +all the larger cities of Europe and America, but it is of greatest +extent in England and the United States. Along with this +growth there has been differentiation. The hotels have been +graded to suit the requirements of the different classes to which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>they appeal: the almost destitute class, and those who have +steady employment. Hence, besides treating of conditions common +to both, we shall describe special features of two grades of +both men's and women's hotels.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p> + +<p>The location for a men's hotel must be determined partly +by its propinquity to the class of men which it is seeking to +attract and partly for facilities for ventilation, cleanliness and +general sanitary conditions. These last features are of the greatest +importance in this work. Led by the real need of the +case, and working with regard to its reputation, the Army has, +in this respect, shown a great advance over the general cheap +lodging houses. Still, there is room for improvement in the +Army hotels.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> One great difficulty lies in the lodgers, +many of whom are so habituated to uncleanliness in general, +that it is with great reluctance on their part that they are induced +to cleanliness. Especially in the lower class hotels is this +true where the rough, brutal element finds its way. Another +difficulty lies in the fact that the Army frequently takes old +buildings and turns them into hotels, when they are not suitable +for the purpose. A favorable tendency to overcome this, however, +lies in the Army's desire to put up new buildings fitted +for hotels, and this is being done in many cities.</p> + +<p>In both the higher and the lower class men's hotels, the general +plan is to have two or three grades of sleeping apartments. +The first grade is in the form of dormitories, where each dormitory +will contain from ten to fifty beds in the smaller hotels, +and from fifty to one hundred and even two hundred beds in +the larger.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> For a bed in one of these dormitories, 10c +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>and 15c per night is charged in the United States, and in England +2d up. This includes the use of a locker beside the bed, +with sometimes a nightgown, and sometimes a bath. The +second grade of lodging is in individual rooms, partitioned off, +but inside rooms, for which the charge is 15c in the United +States, and 4d to 6d in England. Then finally we have the third +grade of lodging, which consists of individual rooms which have +outside windows, and for which the price varies from 20c to +50c per night according to situation and furnishing.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> Sometimes +the three grades of lodging are found on the same floor, a +part of the floor being dormitory, and a part partitioned off into +rooms, the partitions running up to a height of eight or nine +feet. This method of partitioning off the rooms is almost +universal. It is cheap and to some extent sanitary, since by +means of windows at either end of the building a continual +current of air can be maintained all over the floor. In most +of the higher class hotels one floor is given up to dormitories +and another to individual rooms, while the majority of lower +class hotels consist entirely of dormitories. Hotels are of all +sizes, and run from one floor up to eight or ten.</p> + +<p>The beds found in the Army hotels are iron, with mattresses +usually covered with American cloth or some form of leather, +but sometimes with strong canvas.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> Each bed is provided +with pillow, sheets, a coverlid, and sometimes an additional +counterpane. The individual rooms, in addition to having +better beds, contain a looking glass, a chair, a small table, +and other furnishings according to the price of the room. In +most cases washing facilities are only found in the lavatory, +common to the whole floor.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p><p>Comparative cleanliness is enforced at all grades of hotels. +Baths are sometimes made compulsory, though often this rule +cannot be rigidly enforced. Usually each floor is provided with +bath tubs and shower baths. Nearly every hotel has a fumigating +room, an air tight apartment filled with racks, upon which +clothing is hung. If a man's appearance or clothing looks suspicious +in any way, his clothes are placed in a sack with a number +corresponding to the number of his bed or room, and hung +in the fumigating room over night. Early the next morning +his clothes will be returned to him. The dormitories and rooms +themselves, every few days, receive a fumigating and cleaning. +Thus, except in very rare cases, no fault can be found with +the cleanliness of the Army hotels. We hardly ever visited any +of them without coming into contact with the scent of fumigation, +or finding some individual working with mop and broom.</p> + +<p>The above description, except where stated differently, fits +both classes of men's hotels. The higher class, intended for +transients of the better class of poor and for workmen with +steady employment, has some distinctive features. In addition +to better equipment along the line of furnishings, lavatories, etc., +this class of hotels necessarily has a better social environment +than the other. For instance, there are many lower class hotels +where the reading room is dark, poorly furnished, without attractive +reading matter, and where it serves as smoking room +as well as reading room. While this might be improved, yet +so low are the occupants that such improvement would not be +appreciated. But when we come to the higher grade hotels, +we find a difference. Take, for example, the Army Hotel in +the city of Cleveland, O., on the corner of Eagle and Erie +Streets. This corner building was built by the Army to answer +its purpose, at a cost of $100,000.00. There are no dormitories +in the building. The three upper floors are given over +to the hotel, which comprises 130 rooms, each room being steam +heated and electric lighted, and each floor being reached by +elevators. Bathing facilities and sanitary arrangements are +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>first class. A comfortable reading room and lounging room is +provided for general use, where there are popular magazines, +daily papers and writing conveniences. As another example, +about the highest grade Army institution of this class is found +in Boston, and is called "The People's Palace." It is a large, +five-story, corner building, built by the Army for the purpose. +In this institution the social environment is especially emphasized. +There is a reading room, a smoking room, one or +more social parlors, a gymnasium with a swimming tank, and +an auditorium with a seating capacity of 600. The whole +building, with its 287 single rooms, besides the above advantages, +is equipped with steam heat, electric service and other +modern conveniences. A special fee of 25c is charged for the +use of the gymnasium and swimming tank, but the other advantages +are free to lodgers. In this way, it is seen that the +higher class hotels have more opportunity for a good social +environment and for social work. We think that the addition +of certain features, such as men's clubs, smokers, popular +lectures, etc., would be of great advantage to this class of institutions. +To overcome the difficulty of a transient population, +however, would require considerable ingenuity.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p> + +<p>Along the line of religious environment we find the hotels +differ a great deal. In London there seems to be a strong influence +of this kind, most of the hotels of both classes holding +gospel meetings frequently. For instance, at the Quaker Street +Elevator Home, which is partly a hotel and partly an industrial +home, meetings are held nearly every night with good attendance, +and at the Burne Street Hotel well attended meetings are +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>held every night except Wednesdays and Saturdays, these +nights being given over to the men for washing their clothes. +But in the United States we find, as a rule, that the Salvation +Army hotels are run with very little religious influence. In a +few cases, meetings are held regularly, but more often no provision +is made for them. Meetings are generally in progress +somewhere in the neighborhood at the regular Army corps, and +the men are left to attend these meetings if they wish. Generally +they are willing to take advantage of the hotel, but do not care +for the sentimental form of religion preached by the Army. +Hence, in most of the hotels, we find the religious influence +limited to the texts on the walls, and to the attitude of the +employees, who are not always Salvationists or converted men.</p> + +<p>Some hotels of both classes are fitted with a kitchen and +lunch counter. This is nearly always the case in London, where +the hotels have a counter, over which the food is sold, and +then taken to a seat by the purchaser. In several cases the +counter is divided so that it opens into different rooms, and +there are two grades of prices, the lower price being paid for +food somewhat damaged and stale.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p> + +<p>We need not dwell long on the subject of the women's +hotels, as that does not form an important part of the Army's +work. The women's hotels, even more than the men's, have +tended to fall into two classes. There is a great difference between +the hotel for women who are almost destitute, and the +hotel for respectable working girls, who have positions as clerks +and stenographers, and who happen to have no home of their +own. A typical hotel of the former class is situated near the +Dearborn Street Railway Depot in Chicago. It consists of +three floors, and has accommodation for fifty girls or women. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>The woman officer in charge lives here herself, and seeks to +have an environment as homelike as possible. She states, however, +that occasionally the women come in noisily and are +troublesome. There is a great difference between one woman +and another, and she wishes she had one floor with better accommodation +than the rest for the better element among them. +The price paid per bed at this hotel is 10 cents. A good example +of this class of hotel in England, is the one situated on Hanbury +Street, Whitechapel, London, where there are three floors, two +upper floors given over to dormitories containing 276 beds in all, +and the ground floor containing a dining room, kitchen, small hall, +and office. Here, women are turned away quite often because +of lack of room. 2d. is charged for a bed, and for food a scale +of prices, such as tea, ½d.—soup, ½d.—bread, ½d.—etc. There +are nine officers working here, and nine other workers, six of the +latter receiving 3s. per week, and three receiving 1s. per week.</p> + +<p>With the higher class hotels for women, the Army has not had +much success. This is easily understood, as the respectable girl +does not like to be connected with a hotel run by an organization +which is prominent for its slum and rescue work. These hotels +charge a higher rate for rooms and are situated in a good quarter +of the city.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> They are frequented by shop girls, bookkeepers, +clerks and stenographers. Apparently, no great religious pressure +is brought to bear on the girls and women, but this would +probably depend on the officer in charge.</p> + +<p>The growth of the Hotel Department of the Army's work, like +that of the Industrial Department, has, of recent years, been +great. Soon after the publication in 1890 of General Booth's +book, "Darkest England," the hotel work was started in England, +and its progress has been rapid. In the United States at first +the work did not make much headway. When Commander +Booth-Tucker came to take charge in 1896, there were three +small men's hotels situated in the cities of Buffalo, San Francisco, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>and Seattle. At the present time, nearly every large city in +England and the United States has one or more of these hotels, +the latter country having 71 men's hotels and 4 women's hotels, +with a total accommodation of 8,688. The tendency now is +toward fewer of the lower class hotels, and more of the higher +class; in other words, toward fewer hotels where beds can be +had for 10c and 15c, and more where they will cost 20c and +25c. The Army gives as its reason for this the fact that the +cheaper hotel cannot be maintained in a wholesome manner and +be self-supporting.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> Similar to the Industrial Department in its +management, the Hotel Department has its divisions, its graded +officers with their various responsibilities, and its head officer in +charge at the national headquarters. In the United States, however, +unlike the Industrial Department, the Hotel Department +has no separate financial company, in the form of a corporation, +behind it. In some instances, deserving men are given bed +tickets and meal tickets free, by officers detailed for the purpose, +and, to that extent the hotels are a charity. This is done with +due discretion and does not make an appreciable difference. The +amount of charity indulged in by the Army in this way is, however, +probably responsible for the fact that in 1907, there was a +loss to the Army in this department of $4,500.00, not a very large +amount, considering the number of hotels concerned.</p> + +<p>Coming to the value of the Army hotels from the point of +view of the social economist, care must be taken to discriminate +between their commercial and their philanthropic aspects. The +public has a mistaken idea of the work carried on by this branch +of the Army. Many people have an idea that thousands of homeless, +starving men and women are nightly taken care of in these +Army hotels. Putting aside the question whether such would +be good relief policy or not, the statement itself is not true. In +a majority of cases the man or woman in order to gain admittance +must have the price, and in many instances, that price +will also admit them to the regular cheap lodging house outside +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>of the Army. We are not finding fault with the system of +charging, since from the point of view of true relief, provided +that bona-fide, destitute cases are not left without help, the +price should be required, as it would be a great evil to throw +open the hotels to the crowds of regular beggars and social parasites +who constantly throng any institution supposed to be charitable; +but since the Army hotel movement claims to be a self-supporting +business, it is not to be regarded as different from +any other lodging business, except in those points in which +it excels the other. With this caution we believe that we still +can distinguish two lines along which credit is to be given the +Army. The first is the environment which the Army has created +for its guests. It is not necessary here to show what a great +factor environment is in this case, but simply to emphasize its +importance. From our description of the Army hotel, it is +seen that, with certain exceptions, the Army maintains cleanliness, +cheerfulness, and a homelike atmosphere around its lodging +houses.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> In this important respect then, the Army hotel is to +be commended. Secondly, the Army has indirectly, by its competition +with the ordinary cheap lodging houses, led them to adopt +improvement for purely commercial reasons. If a man has only +ten cents, he is going to invest that ten cents to the best advantage, +and the old time lodging houses have found it necessary +to improve their conditions in order to meet the competition of +the Army. For this too, credit is to be given the latter. In +addition the competition reacts on the Army and tends to make it +keep up its own standard.</p> + +<p>In order more clearly to discuss the advantages and disadvantages +of cheap lodging houses, whether Army hotels or not, +it would be well here to consider objections to their existence. +Three objections have been raised to all cheap lodging houses in +general.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> + +<p>1. That they herd together a low class of vagrants and vicious +characters.</p> + +<p>2. That their cheapness lowers the standard of living.</p> + +<p>3. That they encourage the youth of the country to come to +the city and live in comparative idleness.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p> + +<p>No one who has looked into the matter has any doubt about +the accuracy of the first objection. One glance at the faces of +a group of men in the smoking room of any such hotel reveals +many of the low, bestial, criminal type; many victims of dissipation +and many who have acquired a dislike for work of any sort. +This harboring of the vicious element is also true of the Army +hotels of the lower class, but it is in company with this element +that we find the men for whom more or less can be done.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> + +<p>The second objection must be considered more carefully. To +repeat the definition of the standard of living which was discussed +in connection with the Industrial Department, it is the +scale or measure of comfort and satisfaction, which a person or +community of persons, regards as indispensable to happiness. +Now the question is whether these cheap lodging houses lower +this standard; whether their existence results in a tendency to +live with less effort and less ambition, and thus renders men and +women less productive and less proficient. This question must +be separated into a question regarding the community as a whole, +and a question regarding the individual. As regards the +standard of living of any single community, the answer would be +that the standard is not appreciably lowered by this hotel system, +since the occupants are mostly single men wandering around, and +the standard of living of the community is more concerned with +the maintenance of homes in its midst, than of transients. This, +however, brings in the further question as to whether the cheap +living made possible by the lodging houses leads to the breaking +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>up of homes, since if it does so, it would bear decidedly on the +standard of living. We would answer this second question in the +negative, because life in the cheap hotel is not such a desirable +thing as to lead to the breaking up of homes. A man has already +left home and is already reduced in circumstances, before the +fact of such cheap living as the hotels and cheap restaurants of +the Bowery in New York, or of Whitechapel in London, ever +comes to him as an advantage. But, on the other hand, when it +comes to the individual concerned, we think that the standard is +lowered and that in many cases the objection holds good. For +instance, take a man with a regular trade, say bricklaying or +carpentering. He is thrown out of work and gradually drifts +down to the cheap hotel. For months, possibly, he strives in +vain to get work at his trade. He exists, however, by means of +odd jobs picked up at random; he becomes shiftless; the life which +consists of so much "hanging around" and loafing, decreases his +efficiency, and, in this way, his standard is lowered. At the same +time his character is affected, and even if no worse development +takes place, he loses ambition, and that lowers his standard. +Hence, in conclusion, we would say that the objection that the +hotel movement of the Army leads to a lowering of a standard +of living has no place as regards the community, but is sustained +as regards individuals.</p> + +<p>The third objection that the country youth are induced by this +cheap living to leave for the city is not a strong one and needs +but short notice. Some of the most successful men of our cities +come from the country, but very few of the lower and pauper +classes. This has been shown by the investigations of Mr. Fox +in England, and by our own investigations in the United States.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> + +<p>The consideration of these objections leads us to a closer examination +of the class of men frequenting the hotels of the Army. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>The men's work being so much larger, let us look at the occupants +of the men's hotels. Here we must separate the comparatively +few hotels of the higher class, which, charging higher prices and +harboring the working man, have a different environment from +the others. In these, the higher class, we see a competition with +the ordinary boarding and lodging houses which single men +frequent, a competition which, owing to the more healthful social +environment of the Army hotel, is to be welcomed and approved +of as a preventive of vice and degradation. The latter is often the +result of crowded, uncleanly, workingmen's lodgings, which drive +their occupants to the saloon. But the majority of the Army +hotels are filled with the lowest class of men, out of any steady +employment. This class is composed for the most part and under +present conditions, of men who are almost helpless cases.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> +Conditions can be conceived which would result in the betterment +of a certain percentage of these, but a large number would +always be hopeless. Many have been given their chances and have +thrown them away; some have had no chances, and some could +not use them if they had. Many are physical and moral wrecks. +In their faces you see no ambition. They simply exist as do +animals. For such, except in unusual cases, there is no remedy. +Do all you can for them, and they will slide back again; give them +work, and if they are willing to take it at all, they soon lose their +positions. Some belong to the pseudo-social class and are mere +parasites feeding on society. Others are anti-social, bitter and +criminal.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p> + +<p>These men are not those with which the Army is successful, in +its industrial institutions, although many of them have been tried. +They secure their ten cents or fifteen cents for a bed in a cheap +hotel by any means which comes along. They form a class, which +especially in the older countries of Europe and increasingly in the +new world, presents a problem that is the great puzzle of the +statesman and the social economist alike.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p><p>The present tendency of the Army already mentioned to have +fewer of the lower class, cheap hotels and more of the higher class +brings up some important considerations. There are three +points which come up for particular notice here. First, as +has already been stated, the present tendency of the Army is to +have fewer of the lower class or cheap hotels and more of the +higher class. One reason for this is that, although the Army's +competition has in many instances forced the ordinary cheap +hotels to better their equipment, still, in the long run, the Army +cannot successfully compete with the ordinary low class hotel +and maintain an equally good or better environment, without +having its hotel work subsidized by the public. The men whom +we have just described do not appreciate better surroundings +sufficiently to pay fifteen cents for a bed at the Army hotel, +when they can get one for ten cents at another place around the +corner. Secondly, as the Army extends its work, there is the +ever present tendency of any organization to become an end in +itself. Hence the Army tends to forsake its field of the lower +class for the field of the working class for financial reasons. If +it can carry on a hotel which appeals to a higher class of working +men who are willing to pay $1.50 upwards per week for a +separated room such as has been described, they may do better +financially than with a dormitory whose beds are held at ten +cents. This second point of consideration leads us to a third, +and that is, what is to become of this lower class of vagrants and +unemployables. This discussion hardly comes in the scope of +this book, but we might suggest in passing that the cheap, lower +class of hotels with which the Army has entered into competition +should not be allowed to continue as at present. In case of the +failure to provide competition, the city itself should provide a +successful competition under good environment, or should take +measures for the segregation of the vicious elements of the population +from the merely weak, aged and unfortunate.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p><p>On the other hand, among the occupants of these hotels a +certain number are men for whom there is hope; some victims of +misfortune; others degraded by dissipation and recklessness, but +not entirely demoralized. With these the Army can deal successfully +in its industrial homes, and some of them can regain a foothold +without aid. For these men the Army hotel is certainly a +boon.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> A man who has not lost ambition and who can gather +a few cents a day to sustain him, until some temporary difficulty is +past is glad to take advantage of such an institution. Finally, regarding +this class as a whole, something must be done with them, +and it is necessary for those who find fault with their congregation +in the Army hotels, to point out a better way of caring for +them. As long as they exist, they will tend to congregate somewhere, +and until some better solution is offered, we might as well +take what is at hand, and if it is the Army hotel, hold that institution +to its best efforts and its best environment.</p> + +<p>To sum up, then, our conclusions of this part of the Army's +work, we find that the hotels are commercial enterprises, with, +as a rule, an environment superior to the regular cheap hotels +of the same price, and that although there is an objection to +the congregation of the vicious and vagrant along with the unfortunate, +and although there may be a tendency to lower the +standard of living of these people, individually considered, yet +there is a justification for the existence of these hotels, as +something must be done with this class of people, and this is +the best solution offered, inasmuch as a certain percentage of +this class is really aided and tided over temporary difficulty. +At the same time, there remains the need of the segregation of +the class concerned, with a more scientific, practical, individual +treatment. Better work can be done along this line.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> +<h3><br /><span class="smcap">Examples of Salvation Army Hotel Lodgers.</span></h3> + +<p>A collection of 76 cases made on seventeen different evenings +during the months of March and April, 1908, at two of +the Salvation Army hotels, both situated on the Bowery in New +York City, one being a lower class hotel and the other a combination +of lower and higher class. These cases were collected at +first hand by the author and a friend of the author, Mr. James +Ward, both of whom mingled among the men in the disguise of +working men. In this way the facts were gained without much +difficulty, with the exception of information regarding the family +of the man concerned. Sometimes, therefore, this latter information +is lacking.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 1.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York City of Irish parentage. Twenty-five +years old. Single. Had no home and did not know whether or +not his people were living. Only trade was that of hotel porter +but had done other things. Had worked a little in the country. +Had had no steady work for three months. Walked the streets +the previous night and had had coffee and rolls on the "bread +line." Received a bed that night through charity. Did not appear +dissipated but showed lack of ambition.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 2.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. About thirty years old. Single. Did not +know about his people as he did not write home. Had been +in New York seven years. Worked as stableman most of the +time but had been out of steady work for six weeks. Never +worked in the country. Appeared dissipated and inefficient.</p> + + +<p class="center"><a name="Lodger_3" id="Lodger_3"></a><b>No. 3.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Pittsburg of American parents. About forty years +old. Single. Had a brother, he thought, in Pittsburg but no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>other relatives alive. Had no regular trade. Had travelled a +good deal in the United States but never west of Chicago. Had +done odd jobs in the country. Evidently a tramp. Looked +stupid and incapable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 4.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. About twenty-three years old. Single. +Wrote to his people sometimes, but they were poor. Trade, a +waiter. Had worked in New York for five years. Had had +no steady work for over two months. Had a little money saved +but that was nearly gone. Expected to go to Albany the next +day to work. Never worked in the country. Appeared to be +a capable, steady man.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 5.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Scotland. Fifty-three years old. Single. People +all dead except a married sister. Regular trade, a boiler-maker. +In this country most of the time for thirty-five years. Had +travelled all around the world. Never worked in the country. +Had no steady work all winter, but obtained work for one or two +days every week and thus paid his way at the hotel. Said he +lived up to his salary when working steadily. Is growing old. +Sometimes went on a "spree" when he had money. Looked +like a hard-working, efficient man.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 6.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. About forty years old. Had married and +separated from his wife. Trade was brick-laying, but he was +not a union man. Never worked in the country. Came to New +York at eighteen and had been there most of the time since. +Claimed to be a Mason, and said that he expected help from a +friend. Had been out of work all winter but worked occasionally +around saloons and nearly always had the price of a +bed. Admitted drinking heavily. Looked dissipated.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 7.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Buffalo of American parents. Twenty-eight years +old. Single. Waiter by trade. Parents were dead. Had two +brothers but did not know where. Had worked a little in the +country but knew nothing of farming. Had worked as waiter +in New York for three years. Got into a fight three weeks before +and had his face disfigured. As a result lost his job. +Walked the streets two nights last week. Got coffee and rolls on +the "bread line." Worked in a stable yesterday and made $1.00. +Appeared somewhat dissipated but intelligent.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 8.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York City. Father German. Mother Scotch. +Thirty-two years old. Single. His father lived somewhere in +New York, and he expected to get work shortly and live with +him. Trade was a machinist. Had mostly worked at bicycle +repairing. Had travelled a good deal but never worked on a +farm. Went to Philadelphia this Winter and lost position. +Worked three days in a woodyard for board and lodging. Later +had himself committed to jail for one month. Came back to New +York last week. Did not appear dissipated, but looked bright +and efficient.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 9.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Lawrence, Mass., of American parents. About twenty-two +years old. Single. Worked since a boy in Lawrence in the +woolen mills until he lost position six weeks previously. Always +lived with his people. Had never been hungry or without a bed. +Came to New York two weeks previously but had done nothing +since. Had just money enough left to go home, where he expected +to obtain work again shortly. Looked thoroughly capable +and reliable.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>Nos. 10 and 11.</b></p> + +<p>Two brothers born in New York of Irish parentage. Aged +twenty-eight and thirty-one respectively. Both single. Parents +dead. Had trade of awning makers, with plenty of work in +summer but none in winter. Had never worked in the country. +Had been living by means of odd jobs and charity all winter. Had +received help from a mission and the Salvation Army. Quite +often walked the streets all night and got coffee and rolls on the +"bread line." Appeared shiftless and showed lack of initiative +and intelligence.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 12.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York City of Irish parents. Twenty-six years +old. Single. Did not know where his folks were. His mother +was dead. Worked sometimes as a truck driver. Had worked at +farm work in New Jersey. Had travelled a good deal. Had received +help from charities in different cities. Got caught once +riding a freight train through Philadelphia and spent ten days +in jail for the offense. Said he drank when he got the chance. +Now worked around the Army Hotel and received in return his +bed and one meal ticket a day. Expected to leave the city as soon +as the weather got warmer. Evidently a kind of tramp with a +tendency to become worse. Looked wild and unreliable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 13.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Watertown, N. Y., of American parents. About thirty +years old. Single. Had lost track of his people. Worked as +steward on ship running to New Orleans. Was laid off three +months ago. Expected to get position as steward again in the +spring. Had walked the streets quite often, not being able to +secure a bed. Had received help from several charities, including +the Army. Looked dissipated and unreliable. Had never +worked in the country.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 14.</b></p> + +<p>Born in England. Came to this country when sixteen. People +all dead. Thirty-two years old. Single. Never worked in the +country. Regular trade was that of a painter but was not a +Union man. Got odd jobs from time to time in paint shops. +Made fifty cents the previous day. Had had no steady work for +three months. Had forty dollars saved when he left his last +steady job. Spent twenty dollars on a "drunk," and the rest had +gone since. Appeared capable and fairly intelligent.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 15.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Had come to this country with his people +when young. His people all dead except a sister who was married +and lived in Chicago. Single. About thirty-five years of age. +Had no regular trade. Had worked as laborer in both country +and city. Said that the city was best in Winter and the country +in Summer. Expected to leave for the country as soon as the +weather grew warm. Appeared lazy and inefficient. Had been +aided by the Army. Evidently a tramp.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 16.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Pittsfield, Mass., of American parents. Twenty-four +years of age. Single. Ran away from home at seventeen. Did +not know where his people were. Had no trade. Had worked +at everything. Was in the navy for four years and afterward +followed the water for several years working mostly as fireman. +Never worked in the country. Had been out of steady work for +six months. Secured lodging through charity but often spent +the night on the streets. Said he drank when he could get it. +Looked dissipated and demoralized.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 17.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York City of German parents. About thirty +years old. Married but had left his wife. Had no regular trade. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>Had worked as waiter, porter and liveryman. Made fifty cents +yesterday but spent forty for whiskey. Secured coffee and rolls +on the "bread line." Had worked a little in the country. Appeared +shiftless.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 18.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-two years of age. Single. Wrote +to his people sometimes. Always followed the water. Had sailed +from different points to China and the Philippines. Drank and +lost his boat. Made his way to New York where he had been +out of work for two months. Wrote home for money which he +expected shortly. Sold some of his clothing to get a bed. Was +trying to get work on a boat. Never worked in the country. +Looked wild and dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 19.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Boston, Mass., of Irish parents. Twenty-five years +of age. Single. Worked in machine shop when a boy and then +joined the navy. After the navy experience he had worked +both on water and on land. Had beaten his way on freight trains +to different parts of the United States. Said he often got help +from missions. Often slept in the parks in summer. Had been +in jail several times. The last time for four months for stealing. +Got out in August and had done odd jobs since. Had been +several times in the Army hotel and several times in the City +Lodging House. Had worked for a day or so in the country but +did not know farming. Looked shiftless and demoralized.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 20.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Binghamton, N. Y., of American parents. About +thirty-five years of age. Single. Trade was lasting shoes in a +shoe factory. Had worked in different cities but never in the +country. Came to New York three months ago, as his factory +had laid off a large number of hands. Had done odd jobs since. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>Walked the streets three nights the previous week and got coffee +and rolls on the "bread line." Got a bed for the night this time +through charity. Expected to get work in a factory when the +weather became warmer. Drank occasionally but not often. +Looked competent and of average intelligence.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 21.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Twenty-four years old. Single. Left +home and had been in America one year. Worked in New York +as waiter and lost his position three weeks previous to interview. +Had some money saved but drank and lost it all on the Bowery. +Walked the streets for one week and frequented the "bread +line." Had a position, now, waiting on table during the dinner +hour. Used to work on a farm in Ireland, and said that as soon +as the weather got warm he would go to the country and look +for work. Looked somewhat dissipated but hopeful.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 22.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Brooklyn, N. Y. Twenty-six years old. Single. +Had no trade. Had lost track of his people. Had travelled a +good deal by means of freight trains and had been in several +jails for vagrancy. Had never worked in the country. Said +when he could get money, he spent it in drink. Secured a bed +that night through an acquaintance. Looked like a confirmed +tramp and vagrant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 23.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Hartford, Conn., of American parents. Twenty-one +years old. Single. Parents dead. Had a married sister living +in New Jersey, but he did not wish her to know that he was +out of work. Had been working for years as a carpenter's +assistant and hoped to become a full-fledged carpenter shortly. +Had never worked in the country. Had been out of work for +three months. Spent his money in a vain trip to Philadelphia +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>and back looking for work. Had been doing odd jobs but had +often gone hungry. Did not like to ask for charity. Expected +to work as soon as the contractors began the spring building. Did +not drink. Looked intelligent, bright, and was a very hopeful +case. Went through the grammar school.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 24.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Boston of Irish parents. Fifty years old. Single. +Had no people living. Trade was a hardwood finisher. Never +worked in the country. Got out of work two months ago. Left +Boston then and came to New York. Had a little money, but it +was almost gone. Was crippled but could still work. Drank +some. He was gray-haired and looked older than he was.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 25.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. About sixty years old. Had been married, +but his wife was dead, and he had no known relatives. Had +been a seaman a good deal but had no regular trade. He worked +on a farm two months in the West. Had travelled a good deal. +He worked occasionally around the docks and made just enough +to maintain himself. When he had money, he spent it rashly. +Looked like a hard drinker.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 26.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Boston of American parents. Fifty-seven years old. +Single. Had no people. His trade was ship's cook. He +had never worked in the country. Said that he was too old to +get a position. He secured a bed that night through the kindness +of a friend, also out of work. Had wandered around a +great deal. He did not look dissipated but he was gray-haired +and very feeble.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 27.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Philadelphia of German parents. About forty years +old. Single. Trade was that of a sign-painter. Said he had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>worked mostly in Philadelphia and New York, and that he could +get plenty of work, but kept losing his positions through drink. +Had never worked in the country. Said he had people in Philadelphia +but he did not write to them. Looked dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 28.</b></p> + +<p>Born near Lynn, Mass., of American parents. Twenty years +old. Single. Had no trade, but worked as dish-washer or at +anything he could get. Said that he could run an engine and had +been working on a boat in New York harbor but had to leave +three weeks ago, on account of sickness. Was trying to get +into a hospital. Money nearly gone. Was born and brought +up on a farm but ran away nearly three years ago and did not +want to go back, though his father and mother were living. Said +he spent his money freely when he had it. He did not look dissipated +but appeared to be a consumptive.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 29.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York City of Irish parents. About thirty-five +years old. Single. Had no trade but had worked for years as +driver on a horse-car. Got out of work four months ago and had +no prospect of any. Got a small job cleaning out a saloon the +previous day. Often walked the streets all night and went to +the "bread line." Did not look very dissipated but evidently +had no ambition. Did not know where his people were. Never +worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 30.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Sixteen years old. Single. Did not write +home. Had trade of a cook and had been out of work for two +weeks. Then had $100.00 and lost it all "on a drunk." Never +worked in the country. Had walked the streets three nights the +past week. Was going to New Jersey to look for work. Looked +dissipated but otherwise capable.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 31.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Scotland. Fifty-five years old. Married in Scotland +and came with family to this country twenty-five years ago. +Had no trade. Worked at anything he could get. Wife dead. +Two children living, unable to help him. Had travelled widely. +Obtained a steady job the previous month. Held it two weeks, +then went "on a drunk." Still had enough money saved to keep +him two weeks. Said that if he did not get work before then, +he would leave New York. He knew a little about farm work +in Scotland. Looked like a hard drinker.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 32.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York City of Irish parents. Sixty years old. +Single. People all dead. Had no regular trade but had followed +the water. Never worked in the country. Had some +cousins in New York who helped him out a little. He looked dissipated +and feeble.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 33.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty-three years +old. Single. Salesman. Had been out of work all winter +after losing a position through drink. Had received help from +several aid societies and missions this winter. Had walked the +streets a good many nights. Said he never worked in the country. +Looked dissipated and unreliable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 34.</b></p> + +<p>Born in South Carolina. American parents. Twenty years +old. Single. Did not write home. Said he ran away and his +people were angry. Had no trade. Never worked in the country. +Had walked the streets two nights this week. Looked intelligent +but wild.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 35.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Newark, N. J., English parents. Twenty-six years +old. Single. Had no trade but worked as a janitor. Was in +the navy for three years and had travelled widely. Had been +out of work one month. Never worked in the country. Said +he worked for a while and then "went off on a drunk." His +people in Newark sent him money once in a while. Looked dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 36.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. When seven +years old came to America with his people. Had two brothers +and one sister in Schenectady, N. Y. Parents dead. His people +did not aid him as he drank so much. Never worked in the +country. Got an odd job now and then. Looked like a hard +drinker.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 37.</b></p> + +<p>Born in England. Thirty-six years old. Single. Came to +America with his people when twelve years old. Went to Fall +River, Mass., where his people lived. Ran away from home at +eighteen and had followed the water since. Never worked in the +country. Was paid off last Saturday. Went on a drunk on the +Bowery and lost his money and his job. Walked the streets +two nights, but received help from his people. Looked a little +dissipated but capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 39.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Forty years old. +Single. Father lived in Yonkers but was unable to help him. +Plumber by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Was out of +work for one month the past winter, but now had a job and was +renting a room in the Army hotel. Never worked in the country. +Looked like a hard drinker, but otherwise capable.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 40.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New Haven, Conn. American parents. Twenty-five +years old. Single. Relatives in New Haven poor. Was a telegraph +operator and worked at that trade for two years, but lost +position on account of bad health. Had worked on a farm quite +a little, and said as soon as the weather got warmer he was going +to the country. He now had a room at the Army hotel but his +money was nearly gone. Looked intelligent and capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 41.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-four +years old. Single. Did not know where his relatives were. Had +trade as truck driver, and since losing a steady job two months +previously had worked at odd jobs about the docks. Spent two +days at an Army Industrial Home and was now at the Army +Hotel. He looked like a hard drinker. Never worked in the +country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 42.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Scotland. Twenty-three years old. Single. Relatives +lived in Scotland and sent him a little money sometimes. Had +no regular trade. Had worked on the water a good deal. Came +to New York two years previously, and had no steady work since. +Had been nine months in the hospital from which he had been +discharged two weeks. Expected to return to the hospital. +Looked like a very sick man, but not dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 43.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-eight +years old. Single. No people alive. Had no trade. Had +travelled around the world and never worked when he could +help it. Never worked in the country. Looked like a regular +tramp and hard drinker.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 44.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Newark, N. J. French parents. Twenty-four years +old. Single. Had two sisters in Brooklyn. Had no regular +trade but had been working for three weeks in a grocery store +and thus had a room in the Army Hotel. Never worked in the +country. Looked capable and intelligent.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 45.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-four years old. +Single. Had people in Brooklyn who were helping him. Had +no trade but had worked all his life at odd jobs. Could not work +steadily because of bad habits. Never worked in the country. +Looked like a hard drinker.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 46.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Thirty-five years old. +Single. Was a painter by trade but did not belong to the Union. +Had been out of work three months. Some friends gave him +clothes and a little money. Looked intelligent but dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 47.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Thirty years old. Single. +Had no trade. Worked on a farm in Long Island and hoped to +go to the country shortly. Had had no steady work the past +Winter. Had been in the Army Industrial Home six times during +the Winter. Looked shiftless and dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 48.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Lowell, Mass. Italian parents. Twenty years old. +Single. People lived in Lowell. Had no trade. Never worked +in the country. Came to New York two weeks previously with +a little money, but this was soon spent and he had walked the +streets two nights. Entered the Army Hotel through charity. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>Had written home for money and expected to return there. His +appearance was very good.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 49.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. Forty years old. +Married. Separated from his wife three months ago because of +his drinking. Had no trade. Never worked in the country. Had +been out of work three months. Picked up odd jobs now and +then, and thus secured a bed. Looked like a hard drinker.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 50.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Seventeen years old. Single. Had people +in Germany who were unable to help him. Had been in this +country nine months. Said he was on a farm in New York State +but ran away. The Salvation Army was keeping him, and he +worked a little around the Hotel. Looked like a promising boy +but rather wild.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 51.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Denver, Col. American parents. Twenty-three years +old. Single. Had people at home who sent him money now and +then. Was an iron-worker. Belonged to the Union, but said +the Union had not helped him any. Had been out of work some +time. Never worked in the country. Had travelled a good deal +in the United States. Looked bright and promising.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 52.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Davenport, Washington. Twenty-four years old. +Single. Had people at home where he had sent for money. Had +travelled widely. Came to New York five weeks ago from +Panama where he had been working for eight months. Had to +leave on account of sickness. Had $100.00 when he came to New +York but spent nearly all on doctors bills. Still had a little left. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>Said he had worked a good deal on a farm. Looked capable and +intelligent.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 53.</b></p> + +<p>American, born in New York. Thirty years old. Single. +People dead. Bartender. Did not belong to the Union. Was +out of work for one month until two weeks previous to interview, +when he got a job as bartender. Was still working and had a +room at the Army Hotel. Said he would be all right it he could +leave drink alone. He never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 54.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. +Single. Had quarrelled with his people who lived in New York. +Painter by trade. Lost his membership in the Union because he +did not pay his dues. Had had no steady work for a year, but +had wandered all over the country doing very little work, but +receiving aid from charitable societies. Said he liked the warm +weather, so that he could sleep in the parks. Looked shiftless and +a typical tramp.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 55.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Norway. About thirty years old. Single. Had +people in Norway who did not help him. Came to New York +from his native land two months previously. A carpenter by +trade. Was working in Jersey and lost position two weeks +previously. Had money in his pocket and was evidently wise +enough to keep it. Conversed in broken English. Said he +worked in the country in Norway. Looked like a capable man.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 56.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Scotland. Forty-five years old. Single. Came to this +country with his people when he was nine years old. People had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>since died. Bookkeeper by trade. Had been out of work all +Winter. The Scotch Aid Society was keeping him, giving him +bed and meal tickets. Said he had received help from four +different missions in New York. Looked incapable and shiftless. +Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 57.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Jersey City. American parents. Twenty-eight years +old. Single. Had no trade. Did not work if he could help it. +Came here from the West by means of freight trains. Never +worked in the country. Looked like a regular tramp.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 58.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Chicago. Single. Thirty-years old. Had friends in +Chicago who sent him a little money. Had no trade. Never did +hard work. Got odd jobs and received aid from missions. Said +he was a Christian and liked to attend meetings. Had a room +in the Army Hotel. Said he had been staying there off and on +for two years. Looked stupid and incapable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 59.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Denver, Col. Fifty years old. Single. Plumber by +trade. Belonged to the Union but left eight months previously +and had not paid his dues since. Was in business for himself +at one time, but lost it through drink. Said he got help from the +missions whenever he could. Never worked in the country. +Hoped to go West again shortly. Looked feeble and dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 60.</b></p> + +<p>American. Born in Springfield, Mass. Fifty-five years old. +Single. Said his people in Springfield were wealthy but would +have nothing to do with him. Had no trade. In New York all +Winter. Had walked the streets a good many nights. Never +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>worked in the country. Charity Organization Society had helped +him, besides other organizations. Said he had consumption. +Looked very weak and dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 61.</b></p> + +<p>Born in America. Jewish parents. Twenty-six years old. +Single. Stone-cutter by trade. Said he worked at the Insurance +business at times. Had been out of work nearly two months. +Never worked in the country. Looked bright and capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 62.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Cleveland, Ohio. American parents. Twenty-six +years old. Single. People lived in Cleveland, but did not help +him. Had worked on a farm nearly all his life. Left the farm +two years previously and had wandered most of the time since. +He expected to be sent to the country by the Bowery Mission +shortly. Looked shiftless but not dissipated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 63.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. About fifty years old. +Married. Said his people were dead. Had no regular trade. +Did office work, but was nearly always out of work. Said he was +a Christian. He evidently followed the missions and "got saved" +every time he needed help. Never worked in the country. Looked +shiftless and inefficient.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 64.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Brooklyn. English parents. Thirty years old. +Married. Quarrelled with his wife five years previously and left +her. Painter by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Had not +worked all Winter. Said he had been all around the world +and had beaten his way wherever he went. Had been in jail +several times, for vagrancy and drunkness. Never worked in the +country. Looked like a tramp.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>No. 65.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Maine. American parents. Twenty-four years old. +Single. Had people in Maine from whom he expected help. +Barber by trade. Came to New York three weeks previously. +Met some friends on the Bowery and lost all his money. The +Army was helping him. He had worked somewhat in the +country. Looked very stupid.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 66.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Scotland. About sixty years old. Single. Had no +people. Had no trade. In this country for forty years. Out +of work all Winter. The Scotch Aid Society had been keeping +him now for three weeks. He never worked in the country. He +looked like a regular vagrant.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 67.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Boston. American parents. Twenty-four years old. +Single. A waiter. Had wandered a good deal, and beaten his +way by freight trains. Came to New York from the West one +month previously. Had not worked since, but had been aided +by the missions and the Army. Evidently did not like to work.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 68.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Irish parents. About thirty-two +years old. Single. Had no trade. Came to New York two +weeks previously with some money which he got from his people. +He had sent home for more. Worked somewhere in the country. +Said he drank periodically and did not like to work steadily. +Looked very shiftless.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 69.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Ireland. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had lost +track of his people. Had been in this country eight years. Had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>no trade. Had had no steady work all Winter. Drank a good +deal. Never worked in the country. Looked very wild.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 70.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New Orleans. Spanish parents. About twenty years +old. Single. Left home two years ago and took to life on the +water. Left the boat in New York one month previously and +had not worked since. Said he liked to sail and see the world. +His people lived in New Orleans, and he expected help from +them. Never worked in the country. Looked capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 71.</b></p> + +<p>Born in New York. American parents. About thirty years +old. Single. Had trade as a bartender. Belonged to the Union. +Lost a steady job through drink three weeks ago. Was now +working four hours a day. Had a room in the Army Hotel. +Said he was going to change his line of business because he +drank too much. His appearance was good. Never worked in +the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 72.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Germany. Looked like a Jew. About twenty-five +years old. Single. Had no trade. Had been out of work three +months. Was now selling old clothing and other things around +the Army Hotel. Never worked in the country. Evidently lazy +and incapable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 73.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Illinois. American parents. About twenty-eight +years old. Single. Ran away from home and was ashamed +to go back. Had no trade but had worked a good deal as cook +on board ship. Had been out of work six weeks. Said he +was sick and had about $200.00, but it did not last long. He +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>was working round the Army Hotel a little every day, for which +he got his bed and one meal ticket. Never worked in the +country. Said he was going to join the navy. Looked bright +and capable.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 74.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Lithuania. Twenty-three years old. Single. People +at home were poor. Had no trade. In New York three +years. Out of work two months. Obtained clothes in various +ways and sold them. Was not dissipated, but looked lazy. +Never worked in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 75.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. About sixty-five +years old. Single. Was an old sailor but had not been to sea +for over a year. Was working two days a week as janitor. +Said he had been a hard drinker in the past, but he did not drink +much now. He looked aged, but still capable. Never worked +in the country.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 76.</b></p> + +<p>Born in Boston. Irish parents. About twenty-five years old. +Single. Had no trade. People did not recognize him. Had +travelled all over the country. Had been in jail twice. Never +worked in the country. Looked like a tramp.</p> + + +<h3><br />SOME FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 76 HOTEL EXAMPLES.</h3> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"><b>Nationality.</b></td><td align="right" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>No.</b></td><td align="center" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>Percentage.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">American parentage</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="center">.461</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Irish parentage</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">.263</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">English and Scotch parentage</td><td align="right">9</td><td align="center">.119</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>German parentage</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">.105</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Other countries</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.052</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Married men</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.095</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Single men</td><td align="right">69</td><td align="center">.905</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Worked a little in country</td><td align="right">13</td><td align="center">.169</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Worked considerably in country</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">.065</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men with regular trades</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="center">.342</td><td align="left"><a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Union men</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.052</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men who looked efficient</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">.197</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men who looked semi-efficient</td><td align="right">14</td><td align="center">.184</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men who looked inefficient</td><td align="right">47</td><td align="center">.619</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><b>Ages.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">15-20</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.052</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">20-30</td><td align="right">42</td><td align="center">.553</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">30-40</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="center">.211</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">40-50</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">.079</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">50-60</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.092</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">60-70</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">.013</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><b>Length of time out of work.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Less than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">.157</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">More than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">13</td><td align="center">.171</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">More than 2 mos.</td><td align="right">11</td><td align="center">.145</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">More than 3 mos.</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="center">.527</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> +<h3><a name="Combined" id="Combined"></a><br />FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 109 INDUSTRIAL EXAMPLES<br /> +AND THE 76 HOTEL EXAMPLES COMBINED.</h3> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"><b>Nationality.</b></td><td align="right" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>No.</b></td><td align="center" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>Percentage.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">American parentage</td><td align="right">76</td><td align="center">.411</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Irish parentage</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">.270</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">German parentage</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="center">.141</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">English and Scotch parentage</td><td align="right">18</td><td align="center">.098</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Italian parentage</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.022</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Swedish parentage</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.038</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Other countries, parentage</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.20</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Married men</td><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">.149</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Single men</td><td align="right">161</td><td align="center">.851</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Worked a little in country</td><td align="right">29</td><td align="center">.156</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Worked considerably in country</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">.016</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men with regular trades</td><td align="right">57</td><td align="center">.309</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Union men</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">.054</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men who looked efficient</td><td align="right">53</td><td align="center">.287</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men who looked semi-efficient</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="center">.189</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Men who looked inefficient</td><td align="right">97</td><td align="center">.524</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><b>Ages.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">15-20</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">.032</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">20-30</td><td align="right">97</td><td align="center">.525</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">30-40</td><td align="right">39</td><td align="center">.210</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">40-50</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="center">.140</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">50-60</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">.082</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">60-70</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">.011</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><b>Length of time out of work.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Less than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">.108</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">More than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">.163</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">More than 2 mos.</td><td align="right">27</td><td align="center">.145</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">More than 3 mos.</td><td align="right">108</td><td align="center">.584</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> "How the Other Half Lives," p. 38.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> This differentiation is more pronounced in the United States, since +the work has been extended here more than in other countries.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> For adverse criticism see "The Social Relief Work of the S. A.," +p. 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> At the Burne St. Shelter, the largest in London, one large dormitory +has 288 beds and another 265.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> For rooms, special rates are given by the week; from some of +the examples given at the end of this chapter, it will be seen that these +are occupied by men with partial or poorly paid employment.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> In London, the Army has a mattress factory which supplies its +institutions.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> More headway is being made in this direction in the Industrial +Homes where the population is more permanent. We found in one home +in Chicago that the men were organized in the form of a club, and enjoyed +social meetings together. Also, at the largest Industrial Home in +London, called "The Spa Road Elevator," we found a regular cricket +club organized which played cricket games with other clubs.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Good examples of this are to be found in the Middlesex Street +Hotel and the Burne Street Hotel, London. The former hotel is regularly +provided, by a large baker firm, with food, which is one day stale, +for a very low figure.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The higher class hotel for women is to be found in Los Angeles +and Boston.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> From an interview with a leading officer.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> These exceptions are certain of the lower class hotels where attempts +along this line seem to fail.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> See "How the Other Half Lives," Ch. VIII. See also "Social Relief +Work of the S. A.," p. 10.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> See examples given at the end of this chapter, <a href="#Page_77">p. 77</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> See the tables, <a href="#Page_97">pp. 97 and 98</a>, showing percentages of these men +who had come from the country. For the work of Mr. Fox see <a href="#Page_113">p. 113</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> See examples of these men, <a href="#Page_77">p. 77 fl</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 127.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Some light may be thrown on this subject by a perusal of Mr. W. +H. Dawson's book entitled "The German Workman," although conditions are +evidently vastly different in this country and England from what they +are in Germany.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See examples numbered 4. 5. 9. 23 and others, on <a href="#Page_78">p. 78 and fl</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> While this percentage is larger than that in the Industrial Homes +(see <a href="#Page_62">p. 62</a>), 62 per cent. of the examples in the Hotels having regular +trades were dissipated, mostly victims of drink, as against 19 per cent. in +the Industrial examples.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h2><span class="smcap">The Farm Colonies of the Salvation Army.</span></h2> + + +<p>So many times has the cry been raised "back to the land!", so +optimistic have so many reformers become over the hope that +the population could be diverted from the city to the country, +and so loudly have certain enthusiasts prophesied a surely successful +issue to colonizing enterprises, that the Salvation Army +colonies form a very interesting and profitable field of investigation. +What is needed is an experiment that will prove or disprove +the prophesied success of taking the people back to the +land. Once that is proved, with the great Northwest of America +almost untouched, with immense tracts of good land in +Africa and other continents, and with the United States about to +open up millions of acres of land, made fertile by means of irrigation, +we shall be ready to act and get rid of the surplus city +population. But first we must have the proof, and the question +before us is whether the Salvation Army has sufficiently proved +the case.</p> + +<p>The matter was agitated before the English Government to +such an extent in 1905 that the Rhodes Trustees, contributing +sufficient funds to cover the expense, the Secretary of State for +the Colonies nominated Mr. Rider Haggard, the novelist, to visit +the United States and inspect the three Salvation Army colonies +there, to make a report on the same, and to include in this report +any practical suggestions which might occur to him. The following +words were used in the letter of commission: "It appears +to the Secretary of State that if these experiments are found to +be successful, some analogous system might to great advantage be +applied in transferring the urban population of the United Kingdom +to different parts of the United Kingdom."<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p> + +<p>Mr. Haggard visited the three colonies in the United States, +and made a report to the English Government, favoring strongly +the movement, and recommending that the Government take it +up, provide the capital and utilize all ready existing organizations, +such as the Salvation Army, in carrying out its scheme. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>The matter was referred by the Government to the Departmental +Committee, who, after reviewing it and looking into the question +in 1906, issued a long report in which they discountenanced Mr. +Haggard's scheme on the ground that:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. It was better for settlers from England to be scattered +about with experienced farmers as neighbors than to be +placed in a number together.</p> + +<p>2. The Salvation Army or any similar organization was +not a desirable management for a colony dependent on +money advanced by the Imperial Government.</p> + +<p>3. That Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, the American farm colonies +of the Salvation Army, were not precedents upon +which a large scheme of colonization could be based.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p></div> + +<p>The Committee gave reasons for arriving at the above conclusions, +into which, for the present, we need not enter, but +their conclusions are suggestive, and may be borne in mind while +we make our study of the subject.</p> + +<p>Gen. Booth, in his plans as outlined in "Darkest England," +provided for three main divisions of the work for the unemployed +poor, viz., the City Colony, the Country Colony and the +Over-sea Colony, signifying by these terms the City Industrial +Work, the Country Industrial Colony, and the Farm Colony.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> +The last named was to be on a larger scale on some Colonial +territory of England. This division has tended to persist in the +United States, and this country has been the field for special +experiments along this line. There are three Colonies in the +United States: Fort Herrick, situated near Cleveland, Ohio; +Fort Amity, situated in Southeast Colorado, and Ft. Romie, +which is located at Soledad in the Salinas Valley, California. +At first there was no differentiation between these Colonies, but +latterly, the Colony at Ft. Herrick, the smallest of the three, has +been managed as an Industrial Colony, and the other two have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>continued as regular Farm Colonies. The plan of "Commander" +Booth-Tucker, in charge of the Salvation Army in the United +States from 1896 until 1904, and the originator of these Colonies, +was, in brief, as he states it, to take the waste labor in families, +and place it upon the waste land by means of waste capital, +and thereby to convert this trinity of waste into a unity of production.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> +His waste labor was the family struggling in the +crowded city; his waste land, the large tracts of public land +about to be opened up by irrigation; and his waste capital, if +such a term can be used, was the capital lying idle, or at least, +making 2½ or 3 per cent., when according to his estimate, it +could yield 5 per cent. The principles which he laid down were +as follows:</p> + + +<p>1. There must be sufficiency of capital.</p> + +<p>2. The land must be carefully selected and laid out.</p> + +<p>3. The colonists must be well selected.</p> + +<p>4. There must be able supervision.</p> + +<p>5. The principle of home ownership must be followed.</p> + +<p>6. God must be recognized.</p> + +<p>From our investigations at Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, we +arrived at the conclusion that No. 4 and No. 6 were the only +ones thoroughly carried out; that there was a weakness in the +amount of capital (Prin. No. 1); that an unfortunate selection of +land was made (Prin. No. 2); that the successful colonists did +not entirely represent the class from which we should wish them +to be taken (Prin. No. 3); and that ownership gave way largely +to a system of renting-out by the Army (Prin. No. 5). For +verification of this, see the typical cases at the end of the chapter.</p> + +<p>Commander Booth-Tucker advanced the argument, which is +sound, to the effect that, when entire families were taken from +the city and placed on the land, the tendency to return to the city +would be overcome. It has been the experience of philanthropists, +that when single men and women were transferred from the city +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>to the country, they always tended to return, the reason being +due to an acquired fondness of the individual for intimate association +with his fellows,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> but when a man has his wife and +children, together with a plot of land and a home which he may +call his own, the attraction toward the city is overcome, by a +stronger one which keeps him where he is. Of course, this would +answer for the one generation only.</p> + +<p>Leaving out the small colony at Ft. Herrick, Ohio, which was +changed to an Industrial Colony, and which is considered in the +chapter on the Industrial Work, let us examine more closely the +Farm Colonies at Ft. Amity, Col., and Ft. Romie, Cal. The +larger enterprise was set on foot in Colorado, in 1898, where a +tract of 2,000 acres was secured at a cost of $46,000.00. In this +year, fourteen families were brought from Chicago and placed +on the bare, unimproved prairie, where, however, there was +abundant water supply carried by a large irrigation company. +These colonists were all family men with two exceptions, and +nine of the heads of families had either been on farms or had +worked on farms in the past.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> They were in narrow circumstances +financially, and the transportation expenses of all +except one of these families were paid by the Army. With this +migration as a basis, the number of colonists was greatly increased +by families from different cities and also from the surrounding +country, until in 1905, there were thirty-eight families. +Several were brought to the Colony as experienced men to +act as pace-setters for the others.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> Some came with a small +amount of capital.</p> + +<p>Owing to the fact that the land was covered by a heavy sod +which needed considerable working, no crops were raised the +first year, and only fair crops the second. During the first year, +the colonists were supported by cash loans which were charged +against them. After the first two years, crops were good<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>and the outlook was promising, in spite of certain insect pests, +but after about seven years a great difficulty showed itself. The +land on which the Colony was located was alkali land, and bottom +land, without any drainage. The result of constant irrigation was +that the alkali rose to the surface in larger and larger quantities, +until no good crop could be raised. The only salvation was to +drain the land and thus rid it of the blighting alkali. This meant +an expense of from $30.00 to $40.00 an acre. At the present +time draining is being rapidly pushed forward and is proving +very beneficial, but it can be easily seen what a discouragement +the alkali has proved to the colonists, and what an additional +expense is laid upon them and the Colony; an expense which +it will take years of good crops to overcome.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p> + +<p>Up to 1905, about eighteen families, not satisfied with the results +obtained, had moved away, and their places had been filled +by others. A very few of the departing families moved because +of ill-health; some thought that they could do better elsewhere +as farmers; some even had considerable money as a result +of their holdings in the Colony<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>. Since 1905, there has been +a good deal of changing, and at present a large part of the Colony +land is rented out by the Army to settlers; some being from the +country, and some from the city<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>. A small number of the +old pioneer colonists still remain and have done well with their +holdings in spite of all difficulties.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p><p>The Army stated in 1905, that the financial standing of this +Colony showed a net loss to the Army of $23,111.50, and a gain +to the colonists of $37,943.77. It considered its loss a cheap price +for the experience gained, but thought that it had erred in giving +the colonists too liberal terms.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> By this time the loss to the +Army is considerably greater, owing to the increased expense of +drainage.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p> + +<p>At the present time (January, 1908), the population of this +Colony is about 200. Nearly all the land is occupied in one way +or another, either by colonists who own, or partially own, their +land, or by renters, who are also called colonists. Several homes +are vacant, but it is expected that they will be filled by renters +before the Spring season opens. The little village consists of +several stores, a blacksmith shop, a substantial railroad depot, +a post office, a small hotel and a school house. A good many of +the homes are built of stone, quarried on the Colony, and present +a good appearance. Up on the higher land is situated a large +stone structure, built by the colonists at an expense to the Army +of $18,000.00, and first used as an orphanage, then as a sanitorium, +and now abandoned. Irrigation ditches with a good flow +of water are in evidence, and preparations for draining the land +are under way. That this is necessary is forced upon us by the +many white patches scattered here and there where the water, +having evaporated, has left the destructive alkali salt on the surface +of the ground.</p> + +<p>When we come to consider the other Farm Colony, Ft. Romie, +situated at Soledad, Cal., in the beautiful Salinas Valley, we receive +a more favorable impression, although we find that the +Colony here has had many difficulties with which to contend. +The Colony is smaller than that at Ft. Amity, but the land +is better. The original 500 acres has been increased by the +addition of a lease of 150 acres with the option of buying. In +the year 1898, eighteen families were taken from the poor of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>San Francisco and placed upon the Colony, but unforeseen conditions +prevailed, and, as a result, but one of these families remains +to-day.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> The great mistake was made of settling +colonists upon land which needed irrigation, before that irrigation +was provided. This mistake was brought out the more +vividly, in that the three first years of the Colony's existence were +years of drought, bringing evil to most parts of the State, and +especially to that land which, like the Colony land, only received +a slight rain-fall at best. The result of the first years of this +experiment, then, was an abandoning of the land by the colonists, +and a loss to the Army of $27,000.00.</p> + +<p>The experiment was continued, however, but with very different +conditions. An excellent irrigation system was established, +and a new lot of settlers brought to the Colony; not, this time, +from the city, but from the surrounding country. These people +were poor, but accustomed to the land. The result, as might be +expected this time, was more favorable. It was stated in 1905 +that no colonists had left since 1901.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> In May, 1903, there +were nineteen families ranged according to nationality as follows:—Thirteen +American; Two Scandinavian; One Finn; One +German-Swiss; One Dutch and one Italian. There are now +twenty-five families, and about one hundred and forty-five persons +on the Colony. The nucleus of a town is to be seen with two or +three stores, a blacksmith shop, and a good sized Town Hall. +Near the Colony is a school house with an attendance of about +fifty children, most of them being colonists' children.</p> + +<p>An irrigation plant has been established and is now owned and +worked by the colonists, formed in a joint-stock company. The +colonists raise beets, potatoes, alfalfa, fruits of different kinds, +and stock. A large part of their income is derived from the +dairying industry. They ship their cream to a creamery at +Salinas, about twenty-five miles distant.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p><p>Much could be said about the healthy appearance and happy +life of the members of this Colony, but as they have not been +brought from the unhealthy, squalid misery of the city, this is not +of so much interest. The women work in the vegetable gardens +and with the stock, as well as in the home; and the older +children help their parents.</p> + +<p>Along the lines of co-operation, in both colonies there are interesting +features. At stated intervals, the colonists meet in the +form of a Farmers' Club, and discuss questions relative to the +success of their individual farms and to the Colony as a whole. +They also have lecturers come from a distance to address +them on the latest phases of horticulture, agriculture, fertilization +and irrigation. The colonists also embark in business enterprises +like the stock company formed in the California Colony for the +control and management of the irrigation plant. In this plant, +one of the colonists is engineer, and another the superintendent +of water supply. Another important institution of this same +Colony is the Rochdale store, which does most of the retail business +in the Colony. This store, in its management and organization, +follows the co-operative Rochdale system, which has attained +strength in England and is growing in the United States. +The store is incorporated in the State of California as a co-operative +corporation, and holds a membership in the State +Rochdale Wholesale Co. It has already extended beyond the +limits of the Colony and counts among its members others than +colonists. The colonists also take active interest in local affairs +of all kinds. In one colony, the rural mail carrier is a colonist, +and the school teacher the wife of a colonist. At Ft. Amity, +a colonist is now sheriff of the County for the second time.</p> + +<p>Social and religious life is also fostered in the Colonies. A +variety of religious sects is represented, and no compulsion is +exercised towards any one of them. At Ft. Romie the Army +has an organized corps, which holds meetings once in the week +and once on Sunday, also having a Sunday school for the children. +At Ft. Amity similar conditions prevail. On both colonies +a good moral influence is found and there are no evil surroundings; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>hence in neither colony is there a local officer of the law. +In the contract which every colonist signs on taking his land +there is a temperance clause to this effect:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"And party of the second part hereby agrees to and with party +of the first part that, in consideration of the benefits derived from +this contract, he will not bargain, sell, barter or trade upon said +land any intoxicating liquors, or otherwise dispose of as beverages +any intoxicants, at any place upon said premises or any part thereof, +or permit the selling of the same, or any illegal traffic or any act or +acts prohibited by law."</p></div> + +<p>The same clause goes on to provide for the return of the +land to the Army in case of its being violated.</p> + +<p>From this brief description it is seen that much of the success +of these colonies must rest on the management. The manager +must be large-hearted and broad-minded. He must be +supervisor, instructor, moderator, counsellor and friend. The +Army has been very fortunate in placing fit men in these positions, +and if in other things it had been equally fortunate, its colonies +would have made a better showing.</p> + +<p>As regards the financial methods of the Army in dealing with +the colonists, the following extract from a memorandum of information +issued by the Ft. Romie Colony, California, gives +typical information.</p> + +<p>1. Land: Twenty acres of land are sold to each colonist. The +price of unimproved land at this date, 1904, is $100.00 per acre. +This price, however, is liable to be increased at any time.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p> + +<p>2. Buildings: Houses, barns and other buildings are constructed +by the colonists. Materials are furnished in quantities by the Army +according to the size of the colonist's family, somewhat after the +following schedule. For a family with one or two small children, +a two-room house, about 14×24 outside measurement, for +which we appropriate not over $125.00. This is to include a +small barn or shed for horses, cows, etc. For a family with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +three or four small children, a three-room house about 18×24, +costing with barn, etc., not over $175.00. For a larger family, +perhaps a four or five-room house, limiting the appropriation +for the same to $225.00. Colonists can suit themselves as to +the style of the house, but must satisfy the manager that it can +be erected within the limits of the appropriation named. The +colonist can add to the size of the house as he gets on his financial +feet.</p> + +<p>3. Terms: On land breaking and other permanent land improvements, +the colonists are given 20 years' time. The principal +and interest are payable in installments each year.</p> + +<p>4. Outfit: To colonists unable to purchase them, the Army +furnishes the necessary implements and stock, consisting of the +following: Team of horses, cow, hogs, chicken, seed, etc., secured +by chattel mortgage. The interest on outfit and loans is +fixed at 6 per cent. It is expected that the principal and interest +will be repaid in installments each year. All outfits and loans are +to be repaid within five years.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p> + +<p>We have briefly outlined the most prominent features of the +Farm Colonies, but the final questions now arise, is the movement +sound; what does it signify, and what development does the +future hold for it? For one thing we must not be led astray by +the statements of the Army. The continued existence of the +colonies, in the face of great difficulties, through the term of +eight or nine years they have been carried on, is not in itself +an argument for the soundness of the movement. From ocean +to ocean and throughout the world, the Army has advertised its +success in colonizing enterprises, and hence it had a set purpose +in maintaining and continuing its colonies, even though they +should be failures from our point of view, and even though they +should not fulfil the purpose originally intended by the Army +itself. As has been remarked with regard to the industrial colonies, +so here, we would emphasize the fact that the Army has +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>no need to fear acknowledgement that the colonies have not been +successful, because it has other credit upon which to depend for +its reputation for usefulness. After looking at it from all sides, +we come to the conclusion that the two experiments considered +in these pages do not justify an extension of this work. This +conclusion is based on several reasons:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Many of the successful colonists are not men who needed +help the most, and many are not from the City at all.</p> + +<p>2. The colonies have been, and are, an undue expense to the +organization.</p> + +<p>3. The same amount of energy and money would be more +beneficial to the unemployed if used along other lines.</p> + +<p>4. The principles advanced as essential by the originators of +the movement were only partially carried out.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p></div> + +<p>Our first reason is based partly on personal investigation, and +partly on the statements of the Army itself.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> There are, as +will be seen from examples given, certain places where families +from the city without previous experience have made a success +of the colonies, but these are greatly in the minority<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>. If, in +the case of the California Colony at Fort Romie, when seventeen +out of the original number of families taken from the city, +left on account of the lack of water, the next group of settlers +had again been chosen from the city, after water had been +secured, a more conclusive experiment would have resulted, but +instead, the second group were, "farmers by profession."<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> +This looks as though the Army itself at that time doubted the +ability of the city families to succeed on the land. At any rate, +the fact that the majority of the families at the present time on +the colonies are not from the city at all, shows that, as an experiment +of removing the surplus population of the city to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>country, the colonies are a failure. But further, when we take +the minority, the families now in the colonies who came from +the city, we find that, in most cases, they are not people who +needed help the most, and those who have succeeded on the +colonies, have succeeded because of elements in their character +which would have led them to succeed in the long run anywhere, +with favorable environment. In this case then, the only advantage +in taking these people from the city was to leave more +room there for somebody else, and this is not much of an advantage, +since that "somebody else" is quite likely to come from +the country to the city, and thus not be one of the city's submerged +ones at all. Again, if, as we have just stated, men succeed +in the country because of the same elements of character +which would lead them to succeed anywhere, then the reason +for their failing to succeed in the city would lie in an unfavorable +environment, and to change their environment, it is not necessary +to carry on a system of paternalistic colonies. This leads us to +the question of assisted emigration, which we will discuss in connection +with our third objection to the colonies.</p> + +<p>As regards the second reason, that of undue expense, Mr. +Haggard in 1905, found a loss to the Army of $50,000. While, +since that time, in the case of the California Colony, there has +been no further loss, yet in the case of the colony in Colorado, +there has been much expenditure which should be added to the +original loss. The Army states that it has been too liberal in +its dealings with its colonists, but we note that, in spite of its +liberality, there has been a constant tendency for the colonists +to leave, hoping to do better elsewhere.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> The Army might reply +that this is no argument, and that the fact that they were able +to leave with funds on hand was in itself a proof of liberality +on the Army's part, but to prove the success of its experiment, +it must show that those who have left have done better elsewhere, +and not drifted back once more to the city. The Army +might further state that in future a better selection of land<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +might be made, and that other unfavorable things might be +avoided, but we are dealing here with these two colonies and not +future experiments. As regards such, there would always be +unforeseen difficulties of every kind.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> + +<p>Coming to the third reason for our conclusion, the reason that +money might be expended in other ways with greater advantage +to the unemployed, and with greater relief to the congestion of +cities, we refer again to the recommendations of the Departmental +Committee appointed by the English government to consider +Commissioner Haggard's report.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> In their report they +recommend a system of emigration from the city to the English +possessions, such as Canada, aided by the government, in preference +to the system of colonization. With this we agree. A +man once transported from the city and then thrown on his +own resources in a favorable rural environment, will be more +likely to succeed than a man who is taken out with a number of +others to form a colony. The man left to his own resources will +rise to the occasion, as so many have done in both Canada and +the United States, who have migrated from city to country and +made successful farmers and citizens, while, on the other hand, +the man who feels dependent on an organization, which is responsible +to the public for his success, and its own, will blame it for his +own lack of efficiency. The Army itself claims a successful work +done along the lines of emigration. In 1905, through the agency +of the Army, 2,500 men were sent out from London to Canada. +This number has since increased every year until in 1907 over +15,000 men were sent out. Many other emigration societies have +been very successful in this work.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> The emigrants sent out +with some assistance, in many cases, gain new ambitions in life and +make pronounced successes on the new soil. As regards the cost, +the following quotation may be submitted. "The cost of emigration +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>to Canada from England does not amount to more than +£10 a head, and some of the societies, especially those maintained +by women, seem to be successful in securing repayment +of at least a part of the money advanced. In other words, $300,000.00, +which Mr. Rider Haggard assumes as a necessary sum +for forming a colony of 1,500 families, would enable at least +6,000 families to go out as emigrants."<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> With regard to conditions +in the large cities of the United States and other countries, +we believe that the same arguments would apply, and that, in +every case, assisted emigration will be found far more feasible +and beneficial than any system of colonization. Again, for reasons +already given, in addition to there being six thousand +families aided by emigration, for the same sum as fifteen hundred +families could be by colonization, the relief given would be +far preferable. In other words, emigration has been proved successful, +while colonization has not.</p> + +<p>Coming back to the conclusions reached by Mr. Haggard on +his recommendations to the English government: Mr. Haggard, +after stating that the two experiments, outside of a slight failure +of finance, seemed to him to be eminently successful, says +that, given certain requisites,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"It will, I consider, be strange if success is not attained even in +the case of poor persons taken from the cities, provided that they +are suited in character, the victims of misfortune and circumstances +rather than of vice, having had some acquaintance or connection +with the land in their past life, and having also an earnest desire +to raise themselves and their children in the world."</p></div> + +<p>Now two of the "requisites" he mentions are, "that the land +should be cheap as well as suitable" and "that markets also with +accessibility and convenience of location should be borne in +mind," two rather difficult requisites to be found together. +Again, in the above quotation he lays down other provisos; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>among these being one that the people selected should have had +some acquaintance or connection with the land in their past lives, +a rather indefinite proviso in itself, but, from a list of poor men +out of work or in irregular or casual employment in London and +the other large cities in England in 1901 and 1906, compiled by +Mr. Wilson Fox, we find that out of a total of 8,793 such men, +ninety per cent were town born.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> We also find in New York +City in the spring of 1908, that out of a total of 185 destitute men, +about eighty per cent were town born.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> That then leaves +ten per cent in the case of England and twenty per cent in the +case of New York City from which to select or choose the ones +needed for a colonizing enterprise.</p> + +<p>Mr. Fox has also shown in his investigations:</p> + +<p>1. That the countrymen who migrate to London are mainly +the best youth of the villages.</p> + +<p>2. That the incomers usually get the pick of the posts, especially +outdoor trades.</p> + +<p>3. Country immigrants do not to any considerable extent directly +recruit the town unemployed who are, in the main, the +sediment deposited at the bottom of the scale, as the physique +and power of application of the town population tends to deteriorate.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p> + +<p>The conclusion is then, that it would be difficult to get the men +according to Mr. Haggard's requirements, and difficult to get +the land according to his requirements, and even if such were +obtained, for reasons already stated there is no justification for +a large colonizing enterprise in the two experiments described in +this chapter.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p> +<h3><br />Examples of Colonists taken from Ft. Amity by the author in +January, 1908.</h3> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 1.</b></p> + +<p>Elderly man. Widower. Had three grown-up children in the +Colony at various times. Had one son a colonist with farm of +his own. Was not a Salvationist. Came from Chicago where +he was a tailor. Had a farm near the railroad depot which he +considered valuable. Had two small houses. Rented one. +Raised alfalfa. Was sole agent for a coal company. Claimed +he made $1,500.00 last year, mostly in the coal business. Said +draining now being done on the Colony was very expensive. +Considered the Colony a good thing.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 2.</b></p> + +<p>Middle aged man. Married. One child. Had experience in +the country before coming to the Colony. Had forty acres of +Colony land which he had rented, and which he wished to sell at +$106.00 per acre. Had mostly worked for the railroad in the +station office. Wished to leave the Colony. Said he could not +raise a vegetable garden owing to alkali and insect pests.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 3.</b></p> + +<p>A new man. About thirty years old. One year out from Chicago, +where he worked at different trades. Had wife and one +child. Rented a house on the Colony and worked in one of the +Colony stores. Had no money saved and saw no immediate +chance of betterment. Liked the country better than the city, +because his wife had better health.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 4.</b></p> + +<p>Young married man. No children. Son of a Colonist and +married to a daughter of a Colonist, whose father was sheriff +of the County. Had good looking cottage and barns. Was +doing well.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 5.</b></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> +<p>About fifty years old. Salvation Army officer. In the Colony +six years. Had son twenty-one, and together they worked a farm +of sixty acres. He owned twenty and rented forty. His life +was despaired of by the doctors, but he was enjoying good health +at time of interview. Doing well financially.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 6.</b></p> + +<p>About forty-five. Original Colonist. Married. Had four +children. Came from Chicago, where he was a carpenter. Owned +land in the Colony which he rented out. Ran a hardware store +in the Colony and was partner in the Colony bank. Had property +valued at $5,000.00. Had no capital when he came to the +Colony.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 7.</b></p> + +<p>About forty-eight years old. Original Colonist. Married and +had nine children. Was railroad clerk in Chicago at $12.00 per +week. Owned a corner lot on the town site where he ran a +grocery store. Had property in Chicago worth $1,000.00 when +he came to the Colony. Was worth $8,000.00 at time of interview.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 8.</b></p> + +<p>A farmer, from surrounding country, induced by Colony management +to invest in Colony land and tract as a "pace-setter" to +the other colonists. Thus secured forty acres at $70.00 per acre. +Had introduced the sheep industry. Bought up young lambs in +Mexico, fattened them, and sold at a profit. Had been two years +on the Colony. Made $5,000.00 net, per year. Had four thousand +sheep.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 9.</b></p> + +<p>Middle aged man. Married. Original colonist. Was expressman +in Chicago, but previous to coming to the Colony had +to leave family and go to work in the woods while the wife +worked. Had taken out a government homestead outside of the +Colony. Gave up his holdings on the Colony and was working +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>as farm boss for a neighboring farmer while his wife ran a +boarding house.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 10.</b></p> + +<p>Scotchman. About fifty years old. Married. Had five children. +In the Colony for six years. Arrived there with $25.00. +Was carpenter in Chicago. Was worth $1,000.00 when interviewed. +Was arranging to sell his holdings and go away, as +he thought he could do better elsewhere.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 11.</b></p> + +<p>About forty-five years old. Belonged to the Army. Married. +One child. Came from Baltimore, Md., where he worked as +a teamster. The Army paid family's fare to the Colony. Made +a failure of his holding on the Colony and was making a bare +living by running the Colony hotel and doing teaming. His +failure was due to alkali and insect pests. His wife was sick +before coming, but became better and was evidently the more +efficient member of the partnership.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 12.</b></p> + +<p>Thirty-five years old. Married. Two children. Brother of +Army officer and son of example No. 1. In the Colony eight +years. Used to be street-car conductor in Chicago. Gave up +one holding in the Colony on account of alkali and took another, +where he was doing well at time of interview.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>No. 13.</b></p> + +<p>About forty years old. Married. Came from the country. +Rented a house on the Colony and worked as a section-hand on +the railroad.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land." Introduction, p. VI.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> "Report of Departmental Committee," pp. 8, 9, 10.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> "William Booth," p. 83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> "The S. A. in the U. S.," p. 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 291.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> See example No. 8 at the end of the chapter, <a href="#Page_115">p. 115</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> About this time, Mr. Curtis, describing the colony in the Chicago +Record, said "There is no neater group of houses in Colorado, and no +more contented community in the world. Nearly every one has written +to friends urging them to join the next colony that comes out, and thus I +judge they are enthusiastic over their success and the pleasures they +enjoy."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> See principle No. 2, <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 78.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> See principle No. 5, <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> See several examples at the end of this chapter, <a href="#Page_137">p. 137</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> See principle No. 1, <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 39.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> See Pamphlet, "Review of Salvation Army Land Colony in California."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> The price of land at Ft. Amity would be different, and there, too, +the Army sometimes rents to the colonists an additional acreage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> "Memorandum of Information Respecting the Salvation Army +Colony at Ft. Romie, California."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> For these principles see <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a> of this chapter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See "The Poor and the Land," p. 40 and fl.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_114">examples</a> at end of chapter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> See "The Poor and the Land," p. 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> See the "Poor and the Land," p. 82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> See "Report of Departmental Committee," p. 14 and fl.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Mr. John Manson in his book "The Salvation Army and the Public," +p. 133 and following, states that in this work the Army has merely +acted the part of a business agency. We think that he has ground for this +statement, but we also think that the Army would be far more useful +along these lines than an ordinary business agency.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 3.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> See tables <a href="#Page_98">p. 98</a> of this book.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 30.</p></div> + +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Slum Department.</span></h2> + + +<p>So much has been written on the question of the slums in +the past few years; so many settlements, evening recreation centers, +summer playgrounds, clubs, visiting nurses' associations, +and kindergarten associations have been organized; so much has +been done by tenement house commissions and tenement laws; +so many churches have turned from their original efforts to +the slums; that we wonder why so little is heard of what the +Army, the organization supposed especially to represent the poor, +is doing in this direction. To tell the truth, if we go down into +the slums, either those of Deptford, Whitechapel, or of Westminster, +in London; or those of the Jewish, the Italian, the +Negro, or the Irish quarters in New York, or those of the Slav +or Jewish quarters in Chicago, expecting to find there the work +of the Army much in evidence, we shall be disappointed. What +slum work is done by the Army in these densely populated corners +is done with love and earnest hearts, with sacrifice and the +best of intentions; but apparently it does not bear fruit in the same +proportion as does the work of the settlement, whether church +settlement or secular, or in the same proportion as many of the +kindergartens, summer playgrounds and evening recreation centers. +Nevertheless, the slum post of the Army is doing valuable +work and should be supported.</p> + +<p>A sweeping tenement house reform can do more than any +number of settlements; a settlement can do more than the Army +slum post; but neither the tenement reform nor the settlement +does the work that a slum post does. Probably the work done +by other organizations most nearly allied to that of the Army +slum post is that done by the various organizations of church +deaconesses, which have been growing rapidly in late years, in +which women are employed by the churches to visit the poor +in their homes, and nurse the sick, besides other duties. If we +depend or count largely on the Army slum work to reform the +slums, we shall be disappointed in learning that, after years of +successful growth in the Industrial and Social Departments, the +Army has but twenty slum posts in the United States<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>, some +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>of these being very small, and that it has no large number in +other countries. Such as it is, the work is well worth while. +But let us examine its origin, present status and the reason for +its relatively small growth.</p> + +<p>In the beginning of the Army movement, Mrs. Booth, the +late wife of General Booth, supplemented her husband's work +by a personal visitation of the people in their homes. She proved +the utility of this work and also its place among the works +of women. From her early efforts has sprung the more widely +organized department of slum work.</p> + +<p>The slum work may be divided into three divisions: visitation +work, the slum nursery, and the maintenance of the slum post. +Wearing a humbler garb, even, than the regular Army uniform, +the lassies start out on their daily tours of visitation. They take +care of the sick, and at the same time, they clean the home and +put everything in order. Often they come upon cases of need +and of want, and then they provide the little necessaries: a sack of +coal, a supply of food, or some needed clothing. They take the +children from the worn-out woman and amuse and instruct +them, while the mother does her work; and, wherever they go, +although most plainly dressed, they are clean and neat, and they +strive to make everything else clean and neat.</p> + +<p>While this visitation work is going on, another most urgent +need is being supplied by the slum nursery. Here the mother +can leave her children in the morning, when she goes to her +work, and find them safely waiting for her in the evening, clean +and happy. A charge of five cents per day is made to cover the +expense of feeding the children. During the day they are well +cared for, the younger ones properly nursed, and the older +ones taught simple little kindergarten games and songs. Sometimes +children are brought here and never called for again, in +which case the Army lassies in charge must find some permanent +home for them, but this does not often happen, as the mothers +of the children are usually known by the Army workers. At +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>the slum nursery in Cincinnati there is also a free clinic, where +sick women and children go for treatment. Two of the most +efficient physicians of the city furnish free aid, and the medicines +necessary are provided.</p> + +<p>In addition to the visitation work and the nursery, the maintenance +of the slum post means the keeping of slum quarters +and a slum hall. The "quarters" are the two or more rooms +where the lassies live, and they are located where most can be +accomplished in the way of example and influence. The hall is +for the carrying on of slum meetings, for these are regularly +held. In these meetings the roughest crowd of men, women +and children is awed into respect and reverence by the simple +slum lassies with their songs and music. Again, in this little +hall, the children of the neighborhood are gathered in a Sunday +School and taught by the slum officers. It is a most interesting +spectacle to watch these children. Many different +nationalities are represented, the dark races and the light. As +children, these nationalities mingle together more freely than in +adult life.</p> + +<p>A special aspect of the slum post is the distribution of charitable +relief to the needy. It is specially situated, and has advantages +for this purpose; hence it becomes the distributing depot +for bread, soup and coal in winter, and ice in summer. For +instance, from one slum post in New York during the winter +of 1907-8, 2,800 loaves of bread were given out in one week, +and for some months, an average of from 300 to 1,000 loaves, +besides an average of two tons of coal per week. Some of this, +naturally, would go to the undeserving, but the slum officers, as +a rule, know the people of their immediate neighborhood, and +can exercise due discretion.</p> + +<p>The failure of the Army slum work to increase in the same +proportion as its other branches of the social work, and its non-existence +in many quarters of our cities where it is most needed, +is due to two causes. One is the fact that the Army slum +post, more than the Army industrial home or the Army hotel,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +is a religious institution, and is continually advertising and pressing +on the public its peculiar doctrines. The slum officers are +imbued with the idea that personal salvation according to the +doctrines of the Army is the all-essential need. They would +not be engaged in this work themselves were it not for the hold +these doctrines have upon them. The slum post holds its regular +meetings, exhorting its hearers to get "saved," in its own +original way. At Sunday School, the children are taught that +certain things are wrong and sinful, and these very things are +common-place in their own homes though, possibly some of them +of not much detriment. But, in a community almost entirely +Catholic or Jewish, such aggressive evangelism is not likely to +increase the influence of its advocates. Many settlements have +learned with grief, this very same lesson. Another reason for +the lack of success is the mental calibre of those engaged in +the work. However, the devotion and self-sacrifice of the Army +slum sisters is one of the most touching and sublime elements of +the slums, and it is all the more touching when it is to some extent +misdirected and misplaced. To see the tact, patience and perseverance +of these "Slum Angels" as they are often called, is a +divine object lesson in itself, and much of their work is not done +in vain, as many would testify.</p> + +<p>A useful experiment is under way at one former slum post, +94 Cherry Street, New York City. In place of the old building +formerly rented by the Army here and used as a slum post, the +Army has built a commodious six-story building, which it calls +a settlement. One floor is given to a hall and parlor. Two +floors are given over to rooms to be used as class, club +and kindergarten rooms. One floor is fitted up with a dining +room and kitchen, and another with a large dormitory +and living room, to be used as a Girls' Home. On the roof, +preparations are under way for a roof garden and play-ground, +while washing facilities are provided in the basement, where poor +mothers can bring their clothes and wash them. Already the +New York Kindergarten Association has two kindergartners busy +here. Two sewing classes, averaging thirty-five members, are +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>organized. Mother's meetings are held, and a regular Army +Corps is organized, consisting of sixty members. This settlement +may prove an auspicious advance of the Army along these +lines.</p> + +<p>To sum up, the Army Slum Department is doing valuable +work in the slums, tending the sick, exercising and bringing out +some of the better traits of humanity, and offering relief in times +of need; but it suffers from an over-desire to spread its own +peculiar doctrines of salvation, and from the lack of grasping +the whole situation which is characteristic of its workers.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> This number has continued the same for five years.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Rescue Department.</span></h2> + + +<p>In the United States and Great Britain, the question of the +social evil has never been thoroughly investigated and faced systematically +as a whole. In some of the large cities in the United +States, notably in Chicago and New York, the question has been +taken up in various ways by different reform societies. Probably +the best investigation made thus far has been the work of +the Committee of Fifteen, in New York City, which issued its +report in the year 1902, but the problem does not appear to +have been faced by us as a nation as it might have been. Other +countries, especially France, have paid a great deal of attention +to this form of vice. Nearly every phase of the question has +been examined by some French investigator and reported on, but +when we look for reports or investigations on the part of American +or English students, we find very little of value.</p> + +<p>As regards the United States, all attempts at reaching a true +estimate of the extent of this evil have failed. Apparently, there +is no way of obtaining such information. We have seen estimates +regarding some of the cities in past years, and such estimates +are given as 40,000 prostitutes for New York City,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> 30,000 +for Chicago and 35,000 for San Francisco. But these figures +have evidently been derived in a very unscientific way. The +evil is probably worse in the Western states than in the Eastern, +but we are not satisfied of the accuracy of such estimates as +35,000 for San Francisco and only 30,000 for Chicago.</p> + +<p>The work known as the Rescue Work of the Salvation Army +is, to a certain extent, related to the Slum Work. The slum +officers can often work hand-in-hand with the Rescue officers, +inasmuch as their field is often on the same or adjoining territory. +At the same time, it is essential that the Rescue officer +be more highly specialized than the slum worker. During the +past few years the percentage of successful cases of reform +brought about by the Army Rescue Homes has reached as high +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>as 80 or 85%, according to the Army's statistics. They, however, +are unable to keep in touch with all the girls sent out, and +hence this percentage would not be final, but even allowing 25% +off for failures not known to the Army, it is doubtful if there +is any other reform agency along this line which is as successful +as is this force of trained rescue workers.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> In the United +States this force works in conjunction with twenty-two Rescue +Homes scattered throughout the States. These homes are especially +fitted for the work, some having been built for the purpose. +There are work rooms for the girls, where they can do +sewing and laundry work. There is a reading room and sitting +room, dining room, and different dormitories and sleeping apartments. +Then special facilities are provided for the care of +babies in the way of proper nurseries.</p> + +<p>There are two ways in which these girls come under the influence +of the Homes and Rescue workers: either the girls come +voluntarily to the Homes, expressing their desire to leave this +form of life for a better one, or they are brought to the Home +by the direct influence and touch of the Rescue officer. These +Rescue officers make regular tours through the districts where +the girls are to be found. They watch their opportunities, and +whenever they think it wise, they speak to the girls personally. +When this is not possible, they make an advance by way of +literature. One method is to open up a conversation by means +of a little card, upon which is printed the address of the Rescue +Home, and the offer of help to any girl who is in trouble of +any sort. Some of the officers tell us that they get to know the +faces of the girls through their regular tours, and whenever +a new girl comes they are able to recognize her at once, both +by her features and her actions. In this way there have been +some instances of real prevention without the need of any curative +means whatever; instances where young girls have been +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>rescued from the very brink of their evil fate. One way of +reaching the girls is visitation and nursing when they are sick. +Another way is through the police courts. In some of the +latter a woman Army officer is in regular attendance, and the +judge frequently hands certain cases over to her charge.</p> + +<p>Many of the girls received into the Home have had no practical +training in life; many, very little moral training, and in +the case of those who have had good training in earlier years, +the life they have been leading has so undermined their old +ideals, that the training must be repeated. Hence, the aim of +the Home is two-fold. First, the aim is to lay a strong foundation +morally. When the girls reach the Home, in most cases +they are already penitent, and ready for a change, but to make +such a complete change as is necessary to lead them back to a +normal life means the individual revolution of desire and interest. +Here is where the importance of the moral influence +of the Home is realized. Step by step the girl is led on by +the simple teaching of Christian and social ideals, until in +reality she is a changed individual. Often she looks back on +her past life with such repugnance and shrinking, that her only +desire becomes that of doing something to retrieve her past, and +she becomes an active agent in the betterment of the conditions +of other girls around her.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, the second aim of the Rescue Home is being +realized. The girls are taught the means of practical livelihood. +They are instructed in cooking, the care of the kitchen and +nursery, and general housekeeping. Sewing is made a prominent +feature, and in every Home a laundry is maintained, where the +girls do their own washing and sometimes outside washing. +In some Homes the fund realized from the laundry and from +the sale of clothing made by the girls is quite a help toward defraying +the general expenses. Again, at some of the Homes, +such work as book binding and chicken raising has been successfully +carried on. Independence is encouraged, and as soon +as possible the girl is made to feel that, by aiding in the work +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>of the Home, she can help meet the expense which she caused.</p> + +<p>To the girl who has possibly never done sewing, never known +anything about proper cooking or the care of a home, there +is much that is new in this training, and, on the other hand, +great patience is required on the part of her instructors. A fit +of anger or despondency, and in a very short time she has left +the Home and its care, and returned to her old life. Some do +this even more than once and again return, having, upon reflection, +realized the force of its love and shelter. Others, of +course, leave and never return, but a large number are sent +back to their own homes or out to fill situations of various +kinds.</p> + +<p>A great difference is found between one girl and another, due +to the different status of life and surroundings from which they +originally fell; hence, some girls are reformed with greater ease +and in a shorter time than are others. The average time that +a girl is retained in the Home is about four months. The Army +aims at keeping in touch with them afterwards.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Personally," says one of the leading Rescue officers writing on +this point, "I attach by far the greatest importance to the work +done with our girls after they leave the Home. If we ceased our +care for them when they went out to service, we should have, I fear, +many failures. I have by my elbow, as I write to you, a current record +of 120 girls, not picked out but taken just as they come, which +tells just where each one is, what she is doing, what was her +spiritual condition when last seen or heard from, what day visited, +etc. That list is taken from a record kept of every girl who passes +through our hands. On one page is her previous life story; on the +other, her career after leaving the Home. It is the most important +record we keep."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p></div> + +<p>Along with other departments of social service in the Army, +this department has been considerably extended during the past +few years. Figures are at hand for the United States only. +In 1896 there were five Rescue Homes with a total accommodation +for 100 girls, and there were, in the Rescue Work, 24 +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>officers. In 1904 we found twenty-two homes, with a total accommodation +for 500 girls, and there were 110 specialized officers +engaged in the Rescue Work. During the eight years +prior to 1907 15,000 girls were helped.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> Speaking of the +year 1903-4, Commander Booth-Tucker says: "More than 1,800 +girls passed through the homes during the year, and of these +93% were satisfactory cases, being restored to lives of virtue, +while some 500 babies were cared for."<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> During the past +few years, also, some valuable properties have been acquired for +the purposes of Rescue Homes. Among these are two Homes +in Philadelphia worth $20,000.00; the Home in Manhattan, New +York City, valued at $35,000.00; the Home in Buffalo, costing +nearly $40,000.00; the Home in Los Angeles, worth more than +$15,000.00, and others.</p> + +<p>In conclusion it may be said that although this great social +question presents almost overwhelming problems for solution, +yet there is no agency that deals with the evil in a curative way +so successfully, and on such a scale, as does the Rescue Department +of the Army. One difficulty of the work is that, while +so many departments of the Army work are self-supporting, this +work cannot be made so. Another difficulty is the lack of those +who are willing to sacrifice their lives to such noble effort. Mrs. +Catherine Higgins, former Secretary for this department, in +her report, said that she had a great need of 100 more workers, +and that she could use many times that number in the furtherance +of the work.</p> + +<p>While it is rather the part of society to strike at the very +causes of this social evil and root it out entirely, still, such +successful combating with the evil itself, right on the battle-field +of flagrant vice, should receive the hearty support of all.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Mentioned in Josiah Strong's Social Progress, 1906, p. 243.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> In Great Britain in 1903, the proportion of re-admissions in the +Rescue Homes was about one in seven. In that year, about one-sixth of +the new cases were unsatisfactory. (The S. A. and the Public, p. 131.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> "Social Service in the Salvation Army," p. 71.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Pamphlet "S. A. in the U. S."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 26.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Some Minor Features of the Salvation Army Social Work.</span></h2> + + +<p>There are a number of features of the Salvation Army Social +Work, which for the sake of brevity we shall group together in +one final chapter. These are, (1): Christmas dinners, (2): prison +work, (3): the employment bureau, and (4): work among the +children. Taking up the subject of Christmas dinners, we find +here what seems to be an advertising scheme more than a systematic +form of relief. Sentiment, doubtless, has its place, even +with the masses, and yet, in this great winter feast, there is more +sentiment than there is real practical good accomplished. To +the quiet, calculating student the question arises whether it +would not be far better to utilize the vast amount of energy and +financial outlay, which it gives to gorging the multitude for +one day, in a better and more lasting way; the question whether +there is not, in these Christmas feasts, a likeness to the old time +feast of pagan Rome. In every city of any size throughout the +country the pots and kettles on the street corner are familiar +objects. At each Corps or other location of the Army, tickets +are given out entitling the bearer to a Christmas dinner, or, in +certain cases, to a basket with a dinner for a family. A good +deal of trickery is indulged in by the professional beggars, by +means of which it often happens that several dinners go to the +same person. And yet, as we have watched those 5,000 baskets +containing food for 25,000 persons go out, to bring cheer and +comfort to the hungry in their homes, and as we have gazed on +that vast banquet of 3,000 guests seated at one sitting, we could +not but feel glad that these poor brothers and sisters of ours +might realize the force of human sympathy for once in the year +at least.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p> + +<p>Another minor feature of the Salvation Army work is the +prison work. The majority of the jails, local, county and state, +are visited at intervals by certain members of the Army set +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>aside for that purpose in each community. In one State's prison +there is a regularly organized corps of Salvation Army soldiers, +who are all prisoners, some of them for a life term. In most +prisons the Army provides literature, sees to the correspondence +of the prisoners and holds meetings with them. But it is not +so much the work with the prisoners in the jail that counts, as +it is the influence gained over them, which leads them to come +to the Army and make a new start in life when they get out. +Many who find themselves behind the prison bars are not to be +classed as regular criminals. A man is often classed as a +criminal who is a victim of misfortune only, and has no inherent +criminal instincts. It is with the criminal "by occasion," as Lombroso +puts it,<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> that much successful work can be done in the +way of reform. The Army has a regular organization known +as the Prison Gate League. When a prisoner is discharged he +is met by one of this league and invited to go to work at one +of the Army's institutions. After being influenced and helped +in this institution for a certain length of time, if he seems to +justify it, he is sent out to work in some position. There are +no definite statistics recorded of those of this class who have +been permanently bettered.</p> + +<p>Still another minor feature is the employment bureau system. +While mentioned here as merely one of a group of minor features, +this system is one of great importance to the industrial +world. It is being taken into consideration in many places by +thoughtful men, and there is promise of its assuming national, +if not international proportions. The general term, employment +bureau, serves to bring to our recollection the accompanying +evils of the contract wage system and industrial slavery, against +which there has been agitation in the past, but it is because of +these accompaniments that the importance arises of securing a +system which shall be free from them. In Germany considerable +work has been done along these lines, municipalities and +provinces have taken up the work, and an all-round effort is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>being made to place labor in the right position for work at the +proper time.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> New York City is to-day swarming with many +agencies, which are conducted by men and women, who may +rightly be classed as extortioners. In spite of the rigid rules on +the subject, the ignorance and poverty of their victims makes evasion +of the law comparatively easy. Jacob A. Riis, speaking of +this subject, says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is estimated that New York spends in public and private +charity every year around eight millions. A small part of this sum +intelligently invested in a great labor bureau that would bring the +seeker of work and the man with work together, under auspices +offering some degree of mutual security, would certainly repay the +amount of the investment in the saving of much capital now much +worse than wasted, and would be prolific of the best results."<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p></div> + +<p>In regard to the work of the Army in this field every large +city contains an employment bureau conducted by it and maintained +for the free use of the unemployed. Some of the men, +who secure positions have been in one of its own +institutions, and the Army workers know whether or not +to recommend them for a certain position. Outside of giving +men work in its own institutions, the Army, during the year +1907, found employment for 55,621 persons in the United States +alone.</p> + +<p>Contrary to expectation, the children's work of the Army +has not attained a magnitude in proportion to the other lines +of work which have been developed. This may be accounted +for in part by the fact that there are more institutions open for +children to which the Army can turn for help than there are +institutions of other types. Thus, while the Army can often get +a child taken into some orphanage already existing, either public +or private, in the case of the drunkard, the unemployed or the +fallen woman, the Army finds it necessary to furnish its own +institutions. Again, the Army states that wherever possible, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>some friend is found who is willing to adopt a child. Of course, +this is far preferable to placing the child in some institution, +inasmuch as adoption restores the home in a real sense.</p> + +<p>The work among the children may be divided into temporary +work and permanent work. By temporary work we do not +mean work that is superficial, for it may be the most permanent +and lasting in its results, but we mean work that is undertaken +which influences the children for a limited amount of time only. +The slum nursery or kindergarten is of this type, but as we +have already described it in connection with the Slum Department, +it needs only mention here. Another line of temporary +work is the Sunday School work of the Army, but that comes +under the religious work and not the social.</p> + +<p>An important line of temporary work, however, is the summer +outing for the poor children. In each of our large cities +these excursions for the poor children have been carried out +on a large scale. Arrangements are made with a railroad or +a steamboat company; the children are collected, hundreds at +a time, and cared for by parties of Salvationists, they are taken +out to the country for the day. Children who have never seen +the country, and who do not know what a tree, a green hill, or the +running water looks like, are thus given an entirely new outlook +upon the world, and a lasting impression is made on their minds. +In Kansas City, this line of work has been developed still further. +One of the large parks has been handed over to the Army +by the city authorities, and in it has been established a summer +camp. Tents are pitched on the grass under the trees, and +poor families are brought out here for a week at a time. In +this way hundreds of families have experienced a little of summer +vacation who otherwise would never have left their slum +dwellings.</p> + +<p>The permanent handling of the children as opposed to the +temporary, begins with the Maternity Homes which are managed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>in connection with the Rescue Homes, and continues on through +the Orphanages. The children cared for in this permanent way +are the babies from the Maternity Homes and orphans. +From this it must not be supposed, with regard to the Maternity +Homes, that there is any intentional separation or even a suggested +separation of the child from the mother, but in many +cases, after a time, a partial separation is necessary. The mother +is influenced and taught to care for and love her offspring, but +after spending some months in the Home, she may take a situation +of some sort, often as a domestic servant, and here +she cannot take her baby. Hence, in such cases, the mother is +expected to visit her child frequently, and to provide for its +support.</p> + +<p>The other class of children dealt with in a permanent way are +those who are picked up from the street, or who otherwise fall +into the hands of the Army, often after being deserted by their +parents. While Orphanages, as already stated, are not an important +item in the Army's work, there are several in England +and four in the United States. For the situation of an Orphanage, +a country location is sought. For instance, one near New +York City is located on a beautiful piece of property at Spring +Valley. Another is at Rutherford, N. J. One of the largest is +situated near San Francisco, California, and one of the latest +additions for this purpose has been the securing of a fine piece of +property at Lytton Springs, Cal. In all, there is accommodation +for two hundred and twenty-five children in the United States.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> The author refers here to the annual Christmas dinner given in +New York.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> "The Criminal," p. 208.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> "The German Workman," ch. XVII</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> "How the Other Half Lives," p. 253.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Conclusion.</span></h2> + + +<p>We have now covered the work of the Salvation Army social +movement in its different branches. We have described the +work, the extent and the management of each department. We +have also considered the criticisms and objections to which each +department is open, and we have attempted to estimate the value +of each department to society. We have arrived at the conclusion +that the work of the Industrial Department, leaving out the Industrial +Colony, is a practical, deserving and successful effort to +put unfortunate men once more on their feet, at no expense to +the public, saving a slight embarrassment to those already engaged +in the salvage and second hand business; that the Army +lodging house is the best so far offered for the housing of the +lower homeless class, although not entirely satisfactory; that the +Slum Work is good, but limited in its scope, owing to the religious +sentiment attached, and the mental inferiority of its +workers; that the Rescue Work is about the best of its kind; and +that good work is being done in other directions, such as the +prison work, the employment bureaux and the children's work. +On the other hand, we have found that the two Industrial +Colonies and three Farm Colonies are not successful enough to +warrant any additional expenditure on them or on any new +colonies. This is due to the fact that the class most needing help +in the cities is not the class to succeed on the land, and to the fact +that men are more successful as pioneers on the land, when they +are scattered and left to rely on themselves, having experienced +farmers as neighbors, than when they are grouped closely together +in one colony. Also there is nothing in favor of heavy +expenditure for Christmas dinners, since the same amount of +money can be put to better advantage in other ways.</p> + +<p>But, having reached these conclusions regarding the separate +departments of the Army social work, what about the movement +as a whole? The critics have advanced a good many objections +against the Army. Some of these objections relating to special +departments and not to the Army as a whole, we have already +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>dealt with in our discussion of those separate departments. +There remain six principal objections:</p> + +<p>1. That the organization is narrow and not willing to cooperate +with other organizations.</p> + +<p>2. That the highly centralized military form of government is +likely to lead to disastrous consequences.</p> + +<p>3. That the Army, in its financial dealings, does not take the +public sufficiently into its confidence.</p> + +<p>4. That the Army collects funds, on the strength of its social +work, and applies these funds to religious propaganda.</p> + +<p>5. That there is a lack of accuracy in its reports of work accomplished.</p> + +<p>6. That the Army, as an organization, has become more of an +end in itself, than a means to an end.</p> + +<p>Regarding the first objection, the narrowness and lack of cooperation, +we think there is a good deal of truth in it. The +Army has made a great success as an organization, and the work +of its founder and his assistants is one of the most remarkable +achievements of the age. Things apparently impossible have +been accomplished, and obstacles apparently unsurmountable have +been overcome. The result is a self-confidence and assurance, +amounting in many cases to bigotry. The members of the organization +look upon it as especially favored by God, and as +above any other organization. Hence, we find many of the +leaders far from humble in their bearings, whatever their profession +may be, and entirely uninclined to cooperate with other +organizations. This fact has been brought to the foreground of +late years in England and America by a certain amount of +antagonism between the Army and the Charity Organization +Society, the Army claiming that it can do its work along its own +lines and get along without any alliance with the Society, and the +latter claiming that much economy would result if the Army +would unite its efforts along social lines with the Charity +Organization Society. The controversy cannot be discussed here, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>but it seems a pity that some sort of union cannot be entered into +in which both organizations would be represented in a manner +satisfactory to both. One great difficulty, evidently, is the +religious element in the social work of the Army, which tends to +prejudice the Charity Organization Society in some degree against +the Army, and tends to keep the Army aloof from any +organization considered secular. However, we find many leading +officers in both organizations with friendly feeling, and there is +hope that the time will come, when the controversy will be at an +end.</p> + +<p>Coming to the second objection, that the highly centralized +military form of government of the Army is likely to lead to +disastrous consequences, we think that, if continued, this form +of government must indeed lead to disaster. It is evident that +this might happen in different ways. In an organization held +together by one man or by one idea, disintegration would tend to +take place in the one case by the failure or death of the leader, +and in the other case by the expansion of the idea. The Army is +held together by both the man and the idea, and we need not turn +away from its own history to get examples of this disintegration +in both ways. Take the first bond of union, the man of striking, +hypnotic personality. Since the very inception of the movement, +time after time, men who have gained influence in the Army, have +separated from its ranks and started a movement of their own +of more or less formidable dimensions. The instance most +applicable here is that of the division which took place a few years +ago in the United States. At that time the Army in this country +had been very successful under the leadership of one of General +Booth's sons, Ballington Booth and his wife, Maud, the latter +especially being a most attractive and talented personality and +gifted, persuasive speaker. Mr. and Mrs. Ballington Booth +were flattered by attention from all sides, and by the worship of +the soldiers and officers under them. Orders came from General +William Booth, commanding them to give up their leadership in +the United States and take control of some other country. But +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>they had no idea of giving up their position in this country, and, +elated by success, confidently announced their leadership of a new +movement, the Volunteers of America, which is still in existence. +While the other element, that of the expansion of the idea, +showed itself at this time in a revolt against the narrow, despotic +methods of General William Booth, the main element in this +division was that of personality. Taking up the second bond of +union, that of the central, controlling idea and purpose, we find +the whole movement at the present time is tending to disintegrate +through the expansion of this idea. This is shown by the continual +departure of men from the ranks of the Army, who see +that its methods and machinery are too cramped for their efforts, +and also by the different attitude of the remaining members towards +the movement itself and its leader General William Booth.</p> + +<p>It is possible, however, that there will gradually be effected a +change in the form of government of the army which will allow +for enlargement and differentiation within the movement itself. +General Booth, the sole head of the movement, cannot live much +longer, and at his death, changes already threatening will demand +attention. He has maintained a remarkable control over his +world-wide following, in spite of numerous outbreaks and +dangerous splits, and has legally arranged with great care, we are +told, the succession to follow him. But that there will ever be a +second General Booth, or that there could be a series of General +Booths, able to hold the organization as he has, is incredible. We +have talked with leading officers of his Army on this subject and +find that they too, are looking for changes. The fact that the +social work is having such a remarkable growth, while the +spiritual work is apparently unable to hold its own, is in itself a +feature demanding a change. The Army of industrial and social +officers and employees will not be bound by the same ties to the +General as his former Army of spiritual officers and soldiers. +The latter were possessed with an emotional, fanatical enthusiasm +which blinded them to everything save the service of their much +adored General. The former have a different outlook on life. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>They are the new Army, a result of tendencies inherent in the +growth of the movement. They look at humanity and individuals +from other standpoints than that of the salvation of the soul. The +material side of society, with its institutions of business, and +practical forms of charitable relief, occupies a large amount of +their attention. This has already led to considerable differentiation +of government and control. Take, for example, the +corporation, "The Industrial Homes Company" controlling eighty-four +industrial institutions in the United States, and managed by +a board of directors in New York City. This example is opening +the way toward a future government by a board of some sort +for other departments of the Army, and in time for the spiritual +department, and then the further step of representation of members +on these boards will not be far distant. At any rate we see +reason for hoping that, while other improvements are taking +place, the government of the Army will not be a handicap to the +movement.</p> + +<p>By the third objection, that the Army in its financial dealings +does not take the public sufficiently into its confidence, is meant +that complete records of detailed expenditure are not issued. The +public provides for a large part of the income of the Army, and +it has a right to know just how and where that income is spent. +The man and woman who is being continually confronted by a +lassie on the street with a little box for the receipt of contributions, +after contributing again and again, is likely to ask the question, +just where is this money going; and it would be of advantage to +the Army itself, if it would issue a more definite statement of the +use to which it puts public money. Some people are satisfied with +the general report that "the Army is doing good," but there are +many who would contribute more largely, if they knew directly +for what they were contributing. In reply to this criticism, the +Army states that it deposits regularly with the state authorities +a statement showing the disposition and state of the finances of its +corporations, such as "The Reliance Trading Company" and +"The Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company."</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> +<p>The Army also issues every year a balance sheet which shows +its assets and liabilities on a large scale. But this is not sufficient. +The ordinary person can receive no light from either the statement +deposited with the state authorities or the yearly balance +sheet published by the Army. In fact, although the Army uses +the services of an expert accountant in getting out this balance +sheet, for all that the public knows, it may be using the funds +entrusted to it in any way it wishes. This should be remedied by +a regular statement, clearly revealing the disposition of every cent +donated.</p> + +<p>A discussion of the preceding objection leads us to the fourth +objection, that the Army collects funds on the strength of its +social work, and applies these funds to the carrying on of its +religious propaganda.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> The Army denies this, but admits that +there is a good deal of money collected for the general work, +there being no specific object implied when it is collected, other +than a statement of the various departments in which the Army +is working, and of their extent. Of course, the social work comes +in for strong presentation on the statement, but the money not +being collected for any one object, the Army is at liberty to apply +it to any branch of its work whether spiritual or social. This +again shows the need of greater definiteness and accuracy in the +Army's report to the public.</p> + +<p>A fifth objection is the lack of accuracy shown by the Army in +its reports of work accomplished.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> This has special reference +to the statistics published by the Army, and is a good criticism. +At different times and in different parts of the world, statistics +are given out, which seems to emanate from no one authority, +which are often contradictory, and which create confusion in the +mind of the person wishing to get at the facts. As a result of a +good deal of recent criticism on this point, all future statistics of +the Army in the United States are to come from one point only, +are to be in charge of an expert, and no publication of statistics +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>is to be allowed without the consent of the National Headquarters.</p> + +<p>The sixth and last objection is a very important one and one +which has been seen in the history of organizations without +number, viz: that the organization tends to become an end in +itself, instead of a means to an end. This objection is also allied +to a former one regarding a lack of cooperation on the part of +the Army with other organizations. More and more an +organization, formed as is the Army, feels complete in itself, and +works continually for its own interests and its own glory. In a +large number of instances the objective point that was once +humanity and the glory of God tends to become the advancement +of the Army. While feeling that this objection is a serious one, +it still cannot be considered as anything but unavoidable, considering +the government and general character of the movement. If +it were possible for the Army to be governed locally, and to some +extent, nationally by boards, a part of whose membership represented +the public, we believe that the tendency to advance its +own interest would be diminished. Study out the workings and +control of this organization, and it is found a machine, ever seeking +to increase its power and field of work. If this machine could +be controlled to some extent by the public which feeds it, it might +be kept as a useful servant, but otherwise, in spite of the great +service which it does society to-day, the tendency to get away +from its object and to become an object itself, will be more and +more dangerous.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, then, we find that these objections advanced by +the critics are not without foundation, and while some may be +more tendencies than actualities, it lies with the organization to +guard itself from them. We have found the Army an efficient +worker along several lines, and society owes it a considerable debt +for past service and lessons learned from it. Hence it would be a +great pity for its efficiency as a great public servant to be lessened +by a lack of publicity regarding its finance, or by a narrow, self-centered +policy, or by a too centralized form of government. +Some of the Army leaders are men of great hearts and strong +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>minds, and it is to be hoped that, whenever in the future, the opportunity +offers to make a beneficial change of policy in its duty +toward the public or toward its sister organizations engaged in +charitable work or in its own internal administration, that these +leaders will stand firmly for what they believe, and demand the +necessary change.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> See the "S. A. and the Public," Ch. 5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> See the "Social Relief Work of the S. A.," p. 4.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h2> + +<p> +American Journal of Sociology, Volume III.<br /> +<br /> +Besant, Sir Walter,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Farm and the City,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Contemporary Review, 72-792.</span><br /> +<br /> +Booth, Bramwell,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. A Day with the Salvation Army,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1904.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. Illustrated Interviews,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1905.</span><br /> +<br /> +Booth, Charles,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Life and Labor of the People,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">The Macmillan Co., New York, 1899.</span><br /> +<br /> +Booth, Commander Eva,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Where Shadows Lengthen,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1906.</span><br /> +<br /> +Booth, Florence E.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Peep into My Letter Bag,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1905.</span><br /> +<br /> +Booth, William,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. In Darkest England, and the Way Out,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1890.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. Social Service in the Salvation Army,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1903.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">III. The Doctrines of the Salvation Army,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">S. A. Press, London.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">IV. The Why and Wherefore of the Rules and Regulations</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">of the Salvation Army,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. Orders and Regulations for Field Officers,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London.</span><br /> +<br /> +Booth-Tucker, Commander,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. William Booth, Life of</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1898.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. The Salvation Army in the United States,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1899.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">III. Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">United States,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1900.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">IV. Our Future Pauper Policy in America,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1898.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. Prairie Homes for City Poor,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1899.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">VI. A Review of the Salvation Army Land Colony in California,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1903.</span><br /> +<br /> +Coates, Thomas F. G.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Prophet of the Poor,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1906.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dawson, William Harbutt,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The German Workman,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1906.</span><br /> +<br /> +Devine, Edward T.,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Principles of Relief,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">The Macmillan Co., New York, 1905.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hadleigh,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Salvation Army Colony,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1904.</span><br /> +<br /> +Haggard, H. Rider,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Poor and the Land,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1905.</span><br /> +<br /> +Higgins, Mrs. Catherine,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Love's Laborings in Sorrow's Soil,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1904.</span><br /> +<br /> +Huxley, T. H.,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Social Diseases and Worse Remedies,</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">The Macmillan Co., New York, 1891.</span><br /> +<br /> +Manson, John,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Salvation Army and the Public,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1906.</span><br /> +<br /> +Precipices: A Sketch of Salvation Army Social Work,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1904.</span><br /> +<br /> +Report of Committee of Fifteen,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Social Evil,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1902.</span><br /> +<br /> +Report of the Departmental Committee, Appointed to Consider<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mr. Rider Haggard's Report on Agricultural Settlements in</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">British Colonies.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Wyman & Sons, London, 1906.</span><br /> +<br /> +Riis, Jacob A.,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. How the Other Half Lives,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. The Children of the Poor,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">III. A Ten Years' War,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York, 1900.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">IV. The Peril and Preservation of the Home,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Geo. W. Jacobs' & Co., Philadelphia, 1903.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ruskin, John,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sesame and Lillies,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Donohue, Hernneberry and Co., Chicago.</span><br /> +<br /> +Seager, Henry Rogers,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Introduction to Economics,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1908.</span><br /> +<br /> +Selected Papers on the Social Work of the Salvation Army,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1907.</span><br /> +<br /> +Solenberger, Edwin D.,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army,</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Byron & Willard Co., Minneapolis, 1906.</span><br /> +<br /> +Swan, Annie S.,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Outsiders,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1905.</span><br /> +<br /> +Warner, Amos G.,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">American Charities,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">T. J. Crowell & Co., New York, 1894.</span><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="VITA" id="VITA"></a>VITA.</h2> + +<p>The author of this dissertation, Edwin Gifford Lamb, was born +in London, England, December 22, 1878. He attended private +schools in that city and then spent three years in Northwestern +Canada without schooling. After this he went to California +where he prepared for college in the preparatory department of +the University of the Pacific. He became a citizen of the United +States as soon as eligible and graduated from Leland Stanford +Junior University in 1904, with the degree of A. B. In the year +1904-'05, he was a student at Union Theological Seminary and +Columbia University. During the year 1905-'06, he held a +scholarship in Sociology at Columbia University. At this institution +he studied under Professors F. H. Giddings, John B. +Clark, H. R. Seager, H. L. Moore, J. Dewey, F. J. E. Woodbridge +and W. P. Montague. Since that time he has been an instructor +in the Harström School, Norwalk, Connecticut.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h4><a name="Transcribers_Note" id="Transcribers_Note"></a>Transcriber's Note</h4> + +<p>Inconsistent hyphenation and capitalization have been left as in the +original text. The same is true for inconsistent abbreviations for U. S. +states and inconsistent placement of footnote markers.</p> + +<p>CHAP. III. (in the original text) has been changed to <a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a> for +consistency.</p> + +<p>Punctuation has been standardized. Spelling mistakes have been corrected, +except for the items listed below, which have not been changed.</p> + +<p>The book seems to use <a href="#Footnote_52_52">fl.</a>, rather than ff., as an abbreviation that refers to +the pages following a number.</p> + +<p>This book refers twice to the title "<a href="#Footnote_5_5">Sesame and Lillies</a>." In other sources, +that title is sometimes spelled as "Sesame and Lilies."</p> + +<p>On the list of "Examples of Salvation Army Hotel Lodgers," under <a href="#Lodger_3">No. 3</a>, the +city name Pittsburgh is misspelled as Pittsburg in the original text.</p> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30295 ***</div> +</body> +</html> |