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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30295 ***
+
+  THE SOCIAL WORK OF THE
+  SALVATION ARMY
+
+  BY
+
+  EDWIN GIFFORD LAMB, A.B.
+
+
+  Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of
+  Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Political Science
+
+  Columbia University
+
+
+  New York
+
+  1909
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1909
+
+  BY
+
+  EDWIN GIFFORD LAMB
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+I use the word "Social" in the title of this work to suggest that, save
+in an auxiliary way, I am not attempting to describe the religious
+features of the organization. Such a field of investigation would prove
+a very profitable and interesting one, but it is a field, which, for the
+sake of clearness and impartial study, should be kept separate. The
+organization itself recognizes the primary division. Commander
+Booth-Tucker, the leader of the Army in the United States from 1896 to
+1904, says, "The Salvation Army is the evolution of two great ideas:
+first, that of reaching with the gospel of salvation the masses who are
+outside the pale of ordinary church influence, and second, that of
+caring for their temporal as well as spiritual interests."[1]
+
+I have secured very little data from books, as there is but little
+authentic literature on the subject. Primarily, the data for this
+treatise were taken from personal observation. In pursuing the subject I
+have visited Salvation Army social institutions of every description. In
+addition to visiting the larger cities of the United States and the
+three Army colonies, situated in Ohio, Colorado and California,
+respectively, I have investigated the work in London, where the Army had
+its origin, and at the farm colony in Hadleigh, on the river Thames,
+some thirty miles from London. I have slept in the hotels, worked in the
+industrial homes, wandered over the farm colonies, and mingled with the
+inmates of other types of Army institutions.
+
+    Nov., 1909.  E. G. L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Pamphlet "The Salvation Army in the United States."
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+                                                                PAGE.
+
+  Preface                                                          5
+
+  Introduction                                                  7-15
+
+  CHAPTER I
+  The Salvation Army Industrial Department                     16-62
+
+  CHAPTER II
+  The Salvation Army Hotels and Lodging Houses                 63-98
+
+  CHAPTER III
+  The Farm Colonies of the Salvation Army                     99-116
+
+  CHAPTER IV
+  The Salvation Army Slum Department                         117-121
+
+  CHAPTER V
+  The Salvation Army Rescue Department                       122-126
+
+  CHAPTER VI
+  Some Minor Features of the Salvation Army Social Work      127-131
+
+  CHAPTER VII
+  Conclusion                                                 132-139
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The Salvation Army was founded by William Booth in London, England, in
+1865. Previous to this time Mr. Booth had been a successful clergyman in
+the Methodist Church, and had become widely known throughout England as
+a revivalist. As time passed, he had become more and more interested in
+the condition of the un-churched masses, and as his church did not
+approve of his taking up work among the masses in connection with it as
+an organization, he had, in 1861, separated from the Methodists. With
+little support, he established in London what was known as The Christian
+Mission.
+
+From the first, numbers of converts were made, and soon several missions
+were established in London, and other cities of England. From the first,
+too, the agency of women was an important feature. Especially was this
+true in visitation among the lower classes. In regard to the foundation
+of the Army itself and in connection with its earlier successes, much
+credit must be given to Mrs. Booth, the wife of William Booth. She
+became as noted a speaker and revivalist as her husband, and together,
+they made plans for the movement. Unfortunately she died of cancer in
+1890. Through these early years of the movement its management, almost
+unconsciously, developed along lines that were military in form. At
+first the title of "Captain" was used among the sailors and fishermen to
+designate the local leader of the company, and then it was extended
+wherever, among the rough element, the "Mr." or "Rev." would seem out of
+place. The usage and the spirit accompanying it soon spread, and by the
+year 1879 military methods and titles were officially added. The Rev.
+Wm. Booth, who, up to this time, had been known as "Superintendent of
+the Christian Mission," became "General" Booth, and the "Mission" became
+the "Salvation Army."[2]
+
+This addition of military methods seems to have accelerated the movement
+by favoring efficient and systematic control. Soon after this time, we
+find, the organization had spread to the United States, Canada,
+Australia, France, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, Scandinavia, Germany
+and Italy. Then missionary work was taken up in India, and later on, in
+Africa, Java and Japan. At the present time (1908), according to its
+reports, the Army occupies fifty-two different countries and colonies.
+In no country has its rate of progress been more remarkable than in the
+United States, where in point of numbers, the local organization now
+ranks second only to that of Great Britain.[3]
+
+Along with the rapid growth went a differentiation almost as rapid and
+unique as the growth itself. In fact, both reacted on each other. The
+work was separated first into three main departments, viz.: Spiritual,
+Social and Trade. It will be necessary to make a brief statement of this
+differentiation in detail. In the Spiritual Department we have the
+extension of the original idea, that of converting the people. Corps, as
+the different religious groups were called, sprang up and multiplied
+until even the smaller towns were occupied. Converts were added by
+hundreds and thousands. Large numbers of the brightest and best of these
+converts were utilized in extending the work still further, and after
+undergoing a brief training, were sent out, some to aid the movement in
+the mother country, others to begin the work in different parts of
+Europe and in America, and still others as missionaries to all parts of
+the world. Meanwhile, the work in each local organization or Corps,
+became systematized, and the Corps were united into Sections or
+Divisions, the Divisions into larger districts called Provinces, and the
+Provinces into Commands, which for the most part controlled the
+territory of an entire country. Each of these divisions from the Corps
+to the Command, was delegated to an officer who had sole charge, and
+who was responsible to the officer above him. For example, the United
+States, at present, is divided into two Commands; the first extending
+from New York to Chicago; the second from Chicago to the Pacific Coast.
+The first Command has six Provinces; the second, four. Each Province has
+from three to nine Divisions, and each Division contains a number of
+Corps. Thus, while each Corps is complete in itself, the general
+administration is very highly centralized; so much so, that an order
+from General Booth at the National Headquarters, London, England, must
+be obeyed by every Corps in the world.
+
+While the organization of the Spiritual Department was taking place in
+this manner, the Social Work was assuming large proportions, and
+differentiating itself. Visitation in the lower parts of the cities was
+organized into a regular department of Slum Work, called the Slum
+Department, with a specialized corps of officers. Work among fallen
+women was instituted as the Rescue Department, with its rescue homes and
+trained workers. The establishment of hotels and lunch counters for both
+men and women became finally what is now the Social Department. The wood
+yards and small factories, together with the salvage depots and cheap
+stores, were organized into the Industrial Department. Work among the
+children resulted in the establishment of kindergartens and orphanages.
+The colonization enterprise took root, and was divided into the
+industrial colonies and farm colonies. Thus, we have here a
+differentiation of the original Social Department into six distinct
+divisions, which we shall consider separately in this treatise. As these
+lines of work advanced, although each had its special group of workers,
+it was natural that the work should follow the administrative system of
+Commands, Provinces, Divisions and Corps, which had already been marked
+out in the Spiritual Department.
+
+The third primary division, that of trade, has had some interesting
+developments. There is, for example, the trade carried on in articles
+necessary to the members of the Army themselves, and which they cannot
+conveniently obtain in the open market, such as uniforms, badges, books
+and musical instruments. The Reliance Trading Company, for instance, was
+incorporated in 1902, under the laws of the State of New Jersey. This
+company owns and publishes the "War Cry," the official gazette of the
+Army in the United States; does the printing for the various departments
+of the Army; manufactures fountain pens; makes uniforms, bonnets and
+hats for the Army members; conducts an Insurance Department, and carries
+on other business enterprises.[4]
+
+There is, too, the trade in the products of the various factories and
+industries connected with the relief work of the Army. For example, the
+Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company, incorporated in New Jersey, has
+greatly facilitated the industrial work in the United States. There have
+been companies formed and organized as building societies, insurance
+companies, and a Salvation Army Bank.
+
+In all these companies the Salvation Army, through its officers, always
+has control, although it invites and seeks investments from the public.
+The following extract, taken from a prospectus sent out by the Salvation
+Army Industrial Homes Company, illustrates the point:
+
+    "The Charter of our Industrial Homes Co. has been prepared by
+    Messrs. Jas. B. Dill & Co., the eminent corporation lawyers, who
+    have kindly given us the full benefit of their skill and experience,
+    at a fairly nominal charge. The capital consists of $500,000.00,
+    divided into 50,000 shares, of the par value of $10.00 each, of
+    which 25,000 are in 6% cumulative preferred stock and 25,000 in
+    common stock. Only the preferred shares are offered to the public,
+    and bear interest at 6%, which is guaranteed by the Army. The common
+    shares are held by the Army, with a view to retaining the control of
+    the company, and the entire profits, over and above the interest on
+    the preferred stock, are thus devoted to the charitable and
+    religious work of the Army, and help us to continually expand and
+    enlarge our homes." ... "We shall be happy to supply any information
+    or answer any questions as to the financial standing of the
+    Salvation Army. For our spiritual and social operations in the
+    United States, we have now an annual income of nearly $2,000,000.00,
+    while the value of our real estate holdings in this country amount
+    to about $1,500,000. Hence, it will be seen that in guaranteeing the
+    interest upon these preferred shares, amounting in all to only
+    $15,000.00, we are abundantly able to insure the regular payment of
+    the same apart, altogether, from the income of our industrial
+    homes."
+
+As a result of this rapid growth along the three lines described, the
+movement everywhere forced itself upon public recognition. The
+publication of its weekly organ, the "War Cry," in many different
+languages and countries aided its growth. Other magazines of higher
+class and better quality were issued. At the same time, the public press
+investigated the organization, and for a long time criticised it
+harshly. In fact, during all this time, while so successful, the Army
+suffered much persecution. The crowds of people composed of those whom
+it was seeking to benefit, seemed often to be its worst enemies, and
+then, to make matters more difficult, the police, we are told, instead
+of furnishing protection, often, themselves, joined in the persecution.
+There were many instances, in this early period, where the enthusiastic
+reformers were ill treated and even fatally injured. There was, however,
+some reason for all this persecution. A movement so sudden and
+apparently so contrary to existing institutions, needed time for its
+real principle to become known. The external manifestation seemed to
+consist of nothing but defiant disregard of established religious custom
+and ceremonial. Thus, while the vital principle of love for humanity was
+working its way into individual lives and attracting them to the ranks
+of the organization, the world at large openly showed its antagonism.
+Gradually, however, the sense of public opposition and antagonism grew
+less. Gradually the knowledge that, behind the superficial emotionalism,
+were depths of disinterested sympathy for fellow men and women worked
+itself into the public mind. Attacks on Army groups on street corners
+became less frequent, and when they did occur, were suppressed by the
+police. The press ceased its bitter criticism.
+
+It was about this time that renewed and increased attention was focused
+on the new movement by the publication in 1890 of General Booth's famous
+book, "In Darkest England, and the Way Out." In some ways the book
+served to mark a new epoch in the development of that part of practical
+sociology which concerns itself with the direct betterment of the lower
+class of society. The old method of dealing with the poor is ably
+described by Ruskin, when he says:
+
+    "We make our relief either so insulting to them, or so painful that
+    they rather die than take it at our hands; or, for third
+    alternative, we leave them so untaught and foolish, that they starve
+    like brute creatures, wild and dumb, not knowing what to do, or what
+    to ask."[5]
+
+This was a point of view which in its relation to the degraded elements
+of society was an expression of sympathy rather than of harsh criticism
+and mistrust. Although it had been set forth by others previously, it
+had never before forced itself so strongly on the public. In addition,
+the daring statements and bold theories, given utterance in "Darkest
+England," served to surprise all schools of reform. The public
+consciousness had never before faced the problem in such a way. It was
+aroused, and began to ask questions. The book ran through edition after
+edition. It was printed in a cheap form and within a short time was
+circulated all over the civilized world.
+
+In his "scheme" General Booth laid down seven fundamental principles,
+which he claimed were essential to success. They were as follows:
+
+1. The first principle that must be bore in mind, as governing every
+scheme that may be put forward, is that it must change the man, when it
+is his character and conduct which constitute the reasons for his
+failure in the battle of life.
+
+2. The remedy, to be effectual, must change the circumstances of the
+individual, when they are the cause of his wretched condition, and lie
+beyond his control.
+
+3. Any remedy worthy of consideration must be on a scale commensurate
+with the evil with which it proposes to deal.
+
+4. Not only must the scheme be large enough, but it must be permanent.
+
+5. But while it must be permanent, it must be made practicable.
+
+6. The indirect features of the scheme must not be such as to produce
+injury to the persons whom we seek to benefit.
+
+7. While assisting one class of the community, it must not seriously
+interfere with the interests of another.[6]
+
+General Booth's personal attitude, also, is well worth noting. In the
+preface of his book he makes the following statement:
+
+    "I do not claim that my scheme is either perfect in its details, or
+    complete in the sense of being adequate to combat all forms of
+    gigantic evils, against which it is, in the main, directed. Like
+    other human things, it must be perfected through suffering; but it
+    is a sincere endeavor to do something, and to do it on principles,
+    which can be instantly applied and universally developed."[7]
+
+And again, in view of some of the manifestations of the organization as
+we see it, the following is interesting, as coming from its founder. He
+says: "But one of the grimmest social problems of our time should be
+sternly faced, not with a view to the generation of profitless emotions,
+but with a view to its solution."[8]
+
+Upon the publication of this book there arose a division of opinion in
+regard to the scheme which was set forth. On the one hand, numbers of
+noted philanthropists aided General Booth with money and moral support.
+On the other hand, there was opposition from a certain class of
+reformers, headed by that eminent scientist, Thomas Huxley. This
+opposition, however, did not so much attack the principles advocated,
+as the agency for their application, namely, the Salvation Army, itself,
+characterized in Huxley's words as "Autocratic socialism, masked by its
+theological exterior."[9]
+
+From that time to the present many thoughtful men have continued this
+opposition to the Army as an agent of social service. Further on we
+shall consider the validity and strength of their arguments. At that
+time the press on all sides took up the controversy, and it was finally
+decided to appoint a committee of investigation to thoroughly examine
+the Army's methods and institutions and publish a report. This committee
+was composed of some of the leading business and public men of England,
+headed by Sir Wilfred Lawson. They examined the books of the Army and
+studied the system and methods of the movement. They reported that all
+was entirely satisfactory and not only so, but that the movement and
+work was worthy of commendation.[10]
+
+The report of this Committee, together with a demonstration of the work
+already accomplished, served to silence the critics to some extent, and
+public favor began to turn toward the movement. Since that period the
+Army has had, generally speaking, the support of the press and many of
+the leading men throughout the world, a support which it has not been
+slow to recognize, or to utilize. For instance, about this time, we find
+the following appeal issued through the English press:
+
+    "From personal witness or credible report of what General Booth has
+    done with the funds entrusted to him for the Social Scheme which he
+    laid before the country eighteen months ago, we think it would be a
+    serious evil if the great task which he has undertaken should be
+    crippled by lack of help during the next four months. We therefore
+    venture to recommend his work to the generous support of all, who
+    feel the necessity for some serious and concentrated effort to
+    grapple with the needs of the most wretched and destitute, who have
+    so long been the despair of our legislation and our philanthropy."
+
+This appeal was signed by the Earl of Aberdeen, who was then
+Governor-General of Canada, and fifteen other men and women of
+international reputation. As an example of the attitude of the press, we
+find the London Daily Telegraph, in the midst of a long editorial
+entitled, "The General's Triumph," saying, "There is no question about
+it, the General has become popular. He has justified himself by results.
+We are told he has not shown the way out, but few have done so much to
+let the light in, and to bring with it life and healing."[11] Since the
+publication of "In Darkest England" in 1890, the social work of the Army
+has been extended, and has grown very rapidly.[12]
+
+In connection with this rapid growth, the social phase of the movement
+has tended to eclipse the spiritual in the public eye. The Army has
+taken advantage of this to advertise its advancement along all lines,
+and there is reason for believing that the public support of the whole
+movement, both social and spiritual, at the present time, is largely due
+to this advertising.[13] In any case, the social work of the Army is a
+movement large enough to justify the interest of the public, and the
+extensive study of every student of practical social economy.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] "Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the U. S.," p. 5.
+
+[3] "Life of William Booth," p. 57.
+
+[4] "Social Relief Work of the S. A. in the U. S."
+
+[5] "Sesame and Lillies," p. 101. Cf. also "The New Movement in
+Charity," Am. Jour. Soc. III, p. 596.
+
+[6] "In Darkest England," pp. 85-87.
+
+[7] _Ibid._, preface.
+
+[8] _Ibid._, p. 15.
+
+[9] "Social Diseases and Worse Remedies."
+
+[10] "The committee of 1902 which inquired into certain aspects of the
+Darkest England Scheme two years after its initiation, were careful to
+state that they did not enter upon any consideration of the many
+economic questions affecting the maintenance of the system sought to be
+carried out." (The Salvation Army and the Public, p. 121.)
+
+[11] "London Daily Telegraph," July 6, 1904.
+
+[12] In fifteen years, from 1890 to 1905, the social work grew from a
+few small scattered institutions, to 687 institutions, many of which
+alone would have greater accommodation than the total in 1890.
+
+[13] See "The S. A. and the Public," ch. 3.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT.
+
+Originally the work now known as the Industrial Work was handled with
+and under the same management as the Social Work, but as the movement
+grew, the Industrial Work branched out and finally became separate in
+operation and management, the name "Social Department" being retained
+for the hotel work only.
+
+The Industrial Department itself may be divided into three sections, all
+under the same management. These are The Industrial Home, The Industrial
+Store and The Industrial Colony. The object of the work embraced in
+these three divisions as stated in the prospectus sent out by the Army
+two years ago is:
+
+    "One of the most difficult problems that has confronted the
+    Salvation Army has been the finding of employment for out-of-works
+    and human derelicts in our cities. A system has been gradually
+    organized by which this human waste is employed in collecting the
+    material waste of the city. This latter has been sorted, sifted and
+    sold, and temporary employment thus afforded to thousands of
+    stranded persons, who have thus been tided over periods of distress,
+    relieved of immediate suffering, saved from the stigma of paupers,
+    assured of human sympathy, and given a new start in life."[14]
+
+After a careful review of the various divisions of this work, above
+mentioned, we shall consider whether the object is being attained, and
+of what value the work done is to society.
+
+In the formation of the Industrial Home the ideal building and situation
+cannot always be secured; hence there are differences in the planning
+and disposition of the different homes. The general plan, however, is to
+have a three or four-story building fitted up as follows: On the ground
+floor is a space where the wagons filled with waste materials can
+unload, a large room where furniture can be repaired and stored (unless
+this is done in the basement below), an office, and another large room
+to be used for a retail store. On the second floor is the sorting room,
+and adjoining or connected with it is the baling room, where such stuff
+as paper, rags and excelsior is pressed, ready to be taken away. On this
+floor, too, is to be found the kitchen, the dining room and the reading
+room. On the third floor are situated the dormitories and sleeping
+rooms. This plan is often varied. Sometimes there is a basement and only
+one or two stories above. Sometimes, as in the Forty-eighth Street home
+in New York, there are six or seven stories, and sometimes, as in one
+home in Chicago, the sleeping and living quarters of the men are
+entirely separate from the warehouse where they work, possibly some
+blocks away. The kitchen is nearly always found to be large and
+furnished with a good range and other facilities. The dining room
+contains long, plain tables, set so that the men can sit on both sides.
+The dishes are of thick, strong ware. The food is plain but good.
+Everything from the floor to the dishes is usually clean.
+
+The sleeping rooms are of two kinds, individual rooms and dormitories.
+Those men who are of a better rank, that is, those who have been working
+long, or who are doing a higher grade of work, and those who have "boss"
+positions, occupy the separate rooms; while the general class of workers
+sleep in the dormitories. When it comes to the question of pure air,
+considerable difficulty arises. Some of the separate rooms have no
+outside window, though the partitions between the rooms rise only to a
+certain height, thus giving common air to the whole floor. Even where
+good ventilation facilities exist, it seems difficult to make the men
+keep the windows open. As regards ventilation, however, the industrial
+homes are, as a rule, better than the lower class workingman's hotels,
+and are improving in this respect. The beds are iron, single beds. The
+bed clothing and the rooms themselves are clean and fumigated regularly.
+
+A reading room is also provided where daily papers and popular magazines
+are kept, and where the men may write. In some cases, a smoking room
+adjoins. Meetings of a devotional character, to which the men may come
+or not as they see fit, are often held in the reading room.
+
+The support that renders the industrial home possible is the waste
+product of the city. This material is rubbish of all kinds imaginable.
+In connection with each industrial plant are kept a number of horses and
+wagons, mostly one-horse wagons. Each driver of a wagon has a definite
+route to cover regularly. Passing over his route, he collects everything
+of which people are glad to be rid. Waste paper, old clothes, old
+furniture, and the like, are the principal articles he collects. Many
+good people, persuaded of the good work the Army is doing, save up their
+store of odds and ends until the Army wagon shall call, often giving
+things away which they would not have thrown away or given any one else,
+unless it would be to sell them to an old-clothes man. The driver
+returns with his load to the warehouse. From his wagon the material is
+conveyed by means of an elevator to the sorting room in the second
+story, whence the greater quantity goes at once to the baling machine in
+the form of waste paper. Any articles that may be of use, such as shoes,
+clothing of any kind, books, crockery-ware, bottles, pots, kettles,
+etc., are placed in their respective bins and finally, repaired, find
+their way to the retail store. Heavy articles, such as stoves and
+furniture, do not go up in the elevator, but are retained on the first
+floor, where they go, first to the repairing and storage room, and then
+out to the stores. The paper and rags, when baled, are sold to the
+nearest paper mill for a good price. Some idea of the amount of this
+class of material may be gained from the fact that the average amount of
+paper sold by the Industrial Department in the United States is about
+2,500 tons per month.
+
+In England and other countries this work has not assumed such large
+proportions, but there is some difference between the workings of the
+industrial plant in the City of London and in New York. For instance,
+at the Salvation Army plant on Hanbury Street, Whitechapel, London, we
+found, in 1906, a planing mill, a paint and furniture shop, a mattress
+factory, and a sawmill and cabinet shop. This place had employment for
+ninety men, of whom twelve were regularly employed and the remainder
+were transients. The regular employees were paid at a union rate of
+wages. The men of this industrial plant lived some distance away on
+Quaker Street, having possession of part of the Salvation Army shelter
+or hotel there, the total accommodation of which was two hundred and
+forty. Again, in a different part of the city, over near Deptford, was a
+wood yard with good machinery, run by electricity, which employed
+anywhere from sixty to seventy men making kindling wood. On the other
+hand, at the "Spa Road Elevator," was a plant almost identical with the
+industrial plants in the United States, where were shipped out an
+average of 100 pounds of paper every week and several tons of rags in
+addition, and where was accommodation for some two hundred men.
+
+Branching out from the main industrial plant are nearly always to be
+found large stores. These are Salvation Army retail stores. These stores
+are found in the poorest sections of the city, and are patronized by the
+poorest class. Articles of all descriptions may be purchased here at a
+very low figure. In each store is a furniture department; a clothing
+department for men, women and children; a toy department; a department
+for stoves, pots, etc., and sometimes other departments varying with the
+size of the store. It is possible, thus, for a poor family moving into
+the neighborhood to completely furnish themselves and their home from
+Salvation Army stores at a cost of often less than one-half of what they
+would pay elsewhere. Each store has a definite connection with the
+central industrial plant, from which it receives its supplies, its
+workers and its government, for the stores are merely branches of the
+central work, and all are under the same general management.
+
+An interesting feature lies in an examination of the labor which is
+employed. From the cases given at the end of the chapter, it will be
+seen that it consists of all kinds, classes and nationalities, who,
+through their own recklessness, or by unfortunate circumstances, have
+fallen into want. A man willing to work comes to the Army in want of
+food and shelter, and the Army happens to have accommodation for him. He
+may go to one of the men's hotels or to the industrial home, or to the
+central agency of the Army. In any case he will probably be interviewed
+by an officer specially detailed for the purpose, who will be able to
+decide in short time what his needs are, and what can be done for him.
+He may be sent out at once to take some position secured through the
+employment bureau; he may be sent to the hotel with the understanding
+that, after being fed and cared for, he will be given an opportunity to
+pay for it in work; or he may be sent straight to the industrial home.
+In any case, if possible, he is put to work. He may be in a weak
+condition physically or mentally, or both, but even then, he can often
+do something; such, for example, as picking over paper and rags in the
+sorting room. Meanwhile, he is being fed and housed. If he means well
+and works earnestly, he is soon able to do some other grade of work. He
+may have had technical knowledge which will help him. In a few days,
+possibly, a call is made to the employment bureau, which is maintained
+in conjunction with each home or group of homes, for a man to fill some
+position. If suitable, this man may be sent out to take it. On the other
+hand, he may be retained in the home and employed permanently as a
+driver on one of the wagons, or as overseer and instructor in one of the
+rooms, or he may be sent out as assistant to one of the stores, and, in
+time, he may be given charge of a store. When the men first come to the
+home, they receive board and clothing and some remuneration, although
+very slight. If they continue to work at the home, they are paid wages
+ranging from $1.00 per week up to $4.00 or $5.00 per week, besides
+board and lodging in the United States, and from 1s. to 9s. in England.
+
+When a man is able, but is lazy and not willing to work, he is turned
+out. It is well known to those who have studied the question, that there
+are a large number of such men, but this class does not apply for help
+as often as it might to the Army, as it soon learns the uselessness of
+so doing. The officers become quite adept in seeing these men in their
+true colors. On the other hand, if a man drops into bad habits and goes
+off on a spree after he has been helped, he will be taken in again
+afterwards, and this is continued within reason. Much of the labor
+employed is a surface and floating population, the result of season and
+periodic work in connection with so many of our industries, and the men
+are just tided over a hard time in their experiences. This class is
+larger sometimes than at others, but is always in evidence. Another
+class, however, consists of the men who have fallen through their own
+recklessness and bad habits. Some of these men are sent out to positions
+which they fill creditably, and finally rise as high or higher than they
+were before. Naturally, the Army makes as much as possible out of these
+cases for the purpose of advertisement. Owing to evident difficulties,
+it is impossible to ascertain just what percentage there is of this
+class among the total number helped, or what percentage of this class
+itself is successfully aided. The industrial work itself, as a paying
+business, is developing so fast that a constantly increasing number of
+men are permanently retained and used as regular employees, being paid
+regular wages.
+
+When we come to the industrial colony, we find it entirely different
+from the farm colony, where families are sent to settle upon the land in
+tracts of say twenty acres per family. The industrial colony is managed
+like a large farm with many laborers, all under one central head. The
+original idea was to graduate men from the city plants to the industrial
+colonies and thence to the farm colonies, but the Army has had
+difficulty in maintaining its colonies at all, and, as a result, no
+regular system has been followed. A large proportion of the men on the
+industrial colony are single, whereas, as will be seen, families are
+needed for the farm colonies. Again, many of these men are not the kind
+who will succeed on the farm colony. Sometimes, too, they have not been
+through the city plant, and sometimes they are men sent directly from
+the city to get them out of temptations which are too strong for them.
+
+The best example of an industrial colony is the one at Hadleigh, about
+thirty miles from London, England. This colony has an area of about
+3,000 acres. One thousand acres is almost useless now; and when taken by
+the Army in 1890, the whole consisted of almost worthless land, some of
+which, as a result of constant labor and fertilization, has been
+transformed into reasonably good land. A great draw-back and a great
+expense has been the lack of water, now partially supplied by two
+artesian wells, the cheaper of which cost over $20,000.00.[15] The
+population varies from 300 to 700.[16] In 1898, 775 men were admitted to
+the colony. Out of this number, 193 left after a short residence before
+they could be influenced for good; 47 were discharged as incorrigible,
+and 309 graduated, obtaining situations or being restored to their
+friends.[17] There are three classes received at the colony:
+
+1. Those sent by the Army agencies.
+
+2. Those sent by poor law authorities who pay from 5s. to 10s. per week
+for periods of from three to twelve months for their maintenance.
+
+3. Special cases sent by philanthropic societies, or by relatives or
+others.[18]
+
+Another division is made into four classes, thus:
+
+1. Those coming and passing off in a month, not being regular colonists.
+
+2. Those averaging nine months on the colony, and called colonists.
+
+3. Picked men from the second class, who are made employees.
+
+4. Employees hired in the neighborhood for specific purposes.[19]
+
+The proportion of each, according to either specification, is such a
+variable quantity that nothing can be determined satisfactorily.
+According to one officer's statement, about one in every five is
+considered an employee.[20] In the winter of 1903-4, 209 men were sent
+to Hadleigh and supported there by a special fund, called "The Mansion
+House Fund for the Relief of the London Unemployed."[21] Out of the
+class sent by the Army agencies to the colony, a certain number are sent
+out as emigrants to Canada. For instance, in 1905, 41 were sent out, and
+in 1906, 58. The party of 58 was composed of five Irishmen, one
+Welshman, three Scotchmen, and forty-nine Englishmen. These men go to
+work on different farms in Canada, and some sent out in previous years
+now have homesteads there. In the colony there are five departments,
+viz.: the market garden, the brick-making department, the dairy
+department together with the piggery, the poultry department, and the
+Inebriate's Home. There is also a store which has an income of $1,000.00
+a month. The market garden is one of the best industries, most of the
+produce being sold in the town of Southend, four miles distant. In the
+busy season, as many as 100 workers are found in this department. There
+are four large conservatories, especially for tomatoes and flowers. A
+good many potatoes are raised, and there is a good deal of land in
+berries and orchard. There are three brick-yards with the latest
+improved kilns and machinery. These yards have been a very heavy expense
+and have not been satisfactory. For instance, in 1898, the year's sale
+of bricks amounted to £4717, while the expenditure of this department
+was £5563, this latter sum including the expense of repairing the drying
+fields, which that year were injured by a flood.[22] In the dairy
+department about twenty-five head of cattle provide the colony with milk
+and butter, while sometimes milk is sold at Southend. In the piggery the
+number of hogs runs from 200 to 500. The poultry department is given
+over to prize poultry breeding and has been successful in winning some
+noted prizes. The Inebriate's Home is licensed for twenty male
+inebriates who are charged from 25s. to 30s. per week. Between 60% and
+70% are stated to be reclaimed after an average period of eight months'
+treatment. In addition to these departments it might be noted that there
+is a school on the colony with an attendance of 100, some of whom come
+from outside the colony, and a good sized hall, seating about 400, where
+gatherings are held for social and religious purposes.
+
+For the feeding and lodging of the colonists, large preparations are
+made. They are graded according to their position in the colony, and an
+opportunity is given them to rise from the lower to the higher grades.
+The superintendent stated that this plan was found useful in stimulating
+ambition. There are two dormitories, both clean and well-kept, but the
+higher grade with better bedding and surroundings than the lower. This
+grading system is also maintained in the dining room, the higher grade
+of colonists being served with better food than the lower. Everything
+around the buildings is well-kept and orderly, and the general moral
+atmosphere of the colony seems to be healthful and up-lifting.
+
+The industrial colony at Ft. Herrick, near Cleveland, Ohio, differs in
+many ways from the one at Hadleigh, and doubtless has been instrumental
+in aiding a good number of outcast and fallen men, but it has been such
+a burden financially, and such an unsolved problem in many ways, that it
+may be considered a failure. The reason for its failure is not so much
+bad management as lack of foresight on the part of those choosing the
+site. The site is in no sense suitable for a colony, the soil being
+unfit for intensive farming. Probably the best work done there has been
+the reformation of drunkards, a work in which, according to reports, the
+colony has been eminently successful.[23]
+
+Coming now to the management of the Industrial Department in the United
+States, we find that it is an up-to-date business enterprise. The
+department is controlled by a corporation called "The Salvation Army
+Industrial Homes Co." already referred to in our introduction.[24] The
+management of the company is in the hands of the Army.[25] Under this
+central authority, we find the United States divided into three
+districts; the eastern district, with headquarters at New York; the
+central district with headquarters at Cleveland, and the western
+district with headquarters at Chicago. Each one of these districts has
+at its head a social secretary, and under him are the different officers
+in charge of the respective plants. Generally speaking, each local
+officer is supreme in his individual plant. He can adopt methods and
+means to suit the environment of his district, provided always that his
+methods mean success. There are no iron-clad rules to hold him in check
+beyond a system of bookkeeping and of making out detailed reports, which
+must be sent to headquarters. When about to engage in some new venture,
+however, such as securing a new location for his plant, opening up a
+store, or renting or purchasing new property, he must refer the project
+to his superior officer, before undertaking it. The local officer in
+charge has trusted employees under him, such as a warehouse boss, a
+kitchen boss, and stable boss, etc., each of whom is responsible to the
+officer for his department.
+
+Although present to some extent in other countries the special field of
+the industrial work is the United States. The growth in this country
+during the recent years has been great. In 1896 there were no regular
+industrial homes; in 1904 there were 49 industrial institutions, and in
+control of these 49 institutions, there were 70 Army officers and 820
+regular employees. The accommodation was about 1,100. During one month
+there were 225 cases that were considered unsatisfactory. There were 239
+horses and wagons in daily use. About 1,000 tons of paper were baled and
+sold per month. Contrast this with the year 1907. In this year there
+were 84 officers engaged in these institutions and over 1,200 regular
+employees. There was accommodation for 1,651 men. The unsatisfactory
+cases for the year amounted to 1,389. There were 460 horses and wagons
+in daily use. An average of 2,500 tons of paper was sold each month.
+16,875 men were placed in outside positions during the year. No large
+city in the United States is without this industrial work, and it is to
+be expected that, within a few years, there will be no city in the
+country with a population of 100,000 that does not have an industrial
+home, and that many cities with a smaller population will have one also.
+Already there are several cities with a population of less than 50,000
+that have promising industrial plants. In London, the growth has not
+been so rapid, and the industrial institutions are run at a loss to the
+Army, but there are about eight industrial plants in that city, and
+others are to be found in other large cities of England.
+
+We come now to the question of the value of the Salvation Army
+industrial work to society. From the preceding brief outline of the
+methods, material, labor, management and extent of the industrial work,
+it will be seen that it is a movement, unrestricted in scope, with an
+unlimited field of development as an economic enterprise. In certain
+fields where the Army is active, its work is considered of little or no
+value; but as a result of our investigation into this particular field,
+the conclusion is reached that, with the exception of the industrial
+colonies, it is a practical, social work, of value to society.
+
+We make an exception of the industrial colonies because we do not
+consider that the two experiments already tried by the Army justify
+their own continuance or the starting of other similar colonies. The
+reference here is to Fort Herrick in Ohio, and the Hadleigh Colony, near
+London. These colonies have necessitated a continual sinking of funds
+contributed by the charitable public, and the return does not justify
+their expense. The Army should realize this, and admit the fact, instead
+of drawing wool over the eyes of the ignorant public by the constant
+reiteration of "the great work done at Hadleigh and Fort Herrick." It
+looks as though the organization was afraid that the infallibility and
+sanctity of General Booth's pet scheme would be seriously impaired, if
+the public should discover that any part of that scheme was a mistake
+and an unfortunate experiment, and that, for this reason, it has
+continued to expend much money on it, which might have been turned to
+better advantage in connection with other parts of General Booth's plan.
+These colonies are object lessons showing what is unwise to attempt,
+rather than what can be done. The Army has no need to be ashamed of
+having made a mistake, and its usefulness along other lines is
+sufficient to maintain its reputation in spite of the failure of its
+industrial colonies. There is no need of the industrial colony anyway.
+The object in view is either to tide workless men over a period of hard
+times and misfortune, or to restore manhood where evil habits and
+recklessness have destroyed it, and this can be done and is being done
+by means of the city industrial work without the aid of the colony. As
+regards the work of reforming the inebriate, in which the industrial
+colonies have had some success, that could be carried on without the
+great expense of a regular colony.
+
+The moral field of the city industrial work derives support from the
+relation of its management to the spiritual work and influence of the
+Army. The influence and spirit of the whole organization runs to a
+certain extent through every branch of its varied developments. This
+influence cannot be described by comparative means. The spirit, somewhat
+unique in itself, runs through everything, a spirit which is a mixture
+and blending of love, gratitude, service and patience. While we think
+that, in the tendency of this branch to become a business enterprise,
+there is a considerable decrease in the influence just described, it
+still has great power. The officers and employees now engaged in this
+work were themselves not long since outcasts in society. Many of them
+had despaired of ever making a success of life and were simply drifting.
+But a helping hand had been stretched out to them, hope had been
+imparted and new ideals had been placed before them. They might even yet
+be men, wear decent clothes, stand up straight and look their fellow men
+in the eye! What wonder that the decent clothes to which they looked
+forward turned out to be the uniform of the organization which had
+picked them up from the gutter! What wonder they felt an eternal debt of
+gratitude toward that organization! While this is not a true expression
+of their attitude in every case, and while there are some who hold their
+positions simply because they can get no better, loyalty to the work
+exists in enough instances to create a distinct moral atmosphere. The
+men wish to make a success of their new work; they wish to see the Army
+advance, and to do this they feel that it is essential that the same
+moral influence which enabled them to become men should be continued.
+This influence moves almost unconsciously among the industrial plants.
+For instance, we do not find here the tendency to obscenity which we
+find in any ordinary factory or workshop. Environment in these plants is
+all-powerful as an uplifting condition. Cleanliness is encouraged in the
+dormitory and kitchen. Respectful attention is paid at meals while grace
+is being said. The reading room is frequented, while the occasional
+meetings held are sometimes well attended and sometimes not, according
+to the attraction. The emotional religious element is a great deal in
+evidence, though not so much as in other departments of the Army. In
+any case, the element of hope and ambition, which often arises within
+these social outcasts, making them men once more, is to be considered a
+great moral asset. The moral influence is due more to the personality of
+those in charge than to anything else. A large number of the managers
+have served in connection with the Army's spiritual work and have the
+desire, as they would tell you, to see every man under them "saved," not
+only in a moral and social sense, but "saved" in accordance with the
+Army's special significance of that term.[26] While the Army's special
+idea of salvation may have no value in itself, still if the emotional
+element assists in the moral and social salvation of individuals, we
+have no reason for not tolerating it unless it has evil effects of real
+importance. Such effects, however, tend to decrease, as the movement
+advances, and the education and enlightenment of the masses increase.
+
+From an economic point of view, we believe that the work of the
+Industrial Department has been successful. We have seen that large
+numbers of men, who are out of work, are taken in by this department and
+kept for a number of weeks or months, and that, during this time,
+besides making their own support, and gaining in efficiency, in many
+cases, they are able to return to a more important part in production.
+Let us see what this means. While these men are out of work, they are
+not producing anything. They are idle, and thus a loss to the community.
+In addition, they are fast losing any potential ability for production,
+which they have had. But they now become producers, a gain to the
+community, and their potential ability for production is at least
+conserved if not increased. Secondly, out-of-work men are a burden on
+the community. While they continue to live without employment, they must
+be supported in some way or other by private or public charity, and they
+form a great item of expense to the community. But in the hands of the
+Industrial Department, they cease being an expense to the public and
+become to some extent a gain. Thirdly, some of these men are in danger
+of becoming members of pseudo-social and anti-social classes; it is from
+them that the pauper and criminal classes gain recruits. But through the
+elevating environment of this branch of the Army's work, their character
+is affected, and they are raised to a higher level. In this way then, in
+successful cases, the worthless men become workmen. Worthless men are
+changed into economic assets. The dependents become independent. Working
+by means of the laws of environment and association, the Army elevates
+the degenerate from a pseudo-social and anti-social class to a higher
+level and to social position. Where individuality was lost, independence
+of character reasserts itself.
+
+Let us consider in detail some of the advantages connected with this
+form of practical philanthropy. One advantage is, that once started, the
+work continues and increases without further expenditure on the part of
+the charitably disposed public beyond the giving away of things for
+which they have no further use. This is so because the Army here in its
+work becomes an efficient producer and creates articles which have
+market value. Leaving all charity alone, the work is paying and more
+than self-supporting, and thus in a short time will be reimbursed with
+all the money which was necessary to initiate it. In nearly every city
+in which the work was started, rented property soon gives place to
+property owned by the Army and poor ill-suited buildings, to up-to-date
+structures built for the purpose. An example of this is to be found in
+the history of the 48th Street Industrial Home in New York City which is
+briefly described, in the examples given at the end of this chapter.[27]
+That the entire work has grown self-supporting in the United States is
+shown by the fact that last year, 1907, there was a net gain of $21,000,
+after the interest on the loans and investments had been paid. If a home
+does not show signs of being successful financially, its location will
+be changed or it will be discontinued.[28]
+
+Another advantage lies in the fact that men who were socially dependent
+are made self-supporting. We should place emphasis on the effect on the
+man himself as well as on the community. We saw how these men were given
+to understand that they were earning their own livelihood and were not
+recipients of charity, and how they were encouraged by the receipt of
+wages, to be increased as their productiveness increased. The relief
+given is true relief in that the man earns it himself and realizes this
+fact, and because, along with this realization, comes a return of
+manhood and independence. Of course if men have lost all manhood and
+have no desire to be independent, but simply to live as easily as
+possible on what may be given them, the above is not the result; but few
+such get into the industrial homes, as they know better and have no wish
+to work as these men do, and if they get in temporarily, they are soon
+sorted out. Thus it cannot be said of these homes as is said of many
+institutions, that they pauperize men in place of helping them. The
+institution that makes men work for everything they get and provides
+some sort of channel for their ambition, maintaining itself meanwhile as
+a paying concern, is not pauperizing in its tendency.
+
+Still another advantage of this work is found in the saving of the
+community's funds. Of late years, more and more, the principle has been
+advanced and brought before the public, that the starving and unemployed
+are to be cared for in some way, and we are willing to tax ourselves to
+provide for this. As far back as the census of 1890, we find that the
+United States spent annually $40,000,000 in charities and over
+$12,000,000 in penal and reformatory institutions. Probably the total
+expenditure for these two objects to-day would be nearer $60,000,000
+annually. What percentage of this $60,000,000 would go to the class of
+people aided by the Army industrial work would be hard to ascertain or
+approximate, but there is room for a great extension of this kind of
+work, and the Army's efforts are most suggestive. In some of the
+European countries, especially Germany, many helpful experiments along
+this line are in progress, but conditions in the United States are
+vastly different. In any case social economists are agreed that vast
+sums are spent annually in our country to little or no purpose from the
+point of view of social relief. In the year 1907, 8,696 men were cared
+for in the United States industrial homes of the Army. This means just
+that amount of saving to the nation that it would have cost the regular
+municipal and state charities to have dealt with these 8,696 men, since
+these men were aided by a self-supporting organization and paid for
+their own support. This work, then, if carried far enough, would effect
+quite a saving of taxes.
+
+But along with advantages there may be disadvantages. Some objections
+have been raised to this branch of the Army's work. For instance, it is
+stated that industries entered into by the Army tend to hurt economic
+conditions with regard to both wages and prices.[29] With regard to
+wages it is urged that the Army will keep for its industries, workers in
+constraint of one kind or another, paying them a lower wage than the
+same workers could procure outside, and thus lowering the wages in the
+respective industries. We do not consider this objection a strong one.
+Let us forget for the present the philanthropic side of the industrial
+work, and look on it as a distinctly economic enterprise, as a factor of
+production. We think it quite likely that a manager, anxious above
+everything else to make his institution a financial success, would make
+an endeavor to keep as long as possible, and at as low wages as
+possible, men who could receive more on the outside. He might even try
+to retain men for whom he could secure better positions through the
+employment bureau, if he needed their services, and times were so good
+that no other applicant offered to take their place, but this he could
+not succeed in doing to any serious extent; for, in the first place, the
+restraint exercised over the men is very slight, and secondly, if the
+men could secure better wages, it would not be long before they found it
+out and left the home voluntarily. It would be just the same as in any
+industry in which most of the workers are ignorant. They would remain
+under low wages just as long as their ignorance and lack of initiative
+would allow, but sooner or later the relatively able man would seek the
+best wage. Hence the able man would seek the best wage, and his place
+would be taken by one, possibly morally and physically unable to procure
+any wage, or, in other words, belonging to the unemployable class. If it
+should come to the point of the Army's hiring able men to carry on the
+work without aiding the outcasts, it must compete in the market for them
+and pay the market price. The only real danger would lie in the Army's
+industrial work securing a strong enough position in some industry to be
+able to dictate terms to labor in an industry, but this is so unlikely
+as to be almost irrelevant and even in such an almost inconceivable
+case, the danger would be only temporary. Labor would still be able to
+drift sufficiently to another agency, not controlled by the Army and
+thus bring up wages again. This is the more true in that any industry,
+in which the Army engages, must of necessity be one in which unskilled
+labor is competent.[30] In addition to this, from personal
+investigation, we can state that a large part of the labor employed in
+these plants of the Army is at any rate temporarily inefficient labor
+and would not have much chance in securing employment elsewhere.
+Finally, though considered a charitable work, this branch of the army
+is, as already stated, a corporation, a business enterprise financed by
+investors who receive interest on their investments; hence, to the same
+extent that it is a financial enterprise, like other such enterprises,
+it will be governed by the rate of wages.[31]
+
+Another objection has been raised by critics, to the effect that the
+Army, through its industry, enters into competition with existing firms
+and companies to the harm of the latter.[32] For instance they urge that
+in the case of those engaged in second-hand goods and salvage, who are
+able to make a profit by buying their material, the army enters into an
+unfair competition, when it takes such material, given in charity, and
+sells at a lower figure. In so far as the army does undersell others
+this objection is valid, and we have no doubt that in some cases such is
+the truth. Doubtless some individuals and firms have been hurt in their
+business by this under-selling. For instance, in Chicago, the Army has
+nine retail stores situated in the poorer districts, doing a big
+business in second hand goods. In addition to those goods it sends into
+the retail trade, it sells hundreds of tons of paper and rags annually.
+This must have some effect on others engaged in this business. However,
+the Army itself sometimes pays for its material and does not often
+undersell.[33] But there is another side to this question of
+underselling. Naturally the tendency is to get as much as possible for
+its goods, and provided there is a market, the army would seek to obtain
+just as much as any one else in the business. It now falls back on a
+question of supply and demand. The only way in which the price would be
+lowered by the Salvation Army would be by an increase of supply.
+Doubtless the supply of these goods is increased by the thorough work of
+the Army agents, and, to such an extent, its entrance into this field
+would tend to lower prices. However, in the leading salvage industries
+of the army, the increase in supply does no more than offset the
+increase in demand. The amount of displacement of the salvage and allied
+industries due to the competition of the army at present would not seem
+to be much, although of course it is difficult to get any exact figures
+along this line.
+
+Looking at the Salvation Army retail store as a form of relief, another
+question arises as to whether the opportunity given to the residents of
+the district to get things at the Salvation Army's store cheaper than
+elsewhere interferes with the standard of living. By the standard of
+living we mean the scale or measure of comfort and satisfaction which a
+person or a community of persons regards as indispensable to
+happiness.[34] This would differ in the case of different persons and
+classes and communities, but progress demands that the standard should
+never be lowered, but should always be raised, in accord with increasing
+enlightenment and education.
+
+    "It is only," says Dr. Devine, "when individuals or individual
+    families for personal or exceptional or temporary reasons fall below
+    the standard, that charitable assistance can effectively intervene.
+    In other words, as has been pointed out in other connections, the
+    relieving policy cannot be made to raise the general standard of
+    living, but it should be so established as not to depress it"[35].
+
+Here, then, the point is, whether those who are otherwise able to come
+up to the standard of living in a given community take advantage of this
+form of charity, or whether the customers of the Salvation Army's stores
+are living below that standard. To just the extent that the former is
+true, this part of the work would be pauperizing and retrogressive, but
+we do not consider the former to be true. Naturally, we have no
+statistics on this point, but speaking from general observation, we
+should say that the customers of these stores are needy poor, who are
+living below the standard, and hence, the store is a boon to them in
+aiding them toward a realization of that standard.
+
+Let us now sum up our conclusions regarding the industrial work of the
+Army. Regarding the industrial colonies, we would say that, while
+doubtless responsible for good and reformation in certain cases,
+nevertheless, owing to their cost of maintenance and the fact that the
+work can be done without them, they are not a practical form of charity
+deserving the intelligent support of the public. Regarding the city
+industrial work, including the employment, amid a good environment, of
+men out of work, including also the turning of much otherwise waste
+matter into an economic good, and the assistance of deserving poor by
+means of second-hand stores, we would say that it is commendable and
+deserving of support. This latter conclusion is made in spite of three
+objections: first, that there is a tendency to lower wages, which
+objection we do not consider as important for reasons given; second,
+that underselling of certain commodities by the Army takes place, which
+objection we admit to a limited extent, and third, that the standard of
+living is interfered with, which objection we do not consider valid.
+
+
+Examples of Men in the Army Industrial Homes.
+
+These examples were collected by Mr. Jas. Ward at the two industrial
+homes situated on West 19th Street and West 48th Street, New York City,
+during the months of March and April, 1908. Mr. Ward worked right with
+the men whose cases are given here, and slept in the homes, thus being
+with them night and day. The home on West 19th Street was an old milk
+depot rented temporarily by the Army to aid the unemployed during the
+winter, and had accommodation for two hundred men. Everything was very
+crude. The men slept on the floor, some without blankets. They were
+required to work from three to five hours every day, and during the rest
+of the day, they were allowed to go out and seek for work. The best of
+these men were drafted out to fill the vacancies in the regular
+industrial homes of the Army as they occurred. On the other hand, the
+home on West 48th Street was and is one of the Army's best homes, built
+for the purpose by the Army in 1907, at a cost of $130,000.00.
+Everything here is arranged for comfort and cleanliness. The dormitory
+is of the best, with good ventilation and other sanitary conditions. It
+is a seven-story building, and has accommodation for one hundred and
+seventy-five men. Twenty-two wagons are sent out from this home every
+day. In every way it is a contrast with the West 19th Street home, hence
+the examples will show some difference, according to which home they
+refer.
+
+
+No. 1.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. Had no trade. Had
+worked on a farm in Ireland. Had been in this country fourteen years and
+had worked somewhat on a farm in this country. Had been out of work two
+months. Lost his position through an accident and spent three weeks in
+the hospital. Had since been in the Army Industrial Home for five weeks,
+and was growing stronger. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 2.
+
+Born in France. Thirty-five years old. Single. Had people in France but
+never heard from them. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Worked on
+a farm a little in France. In this country fifteen years. Several
+charitable societies had helped him and he had been in the Industrial
+Home eight days. The Army gave him clothing and shoes. He looked like a
+drinking man, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 3.
+
+Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Married. Had wife in Italy. Left there
+two years ago, and said he was going to send for his wife when he got
+the money. He had worked on a farm in Italy, and had worked at different
+trades in this country. Had been out of work nine weeks. Had been in the
+Industrial Home two days. Spoke good English. Looked dirty and without
+much intelligence.
+
+
+No. 4.
+
+Born in South Carolina. Twenty-three years old. Single. Trade of a
+plumber. Left his people five months ago and came to New York. Soon
+spent his money and could find no work. Had been in the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Said he was going home as soon as he could get the money.
+Never worked on a farm. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 5.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty-two years old. Single. Had been in this country
+twenty-five years and had followed the water nearly all the time. Got in
+a fight on the Bowery six months ago and spent five months in jail.
+Since coming out, he had had odd jobs, and had been in the Industrial
+Home about two weeks. Looked shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 6.
+
+Born in Denver, Colo. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Had people in Philadelphia who did not help him. Machinist by trade.
+Belonged to the union in Philadelphia. Out of work ten weeks. Said he
+had $100.00 but it did not last long. Had been in the Industrial Home
+two days and expected work shortly. Appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 7.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Had left his family. Had no
+trade. In this country eight years. Never worked in the country. Out of
+work all winter. Spent three weeks in the hospital. Said he had
+consumption. Had been in the Industrial Home four days. Looked very
+feeble but not dissipated.
+
+
+No. 8.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single. People
+lived in New York, but he had not lived with them for three years. Had
+no trade. Had travelled a little. Said he did not like hard work. Had
+been in the Industrial Home two weeks. The Army gave him clothing and
+shoes. Said the missions helped him. Expected to wander West when the
+weather got warm. Looked like a tramp. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 9.
+
+Born in San Francisco. German parents. Fifty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Said he had beaten his way all around the world. Had not
+worked all winter. In the Industrial Home ten days. Looked shiftless and
+dissipated. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 10.
+
+Born in Maine. English parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+people in Maine with whom he quarreled. Had no trade. Out of work for
+four months. In the Industrial Home one week. Never worked on a farm,
+but had worked in the woods. Did not drink. Looked like a capable man.
+
+
+No. 11.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+People in Philadelphia who helped him sometimes. Had no trade. Had
+wandered a good deal. Out of work three months. Said he drank whenever
+he could get liquor. Expected to go home shortly. Had been in the
+Industrial Home three days. Looked very shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 12.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-two years old. Single. Had two sisters in
+Brooklyn who were poor. In this country eighteen years. Had no regular
+trade but worked in hotels as porter. Out of work five months. Worked on
+a farm a good deal in Ireland. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 13.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-two years old. Single. Said
+he was a truck driver. Had been out of work one month. Drank sometimes.
+Had been in the Industrial Home four days. Expected to leave New York as
+soon as the weather became warmer. Looked very wild.
+
+
+No. 14.
+
+Born in Vermont. Mother Irish. Father German. Thirty-two years old.
+Single. He wrote to his people but they did not help him. Had travelled
+around a good deal. Had no trade. Said he "got saved" in a mission and
+they kept him all winter. He said every time he got down, he went to the
+missions and stayed as long as he could. Had been in the Industrial Home
+nine days. Had worked on a farm a little. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 15.
+
+Born in London. Twenty-two years old. Single. Seaman by trade. Left his
+boat one month ago in New York and had done nothing since. Had been in
+the Industrial Home two weeks and hoped to work his way back to England
+shortly. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 16.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. About thirty-five years old. Single.
+Brick-layer by trade. Did not belong to the union. Out of work four
+months. Said he had been to every city in the United States and had
+travelled on freight trains quite often. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 17.
+
+Born in Reading, Penna. American parents. Forty years old. Married. Wife
+dead. One child living with his sister in Pennsylvania. Carpenter by
+trade. Did not belong to the union. Had been out of work all winter. All
+his tools were in pawn. The Army had been helping him at times. Said he
+had to leave his child on account of not working. He looked like a very
+hard drinker. Had never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 18.
+
+Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-five years old. Single.
+Quarrelled with his people. Had not been home for ten years. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. The missions and the Army had helped him
+a good deal. Had been in the Industrial Home three days. Never worked in
+the country. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 19.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in Ireland who
+were poor. Came to this country eleven years ago. Had no trade. Out of
+work two months. Expected a position in Brooklyn the following week.
+Said he had $60.00 in the bank but lost his book and had to wait to get
+his money. Had been in the Industrial Home two days. His appearance was
+good.
+
+
+No. 20.
+
+Born in Jersey City. Italian parents. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Quarrelled with his people. Said he had a step-mother and could not get
+along with her. Had been in New York five years working at everything.
+Had no trade. Out of work five months. Had saved some money, but it was
+all gone. Never worked in the country. In the Industrial Home five days.
+Said this was the first time he was ever down. Looked like a hopeful
+case.
+
+
+No. 21.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Thirty-two years old. Married. His
+wife was working and had paid his board all winter, until he came to New
+York two weeks before on a freight train. Had been in the Industrial
+Home since, and expected to return to his wife. Carpet-weaver by trade
+and belonged to the union. Said he drank sometimes, but he looked like a
+hard drinker. Otherwise very good.
+
+
+No. 22.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. People
+lived in Brooklyn, but they did not have anything to do with him.
+Piano-finisher by trade. Did not belong to the union. Was in the army
+one year and deserted. Out of work three months. Came to New York two
+months ago. Spent all his money, $50.00, in two days. Had been in the
+Industrial Home two weeks. Said he was going to reform and get a steady
+job. Looked like a hard drinker but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 23.
+
+Born in Scranton, Penna. German parents. Fifty years old. Single. Had
+one sister and one brother at home, but he did not write them. Had no
+trade. Had travelled all over the United States. Seemed to know a
+mission in every city. Never worked in the country. Had been in the
+Industrial Home some time, and said they made him work too hard. Looked
+like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 24.
+
+Born in Springfield, Mass. American parents. Forty years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had not worked for over a year. Had been in jail several
+times for riding freights. Never worked in the country. The missions and
+the Army had helped him this winter. Looked like a dissipated character.
+
+
+No. 25.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Had people in Germany who were
+poor. Left home eight months ago and came to New York, with a little
+money. Had not worked since he left home. He spoke broken English. Had
+no trade. Did not drink much. Had been in the Industrial Home some time.
+Looked intelligent and capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 26.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no trade. Had been in
+this country twenty years. Worked a good deal on a farm. Had wandered a
+good deal. He said the Army were good people and had helped him in
+different cities. Had been out of work two months. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 27.
+
+Born in Greenwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-seven years old.
+Single. Used to be in business with his father as a plumber in
+Greenwich, but quarrelled and had not been home for six years. Never
+worked on a farm. Looked intelligent but very wild. Said he could have
+anything he wanted at home, if he would leave the drink alone.
+
+
+No. 28.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Scotch parents. Fifty-three years old. Married.
+Divorced seven years ago. Brass-moulder by trade. Had belonged to the
+union but lost his membership through non-payment of dues. Out of work
+three months. He drank a good deal, but looked capable. Never worked in
+the country.
+
+
+No. 29.
+
+Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-seven years old. Single.
+Had no regular trade. Made a business of following fairs as a fakir.
+Never worked in the country. Said the missions and the Army had helped
+him a good deal this winter. He also spent several nights in the city
+lodging house. Looked capable but a little dissipated.
+
+
+No. 30.
+
+Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-six years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had not worked all winter. Was in the Industrial Home for
+the fourth time this winter. The missions had helped him. Never worked
+in the country. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 31.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work two
+months. The Army gave him clothing. Had been in the Industrial Home
+several days. Never stayed in one place very long. Never worked in the
+country. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 32.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Thirty-five years old. Single. Had
+no people, except one brother who was in the West. Had no trade. Out of
+work four months. Had been in the Industrial Home one week. Never worked
+in the country. Said when he had money he gambled and played the races.
+Looked intelligent and capable.
+
+
+No. 33.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty five years old. Married. Evidently had left his
+family. Had no regular trade. Had followed the water a good deal and
+worked along the docks. Had nothing steady for three months. Was in the
+Industrial Home for the second time this winter. Worked in the country
+about two years. Said when the weather got warm he was going to the
+country. Looked ignorant and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 34.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. Trade of a
+shoe-maker, but he had not worked at it for nearly two years. Out of
+work three months. Worked in the country a little. Appearance very good.
+
+
+No. 35.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty years old. Married. Had
+buried his wife and three children. Had no trade but followed the circus
+as laborer. Never worked in the country. Had had no steady work for a
+year. The Army had been helping him for a month. He said he went on the
+drunk sometimes. Looked intelligent but in feeble health.
+
+
+No. 36.
+
+Born in Hungary. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had people at home but
+did not write often. In this country eight years. Talked good English.
+Had no trade. Worked on a farm a good deal in Hungary. Had been in the
+Industrial Home four days. Looked very hopeful.
+
+
+No. 37.
+
+Born in Pittsfield, Mass. American parents. Twenty-one years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial Home three months. Was
+a trusted worker and received $2.50 a week, for driving one of the Army
+wagons. Never worked in the country. Looked like a respectable man.
+
+
+No. 38.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty-years old. Single. In this country twenty years.
+Had no trade. Had travelled around the world. Had been in the Industrial
+Home one month. Said he used to drink, but would never do it again. He
+was gray-haired and feeble. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 39.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty-five years old. Single. Had no trade but followed
+the water a good deal. Out of work five months. Had been in the
+Industrial Home three weeks. Said the Army had helped him before. Looked
+like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 40.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single. People
+lived in New York, but he had not lived home for several years.
+Quarrelled with his people because of drink. Had no trade. Worked one
+season in the country. Had been out of work two months. In the
+Industrial Home two weeks. The Army had fitted him out with clothing.
+Looked capable but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 41.
+
+Born in Germany. Thirty-seven years old. Married. Would not say anything
+about his family. In this country eleven years. Had no trade but
+followed the water as cook or waiter. Had been out of work all winter.
+The German Aid Society had helped him. Never worked in the country.
+Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 42.
+
+Born in England. Sixty-five years old. Married. Wife dead. Five children
+living, but they did not help him. Came to this country forty years ago.
+Bricklayer by trade. Belonged to the union, but said they did not help
+him. Had been out of work five months. Had been in the Industrial Home
+several times this winter. Looked old, gray-haired and feeble.
+
+
+No. 43.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Quarrelled with his people three years ago and had not been
+home since. Never worked in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home
+four days. Looked quite capable.
+
+
+No. 44.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had people in Long
+Island who were poor. Had no trade, but followed the water a good deal.
+Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home five weeks. The Army
+gave him clothes. Said he drank a good deal. Never worked in the
+country. Looked intelligent but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 45.
+
+Born in Paterson, N. J. German parents. Twenty-five years old. Had
+people in Paterson but was ashamed to write to them. Had no trade. Had
+been in the Industrial Home two months. Looked bright and capable.
+
+
+No. 46.
+
+Born in Trenton, N. J. Irish parents. Twenty-two years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Had been out of work three months. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Expected money from home shortly. Never worked in the
+country. Said he drank a little. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 47.
+
+Born in Stanwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Had people who were poor. Had no trade. Was brought up on a farm. Came
+to New York one year ago after a trip through the West. Expected to go
+back to the country as soon as the weather got warmer. Had been in the
+Industrial Home ten days. Looked stupid but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 48.
+
+Born in Vermont. American parents. Forty-five years old. Single. Was a
+tool-maker by trade. Did not belong to the union. Had been out of work
+three months. Had been in the Industrial Home one month. Said the Army
+were good people. Appearance was good but somewhat dissipated. Never
+worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 49.
+
+Born in Seattle, Washington. Swedish parents. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Out of work two months. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Did not drink. Appearance was good. Never worked in the
+country.
+
+
+No. 50.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Separated from his wife. In
+this country fifteen years. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. The
+Army and the missions had helped him several times. Never worked in the
+country. Looked shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 51.
+
+Born in Scotland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade. Had wandered
+round a lot. Out of work five months. The Scotch Aid Society helped him
+a good deal this winter. Said he liked to drink. Never worked in the
+country. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 52.
+
+Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Married.
+His wife was living in Cleveland. He left her because of a quarrel.
+Tool-maker by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work four
+months. In the Industrial Home one week. Never worked in the country.
+Looked efficient and capable.
+
+
+No. 53.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Fifty years old. Evidently married. Did
+not wish to talk about it. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had
+received help from the missions and the Army. Drank heavily. Appearance
+very poor. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 54.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. English parents. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Had people in Boston, who did not help him. Had no trade. Out of work
+three months. In the Industrial Home two days. Said he drank sometimes.
+Never worked in the country. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 55.
+
+Born in South America. German parents. Twenty years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Came from South America by working on a boat. Left it two months
+ago in New York, and had done nothing since. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Never worked in the country. Expected to go back on the
+boat shortly. Looked like a runaway boy and was bright and attractive.
+
+
+No. 56.
+
+Born in Long Island. American parents. Fifty years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. Had rheumatism and could not do much
+work. The Army had helped him a good deal, but he expected to go to the
+hospital. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 57.
+
+Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in Italy, who were
+poor. In this country twelve years. Had no trade. Out of work all
+winter. In the Industrial Home seven days. Said that this was the first
+time he had ever been out of money. Worked in the country somewhat in
+Italy. Looked stupid and inefficient.
+
+
+No. 58.
+
+Born in Cuba. Father American, mother Cuban. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Had people living in Panama who did not help him. Had no trade.
+He travelled a good deal. Came from the West two weeks ago. Got out of
+money, and had been in the Industrial Home one week. Looked like a
+promising case.
+
+
+No. 59.
+
+Born in Pittsfield, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade, but followed the water somewhat. Had been out of work five
+months. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Never worked in the country.
+His face showed a very hard life. He was gray-haired and feeble.
+
+
+No. 60.
+
+Born in Scranton, Penna. American parents. Twenty-two years old. Single.
+His people were living in Scranton, but he was ashamed to write to them.
+Had no trade. Out of work eight weeks. In the Industrial Home one week.
+Never worked in the country. Looked very wild, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 61.
+
+Born in New York. German parents. Thirty years old. Single. Two sisters
+lived in New York, but did not help him because he drank too much. Had
+no trade. Had had no steady work all winter. Looked dissipated. Never
+worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 62.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Married. Wife dead. No children. Had
+no trade. Out of work three months. Had been in the Industrial Home one
+month. Never worked in the country. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 63.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. People
+in Chicago helped him sometimes. Had no trade. Had been working in the
+Industrial Home in the kitchen all winter at $1.00 per week. The Army
+had fitted him up, and he looked very respectable.
+
+
+No. 64.
+
+Born in Germany. About forty years old. Single. No people living.
+Followed the water. Out of work two months. In the Industrial Home three
+weeks. The Army gave him clothes. He looked like a hard drinker, but
+otherwise capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 65.
+
+Born in Cambridge, Mass. Irish parents. Forty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had travelled all over the country. Had been out of work
+four months, and had been in the Industrial Home two days. Never worked
+in the country. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 66.
+
+Born in Lynn, Mass. American parents. About fifty years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Out of work all winter. Had travelled widely and beaten his
+way on freight trains. In the Industrial Home three times this winter.
+Never worked in the country. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 67.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Quarrelled with his people. A rigger by trade. Did not belong to the
+Union. Out of work six weeks. In the Industrial Home ten days. Said he
+drank a little. Looked capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 68.
+
+Born in Germany. About thirty years old. Single. People in Germany did
+not help him. Waiter by trade. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Had no
+steady work all Winter. Never worked in the country. Expected a position
+in a few days. Looked stupid, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 69.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. Hungarian parents. Thirty-five years old. Single.
+People dead. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Different charitable
+organizations had helped him. Had been in the Industrial Home one week.
+Did not like to work. Worked in the country a little. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 70.
+
+Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. Married. Wife
+dead. Had no trade. Had travelled a good deal. Out of work all winter.
+Had been in the Industrial Home six weeks. The Army fitted him out with
+clothing. He said he was not going to drink any more, and looked
+intelligent, but was getting old. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 71.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-six years old. Single. In this country six
+years. Had people in Germany, and he expected help from them. Machinist
+by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work four months. In the
+Industrial Home two days. Looked like a wild youth. Never worked in the
+country.
+
+
+No. 72.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work
+all winter. Drank heavily. Worked in the country two years. Had wandered
+all over the States. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 73.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home four days. Army
+gave him clothes. The missions had helped him. Never worked in the
+country. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 74.
+
+Born in Scotland. Forty-one years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work
+four months. In the Industrial Home three days. Admitted that he drank
+heavily. Never worked in the country. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 75.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-two years old. Single. People
+in Chicago were poor. Left home two months ago and came to New York.
+Spent all his money. The Army took him in, and for six weeks he had been
+in the Home. He wrote home. Expected to get work shortly. Looked bright
+and respectable.
+
+
+No. 76.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never worked in the country. Had
+been in the Industrial Home one week. Did not like to work. Looked like
+a tramp.
+
+
+No. 77.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty years old. Married. Wife lived in Germany with
+two children. Had been in this country four years and expected his wife
+next summer. Plumber by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work
+two months. In the Industrial Home one week, after a very hard struggle
+around the streets. Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 78.
+
+Born in Washington, D. C. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no people.
+Had no trade. Belonged to the United States Army six years. Out of work
+all winter. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Worked in the country a
+good deal. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 79.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty-five years old. Single. Hod carrier by trade.
+Belonged to the Union. Out of work five months. In the Industrial Home
+four days. Looked capable and efficient. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 80.
+
+Born in Germany. Fifty-two years old. Married. Wife dead. Followed the
+water most of the time. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home
+three days. Appearance very poor. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 81.
+
+Born in New York. Twenty-eight years old. Single. People lived in New
+York, but did not help him. Out of work all winter. Had no trade. Had
+been in the Industrial Home one month. Looked like a dissipated
+character. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 82.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Swedish parents. Thirty years old. Single. Iron
+worker by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Had been out of work five
+months. Had been in the Industrial Home five weeks. Never worked in the
+country. He drank a good deal, but looked capable.
+
+
+No. 83.
+
+Born in England. Eighteen years old. Single. In this country two years.
+Had no trade. Out of work one month. Had been in the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Had secured a position on a ship going to England, starting
+in three days. Looked like a straight-forward boy.
+
+
+No. 84.
+
+Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Joined the navy two years ago. Deserted, was captured and
+spent one year in jail. Had been out three months and had not worked
+since. Had been in the Industrial Home one month. Appearance was good.
+Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 85.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade. Had wandered all
+around the world. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home two or
+three times. Said he worked one year on a farm. He was crippled and
+looked feeble.
+
+
+No. 86.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Single. People in Germany, but
+he did not write home. Had no trade. In this country five years. Out of
+work two months. Never worked in the country. Had been in the
+Industrial Home one day. Seemed to lack ambition.
+
+
+No. 87.
+
+Born in Denver, Colo. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. Married.
+Separated from his wife five years ago. Painter by trade. Did not belong
+to the Union. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three
+weeks. Appearance was very poor. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 88.
+
+Born in Sweden. Twenty-two years old. Single. People at home sent him
+money sometimes. He said he had also sent money home. Had no trade. Out
+of work three months. In the Industrial Home four days. Used to work in
+the country in Sweden. In this country three years. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 89.
+
+Born in Dublin, Ireland. Thirty-one years old. Single. In this country
+two years. Had no trade. Out of work ten weeks. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Worked in the country for a few months. Appearance was very
+good.
+
+
+No. 90.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+people in New York, but had nothing to do with them. He wandered a lot.
+Had no trade. Never worked in the country. Out of work all winter. The
+Army and missions had helped him. In the Industrial Home three days.
+Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 91.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no people. Followed the
+water most of the time. Out of work seven months. Was in the German
+Hospital three months with hip disease. He was still crippled and could
+not work well. Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Looked very
+feeble. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 92.
+
+Born in Washington, D. C. American parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. Was in the navy five years. Had no trade. Out of work all
+winter. In the Industrial Home three days. Never worked in the country.
+Acted very queerly and evidently had weak mind.
+
+
+No. 93.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. Carpenter
+by trade. Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home six weeks. The
+Army gave him clothing. Never worked in the country. Used to drink
+heavily. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 94.
+
+Born in England. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had people in England,
+and he wrote home sometimes. Had no trade. Out of work three months. In
+the Industrial Home five weeks. Worked in the country one summer. Had
+been in this country three years. Did not drink. Looked very intelligent
+and capable.
+
+
+No. 95.
+
+Born in Providence, R. I. Irish parents. Forty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had beaten his way all through the country. Never worked
+in the country. The Army had helped him a good deal. Had been in the
+Home three months and said he had not taken a drink during that time. He
+looked bright and responsible, but showed the signs of a hard life.
+
+
+No. 96.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. People lived in Ireland. In
+this country four years. Never wrote home. Had no trade. Worked in the
+country one year. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Appearance was good
+but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 97.
+
+Born in Trenton, N. J. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Followed the water a good deal. Out of work all winter. Had been in the
+Industrial Home eight weeks. Never worked in the country. Looked
+capable.
+
+
+No. 98.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Army
+gave him clothing. He looked intelligent and capable. Never worked in
+the country.
+
+
+No. 99.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty-five years old. People lived in Germany, but he
+did not write home. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. He travelled
+round a good deal and drank heavily. Had worked a good deal in the
+country. Had been in the Industrial Home four months, and said he was
+going to reform. Looked like a hopeful case.
+
+
+No. 100.
+
+Born in Portland, Oregon. American parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Had travelled a good deal. Out of work all winter.
+In the Industrial Home three months. Expected money from home soon, and
+expected to go West. Said he had worked on a farm a good deal. Looked
+stupid but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 101.
+
+Born in Vermont. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. Carpenter
+by trade. Belonged to the Union. Out of work all winter. In the
+Industrial Home one week. Never worked in the country. The missions had
+helped him a good deal this winter. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 102.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-two years old. Single. People
+all dead. Had no trade. Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Said he had ruined his life through drink. Was in the
+hospital two months this winter. He never worked in the country. He was
+crippled and could not work much.
+
+
+No. 103.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+people in Chicago, but ran away four years ago. Had no trade. Out of
+work three months. In the Industrial Home two months. Never worked in
+the country. Looked like a hopeful case.
+
+
+No. 104.
+
+Born in Cincinnati, O. American parents. Thirty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never worked in the country. In
+the Industrial Home two weeks. Appearance was good but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 105.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+people in New York, but they were unable to help him. Had no trade. Out
+of work all winter. Had been in the Industrial Home five weeks. Never
+worked in the country. Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 106.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three months.
+Never worked in the country. The Army had helped him to become
+respectable, he said. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 107.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-eight years old. Single. People dead. Had no
+trade. Out of work two months. Had wandered a lot. In the Industrial
+Home three weeks. Had worked in the country somewhat. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 108.
+
+Born in St. Louis, Mo. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Out of work three months. The Army gave him clothes and he
+had been in the Industrial Home two months. Never worked in the country.
+Looked inefficient.
+
+
+No. 109.
+
+Born in Sweden. Forty years old. Single. Had people in Sweden. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. Had been in Industrial Home three months.
+Army gave him clothing. Did not drink. Looked capable and efficient.
+Never worked in the country.
+
+
+Some Facts Brought Out in the 109 Industrial Examples.[36]
+
+    Nationality.                      No.     Percentage.
+
+  American parentage                  41         .376
+  Irish parentage                     30         .276
+  German parentage                    18         .165
+  English and Scotch parentage         9         .083
+  Italian parentage                    3         .027
+  Swedish parentage                    3         .027
+  Other countries, parentage           5         .046
+
+  Married                             17         .156
+  Single                              92         .844
+  Worked a little in country          16         .146
+  Worked considerably in country       7         .064
+  Men with regular trades             31         .289
+  Union men                            6         .055
+  Men who looked efficient            38         .349
+  Men who looked semi-efficient       21         .193
+  Men who looked inefficient          50         .458
+
+    Ages.
+
+  15-20                                2         .018
+  20-30                               55         .504
+  30-40                               23         .212
+  40-50                               20         .183
+  50-60                                8         .074
+  60-70                                1         .009
+
+    Length of time out of work.
+
+  Less than 1 month                    8         .073
+  More than 1 month                   17         .156
+  More than 2 months                  16         .146
+  More than 3 months.[37]             68         .625
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] "Prospectus of the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company."
+
+[15] "The Poor and the Land," p. 130.
+
+[16] Haggard places it at 500 in 1905; at the time of my visit, May,
+1906, it was about 300.
+
+[17] "Hadleigh," p. 52.
+
+[18] "The Poor and the Land," p. 127.
+
+[19] "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 113-114.
+
+[20] _Ibid._, p. 114.
+
+[21] _Ibid._, p. 105.
+
+[22] "Hadleigh," p. 56.
+
+[23] Apparently no definite data are obtainable regarding these men
+since the time of treatment.
+
+[24] Introduction, p. 10.
+
+[25] For instance, the president, vice-president and secretary and
+treasurer are all Army officers of high standing.
+
+[26] The following extract is taken from the Salvation Army Social
+Gazette of February 5, 1908: "Whether the Officer of the Salvation Army
+takes charge of the industrial home to manage it in the interests of the
+concern, or whether he takes charge of the corps, the one great purpose
+of his whole life is to proclaim salvation to all with whom he comes in
+contact."
+
+[27] See p. 36.
+
+[28] We think that this would probably be done, even though the presence
+of the home in the particular locality was a great boon to the poor, and
+although this would be contrary to the principles of the organization,
+so strong is the idea which the company has of financial success. This
+further strengthens the idea that the movement is drifting from its
+original purpose of uplifting the down-fallen humanity to the purpose of
+perpetuating and extending itself as an economic enterprise.
+
+[29] See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 121 to 130.
+
+[30] A typical industry instanced to support this objection was the
+manufacture of fire wood. See "The S. A. and the Public," p. 124.
+
+[31] The criticism here of course would be that, to the extent that the
+army applies donations from the public to this industrial work, to that
+extent it has an advantage over another business enterprise and differs
+from it just to that extent in which it secures capital on which it need
+pay no interest or return. To what extent this is done, we have been
+unable to ascertain, but the Army is paying interest to investors who
+furnish money to carry on this work. This point is dealt with somewhat
+in the next paragraph.
+
+[32] See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 122 to 127. Also "The Social
+Relief Work of the S. A.," pp. 11 and 12.
+
+[33] Several leading officers have stated that they never undersell
+paper or rags, the largest part of their business, and that the only
+underselling done by them is in the retail store and that this is
+slight. They justify themselves by the fact that the regular second-hand
+men are tricksters and will rob the poor of their money, in most cases
+carrying on a pawn shop, which the Army never does.
+
+[34] See Seager, "Introduction to Economics," p. 234.
+
+[35] See "Principles of Relief," p. 35.
+
+[36] To show the difference in the grade of the men at the Industrial
+Homes and those at the Hotels, I have given separate tables for each.
+The combined tables showing certain characteristics of the class of men
+in general with which the Army deals will be found at the end of Chapter
+IV.
+
+[37] This number includes all the inefficient men and the men who are
+steadily working in the Industrial Home.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY HOTELS AND LODGING HOUSES.
+
+
+In a study of environment and its effects on the lowest classes of our
+great cities, the cheap lodging house affords a favorable field. Here we
+have crowding, unsanitary conditions, immoral atmosphere, and all the
+attendant evils. A good description of such lodging houses in New York
+City has been given by Jacob Riis, in the following words:
+
+    "In the caravansaries that line Chatham Street and the Bowery,
+    harboring nightly a population as large as that of many a thriving
+    town, a home-made article of tramp and thief is turned out that is
+    attracting the increasing attention of the police, and offers a
+    field for the missionary's labors, besides which most others seem of
+    slight consequence"[38].
+
+The cheap lodging houses of London and other great cities are similar in
+their environment and effects. This field was early entered by the Army.
+It was necessary that a very low rate of cost for the individual
+concerned be maintained because of competition with the lodging houses
+already existing, and because of the size of the prospective lodger's
+purse. The first experiments were tried in London. There, at first, the
+primary aim was to aid the needy and destitute, but later the Army
+entered into a competition with the existing lodging houses and paid
+more attention to the element of environment. It was soon definitely
+proved that such a work could be carried on to advantage, that shelter
+amid beneficial surroundings, could be provided to those almost
+destitute, and that the work could be self-supporting. Since then this
+work has extended to nearly all the larger cities of Europe and America,
+but it is of greatest extent in England and the United States. Along
+with this growth there has been differentiation. The hotels have been
+graded to suit the requirements of the different classes to which they
+appeal: the almost destitute class, and those who have steady
+employment. Hence, besides treating of conditions common to both, we
+shall describe special features of two grades of both men's and women's
+hotels.[39]
+
+The location for a men's hotel must be determined partly by its
+propinquity to the class of men which it is seeking to attract and
+partly for facilities for ventilation, cleanliness and general sanitary
+conditions. These last features are of the greatest importance in this
+work. Led by the real need of the case, and working with regard to its
+reputation, the Army has, in this respect, shown a great advance over
+the general cheap lodging houses. Still, there is room for improvement
+in the Army hotels.[40] One great difficulty lies in the lodgers, many
+of whom are so habituated to uncleanliness in general, that it is with
+great reluctance on their part that they are induced to cleanliness.
+Especially in the lower class hotels is this true where the rough,
+brutal element finds its way. Another difficulty lies in the fact that
+the Army frequently takes old buildings and turns them into hotels, when
+they are not suitable for the purpose. A favorable tendency to overcome
+this, however, lies in the Army's desire to put up new buildings fitted
+for hotels, and this is being done in many cities.
+
+In both the higher and the lower class men's hotels, the general plan is
+to have two or three grades of sleeping apartments. The first grade is
+in the form of dormitories, where each dormitory will contain from ten
+to fifty beds in the smaller hotels, and from fifty to one hundred and
+even two hundred beds in the larger.[41] For a bed in one of these
+dormitories, 10c and 15c per night is charged in the United States, and
+in England 2d up. This includes the use of a locker beside the bed, with
+sometimes a nightgown, and sometimes a bath. The second grade of lodging
+is in individual rooms, partitioned off, but inside rooms, for which the
+charge is 15c in the United States, and 4d to 6d in England. Then
+finally we have the third grade of lodging, which consists of individual
+rooms which have outside windows, and for which the price varies from
+20c to 50c per night according to situation and furnishing.[42]
+Sometimes the three grades of lodging are found on the same floor, a
+part of the floor being dormitory, and a part partitioned off into
+rooms, the partitions running up to a height of eight or nine feet. This
+method of partitioning off the rooms is almost universal. It is cheap
+and to some extent sanitary, since by means of windows at either end of
+the building a continual current of air can be maintained all over the
+floor. In most of the higher class hotels one floor is given up to
+dormitories and another to individual rooms, while the majority of lower
+class hotels consist entirely of dormitories. Hotels are of all sizes,
+and run from one floor up to eight or ten.
+
+The beds found in the Army hotels are iron, with mattresses usually
+covered with American cloth or some form of leather, but sometimes with
+strong canvas.[43] Each bed is provided with pillow, sheets, a coverlid,
+and sometimes an additional counterpane. The individual rooms, in
+addition to having better beds, contain a looking glass, a chair, a
+small table, and other furnishings according to the price of the room.
+In most cases washing facilities are only found in the lavatory, common
+to the whole floor.
+
+Comparative cleanliness is enforced at all grades of hotels. Baths are
+sometimes made compulsory, though often this rule cannot be rigidly
+enforced. Usually each floor is provided with bath tubs and shower
+baths. Nearly every hotel has a fumigating room, an air tight apartment
+filled with racks, upon which clothing is hung. If a man's appearance or
+clothing looks suspicious in any way, his clothes are placed in a sack
+with a number corresponding to the number of his bed or room, and hung
+in the fumigating room over night. Early the next morning his clothes
+will be returned to him. The dormitories and rooms themselves, every few
+days, receive a fumigating and cleaning. Thus, except in very rare
+cases, no fault can be found with the cleanliness of the Army hotels. We
+hardly ever visited any of them without coming into contact with the
+scent of fumigation, or finding some individual working with mop and
+broom.
+
+The above description, except where stated differently, fits both
+classes of men's hotels. The higher class, intended for transients of
+the better class of poor and for workmen with steady employment, has
+some distinctive features. In addition to better equipment along the
+line of furnishings, lavatories, etc., this class of hotels necessarily
+has a better social environment than the other. For instance, there are
+many lower class hotels where the reading room is dark, poorly
+furnished, without attractive reading matter, and where it serves as
+smoking room as well as reading room. While this might be improved, yet
+so low are the occupants that such improvement would not be appreciated.
+But when we come to the higher grade hotels, we find a difference. Take,
+for example, the Army Hotel in the city of Cleveland, O., on the corner
+of Eagle and Erie Streets. This corner building was built by the Army to
+answer its purpose, at a cost of $100,000.00. There are no dormitories
+in the building. The three upper floors are given over to the hotel,
+which comprises 130 rooms, each room being steam heated and electric
+lighted, and each floor being reached by elevators. Bathing facilities
+and sanitary arrangements are first class. A comfortable reading room
+and lounging room is provided for general use, where there are popular
+magazines, daily papers and writing conveniences. As another example,
+about the highest grade Army institution of this class is found in
+Boston, and is called "The People's Palace." It is a large, five-story,
+corner building, built by the Army for the purpose. In this institution
+the social environment is especially emphasized. There is a reading
+room, a smoking room, one or more social parlors, a gymnasium with a
+swimming tank, and an auditorium with a seating capacity of 600. The
+whole building, with its 287 single rooms, besides the above advantages,
+is equipped with steam heat, electric service and other modern
+conveniences. A special fee of 25c is charged for the use of the
+gymnasium and swimming tank, but the other advantages are free to
+lodgers. In this way, it is seen that the higher class hotels have more
+opportunity for a good social environment and for social work. We think
+that the addition of certain features, such as men's clubs, smokers,
+popular lectures, etc., would be of great advantage to this class of
+institutions. To overcome the difficulty of a transient population,
+however, would require considerable ingenuity.[44]
+
+Along the line of religious environment we find the hotels differ a
+great deal. In London there seems to be a strong influence of this kind,
+most of the hotels of both classes holding gospel meetings frequently.
+For instance, at the Quaker Street Elevator Home, which is partly a
+hotel and partly an industrial home, meetings are held nearly every
+night with good attendance, and at the Burne Street Hotel well attended
+meetings are held every night except Wednesdays and Saturdays, these
+nights being given over to the men for washing their clothes. But in the
+United States we find, as a rule, that the Salvation Army hotels are run
+with very little religious influence. In a few cases, meetings are held
+regularly, but more often no provision is made for them. Meetings are
+generally in progress somewhere in the neighborhood at the regular Army
+corps, and the men are left to attend these meetings if they wish.
+Generally they are willing to take advantage of the hotel, but do not
+care for the sentimental form of religion preached by the Army. Hence,
+in most of the hotels, we find the religious influence limited to the
+texts on the walls, and to the attitude of the employees, who are not
+always Salvationists or converted men.
+
+Some hotels of both classes are fitted with a kitchen and lunch counter.
+This is nearly always the case in London, where the hotels have a
+counter, over which the food is sold, and then taken to a seat by the
+purchaser. In several cases the counter is divided so that it opens into
+different rooms, and there are two grades of prices, the lower price
+being paid for food somewhat damaged and stale.[45]
+
+We need not dwell long on the subject of the women's hotels, as that
+does not form an important part of the Army's work. The women's hotels,
+even more than the men's, have tended to fall into two classes. There is
+a great difference between the hotel for women who are almost destitute,
+and the hotel for respectable working girls, who have positions as
+clerks and stenographers, and who happen to have no home of their own. A
+typical hotel of the former class is situated near the Dearborn Street
+Railway Depot in Chicago. It consists of three floors, and has
+accommodation for fifty girls or women. The woman officer in charge
+lives here herself, and seeks to have an environment as homelike as
+possible. She states, however, that occasionally the women come in
+noisily and are troublesome. There is a great difference between one
+woman and another, and she wishes she had one floor with better
+accommodation than the rest for the better element among them. The price
+paid per bed at this hotel is 10 cents. A good example of this class of
+hotel in England, is the one situated on Hanbury Street, Whitechapel,
+London, where there are three floors, two upper floors given over to
+dormitories containing 276 beds in all, and the ground floor containing
+a dining room, kitchen, small hall, and office. Here, women are turned
+away quite often because of lack of room. 2d. is charged for a bed, and
+for food a scale of prices, such as tea, 1/2d.--soup, 1/2d.--bread,
+1/2d.--etc. There are nine officers working here, and nine other
+workers, six of the latter receiving 3s. per week, and three receiving
+1s. per week.
+
+With the higher class hotels for women, the Army has not had much
+success. This is easily understood, as the respectable girl does not
+like to be connected with a hotel run by an organization which is
+prominent for its slum and rescue work. These hotels charge a higher
+rate for rooms and are situated in a good quarter of the city.[46] They
+are frequented by shop girls, bookkeepers, clerks and stenographers.
+Apparently, no great religious pressure is brought to bear on the girls
+and women, but this would probably depend on the officer in charge.
+
+The growth of the Hotel Department of the Army's work, like that of the
+Industrial Department, has, of recent years, been great. Soon after the
+publication in 1890 of General Booth's book, "Darkest England," the
+hotel work was started in England, and its progress has been rapid. In
+the United States at first the work did not make much headway. When
+Commander Booth-Tucker came to take charge in 1896, there were three
+small men's hotels situated in the cities of Buffalo, San Francisco,
+and Seattle. At the present time, nearly every large city in England
+and the United States has one or more of these hotels, the latter
+country having 71 men's hotels and 4 women's hotels, with a total
+accommodation of 8,688. The tendency now is toward fewer of the lower
+class hotels, and more of the higher class; in other words, toward fewer
+hotels where beds can be had for 10c and 15c, and more where they will
+cost 20c and 25c. The Army gives as its reason for this the fact that
+the cheaper hotel cannot be maintained in a wholesome manner and be
+self-supporting.[47] Similar to the Industrial Department in its
+management, the Hotel Department has its divisions, its graded officers
+with their various responsibilities, and its head officer in charge at
+the national headquarters. In the United States, however, unlike the
+Industrial Department, the Hotel Department has no separate financial
+company, in the form of a corporation, behind it. In some instances,
+deserving men are given bed tickets and meal tickets free, by officers
+detailed for the purpose, and, to that extent the hotels are a charity.
+This is done with due discretion and does not make an appreciable
+difference. The amount of charity indulged in by the Army in this way
+is, however, probably responsible for the fact that in 1907, there was a
+loss to the Army in this department of $4,500.00, not a very large
+amount, considering the number of hotels concerned.
+
+Coming to the value of the Army hotels from the point of view of the
+social economist, care must be taken to discriminate between their
+commercial and their philanthropic aspects. The public has a mistaken
+idea of the work carried on by this branch of the Army. Many people have
+an idea that thousands of homeless, starving men and women are nightly
+taken care of in these Army hotels. Putting aside the question whether
+such would be good relief policy or not, the statement itself is not
+true. In a majority of cases the man or woman in order to gain
+admittance must have the price, and in many instances, that price will
+also admit them to the regular cheap lodging house outside of the Army.
+We are not finding fault with the system of charging, since from the
+point of view of true relief, provided that bona-fide, destitute cases
+are not left without help, the price should be required, as it would be
+a great evil to throw open the hotels to the crowds of regular beggars
+and social parasites who constantly throng any institution supposed to
+be charitable; but since the Army hotel movement claims to be a
+self-supporting business, it is not to be regarded as different from any
+other lodging business, except in those points in which it excels the
+other. With this caution we believe that we still can distinguish two
+lines along which credit is to be given the Army. The first is the
+environment which the Army has created for its guests. It is not
+necessary here to show what a great factor environment is in this case,
+but simply to emphasize its importance. From our description of the Army
+hotel, it is seen that, with certain exceptions, the Army maintains
+cleanliness, cheerfulness, and a homelike atmosphere around its lodging
+houses.[48] In this important respect then, the Army hotel is to be
+commended. Secondly, the Army has indirectly, by its competition with
+the ordinary cheap lodging houses, led them to adopt improvement for
+purely commercial reasons. If a man has only ten cents, he is going to
+invest that ten cents to the best advantage, and the old time lodging
+houses have found it necessary to improve their conditions in order to
+meet the competition of the Army. For this too, credit is to be given
+the latter. In addition the competition reacts on the Army and tends to
+make it keep up its own standard.
+
+In order more clearly to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
+cheap lodging houses, whether Army hotels or not, it would be well here
+to consider objections to their existence. Three objections have been
+raised to all cheap lodging houses in general.
+
+1. That they herd together a low class of vagrants and vicious
+characters.
+
+2. That their cheapness lowers the standard of living.
+
+3. That they encourage the youth of the country to come to the city and
+live in comparative idleness.[49]
+
+No one who has looked into the matter has any doubt about the accuracy
+of the first objection. One glance at the faces of a group of men in the
+smoking room of any such hotel reveals many of the low, bestial,
+criminal type; many victims of dissipation and many who have acquired a
+dislike for work of any sort. This harboring of the vicious element is
+also true of the Army hotels of the lower class, but it is in company
+with this element that we find the men for whom more or less can be
+done.[50]
+
+The second objection must be considered more carefully. To repeat the
+definition of the standard of living which was discussed in connection
+with the Industrial Department, it is the scale or measure of comfort
+and satisfaction, which a person or community of persons, regards as
+indispensable to happiness. Now the question is whether these cheap
+lodging houses lower this standard; whether their existence results in a
+tendency to live with less effort and less ambition, and thus renders
+men and women less productive and less proficient. This question must be
+separated into a question regarding the community as a whole, and a
+question regarding the individual. As regards the standard of living of
+any single community, the answer would be that the standard is not
+appreciably lowered by this hotel system, since the occupants are mostly
+single men wandering around, and the standard of living of the community
+is more concerned with the maintenance of homes in its midst, than of
+transients. This, however, brings in the further question as to whether
+the cheap living made possible by the lodging houses leads to the
+breaking up of homes, since if it does so, it would bear decidedly on
+the standard of living. We would answer this second question in the
+negative, because life in the cheap hotel is not such a desirable thing
+as to lead to the breaking up of homes. A man has already left home and
+is already reduced in circumstances, before the fact of such cheap
+living as the hotels and cheap restaurants of the Bowery in New York, or
+of Whitechapel in London, ever comes to him as an advantage. But, on the
+other hand, when it comes to the individual concerned, we think that the
+standard is lowered and that in many cases the objection holds good. For
+instance, take a man with a regular trade, say bricklaying or
+carpentering. He is thrown out of work and gradually drifts down to the
+cheap hotel. For months, possibly, he strives in vain to get work at his
+trade. He exists, however, by means of odd jobs picked up at random; he
+becomes shiftless; the life which consists of so much "hanging around"
+and loafing, decreases his efficiency, and, in this way, his standard is
+lowered. At the same time his character is affected, and even if no
+worse development takes place, he loses ambition, and that lowers his
+standard. Hence, in conclusion, we would say that the objection that the
+hotel movement of the Army leads to a lowering of a standard of living
+has no place as regards the community, but is sustained as regards
+individuals.
+
+The third objection that the country youth are induced by this cheap
+living to leave for the city is not a strong one and needs but short
+notice. Some of the most successful men of our cities come from the
+country, but very few of the lower and pauper classes. This has been
+shown by the investigations of Mr. Fox in England, and by our own
+investigations in the United States.[51]
+
+The consideration of these objections leads us to a closer examination
+of the class of men frequenting the hotels of the Army. The men's work
+being so much larger, let us look at the occupants of the men's hotels.
+Here we must separate the comparatively few hotels of the higher class,
+which, charging higher prices and harboring the working man, have a
+different environment from the others. In these, the higher class, we
+see a competition with the ordinary boarding and lodging houses which
+single men frequent, a competition which, owing to the more healthful
+social environment of the Army hotel, is to be welcomed and approved of
+as a preventive of vice and degradation. The latter is often the result
+of crowded, uncleanly, workingmen's lodgings, which drive their
+occupants to the saloon. But the majority of the Army hotels are filled
+with the lowest class of men, out of any steady employment. This class
+is composed for the most part and under present conditions, of men who
+are almost helpless cases.[52] Conditions can be conceived which would
+result in the betterment of a certain percentage of these, but a large
+number would always be hopeless. Many have been given their chances and
+have thrown them away; some have had no chances, and some could not use
+them if they had. Many are physical and moral wrecks. In their faces you
+see no ambition. They simply exist as do animals. For such, except in
+unusual cases, there is no remedy. Do all you can for them, and they
+will slide back again; give them work, and if they are willing to take
+it at all, they soon lose their positions. Some belong to the
+pseudo-social class and are mere parasites feeding on society. Others
+are anti-social, bitter and criminal.[53]
+
+These men are not those with which the Army is successful, in its
+industrial institutions, although many of them have been tried. They
+secure their ten cents or fifteen cents for a bed in a cheap hotel by
+any means which comes along. They form a class, which especially in the
+older countries of Europe and increasingly in the new world, presents a
+problem that is the great puzzle of the statesman and the social
+economist alike.
+
+The present tendency of the Army already mentioned to have fewer of the
+lower class, cheap hotels and more of the higher class brings up some
+important considerations. There are three points which come up for
+particular notice here. First, as has already been stated, the present
+tendency of the Army is to have fewer of the lower class or cheap hotels
+and more of the higher class. One reason for this is that, although the
+Army's competition has in many instances forced the ordinary cheap
+hotels to better their equipment, still, in the long run, the Army
+cannot successfully compete with the ordinary low class hotel and
+maintain an equally good or better environment, without having its hotel
+work subsidized by the public. The men whom we have just described do
+not appreciate better surroundings sufficiently to pay fifteen cents for
+a bed at the Army hotel, when they can get one for ten cents at another
+place around the corner. Secondly, as the Army extends its work, there
+is the ever present tendency of any organization to become an end in
+itself. Hence the Army tends to forsake its field of the lower class for
+the field of the working class for financial reasons. If it can carry on
+a hotel which appeals to a higher class of working men who are willing
+to pay $1.50 upwards per week for a separated room such as has been
+described, they may do better financially than with a dormitory whose
+beds are held at ten cents. This second point of consideration leads us
+to a third, and that is, what is to become of this lower class of
+vagrants and unemployables. This discussion hardly comes in the scope of
+this book, but we might suggest in passing that the cheap, lower class
+of hotels with which the Army has entered into competition should not be
+allowed to continue as at present. In case of the failure to provide
+competition, the city itself should provide a successful competition
+under good environment, or should take measures for the segregation of
+the vicious elements of the population from the merely weak, aged and
+unfortunate.[54]
+
+On the other hand, among the occupants of these hotels a certain number
+are men for whom there is hope; some victims of misfortune; others
+degraded by dissipation and recklessness, but not entirely demoralized.
+With these the Army can deal successfully in its industrial homes, and
+some of them can regain a foothold without aid. For these men the Army
+hotel is certainly a boon.[55] A man who has not lost ambition and who
+can gather a few cents a day to sustain him, until some temporary
+difficulty is past is glad to take advantage of such an institution.
+Finally, regarding this class as a whole, something must be done with
+them, and it is necessary for those who find fault with their
+congregation in the Army hotels, to point out a better way of caring for
+them. As long as they exist, they will tend to congregate somewhere, and
+until some better solution is offered, we might as well take what is at
+hand, and if it is the Army hotel, hold that institution to its best
+efforts and its best environment.
+
+To sum up, then, our conclusions of this part of the Army's work, we
+find that the hotels are commercial enterprises, with, as a rule, an
+environment superior to the regular cheap hotels of the same price, and
+that although there is an objection to the congregation of the vicious
+and vagrant along with the unfortunate, and although there may be a
+tendency to lower the standard of living of these people, individually
+considered, yet there is a justification for the existence of these
+hotels, as something must be done with this class of people, and this is
+the best solution offered, inasmuch as a certain percentage of this
+class is really aided and tided over temporary difficulty. At the same
+time, there remains the need of the segregation of the class concerned,
+with a more scientific, practical, individual treatment. Better work can
+be done along this line.
+
+
+EXAMPLES OF SALVATION ARMY HOTEL LODGERS.
+
+A collection of 76 cases made on seventeen different evenings during the
+months of March and April, 1908, at two of the Salvation Army hotels,
+both situated on the Bowery in New York City, one being a lower class
+hotel and the other a combination of lower and higher class. These cases
+were collected at first hand by the author and a friend of the author,
+Mr. James Ward, both of whom mingled among the men in the disguise of
+working men. In this way the facts were gained without much difficulty,
+with the exception of information regarding the family of the man
+concerned. Sometimes, therefore, this latter information is lacking.
+
+
+No. 1.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parentage. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Had no home and did not know whether or not his people were living. Only
+trade was that of hotel porter but had done other things. Had worked a
+little in the country. Had had no steady work for three months. Walked
+the streets the previous night and had had coffee and rolls on the
+"bread line." Received a bed that night through charity. Did not appear
+dissipated but showed lack of ambition.
+
+
+No. 2.
+
+Born in Ireland. About thirty years old. Single. Did not know about his
+people as he did not write home. Had been in New York seven years.
+Worked as stableman most of the time but had been out of steady work for
+six weeks. Never worked in the country. Appeared dissipated and
+inefficient.
+
+
+No. 3.
+
+Born in Pittsburg of American parents. About forty years old. Single.
+Had a brother, he thought, in Pittsburg but no other relatives alive.
+Had no regular trade. Had travelled a good deal in the United States but
+never west of Chicago. Had done odd jobs in the country. Evidently a
+tramp. Looked stupid and incapable.
+
+
+No. 4.
+
+Born in Germany. About twenty-three years old. Single. Wrote to his
+people sometimes, but they were poor. Trade, a waiter. Had worked in New
+York for five years. Had had no steady work for over two months. Had a
+little money saved but that was nearly gone. Expected to go to Albany
+the next day to work. Never worked in the country. Appeared to be a
+capable, steady man.
+
+
+No. 5.
+
+Born in Scotland. Fifty-three years old. Single. People all dead except
+a married sister. Regular trade, a boiler-maker. In this country most of
+the time for thirty-five years. Had travelled all around the world.
+Never worked in the country. Had no steady work all winter, but obtained
+work for one or two days every week and thus paid his way at the hotel.
+Said he lived up to his salary when working steadily. Is growing old.
+Sometimes went on a "spree" when he had money. Looked like a
+hard-working, efficient man.
+
+
+No. 6.
+
+Born in Ireland. About forty years old. Had married and separated from
+his wife. Trade was brick-laying, but he was not a union man. Never
+worked in the country. Came to New York at eighteen and had been there
+most of the time since. Claimed to be a Mason, and said that he expected
+help from a friend. Had been out of work all winter but worked
+occasionally around saloons and nearly always had the price of a bed.
+Admitted drinking heavily. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 7.
+
+Born in Buffalo of American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Waiter by trade. Parents were dead. Had two brothers but did not know
+where. Had worked a little in the country but knew nothing of farming.
+Had worked as waiter in New York for three years. Got into a fight three
+weeks before and had his face disfigured. As a result lost his job.
+Walked the streets two nights last week. Got coffee and rolls on the
+"bread line." Worked in a stable yesterday and made $1.00. Appeared
+somewhat dissipated but intelligent.
+
+
+No. 8.
+
+Born in New York City. Father German. Mother Scotch. Thirty-two years
+old. Single. His father lived somewhere in New York, and he expected to
+get work shortly and live with him. Trade was a machinist. Had mostly
+worked at bicycle repairing. Had travelled a good deal but never worked
+on a farm. Went to Philadelphia this Winter and lost position. Worked
+three days in a woodyard for board and lodging. Later had himself
+committed to jail for one month. Came back to New York last week. Did
+not appear dissipated, but looked bright and efficient.
+
+
+No. 9.
+
+Born in Lawrence, Mass., of American parents. About twenty-two years
+old. Single. Worked since a boy in Lawrence in the woolen mills until he
+lost position six weeks previously. Always lived with his people. Had
+never been hungry or without a bed. Came to New York two weeks
+previously but had done nothing since. Had just money enough left to go
+home, where he expected to obtain work again shortly. Looked thoroughly
+capable and reliable.
+
+
+Nos. 10 and 11.
+
+Two brothers born in New York of Irish parentage. Aged twenty-eight and
+thirty-one respectively. Both single. Parents dead. Had trade of awning
+makers, with plenty of work in summer but none in winter. Had never
+worked in the country. Had been living by means of odd jobs and charity
+all winter. Had received help from a mission and the Salvation Army.
+Quite often walked the streets all night and got coffee and rolls on the
+"bread line." Appeared shiftless and showed lack of initiative and
+intelligence.
+
+
+No. 12.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Did not know where his folks were. His mother was dead. Worked sometimes
+as a truck driver. Had worked at farm work in New Jersey. Had travelled
+a good deal. Had received help from charities in different cities. Got
+caught once riding a freight train through Philadelphia and spent ten
+days in jail for the offense. Said he drank when he got the chance. Now
+worked around the Army Hotel and received in return his bed and one meal
+ticket a day. Expected to leave the city as soon as the weather got
+warmer. Evidently a kind of tramp with a tendency to become worse.
+Looked wild and unreliable.
+
+
+No. 13.
+
+Born in Watertown, N. Y., of American parents. About thirty years old.
+Single. Had lost track of his people. Worked as steward on ship running
+to New Orleans. Was laid off three months ago. Expected to get position
+as steward again in the spring. Had walked the streets quite often, not
+being able to secure a bed. Had received help from several charities,
+including the Army. Looked dissipated and unreliable. Had never worked
+in the country.
+
+
+No. 14.
+
+Born in England. Came to this country when sixteen. People all dead.
+Thirty-two years old. Single. Never worked in the country. Regular trade
+was that of a painter but was not a Union man. Got odd jobs from time to
+time in paint shops. Made fifty cents the previous day. Had had no
+steady work for three months. Had forty dollars saved when he left his
+last steady job. Spent twenty dollars on a "drunk," and the rest had
+gone since. Appeared capable and fairly intelligent.
+
+
+No. 15.
+
+Born in Germany. Had come to this country with his people when young.
+His people all dead except a sister who was married and lived in
+Chicago. Single. About thirty-five years of age. Had no regular trade.
+Had worked as laborer in both country and city. Said that the city was
+best in Winter and the country in Summer. Expected to leave for the
+country as soon as the weather grew warm. Appeared lazy and inefficient.
+Had been aided by the Army. Evidently a tramp.
+
+
+No. 16.
+
+Born in Pittsfield, Mass., of American parents. Twenty-four years of
+age. Single. Ran away from home at seventeen. Did not know where his
+people were. Had no trade. Had worked at everything. Was in the navy for
+four years and afterward followed the water for several years working
+mostly as fireman. Never worked in the country. Had been out of steady
+work for six months. Secured lodging through charity but often spent the
+night on the streets. Said he drank when he could get it. Looked
+dissipated and demoralized.
+
+
+No. 17.
+
+Born in New York City of German parents. About thirty years old. Married
+but had left his wife. Had no regular trade. Had worked as waiter,
+porter and liveryman. Made fifty cents yesterday but spent forty for
+whiskey. Secured coffee and rolls on the "bread line." Had worked a
+little in the country. Appeared shiftless.
+
+
+No. 18.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-two years of age. Single. Wrote to his people
+sometimes. Always followed the water. Had sailed from different points
+to China and the Philippines. Drank and lost his boat. Made his way to
+New York where he had been out of work for two months. Wrote home for
+money which he expected shortly. Sold some of his clothing to get a bed.
+Was trying to get work on a boat. Never worked in the country. Looked
+wild and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 19.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass., of Irish parents. Twenty-five years of age.
+Single. Worked in machine shop when a boy and then joined the navy.
+After the navy experience he had worked both on water and on land. Had
+beaten his way on freight trains to different parts of the United
+States. Said he often got help from missions. Often slept in the parks
+in summer. Had been in jail several times. The last time for four months
+for stealing. Got out in August and had done odd jobs since. Had been
+several times in the Army hotel and several times in the City Lodging
+House. Had worked for a day or so in the country but did not know
+farming. Looked shiftless and demoralized.
+
+
+No. 20.
+
+Born in Binghamton, N. Y., of American parents. About thirty-five years
+of age. Single. Trade was lasting shoes in a shoe factory. Had worked in
+different cities but never in the country. Came to New York three months
+ago, as his factory had laid off a large number of hands. Had done odd
+jobs since. Walked the streets three nights the previous week and got
+coffee and rolls on the "bread line." Got a bed for the night this time
+through charity. Expected to get work in a factory when the weather
+became warmer. Drank occasionally but not often. Looked competent and of
+average intelligence.
+
+
+No. 21.
+
+Born in Ireland. Twenty-four years old. Single. Left home and had been
+in America one year. Worked in New York as waiter and lost his position
+three weeks previous to interview. Had some money saved but drank and
+lost it all on the Bowery. Walked the streets for one week and
+frequented the "bread line." Had a position, now, waiting on table
+during the dinner hour. Used to work on a farm in Ireland, and said that
+as soon as the weather got warm he would go to the country and look for
+work. Looked somewhat dissipated but hopeful.
+
+
+No. 22.
+
+Born in Brooklyn, N. Y. Twenty-six years old. Single. Had no trade. Had
+lost track of his people. Had travelled a good deal by means of freight
+trains and had been in several jails for vagrancy. Had never worked in
+the country. Said when he could get money, he spent it in drink. Secured
+a bed that night through an acquaintance. Looked like a confirmed tramp
+and vagrant.
+
+
+No. 23.
+
+Born in Hartford, Conn., of American parents. Twenty-one years old.
+Single. Parents dead. Had a married sister living in New Jersey, but he
+did not wish her to know that he was out of work. Had been working for
+years as a carpenter's assistant and hoped to become a full-fledged
+carpenter shortly. Had never worked in the country. Had been out of work
+for three months. Spent his money in a vain trip to Philadelphia and
+back looking for work. Had been doing odd jobs but had often gone
+hungry. Did not like to ask for charity. Expected to work as soon as the
+contractors began the spring building. Did not drink. Looked
+intelligent, bright, and was a very hopeful case. Went through the
+grammar school.
+
+
+No. 24.
+
+Born in Boston of Irish parents. Fifty years old. Single. Had no people
+living. Trade was a hardwood finisher. Never worked in the country. Got
+out of work two months ago. Left Boston then and came to New York. Had a
+little money, but it was almost gone. Was crippled but could still work.
+Drank some. He was gray-haired and looked older than he was.
+
+
+No. 25.
+
+Born in Ireland. About sixty years old. Had been married, but his wife
+was dead, and he had no known relatives. Had been a seaman a good deal
+but had no regular trade. He worked on a farm two months in the West.
+Had travelled a good deal. He worked occasionally around the docks and
+made just enough to maintain himself. When he had money, he spent it
+rashly. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 26.
+
+Born in Boston of American parents. Fifty-seven years old. Single. Had
+no people. His trade was ship's cook. He had never worked in the
+country. Said that he was too old to get a position. He secured a bed
+that night through the kindness of a friend, also out of work. Had
+wandered around a great deal. He did not look dissipated but he was
+gray-haired and very feeble.
+
+
+No. 27.
+
+Born in Philadelphia of German parents. About forty years old. Single.
+Trade was that of a sign-painter. Said he had worked mostly in
+Philadelphia and New York, and that he could get plenty of work, but
+kept losing his positions through drink. Had never worked in the
+country. Said he had people in Philadelphia but he did not write to
+them. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 28.
+
+Born near Lynn, Mass., of American parents. Twenty years old. Single.
+Had no trade, but worked as dish-washer or at anything he could get.
+Said that he could run an engine and had been working on a boat in New
+York harbor but had to leave three weeks ago, on account of sickness.
+Was trying to get into a hospital. Money nearly gone. Was born and
+brought up on a farm but ran away nearly three years ago and did not
+want to go back, though his father and mother were living. Said he spent
+his money freely when he had it. He did not look dissipated but appeared
+to be a consumptive.
+
+
+No. 29.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parents. About thirty-five years old.
+Single. Had no trade but had worked for years as driver on a horse-car.
+Got out of work four months ago and had no prospect of any. Got a small
+job cleaning out a saloon the previous day. Often walked the streets all
+night and went to the "bread line." Did not look very dissipated but
+evidently had no ambition. Did not know where his people were. Never
+worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 30.
+
+Born in Ireland. Sixteen years old. Single. Did not write home. Had
+trade of a cook and had been out of work for two weeks. Then had $100.00
+and lost it all "on a drunk." Never worked in the country. Had walked
+the streets three nights the past week. Was going to New Jersey to look
+for work. Looked dissipated but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 31.
+
+Born in Scotland. Fifty-five years old. Married in Scotland and came
+with family to this country twenty-five years ago. Had no trade. Worked
+at anything he could get. Wife dead. Two children living, unable to help
+him. Had travelled widely. Obtained a steady job the previous month.
+Held it two weeks, then went "on a drunk." Still had enough money saved
+to keep him two weeks. Said that if he did not get work before then, he
+would leave New York. He knew a little about farm work in Scotland.
+Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 32.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parents. Sixty years old. Single. People
+all dead. Had no regular trade but had followed the water. Never worked
+in the country. Had some cousins in New York who helped him out a
+little. He looked dissipated and feeble.
+
+
+No. 33.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty-three years old. Single.
+Salesman. Had been out of work all winter after losing a position
+through drink. Had received help from several aid societies and missions
+this winter. Had walked the streets a good many nights. Said he never
+worked in the country. Looked dissipated and unreliable.
+
+
+No. 34.
+
+Born in South Carolina. American parents. Twenty years old. Single. Did
+not write home. Said he ran away and his people were angry. Had no
+trade. Never worked in the country. Had walked the streets two nights
+this week. Looked intelligent but wild.
+
+
+No. 35.
+
+Born in Newark, N. J., English parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Had no trade but worked as a janitor. Was in the navy for three years
+and had travelled widely. Had been out of work one month. Never worked
+in the country. Said he worked for a while and then "went off on a
+drunk." His people in Newark sent him money once in a while. Looked
+dissipated.
+
+
+No. 36.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. When seven years old
+came to America with his people. Had two brothers and one sister in
+Schenectady, N. Y. Parents dead. His people did not aid him as he drank
+so much. Never worked in the country. Got an odd job now and then.
+Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 37.
+
+Born in England. Thirty-six years old. Single. Came to America with his
+people when twelve years old. Went to Fall River, Mass., where his
+people lived. Ran away from home at eighteen and had followed the water
+since. Never worked in the country. Was paid off last Saturday. Went on
+a drunk on the Bowery and lost his money and his job. Walked the streets
+two nights, but received help from his people. Looked a little
+dissipated but capable.
+
+
+No. 39.
+
+Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Forty years old. Single. Father
+lived in Yonkers but was unable to help him. Plumber by trade. Did not
+belong to the Union. Was out of work for one month the past winter, but
+now had a job and was renting a room in the Army hotel. Never worked in
+the country. Looked like a hard drinker, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 40.
+
+Born in New Haven, Conn. American parents. Twenty-five years old.
+Single. Relatives in New Haven poor. Was a telegraph operator and worked
+at that trade for two years, but lost position on account of bad health.
+Had worked on a farm quite a little, and said as soon as the weather got
+warmer he was going to the country. He now had a room at the Army hotel
+but his money was nearly gone. Looked intelligent and capable.
+
+
+No. 41.
+
+Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single.
+Did not know where his relatives were. Had trade as truck driver, and
+since losing a steady job two months previously had worked at odd jobs
+about the docks. Spent two days at an Army Industrial Home and was now
+at the Army Hotel. He looked like a hard drinker. Never worked in the
+country.
+
+
+No. 42.
+
+Born in Scotland. Twenty-three years old. Single. Relatives lived in
+Scotland and sent him a little money sometimes. Had no regular trade.
+Had worked on the water a good deal. Came to New York two years
+previously, and had no steady work since. Had been nine months in the
+hospital from which he had been discharged two weeks. Expected to return
+to the hospital. Looked like a very sick man, but not dissipated.
+
+
+No. 43.
+
+Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+No people alive. Had no trade. Had travelled around the world and never
+worked when he could help it. Never worked in the country. Looked like a
+regular tramp and hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 44.
+
+Born in Newark, N. J. French parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+two sisters in Brooklyn. Had no regular trade but had been working for
+three weeks in a grocery store and thus had a room in the Army Hotel.
+Never worked in the country. Looked capable and intelligent.
+
+
+No. 45.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+people in Brooklyn who were helping him. Had no trade but had worked all
+his life at odd jobs. Could not work steadily because of bad habits.
+Never worked in the country. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 46.
+
+Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Thirty-five years old. Single. Was a
+painter by trade but did not belong to the Union. Had been out of work
+three months. Some friends gave him clothes and a little money. Looked
+intelligent but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 47.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Thirty years old. Single. Had no trade.
+Worked on a farm in Long Island and hoped to go to the country shortly.
+Had had no steady work the past Winter. Had been in the Army Industrial
+Home six times during the Winter. Looked shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 48.
+
+Born in Lowell, Mass. Italian parents. Twenty years old. Single. People
+lived in Lowell. Had no trade. Never worked in the country. Came to New
+York two weeks previously with a little money, but this was soon spent
+and he had walked the streets two nights. Entered the Army Hotel through
+charity. Had written home for money and expected to return there. His
+appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 49.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Forty years old. Married. Separated
+from his wife three months ago because of his drinking. Had no trade.
+Never worked in the country. Had been out of work three months. Picked
+up odd jobs now and then, and thus secured a bed. Looked like a hard
+drinker.
+
+
+No. 50.
+
+Born in Germany. Seventeen years old. Single. Had people in Germany who
+were unable to help him. Had been in this country nine months. Said he
+was on a farm in New York State but ran away. The Salvation Army was
+keeping him, and he worked a little around the Hotel. Looked like a
+promising boy but rather wild.
+
+
+No. 51.
+
+Born in Denver, Col. American parents. Twenty-three years old. Single.
+Had people at home who sent him money now and then. Was an iron-worker.
+Belonged to the Union, but said the Union had not helped him any. Had
+been out of work some time. Never worked in the country. Had travelled a
+good deal in the United States. Looked bright and promising.
+
+
+No. 52.
+
+Born in Davenport, Washington. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had people
+at home where he had sent for money. Had travelled widely. Came to New
+York five weeks ago from Panama where he had been working for eight
+months. Had to leave on account of sickness. Had $100.00 when he came to
+New York but spent nearly all on doctors bills. Still had a little left.
+Said he had worked a good deal on a farm. Looked capable and
+intelligent.
+
+
+No. 53.
+
+American, born in New York. Thirty years old. Single. People dead.
+Bartender. Did not belong to the Union. Was out of work for one month
+until two weeks previous to interview, when he got a job as bartender.
+Was still working and had a room at the Army Hotel. Said he would be all
+right it he could leave drink alone. He never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 54.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had
+quarrelled with his people who lived in New York. Painter by trade. Lost
+his membership in the Union because he did not pay his dues. Had had no
+steady work for a year, but had wandered all over the country doing very
+little work, but receiving aid from charitable societies. Said he liked
+the warm weather, so that he could sleep in the parks. Looked shiftless
+and a typical tramp.
+
+
+No. 55.
+
+Born in Norway. About thirty years old. Single. Had people in Norway who
+did not help him. Came to New York from his native land two months
+previously. A carpenter by trade. Was working in Jersey and lost
+position two weeks previously. Had money in his pocket and was evidently
+wise enough to keep it. Conversed in broken English. Said he worked in
+the country in Norway. Looked like a capable man.
+
+
+No. 56.
+
+Born in Scotland. Forty-five years old. Single. Came to this country
+with his people when he was nine years old. People had since died.
+Bookkeeper by trade. Had been out of work all Winter. The Scotch Aid
+Society was keeping him, giving him bed and meal tickets. Said he had
+received help from four different missions in New York. Looked incapable
+and shiftless. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 57.
+
+Born in Jersey City. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Did not work if he could help it. Came here from the West
+by means of freight trains. Never worked in the country. Looked like a
+regular tramp.
+
+
+No. 58.
+
+Born in Chicago. Single. Thirty-years old. Had friends in Chicago who
+sent him a little money. Had no trade. Never did hard work. Got odd jobs
+and received aid from missions. Said he was a Christian and liked to
+attend meetings. Had a room in the Army Hotel. Said he had been staying
+there off and on for two years. Looked stupid and incapable.
+
+
+No. 59.
+
+Born in Denver, Col. Fifty years old. Single. Plumber by trade. Belonged
+to the Union but left eight months previously and had not paid his dues
+since. Was in business for himself at one time, but lost it through
+drink. Said he got help from the missions whenever he could. Never
+worked in the country. Hoped to go West again shortly. Looked feeble and
+dissipated.
+
+
+No. 60.
+
+American. Born in Springfield, Mass. Fifty-five years old. Single. Said
+his people in Springfield were wealthy but would have nothing to do with
+him. Had no trade. In New York all Winter. Had walked the streets a good
+many nights. Never worked in the country. Charity Organization Society
+had helped him, besides other organizations. Said he had consumption.
+Looked very weak and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 61.
+
+Born in America. Jewish parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Stone-cutter by trade. Said he worked at the Insurance business at
+times. Had been out of work nearly two months. Never worked in the
+country. Looked bright and capable.
+
+
+No. 62.
+
+Born in Cleveland, Ohio. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+People lived in Cleveland, but did not help him. Had worked on a farm
+nearly all his life. Left the farm two years previously and had wandered
+most of the time since. He expected to be sent to the country by the
+Bowery Mission shortly. Looked shiftless but not dissipated.
+
+
+No. 63.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. About fifty years old. Married. Said
+his people were dead. Had no regular trade. Did office work, but was
+nearly always out of work. Said he was a Christian. He evidently
+followed the missions and "got saved" every time he needed help. Never
+worked in the country. Looked shiftless and inefficient.
+
+
+No. 64.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. English parents. Thirty years old. Married. Quarrelled
+with his wife five years previously and left her. Painter by trade. Did
+not belong to the Union. Had not worked all Winter. Said he had been all
+around the world and had beaten his way wherever he went. Had been in
+jail several times, for vagrancy and drunkness. Never worked in the
+country. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 65.
+
+Born in Maine. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+people in Maine from whom he expected help. Barber by trade. Came to New
+York three weeks previously. Met some friends on the Bowery and lost all
+his money. The Army was helping him. He had worked somewhat in the
+country. Looked very stupid.
+
+
+No. 66.
+
+Born in Scotland. About sixty years old. Single. Had no people. Had no
+trade. In this country for forty years. Out of work all Winter. The
+Scotch Aid Society had been keeping him now for three weeks. He never
+worked in the country. He looked like a regular vagrant.
+
+
+No. 67.
+
+Born in Boston. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. A
+waiter. Had wandered a good deal, and beaten his way by freight trains.
+Came to New York from the West one month previously. Had not worked
+since, but had been aided by the missions and the Army. Evidently did
+not like to work.
+
+
+No. 68.
+
+Born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Irish parents. About thirty-two years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Came to New York two weeks previously with some
+money which he got from his people. He had sent home for more. Worked
+somewhere in the country. Said he drank periodically and did not like to
+work steadily. Looked very shiftless.
+
+
+No. 69.
+
+Born in Ireland. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had lost track of his
+people. Had been in this country eight years. Had no trade. Had had no
+steady work all Winter. Drank a good deal. Never worked in the country.
+Looked very wild.
+
+
+No. 70.
+
+Born in New Orleans. Spanish parents. About twenty years old. Single.
+Left home two years ago and took to life on the water. Left the boat in
+New York one month previously and had not worked since. Said he liked to
+sail and see the world. His people lived in New Orleans, and he expected
+help from them. Never worked in the country. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 71.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. About thirty years old. Single. Had
+trade as a bartender. Belonged to the Union. Lost a steady job through
+drink three weeks ago. Was now working four hours a day. Had a room in
+the Army Hotel. Said he was going to change his line of business because
+he drank too much. His appearance was good. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 72.
+
+Born in Germany. Looked like a Jew. About twenty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had been out of work three months. Was now selling old
+clothing and other things around the Army Hotel. Never worked in the
+country. Evidently lazy and incapable.
+
+
+No. 73.
+
+Born in Illinois. American parents. About twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Ran away from home and was ashamed to go back. Had no trade but
+had worked a good deal as cook on board ship. Had been out of work six
+weeks. Said he was sick and had about $200.00, but it did not last long.
+He was working round the Army Hotel a little every day, for which he
+got his bed and one meal ticket. Never worked in the country. Said he
+was going to join the navy. Looked bright and capable.
+
+
+No. 74.
+
+Born in Lithuania. Twenty-three years old. Single. People at home were
+poor. Had no trade. In New York three years. Out of work two months.
+Obtained clothes in various ways and sold them. Was not dissipated, but
+looked lazy. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 75.
+
+Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. About sixty-five years old.
+Single. Was an old sailor but had not been to sea for over a year. Was
+working two days a week as janitor. Said he had been a hard drinker in
+the past, but he did not drink much now. He looked aged, but still
+capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 76.
+
+Born in Boston. Irish parents. About twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+no trade. People did not recognize him. Had travelled all over the
+country. Had been in jail twice. Never worked in the country. Looked
+like a tramp.
+
+
+SOME FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 76 HOTEL EXAMPLES.
+
+    Nationality.                      No.     Percentage.
+
+  American parentage                  35         .461
+  Irish parentage                     20         .263
+  English and Scotch parentage         9         .119
+  German parentage                     8         .105
+  Other countries                      4         .052
+
+  Married men                          7         .095
+  Single men                          69         .905
+  Worked a little in country          13         .169
+  Worked considerably in country       5         .065
+  Men with regular trades             26         .342[56]
+  Union men                            4         .052
+  Men who looked efficient            15         .197
+  Men who looked semi-efficient       14         .184
+  Men who looked inefficient          47         .619
+
+    Ages.
+
+  15-20                                4         .052
+  20-30                               42         .553
+  30-40                               16         .211
+  40-50                                6         .079
+  50-60                                7         .092
+  60-70                                1         .013
+
+    Length of time out of work.
+
+  Less than 1 mo.                     12         .157
+  More than 1 mo.                     13         .171
+  More than 2 mos.                    11         .145
+  More than 3 mos.                    40         .527
+
+
+FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 109 INDUSTRIAL EXAMPLES AND THE 76 HOTEL
+EXAMPLES COMBINED.
+
+    Nationality.                      No.     Percentage.
+  American parentage                  76         .411
+  Irish parentage                     50         .270
+  German parentage                    26         .141
+  English and Scotch parentage        18         .098
+  Italian parentage                    4         .022
+  Swedish parentage                    4         .038
+  Other countries, parentage           7         .20
+
+  Married men                         24         .149
+  Single men                         161         .851
+  Worked a little in country          29         .156
+  Worked considerably in country      12         .016
+  Men with regular trades             57         .309
+  Union men                           10         .054
+  Men who looked efficient            53         .287
+  Men who looked semi-efficient       35         .189
+  Men who looked inefficient          97         .524
+
+    Ages.
+
+  15-20                                6         .032
+  20-30                               97         .525
+  30-40                               39         .210
+  40-50                               26         .140
+  50-60                               50         .082
+  60-70                                2         .011
+
+    Length of time out of work.
+
+  Less than 1 mo.                     20         .108
+  More than 1 mo.                     30         .163
+  More than 2 mos.                    27         .145
+  More than 3 mos.                   108         .584
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[38] "How the Other Half Lives," p. 38.
+
+[39] This differentiation is more pronounced in the United States, since
+the work has been extended here more than in other countries.
+
+[40] For adverse criticism see "The Social Relief Work of the S. A.," p.
+9.
+
+[41] At the Burne St. Shelter, the largest in London, one large
+dormitory has 288 beds and another 265.
+
+[42] For rooms, special rates are given by the week; from some of the
+examples given at the end of this chapter, it will be seen that these
+are occupied by men with partial or poorly paid employment.
+
+[43] In London, the Army has a mattress factory which supplies its
+institutions.
+
+[44] More headway is being made in this direction in the Industrial
+Homes where the population is more permanent. We found in one home in
+Chicago that the men were organized in the form of a club, and enjoyed
+social meetings together. Also, at the largest Industrial Home in
+London, called "The Spa Road Elevator," we found a regular cricket club
+organized which played cricket games with other clubs.
+
+[45] Good examples of this are to be found in the Middlesex Street Hotel
+and the Burne Street Hotel, London. The former hotel is regularly
+provided, by a large baker firm, with food, which is one day stale, for
+a very low figure.
+
+[46] The higher class hotel for women is to be found in Los Angeles and
+Boston.
+
+[47] From an interview with a leading officer.
+
+[48] These exceptions are certain of the lower class hotels where
+attempts along this line seem to fail.
+
+[49] See "How the Other Half Lives," Ch. VIII. See also "Social Relief
+Work of the S. A.," p. 10.
+
+[50] See examples given at the end of this chapter, p. 77.
+
+[51] See the tables, pp. 97 and 98, showing percentages of these men who
+had come from the country. For the work of Mr. Fox see p. 113.
+
+[52] See examples of these men, p. 77 fl.
+
+[53] See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 127.
+
+[54] Some light may be thrown on this subject by a perusal of Mr. W. H.
+Dawson's book entitled "The German Workman," although conditions are
+evidently vastly different in this country and England from what they
+are in Germany.
+
+[55] See examples numbered 4. 5. 9. 23 and others, on p. 78 and fl.
+
+[56] While this percentage is larger than that in the Industrial Homes
+(see p. 62), 62 per cent. of the examples in the Hotels having regular
+trades were dissipated, mostly victims of drink, as against 19 per cent.
+in the Industrial examples.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE FARM COLONIES OF THE SALVATION ARMY.
+
+
+So many times has the cry been raised "back to the land!", so optimistic
+have so many reformers become over the hope that the population could be
+diverted from the city to the country, and so loudly have certain
+enthusiasts prophesied a surely successful issue to colonizing
+enterprises, that the Salvation Army colonies form a very interesting
+and profitable field of investigation. What is needed is an experiment
+that will prove or disprove the prophesied success of taking the people
+back to the land. Once that is proved, with the great Northwest of
+America almost untouched, with immense tracts of good land in Africa and
+other continents, and with the United States about to open up millions
+of acres of land, made fertile by means of irrigation, we shall be ready
+to act and get rid of the surplus city population. But first we must
+have the proof, and the question before us is whether the Salvation Army
+has sufficiently proved the case.
+
+The matter was agitated before the English Government to such an extent
+in 1905 that the Rhodes Trustees, contributing sufficient funds to cover
+the expense, the Secretary of State for the Colonies nominated Mr. Rider
+Haggard, the novelist, to visit the United States and inspect the three
+Salvation Army colonies there, to make a report on the same, and to
+include in this report any practical suggestions which might occur to
+him. The following words were used in the letter of commission: "It
+appears to the Secretary of State that if these experiments are found to
+be successful, some analogous system might to great advantage be applied
+in transferring the urban population of the United Kingdom to different
+parts of the United Kingdom."[57]
+
+Mr. Haggard visited the three colonies in the United States, and made a
+report to the English Government, favoring strongly the movement, and
+recommending that the Government take it up, provide the capital and
+utilize all ready existing organizations, such as the Salvation Army, in
+carrying out its scheme. The matter was referred by the Government to
+the Departmental Committee, who, after reviewing it and looking into the
+question in 1906, issued a long report in which they discountenanced Mr.
+Haggard's scheme on the ground that:
+
+    1. It was better for settlers from England to be scattered about
+    with experienced farmers as neighbors than to be placed in a number
+    together.
+
+    2. The Salvation Army or any similar organization was not a
+    desirable management for a colony dependent on money advanced by the
+    Imperial Government.
+
+    3. That Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, the American farm colonies of the
+    Salvation Army, were not precedents upon which a large scheme of
+    colonization could be based.[58]
+
+The Committee gave reasons for arriving at the above conclusions, into
+which, for the present, we need not enter, but their conclusions are
+suggestive, and may be borne in mind while we make our study of the
+subject.
+
+Gen. Booth, in his plans as outlined in "Darkest England," provided for
+three main divisions of the work for the unemployed poor, viz., the City
+Colony, the Country Colony and the Over-sea Colony, signifying by these
+terms the City Industrial Work, the Country Industrial Colony, and the
+Farm Colony.[59] The last named was to be on a larger scale on some
+Colonial territory of England. This division has tended to persist in
+the United States, and this country has been the field for special
+experiments along this line. There are three Colonies in the United
+States: Fort Herrick, situated near Cleveland, Ohio; Fort Amity,
+situated in Southeast Colorado, and Ft. Romie, which is located at
+Soledad in the Salinas Valley, California. At first there was no
+differentiation between these Colonies, but latterly, the Colony at Ft.
+Herrick, the smallest of the three, has been managed as an Industrial
+Colony, and the other two have continued as regular Farm Colonies. The
+plan of "Commander" Booth-Tucker, in charge of the Salvation Army in the
+United States from 1896 until 1904, and the originator of these
+Colonies, was, in brief, as he states it, to take the waste labor in
+families, and place it upon the waste land by means of waste capital,
+and thereby to convert this trinity of waste into a unity of
+production.[60] His waste labor was the family struggling in the crowded
+city; his waste land, the large tracts of public land about to be opened
+up by irrigation; and his waste capital, if such a term can be used, was
+the capital lying idle, or at least, making 2-1/2 or 3 per cent., when
+according to his estimate, it could yield 5 per cent. The principles
+which he laid down were as follows:
+
+1. There must be sufficiency of capital.
+
+2. The land must be carefully selected and laid out.
+
+3. The colonists must be well selected.
+
+4. There must be able supervision.
+
+5. The principle of home ownership must be followed.
+
+6. God must be recognized.
+
+From our investigations at Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, we arrived at the
+conclusion that No. 4 and No. 6 were the only ones thoroughly carried
+out; that there was a weakness in the amount of capital (Prin. No. 1);
+that an unfortunate selection of land was made (Prin. No. 2); that the
+successful colonists did not entirely represent the class from which we
+should wish them to be taken (Prin. No. 3); and that ownership gave way
+largely to a system of renting-out by the Army (Prin. No. 5). For
+verification of this, see the typical cases at the end of the chapter.
+
+Commander Booth-Tucker advanced the argument, which is sound, to the
+effect that, when entire families were taken from the city and placed
+on the land, the tendency to return to the city would be overcome. It
+has been the experience of philanthropists, that when single men and
+women were transferred from the city to the country, they always tended
+to return, the reason being due to an acquired fondness of the
+individual for intimate association with his fellows,[61] but when a man
+has his wife and children, together with a plot of land and a home which
+he may call his own, the attraction toward the city is overcome, by a
+stronger one which keeps him where he is. Of course, this would answer
+for the one generation only.
+
+Leaving out the small colony at Ft. Herrick, Ohio, which was changed to
+an Industrial Colony, and which is considered in the chapter on the
+Industrial Work, let us examine more closely the Farm Colonies at Ft.
+Amity, Col., and Ft. Romie, Cal. The larger enterprise was set on foot
+in Colorado, in 1898, where a tract of 2,000 acres was secured at a cost
+of $46,000.00. In this year, fourteen families were brought from Chicago
+and placed on the bare, unimproved prairie, where, however, there was
+abundant water supply carried by a large irrigation company. These
+colonists were all family men with two exceptions, and nine of the heads
+of families had either been on farms or had worked on farms in the
+past.[62] They were in narrow circumstances financially, and the
+transportation expenses of all except one of these families were paid by
+the Army. With this migration as a basis, the number of colonists was
+greatly increased by families from different cities and also from the
+surrounding country, until in 1905, there were thirty-eight families.
+Several were brought to the Colony as experienced men to act as
+pace-setters for the others.[63] Some came with a small amount of
+capital.
+
+Owing to the fact that the land was covered by a heavy sod which needed
+considerable working, no crops were raised the first year, and only
+fair crops the second. During the first year, the colonists were
+supported by cash loans which were charged against them. After the first
+two years, crops were good[64], and the outlook was promising, in spite
+of certain insect pests, but after about seven years a great difficulty
+showed itself. The land on which the Colony was located was alkali land,
+and bottom land, without any drainage. The result of constant irrigation
+was that the alkali rose to the surface in larger and larger quantities,
+until no good crop could be raised. The only salvation was to drain the
+land and thus rid it of the blighting alkali. This meant an expense of
+from $30.00 to $40.00 an acre. At the present time draining is being
+rapidly pushed forward and is proving very beneficial, but it can be
+easily seen what a discouragement the alkali has proved to the
+colonists, and what an additional expense is laid upon them and the
+Colony; an expense which it will take years of good crops to
+overcome.[65]
+
+Up to 1905, about eighteen families, not satisfied with the results
+obtained, had moved away, and their places had been filled by others. A
+very few of the departing families moved because of ill-health; some
+thought that they could do better elsewhere as farmers; some even had
+considerable money as a result of their holdings in the Colony[66].
+Since 1905, there has been a good deal of changing, and at present a
+large part of the Colony land is rented out by the Army to settlers;
+some being from the country, and some from the city[67]. A small number
+of the old pioneer colonists still remain and have done well with their
+holdings in spite of all difficulties.[68]
+
+The Army stated in 1905, that the financial standing of this Colony
+showed a net loss to the Army of $23,111.50, and a gain to the colonists
+of $37,943.77. It considered its loss a cheap price for the experience
+gained, but thought that it had erred in giving the colonists too
+liberal terms.[69] By this time the loss to the Army is considerably
+greater, owing to the increased expense of drainage.[70]
+
+At the present time (January, 1908), the population of this Colony is
+about 200. Nearly all the land is occupied in one way or another, either
+by colonists who own, or partially own, their land, or by renters, who
+are also called colonists. Several homes are vacant, but it is expected
+that they will be filled by renters before the Spring season opens. The
+little village consists of several stores, a blacksmith shop, a
+substantial railroad depot, a post office, a small hotel and a school
+house. A good many of the homes are built of stone, quarried on the
+Colony, and present a good appearance. Up on the higher land is situated
+a large stone structure, built by the colonists at an expense to the
+Army of $18,000.00, and first used as an orphanage, then as a
+sanitorium, and now abandoned. Irrigation ditches with a good flow of
+water are in evidence, and preparations for draining the land are under
+way. That this is necessary is forced upon us by the many white patches
+scattered here and there where the water, having evaporated, has left
+the destructive alkali salt on the surface of the ground.
+
+When we come to consider the other Farm Colony, Ft. Romie, situated at
+Soledad, Cal., in the beautiful Salinas Valley, we receive a more
+favorable impression, although we find that the Colony here has had many
+difficulties with which to contend. The Colony is smaller than that at
+Ft. Amity, but the land is better. The original 500 acres has been
+increased by the addition of a lease of 150 acres with the option of
+buying. In the year 1898, eighteen families were taken from the poor of
+San Francisco and placed upon the Colony, but unforeseen conditions
+prevailed, and, as a result, but one of these families remains
+to-day.[71] The great mistake was made of settling colonists upon land
+which needed irrigation, before that irrigation was provided. This
+mistake was brought out the more vividly, in that the three first years
+of the Colony's existence were years of drought, bringing evil to most
+parts of the State, and especially to that land which, like the Colony
+land, only received a slight rain-fall at best. The result of the first
+years of this experiment, then, was an abandoning of the land by the
+colonists, and a loss to the Army of $27,000.00.
+
+The experiment was continued, however, but with very different
+conditions. An excellent irrigation system was established, and a new
+lot of settlers brought to the Colony; not, this time, from the city,
+but from the surrounding country. These people were poor, but accustomed
+to the land. The result, as might be expected this time, was more
+favorable. It was stated in 1905 that no colonists had left since
+1901.[72] In May, 1903, there were nineteen families ranged according to
+nationality as follows:--Thirteen American; Two Scandinavian; One Finn;
+One German-Swiss; One Dutch and one Italian. There are now twenty-five
+families, and about one hundred and forty-five persons on the Colony.
+The nucleus of a town is to be seen with two or three stores, a
+blacksmith shop, and a good sized Town Hall. Near the Colony is a school
+house with an attendance of about fifty children, most of them being
+colonists' children.
+
+An irrigation plant has been established and is now owned and worked by
+the colonists, formed in a joint-stock company. The colonists raise
+beets, potatoes, alfalfa, fruits of different kinds, and stock. A large
+part of their income is derived from the dairying industry. They ship
+their cream to a creamery at Salinas, about twenty-five miles distant.
+
+Much could be said about the healthy appearance and happy life of the
+members of this Colony, but as they have not been brought from the
+unhealthy, squalid misery of the city, this is not of so much interest.
+The women work in the vegetable gardens and with the stock, as well as
+in the home; and the older children help their parents.
+
+Along the lines of co-operation, in both colonies there are interesting
+features. At stated intervals, the colonists meet in the form of a
+Farmers' Club, and discuss questions relative to the success of their
+individual farms and to the Colony as a whole. They also have lecturers
+come from a distance to address them on the latest phases of
+horticulture, agriculture, fertilization and irrigation. The colonists
+also embark in business enterprises like the stock company formed in the
+California Colony for the control and management of the irrigation
+plant. In this plant, one of the colonists is engineer, and another the
+superintendent of water supply. Another important institution of this
+same Colony is the Rochdale store, which does most of the retail
+business in the Colony. This store, in its management and organization,
+follows the co-operative Rochdale system, which has attained strength in
+England and is growing in the United States. The store is incorporated
+in the State of California as a co-operative corporation, and holds a
+membership in the State Rochdale Wholesale Co. It has already extended
+beyond the limits of the Colony and counts among its members others than
+colonists. The colonists also take active interest in local affairs of
+all kinds. In one colony, the rural mail carrier is a colonist, and the
+school teacher the wife of a colonist. At Ft. Amity, a colonist is now
+sheriff of the County for the second time.
+
+Social and religious life is also fostered in the Colonies. A variety of
+religious sects is represented, and no compulsion is exercised towards
+any one of them. At Ft. Romie the Army has an organized corps, which
+holds meetings once in the week and once on Sunday, also having a
+Sunday school for the children. At Ft. Amity similar conditions prevail.
+On both colonies a good moral influence is found and there are no evil
+surroundings; hence in neither colony is there a local officer of the
+law. In the contract which every colonist signs on taking his land there
+is a temperance clause to this effect:
+
+    "And party of the second part hereby agrees to and with party of the
+    first part that, in consideration of the benefits derived from this
+    contract, he will not bargain, sell, barter or trade upon said land
+    any intoxicating liquors, or otherwise dispose of as beverages any
+    intoxicants, at any place upon said premises or any part thereof, or
+    permit the selling of the same, or any illegal traffic or any act or
+    acts prohibited by law."
+
+The same clause goes on to provide for the return of the land to the
+Army in case of its being violated.
+
+From this brief description it is seen that much of the success of these
+colonies must rest on the management. The manager must be large-hearted
+and broad-minded. He must be supervisor, instructor, moderator,
+counsellor and friend. The Army has been very fortunate in placing fit
+men in these positions, and if in other things it had been equally
+fortunate, its colonies would have made a better showing.
+
+As regards the financial methods of the Army in dealing with the
+colonists, the following extract from a memorandum of information issued
+by the Ft. Romie Colony, California, gives typical information.
+
+1. Land: Twenty acres of land are sold to each colonist. The price of
+unimproved land at this date, 1904, is $100.00 per acre. This price,
+however, is liable to be increased at any time.[73]
+
+2. Buildings: Houses, barns and other buildings are constructed by the
+colonists. Materials are furnished in quantities by the Army according
+to the size of the colonist's family, somewhat after the following
+schedule. For a family with one or two small children, a two-room
+house, about 14×24 outside measurement, for which we appropriate not
+over $125.00. This is to include a small barn or shed for horses, cows,
+etc. For a family with three or four small children, a three-room house
+about 18×24, costing with barn, etc., not over $175.00. For a larger
+family, perhaps a four or five-room house, limiting the appropriation
+for the same to $225.00. Colonists can suit themselves as to the style
+of the house, but must satisfy the manager that it can be erected within
+the limits of the appropriation named. The colonist can add to the size
+of the house as he gets on his financial feet.
+
+3. Terms: On land breaking and other permanent land improvements, the
+colonists are given 20 years' time. The principal and interest are
+payable in installments each year.
+
+4. Outfit: To colonists unable to purchase them, the Army furnishes the
+necessary implements and stock, consisting of the following: Team of
+horses, cow, hogs, chicken, seed, etc., secured by chattel mortgage. The
+interest on outfit and loans is fixed at 6 per cent. It is expected that
+the principal and interest will be repaid in installments each year. All
+outfits and loans are to be repaid within five years.[74]
+
+We have briefly outlined the most prominent features of the Farm
+Colonies, but the final questions now arise, is the movement sound; what
+does it signify, and what development does the future hold for it? For
+one thing we must not be led astray by the statements of the Army. The
+continued existence of the colonies, in the face of great difficulties,
+through the term of eight or nine years they have been carried on, is
+not in itself an argument for the soundness of the movement. From ocean
+to ocean and throughout the world, the Army has advertised its success
+in colonizing enterprises, and hence it had a set purpose in maintaining
+and continuing its colonies, even though they should be failures from
+our point of view, and even though they should not fulfil the purpose
+originally intended by the Army itself. As has been remarked with regard
+to the industrial colonies, so here, we would emphasize the fact that
+the Army has no need to fear acknowledgement that the colonies have not
+been successful, because it has other credit upon which to depend for
+its reputation for usefulness. After looking at it from all sides, we
+come to the conclusion that the two experiments considered in these
+pages do not justify an extension of this work. This conclusion is based
+on several reasons:
+
+    1. Many of the successful colonists are not men who needed help the
+    most, and many are not from the City at all.
+
+    2. The colonies have been, and are, an undue expense to the
+    organization.
+
+    3. The same amount of energy and money would be more beneficial to
+    the unemployed if used along other lines.
+
+    4. The principles advanced as essential by the originators of the
+    movement were only partially carried out.[75]
+
+Our first reason is based partly on personal investigation, and partly
+on the statements of the Army itself.[76] There are, as will be seen
+from examples given, certain places where families from the city without
+previous experience have made a success of the colonies, but these are
+greatly in the minority[77]. If, in the case of the California Colony at
+Fort Romie, when seventeen out of the original number of families taken
+from the city, left on account of the lack of water, the next group of
+settlers had again been chosen from the city, after water had been
+secured, a more conclusive experiment would have resulted, but instead,
+the second group were, "farmers by profession."[78] This looks as though
+the Army itself at that time doubted the ability of the city families to
+succeed on the land. At any rate, the fact that the majority of the
+families at the present time on the colonies are not from the city at
+all, shows that, as an experiment of removing the surplus population of
+the city to the country, the colonies are a failure. But further, when
+we take the minority, the families now in the colonies who came from the
+city, we find that, in most cases, they are not people who needed help
+the most, and those who have succeeded on the colonies, have succeeded
+because of elements in their character which would have led them to
+succeed in the long run anywhere, with favorable environment. In this
+case then, the only advantage in taking these people from the city was
+to leave more room there for somebody else, and this is not much of an
+advantage, since that "somebody else" is quite likely to come from the
+country to the city, and thus not be one of the city's submerged ones at
+all. Again, if, as we have just stated, men succeed in the country
+because of the same elements of character which would lead them to
+succeed anywhere, then the reason for their failing to succeed in the
+city would lie in an unfavorable environment, and to change their
+environment, it is not necessary to carry on a system of paternalistic
+colonies. This leads us to the question of assisted emigration, which we
+will discuss in connection with our third objection to the colonies.
+
+As regards the second reason, that of undue expense, Mr. Haggard in
+1905, found a loss to the Army of $50,000. While, since that time, in
+the case of the California Colony, there has been no further loss, yet
+in the case of the colony in Colorado, there has been much expenditure
+which should be added to the original loss. The Army states that it has
+been too liberal in its dealings with its colonists, but we note that,
+in spite of its liberality, there has been a constant tendency for the
+colonists to leave, hoping to do better elsewhere.[79] The Army might
+reply that this is no argument, and that the fact that they were able to
+leave with funds on hand was in itself a proof of liberality on the
+Army's part, but to prove the success of its experiment, it must show
+that those who have left have done better elsewhere, and not drifted
+back once more to the city. The Army might further state that in future
+a better selection of land might be made, and that other unfavorable
+things might be avoided, but we are dealing here with these two colonies
+and not future experiments. As regards such, there would always be
+unforeseen difficulties of every kind.[80]
+
+Coming to the third reason for our conclusion, the reason that money
+might be expended in other ways with greater advantage to the
+unemployed, and with greater relief to the congestion of cities, we
+refer again to the recommendations of the Departmental Committee
+appointed by the English government to consider Commissioner Haggard's
+report.[81] In their report they recommend a system of emigration from
+the city to the English possessions, such as Canada, aided by the
+government, in preference to the system of colonization. With this we
+agree. A man once transported from the city and then thrown on his own
+resources in a favorable rural environment, will be more likely to
+succeed than a man who is taken out with a number of others to form a
+colony. The man left to his own resources will rise to the occasion, as
+so many have done in both Canada and the United States, who have
+migrated from city to country and made successful farmers and citizens,
+while, on the other hand, the man who feels dependent on an
+organization, which is responsible to the public for his success, and
+its own, will blame it for his own lack of efficiency. The Army itself
+claims a successful work done along the lines of emigration. In 1905,
+through the agency of the Army, 2,500 men were sent out from London to
+Canada. This number has since increased every year until in 1907 over
+15,000 men were sent out. Many other emigration societies have been very
+successful in this work.[82] The emigrants sent out with some
+assistance, in many cases, gain new ambitions in life and make
+pronounced successes on the new soil. As regards the cost, the following
+quotation may be submitted. "The cost of emigration to Canada from
+England does not amount to more than £10 a head, and some of the
+societies, especially those maintained by women, seem to be successful
+in securing repayment of at least a part of the money advanced. In other
+words, $300,000.00, which Mr. Rider Haggard assumes as a necessary sum
+for forming a colony of 1,500 families, would enable at least 6,000
+families to go out as emigrants."[83] With regard to conditions in the
+large cities of the United States and other countries, we believe that
+the same arguments would apply, and that, in every case, assisted
+emigration will be found far more feasible and beneficial than any
+system of colonization. Again, for reasons already given, in addition to
+there being six thousand families aided by emigration, for the same sum
+as fifteen hundred families could be by colonization, the relief given
+would be far preferable. In other words, emigration has been proved
+successful, while colonization has not.
+
+Coming back to the conclusions reached by Mr. Haggard on his
+recommendations to the English government: Mr. Haggard, after stating
+that the two experiments, outside of a slight failure of finance, seemed
+to him to be eminently successful, says that, given certain requisites,
+
+    "It will, I consider, be strange if success is not attained even in
+    the case of poor persons taken from the cities, provided that they
+    are suited in character, the victims of misfortune and circumstances
+    rather than of vice, having had some acquaintance or connection with
+    the land in their past life, and having also an earnest desire to
+    raise themselves and their children in the world."
+
+Now two of the "requisites" he mentions are, "that the land should be
+cheap as well as suitable" and "that markets also with accessibility
+and convenience of location should be borne in mind," two rather
+difficult requisites to be found together. Again, in the above quotation
+he lays down other provisos; among these being one that the people
+selected should have had some acquaintance or connection with the land
+in their past lives, a rather indefinite proviso in itself, but, from a
+list of poor men out of work or in irregular or casual employment in
+London and the other large cities in England in 1901 and 1906, compiled
+by Mr. Wilson Fox, we find that out of a total of 8,793 such men, ninety
+per cent were town born.[84] We also find in New York City in the spring
+of 1908, that out of a total of 185 destitute men, about eighty per cent
+were town born.[85] That then leaves ten per cent in the case of England
+and twenty per cent in the case of New York City from which to select or
+choose the ones needed for a colonizing enterprise.
+
+Mr. Fox has also shown in his investigations:
+
+1. That the countrymen who migrate to London are mainly the best youth
+of the villages.
+
+2. That the incomers usually get the pick of the posts, especially
+outdoor trades.
+
+3. Country immigrants do not to any considerable extent directly recruit
+the town unemployed who are, in the main, the sediment deposited at the
+bottom of the scale, as the physique and power of application of the
+town population tends to deteriorate.[86]
+
+The conclusion is then, that it would be difficult to get the men
+according to Mr. Haggard's requirements, and difficult to get the land
+according to his requirements, and even if such were obtained, for
+reasons already stated there is no justification for a large colonizing
+enterprise in the two experiments described in this chapter.
+
+
+Examples of Colonists taken from Ft. Amity by the author in January,
+1908.
+
+
+No. 1.
+
+Elderly man. Widower. Had three grown-up children in the Colony at
+various times. Had one son a colonist with farm of his own. Was not a
+Salvationist. Came from Chicago where he was a tailor. Had a farm near
+the railroad depot which he considered valuable. Had two small houses.
+Rented one. Raised alfalfa. Was sole agent for a coal company. Claimed
+he made $1,500.00 last year, mostly in the coal business. Said draining
+now being done on the Colony was very expensive. Considered the Colony a
+good thing.
+
+
+No. 2.
+
+Middle aged man. Married. One child. Had experience in the country
+before coming to the Colony. Had forty acres of Colony land which he had
+rented, and which he wished to sell at $106.00 per acre. Had mostly
+worked for the railroad in the station office. Wished to leave the
+Colony. Said he could not raise a vegetable garden owing to alkali and
+insect pests.
+
+
+No. 3.
+
+A new man. About thirty years old. One year out from Chicago, where he
+worked at different trades. Had wife and one child. Rented a house on
+the Colony and worked in one of the Colony stores. Had no money saved
+and saw no immediate chance of betterment. Liked the country better than
+the city, because his wife had better health.
+
+
+No. 4.
+
+Young married man. No children. Son of a Colonist and married to a
+daughter of a Colonist, whose father was sheriff of the County. Had good
+looking cottage and barns. Was doing well.
+
+
+No. 5.
+
+About fifty years old. Salvation Army officer. In the Colony six years.
+Had son twenty-one, and together they worked a farm of sixty acres. He
+owned twenty and rented forty. His life was despaired of by the doctors,
+but he was enjoying good health at time of interview. Doing well
+financially.
+
+
+No. 6.
+
+About forty-five. Original Colonist. Married. Had four children. Came
+from Chicago, where he was a carpenter. Owned land in the Colony which
+he rented out. Ran a hardware store in the Colony and was partner in the
+Colony bank. Had property valued at $5,000.00. Had no capital when he
+came to the Colony.
+
+
+No. 7.
+
+About forty-eight years old. Original Colonist. Married and had nine
+children. Was railroad clerk in Chicago at $12.00 per week. Owned a
+corner lot on the town site where he ran a grocery store. Had property
+in Chicago worth $1,000.00 when he came to the Colony. Was worth
+$8,000.00 at time of interview.
+
+
+No. 8.
+
+A farmer, from surrounding country, induced by Colony management to
+invest in Colony land and tract as a "pace-setter" to the other
+colonists. Thus secured forty acres at $70.00 per acre. Had introduced
+the sheep industry. Bought up young lambs in Mexico, fattened them, and
+sold at a profit. Had been two years on the Colony. Made $5,000.00 net,
+per year. Had four thousand sheep.
+
+
+No. 9.
+
+Middle aged man. Married. Original colonist. Was expressman in Chicago,
+but previous to coming to the Colony had to leave family and go to work
+in the woods while the wife worked. Had taken out a government homestead
+outside of the Colony. Gave up his holdings on the Colony and was
+working as farm boss for a neighboring farmer while his wife ran a
+boarding house.
+
+
+No. 10.
+
+Scotchman. About fifty years old. Married. Had five children. In the
+Colony for six years. Arrived there with $25.00. Was carpenter in
+Chicago. Was worth $1,000.00 when interviewed. Was arranging to sell his
+holdings and go away, as he thought he could do better elsewhere.
+
+
+No. 11.
+
+About forty-five years old. Belonged to the Army. Married. One child.
+Came from Baltimore, Md., where he worked as a teamster. The Army paid
+family's fare to the Colony. Made a failure of his holding on the Colony
+and was making a bare living by running the Colony hotel and doing
+teaming. His failure was due to alkali and insect pests. His wife was
+sick before coming, but became better and was evidently the more
+efficient member of the partnership.
+
+
+No. 12.
+
+Thirty-five years old. Married. Two children. Brother of Army officer
+and son of example No. 1. In the Colony eight years. Used to be
+street-car conductor in Chicago. Gave up one holding in the Colony on
+account of alkali and took another, where he was doing well at time of
+interview.
+
+
+No. 13.
+
+About forty years old. Married. Came from the country. Rented a house on
+the Colony and worked as a section-hand on the railroad.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[57] "The Poor and the Land." Introduction, p. VI.
+
+[58] "Report of Departmental Committee," pp. 8, 9, 10.
+
+[59] "William Booth," p. 83.
+
+[60] "The S. A. in the U. S.," p. 15.
+
+[61] See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 291.
+
+[62] "The Poor and the Land," p. 75.
+
+[63] See example No. 8 at the end of the chapter, p. 115.
+
+[64] About this time, Mr. Curtis, describing the colony in the Chicago
+Record, said "There is no neater group of houses in Colorado, and no
+more contented community in the world. Nearly every one has written to
+friends urging them to join the next colony that comes out, and thus I
+judge they are enthusiastic over their success and the pleasures they
+enjoy."
+
+[65] See principle No. 2, p. 101.
+
+[66] "The Poor and the Land," p. 78.
+
+[67] See principle No. 5, p. 101.
+
+[68] See several examples at the end of this chapter, p. 137.
+
+[69] "The Poor and the Land," p. 82.
+
+[70] See principle No. 1, p. 101.
+
+[71] "The Poor and the Land," p. 39.
+
+[72] See Pamphlet, "Review of Salvation Army Land Colony in California."
+
+[73] The price of land at Ft. Amity would be different, and there, too,
+the Army sometimes rents to the colonists an additional acreage.
+
+[74] "Memorandum of Information Respecting the Salvation Army Colony at
+Ft. Romie, California."
+
+[75] For these principles see p. 101 of this chapter.
+
+[76] See "The Poor and the Land," p. 40 and fl.
+
+[77] See examples at end of chapter.
+
+[78] See "The Poor and the Land," p. 47.
+
+[79] See the "Poor and the Land," p. 82.
+
+[80] See "Report of Departmental Committee," p. 14 and fl.
+
+[81] _Ibid._
+
+[82] Mr. John Manson in his book "The Salvation Army and the Public," p.
+133 and following, states that in this work the Army has merely acted
+the part of a business agency. We think that he has ground for this
+statement, but we also think that the Army would be far more useful
+along these lines than an ordinary business agency.
+
+[83] See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 6.
+
+[84] See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 3.
+
+[85] See tables p. 98 of this book.
+
+[86] See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 30.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY SLUM DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+So much has been written on the question of the slums in the past few
+years; so many settlements, evening recreation centers, summer
+playgrounds, clubs, visiting nurses' associations, and kindergarten
+associations have been organized; so much has been done by tenement
+house commissions and tenement laws; so many churches have turned from
+their original efforts to the slums; that we wonder why so little is
+heard of what the Army, the organization supposed especially to
+represent the poor, is doing in this direction. To tell the truth, if we
+go down into the slums, either those of Deptford, Whitechapel, or of
+Westminster, in London; or those of the Jewish, the Italian, the Negro,
+or the Irish quarters in New York, or those of the Slav or Jewish
+quarters in Chicago, expecting to find there the work of the Army much
+in evidence, we shall be disappointed. What slum work is done by the
+Army in these densely populated corners is done with love and earnest
+hearts, with sacrifice and the best of intentions; but apparently it
+does not bear fruit in the same proportion as does the work of the
+settlement, whether church settlement or secular, or in the same
+proportion as many of the kindergartens, summer playgrounds and evening
+recreation centers. Nevertheless, the slum post of the Army is doing
+valuable work and should be supported.
+
+A sweeping tenement house reform can do more than any number of
+settlements; a settlement can do more than the Army slum post; but
+neither the tenement reform nor the settlement does the work that a slum
+post does. Probably the work done by other organizations most nearly
+allied to that of the Army slum post is that done by the various
+organizations of church deaconesses, which have been growing rapidly in
+late years, in which women are employed by the churches to visit the
+poor in their homes, and nurse the sick, besides other duties. If we
+depend or count largely on the Army slum work to reform the slums, we
+shall be disappointed in learning that, after years of successful growth
+in the Industrial and Social Departments, the Army has but twenty slum
+posts in the United States[87], some of these being very small, and that
+it has no large number in other countries. Such as it is, the work is
+well worth while. But let us examine its origin, present status and the
+reason for its relatively small growth.
+
+In the beginning of the Army movement, Mrs. Booth, the late wife of
+General Booth, supplemented her husband's work by a personal visitation
+of the people in their homes. She proved the utility of this work and
+also its place among the works of women. From her early efforts has
+sprung the more widely organized department of slum work.
+
+The slum work may be divided into three divisions: visitation work, the
+slum nursery, and the maintenance of the slum post. Wearing a humbler
+garb, even, than the regular Army uniform, the lassies start out on
+their daily tours of visitation. They take care of the sick, and at the
+same time, they clean the home and put everything in order. Often they
+come upon cases of need and of want, and then they provide the little
+necessaries: a sack of coal, a supply of food, or some needed clothing.
+They take the children from the worn-out woman and amuse and instruct
+them, while the mother does her work; and, wherever they go, although
+most plainly dressed, they are clean and neat, and they strive to make
+everything else clean and neat.
+
+While this visitation work is going on, another most urgent need is
+being supplied by the slum nursery. Here the mother can leave her
+children in the morning, when she goes to her work, and find them safely
+waiting for her in the evening, clean and happy. A charge of five cents
+per day is made to cover the expense of feeding the children. During the
+day they are well cared for, the younger ones properly nursed, and the
+older ones taught simple little kindergarten games and songs. Sometimes
+children are brought here and never called for again, in which case the
+Army lassies in charge must find some permanent home for them, but this
+does not often happen, as the mothers of the children are usually known
+by the Army workers. At the slum nursery in Cincinnati there is also a
+free clinic, where sick women and children go for treatment. Two of the
+most efficient physicians of the city furnish free aid, and the
+medicines necessary are provided.
+
+In addition to the visitation work and the nursery, the maintenance of
+the slum post means the keeping of slum quarters and a slum hall. The
+"quarters" are the two or more rooms where the lassies live, and they
+are located where most can be accomplished in the way of example and
+influence. The hall is for the carrying on of slum meetings, for these
+are regularly held. In these meetings the roughest crowd of men, women
+and children is awed into respect and reverence by the simple slum
+lassies with their songs and music. Again, in this little hall, the
+children of the neighborhood are gathered in a Sunday School and taught
+by the slum officers. It is a most interesting spectacle to watch these
+children. Many different nationalities are represented, the dark races
+and the light. As children, these nationalities mingle together more
+freely than in adult life.
+
+A special aspect of the slum post is the distribution of charitable
+relief to the needy. It is specially situated, and has advantages for
+this purpose; hence it becomes the distributing depot for bread, soup
+and coal in winter, and ice in summer. For instance, from one slum post
+in New York during the winter of 1907-8, 2,800 loaves of bread were
+given out in one week, and for some months, an average of from 300 to
+1,000 loaves, besides an average of two tons of coal per week. Some of
+this, naturally, would go to the undeserving, but the slum officers, as
+a rule, know the people of their immediate neighborhood, and can
+exercise due discretion.
+
+The failure of the Army slum work to increase in the same proportion as
+its other branches of the social work, and its non-existence in many
+quarters of our cities where it is most needed, is due to two causes.
+One is the fact that the Army slum post, more than the Army industrial
+home or the Army hotel, is a religious institution, and is continually
+advertising and pressing on the public its peculiar doctrines. The slum
+officers are imbued with the idea that personal salvation according to
+the doctrines of the Army is the all-essential need. They would not be
+engaged in this work themselves were it not for the hold these doctrines
+have upon them. The slum post holds its regular meetings, exhorting its
+hearers to get "saved," in its own original way. At Sunday School, the
+children are taught that certain things are wrong and sinful, and these
+very things are common-place in their own homes though, possibly some of
+them of not much detriment. But, in a community almost entirely Catholic
+or Jewish, such aggressive evangelism is not likely to increase the
+influence of its advocates. Many settlements have learned with grief,
+this very same lesson. Another reason for the lack of success is the
+mental calibre of those engaged in the work. However, the devotion and
+self-sacrifice of the Army slum sisters is one of the most touching and
+sublime elements of the slums, and it is all the more touching when it
+is to some extent misdirected and misplaced. To see the tact, patience
+and perseverance of these "Slum Angels" as they are often called, is a
+divine object lesson in itself, and much of their work is not done in
+vain, as many would testify.
+
+A useful experiment is under way at one former slum post, 94 Cherry
+Street, New York City. In place of the old building formerly rented by
+the Army here and used as a slum post, the Army has built a commodious
+six-story building, which it calls a settlement. One floor is given to a
+hall and parlor. Two floors are given over to rooms to be used as class,
+club and kindergarten rooms. One floor is fitted up with a dining room
+and kitchen, and another with a large dormitory and living room, to be
+used as a Girls' Home. On the roof, preparations are under way for a
+roof garden and play-ground, while washing facilities are provided in
+the basement, where poor mothers can bring their clothes and wash them.
+Already the New York Kindergarten Association has two kindergartners
+busy here. Two sewing classes, averaging thirty-five members, are
+organized. Mother's meetings are held, and a regular Army Corps is
+organized, consisting of sixty members. This settlement may prove an
+auspicious advance of the Army along these lines.
+
+To sum up, the Army Slum Department is doing valuable work in the slums,
+tending the sick, exercising and bringing out some of the better traits
+of humanity, and offering relief in times of need; but it suffers from
+an over-desire to spread its own peculiar doctrines of salvation, and
+from the lack of grasping the whole situation which is characteristic of
+its workers.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[87] This number has continued the same for five years.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY RESCUE DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+In the United States and Great Britain, the question of the social evil
+has never been thoroughly investigated and faced systematically as a
+whole. In some of the large cities in the United States, notably in
+Chicago and New York, the question has been taken up in various ways by
+different reform societies. Probably the best investigation made thus
+far has been the work of the Committee of Fifteen, in New York City,
+which issued its report in the year 1902, but the problem does not
+appear to have been faced by us as a nation as it might have been. Other
+countries, especially France, have paid a great deal of attention to
+this form of vice. Nearly every phase of the question has been examined
+by some French investigator and reported on, but when we look for
+reports or investigations on the part of American or English students,
+we find very little of value.
+
+As regards the United States, all attempts at reaching a true estimate
+of the extent of this evil have failed. Apparently, there is no way of
+obtaining such information. We have seen estimates regarding some of the
+cities in past years, and such estimates are given as 40,000 prostitutes
+for New York City,[88] 30,000 for Chicago and 35,000 for San Francisco.
+But these figures have evidently been derived in a very unscientific
+way. The evil is probably worse in the Western states than in the
+Eastern, but we are not satisfied of the accuracy of such estimates as
+35,000 for San Francisco and only 30,000 for Chicago.
+
+The work known as the Rescue Work of the Salvation Army is, to a certain
+extent, related to the Slum Work. The slum officers can often work
+hand-in-hand with the Rescue officers, inasmuch as their field is often
+on the same or adjoining territory. At the same time, it is essential
+that the Rescue officer be more highly specialized than the slum
+worker. During the past few years the percentage of successful cases of
+reform brought about by the Army Rescue Homes has reached as high as 80
+or 85%, according to the Army's statistics. They, however, are unable to
+keep in touch with all the girls sent out, and hence this percentage
+would not be final, but even allowing 25% off for failures not known to
+the Army, it is doubtful if there is any other reform agency along this
+line which is as successful as is this force of trained rescue
+workers.[89] In the United States this force works in conjunction with
+twenty-two Rescue Homes scattered throughout the States. These homes are
+especially fitted for the work, some having been built for the purpose.
+There are work rooms for the girls, where they can do sewing and laundry
+work. There is a reading room and sitting room, dining room, and
+different dormitories and sleeping apartments. Then special facilities
+are provided for the care of babies in the way of proper nurseries.
+
+There are two ways in which these girls come under the influence of the
+Homes and Rescue workers: either the girls come voluntarily to the
+Homes, expressing their desire to leave this form of life for a better
+one, or they are brought to the Home by the direct influence and touch
+of the Rescue officer. These Rescue officers make regular tours through
+the districts where the girls are to be found. They watch their
+opportunities, and whenever they think it wise, they speak to the girls
+personally. When this is not possible, they make an advance by way of
+literature. One method is to open up a conversation by means of a little
+card, upon which is printed the address of the Rescue Home, and the
+offer of help to any girl who is in trouble of any sort. Some of the
+officers tell us that they get to know the faces of the girls through
+their regular tours, and whenever a new girl comes they are able to
+recognize her at once, both by her features and her actions. In this
+way there have been some instances of real prevention without the need
+of any curative means whatever; instances where young girls have been
+rescued from the very brink of their evil fate. One way of reaching the
+girls is visitation and nursing when they are sick. Another way is
+through the police courts. In some of the latter a woman Army officer is
+in regular attendance, and the judge frequently hands certain cases over
+to her charge.
+
+Many of the girls received into the Home have had no practical training
+in life; many, very little moral training, and in the case of those who
+have had good training in earlier years, the life they have been leading
+has so undermined their old ideals, that the training must be repeated.
+Hence, the aim of the Home is two-fold. First, the aim is to lay a
+strong foundation morally. When the girls reach the Home, in most cases
+they are already penitent, and ready for a change, but to make such a
+complete change as is necessary to lead them back to a normal life means
+the individual revolution of desire and interest. Here is where the
+importance of the moral influence of the Home is realized. Step by step
+the girl is led on by the simple teaching of Christian and social
+ideals, until in reality she is a changed individual. Often she looks
+back on her past life with such repugnance and shrinking, that her only
+desire becomes that of doing something to retrieve her past, and she
+becomes an active agent in the betterment of the conditions of other
+girls around her.
+
+Meanwhile, the second aim of the Rescue Home is being realized. The
+girls are taught the means of practical livelihood. They are instructed
+in cooking, the care of the kitchen and nursery, and general
+housekeeping. Sewing is made a prominent feature, and in every Home a
+laundry is maintained, where the girls do their own washing and
+sometimes outside washing. In some Homes the fund realized from the
+laundry and from the sale of clothing made by the girls is quite a help
+toward defraying the general expenses. Again, at some of the Homes,
+such work as book binding and chicken raising has been successfully
+carried on. Independence is encouraged, and as soon as possible the girl
+is made to feel that, by aiding in the work of the Home, she can help
+meet the expense which she caused.
+
+To the girl who has possibly never done sewing, never known anything
+about proper cooking or the care of a home, there is much that is new in
+this training, and, on the other hand, great patience is required on the
+part of her instructors. A fit of anger or despondency, and in a very
+short time she has left the Home and its care, and returned to her old
+life. Some do this even more than once and again return, having, upon
+reflection, realized the force of its love and shelter. Others, of
+course, leave and never return, but a large number are sent back to
+their own homes or out to fill situations of various kinds.
+
+A great difference is found between one girl and another, due to the
+different status of life and surroundings from which they originally
+fell; hence, some girls are reformed with greater ease and in a shorter
+time than are others. The average time that a girl is retained in the
+Home is about four months. The Army aims at keeping in touch with them
+afterwards.
+
+    "Personally," says one of the leading Rescue officers writing on
+    this point, "I attach by far the greatest importance to the work
+    done with our girls after they leave the Home. If we ceased our care
+    for them when they went out to service, we should have, I fear, many
+    failures. I have by my elbow, as I write to you, a current record of
+    120 girls, not picked out but taken just as they come, which tells
+    just where each one is, what she is doing, what was her spiritual
+    condition when last seen or heard from, what day visited, etc. That
+    list is taken from a record kept of every girl who passes through
+    our hands. On one page is her previous life story; on the other, her
+    career after leaving the Home. It is the most important record we
+    keep."[90]
+
+Along with other departments of social service in the Army, this
+department has been considerably extended during the past few years.
+Figures are at hand for the United States only. In 1896 there were five
+Rescue Homes with a total accommodation for 100 girls, and there were,
+in the Rescue Work, 24 officers. In 1904 we found twenty-two homes, with
+a total accommodation for 500 girls, and there were 110 specialized
+officers engaged in the Rescue Work. During the eight years prior to
+1907 15,000 girls were helped.[91] Speaking of the year 1903-4,
+Commander Booth-Tucker says: "More than 1,800 girls passed through the
+homes during the year, and of these 93% were satisfactory cases, being
+restored to lives of virtue, while some 500 babies were cared for."[92]
+During the past few years, also, some valuable properties have been
+acquired for the purposes of Rescue Homes. Among these are two Homes in
+Philadelphia worth $20,000.00; the Home in Manhattan, New York City,
+valued at $35,000.00; the Home in Buffalo, costing nearly $40,000.00;
+the Home in Los Angeles, worth more than $15,000.00, and others.
+
+In conclusion it may be said that although this great social question
+presents almost overwhelming problems for solution, yet there is no
+agency that deals with the evil in a curative way so successfully, and
+on such a scale, as does the Rescue Department of the Army. One
+difficulty of the work is that, while so many departments of the Army
+work are self-supporting, this work cannot be made so. Another
+difficulty is the lack of those who are willing to sacrifice their lives
+to such noble effort. Mrs. Catherine Higgins, former Secretary for this
+department, in her report, said that she had a great need of 100 more
+workers, and that she could use many times that number in the
+furtherance of the work.
+
+While it is rather the part of society to strike at the very causes of
+this social evil and root it out entirely, still, such successful
+combating with the evil itself, right on the battle-field of flagrant
+vice, should receive the hearty support of all.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[88] Mentioned in Josiah Strong's Social Progress, 1906, p. 243.
+
+[89] In Great Britain in 1903, the proportion of re-admissions in the
+Rescue Homes was about one in seven. In that year, about one-sixth of
+the new cases were unsatisfactory. (The S. A. and the Public, p. 131.)
+
+[90] "Social Service in the Salvation Army," p. 71.
+
+[91] Pamphlet "S. A. in the U. S."
+
+[92] _Ibid._, p. 26.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+SOME MINOR FEATURES OF THE SALVATION ARMY SOCIAL WORK.
+
+
+There are a number of features of the Salvation Army Social Work, which
+for the sake of brevity we shall group together in one final chapter.
+These are, (1): Christmas dinners, (2): prison work, (3): the employment
+bureau, and (4): work among the children. Taking up the subject of
+Christmas dinners, we find here what seems to be an advertising scheme
+more than a systematic form of relief. Sentiment, doubtless, has its
+place, even with the masses, and yet, in this great winter feast, there
+is more sentiment than there is real practical good accomplished. To the
+quiet, calculating student the question arises whether it would not be
+far better to utilize the vast amount of energy and financial outlay,
+which it gives to gorging the multitude for one day, in a better and
+more lasting way; the question whether there is not, in these Christmas
+feasts, a likeness to the old time feast of pagan Rome. In every city of
+any size throughout the country the pots and kettles on the street
+corner are familiar objects. At each Corps or other location of the
+Army, tickets are given out entitling the bearer to a Christmas dinner,
+or, in certain cases, to a basket with a dinner for a family. A good
+deal of trickery is indulged in by the professional beggars, by means of
+which it often happens that several dinners go to the same person. And
+yet, as we have watched those 5,000 baskets containing food for 25,000
+persons go out, to bring cheer and comfort to the hungry in their homes,
+and as we have gazed on that vast banquet of 3,000 guests seated at one
+sitting, we could not but feel glad that these poor brothers and sisters
+of ours might realize the force of human sympathy for once in the year
+at least.[93]
+
+Another minor feature of the Salvation Army work is the prison work.
+The majority of the jails, local, county and state, are visited at
+intervals by certain members of the Army set aside for that purpose in
+each community. In one State's prison there is a regularly organized
+corps of Salvation Army soldiers, who are all prisoners, some of them
+for a life term. In most prisons the Army provides literature, sees to
+the correspondence of the prisoners and holds meetings with them. But it
+is not so much the work with the prisoners in the jail that counts, as
+it is the influence gained over them, which leads them to come to the
+Army and make a new start in life when they get out. Many who find
+themselves behind the prison bars are not to be classed as regular
+criminals. A man is often classed as a criminal who is a victim of
+misfortune only, and has no inherent criminal instincts. It is with the
+criminal "by occasion," as Lombroso puts it,[94] that much successful
+work can be done in the way of reform. The Army has a regular
+organization known as the Prison Gate League. When a prisoner is
+discharged he is met by one of this league and invited to go to work at
+one of the Army's institutions. After being influenced and helped in
+this institution for a certain length of time, if he seems to justify
+it, he is sent out to work in some position. There are no definite
+statistics recorded of those of this class who have been permanently
+bettered.
+
+Still another minor feature is the employment bureau system. While
+mentioned here as merely one of a group of minor features, this system
+is one of great importance to the industrial world. It is being taken
+into consideration in many places by thoughtful men, and there is
+promise of its assuming national, if not international proportions. The
+general term, employment bureau, serves to bring to our recollection the
+accompanying evils of the contract wage system and industrial slavery,
+against which there has been agitation in the past, but it is because of
+these accompaniments that the importance arises of securing a system
+which shall be free from them. In Germany considerable work has been
+done along these lines, municipalities and provinces have taken up the
+work, and an all-round effort is being made to place labor in the right
+position for work at the proper time.[95] New York City is to-day
+swarming with many agencies, which are conducted by men and women, who
+may rightly be classed as extortioners. In spite of the rigid rules on
+the subject, the ignorance and poverty of their victims makes evasion of
+the law comparatively easy. Jacob A. Riis, speaking of this subject,
+says:
+
+    "It is estimated that New York spends in public and private charity
+    every year around eight millions. A small part of this sum
+    intelligently invested in a great labor bureau that would bring the
+    seeker of work and the man with work together, under auspices
+    offering some degree of mutual security, would certainly repay the
+    amount of the investment in the saving of much capital now much
+    worse than wasted, and would be prolific of the best results."[96]
+
+In regard to the work of the Army in this field every large city
+contains an employment bureau conducted by it and maintained for the
+free use of the unemployed. Some of the men, who secure positions have
+been in one of its own institutions, and the Army workers know whether
+or not to recommend them for a certain position. Outside of giving men
+work in its own institutions, the Army, during the year 1907, found
+employment for 55,621 persons in the United States alone.
+
+Contrary to expectation, the children's work of the Army has not
+attained a magnitude in proportion to the other lines of work which have
+been developed. This may be accounted for in part by the fact that there
+are more institutions open for children to which the Army can turn for
+help than there are institutions of other types. Thus, while the Army
+can often get a child taken into some orphanage already existing, either
+public or private, in the case of the drunkard, the unemployed or the
+fallen woman, the Army finds it necessary to furnish its own
+institutions. Again, the Army states that wherever possible, some friend
+is found who is willing to adopt a child. Of course, this is far
+preferable to placing the child in some institution, inasmuch as
+adoption restores the home in a real sense.
+
+The work among the children may be divided into temporary work and
+permanent work. By temporary work we do not mean work that is
+superficial, for it may be the most permanent and lasting in its
+results, but we mean work that is undertaken which influences the
+children for a limited amount of time only. The slum nursery or
+kindergarten is of this type, but as we have already described it in
+connection with the Slum Department, it needs only mention here. Another
+line of temporary work is the Sunday School work of the Army, but that
+comes under the religious work and not the social.
+
+An important line of temporary work, however, is the summer outing for
+the poor children. In each of our large cities these excursions for the
+poor children have been carried out on a large scale. Arrangements are
+made with a railroad or a steamboat company; the children are collected,
+hundreds at a time, and cared for by parties of Salvationists, they are
+taken out to the country for the day. Children who have never seen the
+country, and who do not know what a tree, a green hill, or the running
+water looks like, are thus given an entirely new outlook upon the world,
+and a lasting impression is made on their minds. In Kansas City, this
+line of work has been developed still further. One of the large parks
+has been handed over to the Army by the city authorities, and in it has
+been established a summer camp. Tents are pitched on the grass under the
+trees, and poor families are brought out here for a week at a time. In
+this way hundreds of families have experienced a little of summer
+vacation who otherwise would never have left their slum dwellings.
+
+The permanent handling of the children as opposed to the temporary,
+begins with the Maternity Homes which are managed in connection with the
+Rescue Homes, and continues on through the Orphanages. The children
+cared for in this permanent way are the babies from the Maternity Homes
+and orphans. From this it must not be supposed, with regard to the
+Maternity Homes, that there is any intentional separation or even a
+suggested separation of the child from the mother, but in many cases,
+after a time, a partial separation is necessary. The mother is
+influenced and taught to care for and love her offspring, but after
+spending some months in the Home, she may take a situation of some sort,
+often as a domestic servant, and here she cannot take her baby. Hence,
+in such cases, the mother is expected to visit her child frequently, and
+to provide for its support.
+
+The other class of children dealt with in a permanent way are those who
+are picked up from the street, or who otherwise fall into the hands of
+the Army, often after being deserted by their parents. While Orphanages,
+as already stated, are not an important item in the Army's work, there
+are several in England and four in the United States. For the situation
+of an Orphanage, a country location is sought. For instance, one near
+New York City is located on a beautiful piece of property at Spring
+Valley. Another is at Rutherford, N. J. One of the largest is situated
+near San Francisco, California, and one of the latest additions for this
+purpose has been the securing of a fine piece of property at Lytton
+Springs, Cal. In all, there is accommodation for two hundred and
+twenty-five children in the United States.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[93] The author refers here to the annual Christmas dinner given in New
+York.
+
+[94] "The Criminal," p. 208.
+
+[95] "The German Workman," ch. XVII
+
+[96] "How the Other Half Lives," p. 253.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+We have now covered the work of the Salvation Army social movement in
+its different branches. We have described the work, the extent and the
+management of each department. We have also considered the criticisms
+and objections to which each department is open, and we have attempted
+to estimate the value of each department to society. We have arrived at
+the conclusion that the work of the Industrial Department, leaving out
+the Industrial Colony, is a practical, deserving and successful effort
+to put unfortunate men once more on their feet, at no expense to the
+public, saving a slight embarrassment to those already engaged in the
+salvage and second hand business; that the Army lodging house is the
+best so far offered for the housing of the lower homeless class,
+although not entirely satisfactory; that the Slum Work is good, but
+limited in its scope, owing to the religious sentiment attached, and the
+mental inferiority of its workers; that the Rescue Work is about the
+best of its kind; and that good work is being done in other directions,
+such as the prison work, the employment bureaux and the children's work.
+On the other hand, we have found that the two Industrial Colonies and
+three Farm Colonies are not successful enough to warrant any additional
+expenditure on them or on any new colonies. This is due to the fact that
+the class most needing help in the cities is not the class to succeed on
+the land, and to the fact that men are more successful as pioneers on
+the land, when they are scattered and left to rely on themselves, having
+experienced farmers as neighbors, than when they are grouped closely
+together in one colony. Also there is nothing in favor of heavy
+expenditure for Christmas dinners, since the same amount of money can be
+put to better advantage in other ways.
+
+But, having reached these conclusions regarding the separate departments
+of the Army social work, what about the movement as a whole? The
+critics have advanced a good many objections against the Army. Some of
+these objections relating to special departments and not to the Army as
+a whole, we have already dealt with in our discussion of those separate
+departments. There remain six principal objections:
+
+1. That the organization is narrow and not willing to cooperate with
+other organizations.
+
+2. That the highly centralized military form of government is likely to
+lead to disastrous consequences.
+
+3. That the Army, in its financial dealings, does not take the public
+sufficiently into its confidence.
+
+4. That the Army collects funds, on the strength of its social work, and
+applies these funds to religious propaganda.
+
+5. That there is a lack of accuracy in its reports of work accomplished.
+
+6. That the Army, as an organization, has become more of an end in
+itself, than a means to an end.
+
+Regarding the first objection, the narrowness and lack of cooperation,
+we think there is a good deal of truth in it. The Army has made a great
+success as an organization, and the work of its founder and his
+assistants is one of the most remarkable achievements of the age. Things
+apparently impossible have been accomplished, and obstacles apparently
+unsurmountable have been overcome. The result is a self-confidence and
+assurance, amounting in many cases to bigotry. The members of the
+organization look upon it as especially favored by God, and as above any
+other organization. Hence, we find many of the leaders far from humble
+in their bearings, whatever their profession may be, and entirely
+uninclined to cooperate with other organizations. This fact has been
+brought to the foreground of late years in England and America by a
+certain amount of antagonism between the Army and the Charity
+Organization Society, the Army claiming that it can do its work along
+its own lines and get along without any alliance with the Society, and
+the latter claiming that much economy would result if the Army would
+unite its efforts along social lines with the Charity Organization
+Society. The controversy cannot be discussed here, but it seems a pity
+that some sort of union cannot be entered into in which both
+organizations would be represented in a manner satisfactory to both. One
+great difficulty, evidently, is the religious element in the social work
+of the Army, which tends to prejudice the Charity Organization Society
+in some degree against the Army, and tends to keep the Army aloof from
+any organization considered secular. However, we find many leading
+officers in both organizations with friendly feeling, and there is hope
+that the time will come, when the controversy will be at an end.
+
+Coming to the second objection, that the highly centralized military
+form of government of the Army is likely to lead to disastrous
+consequences, we think that, if continued, this form of government must
+indeed lead to disaster. It is evident that this might happen in
+different ways. In an organization held together by one man or by one
+idea, disintegration would tend to take place in the one case by the
+failure or death of the leader, and in the other case by the expansion
+of the idea. The Army is held together by both the man and the idea, and
+we need not turn away from its own history to get examples of this
+disintegration in both ways. Take the first bond of union, the man of
+striking, hypnotic personality. Since the very inception of the
+movement, time after time, men who have gained influence in the Army,
+have separated from its ranks and started a movement of their own of
+more or less formidable dimensions. The instance most applicable here is
+that of the division which took place a few years ago in the United
+States. At that time the Army in this country had been very successful
+under the leadership of one of General Booth's sons, Ballington Booth
+and his wife, Maud, the latter especially being a most attractive and
+talented personality and gifted, persuasive speaker. Mr. and Mrs.
+Ballington Booth were flattered by attention from all sides, and by the
+worship of the soldiers and officers under them. Orders came from
+General William Booth, commanding them to give up their leadership in
+the United States and take control of some other country. But they had
+no idea of giving up their position in this country, and, elated by
+success, confidently announced their leadership of a new movement, the
+Volunteers of America, which is still in existence. While the other
+element, that of the expansion of the idea, showed itself at this time
+in a revolt against the narrow, despotic methods of General William
+Booth, the main element in this division was that of personality. Taking
+up the second bond of union, that of the central, controlling idea and
+purpose, we find the whole movement at the present time is tending to
+disintegrate through the expansion of this idea. This is shown by the
+continual departure of men from the ranks of the Army, who see that its
+methods and machinery are too cramped for their efforts, and also by the
+different attitude of the remaining members towards the movement itself
+and its leader General William Booth.
+
+It is possible, however, that there will gradually be effected a change
+in the form of government of the army which will allow for enlargement
+and differentiation within the movement itself. General Booth, the sole
+head of the movement, cannot live much longer, and at his death, changes
+already threatening will demand attention. He has maintained a
+remarkable control over his world-wide following, in spite of numerous
+outbreaks and dangerous splits, and has legally arranged with great
+care, we are told, the succession to follow him. But that there will
+ever be a second General Booth, or that there could be a series of
+General Booths, able to hold the organization as he has, is incredible.
+We have talked with leading officers of his Army on this subject and
+find that they too, are looking for changes. The fact that the social
+work is having such a remarkable growth, while the spiritual work is
+apparently unable to hold its own, is in itself a feature demanding a
+change. The Army of industrial and social officers and employees will
+not be bound by the same ties to the General as his former Army of
+spiritual officers and soldiers. The latter were possessed with an
+emotional, fanatical enthusiasm which blinded them to everything save
+the service of their much adored General. The former have a different
+outlook on life. They are the new Army, a result of tendencies inherent
+in the growth of the movement. They look at humanity and individuals
+from other standpoints than that of the salvation of the soul. The
+material side of society, with its institutions of business, and
+practical forms of charitable relief, occupies a large amount of their
+attention. This has already led to considerable differentiation of
+government and control. Take, for example, the corporation, "The
+Industrial Homes Company" controlling eighty-four industrial
+institutions in the United States, and managed by a board of directors
+in New York City. This example is opening the way toward a future
+government by a board of some sort for other departments of the Army,
+and in time for the spiritual department, and then the further step of
+representation of members on these boards will not be far distant. At
+any rate we see reason for hoping that, while other improvements are
+taking place, the government of the Army will not be a handicap to the
+movement.
+
+By the third objection, that the Army in its financial dealings does not
+take the public sufficiently into its confidence, is meant that complete
+records of detailed expenditure are not issued. The public provides for
+a large part of the income of the Army, and it has a right to know just
+how and where that income is spent. The man and woman who is being
+continually confronted by a lassie on the street with a little box for
+the receipt of contributions, after contributing again and again, is
+likely to ask the question, just where is this money going; and it would
+be of advantage to the Army itself, if it would issue a more definite
+statement of the use to which it puts public money. Some people are
+satisfied with the general report that "the Army is doing good," but
+there are many who would contribute more largely, if they knew directly
+for what they were contributing. In reply to this criticism, the Army
+states that it deposits regularly with the state authorities a
+statement showing the disposition and state of the finances of its
+corporations, such as "The Reliance Trading Company" and "The Salvation
+Army Industrial Homes Company."
+
+The Army also issues every year a balance sheet which shows its assets
+and liabilities on a large scale. But this is not sufficient. The
+ordinary person can receive no light from either the statement deposited
+with the state authorities or the yearly balance sheet published by the
+Army. In fact, although the Army uses the services of an expert
+accountant in getting out this balance sheet, for all that the public
+knows, it may be using the funds entrusted to it in any way it wishes.
+This should be remedied by a regular statement, clearly revealing the
+disposition of every cent donated.
+
+A discussion of the preceding objection leads us to the fourth
+objection, that the Army collects funds on the strength of its social
+work, and applies these funds to the carrying on of its religious
+propaganda.[97] The Army denies this, but admits that there is a good
+deal of money collected for the general work, there being no specific
+object implied when it is collected, other than a statement of the
+various departments in which the Army is working, and of their extent.
+Of course, the social work comes in for strong presentation on the
+statement, but the money not being collected for any one object, the
+Army is at liberty to apply it to any branch of its work whether
+spiritual or social. This again shows the need of greater definiteness
+and accuracy in the Army's report to the public.
+
+A fifth objection is the lack of accuracy shown by the Army in its
+reports of work accomplished.[98] This has special reference to the
+statistics published by the Army, and is a good criticism. At different
+times and in different parts of the world, statistics are given out,
+which seems to emanate from no one authority, which are often
+contradictory, and which create confusion in the mind of the person
+wishing to get at the facts. As a result of a good deal of recent
+criticism on this point, all future statistics of the Army in the United
+States are to come from one point only, are to be in charge of an
+expert, and no publication of statistics is to be allowed without the
+consent of the National Headquarters.
+
+The sixth and last objection is a very important one and one which has
+been seen in the history of organizations without number, viz: that the
+organization tends to become an end in itself, instead of a means to an
+end. This objection is also allied to a former one regarding a lack of
+cooperation on the part of the Army with other organizations. More and
+more an organization, formed as is the Army, feels complete in itself,
+and works continually for its own interests and its own glory. In a
+large number of instances the objective point that was once humanity and
+the glory of God tends to become the advancement of the Army. While
+feeling that this objection is a serious one, it still cannot be
+considered as anything but unavoidable, considering the government and
+general character of the movement. If it were possible for the Army to
+be governed locally, and to some extent, nationally by boards, a part of
+whose membership represented the public, we believe that the tendency to
+advance its own interest would be diminished. Study out the workings and
+control of this organization, and it is found a machine, ever seeking to
+increase its power and field of work. If this machine could be
+controlled to some extent by the public which feeds it, it might be kept
+as a useful servant, but otherwise, in spite of the great service which
+it does society to-day, the tendency to get away from its object and to
+become an object itself, will be more and more dangerous.
+
+In conclusion, then, we find that these objections advanced by the
+critics are not without foundation, and while some may be more
+tendencies than actualities, it lies with the organization to guard
+itself from them. We have found the Army an efficient worker along
+several lines, and society owes it a considerable debt for past service
+and lessons learned from it. Hence it would be a great pity for its
+efficiency as a great public servant to be lessened by a lack of
+publicity regarding its finance, or by a narrow, self-centered policy,
+or by a too centralized form of government. Some of the Army leaders are
+men of great hearts and strong minds, and it is to be hoped that,
+whenever in the future, the opportunity offers to make a beneficial
+change of policy in its duty toward the public or toward its sister
+organizations engaged in charitable work or in its own internal
+administration, that these leaders will stand firmly for what they
+believe, and demand the necessary change.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[97] See the "S. A. and the Public," Ch. 5.
+
+[98] See the "Social Relief Work of the S. A.," p. 4.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+  American Journal of Sociology, Volume III.
+
+  Besant, Sir Walter,
+      The Farm and the City,
+          Contemporary Review, 72-792.
+
+  Booth, Bramwell,
+      I. A Day with the Salvation Army,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1904.
+
+      II. Illustrated Interviews,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1905.
+
+  Booth, Charles,
+      Life and Labor of the People,
+          The Macmillan Co., New York, 1899.
+
+  Booth, Commander Eva,
+      Where Shadows Lengthen,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1906.
+
+  Booth, Florence E.
+      A Peep into My Letter Bag,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1905.
+
+  Booth, William,
+      I. In Darkest England, and the Way Out,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1890.
+
+      II. Social Service in the Salvation Army,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1903.
+
+      III. The Doctrines of the Salvation Army,
+           S. A. Press, London.
+
+      IV. The Why and Wherefore of the Rules and Regulations
+          of the Salvation Army,
+          S. A. Press, London.
+
+      V. Orders and Regulations for Field Officers,
+          S. A. Press, London.
+
+  Booth-Tucker, Commander,
+      I. William Booth, Life of
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1898.
+
+      II. The Salvation Army in the United States,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1899.
+
+      III. Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the
+           United States,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1900.
+
+      IV. Our Future Pauper Policy in America,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1898.
+
+      V. Prairie Homes for City Poor,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1899.
+
+      VI. A Review of the Salvation Army Land Colony in California,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1903.
+
+  Coates, Thomas F. G.
+      The Prophet of the Poor,
+      E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1906.
+
+  Dawson, William Harbutt,
+      The German Workman,
+          Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1906.
+
+  Devine, Edward T.,
+      The Principles of Relief,
+          The Macmillan Co., New York, 1905.
+
+  Hadleigh,
+      The Salvation Army Colony,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1904.
+
+  Haggard, H. Rider,
+      The Poor and the Land,
+          Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1905.
+
+  Higgins, Mrs. Catherine,
+      Love's Laborings in Sorrow's Soil,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1904.
+
+  Huxley, T. H.,
+      Social Diseases and Worse Remedies,
+          The Macmillan Co., New York, 1891.
+
+  Manson, John,
+      The Salvation Army and the Public,
+          E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1906.
+
+  Precipices: A Sketch of Salvation Army Social Work,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1904.
+
+  Report of Committee of Fifteen,
+      The Social Evil,
+          G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1902.
+
+  Report of the Departmental Committee, Appointed to Consider
+      Mr. Rider Haggard's Report on Agricultural Settlements in
+      British Colonies.
+          Wyman & Sons, London, 1906.
+
+  Riis, Jacob A.,
+      I. How the Other Half Lives,
+          Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.
+
+      II. The Children of the Poor,
+          Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.
+
+      III. A Ten Years' War,
+          Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York, 1900.
+
+      IV. The Peril and Preservation of the Home,
+          Geo. W. Jacobs' & Co., Philadelphia, 1903.
+
+  Ruskin, John,
+      Sesame and Lillies,
+          Donohue, Hernneberry and Co., Chicago.
+
+  Seager, Henry Rogers,
+      Introduction to Economics,
+          Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1908.
+
+  Selected Papers on the Social Work of the Salvation Army,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1907.
+
+  Solenberger, Edwin D.,
+      The Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army,
+          Byron & Willard Co., Minneapolis, 1906.
+
+  Swan, Annie S.,
+      The Outsiders,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1905.
+
+  Warner, Amos G.,
+      American Charities,
+          T. J. Crowell & Co., New York, 1894.
+
+
+
+
+VITA.
+
+The author of this dissertation, Edwin Gifford Lamb, was born in London,
+England, December 22, 1878. He attended private schools in that city and
+then spent three years in Northwestern Canada without schooling. After
+this he went to California where he prepared for college in the
+preparatory department of the University of the Pacific. He became a
+citizen of the United States as soon as eligible and graduated from
+Leland Stanford Junior University in 1904, with the degree of A. B. In
+the year 1904-'05, he was a student at Union Theological Seminary and
+Columbia University. During the year 1905-'06, he held a scholarship in
+Sociology at Columbia University. At this institution he studied under
+Professors F. H. Giddings, John B. Clark, H. R. Seager, H. L. Moore, J.
+Dewey, F. J. E. Woodbridge and W. P. Montague. Since that time he has
+been an instructor in the Harström School, Norwalk, Connecticut.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+Inconsistent hyphenation and capitalization have been left as in the
+original text. The same is true for inconsistent abbreviations for U. S.
+states and inconsistent placement of footnote markers.
+
+CHAP. III. (in the original text) has been changed to CHAPTER III. for
+consistency.
+
+Punctuation has been standardized. Spelling mistakes have been
+corrected, except for the items listed below, which have not been
+changed.
+
+The book seems to use fl., rather than ff., as an abbreviation that
+refers to the pages following a number.
+
+This book refers twice to the title "Sesame and Lillies." In other
+sources, that title is sometimes spelled as "Sesame and Lilies."
+
+On the list of "Examples of Salvation Army Hotel Lodgers," under No. 3,
+the city name Pittsburgh is misspelled as Pittsburg in the original
+text.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Social Work of the Salvation Army, by 
+Edwin Gifford Lamb
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30295 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30295 ***</div>
+
+<h1>THE SOCIAL WORK OF THE SALVATION ARMY</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>EDWIN GIFFORD LAMB, A.B.<br /><br /><br /></h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+
+<p class="center">Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of<br />
+Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Political Science</p>
+
+<p class="center">Columbia University</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+
+
+<p class="center">New York</p>
+
+<p class="center">1909<br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1909</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">by</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edwin Gifford Lamb</span><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="Preface" id="Preface"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>I use the word "Social" in the title of this work to suggest
+that, save in an auxiliary way, I am not attempting to describe
+the religious features of the organization. Such a field of investigation
+would prove a very profitable and interesting one, but
+it is a field, which, for the sake of clearness and impartial study,
+should be kept separate. The organization itself recognizes the
+primary division. Commander Booth-Tucker, the leader of the
+Army in the United States from 1896 to 1904, says, "The Salvation
+Army is the evolution of two great ideas: first, that of
+reaching with the gospel of salvation the masses who are outside
+the pale of ordinary church influence, and second, that of
+caring for their temporal as well as spiritual interests."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>I have secured very little data from books, as there is but
+little authentic literature on the subject. Primarily, the data for
+this treatise were taken from personal observation. In pursuing
+the subject I have visited Salvation Army social institutions of
+every description. In addition to visiting the larger cities of the
+United States and the three Army colonies, situated in Ohio,
+Colorado and California, respectively, I have investigated the
+work in London, where the Army had its origin, and at the farm
+colony in Hadleigh, on the river Thames, some thirty miles from
+London. I have slept in the hotels, worked in the industrial
+homes, wandered over the farm colonies, and mingled with the
+inmates of other types of Army institutions.</p>
+
+<p>
+Nov., 1909.<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>E. G. L.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Pamphlet "The Salvation Army in the United States."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td></td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">Page.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Preface">Preface</a></td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td><td align="right">7-15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">The Salvation Army Industrial Department</a></td><td align="right">16-62</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">The Salvation Army Hotels and Lodging Houses</a></td><td align="right">63-98</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">The Farm Colonies of the Salvation Army</a></td><td align="right">99-116</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">The Salvation Army Slum Department</a></td><td align="right">117-121</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">The Salvation Army Rescue Department</a></td><td align="right">122-126</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">Some Minor Features of the Salvation Army Social Work</a></td><td align="right">127-131</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">Conclusion</a></td><td align="right">132-139</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Introduction" id="Introduction"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>The Salvation Army was founded by William Booth in London,
+England, in 1865. Previous to this time Mr. Booth had
+been a successful clergyman in the Methodist Church, and had
+become widely known throughout England as a revivalist. As
+time passed, he had become more and more interested in the condition
+of the un-churched masses, and as his church did not approve
+of his taking up work among the masses in connection
+with it as an organization, he had, in 1861, separated from the
+Methodists. With little support, he established in London what
+was known as The Christian Mission.</p>
+
+<p>From the first, numbers of converts were made, and soon several
+missions were established in London, and other cities
+of England. From the first, too, the agency of women was an
+important feature. Especially was this true in visitation among
+the lower classes. In regard to the foundation of the Army itself
+and in connection with its earlier successes, much credit must be
+given to Mrs. Booth, the wife of William Booth. She became as
+noted a speaker and revivalist as her husband, and together, they
+made plans for the movement. Unfortunately she died of cancer
+in 1890. Through these early years of the movement its management,
+almost unconsciously, developed along lines that were military
+in form. At first the title of "Captain" was used among the
+sailors and fishermen to designate the local leader of the company,
+and then it was extended wherever, among the rough element, the
+"Mr." or "Rev." would seem out of place. The usage and the
+spirit accompanying it soon spread, and by the year 1879 military
+methods and titles were officially added. The Rev. Wm.
+Booth, who, up to this time, had been known as "Superintendent
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>of the Christian Mission," became "General" Booth, and the
+"Mission" became the "Salvation Army."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>This addition of military methods seems to have accelerated
+the movement by favoring efficient and systematic control. Soon
+after this time, we find, the organization had spread to the
+United States, Canada, Australia, France, Switzerland, Holland,
+Belgium, Scandinavia, Germany and Italy. Then missionary
+work was taken up in India, and later on, in Africa, Java and
+Japan. At the present time (1908), according to its reports, the
+Army occupies fifty-two different countries and colonies. In no
+country has its rate of progress been more remarkable than in
+the United States, where in point of numbers, the local organization
+now ranks second only to that of Great Britain.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>Along with the rapid growth went a differentiation almost as
+rapid and unique as the growth itself. In fact, both reacted on
+each other. The work was separated first into three main departments,
+viz.: Spiritual, Social and Trade. It will be necessary
+to make a brief statement of this differentiation in detail. In
+the Spiritual Department we have the extension of the original
+idea, that of converting the people. Corps, as the different religious
+groups were called, sprang up and multiplied until even
+the smaller towns were occupied. Converts were added by hundreds
+and thousands. Large numbers of the brightest and best
+of these converts were utilized in extending the work still further,
+and after undergoing a brief training, were sent out, some
+to aid the movement in the mother country, others to begin the
+work in different parts of Europe and in America, and still others
+as missionaries to all parts of the world. Meanwhile, the work
+in each local organization or Corps, became systematized, and
+the Corps were united into Sections or Divisions, the Divisions
+into larger districts called Provinces, and the Provinces into
+Commands, which for the most part controlled the territory of
+an entire country. Each of these divisions from the Corps to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>Command, was delegated to an officer who had sole charge, and
+who was responsible to the officer above him. For example, the
+United States, at present, is divided into two Commands; the
+first extending from New York to Chicago; the second from
+Chicago to the Pacific Coast. The first Command has six Provinces;
+the second, four. Each Province has from three to nine
+Divisions, and each Division contains a number of Corps. Thus,
+while each Corps is complete in itself, the general administration
+is very highly centralized; so much so, that an order from General
+Booth at the National Headquarters, London, England, must be
+obeyed by every Corps in the world.</p>
+
+<p>While the organization of the Spiritual Department was taking
+place in this manner, the Social Work was assuming large proportions,
+and differentiating itself. Visitation in the lower parts
+of the cities was organized into a regular department of Slum
+Work, called the Slum Department, with a specialized corps of
+officers. Work among fallen women was instituted as the Rescue
+Department, with its rescue homes and trained workers. The
+establishment of hotels and lunch counters for both men and
+women became finally what is now the Social Department. The
+wood yards and small factories, together with the salvage depots
+and cheap stores, were organized into the Industrial Department.
+Work among the children resulted in the establishment of kindergartens
+and orphanages. The colonization enterprise took root,
+and was divided into the industrial colonies and farm colonies.
+Thus, we have here a differentiation of the original Social Department
+into six distinct divisions, which we shall consider separately
+in this treatise. As these lines of work advanced, although
+each had its special group of workers, it was natural that the
+work should follow the administrative system of Commands,
+Provinces, Divisions and Corps, which had already been marked
+out in the Spiritual Department.</p>
+
+<p>The third primary division, that of trade, has had some interesting
+developments. There is, for example, the trade carried
+on in articles necessary to the members of the Army them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>selves,
+and which they cannot conveniently obtain in the open
+market, such as uniforms, badges, books and musical instruments.
+The Reliance Trading Company, for instance, was incorporated
+in 1902, under the laws of the State of New Jersey. This company
+owns and publishes the "War Cry," the official gazette of
+the Army in the United States; does the printing for the various
+departments of the Army; manufactures fountain pens; makes
+uniforms, bonnets and hats for the Army members; conducts
+an Insurance Department, and carries on other business enterprises.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>There is, too, the trade in the products of the various factories
+and industries connected with the relief work of the Army.
+For example, the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company,
+incorporated in New Jersey, has greatly facilitated the industrial
+work in the United States. There have been companies
+formed and organized as building societies, insurance
+companies, and a Salvation Army Bank.</p>
+
+<p>In all these companies the Salvation Army, through its officers,
+always has control, although it invites and seeks investments
+from the public. The following extract, taken from a prospectus
+sent out by the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company,
+illustrates the point:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Charter of our Industrial Homes Co. has been prepared by
+Messrs. Jas. B. Dill &amp; Co., the eminent corporation lawyers, who
+have kindly given us the full benefit of their skill and experience,
+at a fairly nominal charge. The capital consists of $500,000.00,
+divided into 50,000 shares, of the par value of $10.00 each, of
+which 25,000 are in 6% cumulative preferred stock and 25,000 in
+common stock. Only the preferred shares are offered to the public,
+and bear interest at 6%, which is guaranteed by the Army. The
+common shares are held by the Army, with a view to retaining the
+control of the company, and the entire profits, over and above the
+interest on the preferred stock, are thus devoted to the charitable
+and religious work of the Army, and help us to continually expand
+and enlarge our homes." ... "We shall be happy to supply any information
+or answer any questions as to the financial standing of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>the Salvation Army. For our spiritual and social operations in
+the United States, we have now an annual income of nearly $2,000,000.00,
+while the value of our real estate holdings in this country
+amount to about $1,500,000. Hence, it will be seen that in guaranteeing
+the interest upon these preferred shares, amounting in all
+to only $15,000.00, we are abundantly able to insure the regular payment
+of the same apart, altogether, from the income of our industrial
+homes."</p></div>
+
+<p>As a result of this rapid growth along the three lines described,
+the movement everywhere forced itself upon public recognition.
+The publication of its weekly organ, the "War Cry," in many
+different languages and countries aided its growth. Other magazines
+of higher class and better quality were issued. At the same
+time, the public press investigated the organization, and for a
+long time criticised it harshly. In fact, during all this time,
+while so successful, the Army suffered much persecution. The
+crowds of people composed of those whom it was seeking to
+benefit, seemed often to be its worst enemies, and then, to make
+matters more difficult, the police, we are told, instead of furnishing
+protection, often, themselves, joined in the persecution. There
+were many instances, in this early period, where the enthusiastic
+reformers were ill treated and even fatally injured. There was,
+however, some reason for all this persecution. A movement so
+sudden and apparently so contrary to existing institutions, needed
+time for its real principle to become known. The external manifestation
+seemed to consist of nothing but defiant disregard of
+established religious custom and ceremonial. Thus, while the
+vital principle of love for humanity was working its way into
+individual lives and attracting them to the ranks of the organization,
+the world at large openly showed its antagonism. Gradually,
+however, the sense of public opposition and antagonism grew
+less. Gradually the knowledge that, behind the superficial emotionalism,
+were depths of disinterested sympathy for fellow men
+and women worked itself into the public mind. Attacks on Army
+groups on street corners became less frequent, and when they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>did occur, were suppressed by the police. The press ceased
+its bitter criticism.</p>
+
+<p>It was about this time that renewed and increased attention
+was focused on the new movement by the publication in 1890 of
+General Booth's famous book, "In Darkest England, and the
+Way Out." In some ways the book served to mark a new epoch
+in the development of that part of practical sociology which
+concerns itself with the direct betterment of the lower class of
+society. The old method of dealing with the poor is ably described
+by Ruskin, when he says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We make our relief either so insulting to them, or so painful
+that they rather die than take it at our hands; or, for third alternative,
+we leave them so untaught and foolish, that they starve like
+brute creatures, wild and dumb, not knowing what to do, or what
+to ask."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>This was a point of view which in its relation to the degraded
+elements of society was an expression of sympathy rather
+than of harsh criticism and mistrust. Although it had been set
+forth by others previously, it had never before forced itself so
+strongly on the public. In addition, the daring statements and
+bold theories, given utterance in "Darkest England," served to
+surprise all schools of reform. The public consciousness had
+never before faced the problem in such a way. It was aroused,
+and began to ask questions. The book ran through edition
+after edition. It was printed in a cheap form and within a
+short time was circulated all over the civilized world.</p>
+
+<p>In his "scheme" General Booth laid down seven fundamental
+principles, which he claimed were essential to success. They
+were as follows:</p>
+
+<p>1. The first principle that must be bore in mind, as governing
+every scheme that may be put forward, is that it must
+change the man, when it is his character and conduct which
+constitute the reasons for his failure in the battle of life.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<p>2. The remedy, to be effectual, must change the circumstances
+of the individual, when they are the cause of his wretched condition,
+and lie beyond his control.</p>
+
+<p>3. Any remedy worthy of consideration must be on a scale
+commensurate with the evil with which it proposes to deal.</p>
+
+<p>4. Not only must the scheme be large enough, but it must be
+permanent.</p>
+
+<p>5. But while it must be permanent, it must be made practicable.</p>
+
+<p>6. The indirect features of the scheme must not be such as to
+produce injury to the persons whom we seek to benefit.</p>
+
+<p>7. While assisting one class of the community, it must not seriously
+interfere with the interests of another.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>General Booth's personal attitude, also, is well worth noting.
+In the preface of his book he makes the following statement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I do not claim that my scheme is either perfect in its details,
+or complete in the sense of being adequate to combat all forms of
+gigantic evils, against which it is, in the main, directed. Like other
+human things, it must be perfected through suffering; but it is a
+sincere endeavor to do something, and to do it on principles, which
+can be instantly applied and universally developed."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>And again, in view of some of the manifestations of the organization
+as we see it, the following is interesting, as coming
+from its founder. He says: "But one of the grimmest social
+problems of our time should be sternly faced, not with a view to
+the generation of profitless emotions, but with a view to its solution."<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>Upon the publication of this book there arose a division of
+opinion in regard to the scheme which was set forth. On the
+one hand, numbers of noted philanthropists aided General Booth
+with money and moral support. On the other hand, there was
+opposition from a certain class of reformers, headed by that
+eminent scientist, Thomas Huxley. This opposition, however,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>did not so much attack the principles advocated, as the agency
+for their application, namely, the Salvation Army, itself, characterized
+in Huxley's words as "Autocratic socialism, masked by
+its theological exterior."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>From that time to the present many thoughtful men have
+continued this opposition to the Army as an agent of social service.
+Further on we shall consider the validity and strength
+of their arguments. At that time the press on all sides took
+up the controversy, and it was finally decided to appoint a committee
+of investigation to thoroughly examine the Army's methods
+and institutions and publish a report. This committee
+was composed of some of the leading business and public men
+of England, headed by Sir Wilfred Lawson. They examined the
+books of the Army and studied the system and methods of the
+movement. They reported that all was entirely satisfactory and
+not only so, but that the movement and work was worthy of
+commendation.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>The report of this Committee, together with a demonstration
+of the work already accomplished, served to silence the critics
+to some extent, and public favor began to turn toward the movement.
+Since that period the Army has had, generally speaking,
+the support of the press and many of the leading men throughout
+the world, a support which it has not been slow to recognize,
+or to utilize. For instance, about this time, we find the following
+appeal issued through the English press:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"From personal witness or credible report of what General
+Booth has done with the funds entrusted to him for the Social
+Scheme which he laid before the country eighteen months ago, we
+think it would be a serious evil if the great task which he has undertaken
+should be crippled by lack of help during the next four
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>months. We therefore venture to recommend his work to the
+generous support of all, who feel the necessity for some serious
+and concentrated effort to grapple with the needs of the most
+wretched and destitute, who have so long been the despair of our
+legislation and our philanthropy."</p></div>
+
+<p>This appeal was signed by the Earl of Aberdeen, who was
+then Governor-General of Canada, and fifteen other men and
+women of international reputation. As an example of the attitude
+of the press, we find the London Daily Telegraph, in the
+midst of a long editorial entitled, "The General's Triumph,"
+saying, "There is no question about it, the General has become
+popular. He has justified himself by results. We are told he
+has not shown the way out, but few have done so much to
+let the light in, and to bring with it life and healing."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+Since the publication of "In Darkest England" in 1890, the social
+work of the Army has been extended, and has grown very
+rapidly.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>In connection with this rapid growth, the social phase of the
+movement has tended to eclipse the spiritual in the public eye.
+The Army has taken advantage of this to advertise its advancement
+along all lines, and there is reason for believing that the
+public support of the whole movement, both social and spiritual,
+at the present time, is largely due to this advertising.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+In any case, the social work of the Army is a movement large
+enough to justify the interest of the public, and the extensive
+study of every student of practical social economy.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the U. S.," p. 5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> "Life of William Booth," p. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Social Relief Work of the S. A. in the U. S."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "Sesame and Lillies," p. 101. Cf. also "The New Movement in
+Charity," Am. Jour. Soc. III, p. 596.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> "In Darkest England," pp. 85-87.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, preface.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> "Social Diseases and Worse Remedies."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> "The committee of 1902 which inquired into certain aspects of the
+Darkest England Scheme two years after its initiation, were careful to
+state that they did not enter upon any consideration of the many economic
+questions affecting the maintenance of the system sought to be carried
+out." (The Salvation Army and the Public, p. 121.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> "London Daily Telegraph," July 6, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> In fifteen years, from 1890 to 1905, the social work grew from a
+few small scattered institutions, to 687 institutions, many of which alone
+would have greater accommodation than the total in 1890.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> See "The S. A. and the Public," ch. 3.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Industrial Department.</span></h2>
+
+<p>Originally the work now known as the Industrial Work was
+handled with and under the same management as the Social
+Work, but as the movement grew, the Industrial Work branched
+out and finally became separate in operation and management,
+the name "Social Department" being retained for the hotel work
+only.</p>
+
+
+<p>The Industrial Department itself may be divided into three
+sections, all under the same management. These are The Industrial
+Home, The Industrial Store and The Industrial Colony.
+The object of the work embraced in these three divisions as
+stated in the prospectus sent out by the Army two years ago is:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"One of the most difficult problems that has confronted the Salvation
+Army has been the finding of employment for out-of-works
+and human derelicts in our cities. A system has been gradually
+organized by which this human waste is employed in collecting the
+material waste of the city. This latter has been sorted, sifted and
+sold, and temporary employment thus afforded to thousands of
+stranded persons, who have thus been tided over periods of distress,
+relieved of immediate suffering, saved from the stigma of
+paupers, assured of human sympathy, and given a new start in
+life."<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>After a careful review of the various divisions of this work,
+above mentioned, we shall consider whether the object is being
+attained, and of what value the work done is to society.</p>
+
+<p>In the formation of the Industrial Home the ideal building
+and situation cannot always be secured; hence there are differences
+in the planning and disposition of the different homes.
+The general plan, however, is to have a three or four-story
+building fitted up as follows: On the ground floor is a space
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>where the wagons filled with waste materials can unload, a
+large room where furniture can be repaired and stored (unless
+this is done in the basement below), an office, and another large
+room to be used for a retail store. On the second floor is the
+sorting room, and adjoining or connected with it is the baling
+room, where such stuff as paper, rags and excelsior is pressed,
+ready to be taken away. On this floor, too, is to be found the
+kitchen, the dining room and the reading room. On the third
+floor are situated the dormitories and sleeping rooms. This
+plan is often varied. Sometimes there is a basement and only
+one or two stories above. Sometimes, as in the Forty-eighth
+Street home in New York, there are six or seven stories, and
+sometimes, as in one home in Chicago, the sleeping and living
+quarters of the men are entirely separate from the warehouse
+where they work, possibly some blocks away. The kitchen is
+nearly always found to be large and furnished with a good
+range and other facilities. The dining room contains long, plain
+tables, set so that the men can sit on both sides. The dishes
+are of thick, strong ware. The food is plain but good. Everything
+from the floor to the dishes is usually clean.</p>
+
+<p>The sleeping rooms are of two kinds, individual rooms and
+dormitories. Those men who are of a better rank, that is, those
+who have been working long, or who are doing a higher grade
+of work, and those who have "boss" positions, occupy the
+separate rooms; while the general class of workers sleep in the
+dormitories. When it comes to the question of pure air, considerable
+difficulty arises. Some of the separate rooms have no
+outside window, though the partitions between the rooms rise
+only to a certain height, thus giving common air to the whole
+floor. Even where good ventilation facilities exist, it seems
+difficult to make the men keep the windows open. As regards
+ventilation, however, the industrial homes are, as a rule, better
+than the lower class workingman's hotels, and are improving in
+this respect. The beds are iron, single beds. The bed clothing
+and the rooms themselves are clean and fumigated regularly.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+<p>A reading room is also provided where daily papers and popular
+magazines are kept, and where the men may write. In
+some cases, a smoking room adjoins. Meetings of a devotional
+character, to which the men may come or not as they see fit,
+are often held in the reading room.</p>
+
+<p>The support that renders the industrial home possible is the
+waste product of the city. This material is rubbish of all kinds
+imaginable. In connection with each industrial plant are kept
+a number of horses and wagons, mostly one-horse wagons.
+Each driver of a wagon has a definite route to cover regularly.
+Passing over his route, he collects everything of which people are
+glad to be rid. Waste paper, old clothes, old furniture, and the
+like, are the principal articles he collects. Many good people,
+persuaded of the good work the Army is doing, save up their
+store of odds and ends until the Army wagon shall call, often
+giving things away which they would not have thrown away or
+given any one else, unless it would be to sell them to an old-clothes
+man. The driver returns with his load to the warehouse.
+From his wagon the material is conveyed by means of an elevator
+to the sorting room in the second story, whence the greater quantity
+goes at once to the baling machine in the form of waste
+paper. Any articles that may be of use, such as shoes, clothing
+of any kind, books, crockery-ware, bottles, pots, kettles, etc., are
+placed in their respective bins and finally, repaired, find their
+way to the retail store. Heavy articles, such as stoves and furniture,
+do not go up in the elevator, but are retained on the first
+floor, where they go, first to the repairing and storage room, and
+then out to the stores. The paper and rags, when baled, are
+sold to the nearest paper mill for a good price. Some idea of
+the amount of this class of material may be gained from the
+fact that the average amount of paper sold by the Industrial
+Department in the United States is about 2,500 tons per month.</p>
+
+<p>In England and other countries this work has not assumed
+such large proportions, but there is some difference between the
+workings of the industrial plant in the City of London and in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>New York. For instance, at the Salvation Army plant on Hanbury
+Street, Whitechapel, London, we found, in 1906, a planing
+mill, a paint and furniture shop, a mattress factory, and a sawmill
+and cabinet shop. This place had employment for ninety
+men, of whom twelve were regularly employed and the remainder
+were transients. The regular employees were paid at a
+union rate of wages. The men of this industrial plant lived some
+distance away on Quaker Street, having possession of part of the
+Salvation Army shelter or hotel there, the total accommodation
+of which was two hundred and forty. Again, in a different part
+of the city, over near Deptford, was a wood yard with good
+machinery, run by electricity, which employed anywhere from
+sixty to seventy men making kindling wood. On the other hand,
+at the "Spa Road Elevator," was a plant almost identical with
+the industrial plants in the United States, where were shipped
+out an average of 100 pounds of paper every week and several
+tons of rags in addition, and where was accommodation for
+some two hundred men.</p>
+
+<p>Branching out from the main industrial plant are nearly always
+to be found large stores. These are Salvation Army retail
+stores. These stores are found in the poorest sections of
+the city, and are patronized by the poorest class. Articles of
+all descriptions may be purchased here at a very low figure. In
+each store is a furniture department; a clothing department for
+men, women and children; a toy department; a department
+for stoves, pots, etc., and sometimes other departments varying
+with the size of the store. It is possible, thus, for a poor family
+moving into the neighborhood to completely furnish themselves
+and their home from Salvation Army stores at a cost of often
+less than one-half of what they would pay elsewhere. Each
+store has a definite connection with the central industrial plant,
+from which it receives its supplies, its workers and its government,
+for the stores are merely branches of the central work,
+and all are under the same general management.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+<p>An interesting feature lies in an examination of the labor which
+is employed. From the cases given at the end of the chapter,
+it will be seen that it consists of all kinds, classes and nationalities,
+who, through their own recklessness, or by unfortunate circumstances,
+have fallen into want. A man willing to work comes
+to the Army in want of food and shelter, and the Army happens
+to have accommodation for him. He may go to one of the
+men's hotels or to the industrial home, or to the central agency
+of the Army. In any case he will probably be interviewed by an
+officer specially detailed for the purpose, who will be able to
+decide in short time what his needs are, and what can be done
+for him. He may be sent out at once to take some position secured
+through the employment bureau; he may be sent to the
+hotel with the understanding that, after being fed and cared for,
+he will be given an opportunity to pay for it in work; or he
+may be sent straight to the industrial home. In any case, if possible,
+he is put to work. He may be in a weak condition physically
+or mentally, or both, but even then, he can often do
+something; such, for example, as picking over paper and rags
+in the sorting room. Meanwhile, he is being fed and housed. If
+he means well and works earnestly, he is soon able to do some
+other grade of work. He may have had technical knowledge
+which will help him. In a few days, possibly, a call is made
+to the employment bureau, which is maintained in conjunction
+with each home or group of homes, for a man to fill some position.
+If suitable, this man may be sent out to take it. On the
+other hand, he may be retained in the home and employed permanently
+as a driver on one of the wagons, or as overseer and
+instructor in one of the rooms, or he may be sent out as assistant
+to one of the stores, and, in time, he may be given charge of
+a store. When the men first come to the home, they receive
+board and clothing and some remuneration, although very slight.
+If they continue to work at the home, they are paid wages ranging
+from $1.00 per week up to $4.00 or $5.00 per week, besides
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>board and lodging in the United States, and from 1s. to 9s. in
+England.</p>
+
+<p>When a man is able, but is lazy and not willing to work, he
+is turned out. It is well known to those who have studied the
+question, that there are a large number of such men, but this
+class does not apply for help as often as it might to the Army,
+as it soon learns the uselessness of so doing. The officers become
+quite adept in seeing these men in their true colors. On
+the other hand, if a man drops into bad habits and goes off on
+a spree after he has been helped, he will be taken in again afterwards,
+and this is continued within reason. Much of the labor
+employed is a surface and floating population, the result of season
+and periodic work in connection with so many of our industries,
+and the men are just tided over a hard time in their
+experiences. This class is larger sometimes than at others, but
+is always in evidence. Another class, however, consists of the
+men who have fallen through their own recklessness and bad
+habits. Some of these men are sent out to positions which they
+fill creditably, and finally rise as high or higher than they were
+before. Naturally, the Army makes as much as possible out of
+these cases for the purpose of advertisement. Owing to evident
+difficulties, it is impossible to ascertain just what percentage
+there is of this class among the total number helped, or what
+percentage of this class itself is successfully aided. The industrial
+work itself, as a paying business, is developing so fast that a
+constantly increasing number of men are permanently retained
+and used as regular employees, being paid regular wages.</p>
+
+<p>When we come to the industrial colony, we find it entirely
+different from the farm colony, where families are sent to settle
+upon the land in tracts of say twenty acres per family. The industrial
+colony is managed like a large farm with many laborers,
+all under one central head. The original idea was to graduate
+men from the city plants to the industrial colonies and thence
+to the farm colonies, but the Army has had difficulty in maintaining
+its colonies at all, and, as a result, no regular system has
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>been followed. A large proportion of the men on the industrial
+colony are single, whereas, as will be seen, families are needed
+for the farm colonies. Again, many of these men are not the
+kind who will succeed on the farm colony. Sometimes, too, they
+have not been through the city plant, and sometimes they are
+men sent directly from the city to get them out of temptations
+which are too strong for them.</p>
+
+<p>The best example of an industrial colony is the one at Hadleigh,
+about thirty miles from London, England. This colony
+has an area of about 3,000 acres. One thousand acres is almost
+useless now; and when taken by the Army in 1890, the whole consisted
+of almost worthless land, some of which, as a result of
+constant labor and fertilization, has been transformed into reasonably
+good land. A great draw-back and a great expense
+has been the lack of water, now partially supplied by two artesian
+wells, the cheaper of which cost over $20,000.00.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> The population
+varies from 300 to 700.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> In 1898, 775 men were
+admitted to the colony. Out of this number, 193 left after a short
+residence before they could be influenced for good; 47 were discharged
+as incorrigible, and 309 graduated, obtaining situations
+or being restored to their friends.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> There are three classes
+received at the colony:</p>
+
+<p>1. Those sent by the Army agencies.</p>
+
+<p>2. Those sent by poor law authorities who pay from 5s. to 10s.
+per week for periods of from three to twelve months for their
+maintenance.</p>
+
+<p>3. Special cases sent by philanthropic societies, or by relatives
+or others.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Another division is made into four classes, thus:</p>
+
+<p>1. Those coming and passing off in a month, not being regular
+colonists.</p>
+
+<p>2. Those averaging nine months on the colony, and called
+colonists.</p>
+
+<p>3. Picked men from the second class, who are made employees.</p>
+
+<p>4. Employees hired in the neighborhood for specific purposes.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>The proportion of each, according to either specification, is
+such a variable quantity that nothing can be determined satisfactorily.
+According to one officer's statement, about one in
+every five is considered an employee.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> In the winter of
+1903-4, 209 men were sent to Hadleigh and supported there by
+a special fund, called "The Mansion House Fund for the Relief
+of the London Unemployed."<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> Out of the class sent by the
+Army agencies to the colony, a certain number are sent out as
+emigrants to Canada. For instance, in 1905, 41 were sent out,
+and in 1906, 58. The party of 58 was composed of five Irishmen,
+one Welshman, three Scotchmen, and forty-nine Englishmen.
+These men go to work on different farms in Canada, and some
+sent out in previous years now have homesteads there. In the
+colony there are five departments, viz.: the market garden, the
+brick-making department, the dairy department together with
+the piggery, the poultry department, and the Inebriate's Home.
+There is also a store which has an income of $1,000.00 a month.
+The market garden is one of the best industries, most of the
+produce being sold in the town of Southend, four miles distant.
+In the busy season, as many as 100 workers are found in this
+department. There are four large conservatories, especially for
+tomatoes and flowers. A good many potatoes are raised, and
+there is a good deal of land in berries and orchard. There are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>three brick-yards with the latest improved kilns and machinery.
+These yards have been a very heavy expense and have not been
+satisfactory. For instance, in 1898, the year's sale of bricks
+amounted to £4717, while the expenditure of this department
+was £5563, this latter sum including the expense of repairing
+the drying fields, which that year were injured by a flood.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
+In the dairy department about twenty-five head of cattle provide
+the colony with milk and butter, while sometimes milk is sold at
+Southend. In the piggery the number of hogs runs from 200
+to 500. The poultry department is given over to prize poultry
+breeding and has been successful in winning some noted prizes.
+The Inebriate's Home is licensed for twenty male inebriates who
+are charged from 25s. to 30s. per week. Between 60% and
+70% are stated to be reclaimed after an average period of eight
+months' treatment. In addition to these departments it might be
+noted that there is a school on the colony with an attendance
+of 100, some of whom come from outside the colony, and a good
+sized hall, seating about 400, where gatherings are held for
+social and religious purposes.</p>
+
+<p>For the feeding and lodging of the colonists, large preparations
+are made. They are graded according to their position in
+the colony, and an opportunity is given them to rise from the
+lower to the higher grades. The superintendent stated that this
+plan was found useful in stimulating ambition. There are two
+dormitories, both clean and well-kept, but the higher grade with
+better bedding and surroundings than the lower. This grading
+system is also maintained in the dining room, the higher grade
+of colonists being served with better food than the lower. Everything
+around the buildings is well-kept and orderly, and the general
+moral atmosphere of the colony seems to be healthful and
+up-lifting.</p>
+
+<p>The industrial colony at Ft. Herrick, near Cleveland, Ohio,
+differs in many ways from the one at Hadleigh, and doubtless has
+been instrumental in aiding a good number of outcast and fallen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>men, but it has been such a burden financially, and such an
+unsolved problem in many ways, that it may be considered a
+failure. The reason for its failure is not so much bad management
+as lack of foresight on the part of those choosing the site.
+The site is in no sense suitable for a colony, the soil being unfit
+for intensive farming. Probably the best work done there has
+been the reformation of drunkards, a work in which, according
+to reports, the colony has been eminently successful.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>Coming now to the management of the Industrial Department
+in the United States, we find that it is an up-to-date business
+enterprise. The department is controlled by a corporation called
+"The Salvation Army Industrial Homes Co." already referred to
+in our <a href="#Introduction">introduction</a>.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> The management of the company is in
+the hands of the Army.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Under this central authority, we find
+the United States divided into three districts; the eastern district,
+with headquarters at New York; the central district with headquarters
+at Cleveland, and the western district with headquarters
+at Chicago. Each one of these districts has at its head a social
+secretary, and under him are the different officers in charge of the
+respective plants. Generally speaking, each local officer is
+supreme in his individual plant. He can adopt methods and
+means to suit the environment of his district, provided always
+that his methods mean success. There are no iron-clad rules to
+hold him in check beyond a system of bookkeeping and of making
+out detailed reports, which must be sent to headquarters. When
+about to engage in some new venture, however, such as securing
+a new location for his plant, opening up a store, or renting or
+purchasing new property, he must refer the project to his superior
+officer, before undertaking it. The local officer in charge
+has trusted employees under him, such as a warehouse boss, a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>kitchen boss, and stable boss, etc., each of whom is responsible
+to the officer for his department.</p>
+
+<p>Although present to some extent in other countries the special
+field of the industrial work is the United States. The growth in
+this country during the recent years has been great. In 1896
+there were no regular industrial homes; in 1904 there were 49
+industrial institutions, and in control of these 49 institutions,
+there were 70 Army officers and 820 regular employees. The
+accommodation was about 1,100. During one month there were
+225 cases that were considered unsatisfactory. There were 239
+horses and wagons in daily use. About 1,000 tons of paper were
+baled and sold per month. Contrast this with the year 1907. In
+this year there were 84 officers engaged in these institutions and
+over 1,200 regular employees. There was accommodation for
+1,651 men. The unsatisfactory cases for the year amounted to
+1,389. There were 460 horses and wagons in daily use. An
+average of 2,500 tons of paper was sold each month. 16,875
+men were placed in outside positions during the year. No large
+city in the United States is without this industrial work, and it
+is to be expected that, within a few years, there will be no city
+in the country with a population of 100,000 that does not have an
+industrial home, and that many cities with a smaller population
+will have one also. Already there are several cities with a
+population of less than 50,000 that have promising industrial
+plants. In London, the growth has not been so rapid, and the
+industrial institutions are run at a loss to the Army, but there are
+about eight industrial plants in that city, and others are to be
+found in other large cities of England.</p>
+
+<p>We come now to the question of the value of the Salvation
+Army industrial work to society. From the preceding brief outline
+of the methods, material, labor, management and extent of
+the industrial work, it will be seen that it is a movement, unrestricted
+in scope, with an unlimited field of development as an
+economic enterprise. In certain fields where the Army is active,
+its work is considered of little or no value; but as a result of our
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>investigation into this particular field, the conclusion is reached
+that, with the exception of the industrial colonies, it is a practical,
+social work, of value to society.</p>
+
+<p>We make an exception of the industrial colonies because we
+do not consider that the two experiments already tried by the
+Army justify their own continuance or the starting of other
+similar colonies. The reference here is to Fort Herrick in Ohio,
+and the Hadleigh Colony, near London. These colonies have
+necessitated a continual sinking of funds contributed by the
+charitable public, and the return does not justify their expense.
+The Army should realize this, and admit the fact, instead of
+drawing wool over the eyes of the ignorant public by the constant
+reiteration of "the great work done at Hadleigh and Fort
+Herrick." It looks as though the organization was afraid that
+the infallibility and sanctity of General Booth's pet scheme would
+be seriously impaired, if the public should discover that any part
+of that scheme was a mistake and an unfortunate experiment,
+and that, for this reason, it has continued to expend much
+money on it, which might have been turned to better advantage
+in connection with other parts of General Booth's plan. These
+colonies are object lessons showing what is unwise to attempt,
+rather than what can be done. The Army has no need to be
+ashamed of having made a mistake, and its usefulness along
+other lines is sufficient to maintain its reputation in spite of the
+failure of its industrial colonies. There is no need of the
+industrial colony anyway. The object in view is either to tide
+workless men over a period of hard times and misfortune, or to
+restore manhood where evil habits and recklessness have
+destroyed it, and this can be done and is being done by means
+of the city industrial work without the aid of the colony. As
+regards the work of reforming the inebriate, in which the industrial
+colonies have had some success, that could be carried on
+without the great expense of a regular colony.</p>
+
+<p>The moral field of the city industrial work derives support from
+the relation of its management to the spiritual work and influence
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>of the Army. The influence and spirit of the whole organization
+runs to a certain extent through every branch of its varied developments.
+This influence cannot be described by comparative
+means. The spirit, somewhat unique in itself, runs through
+everything, a spirit which is a mixture and blending of love,
+gratitude, service and patience. While we think that, in the
+tendency of this branch to become a business enterprise, there is
+a considerable decrease in the influence just described, it still has
+great power. The officers and employees now engaged in this
+work were themselves not long since outcasts in society. Many of
+them had despaired of ever making a success of life and were
+simply drifting. But a helping hand had been stretched out to
+them, hope had been imparted and new ideals had been placed
+before them. They might even yet be men, wear decent clothes,
+stand up straight and look their fellow men in the eye! What
+wonder that the decent clothes to which they looked forward
+turned out to be the uniform of the organization which had picked
+them up from the gutter! What wonder they felt an eternal debt
+of gratitude toward that organization! While this is not a true
+expression of their attitude in every case, and while there are
+some who hold their positions simply because they can get no
+better, loyalty to the work exists in enough instances to create a
+distinct moral atmosphere. The men wish to make a success of
+their new work; they wish to see the Army advance, and to do
+this they feel that it is essential that the same moral influence
+which enabled them to become men should be continued. This
+influence moves almost unconsciously among the industrial plants.
+For instance, we do not find here the tendency to obscenity which
+we find in any ordinary factory or workshop. Environment in
+these plants is all-powerful as an uplifting condition. Cleanliness
+is encouraged in the dormitory and kitchen. Respectful
+attention is paid at meals while grace is being said. The reading
+room is frequented, while the occasional meetings held are sometimes
+well attended and sometimes not, according to the attraction.
+The emotional religious element is a great deal in evidence,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>though not so much as in other departments of the Army. In
+any case, the element of hope and ambition, which often arises
+within these social outcasts, making them men once more, is to be
+considered a great moral asset. The moral influence is due more
+to the personality of those in charge than to anything else. A
+large number of the managers have served in connection with
+the Army's spiritual work and have the desire, as they would tell
+you, to see every man under them "saved," not only in a moral
+and social sense, but "saved" in accordance with the Army's
+special significance of that term.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> While the Army's special
+idea of salvation may have no value in itself, still if the emotional
+element assists in the moral and social salvation of individuals,
+we have no reason for not tolerating it unless it has
+evil effects of real importance. Such effects, however, tend to
+decrease, as the movement advances, and the education and
+enlightenment of the masses increase.</p>
+
+<p>From an economic point of view, we believe that the work of
+the Industrial Department has been successful. We have seen
+that large numbers of men, who are out of work, are taken in
+by this department and kept for a number of weeks or months,
+and that, during this time, besides making their own support, and
+gaining in efficiency, in many cases, they are able to return to
+a more important part in production. Let us see what this
+means. While these men are out of work, they are not producing
+anything. They are idle, and thus a loss to the community. In
+addition, they are fast losing any potential ability for production,
+which they have had. But they now become producers, a gain
+to the community, and their potential ability for production is at
+least conserved if not increased. Secondly, out-of-work men are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>a burden on the community. While they continue to live without
+employment, they must be supported in some way or other by
+private or public charity, and they form a great item of expense
+to the community. But in the hands of the Industrial Department,
+they cease being an expense to the public and become to
+some extent a gain. Thirdly, some of these men are in danger of
+becoming members of pseudo-social and anti-social classes; it is
+from them that the pauper and criminal classes gain recruits.
+But through the elevating environment of this branch of the
+Army's work, their character is affected, and they are raised to a
+higher level. In this way then, in successful cases, the worthless
+men become workmen. Worthless men are changed into economic
+assets. The dependents become independent. Working by means
+of the laws of environment and association, the Army elevates
+the degenerate from a pseudo-social and anti-social class to a
+higher level and to social position. Where individuality was lost,
+independence of character reasserts itself.</p>
+
+<p>Let us consider in detail some of the advantages connected
+with this form of practical philanthropy. One advantage is, that
+once started, the work continues and increases without further
+expenditure on the part of the charitably disposed public beyond
+the giving away of things for which they have no further use.
+This is so because the Army here in its work becomes an efficient
+producer and creates articles which have market value.
+Leaving all charity alone, the work is paying and more than self-supporting,
+and thus in a short time will be reimbursed with all
+the money which was necessary to initiate it. In nearly every
+city in which the work was started, rented property soon gives
+place to property owned by the Army and poor ill-suited buildings,
+to up-to-date structures built for the purpose. An example
+of this is to be found in the history of the 48th Street Industrial
+Home in New York City which is briefly described, in the examples
+given <a href="#Page_36">at the end of this chapter</a>.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> That the entire
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>work has grown self-supporting in the United States is shown
+by the fact that last year, 1907, there was a net gain of $21,000,
+after the interest on the loans and investments had been paid. If
+a home does not show signs of being successful financially, its
+location will be changed or it will be discontinued.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another advantage lies in the fact that men who were
+socially dependent are made self-supporting. We should place
+emphasis on the effect on the man himself as well as on the
+community. We saw how these men were given to understand
+that they were earning their own livelihood and were not
+recipients of charity, and how they were encouraged by the
+receipt of wages, to be increased as their productiveness increased.
+The relief given is true relief in that the man earns it himself and
+realizes this fact, and because, along with this realization, comes
+a return of manhood and independence. Of course if men have
+lost all manhood and have no desire to be independent, but simply
+to live as easily as possible on what may be given them, the above
+is not the result; but few such get into the industrial homes, as
+they know better and have no wish to work as these men do, and
+if they get in temporarily, they are soon sorted out. Thus it cannot
+be said of these homes as is said of many institutions, that
+they pauperize men in place of helping them. The institution
+that makes men work for everything they get and provides
+some sort of channel for their ambition, maintaining itself meanwhile
+as a paying concern, is not pauperizing in its tendency.</p>
+
+<p>Still another advantage of this work is found in the saving
+of the community's funds. Of late years, more and more, the
+principle has been advanced and brought before the public, that
+the starving and unemployed are to be cared for in some way,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>and we are willing to tax ourselves to provide for this. As far
+back as the census of 1890, we find that the United States spent
+annually $40,000,000 in charities and over $12,000,000 in penal
+and reformatory institutions. Probably the total expenditure for
+these two objects to-day would be nearer $60,000,000 annually.
+What percentage of this $60,000,000 would go to the class of
+people aided by the Army industrial work would be hard to ascertain
+or approximate, but there is room for a great extension of
+this kind of work, and the Army's efforts are most suggestive.
+In some of the European countries, especially Germany, many
+helpful experiments along this line are in progress, but conditions
+in the United States are vastly different. In any case
+social economists are agreed that vast sums are spent annually
+in our country to little or no purpose from the point of view of
+social relief. In the year 1907, 8,696 men were cared for in the
+United States industrial homes of the Army. This means just
+that amount of saving to the nation that it would have cost the
+regular municipal and state charities to have dealt with these
+8,696 men, since these men were aided by a self-supporting
+organization and paid for their own support. This work, then,
+if carried far enough, would effect quite a saving of taxes.</p>
+
+<p>But along with advantages there may be disadvantages. Some
+objections have been raised to this branch of the Army's work.
+For instance, it is stated that industries entered into by the Army
+tend to hurt economic conditions with regard to both wages and
+prices.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> With regard to wages it is urged that the Army will
+keep for its industries, workers in constraint of one kind or another,
+paying them a lower wage than the same workers could
+procure outside, and thus lowering the wages in the respective
+industries. We do not consider this objection a strong one.
+Let us forget for the present the philanthropic side of the industrial
+work, and look on it as a distinctly economic enterprise,
+as a factor of production. We think it quite likely that a
+manager, anxious above everything else to make his institution
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>a financial success, would make an endeavor to keep as long
+as possible, and at as low wages as possible, men who could
+receive more on the outside. He might even try to retain men
+for whom he could secure better positions through the employment
+bureau, if he needed their services, and times were so good
+that no other applicant offered to take their place, but this he
+could not succeed in doing to any serious extent; for, in the first
+place, the restraint exercised over the men is very slight, and
+secondly, if the men could secure better wages, it would not be
+long before they found it out and left the home voluntarily. It
+would be just the same as in any industry in which most of the
+workers are ignorant. They would remain under low wages
+just as long as their ignorance and lack of initiative would allow,
+but sooner or later the relatively able man would seek the best
+wage. Hence the able man would seek the best wage, and his
+place would be taken by one, possibly morally and physically
+unable to procure any wage, or, in other words, belonging to the
+unemployable class. If it should come to the point of the Army's
+hiring able men to carry on the work without aiding the outcasts,
+it must compete in the market for them and pay the market
+price. The only real danger would lie in the Army's industrial
+work securing a strong enough position in some industry to be
+able to dictate terms to labor in an industry, but this is so unlikely
+as to be almost irrelevant and even in such an almost inconceivable
+case, the danger would be only temporary. Labor would
+still be able to drift sufficiently to another agency, not controlled
+by the Army and thus bring up wages again. This is the more
+true in that any industry, in which the Army engages, must of
+necessity be one in which unskilled labor is competent.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> In
+addition to this, from personal investigation, we can state that
+a large part of the labor employed in these plants of the Army
+is at any rate temporarily inefficient labor and would not have
+much chance in securing employment elsewhere. Finally,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>though considered a charitable work, this branch of the army is,
+as already stated, a corporation, a business enterprise financed by
+investors who receive interest on their investments; hence, to
+the same extent that it is a financial enterprise, like other such
+enterprises, it will be governed by the rate of wages.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another objection has been raised by critics, to the effect that
+the Army, through its industry, enters into competition with existing
+firms and companies to the harm of the latter.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> For
+instance they urge that in the case of those engaged in second-hand
+goods and salvage, who are able to make a profit by buying
+their material, the army enters into an unfair competition, when
+it takes such material, given in charity, and sells at a lower
+figure. In so far as the army does undersell others this objection
+is valid, and we have no doubt that in some cases such is the
+truth. Doubtless some individuals and firms have been hurt in
+their business by this under-selling. For instance, in Chicago,
+the Army has nine retail stores situated in the poorer districts,
+doing a big business in second hand goods. In addition to those
+goods it sends into the retail trade, it sells hundreds of tons of
+paper and rags annually. This must have some effect on others
+engaged in this business. However, the Army itself sometimes
+pays for its material and does not often undersell.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> But there
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>is another side to this question of underselling. Naturally the
+tendency is to get as much as possible for its goods, and provided
+there is a market, the army would seek to obtain just as much as
+any one else in the business. It now falls back on a question of
+supply and demand. The only way in which the price would be
+lowered by the Salvation Army would be by an increase of supply.
+Doubtless the supply of these goods is increased by the thorough
+work of the Army agents, and, to such an extent, its entrance
+into this field would tend to lower prices. However, in the leading
+salvage industries of the army, the increase in supply does no
+more than offset the increase in demand. The amount of displacement
+of the salvage and allied industries due to the competition
+of the army at present would not seem to be much,
+although of course it is difficult to get any exact figures along this
+line.</p>
+
+<p>Looking at the Salvation Army retail store as a form of relief,
+another question arises as to whether the opportunity given to
+the residents of the district to get things at the Salvation Army's
+store cheaper than elsewhere interferes with the standard of
+living. By the standard of living we mean the scale or measure
+of comfort and satisfaction which a person or a community of
+persons regards as indispensable to happiness.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> This would
+differ in the case of different persons and classes and communities,
+but progress demands that the standard should never
+be lowered, but should always be raised, in accord with increasing
+enlightenment and education.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is only," says Dr. Devine, "when individuals or individual
+families for personal or exceptional or temporary reasons fall
+below the standard, that charitable assistance can effectively intervene.
+In other words, as has been pointed out in other connections,
+the relieving policy cannot be made to raise the general
+standard of living, but it should be so established as not to depress
+it"<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p><p>Here, then, the point is, whether those who are otherwise able
+to come up to the standard of living in a given community take
+advantage of this form of charity, or whether the customers of the
+Salvation Army's stores are living below that standard. To just
+the extent that the former is true, this part of the work would be
+pauperizing and retrogressive, but we do not consider the
+former to be true. Naturally, we have no statistics on this
+point, but speaking from general observation, we should say
+that the customers of these stores are needy poor, who are living
+below the standard, and hence, the store is a boon to them in
+aiding them toward a realization of that standard.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now sum up our conclusions regarding the industrial
+work of the Army. Regarding the industrial colonies, we would
+say that, while doubtless responsible for good and reformation
+in certain cases, nevertheless, owing to their cost of maintenance
+and the fact that the work can be done without them, they are
+not a practical form of charity deserving the intelligent support
+of the public. Regarding the city industrial work, including the
+employment, amid a good environment, of men out of work, including
+also the turning of much otherwise waste matter into
+an economic good, and the assistance of deserving poor by means
+of second-hand stores, we would say that it is commendable and
+deserving of support. This latter conclusion is made in spite of
+three objections: first, that there is a tendency to lower wages,
+which objection we do not consider as important for reasons
+given; second, that underselling of certain commodities by the
+Army takes place, which objection we admit to a limited extent,
+and third, that the standard of living is interfered with, which
+objection we do not consider valid.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><br />Examples of Men in the Army Industrial Homes.</h3>
+
+<p>These examples were collected by Mr. Jas. Ward at the two
+industrial homes situated on West 19th Street and West 48th
+Street, New York City, during the months of March and April,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>1908. Mr. Ward worked right with the men whose cases are
+given here, and slept in the homes, thus being with them night
+and day. The home on West 19th Street was an old milk depot
+rented temporarily by the Army to aid the unemployed during
+the winter, and had accommodation for two hundred men.
+Everything was very crude. The men slept on the floor, some
+without blankets. They were required to work from three to five
+hours every day, and during the rest of the day, they were
+allowed to go out and seek for work. The best of these men
+were drafted out to fill the vacancies in the regular industrial
+homes of the Army as they occurred. On the other hand, the
+home on West 48th Street was and is one of the Army's best
+homes, built for the purpose by the Army in 1907, at a cost of
+$130,000.00. Everything here is arranged for comfort and cleanliness.
+The dormitory is of the best, with good ventilation and
+other sanitary conditions. It is a seven-story building, and has
+accommodation for one hundred and seventy-five men. Twenty-two
+wagons are sent out from this home every day. In every way
+it is a contrast with the West 19th Street home, hence the
+examples will show some difference, according to which home
+they refer.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 1.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Had worked on a farm in Ireland. Had been in this
+country fourteen years and had worked somewhat on a farm in
+this country. Had been out of work two months. Lost his
+position through an accident and spent three weeks in the hospital.
+Had since been in the Army Industrial Home for five weeks, and
+was growing stronger. His appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 2.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in France. Thirty-five years old. Single. Had people
+in France but never heard from them. Had no trade. Out of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>work all winter. Worked on a farm a little in France. In this
+country fifteen years. Several charitable societies had helped
+him and he had been in the Industrial Home eight days. The
+Army gave him clothing and shoes. He looked like a drinking
+man, but otherwise capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 3.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Married. Had wife in Italy.
+Left there two years ago, and said he was going to send for his
+wife when he got the money. He had worked on a farm in Italy,
+and had worked at different trades in this country. Had been
+out of work nine weeks. Had been in the Industrial Home two
+days. Spoke good English. Looked dirty and without much
+intelligence.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 4.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in South Carolina. Twenty-three years old. Single.
+Trade of a plumber. Left his people five months ago and came
+to New York. Soon spent his money and could find no work.
+Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Said he was going
+home as soon as he could get the money. Never worked on
+a farm. Looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 5.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Forty-two years old. Single. Had been in
+this country twenty-five years and had followed the water nearly
+all the time. Got in a fight on the Bowery six months ago and
+spent five months in jail. Since coming out, he had had odd
+jobs, and had been in the Industrial Home about two weeks.
+Looked shiftless and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 6.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Denver, Colo. American parents. Twenty-six years
+old. Single. Had people in Philadelphia who did not help him.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>Machinist by trade. Belonged to the union in Philadelphia. Out
+of work ten weeks. Said he had $100.00 but it did not last long.
+Had been in the Industrial Home two days and expected work
+shortly. Appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 7.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Had left his
+family. Had no trade. In this country eight years. Never
+worked in the country. Out of work all winter. Spent three
+weeks in the hospital. Said he had consumption. Had been in
+the Industrial Home four days. Looked very feeble but not dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 8.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. People lived in New York, but he had not lived with
+them for three years. Had no trade. Had travelled a little. Said
+he did not like hard work. Had been in the Industrial Home two
+weeks. The Army gave him clothing and shoes. Said the
+missions helped him. Expected to wander West when the weather
+got warm. Looked like a tramp. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 9.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in San Francisco. German parents. Fifty-eight years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Said he had beaten his way all
+around the world. Had not worked all winter. In the Industrial
+Home ten days. Looked shiftless and dissipated. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 10.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Maine. English parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. Had people in Maine with whom he quarreled. Had no
+trade. Out of work for four months. In the Industrial Home
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>one week. Never worked on a farm, but had worked in the
+woods. Did not drink. Looked like a capable man.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 11.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. People in Philadelphia who helped him sometimes. Had
+no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Out of work three
+months. Said he drank whenever he could get liquor. Expected
+to go home shortly. Had been in the Industrial Home three
+days. Looked very shiftless and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 12.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-two years old. Single. Had two
+sisters in Brooklyn who were poor. In this country eighteen
+years. Had no regular trade but worked in hotels as porter.
+Out of work five months. Worked on a farm a good deal in
+Ireland. Looked like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 13.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-two years
+old. Single. Said he was a truck driver. Had been out of
+work one month. Drank sometimes. Had been in the Industrial
+Home four days. Expected to leave New York as soon as the
+weather became warmer. Looked very wild.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 14.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Vermont. Mother Irish. Father German. Thirty-two
+years old. Single. He wrote to his people but they did
+not help him. Had travelled around a good deal. Had no trade.
+Said he "got saved" in a mission and they kept him all winter.
+He said every time he got down, he went to the missions and
+stayed as long as he could. Had been in the Industrial Home
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>nine days. Had worked on a farm a little. Looked like a
+vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 15.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in London. Twenty-two years old. Single. Seaman by
+trade. Left his boat one month ago in New York and had done
+nothing since. Had been in the Industrial Home two weeks and
+hoped to work his way back to England shortly. His appearance
+was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 16.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. About thirty-five
+years old. Single. Brick-layer by trade. Did not belong to the
+union. Out of work four months. Said he had been to every
+city in the United States and had travelled on freight trains quite
+often. Looked like a tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 17.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Reading, Penna. American parents. Forty years old.
+Married. Wife dead. One child living with his sister in Pennsylvania.
+Carpenter by trade. Did not belong to the union.
+Had been out of work all winter. All his tools were in pawn. The
+Army had been helping him at times. Said he had to leave his
+child on account of not working. He looked like a very hard
+drinker. Had never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 18.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-five years
+old. Single. Quarrelled with his people. Had not been home
+for ten years. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. The
+missions and the Army had helped him a good deal. Had been
+in the Industrial Home three days. Never worked in the country.
+Looked dissipated.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 19.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in
+Ireland who were poor. Came to this country eleven years ago.
+Had no trade. Out of work two months. Expected a position in
+Brooklyn the following week. Said he had $60.00 in the bank
+but lost his book and had to wait to get his money. Had been
+in the Industrial Home two days. His appearance was good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 20.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Jersey City. Italian parents. Twenty-five years old.
+Single. Quarrelled with his people. Said he had a step-mother
+and could not get along with her. Had been in New York five
+years working at everything. Had no trade. Out of work five
+months. Had saved some money, but it was all gone. Never
+worked in the country. In the Industrial Home five days. Said
+this was the first time he was ever down. Looked like a hopeful
+case.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 21.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Thirty-two years old.
+Married. His wife was working and had paid his board all
+winter, until he came to New York two weeks before on a freight
+train. Had been in the Industrial Home since, and expected to
+return to his wife. Carpet-weaver by trade and belonged to the
+union. Said he drank sometimes, but he looked like a hard
+drinker. Otherwise very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 22.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. People lived in Brooklyn, but they did not have anything
+to do with him. Piano-finisher by trade. Did not belong to
+the union. Was in the army one year and deserted. Out of work
+three months. Came to New York two months ago. Spent all
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>his money, $50.00, in two days. Had been in the Industrial Home
+two weeks. Said he was going to reform and get a steady job.
+Looked like a hard drinker but otherwise capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 23.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scranton, Penna. German parents. Fifty years old.
+Single. Had one sister and one brother at home, but he did not
+write them. Had no trade. Had travelled all over the United
+States. Seemed to know a mission in every city. Never worked
+in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home some time, and
+said they made him work too hard. Looked like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 24.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Springfield, Mass. American parents. Forty years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Had not worked for over a year.
+Had been in jail several times for riding freights. Never worked
+in the country. The missions and the Army had helped him
+this winter. Looked like a dissipated character.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 25.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Had people in
+Germany who were poor. Left home eight months ago and came
+to New York, with a little money. Had not worked since he left
+home. He spoke broken English. Had no trade. Did not
+drink much. Had been in the Industrial Home some time.
+Looked intelligent and capable. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 26.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Had been in this country twenty years. Worked a good
+deal on a farm. Had wandered a good deal. He said the Army
+were good people and had helped him in different cities. Had
+been out of work two months. Looked shiftless.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 27.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Greenwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-seven
+years old. Single. Used to be in business with his father as a
+plumber in Greenwich, but quarrelled and had not been home for
+six years. Never worked on a farm. Looked intelligent but very
+wild. Said he could have anything he wanted at home, if he
+would leave the drink alone.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 28.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Scotch parents. Fifty-three years old.
+Married. Divorced seven years ago. Brass-moulder by trade.
+Had belonged to the union but lost his membership through non-payment
+of dues. Out of work three months. He drank a good
+deal, but looked capable. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 29.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-seven years
+old. Single. Had no regular trade. Made a business of following
+fairs as a fakir. Never worked in the country. Said the
+missions and the Army had helped him a good deal this winter.
+He also spent several nights in the city lodging house. Looked
+capable but a little dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 30.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-six years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Had not worked all winter. Was
+in the Industrial Home for the fourth time this winter. The
+missions had helped him. Never worked in the country. Looked
+like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 31.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no trade.
+Out of work two months. The Army gave him clothing. Had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>been in the Industrial Home several days. Never stayed in one
+place very long. Never worked in the country. Looked like a
+vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 32.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Thirty-five years old.
+Single. Had no people, except one brother who was in the
+West. Had no trade. Out of work four months. Had been
+in the Industrial Home one week. Never worked in the country.
+Said when he had money he gambled and played the races.
+Looked intelligent and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 33.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty five years old. Married. Evidently
+had left his family. Had no regular trade. Had followed the
+water a good deal and worked along the docks. Had nothing
+steady for three months. Was in the Industrial Home for the
+second time this winter. Worked in the country about two years.
+Said when the weather got warm he was going to the country.
+Looked ignorant and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 34.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. Trade of a shoe-maker, but he had not worked at it for
+nearly two years. Out of work three months. Worked in the
+country a little. Appearance very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 35.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty years old.
+Married. Had buried his wife and three children. Had no trade
+but followed the circus as laborer. Never worked in the country.
+Had had no steady work for a year. The Army had been helping
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>him for a month. He said he went on the drunk sometimes.
+Looked intelligent but in feeble health.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 36.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Hungary. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had people
+at home but did not write often. In this country eight years.
+Talked good English. Had no trade. Worked on a farm a good
+deal in Hungary. Had been in the Industrial Home four days.
+Looked very hopeful.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 37.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Pittsfield, Mass. American parents. Twenty-one
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial
+Home three months. Was a trusted worker and received $2.50 a
+week, for driving one of the Army wagons. Never worked in
+the country. Looked like a respectable man.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 38.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty-years old. Single. In this country
+twenty years. Had no trade. Had travelled around the world.
+Had been in the Industrial Home one month. Said he used to
+drink, but would never do it again. He was gray-haired and
+feeble. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 39.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty-five years old. Single. Had no trade
+but followed the water a good deal. Out of work five months.
+Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Said the Army
+had helped him before. Looked like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 40.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. People lived in New York, but he had not lived home
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>for several years. Quarrelled with his people because of drink.
+Had no trade. Worked one season in the country. Had been out
+of work two months. In the Industrial Home two weeks. The
+Army had fitted him out with clothing. Looked capable but
+dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 41.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Thirty-seven years old. Married. Would
+not say anything about his family. In this country eleven years.
+Had no trade but followed the water as cook or waiter. Had
+been out of work all winter. The German Aid Society had
+helped him. Never worked in the country. Looked dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 42.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in England. Sixty-five years old. Married. Wife dead.
+Five children living, but they did not help him. Came to this
+country forty years ago. Bricklayer by trade. Belonged to the
+union, but said they did not help him. Had been out of work
+five months. Had been in the Industrial Home several times
+this winter. Looked old, gray-haired and feeble.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 43.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Quarrelled with his people three
+years ago and had not been home since. Never worked in the
+country. Had been in the Industrial Home four days. Looked
+quite capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 44.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had
+people in Long Island who were poor. Had no trade, but followed
+the water a good deal. Out of work four months. In the
+Industrial Home five weeks. The Army gave him clothes. Said
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>he drank a good deal. Never worked in the country. Looked
+intelligent but dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 45.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Paterson, N. J. German parents. Twenty-five years
+old. Had people in Paterson but was ashamed to write to them.
+Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial Home two months.
+Looked bright and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 46.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Trenton, N. J. Irish parents. Twenty-two years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Had been out of work three months.
+In the Industrial Home three weeks. Expected money from
+home shortly. Never worked in the country. Said he drank a
+little. His appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 47.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Stanwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-six
+years old. Single. Had people who were poor. Had no trade.
+Was brought up on a farm. Came to New York one year ago
+after a trip through the West. Expected to go back to the country
+as soon as the weather got warmer. Had been in the Industrial
+Home ten days. Looked stupid but otherwise capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 48.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Vermont. American parents. Forty-five years old.
+Single. Was a tool-maker by trade. Did not belong to the
+union. Had been out of work three months. Had been in the
+Industrial Home one month. Said the Army were good people.
+Appearance was good but somewhat dissipated. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 49.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Seattle, Washington. Swedish parents. Twenty-eight
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work two months.
+In the Industrial Home three weeks. Did not drink. Appearance
+was good. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 50.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Separated from
+his wife. In this country fifteen years. Had no trade. Out
+of work all winter. The Army and the missions had helped
+him several times. Never worked in the country. Looked shiftless
+and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 51.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade.
+Had wandered round a lot. Out of work five months. The
+Scotch Aid Society helped him a good deal this winter. Said
+he liked to drink. Never worked in the country. Looked like
+a tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 52.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-eight
+years old. Married. His wife was living in Cleveland. He left
+her because of a quarrel. Tool-maker by trade. Did not belong
+to the Union. Out of work four months. In the Industrial
+Home one week. Never worked in the country. Looked efficient
+and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 53.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Fifty years old. Evidently
+married. Did not wish to talk about it. Had no trade. Out
+of work all winter. Had received help from the missions and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>the Army. Drank heavily. Appearance very poor. Never
+worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 54.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass. English parents. Twenty-five years
+old. Single. Had people in Boston, who did not help him. Had
+no trade. Out of work three months. In the Industrial Home
+two days. Said he drank sometimes. Never worked in the
+country. His appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 55.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in South America. German parents. Twenty years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Came from South America by working
+on a boat. Left it two months ago in New York, and had done
+nothing since. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Never
+worked in the country. Expected to go back on the boat shortly.
+Looked like a runaway boy and was bright and attractive.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 56.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Long Island. American parents. Fifty years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had rheumatism
+and could not do much work. The Army had helped him a
+good deal, but he expected to go to the hospital. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 57.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in Italy,
+who were poor. In this country twelve years. Had no trade.
+Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home seven days. Said
+that this was the first time he had ever been out of money.
+Worked in the country somewhat in Italy. Looked stupid and
+inefficient.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 58.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cuba. Father American, mother Cuban. Twenty-eight
+years old. Single. Had people living in Panama who did
+not help him. Had no trade. He travelled a good deal. Came
+from the West two weeks ago. Got out of money, and had been
+in the Industrial Home one week. Looked like a promising case.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 59.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Pittsfield, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old.
+Single. Had no trade, but followed the water somewhat. Had
+been out of work five months. In the Industrial Home two
+weeks. Never worked in the country. His face showed a very
+hard life. He was gray-haired and feeble.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 60.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scranton, Penna. American parents. Twenty-two
+years old. Single. His people were living in Scranton, but he
+was ashamed to write to them. Had no trade. Out of work eight
+weeks. In the Industrial Home one week. Never worked in
+the country. Looked very wild, but otherwise capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 61.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. German parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. Two sisters lived in New York, but did not help him
+because he drank too much. Had no trade. Had had no steady
+work all winter. Looked dissipated. Never worked in the
+country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 62.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Married. Wife dead. No
+children. Had no trade. Out of work three months. Had been
+in the Industrial Home one month. Never worked in the country.
+Looked like a hard drinker.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 63.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. People in Chicago helped him sometimes. Had no
+trade. Had been working in the Industrial Home in the kitchen
+all winter at $1.00 per week. The Army had fitted him up,
+and he looked very respectable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 64.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. About forty years old. Single. No people
+living. Followed the water. Out of work two months. In the
+Industrial Home three weeks. The Army gave him clothes. He
+looked like a hard drinker, but otherwise capable. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 65.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cambridge, Mass. Irish parents. Forty-eight years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Had travelled all over the country.
+Had been out of work four months, and had been in the Industrial
+Home two days. Never worked in the country. Looked
+like a hard drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 66.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Lynn, Mass. American parents. About fifty years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had
+travelled widely and beaten his way on freight trains. In the
+Industrial Home three times this winter. Never worked in the
+country. Looked shiftless.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 67.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Quarrelled with his people. A rigger by trade. Did
+not belong to the Union. Out of work six weeks. In the In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>dustrial
+Home ten days. Said he drank a little. Looked capable.
+Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 68.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. About thirty years old. Single. People
+in Germany did not help him. Waiter by trade. In the Industrial
+Home two weeks. Had no steady work all Winter.
+Never worked in the country. Expected a position in a few days.
+Looked stupid, but otherwise capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 69.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia. Hungarian parents. Thirty-five years
+old. Single. People dead. Had no trade. Out of work all
+winter. Different charitable organizations had helped him. Had
+been in the Industrial Home one week. Did not like to work.
+Worked in the country a little. Looked shiftless.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 70.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old.
+Married. Wife dead. Had no trade. Had travelled a good
+deal. Out of work all winter. Had been in the Industrial Home
+six weeks. The Army fitted him out with clothing. He said he
+was not going to drink any more, and looked intelligent, but was
+getting old. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 71.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-six years old. Single. In this
+country six years. Had people in Germany, and he expected help
+from them. Machinist by trade. Did not belong to the Union.
+Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home two days.
+Looked like a wild youth. Never worked in the country.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 72.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. Drank heavily. Worked in the
+country two years. Had wandered all over the States. Looked
+like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 73.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-eight years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. In the
+Industrial Home four days. Army gave him clothes. The missions
+had helped him. Never worked in the country. Looked
+capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 74.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Forty-one years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home
+three days. Admitted that he drank heavily. Never worked in
+the country. Looked like a tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 75.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-two years old.
+Single. People in Chicago were poor. Left home two months
+ago and came to New York. Spent all his money. The Army
+took him in, and for six weeks he had been in the Home. He
+wrote home. Expected to get work shortly. Looked bright and
+respectable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 76.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never
+worked in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home one
+week. Did not like to work. Looked like a tramp.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 77.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Forty years old. Married. Wife lived in
+Germany with two children. Had been in this country four years
+and expected his wife next summer. Plumber by trade. Did
+not belong to the Union. Out of work two months. In the
+Industrial Home one week, after a very hard struggle around
+the streets. Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 78.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Washington, D. C. Forty-five years old. Single.
+Had no people. Had no trade. Belonged to the United States
+Army six years. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial
+Home three weeks. Worked in the country a good deal. Looked
+shiftless.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 79.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty-five years old. Single. Hod carrier
+by trade. Belonged to the Union. Out of work five months. In
+the Industrial Home four days. Looked capable and efficient.
+Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 80.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Fifty-two years old. Married. Wife
+dead. Followed the water most of the time. Out of work all
+winter. In the Industrial Home three days. Appearance very
+poor. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 81.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. Twenty-eight years old. Single. People
+lived in New York, but did not help him. Out of work all winter.
+Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial Home one month.
+Looked like a dissipated character. Never worked in the country.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 82.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Swedish parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. Iron worker by trade. Did not belong to the Union.
+Had been out of work five months. Had been in the Industrial
+Home five weeks. Never worked in the country. He drank a
+good deal, but looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 83.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in England. Eighteen years old. Single. In this
+country two years. Had no trade. Out of work one month.
+Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Had secured a
+position on a ship going to England, starting in three days.
+Looked like a straight-forward boy.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 84.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Twenty-four years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Joined the navy two years ago.
+Deserted, was captured and spent one year in jail. Had been
+out three months and had not worked since. Had been in the
+Industrial Home one month. Appearance was good. Never
+worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 85.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade.
+Had wandered all around the world. Out of work all winter. In
+the Industrial Home two or three times. Said he worked one
+year on a farm. He was crippled and looked feeble.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 86.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Single. People
+in Germany, but he did not write home. Had no trade. In this
+country five years. Out of work two months. Never worked
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home one day.
+Seemed to lack ambition.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 87.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Denver, Colo. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old.
+Married. Separated from his wife five years ago. Painter by
+trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work all winter.
+In the Industrial Home three weeks. Appearance was very poor.
+Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 88.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Sweden. Twenty-two years old. Single. People at
+home sent him money sometimes. He said he had also sent
+money home. Had no trade. Out of work three months. In
+the Industrial Home four days. Used to work in the country
+in Sweden. In this country three years. Looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 89.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Dublin, Ireland. Thirty-one years old. Single. In
+this country two years. Had no trade. Out of work ten weeks.
+In the Industrial Home three weeks. Worked in the country
+for a few months. Appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 90.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years
+old. Single. Had people in New York, but had nothing to do
+with them. He wandered a lot. Had no trade. Never worked
+in the country. Out of work all winter. The Army and missions
+had helped him. In the Industrial Home three days.
+Looked like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 91.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no people.
+Followed the water most of the time. Out of work seven months.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>Was in the German Hospital three months with hip disease. He
+was still crippled and could not work well. Had been in the Industrial
+Home three weeks. Looked very feeble. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 92.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Washington, D. C. American parents. Twenty-six
+years old. Single. Was in the navy five years. Had no trade.
+Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three days.
+Never worked in the country. Acted very queerly and evidently
+had weak mind.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 93.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. Carpenter by trade. Out of work four months. In
+the Industrial Home six weeks. The Army gave him clothing.
+Never worked in the country. Used to drink heavily. Looked
+capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 94.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in England. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had people
+in England, and he wrote home sometimes. Had no trade.
+Out of work three months. In the Industrial Home five weeks.
+Worked in the country one summer. Had been in this country
+three years. Did not drink. Looked very intelligent and
+capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 95.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Providence, R. I. Irish parents. Forty-five years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Had beaten his way all through
+the country. Never worked in the country. The Army had
+helped him a good deal. Had been in the Home three months
+and said he had not taken a drink during that time. He looked
+bright and responsible, but showed the signs of a hard life.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 96.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. People lived in
+Ireland. In this country four years. Never wrote home. Had
+no trade. Worked in the country one year. In the Industrial
+Home two weeks. Appearance was good but dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 97.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Trenton, N. J. American parents. Twenty-five
+years old. Single. Followed the water a good deal. Out of
+work all winter. Had been in the Industrial Home eight weeks.
+Never worked in the country. Looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 98.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial
+Home two weeks. Army gave him clothing. He looked
+intelligent and capable. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 99.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Forty-five years old. People lived in Germany,
+but he did not write home. Had no trade. Out of work
+all winter. He travelled round a good deal and drank heavily.
+Had worked a good deal in the country. Had been in the Industrial
+Home four months, and said he was going to reform.
+Looked like a hopeful case.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 100.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Portland, Oregon. American parents. Twenty-six
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Had travelled a good deal.
+Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three months.
+Expected money from home soon, and expected to go West.
+Said he had worked on a farm a good deal. Looked stupid but
+otherwise capable.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 101.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Vermont. American parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. Carpenter by trade. Belonged to the Union. Out of
+work all winter. In the Industrial Home one week. Never
+worked in the country. The missions had helped him a good
+deal this winter. Looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 102.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-two years old.
+Single. People all dead. Had no trade. Out of work four
+months. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Said he had
+ruined his life through drink. Was in the hospital two months
+this winter. He never worked in the country. He was crippled
+and could not work much.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 103.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old.
+Single. Had people in Chicago, but ran away four years ago.
+Had no trade. Out of work three months. In the Industrial
+Home two months. Never worked in the country. Looked like
+a hopeful case.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 104.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cincinnati, O. American parents. Thirty-five years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never
+worked in the country. In the Industrial Home two weeks.
+Appearance was good but dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 105.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-five years old.
+Single. Had people in New York, but they were unable to help
+him. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had been in the
+Industrial Home five weeks. Never worked in the country.
+Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 106.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial
+Home three months. Never worked in the country.
+The Army had helped him to become respectable, he said. Looked
+capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 107.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-eight years old. Single. People
+dead. Had no trade. Out of work two months. Had wandered
+a lot. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Had worked in the
+country somewhat. Looked dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 108.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in St. Louis, Mo. American parents. Twenty-eight
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work three months.
+The Army gave him clothes and he had been in the Industrial
+Home two months. Never worked in the country. Looked inefficient.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 109.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Sweden. Forty years old. Single. Had people in
+Sweden. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had been in
+Industrial Home three months. Army gave him clothing. Did
+not drink. Looked capable and efficient. Never worked in the
+country.</p>
+
+
+<h3><br />Some Facts Brought Out in the 109 Industrial Examples.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Nationality.</b></td><td align="right" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>No.</b></td><td align="center" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>Percentage.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">American parentage</td><td align="right">41</td><td align="center">.376</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Irish parentage</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">.276</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">German parentage</td><td align="right">18</td><td align="center">.165</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">English and Scotch parentage</td><td align="right">9</td><td align="center">.083</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Italian parentage</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">.027</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Swedish parentage</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">.027</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Other countries, parentage</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">.046</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Married</td><td align="right">17</td><td align="center">.156</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Single</td><td align="right">92</td><td align="center">.844</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked a little in country</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="center">.146</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked considerably in country</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.064</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men with regular trades</td><td align="right">31</td><td align="center">.289</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Union men</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">.055</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked efficient</td><td align="right">38</td><td align="center">.349</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked semi-efficient</td><td align="right">21</td><td align="center">.193</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked inefficient</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">.458</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Ages.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">15-20</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">.018</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">20-30</td><td align="right">55</td><td align="center">.504</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">30-40</td><td align="right">23</td><td align="center">.212</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">40-50</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">.183</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">50-60</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">.074</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">60-70</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">.009</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Length of time out of work.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Less than 1 month</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">.073</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 1 month</td><td align="right">17</td><td align="center">.156</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 2 months</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="center">.146</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 3 months.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></td><td align="right">68</td><td align="center">.625</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> "Prospectus of the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 130.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Haggard places it at 500 in 1905; at the time of my visit, May,
+1906, it was about 300.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> "Hadleigh," p. 52.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 127.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 113-114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 105.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> "Hadleigh," p. 56.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Apparently no definite data are obtainable regarding these men
+since the time of treatment.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Introduction, <a href="#Page_10">p. 10</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> For instance, the president, vice-president and secretary and
+treasurer are all Army officers of high standing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The following extract is taken from the Salvation Army Social
+Gazette of February 5, 1908: "Whether the Officer of the Salvation
+Army takes charge of the industrial home to manage it in the interests of
+the concern, or whether he takes charge of the corps, the one great purpose
+of his whole life is to proclaim salvation to all with whom he comes
+in contact."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_36">p. 36</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> We think that this would probably be done, even though the
+presence of the home in the particular locality was a great boon to the
+poor, and although this would be contrary to the principles of the organization,
+so strong is the idea which the company has of financial success.
+This further strengthens the idea that the movement is drifting
+from its original purpose of uplifting the down-fallen humanity to the
+purpose of perpetuating and extending itself as an economic enterprise.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 121 to 130.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> A typical industry instanced to support this objection was the
+manufacture of fire wood. See "The S. A. and the Public," p. 124.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> The criticism here of course would be that, to the extent that
+the army applies donations from the public to this industrial work, to
+that extent it has an advantage over another business enterprise and differs
+from it just to that extent in which it secures capital on which it
+need pay no interest or return. To what extent this is done, we have
+been unable to ascertain, but the Army is paying interest to investors who
+furnish money to carry on this work. This point is dealt with somewhat
+in the next paragraph.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 122 to 127. Also "The Social
+Relief Work of the S. A.," pp. 11 and 12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Several leading officers have stated that they never undersell paper
+or rags, the largest part of their business, and that the only underselling
+done by them is in the retail store and that this is slight. They
+justify themselves by the fact that the regular second-hand men are
+tricksters and will rob the poor of their money, in most cases carrying
+on a pawn shop, which the Army never does.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> See Seager, "Introduction to Economics," p. 234.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> See "Principles of Relief," p. 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> To show the difference in the grade of the men at the Industrial
+Homes and those at the Hotels, I have given separate tables for
+each. The combined tables showing certain characteristics of the class
+of men in general with which the Army deals will be found at <a href="#Combined">the end
+of Chapter IV</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> This number includes all the inefficient men and the men who
+are steadily working in the Industrial Home.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Hotels and Lodging Houses.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>In a study of environment and its effects on the lowest classes
+of our great cities, the cheap lodging house affords a favorable
+field. Here we have crowding, unsanitary conditions, immoral
+atmosphere, and all the attendant evils. A good description of
+such lodging houses in New York City has been given by
+Jacob Riis, in the following words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In the caravansaries that line Chatham Street and the Bowery,
+harboring nightly a population as large as that of many a thriving
+town, a home-made article of tramp and thief is turned out that is
+attracting the increasing attention of the police, and offers a field
+for the missionary's labors, besides which most others seem of
+slight consequence"<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>.</p></div>
+
+<p>The cheap lodging houses of London and other great cities
+are similar in their environment and effects. This field was
+early entered by the Army. It was necessary that a very low
+rate of cost for the individual concerned be maintained because
+of competition with the lodging houses already existing, and
+because of the size of the prospective lodger's purse. The first
+experiments were tried in London. There, at first, the primary
+aim was to aid the needy and destitute, but later the Army entered
+into a competition with the existing lodging houses and
+paid more attention to the element of environment. It was
+soon definitely proved that such a work could be carried on
+to advantage, that shelter amid beneficial surroundings, could be
+provided to those almost destitute, and that the work could
+be self-supporting. Since then this work has extended to nearly
+all the larger cities of Europe and America, but it is of greatest
+extent in England and the United States. Along with this
+growth there has been differentiation. The hotels have been
+graded to suit the requirements of the different classes to which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>they appeal: the almost destitute class, and those who have
+steady employment. Hence, besides treating of conditions common
+to both, we shall describe special features of two grades of
+both men's and women's hotels.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p>
+
+<p>The location for a men's hotel must be determined partly
+by its propinquity to the class of men which it is seeking to
+attract and partly for facilities for ventilation, cleanliness and
+general sanitary conditions. These last features are of the greatest
+importance in this work. Led by the real need of the
+case, and working with regard to its reputation, the Army has,
+in this respect, shown a great advance over the general cheap
+lodging houses. Still, there is room for improvement in the
+Army hotels.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> One great difficulty lies in the lodgers,
+many of whom are so habituated to uncleanliness in general,
+that it is with great reluctance on their part that they are induced
+to cleanliness. Especially in the lower class hotels is this
+true where the rough, brutal element finds its way. Another
+difficulty lies in the fact that the Army frequently takes old
+buildings and turns them into hotels, when they are not suitable
+for the purpose. A favorable tendency to overcome this, however,
+lies in the Army's desire to put up new buildings fitted
+for hotels, and this is being done in many cities.</p>
+
+<p>In both the higher and the lower class men's hotels, the general
+plan is to have two or three grades of sleeping apartments.
+The first grade is in the form of dormitories, where each dormitory
+will contain from ten to fifty beds in the smaller hotels,
+and from fifty to one hundred and even two hundred beds in
+the larger.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> For a bed in one of these dormitories, 10c
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>and 15c per night is charged in the United States, and in England
+2d up. This includes the use of a locker beside the bed,
+with sometimes a nightgown, and sometimes a bath. The
+second grade of lodging is in individual rooms, partitioned off,
+but inside rooms, for which the charge is 15c in the United
+States, and 4d to 6d in England. Then finally we have the third
+grade of lodging, which consists of individual rooms which have
+outside windows, and for which the price varies from 20c to
+50c per night according to situation and furnishing.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> Sometimes
+the three grades of lodging are found on the same floor, a
+part of the floor being dormitory, and a part partitioned off into
+rooms, the partitions running up to a height of eight or nine
+feet. This method of partitioning off the rooms is almost
+universal. It is cheap and to some extent sanitary, since by
+means of windows at either end of the building a continual
+current of air can be maintained all over the floor. In most
+of the higher class hotels one floor is given up to dormitories
+and another to individual rooms, while the majority of lower
+class hotels consist entirely of dormitories. Hotels are of all
+sizes, and run from one floor up to eight or ten.</p>
+
+<p>The beds found in the Army hotels are iron, with mattresses
+usually covered with American cloth or some form of leather,
+but sometimes with strong canvas.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> Each bed is provided
+with pillow, sheets, a coverlid, and sometimes an additional
+counterpane. The individual rooms, in addition to having
+better beds, contain a looking glass, a chair, a small table,
+and other furnishings according to the price of the room. In
+most cases washing facilities are only found in the lavatory,
+common to the whole floor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p><p>Comparative cleanliness is enforced at all grades of hotels.
+Baths are sometimes made compulsory, though often this rule
+cannot be rigidly enforced. Usually each floor is provided with
+bath tubs and shower baths. Nearly every hotel has a fumigating
+room, an air tight apartment filled with racks, upon which
+clothing is hung. If a man's appearance or clothing looks suspicious
+in any way, his clothes are placed in a sack with a number
+corresponding to the number of his bed or room, and hung
+in the fumigating room over night. Early the next morning
+his clothes will be returned to him. The dormitories and rooms
+themselves, every few days, receive a fumigating and cleaning.
+Thus, except in very rare cases, no fault can be found with
+the cleanliness of the Army hotels. We hardly ever visited any
+of them without coming into contact with the scent of fumigation,
+or finding some individual working with mop and broom.</p>
+
+<p>The above description, except where stated differently, fits
+both classes of men's hotels. The higher class, intended for
+transients of the better class of poor and for workmen with
+steady employment, has some distinctive features. In addition
+to better equipment along the line of furnishings, lavatories, etc.,
+this class of hotels necessarily has a better social environment
+than the other. For instance, there are many lower class hotels
+where the reading room is dark, poorly furnished, without attractive
+reading matter, and where it serves as smoking room
+as well as reading room. While this might be improved, yet
+so low are the occupants that such improvement would not be
+appreciated. But when we come to the higher grade hotels,
+we find a difference. Take, for example, the Army Hotel in
+the city of Cleveland, O., on the corner of Eagle and Erie
+Streets. This corner building was built by the Army to answer
+its purpose, at a cost of $100,000.00. There are no dormitories
+in the building. The three upper floors are given over
+to the hotel, which comprises 130 rooms, each room being steam
+heated and electric lighted, and each floor being reached by
+elevators. Bathing facilities and sanitary arrangements are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>first class. A comfortable reading room and lounging room is
+provided for general use, where there are popular magazines,
+daily papers and writing conveniences. As another example,
+about the highest grade Army institution of this class is found
+in Boston, and is called "The People's Palace." It is a large,
+five-story, corner building, built by the Army for the purpose.
+In this institution the social environment is especially emphasized.
+There is a reading room, a smoking room, one or
+more social parlors, a gymnasium with a swimming tank, and
+an auditorium with a seating capacity of 600. The whole
+building, with its 287 single rooms, besides the above advantages,
+is equipped with steam heat, electric service and other
+modern conveniences. A special fee of 25c is charged for the
+use of the gymnasium and swimming tank, but the other advantages
+are free to lodgers. In this way, it is seen that the
+higher class hotels have more opportunity for a good social
+environment and for social work. We think that the addition
+of certain features, such as men's clubs, smokers, popular
+lectures, etc., would be of great advantage to this class of institutions.
+To overcome the difficulty of a transient population,
+however, would require considerable ingenuity.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p>
+
+<p>Along the line of religious environment we find the hotels
+differ a great deal. In London there seems to be a strong influence
+of this kind, most of the hotels of both classes holding
+gospel meetings frequently. For instance, at the Quaker Street
+Elevator Home, which is partly a hotel and partly an industrial
+home, meetings are held nearly every night with good attendance,
+and at the Burne Street Hotel well attended meetings are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>held every night except Wednesdays and Saturdays, these
+nights being given over to the men for washing their clothes.
+But in the United States we find, as a rule, that the Salvation
+Army hotels are run with very little religious influence. In a
+few cases, meetings are held regularly, but more often no provision
+is made for them. Meetings are generally in progress
+somewhere in the neighborhood at the regular Army corps, and
+the men are left to attend these meetings if they wish. Generally
+they are willing to take advantage of the hotel, but do not care
+for the sentimental form of religion preached by the Army.
+Hence, in most of the hotels, we find the religious influence
+limited to the texts on the walls, and to the attitude of the
+employees, who are not always Salvationists or converted men.</p>
+
+<p>Some hotels of both classes are fitted with a kitchen and
+lunch counter. This is nearly always the case in London, where
+the hotels have a counter, over which the food is sold, and
+then taken to a seat by the purchaser. In several cases the
+counter is divided so that it opens into different rooms, and
+there are two grades of prices, the lower price being paid for
+food somewhat damaged and stale.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<p>We need not dwell long on the subject of the women's
+hotels, as that does not form an important part of the Army's
+work. The women's hotels, even more than the men's, have
+tended to fall into two classes. There is a great difference between
+the hotel for women who are almost destitute, and the
+hotel for respectable working girls, who have positions as clerks
+and stenographers, and who happen to have no home of their
+own. A typical hotel of the former class is situated near the
+Dearborn Street Railway Depot in Chicago. It consists of
+three floors, and has accommodation for fifty girls or women.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>The woman officer in charge lives here herself, and seeks to
+have an environment as homelike as possible. She states, however,
+that occasionally the women come in noisily and are
+troublesome. There is a great difference between one woman
+and another, and she wishes she had one floor with better accommodation
+than the rest for the better element among them.
+The price paid per bed at this hotel is 10 cents. A good example
+of this class of hotel in England, is the one situated on Hanbury
+Street, Whitechapel, London, where there are three floors, two
+upper floors given over to dormitories containing 276 beds in all,
+and the ground floor containing a dining room, kitchen, small hall,
+and office. Here, women are turned away quite often because
+of lack of room. 2d. is charged for a bed, and for food a scale
+of prices, such as tea, &frac12;d.&mdash;soup, &frac12;d.&mdash;bread, &frac12;d.&mdash;etc. There
+are nine officers working here, and nine other workers, six of the
+latter receiving 3s. per week, and three receiving 1s. per week.</p>
+
+<p>With the higher class hotels for women, the Army has not had
+much success. This is easily understood, as the respectable girl
+does not like to be connected with a hotel run by an organization
+which is prominent for its slum and rescue work. These hotels
+charge a higher rate for rooms and are situated in a good quarter
+of the city.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> They are frequented by shop girls, bookkeepers,
+clerks and stenographers. Apparently, no great religious pressure
+is brought to bear on the girls and women, but this would
+probably depend on the officer in charge.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of the Hotel Department of the Army's work, like
+that of the Industrial Department, has, of recent years, been
+great. Soon after the publication in 1890 of General Booth's
+book, "Darkest England," the hotel work was started in England,
+and its progress has been rapid. In the United States at first
+the work did not make much headway. When Commander
+Booth-Tucker came to take charge in 1896, there were three
+small men's hotels situated in the cities of Buffalo, San Francisco,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>and Seattle. At the present time, nearly every large city in
+England and the United States has one or more of these hotels,
+the latter country having 71 men's hotels and 4 women's hotels,
+with a total accommodation of 8,688. The tendency now is
+toward fewer of the lower class hotels, and more of the higher
+class; in other words, toward fewer hotels where beds can be
+had for 10c and 15c, and more where they will cost 20c and
+25c. The Army gives as its reason for this the fact that the
+cheaper hotel cannot be maintained in a wholesome manner and
+be self-supporting.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> Similar to the Industrial Department in its
+management, the Hotel Department has its divisions, its graded
+officers with their various responsibilities, and its head officer in
+charge at the national headquarters. In the United States, however,
+unlike the Industrial Department, the Hotel Department
+has no separate financial company, in the form of a corporation,
+behind it. In some instances, deserving men are given bed
+tickets and meal tickets free, by officers detailed for the purpose,
+and, to that extent the hotels are a charity. This is done with
+due discretion and does not make an appreciable difference. The
+amount of charity indulged in by the Army in this way is, however,
+probably responsible for the fact that in 1907, there was a
+loss to the Army in this department of $4,500.00, not a very large
+amount, considering the number of hotels concerned.</p>
+
+<p>Coming to the value of the Army hotels from the point of
+view of the social economist, care must be taken to discriminate
+between their commercial and their philanthropic aspects. The
+public has a mistaken idea of the work carried on by this branch
+of the Army. Many people have an idea that thousands of homeless,
+starving men and women are nightly taken care of in these
+Army hotels. Putting aside the question whether such would
+be good relief policy or not, the statement itself is not true. In
+a majority of cases the man or woman in order to gain admittance
+must have the price, and in many instances, that price
+will also admit them to the regular cheap lodging house outside
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>of the Army. We are not finding fault with the system of
+charging, since from the point of view of true relief, provided
+that bona-fide, destitute cases are not left without help, the
+price should be required, as it would be a great evil to throw
+open the hotels to the crowds of regular beggars and social parasites
+who constantly throng any institution supposed to be charitable;
+but since the Army hotel movement claims to be a self-supporting
+business, it is not to be regarded as different from
+any other lodging business, except in those points in which
+it excels the other. With this caution we believe that we still
+can distinguish two lines along which credit is to be given the
+Army. The first is the environment which the Army has created
+for its guests. It is not necessary here to show what a great
+factor environment is in this case, but simply to emphasize its
+importance. From our description of the Army hotel, it is
+seen that, with certain exceptions, the Army maintains cleanliness,
+cheerfulness, and a homelike atmosphere around its lodging
+houses.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> In this important respect then, the Army hotel is to
+be commended. Secondly, the Army has indirectly, by its competition
+with the ordinary cheap lodging houses, led them to adopt
+improvement for purely commercial reasons. If a man has only
+ten cents, he is going to invest that ten cents to the best advantage,
+and the old time lodging houses have found it necessary
+to improve their conditions in order to meet the competition of
+the Army. For this too, credit is to be given the latter. In
+addition the competition reacts on the Army and tends to make it
+keep up its own standard.</p>
+
+<p>In order more clearly to discuss the advantages and disadvantages
+of cheap lodging houses, whether Army hotels or not,
+it would be well here to consider objections to their existence.
+Three objections have been raised to all cheap lodging houses in
+general.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>1. That they herd together a low class of vagrants and vicious
+characters.</p>
+
+<p>2. That their cheapness lowers the standard of living.</p>
+
+<p>3. That they encourage the youth of the country to come to
+the city and live in comparative idleness.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p>No one who has looked into the matter has any doubt about
+the accuracy of the first objection. One glance at the faces of
+a group of men in the smoking room of any such hotel reveals
+many of the low, bestial, criminal type; many victims of dissipation
+and many who have acquired a dislike for work of any sort.
+This harboring of the vicious element is also true of the Army
+hotels of the lower class, but it is in company with this element
+that we find the men for whom more or less can be done.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p>
+
+<p>The second objection must be considered more carefully. To
+repeat the definition of the standard of living which was discussed
+in connection with the Industrial Department, it is the
+scale or measure of comfort and satisfaction, which a person or
+community of persons, regards as indispensable to happiness.
+Now the question is whether these cheap lodging houses lower
+this standard; whether their existence results in a tendency to
+live with less effort and less ambition, and thus renders men and
+women less productive and less proficient. This question must
+be separated into a question regarding the community as a whole,
+and a question regarding the individual. As regards the
+standard of living of any single community, the answer would be
+that the standard is not appreciably lowered by this hotel system,
+since the occupants are mostly single men wandering around, and
+the standard of living of the community is more concerned with
+the maintenance of homes in its midst, than of transients. This,
+however, brings in the further question as to whether the cheap
+living made possible by the lodging houses leads to the breaking
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>up of homes, since if it does so, it would bear decidedly on the
+standard of living. We would answer this second question in the
+negative, because life in the cheap hotel is not such a desirable
+thing as to lead to the breaking up of homes. A man has already
+left home and is already reduced in circumstances, before the
+fact of such cheap living as the hotels and cheap restaurants of
+the Bowery in New York, or of Whitechapel in London, ever
+comes to him as an advantage. But, on the other hand, when it
+comes to the individual concerned, we think that the standard is
+lowered and that in many cases the objection holds good. For
+instance, take a man with a regular trade, say bricklaying or
+carpentering. He is thrown out of work and gradually drifts
+down to the cheap hotel. For months, possibly, he strives in
+vain to get work at his trade. He exists, however, by means of
+odd jobs picked up at random; he becomes shiftless; the life which
+consists of so much "hanging around" and loafing, decreases his
+efficiency, and, in this way, his standard is lowered. At the same
+time his character is affected, and even if no worse development
+takes place, he loses ambition, and that lowers his standard.
+Hence, in conclusion, we would say that the objection that the
+hotel movement of the Army leads to a lowering of a standard
+of living has no place as regards the community, but is sustained
+as regards individuals.</p>
+
+<p>The third objection that the country youth are induced by this
+cheap living to leave for the city is not a strong one and needs
+but short notice. Some of the most successful men of our cities
+come from the country, but very few of the lower and pauper
+classes. This has been shown by the investigations of Mr. Fox
+in England, and by our own investigations in the United States.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p>
+
+<p>The consideration of these objections leads us to a closer examination
+of the class of men frequenting the hotels of the Army.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>The men's work being so much larger, let us look at the occupants
+of the men's hotels. Here we must separate the comparatively
+few hotels of the higher class, which, charging higher prices and
+harboring the working man, have a different environment from
+the others. In these, the higher class, we see a competition with
+the ordinary boarding and lodging houses which single men
+frequent, a competition which, owing to the more healthful social
+environment of the Army hotel, is to be welcomed and approved
+of as a preventive of vice and degradation. The latter is often the
+result of crowded, uncleanly, workingmen's lodgings, which drive
+their occupants to the saloon. But the majority of the Army
+hotels are filled with the lowest class of men, out of any steady
+employment. This class is composed for the most part and under
+present conditions, of men who are almost helpless cases.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>
+Conditions can be conceived which would result in the betterment
+of a certain percentage of these, but a large number would
+always be hopeless. Many have been given their chances and have
+thrown them away; some have had no chances, and some could
+not use them if they had. Many are physical and moral wrecks.
+In their faces you see no ambition. They simply exist as do
+animals. For such, except in unusual cases, there is no remedy.
+Do all you can for them, and they will slide back again; give them
+work, and if they are willing to take it at all, they soon lose their
+positions. Some belong to the pseudo-social class and are mere
+parasites feeding on society. Others are anti-social, bitter and
+criminal.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p>
+
+<p>These men are not those with which the Army is successful, in
+its industrial institutions, although many of them have been tried.
+They secure their ten cents or fifteen cents for a bed in a cheap
+hotel by any means which comes along. They form a class, which
+especially in the older countries of Europe and increasingly in the
+new world, presents a problem that is the great puzzle of the
+statesman and the social economist alike.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p><p>The present tendency of the Army already mentioned to have
+fewer of the lower class, cheap hotels and more of the higher class
+brings up some important considerations. There are three
+points which come up for particular notice here. First, as
+has already been stated, the present tendency of the Army is to
+have fewer of the lower class or cheap hotels and more of the
+higher class. One reason for this is that, although the Army's
+competition has in many instances forced the ordinary cheap
+hotels to better their equipment, still, in the long run, the Army
+cannot successfully compete with the ordinary low class hotel
+and maintain an equally good or better environment, without
+having its hotel work subsidized by the public. The men whom
+we have just described do not appreciate better surroundings
+sufficiently to pay fifteen cents for a bed at the Army hotel,
+when they can get one for ten cents at another place around the
+corner. Secondly, as the Army extends its work, there is the
+ever present tendency of any organization to become an end in
+itself. Hence the Army tends to forsake its field of the lower
+class for the field of the working class for financial reasons. If
+it can carry on a hotel which appeals to a higher class of working
+men who are willing to pay $1.50 upwards per week for a
+separated room such as has been described, they may do better
+financially than with a dormitory whose beds are held at ten
+cents. This second point of consideration leads us to a third,
+and that is, what is to become of this lower class of vagrants and
+unemployables. This discussion hardly comes in the scope of
+this book, but we might suggest in passing that the cheap, lower
+class of hotels with which the Army has entered into competition
+should not be allowed to continue as at present. In case of the
+failure to provide competition, the city itself should provide a
+successful competition under good environment, or should take
+measures for the segregation of the vicious elements of the population
+from the merely weak, aged and unfortunate.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p><p>On the other hand, among the occupants of these hotels a
+certain number are men for whom there is hope; some victims of
+misfortune; others degraded by dissipation and recklessness, but
+not entirely demoralized. With these the Army can deal successfully
+in its industrial homes, and some of them can regain a foothold
+without aid. For these men the Army hotel is certainly a
+boon.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> A man who has not lost ambition and who can gather
+a few cents a day to sustain him, until some temporary difficulty is
+past is glad to take advantage of such an institution. Finally, regarding
+this class as a whole, something must be done with them,
+and it is necessary for those who find fault with their congregation
+in the Army hotels, to point out a better way of caring for
+them. As long as they exist, they will tend to congregate somewhere,
+and until some better solution is offered, we might as well
+take what is at hand, and if it is the Army hotel, hold that institution
+to its best efforts and its best environment.</p>
+
+<p>To sum up, then, our conclusions of this part of the Army's
+work, we find that the hotels are commercial enterprises, with,
+as a rule, an environment superior to the regular cheap hotels
+of the same price, and that although there is an objection to
+the congregation of the vicious and vagrant along with the unfortunate,
+and although there may be a tendency to lower the
+standard of living of these people, individually considered, yet
+there is a justification for the existence of these hotels, as
+something must be done with this class of people, and this is
+the best solution offered, inasmuch as a certain percentage of
+this class is really aided and tided over temporary difficulty.
+At the same time, there remains the need of the segregation of
+the class concerned, with a more scientific, practical, individual
+treatment. Better work can be done along this line.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+<h3><br /><span class="smcap">Examples of Salvation Army Hotel Lodgers.</span></h3>
+
+<p>A collection of 76 cases made on seventeen different evenings
+during the months of March and April, 1908, at two of
+the Salvation Army hotels, both situated on the Bowery in New
+York City, one being a lower class hotel and the other a combination
+of lower and higher class. These cases were collected at
+first hand by the author and a friend of the author, Mr. James
+Ward, both of whom mingled among the men in the disguise of
+working men. In this way the facts were gained without much
+difficulty, with the exception of information regarding the family
+of the man concerned. Sometimes, therefore, this latter information
+is lacking.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 1.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City of Irish parentage. Twenty-five
+years old. Single. Had no home and did not know whether or
+not his people were living. Only trade was that of hotel porter
+but had done other things. Had worked a little in the country.
+Had had no steady work for three months. Walked the streets
+the previous night and had had coffee and rolls on the "bread
+line." Received a bed that night through charity. Did not appear
+dissipated but showed lack of ambition.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 2.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. About thirty years old. Single. Did not
+know about his people as he did not write home. Had been
+in New York seven years. Worked as stableman most of the
+time but had been out of steady work for six weeks. Never
+worked in the country. Appeared dissipated and inefficient.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Lodger_3" id="Lodger_3"></a><b>No. 3.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Pittsburg of American parents. About forty years
+old. Single. Had a brother, he thought, in Pittsburg but no
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>other relatives alive. Had no regular trade. Had travelled a
+good deal in the United States but never west of Chicago. Had
+done odd jobs in the country. Evidently a tramp. Looked
+stupid and incapable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 4.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. About twenty-three years old. Single.
+Wrote to his people sometimes, but they were poor. Trade, a
+waiter. Had worked in New York for five years. Had had
+no steady work for over two months. Had a little money saved
+but that was nearly gone. Expected to go to Albany the next
+day to work. Never worked in the country. Appeared to be
+a capable, steady man.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 5.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Fifty-three years old. Single. People
+all dead except a married sister. Regular trade, a boiler-maker.
+In this country most of the time for thirty-five years. Had
+travelled all around the world. Never worked in the country.
+Had no steady work all winter, but obtained work for one or two
+days every week and thus paid his way at the hotel. Said he
+lived up to his salary when working steadily. Is growing old.
+Sometimes went on a "spree" when he had money. Looked
+like a hard-working, efficient man.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 6.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. About forty years old. Had married and
+separated from his wife. Trade was brick-laying, but he was
+not a union man. Never worked in the country. Came to New
+York at eighteen and had been there most of the time since.
+Claimed to be a Mason, and said that he expected help from a
+friend. Had been out of work all winter but worked occasionally
+around saloons and nearly always had the price of a
+bed. Admitted drinking heavily. Looked dissipated.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 7.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Buffalo of American parents. Twenty-eight years
+old. Single. Waiter by trade. Parents were dead. Had two
+brothers but did not know where. Had worked a little in the
+country but knew nothing of farming. Had worked as waiter
+in New York for three years. Got into a fight three weeks before
+and had his face disfigured. As a result lost his job.
+Walked the streets two nights last week. Got coffee and rolls on
+the "bread line." Worked in a stable yesterday and made $1.00.
+Appeared somewhat dissipated but intelligent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 8.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City. Father German. Mother Scotch.
+Thirty-two years old. Single. His father lived somewhere in
+New York, and he expected to get work shortly and live with
+him. Trade was a machinist. Had mostly worked at bicycle
+repairing. Had travelled a good deal but never worked on a
+farm. Went to Philadelphia this Winter and lost position.
+Worked three days in a woodyard for board and lodging. Later
+had himself committed to jail for one month. Came back to New
+York last week. Did not appear dissipated, but looked bright
+and efficient.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 9.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Lawrence, Mass., of American parents. About twenty-two
+years old. Single. Worked since a boy in Lawrence in the
+woolen mills until he lost position six weeks previously. Always
+lived with his people. Had never been hungry or without a bed.
+Came to New York two weeks previously but had done nothing
+since. Had just money enough left to go home, where he expected
+to obtain work again shortly. Looked thoroughly capable
+and reliable.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Nos. 10 and 11.</b></p>
+
+<p>Two brothers born in New York of Irish parentage. Aged
+twenty-eight and thirty-one respectively. Both single. Parents
+dead. Had trade of awning makers, with plenty of work in
+summer but none in winter. Had never worked in the country.
+Had been living by means of odd jobs and charity all winter. Had
+received help from a mission and the Salvation Army. Quite
+often walked the streets all night and got coffee and rolls on the
+"bread line." Appeared shiftless and showed lack of initiative
+and intelligence.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 12.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City of Irish parents. Twenty-six years
+old. Single. Did not know where his folks were. His mother
+was dead. Worked sometimes as a truck driver. Had worked at
+farm work in New Jersey. Had travelled a good deal. Had received
+help from charities in different cities. Got caught once
+riding a freight train through Philadelphia and spent ten days
+in jail for the offense. Said he drank when he got the chance.
+Now worked around the Army Hotel and received in return his
+bed and one meal ticket a day. Expected to leave the city as soon
+as the weather got warmer. Evidently a kind of tramp with a
+tendency to become worse. Looked wild and unreliable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 13.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Watertown, N. Y., of American parents. About thirty
+years old. Single. Had lost track of his people. Worked as
+steward on ship running to New Orleans. Was laid off three
+months ago. Expected to get position as steward again in the
+spring. Had walked the streets quite often, not being able to
+secure a bed. Had received help from several charities, including
+the Army. Looked dissipated and unreliable. Had never
+worked in the country.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 14.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in England. Came to this country when sixteen. People
+all dead. Thirty-two years old. Single. Never worked in the
+country. Regular trade was that of a painter but was not a
+Union man. Got odd jobs from time to time in paint shops.
+Made fifty cents the previous day. Had had no steady work for
+three months. Had forty dollars saved when he left his last
+steady job. Spent twenty dollars on a "drunk," and the rest had
+gone since. Appeared capable and fairly intelligent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 15.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Had come to this country with his people
+when young. His people all dead except a sister who was married
+and lived in Chicago. Single. About thirty-five years of age.
+Had no regular trade. Had worked as laborer in both country
+and city. Said that the city was best in Winter and the country
+in Summer. Expected to leave for the country as soon as the
+weather grew warm. Appeared lazy and inefficient. Had been
+aided by the Army. Evidently a tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 16.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Pittsfield, Mass., of American parents. Twenty-four
+years of age. Single. Ran away from home at seventeen. Did
+not know where his people were. Had no trade. Had worked
+at everything. Was in the navy for four years and afterward
+followed the water for several years working mostly as fireman.
+Never worked in the country. Had been out of steady work for
+six months. Secured lodging through charity but often spent
+the night on the streets. Said he drank when he could get it.
+Looked dissipated and demoralized.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 17.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City of German parents. About thirty
+years old. Married but had left his wife. Had no regular trade.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>Had worked as waiter, porter and liveryman. Made fifty cents
+yesterday but spent forty for whiskey. Secured coffee and rolls
+on the "bread line." Had worked a little in the country. Appeared
+shiftless.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 18.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-two years of age. Single. Wrote
+to his people sometimes. Always followed the water. Had sailed
+from different points to China and the Philippines. Drank and
+lost his boat. Made his way to New York where he had been
+out of work for two months. Wrote home for money which he
+expected shortly. Sold some of his clothing to get a bed. Was
+trying to get work on a boat. Never worked in the country.
+Looked wild and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 19.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass., of Irish parents. Twenty-five years
+of age. Single. Worked in machine shop when a boy and then
+joined the navy. After the navy experience he had worked
+both on water and on land. Had beaten his way on freight trains
+to different parts of the United States. Said he often got help
+from missions. Often slept in the parks in summer. Had been
+in jail several times. The last time for four months for stealing.
+Got out in August and had done odd jobs since. Had been
+several times in the Army hotel and several times in the City
+Lodging House. Had worked for a day or so in the country but
+did not know farming. Looked shiftless and demoralized.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 20.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Binghamton, N. Y., of American parents. About
+thirty-five years of age. Single. Trade was lasting shoes in a
+shoe factory. Had worked in different cities but never in the
+country. Came to New York three months ago, as his factory
+had laid off a large number of hands. Had done odd jobs since.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>Walked the streets three nights the previous week and got coffee
+and rolls on the "bread line." Got a bed for the night this time
+through charity. Expected to get work in a factory when the
+weather became warmer. Drank occasionally but not often.
+Looked competent and of average intelligence.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 21.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Twenty-four years old. Single. Left
+home and had been in America one year. Worked in New York
+as waiter and lost his position three weeks previous to interview.
+Had some money saved but drank and lost it all on the Bowery.
+Walked the streets for one week and frequented the "bread
+line." Had a position, now, waiting on table during the dinner
+hour. Used to work on a farm in Ireland, and said that as soon
+as the weather got warm he would go to the country and look
+for work. Looked somewhat dissipated but hopeful.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 22.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn, N. Y. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had lost track of his people. Had travelled a
+good deal by means of freight trains and had been in several
+jails for vagrancy. Had never worked in the country. Said
+when he could get money, he spent it in drink. Secured a bed
+that night through an acquaintance. Looked like a confirmed
+tramp and vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 23.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Hartford, Conn., of American parents. Twenty-one
+years old. Single. Parents dead. Had a married sister living
+in New Jersey, but he did not wish her to know that he was
+out of work. Had been working for years as a carpenter's
+assistant and hoped to become a full-fledged carpenter shortly.
+Had never worked in the country. Had been out of work for
+three months. Spent his money in a vain trip to Philadelphia
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>and back looking for work. Had been doing odd jobs but had
+often gone hungry. Did not like to ask for charity. Expected
+to work as soon as the contractors began the spring building. Did
+not drink. Looked intelligent, bright, and was a very hopeful
+case. Went through the grammar school.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 24.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston of Irish parents. Fifty years old. Single.
+Had no people living. Trade was a hardwood finisher. Never
+worked in the country. Got out of work two months ago. Left
+Boston then and came to New York. Had a little money, but it
+was almost gone. Was crippled but could still work. Drank
+some. He was gray-haired and looked older than he was.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 25.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. About sixty years old. Had been married,
+but his wife was dead, and he had no known relatives. Had
+been a seaman a good deal but had no regular trade. He worked
+on a farm two months in the West. Had travelled a good deal.
+He worked occasionally around the docks and made just enough
+to maintain himself. When he had money, he spent it rashly.
+Looked like a hard drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 26.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston of American parents. Fifty-seven years old.
+Single. Had no people. His trade was ship's cook. He
+had never worked in the country. Said that he was too old to
+get a position. He secured a bed that night through the kindness
+of a friend, also out of work. Had wandered around a
+great deal. He did not look dissipated but he was gray-haired
+and very feeble.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 27.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia of German parents. About forty years
+old. Single. Trade was that of a sign-painter. Said he had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>worked mostly in Philadelphia and New York, and that he could
+get plenty of work, but kept losing his positions through drink.
+Had never worked in the country. Said he had people in Philadelphia
+but he did not write to them. Looked dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 28.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born near Lynn, Mass., of American parents. Twenty years
+old. Single. Had no trade, but worked as dish-washer or at
+anything he could get. Said that he could run an engine and had
+been working on a boat in New York harbor but had to leave
+three weeks ago, on account of sickness. Was trying to get
+into a hospital. Money nearly gone. Was born and brought
+up on a farm but ran away nearly three years ago and did not
+want to go back, though his father and mother were living. Said
+he spent his money freely when he had it. He did not look dissipated
+but appeared to be a consumptive.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 29.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City of Irish parents. About thirty-five
+years old. Single. Had no trade but had worked for years as
+driver on a horse-car. Got out of work four months ago and had
+no prospect of any. Got a small job cleaning out a saloon the
+previous day. Often walked the streets all night and went to
+the "bread line." Did not look very dissipated but evidently
+had no ambition. Did not know where his people were. Never
+worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 30.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Sixteen years old. Single. Did not write
+home. Had trade of a cook and had been out of work for two
+weeks. Then had $100.00 and lost it all "on a drunk." Never
+worked in the country. Had walked the streets three nights the
+past week. Was going to New Jersey to look for work. Looked
+dissipated but otherwise capable.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 31.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Fifty-five years old. Married in Scotland
+and came with family to this country twenty-five years ago.
+Had no trade. Worked at anything he could get. Wife dead.
+Two children living, unable to help him. Had travelled widely.
+Obtained a steady job the previous month. Held it two weeks,
+then went "on a drunk." Still had enough money saved to keep
+him two weeks. Said that if he did not get work before then,
+he would leave New York. He knew a little about farm work
+in Scotland. Looked like a hard drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 32.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City of Irish parents. Sixty years old.
+Single. People all dead. Had no regular trade but had followed
+the water. Never worked in the country. Had some
+cousins in New York who helped him out a little. He looked dissipated
+and feeble.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 33.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty-three years
+old. Single. Salesman. Had been out of work all winter
+after losing a position through drink. Had received help from
+several aid societies and missions this winter. Had walked the
+streets a good many nights. Said he never worked in the country.
+Looked dissipated and unreliable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 34.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in South Carolina. American parents. Twenty years
+old. Single. Did not write home. Said he ran away and his
+people were angry. Had no trade. Never worked in the country.
+Had walked the streets two nights this week. Looked intelligent
+but wild.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 35.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Newark, N. J., English parents. Twenty-six years
+old. Single. Had no trade but worked as a janitor. Was in
+the navy for three years and had travelled widely. Had been
+out of work one month. Never worked in the country. Said
+he worked for a while and then "went off on a drunk." His
+people in Newark sent him money once in a while. Looked dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 36.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. When seven
+years old came to America with his people. Had two brothers
+and one sister in Schenectady, N. Y. Parents dead. His people
+did not aid him as he drank so much. Never worked in the
+country. Got an odd job now and then. Looked like a hard
+drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 37.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in England. Thirty-six years old. Single. Came to
+America with his people when twelve years old. Went to Fall
+River, Mass., where his people lived. Ran away from home at
+eighteen and had followed the water since. Never worked in the
+country. Was paid off last Saturday. Went on a drunk on the
+Bowery and lost his money and his job. Walked the streets
+two nights, but received help from his people. Looked a little
+dissipated but capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 39.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Forty years old.
+Single. Father lived in Yonkers but was unable to help him.
+Plumber by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Was out of
+work for one month the past winter, but now had a job and was
+renting a room in the Army hotel. Never worked in the country.
+Looked like a hard drinker, but otherwise capable.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 40.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New Haven, Conn. American parents. Twenty-five
+years old. Single. Relatives in New Haven poor. Was a telegraph
+operator and worked at that trade for two years, but lost
+position on account of bad health. Had worked on a farm quite
+a little, and said as soon as the weather got warmer he was going
+to the country. He now had a room at the Army hotel but his
+money was nearly gone. Looked intelligent and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 41.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-four
+years old. Single. Did not know where his relatives were. Had
+trade as truck driver, and since losing a steady job two months
+previously had worked at odd jobs about the docks. Spent two
+days at an Army Industrial Home and was now at the Army
+Hotel. He looked like a hard drinker. Never worked in the
+country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 42.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Twenty-three years old. Single. Relatives
+lived in Scotland and sent him a little money sometimes. Had
+no regular trade. Had worked on the water a good deal. Came
+to New York two years previously, and had no steady work since.
+Had been nine months in the hospital from which he had been
+discharged two weeks. Expected to return to the hospital.
+Looked like a very sick man, but not dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 43.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-eight
+years old. Single. No people alive. Had no trade. Had
+travelled around the world and never worked when he could
+help it. Never worked in the country. Looked like a regular
+tramp and hard drinker.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 44.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Newark, N. J. French parents. Twenty-four years
+old. Single. Had two sisters in Brooklyn. Had no regular
+trade but had been working for three weeks in a grocery store
+and thus had a room in the Army Hotel. Never worked in the
+country. Looked capable and intelligent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 45.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. Had people in Brooklyn who were helping him. Had
+no trade but had worked all his life at odd jobs. Could not work
+steadily because of bad habits. Never worked in the country.
+Looked like a hard drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 46.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Thirty-five years old.
+Single. Was a painter by trade but did not belong to the Union.
+Had been out of work three months. Some friends gave him
+clothes and a little money. Looked intelligent but dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 47.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Thirty years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Worked on a farm in Long Island and hoped to
+go to the country shortly. Had had no steady work the past
+Winter. Had been in the Army Industrial Home six times during
+the Winter. Looked shiftless and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 48.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Lowell, Mass. Italian parents. Twenty years old.
+Single. People lived in Lowell. Had no trade. Never worked
+in the country. Came to New York two weeks previously with
+a little money, but this was soon spent and he had walked the
+streets two nights. Entered the Army Hotel through charity.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>Had written home for money and expected to return there. His
+appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 49.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Forty years old.
+Married. Separated from his wife three months ago because of
+his drinking. Had no trade. Never worked in the country. Had
+been out of work three months. Picked up odd jobs now and
+then, and thus secured a bed. Looked like a hard drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 50.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Seventeen years old. Single. Had people
+in Germany who were unable to help him. Had been in this
+country nine months. Said he was on a farm in New York State
+but ran away. The Salvation Army was keeping him, and he
+worked a little around the Hotel. Looked like a promising boy
+but rather wild.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 51.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Denver, Col. American parents. Twenty-three years
+old. Single. Had people at home who sent him money now and
+then. Was an iron-worker. Belonged to the Union, but said
+the Union had not helped him any. Had been out of work some
+time. Never worked in the country. Had travelled a good deal
+in the United States. Looked bright and promising.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 52.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Davenport, Washington. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. Had people at home where he had sent for money. Had
+travelled widely. Came to New York five weeks ago from
+Panama where he had been working for eight months. Had to
+leave on account of sickness. Had $100.00 when he came to New
+York but spent nearly all on doctors bills. Still had a little left.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>Said he had worked a good deal on a farm. Looked capable and
+intelligent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 53.</b></p>
+
+<p>American, born in New York. Thirty years old. Single.
+People dead. Bartender. Did not belong to the Union. Was
+out of work for one month until two weeks previous to interview,
+when he got a job as bartender. Was still working and had a
+room at the Army Hotel. Said he would be all right it he could
+leave drink alone. He never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 54.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Had quarrelled with his people who lived in New York.
+Painter by trade. Lost his membership in the Union because he
+did not pay his dues. Had had no steady work for a year, but
+had wandered all over the country doing very little work, but
+receiving aid from charitable societies. Said he liked the warm
+weather, so that he could sleep in the parks. Looked shiftless and
+a typical tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 55.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Norway. About thirty years old. Single. Had
+people in Norway who did not help him. Came to New York
+from his native land two months previously. A carpenter by
+trade. Was working in Jersey and lost position two weeks
+previously. Had money in his pocket and was evidently wise
+enough to keep it. Conversed in broken English. Said he
+worked in the country in Norway. Looked like a capable man.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 56.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Forty-five years old. Single. Came to this
+country with his people when he was nine years old. People had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>since died. Bookkeeper by trade. Had been out of work all
+Winter. The Scotch Aid Society was keeping him, giving him
+bed and meal tickets. Said he had received help from four
+different missions in New York. Looked incapable and shiftless.
+Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 57.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Jersey City. American parents. Twenty-eight years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Did not work if he could help it.
+Came here from the West by means of freight trains. Never
+worked in the country. Looked like a regular tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 58.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Chicago. Single. Thirty-years old. Had friends in
+Chicago who sent him a little money. Had no trade. Never did
+hard work. Got odd jobs and received aid from missions. Said
+he was a Christian and liked to attend meetings. Had a room
+in the Army Hotel. Said he had been staying there off and on
+for two years. Looked stupid and incapable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 59.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Denver, Col. Fifty years old. Single. Plumber by
+trade. Belonged to the Union but left eight months previously
+and had not paid his dues since. Was in business for himself
+at one time, but lost it through drink. Said he got help from the
+missions whenever he could. Never worked in the country.
+Hoped to go West again shortly. Looked feeble and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 60.</b></p>
+
+<p>American. Born in Springfield, Mass. Fifty-five years old.
+Single. Said his people in Springfield were wealthy but would
+have nothing to do with him. Had no trade. In New York all
+Winter. Had walked the streets a good many nights. Never
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>worked in the country. Charity Organization Society had helped
+him, besides other organizations. Said he had consumption.
+Looked very weak and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 61.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in America. Jewish parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. Stone-cutter by trade. Said he worked at the Insurance
+business at times. Had been out of work nearly two months.
+Never worked in the country. Looked bright and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 62.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cleveland, Ohio. American parents. Twenty-six
+years old. Single. People lived in Cleveland, but did not help
+him. Had worked on a farm nearly all his life. Left the farm
+two years previously and had wandered most of the time since.
+He expected to be sent to the country by the Bowery Mission
+shortly. Looked shiftless but not dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 63.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. About fifty years old.
+Married. Said his people were dead. Had no regular trade.
+Did office work, but was nearly always out of work. Said he was
+a Christian. He evidently followed the missions and "got saved"
+every time he needed help. Never worked in the country. Looked
+shiftless and inefficient.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 64.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. English parents. Thirty years old.
+Married. Quarrelled with his wife five years previously and left
+her. Painter by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Had not
+worked all Winter. Said he had been all around the world
+and had beaten his way wherever he went. Had been in jail
+several times, for vagrancy and drunkness. Never worked in the
+country. Looked like a tramp.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 65.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Maine. American parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. Had people in Maine from whom he expected help.
+Barber by trade. Came to New York three weeks previously.
+Met some friends on the Bowery and lost all his money. The
+Army was helping him. He had worked somewhat in the
+country. Looked very stupid.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 66.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. About sixty years old. Single. Had no
+people. Had no trade. In this country for forty years. Out
+of work all Winter. The Scotch Aid Society had been keeping
+him now for three weeks. He never worked in the country. He
+looked like a regular vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 67.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston. American parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. A waiter. Had wandered a good deal, and beaten his
+way by freight trains. Came to New York from the West one
+month previously. Had not worked since, but had been aided
+by the missions and the Army. Evidently did not like to work.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 68.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Irish parents. About thirty-two
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Came to New York two
+weeks previously with some money which he got from his people.
+He had sent home for more. Worked somewhere in the country.
+Said he drank periodically and did not like to work steadily.
+Looked very shiftless.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 69.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had lost
+track of his people. Had been in this country eight years. Had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>no trade. Had had no steady work all Winter. Drank a good
+deal. Never worked in the country. Looked very wild.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 70.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New Orleans. Spanish parents. About twenty years
+old. Single. Left home two years ago and took to life on the
+water. Left the boat in New York one month previously and
+had not worked since. Said he liked to sail and see the world.
+His people lived in New Orleans, and he expected help from
+them. Never worked in the country. Looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 71.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. About thirty years
+old. Single. Had trade as a bartender. Belonged to the Union.
+Lost a steady job through drink three weeks ago. Was now
+working four hours a day. Had a room in the Army Hotel.
+Said he was going to change his line of business because he
+drank too much. His appearance was good. Never worked in
+the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 72.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Looked like a Jew. About twenty-five
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Had been out of work three
+months. Was now selling old clothing and other things around
+the Army Hotel. Never worked in the country. Evidently lazy
+and incapable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 73.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Illinois. American parents. About twenty-eight
+years old. Single. Ran away from home and was ashamed
+to go back. Had no trade but had worked a good deal as cook
+on board ship. Had been out of work six weeks. Said he
+was sick and had about $200.00, but it did not last long. He
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>was working round the Army Hotel a little every day, for which
+he got his bed and one meal ticket. Never worked in the
+country. Said he was going to join the navy. Looked bright
+and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 74.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Lithuania. Twenty-three years old. Single. People
+at home were poor. Had no trade. In New York three
+years. Out of work two months. Obtained clothes in various
+ways and sold them. Was not dissipated, but looked lazy.
+Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 75.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. About sixty-five
+years old. Single. Was an old sailor but had not been to sea
+for over a year. Was working two days a week as janitor.
+Said he had been a hard drinker in the past, but he did not drink
+much now. He looked aged, but still capable. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 76.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston. Irish parents. About twenty-five years old.
+Single. Had no trade. People did not recognize him. Had
+travelled all over the country. Had been in jail twice. Never
+worked in the country. Looked like a tramp.</p>
+
+
+<h3><br />SOME FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 76 HOTEL EXAMPLES.</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Nationality.</b></td><td align="right" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>No.</b></td><td align="center" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>Percentage.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">American parentage</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="center">.461</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Irish parentage</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">.263</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">English and Scotch parentage</td><td align="right">9</td><td align="center">.119</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>German parentage</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">.105</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Other countries</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.052</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Married men</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.095</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Single men</td><td align="right">69</td><td align="center">.905</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked a little in country</td><td align="right">13</td><td align="center">.169</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked considerably in country</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">.065</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men with regular trades</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="center">.342</td><td align="left"><a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Union men</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.052</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked efficient</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">.197</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked semi-efficient</td><td align="right">14</td><td align="center">.184</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked inefficient</td><td align="right">47</td><td align="center">.619</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Ages.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">15-20</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.052</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">20-30</td><td align="right">42</td><td align="center">.553</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">30-40</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="center">.211</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">40-50</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">.079</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">50-60</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.092</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">60-70</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">.013</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Length of time out of work.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Less than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">.157</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">13</td><td align="center">.171</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 2 mos.</td><td align="right">11</td><td align="center">.145</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 3 mos.</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="center">.527</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="Combined" id="Combined"></a><br />FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 109 INDUSTRIAL EXAMPLES<br />
+AND THE 76 HOTEL EXAMPLES COMBINED.</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Nationality.</b></td><td align="right" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>No.</b></td><td align="center" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>Percentage.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">American parentage</td><td align="right">76</td><td align="center">.411</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Irish parentage</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">.270</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">German parentage</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="center">.141</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">English and Scotch parentage</td><td align="right">18</td><td align="center">.098</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Italian parentage</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.022</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Swedish parentage</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.038</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Other countries, parentage</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Married men</td><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">.149</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Single men</td><td align="right">161</td><td align="center">.851</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked a little in country</td><td align="right">29</td><td align="center">.156</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked considerably in country</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">.016</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men with regular trades</td><td align="right">57</td><td align="center">.309</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Union men</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">.054</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked efficient</td><td align="right">53</td><td align="center">.287</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked semi-efficient</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="center">.189</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked inefficient</td><td align="right">97</td><td align="center">.524</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Ages.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">15-20</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">.032</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">20-30</td><td align="right">97</td><td align="center">.525</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">30-40</td><td align="right">39</td><td align="center">.210</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">40-50</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="center">.140</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">50-60</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">.082</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">60-70</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">.011</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Length of time out of work.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Less than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">.108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">.163</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 2 mos.</td><td align="right">27</td><td align="center">.145</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 3 mos.</td><td align="right">108</td><td align="center">.584</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> "How the Other Half Lives," p. 38.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> This differentiation is more pronounced in the United States, since
+the work has been extended here more than in other countries.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> For adverse criticism see "The Social Relief Work of the S. A.,"
+p. 9.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> At the Burne St. Shelter, the largest in London, one large dormitory
+has 288 beds and another 265.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> For rooms, special rates are given by the week; from some of
+the examples given at the end of this chapter, it will be seen that these
+are occupied by men with partial or poorly paid employment.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> In London, the Army has a mattress factory which supplies its
+institutions.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> More headway is being made in this direction in the Industrial
+Homes where the population is more permanent. We found in one home
+in Chicago that the men were organized in the form of a club, and enjoyed
+social meetings together. Also, at the largest Industrial Home in
+London, called "The Spa Road Elevator," we found a regular cricket
+club organized which played cricket games with other clubs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Good examples of this are to be found in the Middlesex Street
+Hotel and the Burne Street Hotel, London. The former hotel is regularly
+provided, by a large baker firm, with food, which is one day stale,
+for a very low figure.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The higher class hotel for women is to be found in Los Angeles
+and Boston.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> From an interview with a leading officer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> These exceptions are certain of the lower class hotels where attempts
+along this line seem to fail.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> See "How the Other Half Lives," Ch. VIII. See also "Social Relief
+Work of the S. A.," p. 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> See examples given at the end of this chapter, <a href="#Page_77">p. 77</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> See the tables, <a href="#Page_97">pp. 97 and 98</a>, showing percentages of these men
+who had come from the country. For the work of Mr. Fox see <a href="#Page_113">p. 113</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> See examples of these men, <a href="#Page_77">p. 77 fl</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 127.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Some light may be thrown on this subject by a perusal of Mr. W.
+H. Dawson's book entitled "The German Workman," although conditions are
+evidently vastly different in this country and England from what they
+are in Germany.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See examples numbered 4. 5. 9. 23 and others, on <a href="#Page_78">p. 78 and fl</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> While this percentage is larger than that in the Industrial Homes
+(see <a href="#Page_62">p. 62</a>), 62 per cent. of the examples in the Hotels having regular
+trades were dissipated, mostly victims of drink, as against 19 per cent. in
+the Industrial examples.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Farm Colonies of the Salvation Army.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>So many times has the cry been raised "back to the land!", so
+optimistic have so many reformers become over the hope that
+the population could be diverted from the city to the country,
+and so loudly have certain enthusiasts prophesied a surely successful
+issue to colonizing enterprises, that the Salvation Army
+colonies form a very interesting and profitable field of investigation.
+What is needed is an experiment that will prove or disprove
+the prophesied success of taking the people back to the
+land. Once that is proved, with the great Northwest of America
+almost untouched, with immense tracts of good land in
+Africa and other continents, and with the United States about to
+open up millions of acres of land, made fertile by means of irrigation,
+we shall be ready to act and get rid of the surplus city
+population. But first we must have the proof, and the question
+before us is whether the Salvation Army has sufficiently proved
+the case.</p>
+
+<p>The matter was agitated before the English Government to
+such an extent in 1905 that the Rhodes Trustees, contributing
+sufficient funds to cover the expense, the Secretary of State for
+the Colonies nominated Mr. Rider Haggard, the novelist, to visit
+the United States and inspect the three Salvation Army colonies
+there, to make a report on the same, and to include in this report
+any practical suggestions which might occur to him. The following
+words were used in the letter of commission: "It appears
+to the Secretary of State that if these experiments are found to
+be successful, some analogous system might to great advantage be
+applied in transferring the urban population of the United Kingdom
+to different parts of the United Kingdom."<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Haggard visited the three colonies in the United States,
+and made a report to the English Government, favoring strongly
+the movement, and recommending that the Government take it
+up, provide the capital and utilize all ready existing organizations,
+such as the Salvation Army, in carrying out its scheme.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>The matter was referred by the Government to the Departmental
+Committee, who, after reviewing it and looking into the question
+in 1906, issued a long report in which they discountenanced Mr.
+Haggard's scheme on the ground that:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. It was better for settlers from England to be scattered
+about with experienced farmers as neighbors than to be
+placed in a number together.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Salvation Army or any similar organization was
+not a desirable management for a colony dependent on
+money advanced by the Imperial Government.</p>
+
+<p>3. That Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, the American farm colonies
+of the Salvation Army, were not precedents upon
+which a large scheme of colonization could be based.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Committee gave reasons for arriving at the above conclusions,
+into which, for the present, we need not enter, but
+their conclusions are suggestive, and may be borne in mind while
+we make our study of the subject.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. Booth, in his plans as outlined in "Darkest England,"
+provided for three main divisions of the work for the unemployed
+poor, viz., the City Colony, the Country Colony and the
+Over-sea Colony, signifying by these terms the City Industrial
+Work, the Country Industrial Colony, and the Farm Colony.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>
+The last named was to be on a larger scale on some Colonial
+territory of England. This division has tended to persist in the
+United States, and this country has been the field for special
+experiments along this line. There are three Colonies in the
+United States: Fort Herrick, situated near Cleveland, Ohio;
+Fort Amity, situated in Southeast Colorado, and Ft. Romie,
+which is located at Soledad in the Salinas Valley, California.
+At first there was no differentiation between these Colonies, but
+latterly, the Colony at Ft. Herrick, the smallest of the three, has
+been managed as an Industrial Colony, and the other two have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>continued as regular Farm Colonies. The plan of "Commander"
+Booth-Tucker, in charge of the Salvation Army in the United
+States from 1896 until 1904, and the originator of these Colonies,
+was, in brief, as he states it, to take the waste labor in families,
+and place it upon the waste land by means of waste capital,
+and thereby to convert this trinity of waste into a unity of production.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>
+His waste labor was the family struggling in the
+crowded city; his waste land, the large tracts of public land
+about to be opened up by irrigation; and his waste capital, if
+such a term can be used, was the capital lying idle, or at least,
+making 2&frac12; or 3 per cent., when according to his estimate, it
+could yield 5 per cent. The principles which he laid down were
+as follows:</p>
+
+
+<p>1. There must be sufficiency of capital.</p>
+
+<p>2. The land must be carefully selected and laid out.</p>
+
+<p>3. The colonists must be well selected.</p>
+
+<p>4. There must be able supervision.</p>
+
+<p>5. The principle of home ownership must be followed.</p>
+
+<p>6. God must be recognized.</p>
+
+<p>From our investigations at Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, we
+arrived at the conclusion that No. 4 and No. 6 were the only
+ones thoroughly carried out; that there was a weakness in the
+amount of capital (Prin. No. 1); that an unfortunate selection of
+land was made (Prin. No. 2); that the successful colonists did
+not entirely represent the class from which we should wish them
+to be taken (Prin. No. 3); and that ownership gave way largely
+to a system of renting-out by the Army (Prin. No. 5). For
+verification of this, see the typical cases at the end of the chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Commander Booth-Tucker advanced the argument, which is
+sound, to the effect that, when entire families were taken from
+the city and placed on the land, the tendency to return to the city
+would be overcome. It has been the experience of philanthropists,
+that when single men and women were transferred from the city
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>to the country, they always tended to return, the reason being
+due to an acquired fondness of the individual for intimate association
+with his fellows,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> but when a man has his wife and
+children, together with a plot of land and a home which he may
+call his own, the attraction toward the city is overcome, by a
+stronger one which keeps him where he is. Of course, this would
+answer for the one generation only.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving out the small colony at Ft. Herrick, Ohio, which was
+changed to an Industrial Colony, and which is considered in the
+chapter on the Industrial Work, let us examine more closely the
+Farm Colonies at Ft. Amity, Col., and Ft. Romie, Cal. The
+larger enterprise was set on foot in Colorado, in 1898, where a
+tract of 2,000 acres was secured at a cost of $46,000.00. In this
+year, fourteen families were brought from Chicago and placed
+on the bare, unimproved prairie, where, however, there was
+abundant water supply carried by a large irrigation company.
+These colonists were all family men with two exceptions, and
+nine of the heads of families had either been on farms or had
+worked on farms in the past.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> They were in narrow circumstances
+financially, and the transportation expenses of all
+except one of these families were paid by the Army. With this
+migration as a basis, the number of colonists was greatly increased
+by families from different cities and also from the surrounding
+country, until in 1905, there were thirty-eight families.
+Several were brought to the Colony as experienced men to
+act as pace-setters for the others.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> Some came with a small
+amount of capital.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the fact that the land was covered by a heavy sod
+which needed considerable working, no crops were raised the
+first year, and only fair crops the second. During the first year,
+the colonists were supported by cash loans which were charged
+against them. After the first two years, crops were good<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>and the outlook was promising, in spite of certain insect pests,
+but after about seven years a great difficulty showed itself. The
+land on which the Colony was located was alkali land, and bottom
+land, without any drainage. The result of constant irrigation was
+that the alkali rose to the surface in larger and larger quantities,
+until no good crop could be raised. The only salvation was to
+drain the land and thus rid it of the blighting alkali. This meant
+an expense of from $30.00 to $40.00 an acre. At the present
+time draining is being rapidly pushed forward and is proving
+very beneficial, but it can be easily seen what a discouragement
+the alkali has proved to the colonists, and what an additional
+expense is laid upon them and the Colony; an expense which
+it will take years of good crops to overcome.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
+
+<p>Up to 1905, about eighteen families, not satisfied with the results
+obtained, had moved away, and their places had been filled
+by others. A very few of the departing families moved because
+of ill-health; some thought that they could do better elsewhere
+as farmers; some even had considerable money as a result
+of their holdings in the Colony<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>. Since 1905, there has been
+a good deal of changing, and at present a large part of the Colony
+land is rented out by the Army to settlers; some being from the
+country, and some from the city<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>. A small number of the
+old pioneer colonists still remain and have done well with their
+holdings in spite of all difficulties.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p><p>The Army stated in 1905, that the financial standing of this
+Colony showed a net loss to the Army of $23,111.50, and a gain
+to the colonists of $37,943.77. It considered its loss a cheap price
+for the experience gained, but thought that it had erred in giving
+the colonists too liberal terms.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> By this time the loss to the
+Army is considerably greater, owing to the increased expense of
+drainage.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<p>At the present time (January, 1908), the population of this
+Colony is about 200. Nearly all the land is occupied in one way
+or another, either by colonists who own, or partially own, their
+land, or by renters, who are also called colonists. Several homes
+are vacant, but it is expected that they will be filled by renters
+before the Spring season opens. The little village consists of
+several stores, a blacksmith shop, a substantial railroad depot,
+a post office, a small hotel and a school house. A good many of
+the homes are built of stone, quarried on the Colony, and present
+a good appearance. Up on the higher land is situated a large
+stone structure, built by the colonists at an expense to the Army
+of $18,000.00, and first used as an orphanage, then as a sanitorium,
+and now abandoned. Irrigation ditches with a good flow
+of water are in evidence, and preparations for draining the land
+are under way. That this is necessary is forced upon us by the
+many white patches scattered here and there where the water,
+having evaporated, has left the destructive alkali salt on the surface
+of the ground.</p>
+
+<p>When we come to consider the other Farm Colony, Ft. Romie,
+situated at Soledad, Cal., in the beautiful Salinas Valley, we receive
+a more favorable impression, although we find that the
+Colony here has had many difficulties with which to contend.
+The Colony is smaller than that at Ft. Amity, but the land
+is better. The original 500 acres has been increased by the
+addition of a lease of 150 acres with the option of buying. In
+the year 1898, eighteen families were taken from the poor of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>San Francisco and placed upon the Colony, but unforeseen conditions
+prevailed, and, as a result, but one of these families remains
+to-day.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> The great mistake was made of settling
+colonists upon land which needed irrigation, before that irrigation
+was provided. This mistake was brought out the more
+vividly, in that the three first years of the Colony's existence were
+years of drought, bringing evil to most parts of the State, and
+especially to that land which, like the Colony land, only received
+a slight rain-fall at best. The result of the first years of this
+experiment, then, was an abandoning of the land by the colonists,
+and a loss to the Army of $27,000.00.</p>
+
+<p>The experiment was continued, however, but with very different
+conditions. An excellent irrigation system was established,
+and a new lot of settlers brought to the Colony; not, this time,
+from the city, but from the surrounding country. These people
+were poor, but accustomed to the land. The result, as might be
+expected this time, was more favorable. It was stated in 1905
+that no colonists had left since 1901.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> In May, 1903, there
+were nineteen families ranged according to nationality as follows:&mdash;Thirteen
+American; Two Scandinavian; One Finn; One
+German-Swiss; One Dutch and one Italian. There are now
+twenty-five families, and about one hundred and forty-five persons
+on the Colony. The nucleus of a town is to be seen with two or
+three stores, a blacksmith shop, and a good sized Town Hall.
+Near the Colony is a school house with an attendance of about
+fifty children, most of them being colonists' children.</p>
+
+<p>An irrigation plant has been established and is now owned and
+worked by the colonists, formed in a joint-stock company. The
+colonists raise beets, potatoes, alfalfa, fruits of different kinds,
+and stock. A large part of their income is derived from the
+dairying industry. They ship their cream to a creamery at
+Salinas, about twenty-five miles distant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p><p>Much could be said about the healthy appearance and happy
+life of the members of this Colony, but as they have not been
+brought from the unhealthy, squalid misery of the city, this is not
+of so much interest. The women work in the vegetable gardens
+and with the stock, as well as in the home; and the older
+children help their parents.</p>
+
+<p>Along the lines of co-operation, in both colonies there are interesting
+features. At stated intervals, the colonists meet in the
+form of a Farmers' Club, and discuss questions relative to the
+success of their individual farms and to the Colony as a whole.
+They also have lecturers come from a distance to address
+them on the latest phases of horticulture, agriculture, fertilization
+and irrigation. The colonists also embark in business enterprises
+like the stock company formed in the California Colony for the
+control and management of the irrigation plant. In this plant,
+one of the colonists is engineer, and another the superintendent
+of water supply. Another important institution of this same
+Colony is the Rochdale store, which does most of the retail business
+in the Colony. This store, in its management and organization,
+follows the co-operative Rochdale system, which has attained
+strength in England and is growing in the United States.
+The store is incorporated in the State of California as a co-operative
+corporation, and holds a membership in the State
+Rochdale Wholesale Co. It has already extended beyond the
+limits of the Colony and counts among its members others than
+colonists. The colonists also take active interest in local affairs
+of all kinds. In one colony, the rural mail carrier is a colonist,
+and the school teacher the wife of a colonist. At Ft. Amity,
+a colonist is now sheriff of the County for the second time.</p>
+
+<p>Social and religious life is also fostered in the Colonies. A
+variety of religious sects is represented, and no compulsion is
+exercised towards any one of them. At Ft. Romie the Army
+has an organized corps, which holds meetings once in the week
+and once on Sunday, also having a Sunday school for the children.
+At Ft. Amity similar conditions prevail. On both colonies
+a good moral influence is found and there are no evil surroundings;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>hence in neither colony is there a local officer of the law.
+In the contract which every colonist signs on taking his land
+there is a temperance clause to this effect:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"And party of the second part hereby agrees to and with party
+of the first part that, in consideration of the benefits derived from
+this contract, he will not bargain, sell, barter or trade upon said
+land any intoxicating liquors, or otherwise dispose of as beverages
+any intoxicants, at any place upon said premises or any part thereof,
+or permit the selling of the same, or any illegal traffic or any act or
+acts prohibited by law."</p></div>
+
+<p>The same clause goes on to provide for the return of the
+land to the Army in case of its being violated.</p>
+
+<p>From this brief description it is seen that much of the success
+of these colonies must rest on the management. The manager
+must be large-hearted and broad-minded. He must be
+supervisor, instructor, moderator, counsellor and friend. The
+Army has been very fortunate in placing fit men in these positions,
+and if in other things it had been equally fortunate, its colonies
+would have made a better showing.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the financial methods of the Army in dealing with
+the colonists, the following extract from a memorandum of information
+issued by the Ft. Romie Colony, California, gives
+typical information.</p>
+
+<p>1. Land: Twenty acres of land are sold to each colonist. The
+price of unimproved land at this date, 1904, is $100.00 per acre.
+This price, however, is liable to be increased at any time.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>2. Buildings: Houses, barns and other buildings are constructed
+by the colonists. Materials are furnished in quantities by the Army
+according to the size of the colonist's family, somewhat after the
+following schedule. For a family with one or two small children,
+a two-room house, about 14&times;24 outside measurement, for
+which we appropriate not over $125.00. This is to include a
+small barn or shed for horses, cows, etc. For a family with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+three or four small children, a three-room house about 18&times;24,
+costing with barn, etc., not over $175.00. For a larger family,
+perhaps a four or five-room house, limiting the appropriation
+for the same to $225.00. Colonists can suit themselves as to
+the style of the house, but must satisfy the manager that it can
+be erected within the limits of the appropriation named. The
+colonist can add to the size of the house as he gets on his financial
+feet.</p>
+
+<p>3. Terms: On land breaking and other permanent land improvements,
+the colonists are given 20 years' time. The principal
+and interest are payable in installments each year.</p>
+
+<p>4. Outfit: To colonists unable to purchase them, the Army
+furnishes the necessary implements and stock, consisting of the
+following: Team of horses, cow, hogs, chicken, seed, etc., secured
+by chattel mortgage. The interest on outfit and loans is
+fixed at 6 per cent. It is expected that the principal and interest
+will be repaid in installments each year. All outfits and loans are
+to be repaid within five years.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
+
+<p>We have briefly outlined the most prominent features of the
+Farm Colonies, but the final questions now arise, is the movement
+sound; what does it signify, and what development does the
+future hold for it? For one thing we must not be led astray by
+the statements of the Army. The continued existence of the
+colonies, in the face of great difficulties, through the term of
+eight or nine years they have been carried on, is not in itself
+an argument for the soundness of the movement. From ocean
+to ocean and throughout the world, the Army has advertised its
+success in colonizing enterprises, and hence it had a set purpose
+in maintaining and continuing its colonies, even though they
+should be failures from our point of view, and even though they
+should not fulfil the purpose originally intended by the Army
+itself. As has been remarked with regard to the industrial colonies,
+so here, we would emphasize the fact that the Army has
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>no need to fear acknowledgement that the colonies have not been
+successful, because it has other credit upon which to depend for
+its reputation for usefulness. After looking at it from all sides,
+we come to the conclusion that the two experiments considered
+in these pages do not justify an extension of this work. This
+conclusion is based on several reasons:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Many of the successful colonists are not men who needed
+help the most, and many are not from the City at all.</p>
+
+<p>2. The colonies have been, and are, an undue expense to the
+organization.</p>
+
+<p>3. The same amount of energy and money would be more
+beneficial to the unemployed if used along other lines.</p>
+
+<p>4. The principles advanced as essential by the originators of
+the movement were only partially carried out.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Our first reason is based partly on personal investigation, and
+partly on the statements of the Army itself.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> There are, as
+will be seen from examples given, certain places where families
+from the city without previous experience have made a success
+of the colonies, but these are greatly in the minority<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>. If, in
+the case of the California Colony at Fort Romie, when seventeen
+out of the original number of families taken from the city,
+left on account of the lack of water, the next group of settlers
+had again been chosen from the city, after water had been
+secured, a more conclusive experiment would have resulted, but
+instead, the second group were, "farmers by profession."<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>
+This looks as though the Army itself at that time doubted the
+ability of the city families to succeed on the land. At any rate,
+the fact that the majority of the families at the present time on
+the colonies are not from the city at all, shows that, as an experiment
+of removing the surplus population of the city to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>country, the colonies are a failure. But further, when we take
+the minority, the families now in the colonies who came from
+the city, we find that, in most cases, they are not people who
+needed help the most, and those who have succeeded on the
+colonies, have succeeded because of elements in their character
+which would have led them to succeed in the long run anywhere,
+with favorable environment. In this case then, the only advantage
+in taking these people from the city was to leave more
+room there for somebody else, and this is not much of an advantage,
+since that "somebody else" is quite likely to come from
+the country to the city, and thus not be one of the city's submerged
+ones at all. Again, if, as we have just stated, men succeed
+in the country because of the same elements of character
+which would lead them to succeed anywhere, then the reason
+for their failing to succeed in the city would lie in an unfavorable
+environment, and to change their environment, it is not necessary
+to carry on a system of paternalistic colonies. This leads us to
+the question of assisted emigration, which we will discuss in connection
+with our third objection to the colonies.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the second reason, that of undue expense, Mr.
+Haggard in 1905, found a loss to the Army of $50,000. While,
+since that time, in the case of the California Colony, there has
+been no further loss, yet in the case of the colony in Colorado,
+there has been much expenditure which should be added to the
+original loss. The Army states that it has been too liberal in
+its dealings with its colonists, but we note that, in spite of its
+liberality, there has been a constant tendency for the colonists
+to leave, hoping to do better elsewhere.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> The Army might reply
+that this is no argument, and that the fact that they were able
+to leave with funds on hand was in itself a proof of liberality
+on the Army's part, but to prove the success of its experiment,
+it must show that those who have left have done better elsewhere,
+and not drifted back once more to the city. The Army
+might further state that in future a better selection of land<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+might be made, and that other unfavorable things might be
+avoided, but we are dealing here with these two colonies and not
+future experiments. As regards such, there would always be
+unforeseen difficulties of every kind.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p>
+
+<p>Coming to the third reason for our conclusion, the reason that
+money might be expended in other ways with greater advantage
+to the unemployed, and with greater relief to the congestion of
+cities, we refer again to the recommendations of the Departmental
+Committee appointed by the English government to consider
+Commissioner Haggard's report.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> In their report they
+recommend a system of emigration from the city to the English
+possessions, such as Canada, aided by the government, in preference
+to the system of colonization. With this we agree. A
+man once transported from the city and then thrown on his
+own resources in a favorable rural environment, will be more
+likely to succeed than a man who is taken out with a number of
+others to form a colony. The man left to his own resources will
+rise to the occasion, as so many have done in both Canada and
+the United States, who have migrated from city to country and
+made successful farmers and citizens, while, on the other hand,
+the man who feels dependent on an organization, which is responsible
+to the public for his success, and its own, will blame it for his
+own lack of efficiency. The Army itself claims a successful work
+done along the lines of emigration. In 1905, through the agency
+of the Army, 2,500 men were sent out from London to Canada.
+This number has since increased every year until in 1907 over
+15,000 men were sent out. Many other emigration societies have
+been very successful in this work.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> The emigrants sent out
+with some assistance, in many cases, gain new ambitions in life and
+make pronounced successes on the new soil. As regards the cost,
+the following quotation may be submitted. "The cost of emigration
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>to Canada from England does not amount to more than
+£10 a head, and some of the societies, especially those maintained
+by women, seem to be successful in securing repayment
+of at least a part of the money advanced. In other words, $300,000.00,
+which Mr. Rider Haggard assumes as a necessary sum
+for forming a colony of 1,500 families, would enable at least
+6,000 families to go out as emigrants."<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> With regard to conditions
+in the large cities of the United States and other countries,
+we believe that the same arguments would apply, and that, in
+every case, assisted emigration will be found far more feasible
+and beneficial than any system of colonization. Again, for reasons
+already given, in addition to there being six thousand
+families aided by emigration, for the same sum as fifteen hundred
+families could be by colonization, the relief given would be
+far preferable. In other words, emigration has been proved successful,
+while colonization has not.</p>
+
+<p>Coming back to the conclusions reached by Mr. Haggard on
+his recommendations to the English government: Mr. Haggard,
+after stating that the two experiments, outside of a slight failure
+of finance, seemed to him to be eminently successful, says
+that, given certain requisites,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It will, I consider, be strange if success is not attained even in
+the case of poor persons taken from the cities, provided that they
+are suited in character, the victims of misfortune and circumstances
+rather than of vice, having had some acquaintance or connection
+with the land in their past life, and having also an earnest desire
+to raise themselves and their children in the world."</p></div>
+
+<p>Now two of the "requisites" he mentions are, "that the land
+should be cheap as well as suitable" and "that markets also with
+accessibility and convenience of location should be borne in
+mind," two rather difficult requisites to be found together.
+Again, in the above quotation he lays down other provisos;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>among these being one that the people selected should have had
+some acquaintance or connection with the land in their past lives,
+a rather indefinite proviso in itself, but, from a list of poor men
+out of work or in irregular or casual employment in London and
+the other large cities in England in 1901 and 1906, compiled by
+Mr. Wilson Fox, we find that out of a total of 8,793 such men,
+ninety per cent were town born.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> We also find in New York
+City in the spring of 1908, that out of a total of 185 destitute men,
+about eighty per cent were town born.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> That then leaves
+ten per cent in the case of England and twenty per cent in the
+case of New York City from which to select or choose the ones
+needed for a colonizing enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Fox has also shown in his investigations:</p>
+
+<p>1. That the countrymen who migrate to London are mainly
+the best youth of the villages.</p>
+
+<p>2. That the incomers usually get the pick of the posts, especially
+outdoor trades.</p>
+
+<p>3. Country immigrants do not to any considerable extent directly
+recruit the town unemployed who are, in the main, the
+sediment deposited at the bottom of the scale, as the physique
+and power of application of the town population tends to deteriorate.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p>
+
+<p>The conclusion is then, that it would be difficult to get the men
+according to Mr. Haggard's requirements, and difficult to get
+the land according to his requirements, and even if such were
+obtained, for reasons already stated there is no justification for
+a large colonizing enterprise in the two experiments described in
+this chapter.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p>
+<h3><br />Examples of Colonists taken from Ft. Amity by the author in
+January, 1908.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 1.</b></p>
+
+<p>Elderly man. Widower. Had three grown-up children in the
+Colony at various times. Had one son a colonist with farm of
+his own. Was not a Salvationist. Came from Chicago where
+he was a tailor. Had a farm near the railroad depot which he
+considered valuable. Had two small houses. Rented one.
+Raised alfalfa. Was sole agent for a coal company. Claimed
+he made $1,500.00 last year, mostly in the coal business. Said
+draining now being done on the Colony was very expensive.
+Considered the Colony a good thing.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 2.</b></p>
+
+<p>Middle aged man. Married. One child. Had experience in
+the country before coming to the Colony. Had forty acres of
+Colony land which he had rented, and which he wished to sell at
+$106.00 per acre. Had mostly worked for the railroad in the
+station office. Wished to leave the Colony. Said he could not
+raise a vegetable garden owing to alkali and insect pests.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 3.</b></p>
+
+<p>A new man. About thirty years old. One year out from Chicago,
+where he worked at different trades. Had wife and one
+child. Rented a house on the Colony and worked in one of the
+Colony stores. Had no money saved and saw no immediate
+chance of betterment. Liked the country better than the city,
+because his wife had better health.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 4.</b></p>
+
+<p>Young married man. No children. Son of a Colonist and
+married to a daughter of a Colonist, whose father was sheriff
+of the County. Had good looking cottage and barns. Was
+doing well.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 5.</b></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+<p>About fifty years old. Salvation Army officer. In the Colony
+six years. Had son twenty-one, and together they worked a farm
+of sixty acres. He owned twenty and rented forty. His life
+was despaired of by the doctors, but he was enjoying good health
+at time of interview. Doing well financially.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 6.</b></p>
+
+<p>About forty-five. Original Colonist. Married. Had four
+children. Came from Chicago, where he was a carpenter. Owned
+land in the Colony which he rented out. Ran a hardware store
+in the Colony and was partner in the Colony bank. Had property
+valued at $5,000.00. Had no capital when he came to the
+Colony.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 7.</b></p>
+
+<p>About forty-eight years old. Original Colonist. Married and
+had nine children. Was railroad clerk in Chicago at $12.00 per
+week. Owned a corner lot on the town site where he ran a
+grocery store. Had property in Chicago worth $1,000.00 when
+he came to the Colony. Was worth $8,000.00 at time of interview.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 8.</b></p>
+
+<p>A farmer, from surrounding country, induced by Colony management
+to invest in Colony land and tract as a "pace-setter" to
+the other colonists. Thus secured forty acres at $70.00 per acre.
+Had introduced the sheep industry. Bought up young lambs in
+Mexico, fattened them, and sold at a profit. Had been two years
+on the Colony. Made $5,000.00 net, per year. Had four thousand
+sheep.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 9.</b></p>
+
+<p>Middle aged man. Married. Original colonist. Was expressman
+in Chicago, but previous to coming to the Colony had
+to leave family and go to work in the woods while the wife
+worked. Had taken out a government homestead outside of the
+Colony. Gave up his holdings on the Colony and was working
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>as farm boss for a neighboring farmer while his wife ran a
+boarding house.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 10.</b></p>
+
+<p>Scotchman. About fifty years old. Married. Had five children.
+In the Colony for six years. Arrived there with $25.00.
+Was carpenter in Chicago. Was worth $1,000.00 when interviewed.
+Was arranging to sell his holdings and go away, as
+he thought he could do better elsewhere.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 11.</b></p>
+
+<p>About forty-five years old. Belonged to the Army. Married.
+One child. Came from Baltimore, Md., where he worked as
+a teamster. The Army paid family's fare to the Colony. Made
+a failure of his holding on the Colony and was making a bare
+living by running the Colony hotel and doing teaming. His
+failure was due to alkali and insect pests. His wife was sick
+before coming, but became better and was evidently the more
+efficient member of the partnership.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 12.</b></p>
+
+<p>Thirty-five years old. Married. Two children. Brother of
+Army officer and son of example No. 1. In the Colony eight
+years. Used to be street-car conductor in Chicago. Gave up
+one holding in the Colony on account of alkali and took another,
+where he was doing well at time of interview.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 13.</b></p>
+
+<p>About forty years old. Married. Came from the country.
+Rented a house on the Colony and worked as a section-hand on
+the railroad.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land." Introduction, p. VI.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> "Report of Departmental Committee," pp. 8, 9, 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> "William Booth," p. 83.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> "The S. A. in the U. S.," p. 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 291.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 75.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> See example No. 8 at the end of the chapter, <a href="#Page_115">p. 115</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> About this time, Mr. Curtis, describing the colony in the Chicago
+Record, said "There is no neater group of houses in Colorado, and no
+more contented community in the world. Nearly every one has written
+to friends urging them to join the next colony that comes out, and thus I
+judge they are enthusiastic over their success and the pleasures they
+enjoy."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> See principle No. 2, <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 78.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> See principle No. 5, <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> See several examples at the end of this chapter, <a href="#Page_137">p. 137</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 82.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> See principle No. 1, <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> See Pamphlet, "Review of Salvation Army Land Colony in California."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> The price of land at Ft. Amity would be different, and there, too,
+the Army sometimes rents to the colonists an additional acreage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> "Memorandum of Information Respecting the Salvation Army
+Colony at Ft. Romie, California."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> For these principles see <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a> of this chapter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See "The Poor and the Land," p. 40 and fl.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_114">examples</a> at end of chapter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> See "The Poor and the Land," p. 47.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> See the "Poor and the Land," p. 82.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> See "Report of Departmental Committee," p. 14 and fl.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Mr. John Manson in his book "The Salvation Army and the Public,"
+p. 133 and following, states that in this work the Army has merely
+acted the part of a business agency. We think that he has ground for this
+statement, but we also think that the Army would be far more useful
+along these lines than an ordinary business agency.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> See tables <a href="#Page_98">p. 98</a> of this book.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 30.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Slum Department.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>So much has been written on the question of the slums in
+the past few years; so many settlements, evening recreation centers,
+summer playgrounds, clubs, visiting nurses' associations,
+and kindergarten associations have been organized; so much has
+been done by tenement house commissions and tenement laws;
+so many churches have turned from their original efforts to
+the slums; that we wonder why so little is heard of what the
+Army, the organization supposed especially to represent the poor,
+is doing in this direction. To tell the truth, if we go down into
+the slums, either those of Deptford, Whitechapel, or of Westminster,
+in London; or those of the Jewish, the Italian, the
+Negro, or the Irish quarters in New York, or those of the Slav
+or Jewish quarters in Chicago, expecting to find there the work
+of the Army much in evidence, we shall be disappointed. What
+slum work is done by the Army in these densely populated corners
+is done with love and earnest hearts, with sacrifice and the
+best of intentions; but apparently it does not bear fruit in the same
+proportion as does the work of the settlement, whether church
+settlement or secular, or in the same proportion as many of the
+kindergartens, summer playgrounds and evening recreation centers.
+Nevertheless, the slum post of the Army is doing valuable
+work and should be supported.</p>
+
+<p>A sweeping tenement house reform can do more than any
+number of settlements; a settlement can do more than the Army
+slum post; but neither the tenement reform nor the settlement
+does the work that a slum post does. Probably the work done
+by other organizations most nearly allied to that of the Army
+slum post is that done by the various organizations of church
+deaconesses, which have been growing rapidly in late years, in
+which women are employed by the churches to visit the poor
+in their homes, and nurse the sick, besides other duties. If we
+depend or count largely on the Army slum work to reform the
+slums, we shall be disappointed in learning that, after years of
+successful growth in the Industrial and Social Departments, the
+Army has but twenty slum posts in the United States<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>, some
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>of these being very small, and that it has no large number in
+other countries. Such as it is, the work is well worth while.
+But let us examine its origin, present status and the reason for
+its relatively small growth.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning of the Army movement, Mrs. Booth, the
+late wife of General Booth, supplemented her husband's work
+by a personal visitation of the people in their homes. She proved
+the utility of this work and also its place among the works
+of women. From her early efforts has sprung the more widely
+organized department of slum work.</p>
+
+<p>The slum work may be divided into three divisions: visitation
+work, the slum nursery, and the maintenance of the slum post.
+Wearing a humbler garb, even, than the regular Army uniform,
+the lassies start out on their daily tours of visitation. They take
+care of the sick, and at the same time, they clean the home and
+put everything in order. Often they come upon cases of need
+and of want, and then they provide the little necessaries: a sack of
+coal, a supply of food, or some needed clothing. They take the
+children from the worn-out woman and amuse and instruct
+them, while the mother does her work; and, wherever they go,
+although most plainly dressed, they are clean and neat, and they
+strive to make everything else clean and neat.</p>
+
+<p>While this visitation work is going on, another most urgent
+need is being supplied by the slum nursery. Here the mother
+can leave her children in the morning, when she goes to her
+work, and find them safely waiting for her in the evening, clean
+and happy. A charge of five cents per day is made to cover the
+expense of feeding the children. During the day they are well
+cared for, the younger ones properly nursed, and the older
+ones taught simple little kindergarten games and songs. Sometimes
+children are brought here and never called for again, in
+which case the Army lassies in charge must find some permanent
+home for them, but this does not often happen, as the mothers
+of the children are usually known by the Army workers. At
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>the slum nursery in Cincinnati there is also a free clinic, where
+sick women and children go for treatment. Two of the most
+efficient physicians of the city furnish free aid, and the medicines
+necessary are provided.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the visitation work and the nursery, the maintenance
+of the slum post means the keeping of slum quarters
+and a slum hall. The "quarters" are the two or more rooms
+where the lassies live, and they are located where most can be
+accomplished in the way of example and influence. The hall is
+for the carrying on of slum meetings, for these are regularly
+held. In these meetings the roughest crowd of men, women
+and children is awed into respect and reverence by the simple
+slum lassies with their songs and music. Again, in this little
+hall, the children of the neighborhood are gathered in a Sunday
+School and taught by the slum officers. It is a most interesting
+spectacle to watch these children. Many different
+nationalities are represented, the dark races and the light. As
+children, these nationalities mingle together more freely than in
+adult life.</p>
+
+<p>A special aspect of the slum post is the distribution of charitable
+relief to the needy. It is specially situated, and has advantages
+for this purpose; hence it becomes the distributing depot
+for bread, soup and coal in winter, and ice in summer. For
+instance, from one slum post in New York during the winter
+of 1907-8, 2,800 loaves of bread were given out in one week,
+and for some months, an average of from 300 to 1,000 loaves,
+besides an average of two tons of coal per week. Some of this,
+naturally, would go to the undeserving, but the slum officers, as
+a rule, know the people of their immediate neighborhood, and
+can exercise due discretion.</p>
+
+<p>The failure of the Army slum work to increase in the same
+proportion as its other branches of the social work, and its non-existence
+in many quarters of our cities where it is most needed,
+is due to two causes. One is the fact that the Army slum
+post, more than the Army industrial home or the Army hotel,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+is a religious institution, and is continually advertising and pressing
+on the public its peculiar doctrines. The slum officers are
+imbued with the idea that personal salvation according to the
+doctrines of the Army is the all-essential need. They would
+not be engaged in this work themselves were it not for the hold
+these doctrines have upon them. The slum post holds its regular
+meetings, exhorting its hearers to get "saved," in its own
+original way. At Sunday School, the children are taught that
+certain things are wrong and sinful, and these very things are
+common-place in their own homes though, possibly some of them
+of not much detriment. But, in a community almost entirely
+Catholic or Jewish, such aggressive evangelism is not likely to
+increase the influence of its advocates. Many settlements have
+learned with grief, this very same lesson. Another reason for
+the lack of success is the mental calibre of those engaged in
+the work. However, the devotion and self-sacrifice of the Army
+slum sisters is one of the most touching and sublime elements of
+the slums, and it is all the more touching when it is to some extent
+misdirected and misplaced. To see the tact, patience and perseverance
+of these "Slum Angels" as they are often called, is a
+divine object lesson in itself, and much of their work is not done
+in vain, as many would testify.</p>
+
+<p>A useful experiment is under way at one former slum post,
+94 Cherry Street, New York City. In place of the old building
+formerly rented by the Army here and used as a slum post, the
+Army has built a commodious six-story building, which it calls
+a settlement. One floor is given to a hall and parlor. Two
+floors are given over to rooms to be used as class, club
+and kindergarten rooms. One floor is fitted up with a dining
+room and kitchen, and another with a large dormitory
+and living room, to be used as a Girls' Home. On the roof,
+preparations are under way for a roof garden and play-ground,
+while washing facilities are provided in the basement, where poor
+mothers can bring their clothes and wash them. Already the
+New York Kindergarten Association has two kindergartners busy
+here. Two sewing classes, averaging thirty-five members, are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>organized. Mother's meetings are held, and a regular Army
+Corps is organized, consisting of sixty members. This settlement
+may prove an auspicious advance of the Army along these
+lines.</p>
+
+<p>To sum up, the Army Slum Department is doing valuable
+work in the slums, tending the sick, exercising and bringing out
+some of the better traits of humanity, and offering relief in times
+of need; but it suffers from an over-desire to spread its own
+peculiar doctrines of salvation, and from the lack of grasping
+the whole situation which is characteristic of its workers.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> This number has continued the same for five years.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Rescue Department.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>In the United States and Great Britain, the question of the
+social evil has never been thoroughly investigated and faced systematically
+as a whole. In some of the large cities in the United
+States, notably in Chicago and New York, the question has been
+taken up in various ways by different reform societies. Probably
+the best investigation made thus far has been the work of
+the Committee of Fifteen, in New York City, which issued its
+report in the year 1902, but the problem does not appear to
+have been faced by us as a nation as it might have been. Other
+countries, especially France, have paid a great deal of attention
+to this form of vice. Nearly every phase of the question has
+been examined by some French investigator and reported on, but
+when we look for reports or investigations on the part of American
+or English students, we find very little of value.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the United States, all attempts at reaching a true
+estimate of the extent of this evil have failed. Apparently, there
+is no way of obtaining such information. We have seen estimates
+regarding some of the cities in past years, and such estimates
+are given as 40,000 prostitutes for New York City,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> 30,000
+for Chicago and 35,000 for San Francisco. But these figures
+have evidently been derived in a very unscientific way. The
+evil is probably worse in the Western states than in the Eastern,
+but we are not satisfied of the accuracy of such estimates as
+35,000 for San Francisco and only 30,000 for Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>The work known as the Rescue Work of the Salvation Army
+is, to a certain extent, related to the Slum Work. The slum
+officers can often work hand-in-hand with the Rescue officers,
+inasmuch as their field is often on the same or adjoining territory.
+At the same time, it is essential that the Rescue officer
+be more highly specialized than the slum worker. During the
+past few years the percentage of successful cases of reform
+brought about by the Army Rescue Homes has reached as high
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>as 80 or 85%, according to the Army's statistics. They, however,
+are unable to keep in touch with all the girls sent out, and
+hence this percentage would not be final, but even allowing 25%
+off for failures not known to the Army, it is doubtful if there
+is any other reform agency along this line which is as successful
+as is this force of trained rescue workers.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> In the United
+States this force works in conjunction with twenty-two Rescue
+Homes scattered throughout the States. These homes are especially
+fitted for the work, some having been built for the purpose.
+There are work rooms for the girls, where they can do
+sewing and laundry work. There is a reading room and sitting
+room, dining room, and different dormitories and sleeping apartments.
+Then special facilities are provided for the care of
+babies in the way of proper nurseries.</p>
+
+<p>There are two ways in which these girls come under the influence
+of the Homes and Rescue workers: either the girls come
+voluntarily to the Homes, expressing their desire to leave this
+form of life for a better one, or they are brought to the Home
+by the direct influence and touch of the Rescue officer. These
+Rescue officers make regular tours through the districts where
+the girls are to be found. They watch their opportunities, and
+whenever they think it wise, they speak to the girls personally.
+When this is not possible, they make an advance by way of
+literature. One method is to open up a conversation by means
+of a little card, upon which is printed the address of the Rescue
+Home, and the offer of help to any girl who is in trouble of
+any sort. Some of the officers tell us that they get to know the
+faces of the girls through their regular tours, and whenever
+a new girl comes they are able to recognize her at once, both
+by her features and her actions. In this way there have been
+some instances of real prevention without the need of any curative
+means whatever; instances where young girls have been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>rescued from the very brink of their evil fate. One way of
+reaching the girls is visitation and nursing when they are sick.
+Another way is through the police courts. In some of the
+latter a woman Army officer is in regular attendance, and the
+judge frequently hands certain cases over to her charge.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the girls received into the Home have had no practical
+training in life; many, very little moral training, and in
+the case of those who have had good training in earlier years,
+the life they have been leading has so undermined their old
+ideals, that the training must be repeated. Hence, the aim of
+the Home is two-fold. First, the aim is to lay a strong foundation
+morally. When the girls reach the Home, in most cases
+they are already penitent, and ready for a change, but to make
+such a complete change as is necessary to lead them back to a
+normal life means the individual revolution of desire and interest.
+Here is where the importance of the moral influence
+of the Home is realized. Step by step the girl is led on by
+the simple teaching of Christian and social ideals, until in
+reality she is a changed individual. Often she looks back on
+her past life with such repugnance and shrinking, that her only
+desire becomes that of doing something to retrieve her past, and
+she becomes an active agent in the betterment of the conditions
+of other girls around her.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the second aim of the Rescue Home is being
+realized. The girls are taught the means of practical livelihood.
+They are instructed in cooking, the care of the kitchen and
+nursery, and general housekeeping. Sewing is made a prominent
+feature, and in every Home a laundry is maintained, where the
+girls do their own washing and sometimes outside washing.
+In some Homes the fund realized from the laundry and from
+the sale of clothing made by the girls is quite a help toward defraying
+the general expenses. Again, at some of the Homes,
+such work as book binding and chicken raising has been successfully
+carried on. Independence is encouraged, and as soon
+as possible the girl is made to feel that, by aiding in the work
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>of the Home, she can help meet the expense which she caused.</p>
+
+<p>To the girl who has possibly never done sewing, never known
+anything about proper cooking or the care of a home, there
+is much that is new in this training, and, on the other hand,
+great patience is required on the part of her instructors. A fit
+of anger or despondency, and in a very short time she has left
+the Home and its care, and returned to her old life. Some do
+this even more than once and again return, having, upon reflection,
+realized the force of its love and shelter. Others, of
+course, leave and never return, but a large number are sent
+back to their own homes or out to fill situations of various
+kinds.</p>
+
+<p>A great difference is found between one girl and another, due
+to the different status of life and surroundings from which they
+originally fell; hence, some girls are reformed with greater ease
+and in a shorter time than are others. The average time that
+a girl is retained in the Home is about four months. The Army
+aims at keeping in touch with them afterwards.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Personally," says one of the leading Rescue officers writing on
+this point, "I attach by far the greatest importance to the work
+done with our girls after they leave the Home. If we ceased our
+care for them when they went out to service, we should have, I fear,
+many failures. I have by my elbow, as I write to you, a current record
+of 120 girls, not picked out but taken just as they come, which
+tells just where each one is, what she is doing, what was her
+spiritual condition when last seen or heard from, what day visited,
+etc. That list is taken from a record kept of every girl who passes
+through our hands. On one page is her previous life story; on the
+other, her career after leaving the Home. It is the most important
+record we keep."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Along with other departments of social service in the Army,
+this department has been considerably extended during the past
+few years. Figures are at hand for the United States only.
+In 1896 there were five Rescue Homes with a total accommodation
+for 100 girls, and there were, in the Rescue Work, 24
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>officers. In 1904 we found twenty-two homes, with a total accommodation
+for 500 girls, and there were 110 specialized officers
+engaged in the Rescue Work. During the eight years
+prior to 1907 15,000 girls were helped.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> Speaking of the
+year 1903-4, Commander Booth-Tucker says: "More than 1,800
+girls passed through the homes during the year, and of these
+93% were satisfactory cases, being restored to lives of virtue,
+while some 500 babies were cared for."<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> During the past
+few years, also, some valuable properties have been acquired for
+the purposes of Rescue Homes. Among these are two Homes
+in Philadelphia worth $20,000.00; the Home in Manhattan, New
+York City, valued at $35,000.00; the Home in Buffalo, costing
+nearly $40,000.00; the Home in Los Angeles, worth more than
+$15,000.00, and others.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion it may be said that although this great social
+question presents almost overwhelming problems for solution,
+yet there is no agency that deals with the evil in a curative way
+so successfully, and on such a scale, as does the Rescue Department
+of the Army. One difficulty of the work is that, while
+so many departments of the Army work are self-supporting, this
+work cannot be made so. Another difficulty is the lack of those
+who are willing to sacrifice their lives to such noble effort. Mrs.
+Catherine Higgins, former Secretary for this department, in
+her report, said that she had a great need of 100 more workers,
+and that she could use many times that number in the furtherance
+of the work.</p>
+
+<p>While it is rather the part of society to strike at the very
+causes of this social evil and root it out entirely, still, such
+successful combating with the evil itself, right on the battle-field
+of flagrant vice, should receive the hearty support of all.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Mentioned in Josiah Strong's Social Progress, 1906, p. 243.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> In Great Britain in 1903, the proportion of re-admissions in the
+Rescue Homes was about one in seven. In that year, about one-sixth of
+the new cases were unsatisfactory. (The S. A. and the Public, p. 131.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> "Social Service in the Salvation Army," p. 71.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Pamphlet "S. A. in the U. S."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 26.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Some Minor Features of the Salvation Army Social Work.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>There are a number of features of the Salvation Army Social
+Work, which for the sake of brevity we shall group together in
+one final chapter. These are, (1): Christmas dinners, (2): prison
+work, (3): the employment bureau, and (4): work among the
+children. Taking up the subject of Christmas dinners, we find
+here what seems to be an advertising scheme more than a systematic
+form of relief. Sentiment, doubtless, has its place, even
+with the masses, and yet, in this great winter feast, there is more
+sentiment than there is real practical good accomplished. To
+the quiet, calculating student the question arises whether it
+would not be far better to utilize the vast amount of energy and
+financial outlay, which it gives to gorging the multitude for
+one day, in a better and more lasting way; the question whether
+there is not, in these Christmas feasts, a likeness to the old time
+feast of pagan Rome. In every city of any size throughout the
+country the pots and kettles on the street corner are familiar
+objects. At each Corps or other location of the Army, tickets
+are given out entitling the bearer to a Christmas dinner, or, in
+certain cases, to a basket with a dinner for a family. A good
+deal of trickery is indulged in by the professional beggars, by
+means of which it often happens that several dinners go to the
+same person. And yet, as we have watched those 5,000 baskets
+containing food for 25,000 persons go out, to bring cheer and
+comfort to the hungry in their homes, and as we have gazed on
+that vast banquet of 3,000 guests seated at one sitting, we could
+not but feel glad that these poor brothers and sisters of ours
+might realize the force of human sympathy for once in the year
+at least.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another minor feature of the Salvation Army work is the
+prison work. The majority of the jails, local, county and state,
+are visited at intervals by certain members of the Army set
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>aside for that purpose in each community. In one State's prison
+there is a regularly organized corps of Salvation Army soldiers,
+who are all prisoners, some of them for a life term. In most
+prisons the Army provides literature, sees to the correspondence
+of the prisoners and holds meetings with them. But it is not
+so much the work with the prisoners in the jail that counts, as
+it is the influence gained over them, which leads them to come
+to the Army and make a new start in life when they get out.
+Many who find themselves behind the prison bars are not to be
+classed as regular criminals. A man is often classed as a
+criminal who is a victim of misfortune only, and has no inherent
+criminal instincts. It is with the criminal "by occasion," as Lombroso
+puts it,<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> that much successful work can be done in the
+way of reform. The Army has a regular organization known
+as the Prison Gate League. When a prisoner is discharged he
+is met by one of this league and invited to go to work at one
+of the Army's institutions. After being influenced and helped
+in this institution for a certain length of time, if he seems to
+justify it, he is sent out to work in some position. There are
+no definite statistics recorded of those of this class who have
+been permanently bettered.</p>
+
+<p>Still another minor feature is the employment bureau system.
+While mentioned here as merely one of a group of minor features,
+this system is one of great importance to the industrial
+world. It is being taken into consideration in many places by
+thoughtful men, and there is promise of its assuming national,
+if not international proportions. The general term, employment
+bureau, serves to bring to our recollection the accompanying
+evils of the contract wage system and industrial slavery, against
+which there has been agitation in the past, but it is because of
+these accompaniments that the importance arises of securing a
+system which shall be free from them. In Germany considerable
+work has been done along these lines, municipalities and
+provinces have taken up the work, and an all-round effort is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>being made to place labor in the right position for work at the
+proper time.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> New York City is to-day swarming with many
+agencies, which are conducted by men and women, who may
+rightly be classed as extortioners. In spite of the rigid rules on
+the subject, the ignorance and poverty of their victims makes evasion
+of the law comparatively easy. Jacob A. Riis, speaking of
+this subject, says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is estimated that New York spends in public and private
+charity every year around eight millions. A small part of this sum
+intelligently invested in a great labor bureau that would bring the
+seeker of work and the man with work together, under auspices
+offering some degree of mutual security, would certainly repay the
+amount of the investment in the saving of much capital now much
+worse than wasted, and would be prolific of the best results."<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>In regard to the work of the Army in this field every large
+city contains an employment bureau conducted by it and maintained
+for the free use of the unemployed. Some of the men,
+who secure positions have been in one of its own
+institutions, and the Army workers know whether or not
+to recommend them for a certain position. Outside of giving
+men work in its own institutions, the Army, during the year
+1907, found employment for 55,621 persons in the United States
+alone.</p>
+
+<p>Contrary to expectation, the children's work of the Army
+has not attained a magnitude in proportion to the other lines
+of work which have been developed. This may be accounted
+for in part by the fact that there are more institutions open for
+children to which the Army can turn for help than there are
+institutions of other types. Thus, while the Army can often get
+a child taken into some orphanage already existing, either public
+or private, in the case of the drunkard, the unemployed or the
+fallen woman, the Army finds it necessary to furnish its own
+institutions. Again, the Army states that wherever possible,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>some friend is found who is willing to adopt a child. Of course,
+this is far preferable to placing the child in some institution,
+inasmuch as adoption restores the home in a real sense.</p>
+
+<p>The work among the children may be divided into temporary
+work and permanent work. By temporary work we do not
+mean work that is superficial, for it may be the most permanent
+and lasting in its results, but we mean work that is undertaken
+which influences the children for a limited amount of time only.
+The slum nursery or kindergarten is of this type, but as we
+have already described it in connection with the Slum Department,
+it needs only mention here. Another line of temporary
+work is the Sunday School work of the Army, but that comes
+under the religious work and not the social.</p>
+
+<p>An important line of temporary work, however, is the summer
+outing for the poor children. In each of our large cities
+these excursions for the poor children have been carried out
+on a large scale. Arrangements are made with a railroad or
+a steamboat company; the children are collected, hundreds at
+a time, and cared for by parties of Salvationists, they are taken
+out to the country for the day. Children who have never seen
+the country, and who do not know what a tree, a green hill, or the
+running water looks like, are thus given an entirely new outlook
+upon the world, and a lasting impression is made on their minds.
+In Kansas City, this line of work has been developed still further.
+One of the large parks has been handed over to the Army
+by the city authorities, and in it has been established a summer
+camp. Tents are pitched on the grass under the trees, and
+poor families are brought out here for a week at a time. In
+this way hundreds of families have experienced a little of summer
+vacation who otherwise would never have left their slum
+dwellings.</p>
+
+<p>The permanent handling of the children as opposed to the
+temporary, begins with the Maternity Homes which are managed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>in connection with the Rescue Homes, and continues on through
+the Orphanages. The children cared for in this permanent way
+are the babies from the Maternity Homes and orphans.
+From this it must not be supposed, with regard to the Maternity
+Homes, that there is any intentional separation or even a suggested
+separation of the child from the mother, but in many
+cases, after a time, a partial separation is necessary. The mother
+is influenced and taught to care for and love her offspring, but
+after spending some months in the Home, she may take a situation
+of some sort, often as a domestic servant, and here
+she cannot take her baby. Hence, in such cases, the mother is
+expected to visit her child frequently, and to provide for its
+support.</p>
+
+<p>The other class of children dealt with in a permanent way are
+those who are picked up from the street, or who otherwise fall
+into the hands of the Army, often after being deserted by their
+parents. While Orphanages, as already stated, are not an important
+item in the Army's work, there are several in England
+and four in the United States. For the situation of an Orphanage,
+a country location is sought. For instance, one near New
+York City is located on a beautiful piece of property at Spring
+Valley. Another is at Rutherford, N. J. One of the largest is
+situated near San Francisco, California, and one of the latest
+additions for this purpose has been the securing of a fine piece of
+property at Lytton Springs, Cal. In all, there is accommodation
+for two hundred and twenty-five children in the United States.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> The author refers here to the annual Christmas dinner given in
+New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> "The Criminal," p. 208.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> "The German Workman," ch. XVII</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> "How the Other Half Lives," p. 253.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Conclusion.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>We have now covered the work of the Salvation Army social
+movement in its different branches. We have described the
+work, the extent and the management of each department. We
+have also considered the criticisms and objections to which each
+department is open, and we have attempted to estimate the value
+of each department to society. We have arrived at the conclusion
+that the work of the Industrial Department, leaving out the Industrial
+Colony, is a practical, deserving and successful effort to
+put unfortunate men once more on their feet, at no expense to
+the public, saving a slight embarrassment to those already engaged
+in the salvage and second hand business; that the Army
+lodging house is the best so far offered for the housing of the
+lower homeless class, although not entirely satisfactory; that the
+Slum Work is good, but limited in its scope, owing to the religious
+sentiment attached, and the mental inferiority of its
+workers; that the Rescue Work is about the best of its kind; and
+that good work is being done in other directions, such as the
+prison work, the employment bureaux and the children's work.
+On the other hand, we have found that the two Industrial
+Colonies and three Farm Colonies are not successful enough to
+warrant any additional expenditure on them or on any new
+colonies. This is due to the fact that the class most needing help
+in the cities is not the class to succeed on the land, and to the fact
+that men are more successful as pioneers on the land, when they
+are scattered and left to rely on themselves, having experienced
+farmers as neighbors, than when they are grouped closely together
+in one colony. Also there is nothing in favor of heavy
+expenditure for Christmas dinners, since the same amount of
+money can be put to better advantage in other ways.</p>
+
+<p>But, having reached these conclusions regarding the separate
+departments of the Army social work, what about the movement
+as a whole? The critics have advanced a good many objections
+against the Army. Some of these objections relating to special
+departments and not to the Army as a whole, we have already
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>dealt with in our discussion of those separate departments.
+There remain six principal objections:</p>
+
+<p>1. That the organization is narrow and not willing to cooperate
+with other organizations.</p>
+
+<p>2. That the highly centralized military form of government is
+likely to lead to disastrous consequences.</p>
+
+<p>3. That the Army, in its financial dealings, does not take the
+public sufficiently into its confidence.</p>
+
+<p>4. That the Army collects funds, on the strength of its social
+work, and applies these funds to religious propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>5. That there is a lack of accuracy in its reports of work accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>6. That the Army, as an organization, has become more of an
+end in itself, than a means to an end.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding the first objection, the narrowness and lack of cooperation,
+we think there is a good deal of truth in it. The
+Army has made a great success as an organization, and the work
+of its founder and his assistants is one of the most remarkable
+achievements of the age. Things apparently impossible have
+been accomplished, and obstacles apparently unsurmountable have
+been overcome. The result is a self-confidence and assurance,
+amounting in many cases to bigotry. The members of the organization
+look upon it as especially favored by God, and as
+above any other organization. Hence, we find many of the
+leaders far from humble in their bearings, whatever their profession
+may be, and entirely uninclined to cooperate with other
+organizations. This fact has been brought to the foreground of
+late years in England and America by a certain amount of
+antagonism between the Army and the Charity Organization
+Society, the Army claiming that it can do its work along its own
+lines and get along without any alliance with the Society, and the
+latter claiming that much economy would result if the Army
+would unite its efforts along social lines with the Charity
+Organization Society. The controversy cannot be discussed here,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>but it seems a pity that some sort of union cannot be entered into
+in which both organizations would be represented in a manner
+satisfactory to both. One great difficulty, evidently, is the
+religious element in the social work of the Army, which tends to
+prejudice the Charity Organization Society in some degree against
+the Army, and tends to keep the Army aloof from any
+organization considered secular. However, we find many leading
+officers in both organizations with friendly feeling, and there is
+hope that the time will come, when the controversy will be at an
+end.</p>
+
+<p>Coming to the second objection, that the highly centralized
+military form of government of the Army is likely to lead to
+disastrous consequences, we think that, if continued, this form
+of government must indeed lead to disaster. It is evident that
+this might happen in different ways. In an organization held
+together by one man or by one idea, disintegration would tend to
+take place in the one case by the failure or death of the leader,
+and in the other case by the expansion of the idea. The Army is
+held together by both the man and the idea, and we need not turn
+away from its own history to get examples of this disintegration
+in both ways. Take the first bond of union, the man of striking,
+hypnotic personality. Since the very inception of the movement,
+time after time, men who have gained influence in the Army, have
+separated from its ranks and started a movement of their own
+of more or less formidable dimensions. The instance most
+applicable here is that of the division which took place a few years
+ago in the United States. At that time the Army in this country
+had been very successful under the leadership of one of General
+Booth's sons, Ballington Booth and his wife, Maud, the latter
+especially being a most attractive and talented personality and
+gifted, persuasive speaker. Mr. and Mrs. Ballington Booth
+were flattered by attention from all sides, and by the worship of
+the soldiers and officers under them. Orders came from General
+William Booth, commanding them to give up their leadership in
+the United States and take control of some other country. But
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>they had no idea of giving up their position in this country, and,
+elated by success, confidently announced their leadership of a new
+movement, the Volunteers of America, which is still in existence.
+While the other element, that of the expansion of the idea,
+showed itself at this time in a revolt against the narrow, despotic
+methods of General William Booth, the main element in this
+division was that of personality. Taking up the second bond of
+union, that of the central, controlling idea and purpose, we find
+the whole movement at the present time is tending to disintegrate
+through the expansion of this idea. This is shown by the continual
+departure of men from the ranks of the Army, who see
+that its methods and machinery are too cramped for their efforts,
+and also by the different attitude of the remaining members towards
+the movement itself and its leader General William Booth.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible, however, that there will gradually be effected a
+change in the form of government of the army which will allow
+for enlargement and differentiation within the movement itself.
+General Booth, the sole head of the movement, cannot live much
+longer, and at his death, changes already threatening will demand
+attention. He has maintained a remarkable control over his
+world-wide following, in spite of numerous outbreaks and
+dangerous splits, and has legally arranged with great care, we are
+told, the succession to follow him. But that there will ever be a
+second General Booth, or that there could be a series of General
+Booths, able to hold the organization as he has, is incredible. We
+have talked with leading officers of his Army on this subject and
+find that they too, are looking for changes. The fact that the
+social work is having such a remarkable growth, while the
+spiritual work is apparently unable to hold its own, is in itself a
+feature demanding a change. The Army of industrial and social
+officers and employees will not be bound by the same ties to the
+General as his former Army of spiritual officers and soldiers.
+The latter were possessed with an emotional, fanatical enthusiasm
+which blinded them to everything save the service of their much
+adored General. The former have a different outlook on life.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>They are the new Army, a result of tendencies inherent in the
+growth of the movement. They look at humanity and individuals
+from other standpoints than that of the salvation of the soul. The
+material side of society, with its institutions of business, and
+practical forms of charitable relief, occupies a large amount of
+their attention. This has already led to considerable differentiation
+of government and control. Take, for example, the
+corporation, "The Industrial Homes Company" controlling eighty-four
+industrial institutions in the United States, and managed by
+a board of directors in New York City. This example is opening
+the way toward a future government by a board of some sort
+for other departments of the Army, and in time for the spiritual
+department, and then the further step of representation of members
+on these boards will not be far distant. At any rate we see
+reason for hoping that, while other improvements are taking
+place, the government of the Army will not be a handicap to the
+movement.</p>
+
+<p>By the third objection, that the Army in its financial dealings
+does not take the public sufficiently into its confidence, is meant
+that complete records of detailed expenditure are not issued. The
+public provides for a large part of the income of the Army, and
+it has a right to know just how and where that income is spent.
+The man and woman who is being continually confronted by a
+lassie on the street with a little box for the receipt of contributions,
+after contributing again and again, is likely to ask the question,
+just where is this money going; and it would be of advantage to
+the Army itself, if it would issue a more definite statement of the
+use to which it puts public money. Some people are satisfied with
+the general report that "the Army is doing good," but there are
+many who would contribute more largely, if they knew directly
+for what they were contributing. In reply to this criticism, the
+Army states that it deposits regularly with the state authorities
+a statement showing the disposition and state of the finances of its
+corporations, such as "The Reliance Trading Company" and
+"The Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Army also issues every year a balance sheet which shows
+its assets and liabilities on a large scale. But this is not sufficient.
+The ordinary person can receive no light from either the statement
+deposited with the state authorities or the yearly balance
+sheet published by the Army. In fact, although the Army uses
+the services of an expert accountant in getting out this balance
+sheet, for all that the public knows, it may be using the funds
+entrusted to it in any way it wishes. This should be remedied by
+a regular statement, clearly revealing the disposition of every cent
+donated.</p>
+
+<p>A discussion of the preceding objection leads us to the fourth
+objection, that the Army collects funds on the strength of its
+social work, and applies these funds to the carrying on of its
+religious propaganda.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> The Army denies this, but admits that
+there is a good deal of money collected for the general work,
+there being no specific object implied when it is collected, other
+than a statement of the various departments in which the Army
+is working, and of their extent. Of course, the social work comes
+in for strong presentation on the statement, but the money not
+being collected for any one object, the Army is at liberty to apply
+it to any branch of its work whether spiritual or social. This
+again shows the need of greater definiteness and accuracy in the
+Army's report to the public.</p>
+
+<p>A fifth objection is the lack of accuracy shown by the Army in
+its reports of work accomplished.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> This has special reference
+to the statistics published by the Army, and is a good criticism.
+At different times and in different parts of the world, statistics
+are given out, which seems to emanate from no one authority,
+which are often contradictory, and which create confusion in the
+mind of the person wishing to get at the facts. As a result of a
+good deal of recent criticism on this point, all future statistics of
+the Army in the United States are to come from one point only,
+are to be in charge of an expert, and no publication of statistics
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>is to be allowed without the consent of the National Headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>The sixth and last objection is a very important one and one
+which has been seen in the history of organizations without
+number, viz: that the organization tends to become an end in
+itself, instead of a means to an end. This objection is also allied
+to a former one regarding a lack of cooperation on the part of
+the Army with other organizations. More and more an
+organization, formed as is the Army, feels complete in itself, and
+works continually for its own interests and its own glory. In a
+large number of instances the objective point that was once
+humanity and the glory of God tends to become the advancement
+of the Army. While feeling that this objection is a serious one,
+it still cannot be considered as anything but unavoidable, considering
+the government and general character of the movement. If
+it were possible for the Army to be governed locally, and to some
+extent, nationally by boards, a part of whose membership represented
+the public, we believe that the tendency to advance its
+own interest would be diminished. Study out the workings and
+control of this organization, and it is found a machine, ever seeking
+to increase its power and field of work. If this machine could
+be controlled to some extent by the public which feeds it, it might
+be kept as a useful servant, but otherwise, in spite of the great
+service which it does society to-day, the tendency to get away
+from its object and to become an object itself, will be more and
+more dangerous.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, then, we find that these objections advanced by
+the critics are not without foundation, and while some may be
+more tendencies than actualities, it lies with the organization to
+guard itself from them. We have found the Army an efficient
+worker along several lines, and society owes it a considerable debt
+for past service and lessons learned from it. Hence it would be a
+great pity for its efficiency as a great public servant to be lessened
+by a lack of publicity regarding its finance, or by a narrow, self-centered
+policy, or by a too centralized form of government.
+Some of the Army leaders are men of great hearts and strong
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>minds, and it is to be hoped that, whenever in the future, the opportunity
+offers to make a beneficial change of policy in its duty
+toward the public or toward its sister organizations engaged in
+charitable work or in its own internal administration, that these
+leaders will stand firmly for what they believe, and demand the
+necessary change.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> See the "S. A. and the Public," Ch. 5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> See the "Social Relief Work of the S. A.," p. 4.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h2>
+
+<p>
+American Journal of Sociology, Volume III.<br />
+<br />
+Besant, Sir Walter,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Farm and the City,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Contemporary Review, 72-792.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth, Bramwell,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. A Day with the Salvation Army,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1904.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. Illustrated Interviews,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1905.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth, Charles,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Life and Labor of the People,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">The Macmillan Co., New York, 1899.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth, Commander Eva,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Where Shadows Lengthen,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth, Florence E.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Peep into My Letter Bag,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1905.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth, William,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. In Darkest England, and the Way Out,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1890.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. Social Service in the Salvation Army,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1903.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">III. The Doctrines of the Salvation Army,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">S. A. Press, London.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">IV. The Why and Wherefore of the Rules and Regulations</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">of the Salvation Army,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. Orders and Regulations for Field Officers,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth-Tucker, Commander,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. William Booth, Life of</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1898.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. The Salvation Army in the United States,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1899.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">III. Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">United States,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1900.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">IV. Our Future Pauper Policy in America,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1898.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. Prairie Homes for City Poor,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1899.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">VI. A Review of the Salvation Army Land Colony in California,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1903.</span><br />
+<br />
+Coates, Thomas F. G.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Prophet of the Poor,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">E. P. Dutton &amp; Co., New York, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Dawson, William Harbutt,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The German Workman,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Devine, Edward T.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Principles of Relief,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">The Macmillan Co., New York, 1905.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hadleigh,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Salvation Army Colony,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1904.</span><br />
+<br />
+Haggard, H. Rider,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Poor and the Land,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Longmans, Green &amp; Co., New York, 1905.</span><br />
+<br />
+Higgins, Mrs. Catherine,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Love's Laborings in Sorrow's Soil,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1904.</span><br />
+<br />
+Huxley, T. H.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Social Diseases and Worse Remedies,</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">The Macmillan Co., New York, 1891.</span><br />
+<br />
+Manson, John,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Salvation Army and the Public,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">E. P. Dutton &amp; Co., New York, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Precipices: A Sketch of Salvation Army Social Work,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1904.</span><br />
+<br />
+Report of Committee of Fifteen,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Social Evil,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1902.</span><br />
+<br />
+Report of the Departmental Committee, Appointed to Consider<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mr. Rider Haggard's Report on Agricultural Settlements in</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">British Colonies.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Wyman &amp; Sons, London, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Riis, Jacob A.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. How the Other Half Lives,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. The Children of the Poor,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">III. A Ten Years' War,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co., New York, 1900.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">IV. The Peril and Preservation of the Home,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Geo. W. Jacobs' &amp; Co., Philadelphia, 1903.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ruskin, John,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sesame and Lillies,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Donohue, Hernneberry and Co., Chicago.</span><br />
+<br />
+Seager, Henry Rogers,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Introduction to Economics,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1908.</span><br />
+<br />
+Selected Papers on the Social Work of the Salvation Army,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1907.</span><br />
+<br />
+Solenberger, Edwin D.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army,</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Byron &amp; Willard Co., Minneapolis, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Swan, Annie S.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Outsiders,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1905.</span><br />
+<br />
+Warner, Amos G.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">American Charities,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">T. J. Crowell &amp; Co., New York, 1894.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VITA" id="VITA"></a>VITA.</h2>
+
+<p>The author of this dissertation, Edwin Gifford Lamb, was born
+in London, England, December 22, 1878. He attended private
+schools in that city and then spent three years in Northwestern
+Canada without schooling. After this he went to California
+where he prepared for college in the preparatory department of
+the University of the Pacific. He became a citizen of the United
+States as soon as eligible and graduated from Leland Stanford
+Junior University in 1904, with the degree of A. B. In the year
+1904-'05, he was a student at Union Theological Seminary and
+Columbia University. During the year 1905-'06, he held a
+scholarship in Sociology at Columbia University. At this institution
+he studied under Professors F. H. Giddings, John B.
+Clark, H. R. Seager, H. L. Moore, J. Dewey, F. J. E. Woodbridge
+and W. P. Montague. Since that time he has been an instructor
+in the Harström School, Norwalk, Connecticut.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4><a name="Transcribers_Note" id="Transcribers_Note"></a>Transcriber's Note</h4>
+
+<p>Inconsistent hyphenation and capitalization have been left as in the
+original text. The same is true for inconsistent abbreviations for U. S.
+states and inconsistent placement of footnote markers.</p>
+
+<p>CHAP. III. (in the original text) has been changed to <a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a> for
+consistency.</p>
+
+<p>Punctuation has been standardized. Spelling mistakes have been corrected,
+except for the items listed below, which have not been changed.</p>
+
+<p>The book seems to use <a href="#Footnote_52_52">fl.</a>, rather than ff., as an abbreviation that refers to
+the pages following a number.</p>
+
+<p>This book refers twice to the title "<a href="#Footnote_5_5">Sesame and Lillies</a>." In other sources,
+that title is sometimes spelled as "Sesame and Lilies."</p>
+
+<p>On the list of "Examples of Salvation Army Hotel Lodgers," under <a href="#Lodger_3">No. 3</a>, the
+city name Pittsburgh is misspelled as Pittsburg in the original text.</p>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30295 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #30295 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30295)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Social Work of the Salvation Army, by 
+Edwin Gifford Lamb
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Social Work of the Salvation Army
+
+Author: Edwin Gifford Lamb
+
+Release Date: October 20, 2009 [EBook #30295]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOCIAL WORK OF SALVATION ARMY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Rose Acquavella, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  THE SOCIAL WORK OF THE
+  SALVATION ARMY
+
+  BY
+
+  EDWIN GIFFORD LAMB, A.B.
+
+
+  Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of
+  Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Political Science
+
+  Columbia University
+
+
+  New York
+
+  1909
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1909
+
+  BY
+
+  EDWIN GIFFORD LAMB
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+I use the word "Social" in the title of this work to suggest that, save
+in an auxiliary way, I am not attempting to describe the religious
+features of the organization. Such a field of investigation would prove
+a very profitable and interesting one, but it is a field, which, for the
+sake of clearness and impartial study, should be kept separate. The
+organization itself recognizes the primary division. Commander
+Booth-Tucker, the leader of the Army in the United States from 1896 to
+1904, says, "The Salvation Army is the evolution of two great ideas:
+first, that of reaching with the gospel of salvation the masses who are
+outside the pale of ordinary church influence, and second, that of
+caring for their temporal as well as spiritual interests."[1]
+
+I have secured very little data from books, as there is but little
+authentic literature on the subject. Primarily, the data for this
+treatise were taken from personal observation. In pursuing the subject I
+have visited Salvation Army social institutions of every description. In
+addition to visiting the larger cities of the United States and the
+three Army colonies, situated in Ohio, Colorado and California,
+respectively, I have investigated the work in London, where the Army had
+its origin, and at the farm colony in Hadleigh, on the river Thames,
+some thirty miles from London. I have slept in the hotels, worked in the
+industrial homes, wandered over the farm colonies, and mingled with the
+inmates of other types of Army institutions.
+
+    Nov., 1909.  E. G. L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Pamphlet "The Salvation Army in the United States."
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+                                                                PAGE.
+
+  Preface                                                          5
+
+  Introduction                                                  7-15
+
+  CHAPTER I
+  The Salvation Army Industrial Department                     16-62
+
+  CHAPTER II
+  The Salvation Army Hotels and Lodging Houses                 63-98
+
+  CHAPTER III
+  The Farm Colonies of the Salvation Army                     99-116
+
+  CHAPTER IV
+  The Salvation Army Slum Department                         117-121
+
+  CHAPTER V
+  The Salvation Army Rescue Department                       122-126
+
+  CHAPTER VI
+  Some Minor Features of the Salvation Army Social Work      127-131
+
+  CHAPTER VII
+  Conclusion                                                 132-139
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The Salvation Army was founded by William Booth in London, England, in
+1865. Previous to this time Mr. Booth had been a successful clergyman in
+the Methodist Church, and had become widely known throughout England as
+a revivalist. As time passed, he had become more and more interested in
+the condition of the un-churched masses, and as his church did not
+approve of his taking up work among the masses in connection with it as
+an organization, he had, in 1861, separated from the Methodists. With
+little support, he established in London what was known as The Christian
+Mission.
+
+From the first, numbers of converts were made, and soon several missions
+were established in London, and other cities of England. From the first,
+too, the agency of women was an important feature. Especially was this
+true in visitation among the lower classes. In regard to the foundation
+of the Army itself and in connection with its earlier successes, much
+credit must be given to Mrs. Booth, the wife of William Booth. She
+became as noted a speaker and revivalist as her husband, and together,
+they made plans for the movement. Unfortunately she died of cancer in
+1890. Through these early years of the movement its management, almost
+unconsciously, developed along lines that were military in form. At
+first the title of "Captain" was used among the sailors and fishermen to
+designate the local leader of the company, and then it was extended
+wherever, among the rough element, the "Mr." or "Rev." would seem out of
+place. The usage and the spirit accompanying it soon spread, and by the
+year 1879 military methods and titles were officially added. The Rev.
+Wm. Booth, who, up to this time, had been known as "Superintendent of
+the Christian Mission," became "General" Booth, and the "Mission" became
+the "Salvation Army."[2]
+
+This addition of military methods seems to have accelerated the movement
+by favoring efficient and systematic control. Soon after this time, we
+find, the organization had spread to the United States, Canada,
+Australia, France, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, Scandinavia, Germany
+and Italy. Then missionary work was taken up in India, and later on, in
+Africa, Java and Japan. At the present time (1908), according to its
+reports, the Army occupies fifty-two different countries and colonies.
+In no country has its rate of progress been more remarkable than in the
+United States, where in point of numbers, the local organization now
+ranks second only to that of Great Britain.[3]
+
+Along with the rapid growth went a differentiation almost as rapid and
+unique as the growth itself. In fact, both reacted on each other. The
+work was separated first into three main departments, viz.: Spiritual,
+Social and Trade. It will be necessary to make a brief statement of this
+differentiation in detail. In the Spiritual Department we have the
+extension of the original idea, that of converting the people. Corps, as
+the different religious groups were called, sprang up and multiplied
+until even the smaller towns were occupied. Converts were added by
+hundreds and thousands. Large numbers of the brightest and best of these
+converts were utilized in extending the work still further, and after
+undergoing a brief training, were sent out, some to aid the movement in
+the mother country, others to begin the work in different parts of
+Europe and in America, and still others as missionaries to all parts of
+the world. Meanwhile, the work in each local organization or Corps,
+became systematized, and the Corps were united into Sections or
+Divisions, the Divisions into larger districts called Provinces, and the
+Provinces into Commands, which for the most part controlled the
+territory of an entire country. Each of these divisions from the Corps
+to the Command, was delegated to an officer who had sole charge, and
+who was responsible to the officer above him. For example, the United
+States, at present, is divided into two Commands; the first extending
+from New York to Chicago; the second from Chicago to the Pacific Coast.
+The first Command has six Provinces; the second, four. Each Province has
+from three to nine Divisions, and each Division contains a number of
+Corps. Thus, while each Corps is complete in itself, the general
+administration is very highly centralized; so much so, that an order
+from General Booth at the National Headquarters, London, England, must
+be obeyed by every Corps in the world.
+
+While the organization of the Spiritual Department was taking place in
+this manner, the Social Work was assuming large proportions, and
+differentiating itself. Visitation in the lower parts of the cities was
+organized into a regular department of Slum Work, called the Slum
+Department, with a specialized corps of officers. Work among fallen
+women was instituted as the Rescue Department, with its rescue homes and
+trained workers. The establishment of hotels and lunch counters for both
+men and women became finally what is now the Social Department. The wood
+yards and small factories, together with the salvage depots and cheap
+stores, were organized into the Industrial Department. Work among the
+children resulted in the establishment of kindergartens and orphanages.
+The colonization enterprise took root, and was divided into the
+industrial colonies and farm colonies. Thus, we have here a
+differentiation of the original Social Department into six distinct
+divisions, which we shall consider separately in this treatise. As these
+lines of work advanced, although each had its special group of workers,
+it was natural that the work should follow the administrative system of
+Commands, Provinces, Divisions and Corps, which had already been marked
+out in the Spiritual Department.
+
+The third primary division, that of trade, has had some interesting
+developments. There is, for example, the trade carried on in articles
+necessary to the members of the Army themselves, and which they cannot
+conveniently obtain in the open market, such as uniforms, badges, books
+and musical instruments. The Reliance Trading Company, for instance, was
+incorporated in 1902, under the laws of the State of New Jersey. This
+company owns and publishes the "War Cry," the official gazette of the
+Army in the United States; does the printing for the various departments
+of the Army; manufactures fountain pens; makes uniforms, bonnets and
+hats for the Army members; conducts an Insurance Department, and carries
+on other business enterprises.[4]
+
+There is, too, the trade in the products of the various factories and
+industries connected with the relief work of the Army. For example, the
+Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company, incorporated in New Jersey, has
+greatly facilitated the industrial work in the United States. There have
+been companies formed and organized as building societies, insurance
+companies, and a Salvation Army Bank.
+
+In all these companies the Salvation Army, through its officers, always
+has control, although it invites and seeks investments from the public.
+The following extract, taken from a prospectus sent out by the Salvation
+Army Industrial Homes Company, illustrates the point:
+
+    "The Charter of our Industrial Homes Co. has been prepared by
+    Messrs. Jas. B. Dill & Co., the eminent corporation lawyers, who
+    have kindly given us the full benefit of their skill and experience,
+    at a fairly nominal charge. The capital consists of $500,000.00,
+    divided into 50,000 shares, of the par value of $10.00 each, of
+    which 25,000 are in 6% cumulative preferred stock and 25,000 in
+    common stock. Only the preferred shares are offered to the public,
+    and bear interest at 6%, which is guaranteed by the Army. The common
+    shares are held by the Army, with a view to retaining the control of
+    the company, and the entire profits, over and above the interest on
+    the preferred stock, are thus devoted to the charitable and
+    religious work of the Army, and help us to continually expand and
+    enlarge our homes." ... "We shall be happy to supply any information
+    or answer any questions as to the financial standing of the
+    Salvation Army. For our spiritual and social operations in the
+    United States, we have now an annual income of nearly $2,000,000.00,
+    while the value of our real estate holdings in this country amount
+    to about $1,500,000. Hence, it will be seen that in guaranteeing the
+    interest upon these preferred shares, amounting in all to only
+    $15,000.00, we are abundantly able to insure the regular payment of
+    the same apart, altogether, from the income of our industrial
+    homes."
+
+As a result of this rapid growth along the three lines described, the
+movement everywhere forced itself upon public recognition. The
+publication of its weekly organ, the "War Cry," in many different
+languages and countries aided its growth. Other magazines of higher
+class and better quality were issued. At the same time, the public press
+investigated the organization, and for a long time criticised it
+harshly. In fact, during all this time, while so successful, the Army
+suffered much persecution. The crowds of people composed of those whom
+it was seeking to benefit, seemed often to be its worst enemies, and
+then, to make matters more difficult, the police, we are told, instead
+of furnishing protection, often, themselves, joined in the persecution.
+There were many instances, in this early period, where the enthusiastic
+reformers were ill treated and even fatally injured. There was, however,
+some reason for all this persecution. A movement so sudden and
+apparently so contrary to existing institutions, needed time for its
+real principle to become known. The external manifestation seemed to
+consist of nothing but defiant disregard of established religious custom
+and ceremonial. Thus, while the vital principle of love for humanity was
+working its way into individual lives and attracting them to the ranks
+of the organization, the world at large openly showed its antagonism.
+Gradually, however, the sense of public opposition and antagonism grew
+less. Gradually the knowledge that, behind the superficial emotionalism,
+were depths of disinterested sympathy for fellow men and women worked
+itself into the public mind. Attacks on Army groups on street corners
+became less frequent, and when they did occur, were suppressed by the
+police. The press ceased its bitter criticism.
+
+It was about this time that renewed and increased attention was focused
+on the new movement by the publication in 1890 of General Booth's famous
+book, "In Darkest England, and the Way Out." In some ways the book
+served to mark a new epoch in the development of that part of practical
+sociology which concerns itself with the direct betterment of the lower
+class of society. The old method of dealing with the poor is ably
+described by Ruskin, when he says:
+
+    "We make our relief either so insulting to them, or so painful that
+    they rather die than take it at our hands; or, for third
+    alternative, we leave them so untaught and foolish, that they starve
+    like brute creatures, wild and dumb, not knowing what to do, or what
+    to ask."[5]
+
+This was a point of view which in its relation to the degraded elements
+of society was an expression of sympathy rather than of harsh criticism
+and mistrust. Although it had been set forth by others previously, it
+had never before forced itself so strongly on the public. In addition,
+the daring statements and bold theories, given utterance in "Darkest
+England," served to surprise all schools of reform. The public
+consciousness had never before faced the problem in such a way. It was
+aroused, and began to ask questions. The book ran through edition after
+edition. It was printed in a cheap form and within a short time was
+circulated all over the civilized world.
+
+In his "scheme" General Booth laid down seven fundamental principles,
+which he claimed were essential to success. They were as follows:
+
+1. The first principle that must be bore in mind, as governing every
+scheme that may be put forward, is that it must change the man, when it
+is his character and conduct which constitute the reasons for his
+failure in the battle of life.
+
+2. The remedy, to be effectual, must change the circumstances of the
+individual, when they are the cause of his wretched condition, and lie
+beyond his control.
+
+3. Any remedy worthy of consideration must be on a scale commensurate
+with the evil with which it proposes to deal.
+
+4. Not only must the scheme be large enough, but it must be permanent.
+
+5. But while it must be permanent, it must be made practicable.
+
+6. The indirect features of the scheme must not be such as to produce
+injury to the persons whom we seek to benefit.
+
+7. While assisting one class of the community, it must not seriously
+interfere with the interests of another.[6]
+
+General Booth's personal attitude, also, is well worth noting. In the
+preface of his book he makes the following statement:
+
+    "I do not claim that my scheme is either perfect in its details, or
+    complete in the sense of being adequate to combat all forms of
+    gigantic evils, against which it is, in the main, directed. Like
+    other human things, it must be perfected through suffering; but it
+    is a sincere endeavor to do something, and to do it on principles,
+    which can be instantly applied and universally developed."[7]
+
+And again, in view of some of the manifestations of the organization as
+we see it, the following is interesting, as coming from its founder. He
+says: "But one of the grimmest social problems of our time should be
+sternly faced, not with a view to the generation of profitless emotions,
+but with a view to its solution."[8]
+
+Upon the publication of this book there arose a division of opinion in
+regard to the scheme which was set forth. On the one hand, numbers of
+noted philanthropists aided General Booth with money and moral support.
+On the other hand, there was opposition from a certain class of
+reformers, headed by that eminent scientist, Thomas Huxley. This
+opposition, however, did not so much attack the principles advocated,
+as the agency for their application, namely, the Salvation Army, itself,
+characterized in Huxley's words as "Autocratic socialism, masked by its
+theological exterior."[9]
+
+From that time to the present many thoughtful men have continued this
+opposition to the Army as an agent of social service. Further on we
+shall consider the validity and strength of their arguments. At that
+time the press on all sides took up the controversy, and it was finally
+decided to appoint a committee of investigation to thoroughly examine
+the Army's methods and institutions and publish a report. This committee
+was composed of some of the leading business and public men of England,
+headed by Sir Wilfred Lawson. They examined the books of the Army and
+studied the system and methods of the movement. They reported that all
+was entirely satisfactory and not only so, but that the movement and
+work was worthy of commendation.[10]
+
+The report of this Committee, together with a demonstration of the work
+already accomplished, served to silence the critics to some extent, and
+public favor began to turn toward the movement. Since that period the
+Army has had, generally speaking, the support of the press and many of
+the leading men throughout the world, a support which it has not been
+slow to recognize, or to utilize. For instance, about this time, we find
+the following appeal issued through the English press:
+
+    "From personal witness or credible report of what General Booth has
+    done with the funds entrusted to him for the Social Scheme which he
+    laid before the country eighteen months ago, we think it would be a
+    serious evil if the great task which he has undertaken should be
+    crippled by lack of help during the next four months. We therefore
+    venture to recommend his work to the generous support of all, who
+    feel the necessity for some serious and concentrated effort to
+    grapple with the needs of the most wretched and destitute, who have
+    so long been the despair of our legislation and our philanthropy."
+
+This appeal was signed by the Earl of Aberdeen, who was then
+Governor-General of Canada, and fifteen other men and women of
+international reputation. As an example of the attitude of the press, we
+find the London Daily Telegraph, in the midst of a long editorial
+entitled, "The General's Triumph," saying, "There is no question about
+it, the General has become popular. He has justified himself by results.
+We are told he has not shown the way out, but few have done so much to
+let the light in, and to bring with it life and healing."[11] Since the
+publication of "In Darkest England" in 1890, the social work of the Army
+has been extended, and has grown very rapidly.[12]
+
+In connection with this rapid growth, the social phase of the movement
+has tended to eclipse the spiritual in the public eye. The Army has
+taken advantage of this to advertise its advancement along all lines,
+and there is reason for believing that the public support of the whole
+movement, both social and spiritual, at the present time, is largely due
+to this advertising.[13] In any case, the social work of the Army is a
+movement large enough to justify the interest of the public, and the
+extensive study of every student of practical social economy.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] "Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the U. S.," p. 5.
+
+[3] "Life of William Booth," p. 57.
+
+[4] "Social Relief Work of the S. A. in the U. S."
+
+[5] "Sesame and Lillies," p. 101. Cf. also "The New Movement in
+Charity," Am. Jour. Soc. III, p. 596.
+
+[6] "In Darkest England," pp. 85-87.
+
+[7] _Ibid._, preface.
+
+[8] _Ibid._, p. 15.
+
+[9] "Social Diseases and Worse Remedies."
+
+[10] "The committee of 1902 which inquired into certain aspects of the
+Darkest England Scheme two years after its initiation, were careful to
+state that they did not enter upon any consideration of the many
+economic questions affecting the maintenance of the system sought to be
+carried out." (The Salvation Army and the Public, p. 121.)
+
+[11] "London Daily Telegraph," July 6, 1904.
+
+[12] In fifteen years, from 1890 to 1905, the social work grew from a
+few small scattered institutions, to 687 institutions, many of which
+alone would have greater accommodation than the total in 1890.
+
+[13] See "The S. A. and the Public," ch. 3.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT.
+
+Originally the work now known as the Industrial Work was handled with
+and under the same management as the Social Work, but as the movement
+grew, the Industrial Work branched out and finally became separate in
+operation and management, the name "Social Department" being retained
+for the hotel work only.
+
+The Industrial Department itself may be divided into three sections, all
+under the same management. These are The Industrial Home, The Industrial
+Store and The Industrial Colony. The object of the work embraced in
+these three divisions as stated in the prospectus sent out by the Army
+two years ago is:
+
+    "One of the most difficult problems that has confronted the
+    Salvation Army has been the finding of employment for out-of-works
+    and human derelicts in our cities. A system has been gradually
+    organized by which this human waste is employed in collecting the
+    material waste of the city. This latter has been sorted, sifted and
+    sold, and temporary employment thus afforded to thousands of
+    stranded persons, who have thus been tided over periods of distress,
+    relieved of immediate suffering, saved from the stigma of paupers,
+    assured of human sympathy, and given a new start in life."[14]
+
+After a careful review of the various divisions of this work, above
+mentioned, we shall consider whether the object is being attained, and
+of what value the work done is to society.
+
+In the formation of the Industrial Home the ideal building and situation
+cannot always be secured; hence there are differences in the planning
+and disposition of the different homes. The general plan, however, is to
+have a three or four-story building fitted up as follows: On the ground
+floor is a space where the wagons filled with waste materials can
+unload, a large room where furniture can be repaired and stored (unless
+this is done in the basement below), an office, and another large room
+to be used for a retail store. On the second floor is the sorting room,
+and adjoining or connected with it is the baling room, where such stuff
+as paper, rags and excelsior is pressed, ready to be taken away. On this
+floor, too, is to be found the kitchen, the dining room and the reading
+room. On the third floor are situated the dormitories and sleeping
+rooms. This plan is often varied. Sometimes there is a basement and only
+one or two stories above. Sometimes, as in the Forty-eighth Street home
+in New York, there are six or seven stories, and sometimes, as in one
+home in Chicago, the sleeping and living quarters of the men are
+entirely separate from the warehouse where they work, possibly some
+blocks away. The kitchen is nearly always found to be large and
+furnished with a good range and other facilities. The dining room
+contains long, plain tables, set so that the men can sit on both sides.
+The dishes are of thick, strong ware. The food is plain but good.
+Everything from the floor to the dishes is usually clean.
+
+The sleeping rooms are of two kinds, individual rooms and dormitories.
+Those men who are of a better rank, that is, those who have been working
+long, or who are doing a higher grade of work, and those who have "boss"
+positions, occupy the separate rooms; while the general class of workers
+sleep in the dormitories. When it comes to the question of pure air,
+considerable difficulty arises. Some of the separate rooms have no
+outside window, though the partitions between the rooms rise only to a
+certain height, thus giving common air to the whole floor. Even where
+good ventilation facilities exist, it seems difficult to make the men
+keep the windows open. As regards ventilation, however, the industrial
+homes are, as a rule, better than the lower class workingman's hotels,
+and are improving in this respect. The beds are iron, single beds. The
+bed clothing and the rooms themselves are clean and fumigated regularly.
+
+A reading room is also provided where daily papers and popular magazines
+are kept, and where the men may write. In some cases, a smoking room
+adjoins. Meetings of a devotional character, to which the men may come
+or not as they see fit, are often held in the reading room.
+
+The support that renders the industrial home possible is the waste
+product of the city. This material is rubbish of all kinds imaginable.
+In connection with each industrial plant are kept a number of horses and
+wagons, mostly one-horse wagons. Each driver of a wagon has a definite
+route to cover regularly. Passing over his route, he collects everything
+of which people are glad to be rid. Waste paper, old clothes, old
+furniture, and the like, are the principal articles he collects. Many
+good people, persuaded of the good work the Army is doing, save up their
+store of odds and ends until the Army wagon shall call, often giving
+things away which they would not have thrown away or given any one else,
+unless it would be to sell them to an old-clothes man. The driver
+returns with his load to the warehouse. From his wagon the material is
+conveyed by means of an elevator to the sorting room in the second
+story, whence the greater quantity goes at once to the baling machine in
+the form of waste paper. Any articles that may be of use, such as shoes,
+clothing of any kind, books, crockery-ware, bottles, pots, kettles,
+etc., are placed in their respective bins and finally, repaired, find
+their way to the retail store. Heavy articles, such as stoves and
+furniture, do not go up in the elevator, but are retained on the first
+floor, where they go, first to the repairing and storage room, and then
+out to the stores. The paper and rags, when baled, are sold to the
+nearest paper mill for a good price. Some idea of the amount of this
+class of material may be gained from the fact that the average amount of
+paper sold by the Industrial Department in the United States is about
+2,500 tons per month.
+
+In England and other countries this work has not assumed such large
+proportions, but there is some difference between the workings of the
+industrial plant in the City of London and in New York. For instance,
+at the Salvation Army plant on Hanbury Street, Whitechapel, London, we
+found, in 1906, a planing mill, a paint and furniture shop, a mattress
+factory, and a sawmill and cabinet shop. This place had employment for
+ninety men, of whom twelve were regularly employed and the remainder
+were transients. The regular employees were paid at a union rate of
+wages. The men of this industrial plant lived some distance away on
+Quaker Street, having possession of part of the Salvation Army shelter
+or hotel there, the total accommodation of which was two hundred and
+forty. Again, in a different part of the city, over near Deptford, was a
+wood yard with good machinery, run by electricity, which employed
+anywhere from sixty to seventy men making kindling wood. On the other
+hand, at the "Spa Road Elevator," was a plant almost identical with the
+industrial plants in the United States, where were shipped out an
+average of 100 pounds of paper every week and several tons of rags in
+addition, and where was accommodation for some two hundred men.
+
+Branching out from the main industrial plant are nearly always to be
+found large stores. These are Salvation Army retail stores. These stores
+are found in the poorest sections of the city, and are patronized by the
+poorest class. Articles of all descriptions may be purchased here at a
+very low figure. In each store is a furniture department; a clothing
+department for men, women and children; a toy department; a department
+for stoves, pots, etc., and sometimes other departments varying with the
+size of the store. It is possible, thus, for a poor family moving into
+the neighborhood to completely furnish themselves and their home from
+Salvation Army stores at a cost of often less than one-half of what they
+would pay elsewhere. Each store has a definite connection with the
+central industrial plant, from which it receives its supplies, its
+workers and its government, for the stores are merely branches of the
+central work, and all are under the same general management.
+
+An interesting feature lies in an examination of the labor which is
+employed. From the cases given at the end of the chapter, it will be
+seen that it consists of all kinds, classes and nationalities, who,
+through their own recklessness, or by unfortunate circumstances, have
+fallen into want. A man willing to work comes to the Army in want of
+food and shelter, and the Army happens to have accommodation for him. He
+may go to one of the men's hotels or to the industrial home, or to the
+central agency of the Army. In any case he will probably be interviewed
+by an officer specially detailed for the purpose, who will be able to
+decide in short time what his needs are, and what can be done for him.
+He may be sent out at once to take some position secured through the
+employment bureau; he may be sent to the hotel with the understanding
+that, after being fed and cared for, he will be given an opportunity to
+pay for it in work; or he may be sent straight to the industrial home.
+In any case, if possible, he is put to work. He may be in a weak
+condition physically or mentally, or both, but even then, he can often
+do something; such, for example, as picking over paper and rags in the
+sorting room. Meanwhile, he is being fed and housed. If he means well
+and works earnestly, he is soon able to do some other grade of work. He
+may have had technical knowledge which will help him. In a few days,
+possibly, a call is made to the employment bureau, which is maintained
+in conjunction with each home or group of homes, for a man to fill some
+position. If suitable, this man may be sent out to take it. On the other
+hand, he may be retained in the home and employed permanently as a
+driver on one of the wagons, or as overseer and instructor in one of the
+rooms, or he may be sent out as assistant to one of the stores, and, in
+time, he may be given charge of a store. When the men first come to the
+home, they receive board and clothing and some remuneration, although
+very slight. If they continue to work at the home, they are paid wages
+ranging from $1.00 per week up to $4.00 or $5.00 per week, besides
+board and lodging in the United States, and from 1s. to 9s. in England.
+
+When a man is able, but is lazy and not willing to work, he is turned
+out. It is well known to those who have studied the question, that there
+are a large number of such men, but this class does not apply for help
+as often as it might to the Army, as it soon learns the uselessness of
+so doing. The officers become quite adept in seeing these men in their
+true colors. On the other hand, if a man drops into bad habits and goes
+off on a spree after he has been helped, he will be taken in again
+afterwards, and this is continued within reason. Much of the labor
+employed is a surface and floating population, the result of season and
+periodic work in connection with so many of our industries, and the men
+are just tided over a hard time in their experiences. This class is
+larger sometimes than at others, but is always in evidence. Another
+class, however, consists of the men who have fallen through their own
+recklessness and bad habits. Some of these men are sent out to positions
+which they fill creditably, and finally rise as high or higher than they
+were before. Naturally, the Army makes as much as possible out of these
+cases for the purpose of advertisement. Owing to evident difficulties,
+it is impossible to ascertain just what percentage there is of this
+class among the total number helped, or what percentage of this class
+itself is successfully aided. The industrial work itself, as a paying
+business, is developing so fast that a constantly increasing number of
+men are permanently retained and used as regular employees, being paid
+regular wages.
+
+When we come to the industrial colony, we find it entirely different
+from the farm colony, where families are sent to settle upon the land in
+tracts of say twenty acres per family. The industrial colony is managed
+like a large farm with many laborers, all under one central head. The
+original idea was to graduate men from the city plants to the industrial
+colonies and thence to the farm colonies, but the Army has had
+difficulty in maintaining its colonies at all, and, as a result, no
+regular system has been followed. A large proportion of the men on the
+industrial colony are single, whereas, as will be seen, families are
+needed for the farm colonies. Again, many of these men are not the kind
+who will succeed on the farm colony. Sometimes, too, they have not been
+through the city plant, and sometimes they are men sent directly from
+the city to get them out of temptations which are too strong for them.
+
+The best example of an industrial colony is the one at Hadleigh, about
+thirty miles from London, England. This colony has an area of about
+3,000 acres. One thousand acres is almost useless now; and when taken by
+the Army in 1890, the whole consisted of almost worthless land, some of
+which, as a result of constant labor and fertilization, has been
+transformed into reasonably good land. A great draw-back and a great
+expense has been the lack of water, now partially supplied by two
+artesian wells, the cheaper of which cost over $20,000.00.[15] The
+population varies from 300 to 700.[16] In 1898, 775 men were admitted to
+the colony. Out of this number, 193 left after a short residence before
+they could be influenced for good; 47 were discharged as incorrigible,
+and 309 graduated, obtaining situations or being restored to their
+friends.[17] There are three classes received at the colony:
+
+1. Those sent by the Army agencies.
+
+2. Those sent by poor law authorities who pay from 5s. to 10s. per week
+for periods of from three to twelve months for their maintenance.
+
+3. Special cases sent by philanthropic societies, or by relatives or
+others.[18]
+
+Another division is made into four classes, thus:
+
+1. Those coming and passing off in a month, not being regular colonists.
+
+2. Those averaging nine months on the colony, and called colonists.
+
+3. Picked men from the second class, who are made employees.
+
+4. Employees hired in the neighborhood for specific purposes.[19]
+
+The proportion of each, according to either specification, is such a
+variable quantity that nothing can be determined satisfactorily.
+According to one officer's statement, about one in every five is
+considered an employee.[20] In the winter of 1903-4, 209 men were sent
+to Hadleigh and supported there by a special fund, called "The Mansion
+House Fund for the Relief of the London Unemployed."[21] Out of the
+class sent by the Army agencies to the colony, a certain number are sent
+out as emigrants to Canada. For instance, in 1905, 41 were sent out, and
+in 1906, 58. The party of 58 was composed of five Irishmen, one
+Welshman, three Scotchmen, and forty-nine Englishmen. These men go to
+work on different farms in Canada, and some sent out in previous years
+now have homesteads there. In the colony there are five departments,
+viz.: the market garden, the brick-making department, the dairy
+department together with the piggery, the poultry department, and the
+Inebriate's Home. There is also a store which has an income of $1,000.00
+a month. The market garden is one of the best industries, most of the
+produce being sold in the town of Southend, four miles distant. In the
+busy season, as many as 100 workers are found in this department. There
+are four large conservatories, especially for tomatoes and flowers. A
+good many potatoes are raised, and there is a good deal of land in
+berries and orchard. There are three brick-yards with the latest
+improved kilns and machinery. These yards have been a very heavy expense
+and have not been satisfactory. For instance, in 1898, the year's sale
+of bricks amounted to £4717, while the expenditure of this department
+was £5563, this latter sum including the expense of repairing the drying
+fields, which that year were injured by a flood.[22] In the dairy
+department about twenty-five head of cattle provide the colony with milk
+and butter, while sometimes milk is sold at Southend. In the piggery the
+number of hogs runs from 200 to 500. The poultry department is given
+over to prize poultry breeding and has been successful in winning some
+noted prizes. The Inebriate's Home is licensed for twenty male
+inebriates who are charged from 25s. to 30s. per week. Between 60% and
+70% are stated to be reclaimed after an average period of eight months'
+treatment. In addition to these departments it might be noted that there
+is a school on the colony with an attendance of 100, some of whom come
+from outside the colony, and a good sized hall, seating about 400, where
+gatherings are held for social and religious purposes.
+
+For the feeding and lodging of the colonists, large preparations are
+made. They are graded according to their position in the colony, and an
+opportunity is given them to rise from the lower to the higher grades.
+The superintendent stated that this plan was found useful in stimulating
+ambition. There are two dormitories, both clean and well-kept, but the
+higher grade with better bedding and surroundings than the lower. This
+grading system is also maintained in the dining room, the higher grade
+of colonists being served with better food than the lower. Everything
+around the buildings is well-kept and orderly, and the general moral
+atmosphere of the colony seems to be healthful and up-lifting.
+
+The industrial colony at Ft. Herrick, near Cleveland, Ohio, differs in
+many ways from the one at Hadleigh, and doubtless has been instrumental
+in aiding a good number of outcast and fallen men, but it has been such
+a burden financially, and such an unsolved problem in many ways, that it
+may be considered a failure. The reason for its failure is not so much
+bad management as lack of foresight on the part of those choosing the
+site. The site is in no sense suitable for a colony, the soil being
+unfit for intensive farming. Probably the best work done there has been
+the reformation of drunkards, a work in which, according to reports, the
+colony has been eminently successful.[23]
+
+Coming now to the management of the Industrial Department in the United
+States, we find that it is an up-to-date business enterprise. The
+department is controlled by a corporation called "The Salvation Army
+Industrial Homes Co." already referred to in our introduction.[24] The
+management of the company is in the hands of the Army.[25] Under this
+central authority, we find the United States divided into three
+districts; the eastern district, with headquarters at New York; the
+central district with headquarters at Cleveland, and the western
+district with headquarters at Chicago. Each one of these districts has
+at its head a social secretary, and under him are the different officers
+in charge of the respective plants. Generally speaking, each local
+officer is supreme in his individual plant. He can adopt methods and
+means to suit the environment of his district, provided always that his
+methods mean success. There are no iron-clad rules to hold him in check
+beyond a system of bookkeeping and of making out detailed reports, which
+must be sent to headquarters. When about to engage in some new venture,
+however, such as securing a new location for his plant, opening up a
+store, or renting or purchasing new property, he must refer the project
+to his superior officer, before undertaking it. The local officer in
+charge has trusted employees under him, such as a warehouse boss, a
+kitchen boss, and stable boss, etc., each of whom is responsible to the
+officer for his department.
+
+Although present to some extent in other countries the special field of
+the industrial work is the United States. The growth in this country
+during the recent years has been great. In 1896 there were no regular
+industrial homes; in 1904 there were 49 industrial institutions, and in
+control of these 49 institutions, there were 70 Army officers and 820
+regular employees. The accommodation was about 1,100. During one month
+there were 225 cases that were considered unsatisfactory. There were 239
+horses and wagons in daily use. About 1,000 tons of paper were baled and
+sold per month. Contrast this with the year 1907. In this year there
+were 84 officers engaged in these institutions and over 1,200 regular
+employees. There was accommodation for 1,651 men. The unsatisfactory
+cases for the year amounted to 1,389. There were 460 horses and wagons
+in daily use. An average of 2,500 tons of paper was sold each month.
+16,875 men were placed in outside positions during the year. No large
+city in the United States is without this industrial work, and it is to
+be expected that, within a few years, there will be no city in the
+country with a population of 100,000 that does not have an industrial
+home, and that many cities with a smaller population will have one also.
+Already there are several cities with a population of less than 50,000
+that have promising industrial plants. In London, the growth has not
+been so rapid, and the industrial institutions are run at a loss to the
+Army, but there are about eight industrial plants in that city, and
+others are to be found in other large cities of England.
+
+We come now to the question of the value of the Salvation Army
+industrial work to society. From the preceding brief outline of the
+methods, material, labor, management and extent of the industrial work,
+it will be seen that it is a movement, unrestricted in scope, with an
+unlimited field of development as an economic enterprise. In certain
+fields where the Army is active, its work is considered of little or no
+value; but as a result of our investigation into this particular field,
+the conclusion is reached that, with the exception of the industrial
+colonies, it is a practical, social work, of value to society.
+
+We make an exception of the industrial colonies because we do not
+consider that the two experiments already tried by the Army justify
+their own continuance or the starting of other similar colonies. The
+reference here is to Fort Herrick in Ohio, and the Hadleigh Colony, near
+London. These colonies have necessitated a continual sinking of funds
+contributed by the charitable public, and the return does not justify
+their expense. The Army should realize this, and admit the fact, instead
+of drawing wool over the eyes of the ignorant public by the constant
+reiteration of "the great work done at Hadleigh and Fort Herrick." It
+looks as though the organization was afraid that the infallibility and
+sanctity of General Booth's pet scheme would be seriously impaired, if
+the public should discover that any part of that scheme was a mistake
+and an unfortunate experiment, and that, for this reason, it has
+continued to expend much money on it, which might have been turned to
+better advantage in connection with other parts of General Booth's plan.
+These colonies are object lessons showing what is unwise to attempt,
+rather than what can be done. The Army has no need to be ashamed of
+having made a mistake, and its usefulness along other lines is
+sufficient to maintain its reputation in spite of the failure of its
+industrial colonies. There is no need of the industrial colony anyway.
+The object in view is either to tide workless men over a period of hard
+times and misfortune, or to restore manhood where evil habits and
+recklessness have destroyed it, and this can be done and is being done
+by means of the city industrial work without the aid of the colony. As
+regards the work of reforming the inebriate, in which the industrial
+colonies have had some success, that could be carried on without the
+great expense of a regular colony.
+
+The moral field of the city industrial work derives support from the
+relation of its management to the spiritual work and influence of the
+Army. The influence and spirit of the whole organization runs to a
+certain extent through every branch of its varied developments. This
+influence cannot be described by comparative means. The spirit, somewhat
+unique in itself, runs through everything, a spirit which is a mixture
+and blending of love, gratitude, service and patience. While we think
+that, in the tendency of this branch to become a business enterprise,
+there is a considerable decrease in the influence just described, it
+still has great power. The officers and employees now engaged in this
+work were themselves not long since outcasts in society. Many of them
+had despaired of ever making a success of life and were simply drifting.
+But a helping hand had been stretched out to them, hope had been
+imparted and new ideals had been placed before them. They might even yet
+be men, wear decent clothes, stand up straight and look their fellow men
+in the eye! What wonder that the decent clothes to which they looked
+forward turned out to be the uniform of the organization which had
+picked them up from the gutter! What wonder they felt an eternal debt of
+gratitude toward that organization! While this is not a true expression
+of their attitude in every case, and while there are some who hold their
+positions simply because they can get no better, loyalty to the work
+exists in enough instances to create a distinct moral atmosphere. The
+men wish to make a success of their new work; they wish to see the Army
+advance, and to do this they feel that it is essential that the same
+moral influence which enabled them to become men should be continued.
+This influence moves almost unconsciously among the industrial plants.
+For instance, we do not find here the tendency to obscenity which we
+find in any ordinary factory or workshop. Environment in these plants is
+all-powerful as an uplifting condition. Cleanliness is encouraged in the
+dormitory and kitchen. Respectful attention is paid at meals while grace
+is being said. The reading room is frequented, while the occasional
+meetings held are sometimes well attended and sometimes not, according
+to the attraction. The emotional religious element is a great deal in
+evidence, though not so much as in other departments of the Army. In
+any case, the element of hope and ambition, which often arises within
+these social outcasts, making them men once more, is to be considered a
+great moral asset. The moral influence is due more to the personality of
+those in charge than to anything else. A large number of the managers
+have served in connection with the Army's spiritual work and have the
+desire, as they would tell you, to see every man under them "saved," not
+only in a moral and social sense, but "saved" in accordance with the
+Army's special significance of that term.[26] While the Army's special
+idea of salvation may have no value in itself, still if the emotional
+element assists in the moral and social salvation of individuals, we
+have no reason for not tolerating it unless it has evil effects of real
+importance. Such effects, however, tend to decrease, as the movement
+advances, and the education and enlightenment of the masses increase.
+
+From an economic point of view, we believe that the work of the
+Industrial Department has been successful. We have seen that large
+numbers of men, who are out of work, are taken in by this department and
+kept for a number of weeks or months, and that, during this time,
+besides making their own support, and gaining in efficiency, in many
+cases, they are able to return to a more important part in production.
+Let us see what this means. While these men are out of work, they are
+not producing anything. They are idle, and thus a loss to the community.
+In addition, they are fast losing any potential ability for production,
+which they have had. But they now become producers, a gain to the
+community, and their potential ability for production is at least
+conserved if not increased. Secondly, out-of-work men are a burden on
+the community. While they continue to live without employment, they must
+be supported in some way or other by private or public charity, and they
+form a great item of expense to the community. But in the hands of the
+Industrial Department, they cease being an expense to the public and
+become to some extent a gain. Thirdly, some of these men are in danger
+of becoming members of pseudo-social and anti-social classes; it is from
+them that the pauper and criminal classes gain recruits. But through the
+elevating environment of this branch of the Army's work, their character
+is affected, and they are raised to a higher level. In this way then, in
+successful cases, the worthless men become workmen. Worthless men are
+changed into economic assets. The dependents become independent. Working
+by means of the laws of environment and association, the Army elevates
+the degenerate from a pseudo-social and anti-social class to a higher
+level and to social position. Where individuality was lost, independence
+of character reasserts itself.
+
+Let us consider in detail some of the advantages connected with this
+form of practical philanthropy. One advantage is, that once started, the
+work continues and increases without further expenditure on the part of
+the charitably disposed public beyond the giving away of things for
+which they have no further use. This is so because the Army here in its
+work becomes an efficient producer and creates articles which have
+market value. Leaving all charity alone, the work is paying and more
+than self-supporting, and thus in a short time will be reimbursed with
+all the money which was necessary to initiate it. In nearly every city
+in which the work was started, rented property soon gives place to
+property owned by the Army and poor ill-suited buildings, to up-to-date
+structures built for the purpose. An example of this is to be found in
+the history of the 48th Street Industrial Home in New York City which is
+briefly described, in the examples given at the end of this chapter.[27]
+That the entire work has grown self-supporting in the United States is
+shown by the fact that last year, 1907, there was a net gain of $21,000,
+after the interest on the loans and investments had been paid. If a home
+does not show signs of being successful financially, its location will
+be changed or it will be discontinued.[28]
+
+Another advantage lies in the fact that men who were socially dependent
+are made self-supporting. We should place emphasis on the effect on the
+man himself as well as on the community. We saw how these men were given
+to understand that they were earning their own livelihood and were not
+recipients of charity, and how they were encouraged by the receipt of
+wages, to be increased as their productiveness increased. The relief
+given is true relief in that the man earns it himself and realizes this
+fact, and because, along with this realization, comes a return of
+manhood and independence. Of course if men have lost all manhood and
+have no desire to be independent, but simply to live as easily as
+possible on what may be given them, the above is not the result; but few
+such get into the industrial homes, as they know better and have no wish
+to work as these men do, and if they get in temporarily, they are soon
+sorted out. Thus it cannot be said of these homes as is said of many
+institutions, that they pauperize men in place of helping them. The
+institution that makes men work for everything they get and provides
+some sort of channel for their ambition, maintaining itself meanwhile as
+a paying concern, is not pauperizing in its tendency.
+
+Still another advantage of this work is found in the saving of the
+community's funds. Of late years, more and more, the principle has been
+advanced and brought before the public, that the starving and unemployed
+are to be cared for in some way, and we are willing to tax ourselves to
+provide for this. As far back as the census of 1890, we find that the
+United States spent annually $40,000,000 in charities and over
+$12,000,000 in penal and reformatory institutions. Probably the total
+expenditure for these two objects to-day would be nearer $60,000,000
+annually. What percentage of this $60,000,000 would go to the class of
+people aided by the Army industrial work would be hard to ascertain or
+approximate, but there is room for a great extension of this kind of
+work, and the Army's efforts are most suggestive. In some of the
+European countries, especially Germany, many helpful experiments along
+this line are in progress, but conditions in the United States are
+vastly different. In any case social economists are agreed that vast
+sums are spent annually in our country to little or no purpose from the
+point of view of social relief. In the year 1907, 8,696 men were cared
+for in the United States industrial homes of the Army. This means just
+that amount of saving to the nation that it would have cost the regular
+municipal and state charities to have dealt with these 8,696 men, since
+these men were aided by a self-supporting organization and paid for
+their own support. This work, then, if carried far enough, would effect
+quite a saving of taxes.
+
+But along with advantages there may be disadvantages. Some objections
+have been raised to this branch of the Army's work. For instance, it is
+stated that industries entered into by the Army tend to hurt economic
+conditions with regard to both wages and prices.[29] With regard to
+wages it is urged that the Army will keep for its industries, workers in
+constraint of one kind or another, paying them a lower wage than the
+same workers could procure outside, and thus lowering the wages in the
+respective industries. We do not consider this objection a strong one.
+Let us forget for the present the philanthropic side of the industrial
+work, and look on it as a distinctly economic enterprise, as a factor of
+production. We think it quite likely that a manager, anxious above
+everything else to make his institution a financial success, would make
+an endeavor to keep as long as possible, and at as low wages as
+possible, men who could receive more on the outside. He might even try
+to retain men for whom he could secure better positions through the
+employment bureau, if he needed their services, and times were so good
+that no other applicant offered to take their place, but this he could
+not succeed in doing to any serious extent; for, in the first place, the
+restraint exercised over the men is very slight, and secondly, if the
+men could secure better wages, it would not be long before they found it
+out and left the home voluntarily. It would be just the same as in any
+industry in which most of the workers are ignorant. They would remain
+under low wages just as long as their ignorance and lack of initiative
+would allow, but sooner or later the relatively able man would seek the
+best wage. Hence the able man would seek the best wage, and his place
+would be taken by one, possibly morally and physically unable to procure
+any wage, or, in other words, belonging to the unemployable class. If it
+should come to the point of the Army's hiring able men to carry on the
+work without aiding the outcasts, it must compete in the market for them
+and pay the market price. The only real danger would lie in the Army's
+industrial work securing a strong enough position in some industry to be
+able to dictate terms to labor in an industry, but this is so unlikely
+as to be almost irrelevant and even in such an almost inconceivable
+case, the danger would be only temporary. Labor would still be able to
+drift sufficiently to another agency, not controlled by the Army and
+thus bring up wages again. This is the more true in that any industry,
+in which the Army engages, must of necessity be one in which unskilled
+labor is competent.[30] In addition to this, from personal
+investigation, we can state that a large part of the labor employed in
+these plants of the Army is at any rate temporarily inefficient labor
+and would not have much chance in securing employment elsewhere.
+Finally, though considered a charitable work, this branch of the army
+is, as already stated, a corporation, a business enterprise financed by
+investors who receive interest on their investments; hence, to the same
+extent that it is a financial enterprise, like other such enterprises,
+it will be governed by the rate of wages.[31]
+
+Another objection has been raised by critics, to the effect that the
+Army, through its industry, enters into competition with existing firms
+and companies to the harm of the latter.[32] For instance they urge that
+in the case of those engaged in second-hand goods and salvage, who are
+able to make a profit by buying their material, the army enters into an
+unfair competition, when it takes such material, given in charity, and
+sells at a lower figure. In so far as the army does undersell others
+this objection is valid, and we have no doubt that in some cases such is
+the truth. Doubtless some individuals and firms have been hurt in their
+business by this under-selling. For instance, in Chicago, the Army has
+nine retail stores situated in the poorer districts, doing a big
+business in second hand goods. In addition to those goods it sends into
+the retail trade, it sells hundreds of tons of paper and rags annually.
+This must have some effect on others engaged in this business. However,
+the Army itself sometimes pays for its material and does not often
+undersell.[33] But there is another side to this question of
+underselling. Naturally the tendency is to get as much as possible for
+its goods, and provided there is a market, the army would seek to obtain
+just as much as any one else in the business. It now falls back on a
+question of supply and demand. The only way in which the price would be
+lowered by the Salvation Army would be by an increase of supply.
+Doubtless the supply of these goods is increased by the thorough work of
+the Army agents, and, to such an extent, its entrance into this field
+would tend to lower prices. However, in the leading salvage industries
+of the army, the increase in supply does no more than offset the
+increase in demand. The amount of displacement of the salvage and allied
+industries due to the competition of the army at present would not seem
+to be much, although of course it is difficult to get any exact figures
+along this line.
+
+Looking at the Salvation Army retail store as a form of relief, another
+question arises as to whether the opportunity given to the residents of
+the district to get things at the Salvation Army's store cheaper than
+elsewhere interferes with the standard of living. By the standard of
+living we mean the scale or measure of comfort and satisfaction which a
+person or a community of persons regards as indispensable to
+happiness.[34] This would differ in the case of different persons and
+classes and communities, but progress demands that the standard should
+never be lowered, but should always be raised, in accord with increasing
+enlightenment and education.
+
+    "It is only," says Dr. Devine, "when individuals or individual
+    families for personal or exceptional or temporary reasons fall below
+    the standard, that charitable assistance can effectively intervene.
+    In other words, as has been pointed out in other connections, the
+    relieving policy cannot be made to raise the general standard of
+    living, but it should be so established as not to depress it"[35].
+
+Here, then, the point is, whether those who are otherwise able to come
+up to the standard of living in a given community take advantage of this
+form of charity, or whether the customers of the Salvation Army's stores
+are living below that standard. To just the extent that the former is
+true, this part of the work would be pauperizing and retrogressive, but
+we do not consider the former to be true. Naturally, we have no
+statistics on this point, but speaking from general observation, we
+should say that the customers of these stores are needy poor, who are
+living below the standard, and hence, the store is a boon to them in
+aiding them toward a realization of that standard.
+
+Let us now sum up our conclusions regarding the industrial work of the
+Army. Regarding the industrial colonies, we would say that, while
+doubtless responsible for good and reformation in certain cases,
+nevertheless, owing to their cost of maintenance and the fact that the
+work can be done without them, they are not a practical form of charity
+deserving the intelligent support of the public. Regarding the city
+industrial work, including the employment, amid a good environment, of
+men out of work, including also the turning of much otherwise waste
+matter into an economic good, and the assistance of deserving poor by
+means of second-hand stores, we would say that it is commendable and
+deserving of support. This latter conclusion is made in spite of three
+objections: first, that there is a tendency to lower wages, which
+objection we do not consider as important for reasons given; second,
+that underselling of certain commodities by the Army takes place, which
+objection we admit to a limited extent, and third, that the standard of
+living is interfered with, which objection we do not consider valid.
+
+
+Examples of Men in the Army Industrial Homes.
+
+These examples were collected by Mr. Jas. Ward at the two industrial
+homes situated on West 19th Street and West 48th Street, New York City,
+during the months of March and April, 1908. Mr. Ward worked right with
+the men whose cases are given here, and slept in the homes, thus being
+with them night and day. The home on West 19th Street was an old milk
+depot rented temporarily by the Army to aid the unemployed during the
+winter, and had accommodation for two hundred men. Everything was very
+crude. The men slept on the floor, some without blankets. They were
+required to work from three to five hours every day, and during the rest
+of the day, they were allowed to go out and seek for work. The best of
+these men were drafted out to fill the vacancies in the regular
+industrial homes of the Army as they occurred. On the other hand, the
+home on West 48th Street was and is one of the Army's best homes, built
+for the purpose by the Army in 1907, at a cost of $130,000.00.
+Everything here is arranged for comfort and cleanliness. The dormitory
+is of the best, with good ventilation and other sanitary conditions. It
+is a seven-story building, and has accommodation for one hundred and
+seventy-five men. Twenty-two wagons are sent out from this home every
+day. In every way it is a contrast with the West 19th Street home, hence
+the examples will show some difference, according to which home they
+refer.
+
+
+No. 1.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. Had no trade. Had
+worked on a farm in Ireland. Had been in this country fourteen years and
+had worked somewhat on a farm in this country. Had been out of work two
+months. Lost his position through an accident and spent three weeks in
+the hospital. Had since been in the Army Industrial Home for five weeks,
+and was growing stronger. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 2.
+
+Born in France. Thirty-five years old. Single. Had people in France but
+never heard from them. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Worked on
+a farm a little in France. In this country fifteen years. Several
+charitable societies had helped him and he had been in the Industrial
+Home eight days. The Army gave him clothing and shoes. He looked like a
+drinking man, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 3.
+
+Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Married. Had wife in Italy. Left there
+two years ago, and said he was going to send for his wife when he got
+the money. He had worked on a farm in Italy, and had worked at different
+trades in this country. Had been out of work nine weeks. Had been in the
+Industrial Home two days. Spoke good English. Looked dirty and without
+much intelligence.
+
+
+No. 4.
+
+Born in South Carolina. Twenty-three years old. Single. Trade of a
+plumber. Left his people five months ago and came to New York. Soon
+spent his money and could find no work. Had been in the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Said he was going home as soon as he could get the money.
+Never worked on a farm. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 5.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty-two years old. Single. Had been in this country
+twenty-five years and had followed the water nearly all the time. Got in
+a fight on the Bowery six months ago and spent five months in jail.
+Since coming out, he had had odd jobs, and had been in the Industrial
+Home about two weeks. Looked shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 6.
+
+Born in Denver, Colo. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Had people in Philadelphia who did not help him. Machinist by trade.
+Belonged to the union in Philadelphia. Out of work ten weeks. Said he
+had $100.00 but it did not last long. Had been in the Industrial Home
+two days and expected work shortly. Appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 7.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Had left his family. Had no
+trade. In this country eight years. Never worked in the country. Out of
+work all winter. Spent three weeks in the hospital. Said he had
+consumption. Had been in the Industrial Home four days. Looked very
+feeble but not dissipated.
+
+
+No. 8.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single. People
+lived in New York, but he had not lived with them for three years. Had
+no trade. Had travelled a little. Said he did not like hard work. Had
+been in the Industrial Home two weeks. The Army gave him clothing and
+shoes. Said the missions helped him. Expected to wander West when the
+weather got warm. Looked like a tramp. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 9.
+
+Born in San Francisco. German parents. Fifty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Said he had beaten his way all around the world. Had not
+worked all winter. In the Industrial Home ten days. Looked shiftless and
+dissipated. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 10.
+
+Born in Maine. English parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+people in Maine with whom he quarreled. Had no trade. Out of work for
+four months. In the Industrial Home one week. Never worked on a farm,
+but had worked in the woods. Did not drink. Looked like a capable man.
+
+
+No. 11.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+People in Philadelphia who helped him sometimes. Had no trade. Had
+wandered a good deal. Out of work three months. Said he drank whenever
+he could get liquor. Expected to go home shortly. Had been in the
+Industrial Home three days. Looked very shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 12.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-two years old. Single. Had two sisters in
+Brooklyn who were poor. In this country eighteen years. Had no regular
+trade but worked in hotels as porter. Out of work five months. Worked on
+a farm a good deal in Ireland. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 13.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-two years old. Single. Said
+he was a truck driver. Had been out of work one month. Drank sometimes.
+Had been in the Industrial Home four days. Expected to leave New York as
+soon as the weather became warmer. Looked very wild.
+
+
+No. 14.
+
+Born in Vermont. Mother Irish. Father German. Thirty-two years old.
+Single. He wrote to his people but they did not help him. Had travelled
+around a good deal. Had no trade. Said he "got saved" in a mission and
+they kept him all winter. He said every time he got down, he went to the
+missions and stayed as long as he could. Had been in the Industrial Home
+nine days. Had worked on a farm a little. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 15.
+
+Born in London. Twenty-two years old. Single. Seaman by trade. Left his
+boat one month ago in New York and had done nothing since. Had been in
+the Industrial Home two weeks and hoped to work his way back to England
+shortly. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 16.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. About thirty-five years old. Single.
+Brick-layer by trade. Did not belong to the union. Out of work four
+months. Said he had been to every city in the United States and had
+travelled on freight trains quite often. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 17.
+
+Born in Reading, Penna. American parents. Forty years old. Married. Wife
+dead. One child living with his sister in Pennsylvania. Carpenter by
+trade. Did not belong to the union. Had been out of work all winter. All
+his tools were in pawn. The Army had been helping him at times. Said he
+had to leave his child on account of not working. He looked like a very
+hard drinker. Had never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 18.
+
+Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-five years old. Single.
+Quarrelled with his people. Had not been home for ten years. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. The missions and the Army had helped him
+a good deal. Had been in the Industrial Home three days. Never worked in
+the country. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 19.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in Ireland who
+were poor. Came to this country eleven years ago. Had no trade. Out of
+work two months. Expected a position in Brooklyn the following week.
+Said he had $60.00 in the bank but lost his book and had to wait to get
+his money. Had been in the Industrial Home two days. His appearance was
+good.
+
+
+No. 20.
+
+Born in Jersey City. Italian parents. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Quarrelled with his people. Said he had a step-mother and could not get
+along with her. Had been in New York five years working at everything.
+Had no trade. Out of work five months. Had saved some money, but it was
+all gone. Never worked in the country. In the Industrial Home five days.
+Said this was the first time he was ever down. Looked like a hopeful
+case.
+
+
+No. 21.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Thirty-two years old. Married. His
+wife was working and had paid his board all winter, until he came to New
+York two weeks before on a freight train. Had been in the Industrial
+Home since, and expected to return to his wife. Carpet-weaver by trade
+and belonged to the union. Said he drank sometimes, but he looked like a
+hard drinker. Otherwise very good.
+
+
+No. 22.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. People
+lived in Brooklyn, but they did not have anything to do with him.
+Piano-finisher by trade. Did not belong to the union. Was in the army
+one year and deserted. Out of work three months. Came to New York two
+months ago. Spent all his money, $50.00, in two days. Had been in the
+Industrial Home two weeks. Said he was going to reform and get a steady
+job. Looked like a hard drinker but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 23.
+
+Born in Scranton, Penna. German parents. Fifty years old. Single. Had
+one sister and one brother at home, but he did not write them. Had no
+trade. Had travelled all over the United States. Seemed to know a
+mission in every city. Never worked in the country. Had been in the
+Industrial Home some time, and said they made him work too hard. Looked
+like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 24.
+
+Born in Springfield, Mass. American parents. Forty years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had not worked for over a year. Had been in jail several
+times for riding freights. Never worked in the country. The missions and
+the Army had helped him this winter. Looked like a dissipated character.
+
+
+No. 25.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Had people in Germany who were
+poor. Left home eight months ago and came to New York, with a little
+money. Had not worked since he left home. He spoke broken English. Had
+no trade. Did not drink much. Had been in the Industrial Home some time.
+Looked intelligent and capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 26.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no trade. Had been in
+this country twenty years. Worked a good deal on a farm. Had wandered a
+good deal. He said the Army were good people and had helped him in
+different cities. Had been out of work two months. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 27.
+
+Born in Greenwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-seven years old.
+Single. Used to be in business with his father as a plumber in
+Greenwich, but quarrelled and had not been home for six years. Never
+worked on a farm. Looked intelligent but very wild. Said he could have
+anything he wanted at home, if he would leave the drink alone.
+
+
+No. 28.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Scotch parents. Fifty-three years old. Married.
+Divorced seven years ago. Brass-moulder by trade. Had belonged to the
+union but lost his membership through non-payment of dues. Out of work
+three months. He drank a good deal, but looked capable. Never worked in
+the country.
+
+
+No. 29.
+
+Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-seven years old. Single.
+Had no regular trade. Made a business of following fairs as a fakir.
+Never worked in the country. Said the missions and the Army had helped
+him a good deal this winter. He also spent several nights in the city
+lodging house. Looked capable but a little dissipated.
+
+
+No. 30.
+
+Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-six years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had not worked all winter. Was in the Industrial Home for
+the fourth time this winter. The missions had helped him. Never worked
+in the country. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 31.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work two
+months. The Army gave him clothing. Had been in the Industrial Home
+several days. Never stayed in one place very long. Never worked in the
+country. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 32.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Thirty-five years old. Single. Had
+no people, except one brother who was in the West. Had no trade. Out of
+work four months. Had been in the Industrial Home one week. Never worked
+in the country. Said when he had money he gambled and played the races.
+Looked intelligent and capable.
+
+
+No. 33.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty five years old. Married. Evidently had left his
+family. Had no regular trade. Had followed the water a good deal and
+worked along the docks. Had nothing steady for three months. Was in the
+Industrial Home for the second time this winter. Worked in the country
+about two years. Said when the weather got warm he was going to the
+country. Looked ignorant and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 34.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. Trade of a
+shoe-maker, but he had not worked at it for nearly two years. Out of
+work three months. Worked in the country a little. Appearance very good.
+
+
+No. 35.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty years old. Married. Had
+buried his wife and three children. Had no trade but followed the circus
+as laborer. Never worked in the country. Had had no steady work for a
+year. The Army had been helping him for a month. He said he went on the
+drunk sometimes. Looked intelligent but in feeble health.
+
+
+No. 36.
+
+Born in Hungary. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had people at home but
+did not write often. In this country eight years. Talked good English.
+Had no trade. Worked on a farm a good deal in Hungary. Had been in the
+Industrial Home four days. Looked very hopeful.
+
+
+No. 37.
+
+Born in Pittsfield, Mass. American parents. Twenty-one years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial Home three months. Was
+a trusted worker and received $2.50 a week, for driving one of the Army
+wagons. Never worked in the country. Looked like a respectable man.
+
+
+No. 38.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty-years old. Single. In this country twenty years.
+Had no trade. Had travelled around the world. Had been in the Industrial
+Home one month. Said he used to drink, but would never do it again. He
+was gray-haired and feeble. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 39.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty-five years old. Single. Had no trade but followed
+the water a good deal. Out of work five months. Had been in the
+Industrial Home three weeks. Said the Army had helped him before. Looked
+like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 40.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single. People
+lived in New York, but he had not lived home for several years.
+Quarrelled with his people because of drink. Had no trade. Worked one
+season in the country. Had been out of work two months. In the
+Industrial Home two weeks. The Army had fitted him out with clothing.
+Looked capable but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 41.
+
+Born in Germany. Thirty-seven years old. Married. Would not say anything
+about his family. In this country eleven years. Had no trade but
+followed the water as cook or waiter. Had been out of work all winter.
+The German Aid Society had helped him. Never worked in the country.
+Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 42.
+
+Born in England. Sixty-five years old. Married. Wife dead. Five children
+living, but they did not help him. Came to this country forty years ago.
+Bricklayer by trade. Belonged to the union, but said they did not help
+him. Had been out of work five months. Had been in the Industrial Home
+several times this winter. Looked old, gray-haired and feeble.
+
+
+No. 43.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Quarrelled with his people three years ago and had not been
+home since. Never worked in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home
+four days. Looked quite capable.
+
+
+No. 44.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had people in Long
+Island who were poor. Had no trade, but followed the water a good deal.
+Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home five weeks. The Army
+gave him clothes. Said he drank a good deal. Never worked in the
+country. Looked intelligent but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 45.
+
+Born in Paterson, N. J. German parents. Twenty-five years old. Had
+people in Paterson but was ashamed to write to them. Had no trade. Had
+been in the Industrial Home two months. Looked bright and capable.
+
+
+No. 46.
+
+Born in Trenton, N. J. Irish parents. Twenty-two years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Had been out of work three months. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Expected money from home shortly. Never worked in the
+country. Said he drank a little. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 47.
+
+Born in Stanwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Had people who were poor. Had no trade. Was brought up on a farm. Came
+to New York one year ago after a trip through the West. Expected to go
+back to the country as soon as the weather got warmer. Had been in the
+Industrial Home ten days. Looked stupid but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 48.
+
+Born in Vermont. American parents. Forty-five years old. Single. Was a
+tool-maker by trade. Did not belong to the union. Had been out of work
+three months. Had been in the Industrial Home one month. Said the Army
+were good people. Appearance was good but somewhat dissipated. Never
+worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 49.
+
+Born in Seattle, Washington. Swedish parents. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Out of work two months. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Did not drink. Appearance was good. Never worked in the
+country.
+
+
+No. 50.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Separated from his wife. In
+this country fifteen years. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. The
+Army and the missions had helped him several times. Never worked in the
+country. Looked shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 51.
+
+Born in Scotland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade. Had wandered
+round a lot. Out of work five months. The Scotch Aid Society helped him
+a good deal this winter. Said he liked to drink. Never worked in the
+country. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 52.
+
+Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Married.
+His wife was living in Cleveland. He left her because of a quarrel.
+Tool-maker by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work four
+months. In the Industrial Home one week. Never worked in the country.
+Looked efficient and capable.
+
+
+No. 53.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Fifty years old. Evidently married. Did
+not wish to talk about it. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had
+received help from the missions and the Army. Drank heavily. Appearance
+very poor. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 54.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. English parents. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Had people in Boston, who did not help him. Had no trade. Out of work
+three months. In the Industrial Home two days. Said he drank sometimes.
+Never worked in the country. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 55.
+
+Born in South America. German parents. Twenty years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Came from South America by working on a boat. Left it two months
+ago in New York, and had done nothing since. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Never worked in the country. Expected to go back on the
+boat shortly. Looked like a runaway boy and was bright and attractive.
+
+
+No. 56.
+
+Born in Long Island. American parents. Fifty years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. Had rheumatism and could not do much
+work. The Army had helped him a good deal, but he expected to go to the
+hospital. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 57.
+
+Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in Italy, who were
+poor. In this country twelve years. Had no trade. Out of work all
+winter. In the Industrial Home seven days. Said that this was the first
+time he had ever been out of money. Worked in the country somewhat in
+Italy. Looked stupid and inefficient.
+
+
+No. 58.
+
+Born in Cuba. Father American, mother Cuban. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Had people living in Panama who did not help him. Had no trade.
+He travelled a good deal. Came from the West two weeks ago. Got out of
+money, and had been in the Industrial Home one week. Looked like a
+promising case.
+
+
+No. 59.
+
+Born in Pittsfield, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade, but followed the water somewhat. Had been out of work five
+months. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Never worked in the country.
+His face showed a very hard life. He was gray-haired and feeble.
+
+
+No. 60.
+
+Born in Scranton, Penna. American parents. Twenty-two years old. Single.
+His people were living in Scranton, but he was ashamed to write to them.
+Had no trade. Out of work eight weeks. In the Industrial Home one week.
+Never worked in the country. Looked very wild, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 61.
+
+Born in New York. German parents. Thirty years old. Single. Two sisters
+lived in New York, but did not help him because he drank too much. Had
+no trade. Had had no steady work all winter. Looked dissipated. Never
+worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 62.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Married. Wife dead. No children. Had
+no trade. Out of work three months. Had been in the Industrial Home one
+month. Never worked in the country. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 63.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. People
+in Chicago helped him sometimes. Had no trade. Had been working in the
+Industrial Home in the kitchen all winter at $1.00 per week. The Army
+had fitted him up, and he looked very respectable.
+
+
+No. 64.
+
+Born in Germany. About forty years old. Single. No people living.
+Followed the water. Out of work two months. In the Industrial Home three
+weeks. The Army gave him clothes. He looked like a hard drinker, but
+otherwise capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 65.
+
+Born in Cambridge, Mass. Irish parents. Forty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had travelled all over the country. Had been out of work
+four months, and had been in the Industrial Home two days. Never worked
+in the country. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 66.
+
+Born in Lynn, Mass. American parents. About fifty years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Out of work all winter. Had travelled widely and beaten his
+way on freight trains. In the Industrial Home three times this winter.
+Never worked in the country. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 67.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Quarrelled with his people. A rigger by trade. Did not belong to the
+Union. Out of work six weeks. In the Industrial Home ten days. Said he
+drank a little. Looked capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 68.
+
+Born in Germany. About thirty years old. Single. People in Germany did
+not help him. Waiter by trade. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Had no
+steady work all Winter. Never worked in the country. Expected a position
+in a few days. Looked stupid, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 69.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. Hungarian parents. Thirty-five years old. Single.
+People dead. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Different charitable
+organizations had helped him. Had been in the Industrial Home one week.
+Did not like to work. Worked in the country a little. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 70.
+
+Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. Married. Wife
+dead. Had no trade. Had travelled a good deal. Out of work all winter.
+Had been in the Industrial Home six weeks. The Army fitted him out with
+clothing. He said he was not going to drink any more, and looked
+intelligent, but was getting old. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 71.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-six years old. Single. In this country six
+years. Had people in Germany, and he expected help from them. Machinist
+by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work four months. In the
+Industrial Home two days. Looked like a wild youth. Never worked in the
+country.
+
+
+No. 72.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work
+all winter. Drank heavily. Worked in the country two years. Had wandered
+all over the States. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 73.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home four days. Army
+gave him clothes. The missions had helped him. Never worked in the
+country. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 74.
+
+Born in Scotland. Forty-one years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work
+four months. In the Industrial Home three days. Admitted that he drank
+heavily. Never worked in the country. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 75.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-two years old. Single. People
+in Chicago were poor. Left home two months ago and came to New York.
+Spent all his money. The Army took him in, and for six weeks he had been
+in the Home. He wrote home. Expected to get work shortly. Looked bright
+and respectable.
+
+
+No. 76.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never worked in the country. Had
+been in the Industrial Home one week. Did not like to work. Looked like
+a tramp.
+
+
+No. 77.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty years old. Married. Wife lived in Germany with
+two children. Had been in this country four years and expected his wife
+next summer. Plumber by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work
+two months. In the Industrial Home one week, after a very hard struggle
+around the streets. Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 78.
+
+Born in Washington, D. C. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no people.
+Had no trade. Belonged to the United States Army six years. Out of work
+all winter. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Worked in the country a
+good deal. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 79.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty-five years old. Single. Hod carrier by trade.
+Belonged to the Union. Out of work five months. In the Industrial Home
+four days. Looked capable and efficient. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 80.
+
+Born in Germany. Fifty-two years old. Married. Wife dead. Followed the
+water most of the time. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home
+three days. Appearance very poor. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 81.
+
+Born in New York. Twenty-eight years old. Single. People lived in New
+York, but did not help him. Out of work all winter. Had no trade. Had
+been in the Industrial Home one month. Looked like a dissipated
+character. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 82.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Swedish parents. Thirty years old. Single. Iron
+worker by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Had been out of work five
+months. Had been in the Industrial Home five weeks. Never worked in the
+country. He drank a good deal, but looked capable.
+
+
+No. 83.
+
+Born in England. Eighteen years old. Single. In this country two years.
+Had no trade. Out of work one month. Had been in the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Had secured a position on a ship going to England, starting
+in three days. Looked like a straight-forward boy.
+
+
+No. 84.
+
+Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Joined the navy two years ago. Deserted, was captured and
+spent one year in jail. Had been out three months and had not worked
+since. Had been in the Industrial Home one month. Appearance was good.
+Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 85.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade. Had wandered all
+around the world. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home two or
+three times. Said he worked one year on a farm. He was crippled and
+looked feeble.
+
+
+No. 86.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Single. People in Germany, but
+he did not write home. Had no trade. In this country five years. Out of
+work two months. Never worked in the country. Had been in the
+Industrial Home one day. Seemed to lack ambition.
+
+
+No. 87.
+
+Born in Denver, Colo. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. Married.
+Separated from his wife five years ago. Painter by trade. Did not belong
+to the Union. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three
+weeks. Appearance was very poor. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 88.
+
+Born in Sweden. Twenty-two years old. Single. People at home sent him
+money sometimes. He said he had also sent money home. Had no trade. Out
+of work three months. In the Industrial Home four days. Used to work in
+the country in Sweden. In this country three years. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 89.
+
+Born in Dublin, Ireland. Thirty-one years old. Single. In this country
+two years. Had no trade. Out of work ten weeks. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Worked in the country for a few months. Appearance was very
+good.
+
+
+No. 90.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+people in New York, but had nothing to do with them. He wandered a lot.
+Had no trade. Never worked in the country. Out of work all winter. The
+Army and missions had helped him. In the Industrial Home three days.
+Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 91.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no people. Followed the
+water most of the time. Out of work seven months. Was in the German
+Hospital three months with hip disease. He was still crippled and could
+not work well. Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Looked very
+feeble. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 92.
+
+Born in Washington, D. C. American parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. Was in the navy five years. Had no trade. Out of work all
+winter. In the Industrial Home three days. Never worked in the country.
+Acted very queerly and evidently had weak mind.
+
+
+No. 93.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. Carpenter
+by trade. Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home six weeks. The
+Army gave him clothing. Never worked in the country. Used to drink
+heavily. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 94.
+
+Born in England. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had people in England,
+and he wrote home sometimes. Had no trade. Out of work three months. In
+the Industrial Home five weeks. Worked in the country one summer. Had
+been in this country three years. Did not drink. Looked very intelligent
+and capable.
+
+
+No. 95.
+
+Born in Providence, R. I. Irish parents. Forty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had beaten his way all through the country. Never worked
+in the country. The Army had helped him a good deal. Had been in the
+Home three months and said he had not taken a drink during that time. He
+looked bright and responsible, but showed the signs of a hard life.
+
+
+No. 96.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. People lived in Ireland. In
+this country four years. Never wrote home. Had no trade. Worked in the
+country one year. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Appearance was good
+but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 97.
+
+Born in Trenton, N. J. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Followed the water a good deal. Out of work all winter. Had been in the
+Industrial Home eight weeks. Never worked in the country. Looked
+capable.
+
+
+No. 98.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Army
+gave him clothing. He looked intelligent and capable. Never worked in
+the country.
+
+
+No. 99.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty-five years old. People lived in Germany, but he
+did not write home. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. He travelled
+round a good deal and drank heavily. Had worked a good deal in the
+country. Had been in the Industrial Home four months, and said he was
+going to reform. Looked like a hopeful case.
+
+
+No. 100.
+
+Born in Portland, Oregon. American parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Had travelled a good deal. Out of work all winter.
+In the Industrial Home three months. Expected money from home soon, and
+expected to go West. Said he had worked on a farm a good deal. Looked
+stupid but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 101.
+
+Born in Vermont. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. Carpenter
+by trade. Belonged to the Union. Out of work all winter. In the
+Industrial Home one week. Never worked in the country. The missions had
+helped him a good deal this winter. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 102.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-two years old. Single. People
+all dead. Had no trade. Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Said he had ruined his life through drink. Was in the
+hospital two months this winter. He never worked in the country. He was
+crippled and could not work much.
+
+
+No. 103.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+people in Chicago, but ran away four years ago. Had no trade. Out of
+work three months. In the Industrial Home two months. Never worked in
+the country. Looked like a hopeful case.
+
+
+No. 104.
+
+Born in Cincinnati, O. American parents. Thirty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never worked in the country. In
+the Industrial Home two weeks. Appearance was good but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 105.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+people in New York, but they were unable to help him. Had no trade. Out
+of work all winter. Had been in the Industrial Home five weeks. Never
+worked in the country. Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 106.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three months.
+Never worked in the country. The Army had helped him to become
+respectable, he said. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 107.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-eight years old. Single. People dead. Had no
+trade. Out of work two months. Had wandered a lot. In the Industrial
+Home three weeks. Had worked in the country somewhat. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 108.
+
+Born in St. Louis, Mo. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Out of work three months. The Army gave him clothes and he
+had been in the Industrial Home two months. Never worked in the country.
+Looked inefficient.
+
+
+No. 109.
+
+Born in Sweden. Forty years old. Single. Had people in Sweden. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. Had been in Industrial Home three months.
+Army gave him clothing. Did not drink. Looked capable and efficient.
+Never worked in the country.
+
+
+Some Facts Brought Out in the 109 Industrial Examples.[36]
+
+    Nationality.                      No.     Percentage.
+
+  American parentage                  41         .376
+  Irish parentage                     30         .276
+  German parentage                    18         .165
+  English and Scotch parentage         9         .083
+  Italian parentage                    3         .027
+  Swedish parentage                    3         .027
+  Other countries, parentage           5         .046
+
+  Married                             17         .156
+  Single                              92         .844
+  Worked a little in country          16         .146
+  Worked considerably in country       7         .064
+  Men with regular trades             31         .289
+  Union men                            6         .055
+  Men who looked efficient            38         .349
+  Men who looked semi-efficient       21         .193
+  Men who looked inefficient          50         .458
+
+    Ages.
+
+  15-20                                2         .018
+  20-30                               55         .504
+  30-40                               23         .212
+  40-50                               20         .183
+  50-60                                8         .074
+  60-70                                1         .009
+
+    Length of time out of work.
+
+  Less than 1 month                    8         .073
+  More than 1 month                   17         .156
+  More than 2 months                  16         .146
+  More than 3 months.[37]             68         .625
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] "Prospectus of the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company."
+
+[15] "The Poor and the Land," p. 130.
+
+[16] Haggard places it at 500 in 1905; at the time of my visit, May,
+1906, it was about 300.
+
+[17] "Hadleigh," p. 52.
+
+[18] "The Poor and the Land," p. 127.
+
+[19] "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 113-114.
+
+[20] _Ibid._, p. 114.
+
+[21] _Ibid._, p. 105.
+
+[22] "Hadleigh," p. 56.
+
+[23] Apparently no definite data are obtainable regarding these men
+since the time of treatment.
+
+[24] Introduction, p. 10.
+
+[25] For instance, the president, vice-president and secretary and
+treasurer are all Army officers of high standing.
+
+[26] The following extract is taken from the Salvation Army Social
+Gazette of February 5, 1908: "Whether the Officer of the Salvation Army
+takes charge of the industrial home to manage it in the interests of the
+concern, or whether he takes charge of the corps, the one great purpose
+of his whole life is to proclaim salvation to all with whom he comes in
+contact."
+
+[27] See p. 36.
+
+[28] We think that this would probably be done, even though the presence
+of the home in the particular locality was a great boon to the poor, and
+although this would be contrary to the principles of the organization,
+so strong is the idea which the company has of financial success. This
+further strengthens the idea that the movement is drifting from its
+original purpose of uplifting the down-fallen humanity to the purpose of
+perpetuating and extending itself as an economic enterprise.
+
+[29] See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 121 to 130.
+
+[30] A typical industry instanced to support this objection was the
+manufacture of fire wood. See "The S. A. and the Public," p. 124.
+
+[31] The criticism here of course would be that, to the extent that the
+army applies donations from the public to this industrial work, to that
+extent it has an advantage over another business enterprise and differs
+from it just to that extent in which it secures capital on which it need
+pay no interest or return. To what extent this is done, we have been
+unable to ascertain, but the Army is paying interest to investors who
+furnish money to carry on this work. This point is dealt with somewhat
+in the next paragraph.
+
+[32] See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 122 to 127. Also "The Social
+Relief Work of the S. A.," pp. 11 and 12.
+
+[33] Several leading officers have stated that they never undersell
+paper or rags, the largest part of their business, and that the only
+underselling done by them is in the retail store and that this is
+slight. They justify themselves by the fact that the regular second-hand
+men are tricksters and will rob the poor of their money, in most cases
+carrying on a pawn shop, which the Army never does.
+
+[34] See Seager, "Introduction to Economics," p. 234.
+
+[35] See "Principles of Relief," p. 35.
+
+[36] To show the difference in the grade of the men at the Industrial
+Homes and those at the Hotels, I have given separate tables for each.
+The combined tables showing certain characteristics of the class of men
+in general with which the Army deals will be found at the end of Chapter
+IV.
+
+[37] This number includes all the inefficient men and the men who are
+steadily working in the Industrial Home.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY HOTELS AND LODGING HOUSES.
+
+
+In a study of environment and its effects on the lowest classes of our
+great cities, the cheap lodging house affords a favorable field. Here we
+have crowding, unsanitary conditions, immoral atmosphere, and all the
+attendant evils. A good description of such lodging houses in New York
+City has been given by Jacob Riis, in the following words:
+
+    "In the caravansaries that line Chatham Street and the Bowery,
+    harboring nightly a population as large as that of many a thriving
+    town, a home-made article of tramp and thief is turned out that is
+    attracting the increasing attention of the police, and offers a
+    field for the missionary's labors, besides which most others seem of
+    slight consequence"[38].
+
+The cheap lodging houses of London and other great cities are similar in
+their environment and effects. This field was early entered by the Army.
+It was necessary that a very low rate of cost for the individual
+concerned be maintained because of competition with the lodging houses
+already existing, and because of the size of the prospective lodger's
+purse. The first experiments were tried in London. There, at first, the
+primary aim was to aid the needy and destitute, but later the Army
+entered into a competition with the existing lodging houses and paid
+more attention to the element of environment. It was soon definitely
+proved that such a work could be carried on to advantage, that shelter
+amid beneficial surroundings, could be provided to those almost
+destitute, and that the work could be self-supporting. Since then this
+work has extended to nearly all the larger cities of Europe and America,
+but it is of greatest extent in England and the United States. Along
+with this growth there has been differentiation. The hotels have been
+graded to suit the requirements of the different classes to which they
+appeal: the almost destitute class, and those who have steady
+employment. Hence, besides treating of conditions common to both, we
+shall describe special features of two grades of both men's and women's
+hotels.[39]
+
+The location for a men's hotel must be determined partly by its
+propinquity to the class of men which it is seeking to attract and
+partly for facilities for ventilation, cleanliness and general sanitary
+conditions. These last features are of the greatest importance in this
+work. Led by the real need of the case, and working with regard to its
+reputation, the Army has, in this respect, shown a great advance over
+the general cheap lodging houses. Still, there is room for improvement
+in the Army hotels.[40] One great difficulty lies in the lodgers, many
+of whom are so habituated to uncleanliness in general, that it is with
+great reluctance on their part that they are induced to cleanliness.
+Especially in the lower class hotels is this true where the rough,
+brutal element finds its way. Another difficulty lies in the fact that
+the Army frequently takes old buildings and turns them into hotels, when
+they are not suitable for the purpose. A favorable tendency to overcome
+this, however, lies in the Army's desire to put up new buildings fitted
+for hotels, and this is being done in many cities.
+
+In both the higher and the lower class men's hotels, the general plan is
+to have two or three grades of sleeping apartments. The first grade is
+in the form of dormitories, where each dormitory will contain from ten
+to fifty beds in the smaller hotels, and from fifty to one hundred and
+even two hundred beds in the larger.[41] For a bed in one of these
+dormitories, 10c and 15c per night is charged in the United States, and
+in England 2d up. This includes the use of a locker beside the bed, with
+sometimes a nightgown, and sometimes a bath. The second grade of lodging
+is in individual rooms, partitioned off, but inside rooms, for which the
+charge is 15c in the United States, and 4d to 6d in England. Then
+finally we have the third grade of lodging, which consists of individual
+rooms which have outside windows, and for which the price varies from
+20c to 50c per night according to situation and furnishing.[42]
+Sometimes the three grades of lodging are found on the same floor, a
+part of the floor being dormitory, and a part partitioned off into
+rooms, the partitions running up to a height of eight or nine feet. This
+method of partitioning off the rooms is almost universal. It is cheap
+and to some extent sanitary, since by means of windows at either end of
+the building a continual current of air can be maintained all over the
+floor. In most of the higher class hotels one floor is given up to
+dormitories and another to individual rooms, while the majority of lower
+class hotels consist entirely of dormitories. Hotels are of all sizes,
+and run from one floor up to eight or ten.
+
+The beds found in the Army hotels are iron, with mattresses usually
+covered with American cloth or some form of leather, but sometimes with
+strong canvas.[43] Each bed is provided with pillow, sheets, a coverlid,
+and sometimes an additional counterpane. The individual rooms, in
+addition to having better beds, contain a looking glass, a chair, a
+small table, and other furnishings according to the price of the room.
+In most cases washing facilities are only found in the lavatory, common
+to the whole floor.
+
+Comparative cleanliness is enforced at all grades of hotels. Baths are
+sometimes made compulsory, though often this rule cannot be rigidly
+enforced. Usually each floor is provided with bath tubs and shower
+baths. Nearly every hotel has a fumigating room, an air tight apartment
+filled with racks, upon which clothing is hung. If a man's appearance or
+clothing looks suspicious in any way, his clothes are placed in a sack
+with a number corresponding to the number of his bed or room, and hung
+in the fumigating room over night. Early the next morning his clothes
+will be returned to him. The dormitories and rooms themselves, every few
+days, receive a fumigating and cleaning. Thus, except in very rare
+cases, no fault can be found with the cleanliness of the Army hotels. We
+hardly ever visited any of them without coming into contact with the
+scent of fumigation, or finding some individual working with mop and
+broom.
+
+The above description, except where stated differently, fits both
+classes of men's hotels. The higher class, intended for transients of
+the better class of poor and for workmen with steady employment, has
+some distinctive features. In addition to better equipment along the
+line of furnishings, lavatories, etc., this class of hotels necessarily
+has a better social environment than the other. For instance, there are
+many lower class hotels where the reading room is dark, poorly
+furnished, without attractive reading matter, and where it serves as
+smoking room as well as reading room. While this might be improved, yet
+so low are the occupants that such improvement would not be appreciated.
+But when we come to the higher grade hotels, we find a difference. Take,
+for example, the Army Hotel in the city of Cleveland, O., on the corner
+of Eagle and Erie Streets. This corner building was built by the Army to
+answer its purpose, at a cost of $100,000.00. There are no dormitories
+in the building. The three upper floors are given over to the hotel,
+which comprises 130 rooms, each room being steam heated and electric
+lighted, and each floor being reached by elevators. Bathing facilities
+and sanitary arrangements are first class. A comfortable reading room
+and lounging room is provided for general use, where there are popular
+magazines, daily papers and writing conveniences. As another example,
+about the highest grade Army institution of this class is found in
+Boston, and is called "The People's Palace." It is a large, five-story,
+corner building, built by the Army for the purpose. In this institution
+the social environment is especially emphasized. There is a reading
+room, a smoking room, one or more social parlors, a gymnasium with a
+swimming tank, and an auditorium with a seating capacity of 600. The
+whole building, with its 287 single rooms, besides the above advantages,
+is equipped with steam heat, electric service and other modern
+conveniences. A special fee of 25c is charged for the use of the
+gymnasium and swimming tank, but the other advantages are free to
+lodgers. In this way, it is seen that the higher class hotels have more
+opportunity for a good social environment and for social work. We think
+that the addition of certain features, such as men's clubs, smokers,
+popular lectures, etc., would be of great advantage to this class of
+institutions. To overcome the difficulty of a transient population,
+however, would require considerable ingenuity.[44]
+
+Along the line of religious environment we find the hotels differ a
+great deal. In London there seems to be a strong influence of this kind,
+most of the hotels of both classes holding gospel meetings frequently.
+For instance, at the Quaker Street Elevator Home, which is partly a
+hotel and partly an industrial home, meetings are held nearly every
+night with good attendance, and at the Burne Street Hotel well attended
+meetings are held every night except Wednesdays and Saturdays, these
+nights being given over to the men for washing their clothes. But in the
+United States we find, as a rule, that the Salvation Army hotels are run
+with very little religious influence. In a few cases, meetings are held
+regularly, but more often no provision is made for them. Meetings are
+generally in progress somewhere in the neighborhood at the regular Army
+corps, and the men are left to attend these meetings if they wish.
+Generally they are willing to take advantage of the hotel, but do not
+care for the sentimental form of religion preached by the Army. Hence,
+in most of the hotels, we find the religious influence limited to the
+texts on the walls, and to the attitude of the employees, who are not
+always Salvationists or converted men.
+
+Some hotels of both classes are fitted with a kitchen and lunch counter.
+This is nearly always the case in London, where the hotels have a
+counter, over which the food is sold, and then taken to a seat by the
+purchaser. In several cases the counter is divided so that it opens into
+different rooms, and there are two grades of prices, the lower price
+being paid for food somewhat damaged and stale.[45]
+
+We need not dwell long on the subject of the women's hotels, as that
+does not form an important part of the Army's work. The women's hotels,
+even more than the men's, have tended to fall into two classes. There is
+a great difference between the hotel for women who are almost destitute,
+and the hotel for respectable working girls, who have positions as
+clerks and stenographers, and who happen to have no home of their own. A
+typical hotel of the former class is situated near the Dearborn Street
+Railway Depot in Chicago. It consists of three floors, and has
+accommodation for fifty girls or women. The woman officer in charge
+lives here herself, and seeks to have an environment as homelike as
+possible. She states, however, that occasionally the women come in
+noisily and are troublesome. There is a great difference between one
+woman and another, and she wishes she had one floor with better
+accommodation than the rest for the better element among them. The price
+paid per bed at this hotel is 10 cents. A good example of this class of
+hotel in England, is the one situated on Hanbury Street, Whitechapel,
+London, where there are three floors, two upper floors given over to
+dormitories containing 276 beds in all, and the ground floor containing
+a dining room, kitchen, small hall, and office. Here, women are turned
+away quite often because of lack of room. 2d. is charged for a bed, and
+for food a scale of prices, such as tea, 1/2d.--soup, 1/2d.--bread,
+1/2d.--etc. There are nine officers working here, and nine other
+workers, six of the latter receiving 3s. per week, and three receiving
+1s. per week.
+
+With the higher class hotels for women, the Army has not had much
+success. This is easily understood, as the respectable girl does not
+like to be connected with a hotel run by an organization which is
+prominent for its slum and rescue work. These hotels charge a higher
+rate for rooms and are situated in a good quarter of the city.[46] They
+are frequented by shop girls, bookkeepers, clerks and stenographers.
+Apparently, no great religious pressure is brought to bear on the girls
+and women, but this would probably depend on the officer in charge.
+
+The growth of the Hotel Department of the Army's work, like that of the
+Industrial Department, has, of recent years, been great. Soon after the
+publication in 1890 of General Booth's book, "Darkest England," the
+hotel work was started in England, and its progress has been rapid. In
+the United States at first the work did not make much headway. When
+Commander Booth-Tucker came to take charge in 1896, there were three
+small men's hotels situated in the cities of Buffalo, San Francisco,
+and Seattle. At the present time, nearly every large city in England
+and the United States has one or more of these hotels, the latter
+country having 71 men's hotels and 4 women's hotels, with a total
+accommodation of 8,688. The tendency now is toward fewer of the lower
+class hotels, and more of the higher class; in other words, toward fewer
+hotels where beds can be had for 10c and 15c, and more where they will
+cost 20c and 25c. The Army gives as its reason for this the fact that
+the cheaper hotel cannot be maintained in a wholesome manner and be
+self-supporting.[47] Similar to the Industrial Department in its
+management, the Hotel Department has its divisions, its graded officers
+with their various responsibilities, and its head officer in charge at
+the national headquarters. In the United States, however, unlike the
+Industrial Department, the Hotel Department has no separate financial
+company, in the form of a corporation, behind it. In some instances,
+deserving men are given bed tickets and meal tickets free, by officers
+detailed for the purpose, and, to that extent the hotels are a charity.
+This is done with due discretion and does not make an appreciable
+difference. The amount of charity indulged in by the Army in this way
+is, however, probably responsible for the fact that in 1907, there was a
+loss to the Army in this department of $4,500.00, not a very large
+amount, considering the number of hotels concerned.
+
+Coming to the value of the Army hotels from the point of view of the
+social economist, care must be taken to discriminate between their
+commercial and their philanthropic aspects. The public has a mistaken
+idea of the work carried on by this branch of the Army. Many people have
+an idea that thousands of homeless, starving men and women are nightly
+taken care of in these Army hotels. Putting aside the question whether
+such would be good relief policy or not, the statement itself is not
+true. In a majority of cases the man or woman in order to gain
+admittance must have the price, and in many instances, that price will
+also admit them to the regular cheap lodging house outside of the Army.
+We are not finding fault with the system of charging, since from the
+point of view of true relief, provided that bona-fide, destitute cases
+are not left without help, the price should be required, as it would be
+a great evil to throw open the hotels to the crowds of regular beggars
+and social parasites who constantly throng any institution supposed to
+be charitable; but since the Army hotel movement claims to be a
+self-supporting business, it is not to be regarded as different from any
+other lodging business, except in those points in which it excels the
+other. With this caution we believe that we still can distinguish two
+lines along which credit is to be given the Army. The first is the
+environment which the Army has created for its guests. It is not
+necessary here to show what a great factor environment is in this case,
+but simply to emphasize its importance. From our description of the Army
+hotel, it is seen that, with certain exceptions, the Army maintains
+cleanliness, cheerfulness, and a homelike atmosphere around its lodging
+houses.[48] In this important respect then, the Army hotel is to be
+commended. Secondly, the Army has indirectly, by its competition with
+the ordinary cheap lodging houses, led them to adopt improvement for
+purely commercial reasons. If a man has only ten cents, he is going to
+invest that ten cents to the best advantage, and the old time lodging
+houses have found it necessary to improve their conditions in order to
+meet the competition of the Army. For this too, credit is to be given
+the latter. In addition the competition reacts on the Army and tends to
+make it keep up its own standard.
+
+In order more clearly to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
+cheap lodging houses, whether Army hotels or not, it would be well here
+to consider objections to their existence. Three objections have been
+raised to all cheap lodging houses in general.
+
+1. That they herd together a low class of vagrants and vicious
+characters.
+
+2. That their cheapness lowers the standard of living.
+
+3. That they encourage the youth of the country to come to the city and
+live in comparative idleness.[49]
+
+No one who has looked into the matter has any doubt about the accuracy
+of the first objection. One glance at the faces of a group of men in the
+smoking room of any such hotel reveals many of the low, bestial,
+criminal type; many victims of dissipation and many who have acquired a
+dislike for work of any sort. This harboring of the vicious element is
+also true of the Army hotels of the lower class, but it is in company
+with this element that we find the men for whom more or less can be
+done.[50]
+
+The second objection must be considered more carefully. To repeat the
+definition of the standard of living which was discussed in connection
+with the Industrial Department, it is the scale or measure of comfort
+and satisfaction, which a person or community of persons, regards as
+indispensable to happiness. Now the question is whether these cheap
+lodging houses lower this standard; whether their existence results in a
+tendency to live with less effort and less ambition, and thus renders
+men and women less productive and less proficient. This question must be
+separated into a question regarding the community as a whole, and a
+question regarding the individual. As regards the standard of living of
+any single community, the answer would be that the standard is not
+appreciably lowered by this hotel system, since the occupants are mostly
+single men wandering around, and the standard of living of the community
+is more concerned with the maintenance of homes in its midst, than of
+transients. This, however, brings in the further question as to whether
+the cheap living made possible by the lodging houses leads to the
+breaking up of homes, since if it does so, it would bear decidedly on
+the standard of living. We would answer this second question in the
+negative, because life in the cheap hotel is not such a desirable thing
+as to lead to the breaking up of homes. A man has already left home and
+is already reduced in circumstances, before the fact of such cheap
+living as the hotels and cheap restaurants of the Bowery in New York, or
+of Whitechapel in London, ever comes to him as an advantage. But, on the
+other hand, when it comes to the individual concerned, we think that the
+standard is lowered and that in many cases the objection holds good. For
+instance, take a man with a regular trade, say bricklaying or
+carpentering. He is thrown out of work and gradually drifts down to the
+cheap hotel. For months, possibly, he strives in vain to get work at his
+trade. He exists, however, by means of odd jobs picked up at random; he
+becomes shiftless; the life which consists of so much "hanging around"
+and loafing, decreases his efficiency, and, in this way, his standard is
+lowered. At the same time his character is affected, and even if no
+worse development takes place, he loses ambition, and that lowers his
+standard. Hence, in conclusion, we would say that the objection that the
+hotel movement of the Army leads to a lowering of a standard of living
+has no place as regards the community, but is sustained as regards
+individuals.
+
+The third objection that the country youth are induced by this cheap
+living to leave for the city is not a strong one and needs but short
+notice. Some of the most successful men of our cities come from the
+country, but very few of the lower and pauper classes. This has been
+shown by the investigations of Mr. Fox in England, and by our own
+investigations in the United States.[51]
+
+The consideration of these objections leads us to a closer examination
+of the class of men frequenting the hotels of the Army. The men's work
+being so much larger, let us look at the occupants of the men's hotels.
+Here we must separate the comparatively few hotels of the higher class,
+which, charging higher prices and harboring the working man, have a
+different environment from the others. In these, the higher class, we
+see a competition with the ordinary boarding and lodging houses which
+single men frequent, a competition which, owing to the more healthful
+social environment of the Army hotel, is to be welcomed and approved of
+as a preventive of vice and degradation. The latter is often the result
+of crowded, uncleanly, workingmen's lodgings, which drive their
+occupants to the saloon. But the majority of the Army hotels are filled
+with the lowest class of men, out of any steady employment. This class
+is composed for the most part and under present conditions, of men who
+are almost helpless cases.[52] Conditions can be conceived which would
+result in the betterment of a certain percentage of these, but a large
+number would always be hopeless. Many have been given their chances and
+have thrown them away; some have had no chances, and some could not use
+them if they had. Many are physical and moral wrecks. In their faces you
+see no ambition. They simply exist as do animals. For such, except in
+unusual cases, there is no remedy. Do all you can for them, and they
+will slide back again; give them work, and if they are willing to take
+it at all, they soon lose their positions. Some belong to the
+pseudo-social class and are mere parasites feeding on society. Others
+are anti-social, bitter and criminal.[53]
+
+These men are not those with which the Army is successful, in its
+industrial institutions, although many of them have been tried. They
+secure their ten cents or fifteen cents for a bed in a cheap hotel by
+any means which comes along. They form a class, which especially in the
+older countries of Europe and increasingly in the new world, presents a
+problem that is the great puzzle of the statesman and the social
+economist alike.
+
+The present tendency of the Army already mentioned to have fewer of the
+lower class, cheap hotels and more of the higher class brings up some
+important considerations. There are three points which come up for
+particular notice here. First, as has already been stated, the present
+tendency of the Army is to have fewer of the lower class or cheap hotels
+and more of the higher class. One reason for this is that, although the
+Army's competition has in many instances forced the ordinary cheap
+hotels to better their equipment, still, in the long run, the Army
+cannot successfully compete with the ordinary low class hotel and
+maintain an equally good or better environment, without having its hotel
+work subsidized by the public. The men whom we have just described do
+not appreciate better surroundings sufficiently to pay fifteen cents for
+a bed at the Army hotel, when they can get one for ten cents at another
+place around the corner. Secondly, as the Army extends its work, there
+is the ever present tendency of any organization to become an end in
+itself. Hence the Army tends to forsake its field of the lower class for
+the field of the working class for financial reasons. If it can carry on
+a hotel which appeals to a higher class of working men who are willing
+to pay $1.50 upwards per week for a separated room such as has been
+described, they may do better financially than with a dormitory whose
+beds are held at ten cents. This second point of consideration leads us
+to a third, and that is, what is to become of this lower class of
+vagrants and unemployables. This discussion hardly comes in the scope of
+this book, but we might suggest in passing that the cheap, lower class
+of hotels with which the Army has entered into competition should not be
+allowed to continue as at present. In case of the failure to provide
+competition, the city itself should provide a successful competition
+under good environment, or should take measures for the segregation of
+the vicious elements of the population from the merely weak, aged and
+unfortunate.[54]
+
+On the other hand, among the occupants of these hotels a certain number
+are men for whom there is hope; some victims of misfortune; others
+degraded by dissipation and recklessness, but not entirely demoralized.
+With these the Army can deal successfully in its industrial homes, and
+some of them can regain a foothold without aid. For these men the Army
+hotel is certainly a boon.[55] A man who has not lost ambition and who
+can gather a few cents a day to sustain him, until some temporary
+difficulty is past is glad to take advantage of such an institution.
+Finally, regarding this class as a whole, something must be done with
+them, and it is necessary for those who find fault with their
+congregation in the Army hotels, to point out a better way of caring for
+them. As long as they exist, they will tend to congregate somewhere, and
+until some better solution is offered, we might as well take what is at
+hand, and if it is the Army hotel, hold that institution to its best
+efforts and its best environment.
+
+To sum up, then, our conclusions of this part of the Army's work, we
+find that the hotels are commercial enterprises, with, as a rule, an
+environment superior to the regular cheap hotels of the same price, and
+that although there is an objection to the congregation of the vicious
+and vagrant along with the unfortunate, and although there may be a
+tendency to lower the standard of living of these people, individually
+considered, yet there is a justification for the existence of these
+hotels, as something must be done with this class of people, and this is
+the best solution offered, inasmuch as a certain percentage of this
+class is really aided and tided over temporary difficulty. At the same
+time, there remains the need of the segregation of the class concerned,
+with a more scientific, practical, individual treatment. Better work can
+be done along this line.
+
+
+EXAMPLES OF SALVATION ARMY HOTEL LODGERS.
+
+A collection of 76 cases made on seventeen different evenings during the
+months of March and April, 1908, at two of the Salvation Army hotels,
+both situated on the Bowery in New York City, one being a lower class
+hotel and the other a combination of lower and higher class. These cases
+were collected at first hand by the author and a friend of the author,
+Mr. James Ward, both of whom mingled among the men in the disguise of
+working men. In this way the facts were gained without much difficulty,
+with the exception of information regarding the family of the man
+concerned. Sometimes, therefore, this latter information is lacking.
+
+
+No. 1.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parentage. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Had no home and did not know whether or not his people were living. Only
+trade was that of hotel porter but had done other things. Had worked a
+little in the country. Had had no steady work for three months. Walked
+the streets the previous night and had had coffee and rolls on the
+"bread line." Received a bed that night through charity. Did not appear
+dissipated but showed lack of ambition.
+
+
+No. 2.
+
+Born in Ireland. About thirty years old. Single. Did not know about his
+people as he did not write home. Had been in New York seven years.
+Worked as stableman most of the time but had been out of steady work for
+six weeks. Never worked in the country. Appeared dissipated and
+inefficient.
+
+
+No. 3.
+
+Born in Pittsburg of American parents. About forty years old. Single.
+Had a brother, he thought, in Pittsburg but no other relatives alive.
+Had no regular trade. Had travelled a good deal in the United States but
+never west of Chicago. Had done odd jobs in the country. Evidently a
+tramp. Looked stupid and incapable.
+
+
+No. 4.
+
+Born in Germany. About twenty-three years old. Single. Wrote to his
+people sometimes, but they were poor. Trade, a waiter. Had worked in New
+York for five years. Had had no steady work for over two months. Had a
+little money saved but that was nearly gone. Expected to go to Albany
+the next day to work. Never worked in the country. Appeared to be a
+capable, steady man.
+
+
+No. 5.
+
+Born in Scotland. Fifty-three years old. Single. People all dead except
+a married sister. Regular trade, a boiler-maker. In this country most of
+the time for thirty-five years. Had travelled all around the world.
+Never worked in the country. Had no steady work all winter, but obtained
+work for one or two days every week and thus paid his way at the hotel.
+Said he lived up to his salary when working steadily. Is growing old.
+Sometimes went on a "spree" when he had money. Looked like a
+hard-working, efficient man.
+
+
+No. 6.
+
+Born in Ireland. About forty years old. Had married and separated from
+his wife. Trade was brick-laying, but he was not a union man. Never
+worked in the country. Came to New York at eighteen and had been there
+most of the time since. Claimed to be a Mason, and said that he expected
+help from a friend. Had been out of work all winter but worked
+occasionally around saloons and nearly always had the price of a bed.
+Admitted drinking heavily. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 7.
+
+Born in Buffalo of American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Waiter by trade. Parents were dead. Had two brothers but did not know
+where. Had worked a little in the country but knew nothing of farming.
+Had worked as waiter in New York for three years. Got into a fight three
+weeks before and had his face disfigured. As a result lost his job.
+Walked the streets two nights last week. Got coffee and rolls on the
+"bread line." Worked in a stable yesterday and made $1.00. Appeared
+somewhat dissipated but intelligent.
+
+
+No. 8.
+
+Born in New York City. Father German. Mother Scotch. Thirty-two years
+old. Single. His father lived somewhere in New York, and he expected to
+get work shortly and live with him. Trade was a machinist. Had mostly
+worked at bicycle repairing. Had travelled a good deal but never worked
+on a farm. Went to Philadelphia this Winter and lost position. Worked
+three days in a woodyard for board and lodging. Later had himself
+committed to jail for one month. Came back to New York last week. Did
+not appear dissipated, but looked bright and efficient.
+
+
+No. 9.
+
+Born in Lawrence, Mass., of American parents. About twenty-two years
+old. Single. Worked since a boy in Lawrence in the woolen mills until he
+lost position six weeks previously. Always lived with his people. Had
+never been hungry or without a bed. Came to New York two weeks
+previously but had done nothing since. Had just money enough left to go
+home, where he expected to obtain work again shortly. Looked thoroughly
+capable and reliable.
+
+
+Nos. 10 and 11.
+
+Two brothers born in New York of Irish parentage. Aged twenty-eight and
+thirty-one respectively. Both single. Parents dead. Had trade of awning
+makers, with plenty of work in summer but none in winter. Had never
+worked in the country. Had been living by means of odd jobs and charity
+all winter. Had received help from a mission and the Salvation Army.
+Quite often walked the streets all night and got coffee and rolls on the
+"bread line." Appeared shiftless and showed lack of initiative and
+intelligence.
+
+
+No. 12.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Did not know where his folks were. His mother was dead. Worked sometimes
+as a truck driver. Had worked at farm work in New Jersey. Had travelled
+a good deal. Had received help from charities in different cities. Got
+caught once riding a freight train through Philadelphia and spent ten
+days in jail for the offense. Said he drank when he got the chance. Now
+worked around the Army Hotel and received in return his bed and one meal
+ticket a day. Expected to leave the city as soon as the weather got
+warmer. Evidently a kind of tramp with a tendency to become worse.
+Looked wild and unreliable.
+
+
+No. 13.
+
+Born in Watertown, N. Y., of American parents. About thirty years old.
+Single. Had lost track of his people. Worked as steward on ship running
+to New Orleans. Was laid off three months ago. Expected to get position
+as steward again in the spring. Had walked the streets quite often, not
+being able to secure a bed. Had received help from several charities,
+including the Army. Looked dissipated and unreliable. Had never worked
+in the country.
+
+
+No. 14.
+
+Born in England. Came to this country when sixteen. People all dead.
+Thirty-two years old. Single. Never worked in the country. Regular trade
+was that of a painter but was not a Union man. Got odd jobs from time to
+time in paint shops. Made fifty cents the previous day. Had had no
+steady work for three months. Had forty dollars saved when he left his
+last steady job. Spent twenty dollars on a "drunk," and the rest had
+gone since. Appeared capable and fairly intelligent.
+
+
+No. 15.
+
+Born in Germany. Had come to this country with his people when young.
+His people all dead except a sister who was married and lived in
+Chicago. Single. About thirty-five years of age. Had no regular trade.
+Had worked as laborer in both country and city. Said that the city was
+best in Winter and the country in Summer. Expected to leave for the
+country as soon as the weather grew warm. Appeared lazy and inefficient.
+Had been aided by the Army. Evidently a tramp.
+
+
+No. 16.
+
+Born in Pittsfield, Mass., of American parents. Twenty-four years of
+age. Single. Ran away from home at seventeen. Did not know where his
+people were. Had no trade. Had worked at everything. Was in the navy for
+four years and afterward followed the water for several years working
+mostly as fireman. Never worked in the country. Had been out of steady
+work for six months. Secured lodging through charity but often spent the
+night on the streets. Said he drank when he could get it. Looked
+dissipated and demoralized.
+
+
+No. 17.
+
+Born in New York City of German parents. About thirty years old. Married
+but had left his wife. Had no regular trade. Had worked as waiter,
+porter and liveryman. Made fifty cents yesterday but spent forty for
+whiskey. Secured coffee and rolls on the "bread line." Had worked a
+little in the country. Appeared shiftless.
+
+
+No. 18.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-two years of age. Single. Wrote to his people
+sometimes. Always followed the water. Had sailed from different points
+to China and the Philippines. Drank and lost his boat. Made his way to
+New York where he had been out of work for two months. Wrote home for
+money which he expected shortly. Sold some of his clothing to get a bed.
+Was trying to get work on a boat. Never worked in the country. Looked
+wild and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 19.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass., of Irish parents. Twenty-five years of age.
+Single. Worked in machine shop when a boy and then joined the navy.
+After the navy experience he had worked both on water and on land. Had
+beaten his way on freight trains to different parts of the United
+States. Said he often got help from missions. Often slept in the parks
+in summer. Had been in jail several times. The last time for four months
+for stealing. Got out in August and had done odd jobs since. Had been
+several times in the Army hotel and several times in the City Lodging
+House. Had worked for a day or so in the country but did not know
+farming. Looked shiftless and demoralized.
+
+
+No. 20.
+
+Born in Binghamton, N. Y., of American parents. About thirty-five years
+of age. Single. Trade was lasting shoes in a shoe factory. Had worked in
+different cities but never in the country. Came to New York three months
+ago, as his factory had laid off a large number of hands. Had done odd
+jobs since. Walked the streets three nights the previous week and got
+coffee and rolls on the "bread line." Got a bed for the night this time
+through charity. Expected to get work in a factory when the weather
+became warmer. Drank occasionally but not often. Looked competent and of
+average intelligence.
+
+
+No. 21.
+
+Born in Ireland. Twenty-four years old. Single. Left home and had been
+in America one year. Worked in New York as waiter and lost his position
+three weeks previous to interview. Had some money saved but drank and
+lost it all on the Bowery. Walked the streets for one week and
+frequented the "bread line." Had a position, now, waiting on table
+during the dinner hour. Used to work on a farm in Ireland, and said that
+as soon as the weather got warm he would go to the country and look for
+work. Looked somewhat dissipated but hopeful.
+
+
+No. 22.
+
+Born in Brooklyn, N. Y. Twenty-six years old. Single. Had no trade. Had
+lost track of his people. Had travelled a good deal by means of freight
+trains and had been in several jails for vagrancy. Had never worked in
+the country. Said when he could get money, he spent it in drink. Secured
+a bed that night through an acquaintance. Looked like a confirmed tramp
+and vagrant.
+
+
+No. 23.
+
+Born in Hartford, Conn., of American parents. Twenty-one years old.
+Single. Parents dead. Had a married sister living in New Jersey, but he
+did not wish her to know that he was out of work. Had been working for
+years as a carpenter's assistant and hoped to become a full-fledged
+carpenter shortly. Had never worked in the country. Had been out of work
+for three months. Spent his money in a vain trip to Philadelphia and
+back looking for work. Had been doing odd jobs but had often gone
+hungry. Did not like to ask for charity. Expected to work as soon as the
+contractors began the spring building. Did not drink. Looked
+intelligent, bright, and was a very hopeful case. Went through the
+grammar school.
+
+
+No. 24.
+
+Born in Boston of Irish parents. Fifty years old. Single. Had no people
+living. Trade was a hardwood finisher. Never worked in the country. Got
+out of work two months ago. Left Boston then and came to New York. Had a
+little money, but it was almost gone. Was crippled but could still work.
+Drank some. He was gray-haired and looked older than he was.
+
+
+No. 25.
+
+Born in Ireland. About sixty years old. Had been married, but his wife
+was dead, and he had no known relatives. Had been a seaman a good deal
+but had no regular trade. He worked on a farm two months in the West.
+Had travelled a good deal. He worked occasionally around the docks and
+made just enough to maintain himself. When he had money, he spent it
+rashly. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 26.
+
+Born in Boston of American parents. Fifty-seven years old. Single. Had
+no people. His trade was ship's cook. He had never worked in the
+country. Said that he was too old to get a position. He secured a bed
+that night through the kindness of a friend, also out of work. Had
+wandered around a great deal. He did not look dissipated but he was
+gray-haired and very feeble.
+
+
+No. 27.
+
+Born in Philadelphia of German parents. About forty years old. Single.
+Trade was that of a sign-painter. Said he had worked mostly in
+Philadelphia and New York, and that he could get plenty of work, but
+kept losing his positions through drink. Had never worked in the
+country. Said he had people in Philadelphia but he did not write to
+them. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 28.
+
+Born near Lynn, Mass., of American parents. Twenty years old. Single.
+Had no trade, but worked as dish-washer or at anything he could get.
+Said that he could run an engine and had been working on a boat in New
+York harbor but had to leave three weeks ago, on account of sickness.
+Was trying to get into a hospital. Money nearly gone. Was born and
+brought up on a farm but ran away nearly three years ago and did not
+want to go back, though his father and mother were living. Said he spent
+his money freely when he had it. He did not look dissipated but appeared
+to be a consumptive.
+
+
+No. 29.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parents. About thirty-five years old.
+Single. Had no trade but had worked for years as driver on a horse-car.
+Got out of work four months ago and had no prospect of any. Got a small
+job cleaning out a saloon the previous day. Often walked the streets all
+night and went to the "bread line." Did not look very dissipated but
+evidently had no ambition. Did not know where his people were. Never
+worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 30.
+
+Born in Ireland. Sixteen years old. Single. Did not write home. Had
+trade of a cook and had been out of work for two weeks. Then had $100.00
+and lost it all "on a drunk." Never worked in the country. Had walked
+the streets three nights the past week. Was going to New Jersey to look
+for work. Looked dissipated but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 31.
+
+Born in Scotland. Fifty-five years old. Married in Scotland and came
+with family to this country twenty-five years ago. Had no trade. Worked
+at anything he could get. Wife dead. Two children living, unable to help
+him. Had travelled widely. Obtained a steady job the previous month.
+Held it two weeks, then went "on a drunk." Still had enough money saved
+to keep him two weeks. Said that if he did not get work before then, he
+would leave New York. He knew a little about farm work in Scotland.
+Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 32.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parents. Sixty years old. Single. People
+all dead. Had no regular trade but had followed the water. Never worked
+in the country. Had some cousins in New York who helped him out a
+little. He looked dissipated and feeble.
+
+
+No. 33.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty-three years old. Single.
+Salesman. Had been out of work all winter after losing a position
+through drink. Had received help from several aid societies and missions
+this winter. Had walked the streets a good many nights. Said he never
+worked in the country. Looked dissipated and unreliable.
+
+
+No. 34.
+
+Born in South Carolina. American parents. Twenty years old. Single. Did
+not write home. Said he ran away and his people were angry. Had no
+trade. Never worked in the country. Had walked the streets two nights
+this week. Looked intelligent but wild.
+
+
+No. 35.
+
+Born in Newark, N. J., English parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Had no trade but worked as a janitor. Was in the navy for three years
+and had travelled widely. Had been out of work one month. Never worked
+in the country. Said he worked for a while and then "went off on a
+drunk." His people in Newark sent him money once in a while. Looked
+dissipated.
+
+
+No. 36.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. When seven years old
+came to America with his people. Had two brothers and one sister in
+Schenectady, N. Y. Parents dead. His people did not aid him as he drank
+so much. Never worked in the country. Got an odd job now and then.
+Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 37.
+
+Born in England. Thirty-six years old. Single. Came to America with his
+people when twelve years old. Went to Fall River, Mass., where his
+people lived. Ran away from home at eighteen and had followed the water
+since. Never worked in the country. Was paid off last Saturday. Went on
+a drunk on the Bowery and lost his money and his job. Walked the streets
+two nights, but received help from his people. Looked a little
+dissipated but capable.
+
+
+No. 39.
+
+Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Forty years old. Single. Father
+lived in Yonkers but was unable to help him. Plumber by trade. Did not
+belong to the Union. Was out of work for one month the past winter, but
+now had a job and was renting a room in the Army hotel. Never worked in
+the country. Looked like a hard drinker, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 40.
+
+Born in New Haven, Conn. American parents. Twenty-five years old.
+Single. Relatives in New Haven poor. Was a telegraph operator and worked
+at that trade for two years, but lost position on account of bad health.
+Had worked on a farm quite a little, and said as soon as the weather got
+warmer he was going to the country. He now had a room at the Army hotel
+but his money was nearly gone. Looked intelligent and capable.
+
+
+No. 41.
+
+Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single.
+Did not know where his relatives were. Had trade as truck driver, and
+since losing a steady job two months previously had worked at odd jobs
+about the docks. Spent two days at an Army Industrial Home and was now
+at the Army Hotel. He looked like a hard drinker. Never worked in the
+country.
+
+
+No. 42.
+
+Born in Scotland. Twenty-three years old. Single. Relatives lived in
+Scotland and sent him a little money sometimes. Had no regular trade.
+Had worked on the water a good deal. Came to New York two years
+previously, and had no steady work since. Had been nine months in the
+hospital from which he had been discharged two weeks. Expected to return
+to the hospital. Looked like a very sick man, but not dissipated.
+
+
+No. 43.
+
+Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+No people alive. Had no trade. Had travelled around the world and never
+worked when he could help it. Never worked in the country. Looked like a
+regular tramp and hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 44.
+
+Born in Newark, N. J. French parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+two sisters in Brooklyn. Had no regular trade but had been working for
+three weeks in a grocery store and thus had a room in the Army Hotel.
+Never worked in the country. Looked capable and intelligent.
+
+
+No. 45.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+people in Brooklyn who were helping him. Had no trade but had worked all
+his life at odd jobs. Could not work steadily because of bad habits.
+Never worked in the country. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 46.
+
+Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Thirty-five years old. Single. Was a
+painter by trade but did not belong to the Union. Had been out of work
+three months. Some friends gave him clothes and a little money. Looked
+intelligent but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 47.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Thirty years old. Single. Had no trade.
+Worked on a farm in Long Island and hoped to go to the country shortly.
+Had had no steady work the past Winter. Had been in the Army Industrial
+Home six times during the Winter. Looked shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 48.
+
+Born in Lowell, Mass. Italian parents. Twenty years old. Single. People
+lived in Lowell. Had no trade. Never worked in the country. Came to New
+York two weeks previously with a little money, but this was soon spent
+and he had walked the streets two nights. Entered the Army Hotel through
+charity. Had written home for money and expected to return there. His
+appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 49.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Forty years old. Married. Separated
+from his wife three months ago because of his drinking. Had no trade.
+Never worked in the country. Had been out of work three months. Picked
+up odd jobs now and then, and thus secured a bed. Looked like a hard
+drinker.
+
+
+No. 50.
+
+Born in Germany. Seventeen years old. Single. Had people in Germany who
+were unable to help him. Had been in this country nine months. Said he
+was on a farm in New York State but ran away. The Salvation Army was
+keeping him, and he worked a little around the Hotel. Looked like a
+promising boy but rather wild.
+
+
+No. 51.
+
+Born in Denver, Col. American parents. Twenty-three years old. Single.
+Had people at home who sent him money now and then. Was an iron-worker.
+Belonged to the Union, but said the Union had not helped him any. Had
+been out of work some time. Never worked in the country. Had travelled a
+good deal in the United States. Looked bright and promising.
+
+
+No. 52.
+
+Born in Davenport, Washington. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had people
+at home where he had sent for money. Had travelled widely. Came to New
+York five weeks ago from Panama where he had been working for eight
+months. Had to leave on account of sickness. Had $100.00 when he came to
+New York but spent nearly all on doctors bills. Still had a little left.
+Said he had worked a good deal on a farm. Looked capable and
+intelligent.
+
+
+No. 53.
+
+American, born in New York. Thirty years old. Single. People dead.
+Bartender. Did not belong to the Union. Was out of work for one month
+until two weeks previous to interview, when he got a job as bartender.
+Was still working and had a room at the Army Hotel. Said he would be all
+right it he could leave drink alone. He never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 54.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had
+quarrelled with his people who lived in New York. Painter by trade. Lost
+his membership in the Union because he did not pay his dues. Had had no
+steady work for a year, but had wandered all over the country doing very
+little work, but receiving aid from charitable societies. Said he liked
+the warm weather, so that he could sleep in the parks. Looked shiftless
+and a typical tramp.
+
+
+No. 55.
+
+Born in Norway. About thirty years old. Single. Had people in Norway who
+did not help him. Came to New York from his native land two months
+previously. A carpenter by trade. Was working in Jersey and lost
+position two weeks previously. Had money in his pocket and was evidently
+wise enough to keep it. Conversed in broken English. Said he worked in
+the country in Norway. Looked like a capable man.
+
+
+No. 56.
+
+Born in Scotland. Forty-five years old. Single. Came to this country
+with his people when he was nine years old. People had since died.
+Bookkeeper by trade. Had been out of work all Winter. The Scotch Aid
+Society was keeping him, giving him bed and meal tickets. Said he had
+received help from four different missions in New York. Looked incapable
+and shiftless. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 57.
+
+Born in Jersey City. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Did not work if he could help it. Came here from the West
+by means of freight trains. Never worked in the country. Looked like a
+regular tramp.
+
+
+No. 58.
+
+Born in Chicago. Single. Thirty-years old. Had friends in Chicago who
+sent him a little money. Had no trade. Never did hard work. Got odd jobs
+and received aid from missions. Said he was a Christian and liked to
+attend meetings. Had a room in the Army Hotel. Said he had been staying
+there off and on for two years. Looked stupid and incapable.
+
+
+No. 59.
+
+Born in Denver, Col. Fifty years old. Single. Plumber by trade. Belonged
+to the Union but left eight months previously and had not paid his dues
+since. Was in business for himself at one time, but lost it through
+drink. Said he got help from the missions whenever he could. Never
+worked in the country. Hoped to go West again shortly. Looked feeble and
+dissipated.
+
+
+No. 60.
+
+American. Born in Springfield, Mass. Fifty-five years old. Single. Said
+his people in Springfield were wealthy but would have nothing to do with
+him. Had no trade. In New York all Winter. Had walked the streets a good
+many nights. Never worked in the country. Charity Organization Society
+had helped him, besides other organizations. Said he had consumption.
+Looked very weak and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 61.
+
+Born in America. Jewish parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Stone-cutter by trade. Said he worked at the Insurance business at
+times. Had been out of work nearly two months. Never worked in the
+country. Looked bright and capable.
+
+
+No. 62.
+
+Born in Cleveland, Ohio. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+People lived in Cleveland, but did not help him. Had worked on a farm
+nearly all his life. Left the farm two years previously and had wandered
+most of the time since. He expected to be sent to the country by the
+Bowery Mission shortly. Looked shiftless but not dissipated.
+
+
+No. 63.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. About fifty years old. Married. Said
+his people were dead. Had no regular trade. Did office work, but was
+nearly always out of work. Said he was a Christian. He evidently
+followed the missions and "got saved" every time he needed help. Never
+worked in the country. Looked shiftless and inefficient.
+
+
+No. 64.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. English parents. Thirty years old. Married. Quarrelled
+with his wife five years previously and left her. Painter by trade. Did
+not belong to the Union. Had not worked all Winter. Said he had been all
+around the world and had beaten his way wherever he went. Had been in
+jail several times, for vagrancy and drunkness. Never worked in the
+country. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 65.
+
+Born in Maine. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+people in Maine from whom he expected help. Barber by trade. Came to New
+York three weeks previously. Met some friends on the Bowery and lost all
+his money. The Army was helping him. He had worked somewhat in the
+country. Looked very stupid.
+
+
+No. 66.
+
+Born in Scotland. About sixty years old. Single. Had no people. Had no
+trade. In this country for forty years. Out of work all Winter. The
+Scotch Aid Society had been keeping him now for three weeks. He never
+worked in the country. He looked like a regular vagrant.
+
+
+No. 67.
+
+Born in Boston. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. A
+waiter. Had wandered a good deal, and beaten his way by freight trains.
+Came to New York from the West one month previously. Had not worked
+since, but had been aided by the missions and the Army. Evidently did
+not like to work.
+
+
+No. 68.
+
+Born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Irish parents. About thirty-two years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Came to New York two weeks previously with some
+money which he got from his people. He had sent home for more. Worked
+somewhere in the country. Said he drank periodically and did not like to
+work steadily. Looked very shiftless.
+
+
+No. 69.
+
+Born in Ireland. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had lost track of his
+people. Had been in this country eight years. Had no trade. Had had no
+steady work all Winter. Drank a good deal. Never worked in the country.
+Looked very wild.
+
+
+No. 70.
+
+Born in New Orleans. Spanish parents. About twenty years old. Single.
+Left home two years ago and took to life on the water. Left the boat in
+New York one month previously and had not worked since. Said he liked to
+sail and see the world. His people lived in New Orleans, and he expected
+help from them. Never worked in the country. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 71.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. About thirty years old. Single. Had
+trade as a bartender. Belonged to the Union. Lost a steady job through
+drink three weeks ago. Was now working four hours a day. Had a room in
+the Army Hotel. Said he was going to change his line of business because
+he drank too much. His appearance was good. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 72.
+
+Born in Germany. Looked like a Jew. About twenty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had been out of work three months. Was now selling old
+clothing and other things around the Army Hotel. Never worked in the
+country. Evidently lazy and incapable.
+
+
+No. 73.
+
+Born in Illinois. American parents. About twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Ran away from home and was ashamed to go back. Had no trade but
+had worked a good deal as cook on board ship. Had been out of work six
+weeks. Said he was sick and had about $200.00, but it did not last long.
+He was working round the Army Hotel a little every day, for which he
+got his bed and one meal ticket. Never worked in the country. Said he
+was going to join the navy. Looked bright and capable.
+
+
+No. 74.
+
+Born in Lithuania. Twenty-three years old. Single. People at home were
+poor. Had no trade. In New York three years. Out of work two months.
+Obtained clothes in various ways and sold them. Was not dissipated, but
+looked lazy. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 75.
+
+Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. About sixty-five years old.
+Single. Was an old sailor but had not been to sea for over a year. Was
+working two days a week as janitor. Said he had been a hard drinker in
+the past, but he did not drink much now. He looked aged, but still
+capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 76.
+
+Born in Boston. Irish parents. About twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+no trade. People did not recognize him. Had travelled all over the
+country. Had been in jail twice. Never worked in the country. Looked
+like a tramp.
+
+
+SOME FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 76 HOTEL EXAMPLES.
+
+    Nationality.                      No.     Percentage.
+
+  American parentage                  35         .461
+  Irish parentage                     20         .263
+  English and Scotch parentage         9         .119
+  German parentage                     8         .105
+  Other countries                      4         .052
+
+  Married men                          7         .095
+  Single men                          69         .905
+  Worked a little in country          13         .169
+  Worked considerably in country       5         .065
+  Men with regular trades             26         .342[56]
+  Union men                            4         .052
+  Men who looked efficient            15         .197
+  Men who looked semi-efficient       14         .184
+  Men who looked inefficient          47         .619
+
+    Ages.
+
+  15-20                                4         .052
+  20-30                               42         .553
+  30-40                               16         .211
+  40-50                                6         .079
+  50-60                                7         .092
+  60-70                                1         .013
+
+    Length of time out of work.
+
+  Less than 1 mo.                     12         .157
+  More than 1 mo.                     13         .171
+  More than 2 mos.                    11         .145
+  More than 3 mos.                    40         .527
+
+
+FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 109 INDUSTRIAL EXAMPLES AND THE 76 HOTEL
+EXAMPLES COMBINED.
+
+    Nationality.                      No.     Percentage.
+  American parentage                  76         .411
+  Irish parentage                     50         .270
+  German parentage                    26         .141
+  English and Scotch parentage        18         .098
+  Italian parentage                    4         .022
+  Swedish parentage                    4         .038
+  Other countries, parentage           7         .20
+
+  Married men                         24         .149
+  Single men                         161         .851
+  Worked a little in country          29         .156
+  Worked considerably in country      12         .016
+  Men with regular trades             57         .309
+  Union men                           10         .054
+  Men who looked efficient            53         .287
+  Men who looked semi-efficient       35         .189
+  Men who looked inefficient          97         .524
+
+    Ages.
+
+  15-20                                6         .032
+  20-30                               97         .525
+  30-40                               39         .210
+  40-50                               26         .140
+  50-60                               50         .082
+  60-70                                2         .011
+
+    Length of time out of work.
+
+  Less than 1 mo.                     20         .108
+  More than 1 mo.                     30         .163
+  More than 2 mos.                    27         .145
+  More than 3 mos.                   108         .584
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[38] "How the Other Half Lives," p. 38.
+
+[39] This differentiation is more pronounced in the United States, since
+the work has been extended here more than in other countries.
+
+[40] For adverse criticism see "The Social Relief Work of the S. A.," p.
+9.
+
+[41] At the Burne St. Shelter, the largest in London, one large
+dormitory has 288 beds and another 265.
+
+[42] For rooms, special rates are given by the week; from some of the
+examples given at the end of this chapter, it will be seen that these
+are occupied by men with partial or poorly paid employment.
+
+[43] In London, the Army has a mattress factory which supplies its
+institutions.
+
+[44] More headway is being made in this direction in the Industrial
+Homes where the population is more permanent. We found in one home in
+Chicago that the men were organized in the form of a club, and enjoyed
+social meetings together. Also, at the largest Industrial Home in
+London, called "The Spa Road Elevator," we found a regular cricket club
+organized which played cricket games with other clubs.
+
+[45] Good examples of this are to be found in the Middlesex Street Hotel
+and the Burne Street Hotel, London. The former hotel is regularly
+provided, by a large baker firm, with food, which is one day stale, for
+a very low figure.
+
+[46] The higher class hotel for women is to be found in Los Angeles and
+Boston.
+
+[47] From an interview with a leading officer.
+
+[48] These exceptions are certain of the lower class hotels where
+attempts along this line seem to fail.
+
+[49] See "How the Other Half Lives," Ch. VIII. See also "Social Relief
+Work of the S. A.," p. 10.
+
+[50] See examples given at the end of this chapter, p. 77.
+
+[51] See the tables, pp. 97 and 98, showing percentages of these men who
+had come from the country. For the work of Mr. Fox see p. 113.
+
+[52] See examples of these men, p. 77 fl.
+
+[53] See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 127.
+
+[54] Some light may be thrown on this subject by a perusal of Mr. W. H.
+Dawson's book entitled "The German Workman," although conditions are
+evidently vastly different in this country and England from what they
+are in Germany.
+
+[55] See examples numbered 4. 5. 9. 23 and others, on p. 78 and fl.
+
+[56] While this percentage is larger than that in the Industrial Homes
+(see p. 62), 62 per cent. of the examples in the Hotels having regular
+trades were dissipated, mostly victims of drink, as against 19 per cent.
+in the Industrial examples.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE FARM COLONIES OF THE SALVATION ARMY.
+
+
+So many times has the cry been raised "back to the land!", so optimistic
+have so many reformers become over the hope that the population could be
+diverted from the city to the country, and so loudly have certain
+enthusiasts prophesied a surely successful issue to colonizing
+enterprises, that the Salvation Army colonies form a very interesting
+and profitable field of investigation. What is needed is an experiment
+that will prove or disprove the prophesied success of taking the people
+back to the land. Once that is proved, with the great Northwest of
+America almost untouched, with immense tracts of good land in Africa and
+other continents, and with the United States about to open up millions
+of acres of land, made fertile by means of irrigation, we shall be ready
+to act and get rid of the surplus city population. But first we must
+have the proof, and the question before us is whether the Salvation Army
+has sufficiently proved the case.
+
+The matter was agitated before the English Government to such an extent
+in 1905 that the Rhodes Trustees, contributing sufficient funds to cover
+the expense, the Secretary of State for the Colonies nominated Mr. Rider
+Haggard, the novelist, to visit the United States and inspect the three
+Salvation Army colonies there, to make a report on the same, and to
+include in this report any practical suggestions which might occur to
+him. The following words were used in the letter of commission: "It
+appears to the Secretary of State that if these experiments are found to
+be successful, some analogous system might to great advantage be applied
+in transferring the urban population of the United Kingdom to different
+parts of the United Kingdom."[57]
+
+Mr. Haggard visited the three colonies in the United States, and made a
+report to the English Government, favoring strongly the movement, and
+recommending that the Government take it up, provide the capital and
+utilize all ready existing organizations, such as the Salvation Army, in
+carrying out its scheme. The matter was referred by the Government to
+the Departmental Committee, who, after reviewing it and looking into the
+question in 1906, issued a long report in which they discountenanced Mr.
+Haggard's scheme on the ground that:
+
+    1. It was better for settlers from England to be scattered about
+    with experienced farmers as neighbors than to be placed in a number
+    together.
+
+    2. The Salvation Army or any similar organization was not a
+    desirable management for a colony dependent on money advanced by the
+    Imperial Government.
+
+    3. That Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, the American farm colonies of the
+    Salvation Army, were not precedents upon which a large scheme of
+    colonization could be based.[58]
+
+The Committee gave reasons for arriving at the above conclusions, into
+which, for the present, we need not enter, but their conclusions are
+suggestive, and may be borne in mind while we make our study of the
+subject.
+
+Gen. Booth, in his plans as outlined in "Darkest England," provided for
+three main divisions of the work for the unemployed poor, viz., the City
+Colony, the Country Colony and the Over-sea Colony, signifying by these
+terms the City Industrial Work, the Country Industrial Colony, and the
+Farm Colony.[59] The last named was to be on a larger scale on some
+Colonial territory of England. This division has tended to persist in
+the United States, and this country has been the field for special
+experiments along this line. There are three Colonies in the United
+States: Fort Herrick, situated near Cleveland, Ohio; Fort Amity,
+situated in Southeast Colorado, and Ft. Romie, which is located at
+Soledad in the Salinas Valley, California. At first there was no
+differentiation between these Colonies, but latterly, the Colony at Ft.
+Herrick, the smallest of the three, has been managed as an Industrial
+Colony, and the other two have continued as regular Farm Colonies. The
+plan of "Commander" Booth-Tucker, in charge of the Salvation Army in the
+United States from 1896 until 1904, and the originator of these
+Colonies, was, in brief, as he states it, to take the waste labor in
+families, and place it upon the waste land by means of waste capital,
+and thereby to convert this trinity of waste into a unity of
+production.[60] His waste labor was the family struggling in the crowded
+city; his waste land, the large tracts of public land about to be opened
+up by irrigation; and his waste capital, if such a term can be used, was
+the capital lying idle, or at least, making 2-1/2 or 3 per cent., when
+according to his estimate, it could yield 5 per cent. The principles
+which he laid down were as follows:
+
+1. There must be sufficiency of capital.
+
+2. The land must be carefully selected and laid out.
+
+3. The colonists must be well selected.
+
+4. There must be able supervision.
+
+5. The principle of home ownership must be followed.
+
+6. God must be recognized.
+
+From our investigations at Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, we arrived at the
+conclusion that No. 4 and No. 6 were the only ones thoroughly carried
+out; that there was a weakness in the amount of capital (Prin. No. 1);
+that an unfortunate selection of land was made (Prin. No. 2); that the
+successful colonists did not entirely represent the class from which we
+should wish them to be taken (Prin. No. 3); and that ownership gave way
+largely to a system of renting-out by the Army (Prin. No. 5). For
+verification of this, see the typical cases at the end of the chapter.
+
+Commander Booth-Tucker advanced the argument, which is sound, to the
+effect that, when entire families were taken from the city and placed
+on the land, the tendency to return to the city would be overcome. It
+has been the experience of philanthropists, that when single men and
+women were transferred from the city to the country, they always tended
+to return, the reason being due to an acquired fondness of the
+individual for intimate association with his fellows,[61] but when a man
+has his wife and children, together with a plot of land and a home which
+he may call his own, the attraction toward the city is overcome, by a
+stronger one which keeps him where he is. Of course, this would answer
+for the one generation only.
+
+Leaving out the small colony at Ft. Herrick, Ohio, which was changed to
+an Industrial Colony, and which is considered in the chapter on the
+Industrial Work, let us examine more closely the Farm Colonies at Ft.
+Amity, Col., and Ft. Romie, Cal. The larger enterprise was set on foot
+in Colorado, in 1898, where a tract of 2,000 acres was secured at a cost
+of $46,000.00. In this year, fourteen families were brought from Chicago
+and placed on the bare, unimproved prairie, where, however, there was
+abundant water supply carried by a large irrigation company. These
+colonists were all family men with two exceptions, and nine of the heads
+of families had either been on farms or had worked on farms in the
+past.[62] They were in narrow circumstances financially, and the
+transportation expenses of all except one of these families were paid by
+the Army. With this migration as a basis, the number of colonists was
+greatly increased by families from different cities and also from the
+surrounding country, until in 1905, there were thirty-eight families.
+Several were brought to the Colony as experienced men to act as
+pace-setters for the others.[63] Some came with a small amount of
+capital.
+
+Owing to the fact that the land was covered by a heavy sod which needed
+considerable working, no crops were raised the first year, and only
+fair crops the second. During the first year, the colonists were
+supported by cash loans which were charged against them. After the first
+two years, crops were good[64], and the outlook was promising, in spite
+of certain insect pests, but after about seven years a great difficulty
+showed itself. The land on which the Colony was located was alkali land,
+and bottom land, without any drainage. The result of constant irrigation
+was that the alkali rose to the surface in larger and larger quantities,
+until no good crop could be raised. The only salvation was to drain the
+land and thus rid it of the blighting alkali. This meant an expense of
+from $30.00 to $40.00 an acre. At the present time draining is being
+rapidly pushed forward and is proving very beneficial, but it can be
+easily seen what a discouragement the alkali has proved to the
+colonists, and what an additional expense is laid upon them and the
+Colony; an expense which it will take years of good crops to
+overcome.[65]
+
+Up to 1905, about eighteen families, not satisfied with the results
+obtained, had moved away, and their places had been filled by others. A
+very few of the departing families moved because of ill-health; some
+thought that they could do better elsewhere as farmers; some even had
+considerable money as a result of their holdings in the Colony[66].
+Since 1905, there has been a good deal of changing, and at present a
+large part of the Colony land is rented out by the Army to settlers;
+some being from the country, and some from the city[67]. A small number
+of the old pioneer colonists still remain and have done well with their
+holdings in spite of all difficulties.[68]
+
+The Army stated in 1905, that the financial standing of this Colony
+showed a net loss to the Army of $23,111.50, and a gain to the colonists
+of $37,943.77. It considered its loss a cheap price for the experience
+gained, but thought that it had erred in giving the colonists too
+liberal terms.[69] By this time the loss to the Army is considerably
+greater, owing to the increased expense of drainage.[70]
+
+At the present time (January, 1908), the population of this Colony is
+about 200. Nearly all the land is occupied in one way or another, either
+by colonists who own, or partially own, their land, or by renters, who
+are also called colonists. Several homes are vacant, but it is expected
+that they will be filled by renters before the Spring season opens. The
+little village consists of several stores, a blacksmith shop, a
+substantial railroad depot, a post office, a small hotel and a school
+house. A good many of the homes are built of stone, quarried on the
+Colony, and present a good appearance. Up on the higher land is situated
+a large stone structure, built by the colonists at an expense to the
+Army of $18,000.00, and first used as an orphanage, then as a
+sanitorium, and now abandoned. Irrigation ditches with a good flow of
+water are in evidence, and preparations for draining the land are under
+way. That this is necessary is forced upon us by the many white patches
+scattered here and there where the water, having evaporated, has left
+the destructive alkali salt on the surface of the ground.
+
+When we come to consider the other Farm Colony, Ft. Romie, situated at
+Soledad, Cal., in the beautiful Salinas Valley, we receive a more
+favorable impression, although we find that the Colony here has had many
+difficulties with which to contend. The Colony is smaller than that at
+Ft. Amity, but the land is better. The original 500 acres has been
+increased by the addition of a lease of 150 acres with the option of
+buying. In the year 1898, eighteen families were taken from the poor of
+San Francisco and placed upon the Colony, but unforeseen conditions
+prevailed, and, as a result, but one of these families remains
+to-day.[71] The great mistake was made of settling colonists upon land
+which needed irrigation, before that irrigation was provided. This
+mistake was brought out the more vividly, in that the three first years
+of the Colony's existence were years of drought, bringing evil to most
+parts of the State, and especially to that land which, like the Colony
+land, only received a slight rain-fall at best. The result of the first
+years of this experiment, then, was an abandoning of the land by the
+colonists, and a loss to the Army of $27,000.00.
+
+The experiment was continued, however, but with very different
+conditions. An excellent irrigation system was established, and a new
+lot of settlers brought to the Colony; not, this time, from the city,
+but from the surrounding country. These people were poor, but accustomed
+to the land. The result, as might be expected this time, was more
+favorable. It was stated in 1905 that no colonists had left since
+1901.[72] In May, 1903, there were nineteen families ranged according to
+nationality as follows:--Thirteen American; Two Scandinavian; One Finn;
+One German-Swiss; One Dutch and one Italian. There are now twenty-five
+families, and about one hundred and forty-five persons on the Colony.
+The nucleus of a town is to be seen with two or three stores, a
+blacksmith shop, and a good sized Town Hall. Near the Colony is a school
+house with an attendance of about fifty children, most of them being
+colonists' children.
+
+An irrigation plant has been established and is now owned and worked by
+the colonists, formed in a joint-stock company. The colonists raise
+beets, potatoes, alfalfa, fruits of different kinds, and stock. A large
+part of their income is derived from the dairying industry. They ship
+their cream to a creamery at Salinas, about twenty-five miles distant.
+
+Much could be said about the healthy appearance and happy life of the
+members of this Colony, but as they have not been brought from the
+unhealthy, squalid misery of the city, this is not of so much interest.
+The women work in the vegetable gardens and with the stock, as well as
+in the home; and the older children help their parents.
+
+Along the lines of co-operation, in both colonies there are interesting
+features. At stated intervals, the colonists meet in the form of a
+Farmers' Club, and discuss questions relative to the success of their
+individual farms and to the Colony as a whole. They also have lecturers
+come from a distance to address them on the latest phases of
+horticulture, agriculture, fertilization and irrigation. The colonists
+also embark in business enterprises like the stock company formed in the
+California Colony for the control and management of the irrigation
+plant. In this plant, one of the colonists is engineer, and another the
+superintendent of water supply. Another important institution of this
+same Colony is the Rochdale store, which does most of the retail
+business in the Colony. This store, in its management and organization,
+follows the co-operative Rochdale system, which has attained strength in
+England and is growing in the United States. The store is incorporated
+in the State of California as a co-operative corporation, and holds a
+membership in the State Rochdale Wholesale Co. It has already extended
+beyond the limits of the Colony and counts among its members others than
+colonists. The colonists also take active interest in local affairs of
+all kinds. In one colony, the rural mail carrier is a colonist, and the
+school teacher the wife of a colonist. At Ft. Amity, a colonist is now
+sheriff of the County for the second time.
+
+Social and religious life is also fostered in the Colonies. A variety of
+religious sects is represented, and no compulsion is exercised towards
+any one of them. At Ft. Romie the Army has an organized corps, which
+holds meetings once in the week and once on Sunday, also having a
+Sunday school for the children. At Ft. Amity similar conditions prevail.
+On both colonies a good moral influence is found and there are no evil
+surroundings; hence in neither colony is there a local officer of the
+law. In the contract which every colonist signs on taking his land there
+is a temperance clause to this effect:
+
+    "And party of the second part hereby agrees to and with party of the
+    first part that, in consideration of the benefits derived from this
+    contract, he will not bargain, sell, barter or trade upon said land
+    any intoxicating liquors, or otherwise dispose of as beverages any
+    intoxicants, at any place upon said premises or any part thereof, or
+    permit the selling of the same, or any illegal traffic or any act or
+    acts prohibited by law."
+
+The same clause goes on to provide for the return of the land to the
+Army in case of its being violated.
+
+From this brief description it is seen that much of the success of these
+colonies must rest on the management. The manager must be large-hearted
+and broad-minded. He must be supervisor, instructor, moderator,
+counsellor and friend. The Army has been very fortunate in placing fit
+men in these positions, and if in other things it had been equally
+fortunate, its colonies would have made a better showing.
+
+As regards the financial methods of the Army in dealing with the
+colonists, the following extract from a memorandum of information issued
+by the Ft. Romie Colony, California, gives typical information.
+
+1. Land: Twenty acres of land are sold to each colonist. The price of
+unimproved land at this date, 1904, is $100.00 per acre. This price,
+however, is liable to be increased at any time.[73]
+
+2. Buildings: Houses, barns and other buildings are constructed by the
+colonists. Materials are furnished in quantities by the Army according
+to the size of the colonist's family, somewhat after the following
+schedule. For a family with one or two small children, a two-room
+house, about 14×24 outside measurement, for which we appropriate not
+over $125.00. This is to include a small barn or shed for horses, cows,
+etc. For a family with three or four small children, a three-room house
+about 18×24, costing with barn, etc., not over $175.00. For a larger
+family, perhaps a four or five-room house, limiting the appropriation
+for the same to $225.00. Colonists can suit themselves as to the style
+of the house, but must satisfy the manager that it can be erected within
+the limits of the appropriation named. The colonist can add to the size
+of the house as he gets on his financial feet.
+
+3. Terms: On land breaking and other permanent land improvements, the
+colonists are given 20 years' time. The principal and interest are
+payable in installments each year.
+
+4. Outfit: To colonists unable to purchase them, the Army furnishes the
+necessary implements and stock, consisting of the following: Team of
+horses, cow, hogs, chicken, seed, etc., secured by chattel mortgage. The
+interest on outfit and loans is fixed at 6 per cent. It is expected that
+the principal and interest will be repaid in installments each year. All
+outfits and loans are to be repaid within five years.[74]
+
+We have briefly outlined the most prominent features of the Farm
+Colonies, but the final questions now arise, is the movement sound; what
+does it signify, and what development does the future hold for it? For
+one thing we must not be led astray by the statements of the Army. The
+continued existence of the colonies, in the face of great difficulties,
+through the term of eight or nine years they have been carried on, is
+not in itself an argument for the soundness of the movement. From ocean
+to ocean and throughout the world, the Army has advertised its success
+in colonizing enterprises, and hence it had a set purpose in maintaining
+and continuing its colonies, even though they should be failures from
+our point of view, and even though they should not fulfil the purpose
+originally intended by the Army itself. As has been remarked with regard
+to the industrial colonies, so here, we would emphasize the fact that
+the Army has no need to fear acknowledgement that the colonies have not
+been successful, because it has other credit upon which to depend for
+its reputation for usefulness. After looking at it from all sides, we
+come to the conclusion that the two experiments considered in these
+pages do not justify an extension of this work. This conclusion is based
+on several reasons:
+
+    1. Many of the successful colonists are not men who needed help the
+    most, and many are not from the City at all.
+
+    2. The colonies have been, and are, an undue expense to the
+    organization.
+
+    3. The same amount of energy and money would be more beneficial to
+    the unemployed if used along other lines.
+
+    4. The principles advanced as essential by the originators of the
+    movement were only partially carried out.[75]
+
+Our first reason is based partly on personal investigation, and partly
+on the statements of the Army itself.[76] There are, as will be seen
+from examples given, certain places where families from the city without
+previous experience have made a success of the colonies, but these are
+greatly in the minority[77]. If, in the case of the California Colony at
+Fort Romie, when seventeen out of the original number of families taken
+from the city, left on account of the lack of water, the next group of
+settlers had again been chosen from the city, after water had been
+secured, a more conclusive experiment would have resulted, but instead,
+the second group were, "farmers by profession."[78] This looks as though
+the Army itself at that time doubted the ability of the city families to
+succeed on the land. At any rate, the fact that the majority of the
+families at the present time on the colonies are not from the city at
+all, shows that, as an experiment of removing the surplus population of
+the city to the country, the colonies are a failure. But further, when
+we take the minority, the families now in the colonies who came from the
+city, we find that, in most cases, they are not people who needed help
+the most, and those who have succeeded on the colonies, have succeeded
+because of elements in their character which would have led them to
+succeed in the long run anywhere, with favorable environment. In this
+case then, the only advantage in taking these people from the city was
+to leave more room there for somebody else, and this is not much of an
+advantage, since that "somebody else" is quite likely to come from the
+country to the city, and thus not be one of the city's submerged ones at
+all. Again, if, as we have just stated, men succeed in the country
+because of the same elements of character which would lead them to
+succeed anywhere, then the reason for their failing to succeed in the
+city would lie in an unfavorable environment, and to change their
+environment, it is not necessary to carry on a system of paternalistic
+colonies. This leads us to the question of assisted emigration, which we
+will discuss in connection with our third objection to the colonies.
+
+As regards the second reason, that of undue expense, Mr. Haggard in
+1905, found a loss to the Army of $50,000. While, since that time, in
+the case of the California Colony, there has been no further loss, yet
+in the case of the colony in Colorado, there has been much expenditure
+which should be added to the original loss. The Army states that it has
+been too liberal in its dealings with its colonists, but we note that,
+in spite of its liberality, there has been a constant tendency for the
+colonists to leave, hoping to do better elsewhere.[79] The Army might
+reply that this is no argument, and that the fact that they were able to
+leave with funds on hand was in itself a proof of liberality on the
+Army's part, but to prove the success of its experiment, it must show
+that those who have left have done better elsewhere, and not drifted
+back once more to the city. The Army might further state that in future
+a better selection of land might be made, and that other unfavorable
+things might be avoided, but we are dealing here with these two colonies
+and not future experiments. As regards such, there would always be
+unforeseen difficulties of every kind.[80]
+
+Coming to the third reason for our conclusion, the reason that money
+might be expended in other ways with greater advantage to the
+unemployed, and with greater relief to the congestion of cities, we
+refer again to the recommendations of the Departmental Committee
+appointed by the English government to consider Commissioner Haggard's
+report.[81] In their report they recommend a system of emigration from
+the city to the English possessions, such as Canada, aided by the
+government, in preference to the system of colonization. With this we
+agree. A man once transported from the city and then thrown on his own
+resources in a favorable rural environment, will be more likely to
+succeed than a man who is taken out with a number of others to form a
+colony. The man left to his own resources will rise to the occasion, as
+so many have done in both Canada and the United States, who have
+migrated from city to country and made successful farmers and citizens,
+while, on the other hand, the man who feels dependent on an
+organization, which is responsible to the public for his success, and
+its own, will blame it for his own lack of efficiency. The Army itself
+claims a successful work done along the lines of emigration. In 1905,
+through the agency of the Army, 2,500 men were sent out from London to
+Canada. This number has since increased every year until in 1907 over
+15,000 men were sent out. Many other emigration societies have been very
+successful in this work.[82] The emigrants sent out with some
+assistance, in many cases, gain new ambitions in life and make
+pronounced successes on the new soil. As regards the cost, the following
+quotation may be submitted. "The cost of emigration to Canada from
+England does not amount to more than £10 a head, and some of the
+societies, especially those maintained by women, seem to be successful
+in securing repayment of at least a part of the money advanced. In other
+words, $300,000.00, which Mr. Rider Haggard assumes as a necessary sum
+for forming a colony of 1,500 families, would enable at least 6,000
+families to go out as emigrants."[83] With regard to conditions in the
+large cities of the United States and other countries, we believe that
+the same arguments would apply, and that, in every case, assisted
+emigration will be found far more feasible and beneficial than any
+system of colonization. Again, for reasons already given, in addition to
+there being six thousand families aided by emigration, for the same sum
+as fifteen hundred families could be by colonization, the relief given
+would be far preferable. In other words, emigration has been proved
+successful, while colonization has not.
+
+Coming back to the conclusions reached by Mr. Haggard on his
+recommendations to the English government: Mr. Haggard, after stating
+that the two experiments, outside of a slight failure of finance, seemed
+to him to be eminently successful, says that, given certain requisites,
+
+    "It will, I consider, be strange if success is not attained even in
+    the case of poor persons taken from the cities, provided that they
+    are suited in character, the victims of misfortune and circumstances
+    rather than of vice, having had some acquaintance or connection with
+    the land in their past life, and having also an earnest desire to
+    raise themselves and their children in the world."
+
+Now two of the "requisites" he mentions are, "that the land should be
+cheap as well as suitable" and "that markets also with accessibility
+and convenience of location should be borne in mind," two rather
+difficult requisites to be found together. Again, in the above quotation
+he lays down other provisos; among these being one that the people
+selected should have had some acquaintance or connection with the land
+in their past lives, a rather indefinite proviso in itself, but, from a
+list of poor men out of work or in irregular or casual employment in
+London and the other large cities in England in 1901 and 1906, compiled
+by Mr. Wilson Fox, we find that out of a total of 8,793 such men, ninety
+per cent were town born.[84] We also find in New York City in the spring
+of 1908, that out of a total of 185 destitute men, about eighty per cent
+were town born.[85] That then leaves ten per cent in the case of England
+and twenty per cent in the case of New York City from which to select or
+choose the ones needed for a colonizing enterprise.
+
+Mr. Fox has also shown in his investigations:
+
+1. That the countrymen who migrate to London are mainly the best youth
+of the villages.
+
+2. That the incomers usually get the pick of the posts, especially
+outdoor trades.
+
+3. Country immigrants do not to any considerable extent directly recruit
+the town unemployed who are, in the main, the sediment deposited at the
+bottom of the scale, as the physique and power of application of the
+town population tends to deteriorate.[86]
+
+The conclusion is then, that it would be difficult to get the men
+according to Mr. Haggard's requirements, and difficult to get the land
+according to his requirements, and even if such were obtained, for
+reasons already stated there is no justification for a large colonizing
+enterprise in the two experiments described in this chapter.
+
+
+Examples of Colonists taken from Ft. Amity by the author in January,
+1908.
+
+
+No. 1.
+
+Elderly man. Widower. Had three grown-up children in the Colony at
+various times. Had one son a colonist with farm of his own. Was not a
+Salvationist. Came from Chicago where he was a tailor. Had a farm near
+the railroad depot which he considered valuable. Had two small houses.
+Rented one. Raised alfalfa. Was sole agent for a coal company. Claimed
+he made $1,500.00 last year, mostly in the coal business. Said draining
+now being done on the Colony was very expensive. Considered the Colony a
+good thing.
+
+
+No. 2.
+
+Middle aged man. Married. One child. Had experience in the country
+before coming to the Colony. Had forty acres of Colony land which he had
+rented, and which he wished to sell at $106.00 per acre. Had mostly
+worked for the railroad in the station office. Wished to leave the
+Colony. Said he could not raise a vegetable garden owing to alkali and
+insect pests.
+
+
+No. 3.
+
+A new man. About thirty years old. One year out from Chicago, where he
+worked at different trades. Had wife and one child. Rented a house on
+the Colony and worked in one of the Colony stores. Had no money saved
+and saw no immediate chance of betterment. Liked the country better than
+the city, because his wife had better health.
+
+
+No. 4.
+
+Young married man. No children. Son of a Colonist and married to a
+daughter of a Colonist, whose father was sheriff of the County. Had good
+looking cottage and barns. Was doing well.
+
+
+No. 5.
+
+About fifty years old. Salvation Army officer. In the Colony six years.
+Had son twenty-one, and together they worked a farm of sixty acres. He
+owned twenty and rented forty. His life was despaired of by the doctors,
+but he was enjoying good health at time of interview. Doing well
+financially.
+
+
+No. 6.
+
+About forty-five. Original Colonist. Married. Had four children. Came
+from Chicago, where he was a carpenter. Owned land in the Colony which
+he rented out. Ran a hardware store in the Colony and was partner in the
+Colony bank. Had property valued at $5,000.00. Had no capital when he
+came to the Colony.
+
+
+No. 7.
+
+About forty-eight years old. Original Colonist. Married and had nine
+children. Was railroad clerk in Chicago at $12.00 per week. Owned a
+corner lot on the town site where he ran a grocery store. Had property
+in Chicago worth $1,000.00 when he came to the Colony. Was worth
+$8,000.00 at time of interview.
+
+
+No. 8.
+
+A farmer, from surrounding country, induced by Colony management to
+invest in Colony land and tract as a "pace-setter" to the other
+colonists. Thus secured forty acres at $70.00 per acre. Had introduced
+the sheep industry. Bought up young lambs in Mexico, fattened them, and
+sold at a profit. Had been two years on the Colony. Made $5,000.00 net,
+per year. Had four thousand sheep.
+
+
+No. 9.
+
+Middle aged man. Married. Original colonist. Was expressman in Chicago,
+but previous to coming to the Colony had to leave family and go to work
+in the woods while the wife worked. Had taken out a government homestead
+outside of the Colony. Gave up his holdings on the Colony and was
+working as farm boss for a neighboring farmer while his wife ran a
+boarding house.
+
+
+No. 10.
+
+Scotchman. About fifty years old. Married. Had five children. In the
+Colony for six years. Arrived there with $25.00. Was carpenter in
+Chicago. Was worth $1,000.00 when interviewed. Was arranging to sell his
+holdings and go away, as he thought he could do better elsewhere.
+
+
+No. 11.
+
+About forty-five years old. Belonged to the Army. Married. One child.
+Came from Baltimore, Md., where he worked as a teamster. The Army paid
+family's fare to the Colony. Made a failure of his holding on the Colony
+and was making a bare living by running the Colony hotel and doing
+teaming. His failure was due to alkali and insect pests. His wife was
+sick before coming, but became better and was evidently the more
+efficient member of the partnership.
+
+
+No. 12.
+
+Thirty-five years old. Married. Two children. Brother of Army officer
+and son of example No. 1. In the Colony eight years. Used to be
+street-car conductor in Chicago. Gave up one holding in the Colony on
+account of alkali and took another, where he was doing well at time of
+interview.
+
+
+No. 13.
+
+About forty years old. Married. Came from the country. Rented a house on
+the Colony and worked as a section-hand on the railroad.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[57] "The Poor and the Land." Introduction, p. VI.
+
+[58] "Report of Departmental Committee," pp. 8, 9, 10.
+
+[59] "William Booth," p. 83.
+
+[60] "The S. A. in the U. S.," p. 15.
+
+[61] See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 291.
+
+[62] "The Poor and the Land," p. 75.
+
+[63] See example No. 8 at the end of the chapter, p. 115.
+
+[64] About this time, Mr. Curtis, describing the colony in the Chicago
+Record, said "There is no neater group of houses in Colorado, and no
+more contented community in the world. Nearly every one has written to
+friends urging them to join the next colony that comes out, and thus I
+judge they are enthusiastic over their success and the pleasures they
+enjoy."
+
+[65] See principle No. 2, p. 101.
+
+[66] "The Poor and the Land," p. 78.
+
+[67] See principle No. 5, p. 101.
+
+[68] See several examples at the end of this chapter, p. 137.
+
+[69] "The Poor and the Land," p. 82.
+
+[70] See principle No. 1, p. 101.
+
+[71] "The Poor and the Land," p. 39.
+
+[72] See Pamphlet, "Review of Salvation Army Land Colony in California."
+
+[73] The price of land at Ft. Amity would be different, and there, too,
+the Army sometimes rents to the colonists an additional acreage.
+
+[74] "Memorandum of Information Respecting the Salvation Army Colony at
+Ft. Romie, California."
+
+[75] For these principles see p. 101 of this chapter.
+
+[76] See "The Poor and the Land," p. 40 and fl.
+
+[77] See examples at end of chapter.
+
+[78] See "The Poor and the Land," p. 47.
+
+[79] See the "Poor and the Land," p. 82.
+
+[80] See "Report of Departmental Committee," p. 14 and fl.
+
+[81] _Ibid._
+
+[82] Mr. John Manson in his book "The Salvation Army and the Public," p.
+133 and following, states that in this work the Army has merely acted
+the part of a business agency. We think that he has ground for this
+statement, but we also think that the Army would be far more useful
+along these lines than an ordinary business agency.
+
+[83] See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 6.
+
+[84] See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 3.
+
+[85] See tables p. 98 of this book.
+
+[86] See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 30.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY SLUM DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+So much has been written on the question of the slums in the past few
+years; so many settlements, evening recreation centers, summer
+playgrounds, clubs, visiting nurses' associations, and kindergarten
+associations have been organized; so much has been done by tenement
+house commissions and tenement laws; so many churches have turned from
+their original efforts to the slums; that we wonder why so little is
+heard of what the Army, the organization supposed especially to
+represent the poor, is doing in this direction. To tell the truth, if we
+go down into the slums, either those of Deptford, Whitechapel, or of
+Westminster, in London; or those of the Jewish, the Italian, the Negro,
+or the Irish quarters in New York, or those of the Slav or Jewish
+quarters in Chicago, expecting to find there the work of the Army much
+in evidence, we shall be disappointed. What slum work is done by the
+Army in these densely populated corners is done with love and earnest
+hearts, with sacrifice and the best of intentions; but apparently it
+does not bear fruit in the same proportion as does the work of the
+settlement, whether church settlement or secular, or in the same
+proportion as many of the kindergartens, summer playgrounds and evening
+recreation centers. Nevertheless, the slum post of the Army is doing
+valuable work and should be supported.
+
+A sweeping tenement house reform can do more than any number of
+settlements; a settlement can do more than the Army slum post; but
+neither the tenement reform nor the settlement does the work that a slum
+post does. Probably the work done by other organizations most nearly
+allied to that of the Army slum post is that done by the various
+organizations of church deaconesses, which have been growing rapidly in
+late years, in which women are employed by the churches to visit the
+poor in their homes, and nurse the sick, besides other duties. If we
+depend or count largely on the Army slum work to reform the slums, we
+shall be disappointed in learning that, after years of successful growth
+in the Industrial and Social Departments, the Army has but twenty slum
+posts in the United States[87], some of these being very small, and that
+it has no large number in other countries. Such as it is, the work is
+well worth while. But let us examine its origin, present status and the
+reason for its relatively small growth.
+
+In the beginning of the Army movement, Mrs. Booth, the late wife of
+General Booth, supplemented her husband's work by a personal visitation
+of the people in their homes. She proved the utility of this work and
+also its place among the works of women. From her early efforts has
+sprung the more widely organized department of slum work.
+
+The slum work may be divided into three divisions: visitation work, the
+slum nursery, and the maintenance of the slum post. Wearing a humbler
+garb, even, than the regular Army uniform, the lassies start out on
+their daily tours of visitation. They take care of the sick, and at the
+same time, they clean the home and put everything in order. Often they
+come upon cases of need and of want, and then they provide the little
+necessaries: a sack of coal, a supply of food, or some needed clothing.
+They take the children from the worn-out woman and amuse and instruct
+them, while the mother does her work; and, wherever they go, although
+most plainly dressed, they are clean and neat, and they strive to make
+everything else clean and neat.
+
+While this visitation work is going on, another most urgent need is
+being supplied by the slum nursery. Here the mother can leave her
+children in the morning, when she goes to her work, and find them safely
+waiting for her in the evening, clean and happy. A charge of five cents
+per day is made to cover the expense of feeding the children. During the
+day they are well cared for, the younger ones properly nursed, and the
+older ones taught simple little kindergarten games and songs. Sometimes
+children are brought here and never called for again, in which case the
+Army lassies in charge must find some permanent home for them, but this
+does not often happen, as the mothers of the children are usually known
+by the Army workers. At the slum nursery in Cincinnati there is also a
+free clinic, where sick women and children go for treatment. Two of the
+most efficient physicians of the city furnish free aid, and the
+medicines necessary are provided.
+
+In addition to the visitation work and the nursery, the maintenance of
+the slum post means the keeping of slum quarters and a slum hall. The
+"quarters" are the two or more rooms where the lassies live, and they
+are located where most can be accomplished in the way of example and
+influence. The hall is for the carrying on of slum meetings, for these
+are regularly held. In these meetings the roughest crowd of men, women
+and children is awed into respect and reverence by the simple slum
+lassies with their songs and music. Again, in this little hall, the
+children of the neighborhood are gathered in a Sunday School and taught
+by the slum officers. It is a most interesting spectacle to watch these
+children. Many different nationalities are represented, the dark races
+and the light. As children, these nationalities mingle together more
+freely than in adult life.
+
+A special aspect of the slum post is the distribution of charitable
+relief to the needy. It is specially situated, and has advantages for
+this purpose; hence it becomes the distributing depot for bread, soup
+and coal in winter, and ice in summer. For instance, from one slum post
+in New York during the winter of 1907-8, 2,800 loaves of bread were
+given out in one week, and for some months, an average of from 300 to
+1,000 loaves, besides an average of two tons of coal per week. Some of
+this, naturally, would go to the undeserving, but the slum officers, as
+a rule, know the people of their immediate neighborhood, and can
+exercise due discretion.
+
+The failure of the Army slum work to increase in the same proportion as
+its other branches of the social work, and its non-existence in many
+quarters of our cities where it is most needed, is due to two causes.
+One is the fact that the Army slum post, more than the Army industrial
+home or the Army hotel, is a religious institution, and is continually
+advertising and pressing on the public its peculiar doctrines. The slum
+officers are imbued with the idea that personal salvation according to
+the doctrines of the Army is the all-essential need. They would not be
+engaged in this work themselves were it not for the hold these doctrines
+have upon them. The slum post holds its regular meetings, exhorting its
+hearers to get "saved," in its own original way. At Sunday School, the
+children are taught that certain things are wrong and sinful, and these
+very things are common-place in their own homes though, possibly some of
+them of not much detriment. But, in a community almost entirely Catholic
+or Jewish, such aggressive evangelism is not likely to increase the
+influence of its advocates. Many settlements have learned with grief,
+this very same lesson. Another reason for the lack of success is the
+mental calibre of those engaged in the work. However, the devotion and
+self-sacrifice of the Army slum sisters is one of the most touching and
+sublime elements of the slums, and it is all the more touching when it
+is to some extent misdirected and misplaced. To see the tact, patience
+and perseverance of these "Slum Angels" as they are often called, is a
+divine object lesson in itself, and much of their work is not done in
+vain, as many would testify.
+
+A useful experiment is under way at one former slum post, 94 Cherry
+Street, New York City. In place of the old building formerly rented by
+the Army here and used as a slum post, the Army has built a commodious
+six-story building, which it calls a settlement. One floor is given to a
+hall and parlor. Two floors are given over to rooms to be used as class,
+club and kindergarten rooms. One floor is fitted up with a dining room
+and kitchen, and another with a large dormitory and living room, to be
+used as a Girls' Home. On the roof, preparations are under way for a
+roof garden and play-ground, while washing facilities are provided in
+the basement, where poor mothers can bring their clothes and wash them.
+Already the New York Kindergarten Association has two kindergartners
+busy here. Two sewing classes, averaging thirty-five members, are
+organized. Mother's meetings are held, and a regular Army Corps is
+organized, consisting of sixty members. This settlement may prove an
+auspicious advance of the Army along these lines.
+
+To sum up, the Army Slum Department is doing valuable work in the slums,
+tending the sick, exercising and bringing out some of the better traits
+of humanity, and offering relief in times of need; but it suffers from
+an over-desire to spread its own peculiar doctrines of salvation, and
+from the lack of grasping the whole situation which is characteristic of
+its workers.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[87] This number has continued the same for five years.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY RESCUE DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+In the United States and Great Britain, the question of the social evil
+has never been thoroughly investigated and faced systematically as a
+whole. In some of the large cities in the United States, notably in
+Chicago and New York, the question has been taken up in various ways by
+different reform societies. Probably the best investigation made thus
+far has been the work of the Committee of Fifteen, in New York City,
+which issued its report in the year 1902, but the problem does not
+appear to have been faced by us as a nation as it might have been. Other
+countries, especially France, have paid a great deal of attention to
+this form of vice. Nearly every phase of the question has been examined
+by some French investigator and reported on, but when we look for
+reports or investigations on the part of American or English students,
+we find very little of value.
+
+As regards the United States, all attempts at reaching a true estimate
+of the extent of this evil have failed. Apparently, there is no way of
+obtaining such information. We have seen estimates regarding some of the
+cities in past years, and such estimates are given as 40,000 prostitutes
+for New York City,[88] 30,000 for Chicago and 35,000 for San Francisco.
+But these figures have evidently been derived in a very unscientific
+way. The evil is probably worse in the Western states than in the
+Eastern, but we are not satisfied of the accuracy of such estimates as
+35,000 for San Francisco and only 30,000 for Chicago.
+
+The work known as the Rescue Work of the Salvation Army is, to a certain
+extent, related to the Slum Work. The slum officers can often work
+hand-in-hand with the Rescue officers, inasmuch as their field is often
+on the same or adjoining territory. At the same time, it is essential
+that the Rescue officer be more highly specialized than the slum
+worker. During the past few years the percentage of successful cases of
+reform brought about by the Army Rescue Homes has reached as high as 80
+or 85%, according to the Army's statistics. They, however, are unable to
+keep in touch with all the girls sent out, and hence this percentage
+would not be final, but even allowing 25% off for failures not known to
+the Army, it is doubtful if there is any other reform agency along this
+line which is as successful as is this force of trained rescue
+workers.[89] In the United States this force works in conjunction with
+twenty-two Rescue Homes scattered throughout the States. These homes are
+especially fitted for the work, some having been built for the purpose.
+There are work rooms for the girls, where they can do sewing and laundry
+work. There is a reading room and sitting room, dining room, and
+different dormitories and sleeping apartments. Then special facilities
+are provided for the care of babies in the way of proper nurseries.
+
+There are two ways in which these girls come under the influence of the
+Homes and Rescue workers: either the girls come voluntarily to the
+Homes, expressing their desire to leave this form of life for a better
+one, or they are brought to the Home by the direct influence and touch
+of the Rescue officer. These Rescue officers make regular tours through
+the districts where the girls are to be found. They watch their
+opportunities, and whenever they think it wise, they speak to the girls
+personally. When this is not possible, they make an advance by way of
+literature. One method is to open up a conversation by means of a little
+card, upon which is printed the address of the Rescue Home, and the
+offer of help to any girl who is in trouble of any sort. Some of the
+officers tell us that they get to know the faces of the girls through
+their regular tours, and whenever a new girl comes they are able to
+recognize her at once, both by her features and her actions. In this
+way there have been some instances of real prevention without the need
+of any curative means whatever; instances where young girls have been
+rescued from the very brink of their evil fate. One way of reaching the
+girls is visitation and nursing when they are sick. Another way is
+through the police courts. In some of the latter a woman Army officer is
+in regular attendance, and the judge frequently hands certain cases over
+to her charge.
+
+Many of the girls received into the Home have had no practical training
+in life; many, very little moral training, and in the case of those who
+have had good training in earlier years, the life they have been leading
+has so undermined their old ideals, that the training must be repeated.
+Hence, the aim of the Home is two-fold. First, the aim is to lay a
+strong foundation morally. When the girls reach the Home, in most cases
+they are already penitent, and ready for a change, but to make such a
+complete change as is necessary to lead them back to a normal life means
+the individual revolution of desire and interest. Here is where the
+importance of the moral influence of the Home is realized. Step by step
+the girl is led on by the simple teaching of Christian and social
+ideals, until in reality she is a changed individual. Often she looks
+back on her past life with such repugnance and shrinking, that her only
+desire becomes that of doing something to retrieve her past, and she
+becomes an active agent in the betterment of the conditions of other
+girls around her.
+
+Meanwhile, the second aim of the Rescue Home is being realized. The
+girls are taught the means of practical livelihood. They are instructed
+in cooking, the care of the kitchen and nursery, and general
+housekeeping. Sewing is made a prominent feature, and in every Home a
+laundry is maintained, where the girls do their own washing and
+sometimes outside washing. In some Homes the fund realized from the
+laundry and from the sale of clothing made by the girls is quite a help
+toward defraying the general expenses. Again, at some of the Homes,
+such work as book binding and chicken raising has been successfully
+carried on. Independence is encouraged, and as soon as possible the girl
+is made to feel that, by aiding in the work of the Home, she can help
+meet the expense which she caused.
+
+To the girl who has possibly never done sewing, never known anything
+about proper cooking or the care of a home, there is much that is new in
+this training, and, on the other hand, great patience is required on the
+part of her instructors. A fit of anger or despondency, and in a very
+short time she has left the Home and its care, and returned to her old
+life. Some do this even more than once and again return, having, upon
+reflection, realized the force of its love and shelter. Others, of
+course, leave and never return, but a large number are sent back to
+their own homes or out to fill situations of various kinds.
+
+A great difference is found between one girl and another, due to the
+different status of life and surroundings from which they originally
+fell; hence, some girls are reformed with greater ease and in a shorter
+time than are others. The average time that a girl is retained in the
+Home is about four months. The Army aims at keeping in touch with them
+afterwards.
+
+    "Personally," says one of the leading Rescue officers writing on
+    this point, "I attach by far the greatest importance to the work
+    done with our girls after they leave the Home. If we ceased our care
+    for them when they went out to service, we should have, I fear, many
+    failures. I have by my elbow, as I write to you, a current record of
+    120 girls, not picked out but taken just as they come, which tells
+    just where each one is, what she is doing, what was her spiritual
+    condition when last seen or heard from, what day visited, etc. That
+    list is taken from a record kept of every girl who passes through
+    our hands. On one page is her previous life story; on the other, her
+    career after leaving the Home. It is the most important record we
+    keep."[90]
+
+Along with other departments of social service in the Army, this
+department has been considerably extended during the past few years.
+Figures are at hand for the United States only. In 1896 there were five
+Rescue Homes with a total accommodation for 100 girls, and there were,
+in the Rescue Work, 24 officers. In 1904 we found twenty-two homes, with
+a total accommodation for 500 girls, and there were 110 specialized
+officers engaged in the Rescue Work. During the eight years prior to
+1907 15,000 girls were helped.[91] Speaking of the year 1903-4,
+Commander Booth-Tucker says: "More than 1,800 girls passed through the
+homes during the year, and of these 93% were satisfactory cases, being
+restored to lives of virtue, while some 500 babies were cared for."[92]
+During the past few years, also, some valuable properties have been
+acquired for the purposes of Rescue Homes. Among these are two Homes in
+Philadelphia worth $20,000.00; the Home in Manhattan, New York City,
+valued at $35,000.00; the Home in Buffalo, costing nearly $40,000.00;
+the Home in Los Angeles, worth more than $15,000.00, and others.
+
+In conclusion it may be said that although this great social question
+presents almost overwhelming problems for solution, yet there is no
+agency that deals with the evil in a curative way so successfully, and
+on such a scale, as does the Rescue Department of the Army. One
+difficulty of the work is that, while so many departments of the Army
+work are self-supporting, this work cannot be made so. Another
+difficulty is the lack of those who are willing to sacrifice their lives
+to such noble effort. Mrs. Catherine Higgins, former Secretary for this
+department, in her report, said that she had a great need of 100 more
+workers, and that she could use many times that number in the
+furtherance of the work.
+
+While it is rather the part of society to strike at the very causes of
+this social evil and root it out entirely, still, such successful
+combating with the evil itself, right on the battle-field of flagrant
+vice, should receive the hearty support of all.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[88] Mentioned in Josiah Strong's Social Progress, 1906, p. 243.
+
+[89] In Great Britain in 1903, the proportion of re-admissions in the
+Rescue Homes was about one in seven. In that year, about one-sixth of
+the new cases were unsatisfactory. (The S. A. and the Public, p. 131.)
+
+[90] "Social Service in the Salvation Army," p. 71.
+
+[91] Pamphlet "S. A. in the U. S."
+
+[92] _Ibid._, p. 26.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+SOME MINOR FEATURES OF THE SALVATION ARMY SOCIAL WORK.
+
+
+There are a number of features of the Salvation Army Social Work, which
+for the sake of brevity we shall group together in one final chapter.
+These are, (1): Christmas dinners, (2): prison work, (3): the employment
+bureau, and (4): work among the children. Taking up the subject of
+Christmas dinners, we find here what seems to be an advertising scheme
+more than a systematic form of relief. Sentiment, doubtless, has its
+place, even with the masses, and yet, in this great winter feast, there
+is more sentiment than there is real practical good accomplished. To the
+quiet, calculating student the question arises whether it would not be
+far better to utilize the vast amount of energy and financial outlay,
+which it gives to gorging the multitude for one day, in a better and
+more lasting way; the question whether there is not, in these Christmas
+feasts, a likeness to the old time feast of pagan Rome. In every city of
+any size throughout the country the pots and kettles on the street
+corner are familiar objects. At each Corps or other location of the
+Army, tickets are given out entitling the bearer to a Christmas dinner,
+or, in certain cases, to a basket with a dinner for a family. A good
+deal of trickery is indulged in by the professional beggars, by means of
+which it often happens that several dinners go to the same person. And
+yet, as we have watched those 5,000 baskets containing food for 25,000
+persons go out, to bring cheer and comfort to the hungry in their homes,
+and as we have gazed on that vast banquet of 3,000 guests seated at one
+sitting, we could not but feel glad that these poor brothers and sisters
+of ours might realize the force of human sympathy for once in the year
+at least.[93]
+
+Another minor feature of the Salvation Army work is the prison work.
+The majority of the jails, local, county and state, are visited at
+intervals by certain members of the Army set aside for that purpose in
+each community. In one State's prison there is a regularly organized
+corps of Salvation Army soldiers, who are all prisoners, some of them
+for a life term. In most prisons the Army provides literature, sees to
+the correspondence of the prisoners and holds meetings with them. But it
+is not so much the work with the prisoners in the jail that counts, as
+it is the influence gained over them, which leads them to come to the
+Army and make a new start in life when they get out. Many who find
+themselves behind the prison bars are not to be classed as regular
+criminals. A man is often classed as a criminal who is a victim of
+misfortune only, and has no inherent criminal instincts. It is with the
+criminal "by occasion," as Lombroso puts it,[94] that much successful
+work can be done in the way of reform. The Army has a regular
+organization known as the Prison Gate League. When a prisoner is
+discharged he is met by one of this league and invited to go to work at
+one of the Army's institutions. After being influenced and helped in
+this institution for a certain length of time, if he seems to justify
+it, he is sent out to work in some position. There are no definite
+statistics recorded of those of this class who have been permanently
+bettered.
+
+Still another minor feature is the employment bureau system. While
+mentioned here as merely one of a group of minor features, this system
+is one of great importance to the industrial world. It is being taken
+into consideration in many places by thoughtful men, and there is
+promise of its assuming national, if not international proportions. The
+general term, employment bureau, serves to bring to our recollection the
+accompanying evils of the contract wage system and industrial slavery,
+against which there has been agitation in the past, but it is because of
+these accompaniments that the importance arises of securing a system
+which shall be free from them. In Germany considerable work has been
+done along these lines, municipalities and provinces have taken up the
+work, and an all-round effort is being made to place labor in the right
+position for work at the proper time.[95] New York City is to-day
+swarming with many agencies, which are conducted by men and women, who
+may rightly be classed as extortioners. In spite of the rigid rules on
+the subject, the ignorance and poverty of their victims makes evasion of
+the law comparatively easy. Jacob A. Riis, speaking of this subject,
+says:
+
+    "It is estimated that New York spends in public and private charity
+    every year around eight millions. A small part of this sum
+    intelligently invested in a great labor bureau that would bring the
+    seeker of work and the man with work together, under auspices
+    offering some degree of mutual security, would certainly repay the
+    amount of the investment in the saving of much capital now much
+    worse than wasted, and would be prolific of the best results."[96]
+
+In regard to the work of the Army in this field every large city
+contains an employment bureau conducted by it and maintained for the
+free use of the unemployed. Some of the men, who secure positions have
+been in one of its own institutions, and the Army workers know whether
+or not to recommend them for a certain position. Outside of giving men
+work in its own institutions, the Army, during the year 1907, found
+employment for 55,621 persons in the United States alone.
+
+Contrary to expectation, the children's work of the Army has not
+attained a magnitude in proportion to the other lines of work which have
+been developed. This may be accounted for in part by the fact that there
+are more institutions open for children to which the Army can turn for
+help than there are institutions of other types. Thus, while the Army
+can often get a child taken into some orphanage already existing, either
+public or private, in the case of the drunkard, the unemployed or the
+fallen woman, the Army finds it necessary to furnish its own
+institutions. Again, the Army states that wherever possible, some friend
+is found who is willing to adopt a child. Of course, this is far
+preferable to placing the child in some institution, inasmuch as
+adoption restores the home in a real sense.
+
+The work among the children may be divided into temporary work and
+permanent work. By temporary work we do not mean work that is
+superficial, for it may be the most permanent and lasting in its
+results, but we mean work that is undertaken which influences the
+children for a limited amount of time only. The slum nursery or
+kindergarten is of this type, but as we have already described it in
+connection with the Slum Department, it needs only mention here. Another
+line of temporary work is the Sunday School work of the Army, but that
+comes under the religious work and not the social.
+
+An important line of temporary work, however, is the summer outing for
+the poor children. In each of our large cities these excursions for the
+poor children have been carried out on a large scale. Arrangements are
+made with a railroad or a steamboat company; the children are collected,
+hundreds at a time, and cared for by parties of Salvationists, they are
+taken out to the country for the day. Children who have never seen the
+country, and who do not know what a tree, a green hill, or the running
+water looks like, are thus given an entirely new outlook upon the world,
+and a lasting impression is made on their minds. In Kansas City, this
+line of work has been developed still further. One of the large parks
+has been handed over to the Army by the city authorities, and in it has
+been established a summer camp. Tents are pitched on the grass under the
+trees, and poor families are brought out here for a week at a time. In
+this way hundreds of families have experienced a little of summer
+vacation who otherwise would never have left their slum dwellings.
+
+The permanent handling of the children as opposed to the temporary,
+begins with the Maternity Homes which are managed in connection with the
+Rescue Homes, and continues on through the Orphanages. The children
+cared for in this permanent way are the babies from the Maternity Homes
+and orphans. From this it must not be supposed, with regard to the
+Maternity Homes, that there is any intentional separation or even a
+suggested separation of the child from the mother, but in many cases,
+after a time, a partial separation is necessary. The mother is
+influenced and taught to care for and love her offspring, but after
+spending some months in the Home, she may take a situation of some sort,
+often as a domestic servant, and here she cannot take her baby. Hence,
+in such cases, the mother is expected to visit her child frequently, and
+to provide for its support.
+
+The other class of children dealt with in a permanent way are those who
+are picked up from the street, or who otherwise fall into the hands of
+the Army, often after being deserted by their parents. While Orphanages,
+as already stated, are not an important item in the Army's work, there
+are several in England and four in the United States. For the situation
+of an Orphanage, a country location is sought. For instance, one near
+New York City is located on a beautiful piece of property at Spring
+Valley. Another is at Rutherford, N. J. One of the largest is situated
+near San Francisco, California, and one of the latest additions for this
+purpose has been the securing of a fine piece of property at Lytton
+Springs, Cal. In all, there is accommodation for two hundred and
+twenty-five children in the United States.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[93] The author refers here to the annual Christmas dinner given in New
+York.
+
+[94] "The Criminal," p. 208.
+
+[95] "The German Workman," ch. XVII
+
+[96] "How the Other Half Lives," p. 253.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+We have now covered the work of the Salvation Army social movement in
+its different branches. We have described the work, the extent and the
+management of each department. We have also considered the criticisms
+and objections to which each department is open, and we have attempted
+to estimate the value of each department to society. We have arrived at
+the conclusion that the work of the Industrial Department, leaving out
+the Industrial Colony, is a practical, deserving and successful effort
+to put unfortunate men once more on their feet, at no expense to the
+public, saving a slight embarrassment to those already engaged in the
+salvage and second hand business; that the Army lodging house is the
+best so far offered for the housing of the lower homeless class,
+although not entirely satisfactory; that the Slum Work is good, but
+limited in its scope, owing to the religious sentiment attached, and the
+mental inferiority of its workers; that the Rescue Work is about the
+best of its kind; and that good work is being done in other directions,
+such as the prison work, the employment bureaux and the children's work.
+On the other hand, we have found that the two Industrial Colonies and
+three Farm Colonies are not successful enough to warrant any additional
+expenditure on them or on any new colonies. This is due to the fact that
+the class most needing help in the cities is not the class to succeed on
+the land, and to the fact that men are more successful as pioneers on
+the land, when they are scattered and left to rely on themselves, having
+experienced farmers as neighbors, than when they are grouped closely
+together in one colony. Also there is nothing in favor of heavy
+expenditure for Christmas dinners, since the same amount of money can be
+put to better advantage in other ways.
+
+But, having reached these conclusions regarding the separate departments
+of the Army social work, what about the movement as a whole? The
+critics have advanced a good many objections against the Army. Some of
+these objections relating to special departments and not to the Army as
+a whole, we have already dealt with in our discussion of those separate
+departments. There remain six principal objections:
+
+1. That the organization is narrow and not willing to cooperate with
+other organizations.
+
+2. That the highly centralized military form of government is likely to
+lead to disastrous consequences.
+
+3. That the Army, in its financial dealings, does not take the public
+sufficiently into its confidence.
+
+4. That the Army collects funds, on the strength of its social work, and
+applies these funds to religious propaganda.
+
+5. That there is a lack of accuracy in its reports of work accomplished.
+
+6. That the Army, as an organization, has become more of an end in
+itself, than a means to an end.
+
+Regarding the first objection, the narrowness and lack of cooperation,
+we think there is a good deal of truth in it. The Army has made a great
+success as an organization, and the work of its founder and his
+assistants is one of the most remarkable achievements of the age. Things
+apparently impossible have been accomplished, and obstacles apparently
+unsurmountable have been overcome. The result is a self-confidence and
+assurance, amounting in many cases to bigotry. The members of the
+organization look upon it as especially favored by God, and as above any
+other organization. Hence, we find many of the leaders far from humble
+in their bearings, whatever their profession may be, and entirely
+uninclined to cooperate with other organizations. This fact has been
+brought to the foreground of late years in England and America by a
+certain amount of antagonism between the Army and the Charity
+Organization Society, the Army claiming that it can do its work along
+its own lines and get along without any alliance with the Society, and
+the latter claiming that much economy would result if the Army would
+unite its efforts along social lines with the Charity Organization
+Society. The controversy cannot be discussed here, but it seems a pity
+that some sort of union cannot be entered into in which both
+organizations would be represented in a manner satisfactory to both. One
+great difficulty, evidently, is the religious element in the social work
+of the Army, which tends to prejudice the Charity Organization Society
+in some degree against the Army, and tends to keep the Army aloof from
+any organization considered secular. However, we find many leading
+officers in both organizations with friendly feeling, and there is hope
+that the time will come, when the controversy will be at an end.
+
+Coming to the second objection, that the highly centralized military
+form of government of the Army is likely to lead to disastrous
+consequences, we think that, if continued, this form of government must
+indeed lead to disaster. It is evident that this might happen in
+different ways. In an organization held together by one man or by one
+idea, disintegration would tend to take place in the one case by the
+failure or death of the leader, and in the other case by the expansion
+of the idea. The Army is held together by both the man and the idea, and
+we need not turn away from its own history to get examples of this
+disintegration in both ways. Take the first bond of union, the man of
+striking, hypnotic personality. Since the very inception of the
+movement, time after time, men who have gained influence in the Army,
+have separated from its ranks and started a movement of their own of
+more or less formidable dimensions. The instance most applicable here is
+that of the division which took place a few years ago in the United
+States. At that time the Army in this country had been very successful
+under the leadership of one of General Booth's sons, Ballington Booth
+and his wife, Maud, the latter especially being a most attractive and
+talented personality and gifted, persuasive speaker. Mr. and Mrs.
+Ballington Booth were flattered by attention from all sides, and by the
+worship of the soldiers and officers under them. Orders came from
+General William Booth, commanding them to give up their leadership in
+the United States and take control of some other country. But they had
+no idea of giving up their position in this country, and, elated by
+success, confidently announced their leadership of a new movement, the
+Volunteers of America, which is still in existence. While the other
+element, that of the expansion of the idea, showed itself at this time
+in a revolt against the narrow, despotic methods of General William
+Booth, the main element in this division was that of personality. Taking
+up the second bond of union, that of the central, controlling idea and
+purpose, we find the whole movement at the present time is tending to
+disintegrate through the expansion of this idea. This is shown by the
+continual departure of men from the ranks of the Army, who see that its
+methods and machinery are too cramped for their efforts, and also by the
+different attitude of the remaining members towards the movement itself
+and its leader General William Booth.
+
+It is possible, however, that there will gradually be effected a change
+in the form of government of the army which will allow for enlargement
+and differentiation within the movement itself. General Booth, the sole
+head of the movement, cannot live much longer, and at his death, changes
+already threatening will demand attention. He has maintained a
+remarkable control over his world-wide following, in spite of numerous
+outbreaks and dangerous splits, and has legally arranged with great
+care, we are told, the succession to follow him. But that there will
+ever be a second General Booth, or that there could be a series of
+General Booths, able to hold the organization as he has, is incredible.
+We have talked with leading officers of his Army on this subject and
+find that they too, are looking for changes. The fact that the social
+work is having such a remarkable growth, while the spiritual work is
+apparently unable to hold its own, is in itself a feature demanding a
+change. The Army of industrial and social officers and employees will
+not be bound by the same ties to the General as his former Army of
+spiritual officers and soldiers. The latter were possessed with an
+emotional, fanatical enthusiasm which blinded them to everything save
+the service of their much adored General. The former have a different
+outlook on life. They are the new Army, a result of tendencies inherent
+in the growth of the movement. They look at humanity and individuals
+from other standpoints than that of the salvation of the soul. The
+material side of society, with its institutions of business, and
+practical forms of charitable relief, occupies a large amount of their
+attention. This has already led to considerable differentiation of
+government and control. Take, for example, the corporation, "The
+Industrial Homes Company" controlling eighty-four industrial
+institutions in the United States, and managed by a board of directors
+in New York City. This example is opening the way toward a future
+government by a board of some sort for other departments of the Army,
+and in time for the spiritual department, and then the further step of
+representation of members on these boards will not be far distant. At
+any rate we see reason for hoping that, while other improvements are
+taking place, the government of the Army will not be a handicap to the
+movement.
+
+By the third objection, that the Army in its financial dealings does not
+take the public sufficiently into its confidence, is meant that complete
+records of detailed expenditure are not issued. The public provides for
+a large part of the income of the Army, and it has a right to know just
+how and where that income is spent. The man and woman who is being
+continually confronted by a lassie on the street with a little box for
+the receipt of contributions, after contributing again and again, is
+likely to ask the question, just where is this money going; and it would
+be of advantage to the Army itself, if it would issue a more definite
+statement of the use to which it puts public money. Some people are
+satisfied with the general report that "the Army is doing good," but
+there are many who would contribute more largely, if they knew directly
+for what they were contributing. In reply to this criticism, the Army
+states that it deposits regularly with the state authorities a
+statement showing the disposition and state of the finances of its
+corporations, such as "The Reliance Trading Company" and "The Salvation
+Army Industrial Homes Company."
+
+The Army also issues every year a balance sheet which shows its assets
+and liabilities on a large scale. But this is not sufficient. The
+ordinary person can receive no light from either the statement deposited
+with the state authorities or the yearly balance sheet published by the
+Army. In fact, although the Army uses the services of an expert
+accountant in getting out this balance sheet, for all that the public
+knows, it may be using the funds entrusted to it in any way it wishes.
+This should be remedied by a regular statement, clearly revealing the
+disposition of every cent donated.
+
+A discussion of the preceding objection leads us to the fourth
+objection, that the Army collects funds on the strength of its social
+work, and applies these funds to the carrying on of its religious
+propaganda.[97] The Army denies this, but admits that there is a good
+deal of money collected for the general work, there being no specific
+object implied when it is collected, other than a statement of the
+various departments in which the Army is working, and of their extent.
+Of course, the social work comes in for strong presentation on the
+statement, but the money not being collected for any one object, the
+Army is at liberty to apply it to any branch of its work whether
+spiritual or social. This again shows the need of greater definiteness
+and accuracy in the Army's report to the public.
+
+A fifth objection is the lack of accuracy shown by the Army in its
+reports of work accomplished.[98] This has special reference to the
+statistics published by the Army, and is a good criticism. At different
+times and in different parts of the world, statistics are given out,
+which seems to emanate from no one authority, which are often
+contradictory, and which create confusion in the mind of the person
+wishing to get at the facts. As a result of a good deal of recent
+criticism on this point, all future statistics of the Army in the United
+States are to come from one point only, are to be in charge of an
+expert, and no publication of statistics is to be allowed without the
+consent of the National Headquarters.
+
+The sixth and last objection is a very important one and one which has
+been seen in the history of organizations without number, viz: that the
+organization tends to become an end in itself, instead of a means to an
+end. This objection is also allied to a former one regarding a lack of
+cooperation on the part of the Army with other organizations. More and
+more an organization, formed as is the Army, feels complete in itself,
+and works continually for its own interests and its own glory. In a
+large number of instances the objective point that was once humanity and
+the glory of God tends to become the advancement of the Army. While
+feeling that this objection is a serious one, it still cannot be
+considered as anything but unavoidable, considering the government and
+general character of the movement. If it were possible for the Army to
+be governed locally, and to some extent, nationally by boards, a part of
+whose membership represented the public, we believe that the tendency to
+advance its own interest would be diminished. Study out the workings and
+control of this organization, and it is found a machine, ever seeking to
+increase its power and field of work. If this machine could be
+controlled to some extent by the public which feeds it, it might be kept
+as a useful servant, but otherwise, in spite of the great service which
+it does society to-day, the tendency to get away from its object and to
+become an object itself, will be more and more dangerous.
+
+In conclusion, then, we find that these objections advanced by the
+critics are not without foundation, and while some may be more
+tendencies than actualities, it lies with the organization to guard
+itself from them. We have found the Army an efficient worker along
+several lines, and society owes it a considerable debt for past service
+and lessons learned from it. Hence it would be a great pity for its
+efficiency as a great public servant to be lessened by a lack of
+publicity regarding its finance, or by a narrow, self-centered policy,
+or by a too centralized form of government. Some of the Army leaders are
+men of great hearts and strong minds, and it is to be hoped that,
+whenever in the future, the opportunity offers to make a beneficial
+change of policy in its duty toward the public or toward its sister
+organizations engaged in charitable work or in its own internal
+administration, that these leaders will stand firmly for what they
+believe, and demand the necessary change.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[97] See the "S. A. and the Public," Ch. 5.
+
+[98] See the "Social Relief Work of the S. A.," p. 4.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+  American Journal of Sociology, Volume III.
+
+  Besant, Sir Walter,
+      The Farm and the City,
+          Contemporary Review, 72-792.
+
+  Booth, Bramwell,
+      I. A Day with the Salvation Army,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1904.
+
+      II. Illustrated Interviews,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1905.
+
+  Booth, Charles,
+      Life and Labor of the People,
+          The Macmillan Co., New York, 1899.
+
+  Booth, Commander Eva,
+      Where Shadows Lengthen,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1906.
+
+  Booth, Florence E.
+      A Peep into My Letter Bag,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1905.
+
+  Booth, William,
+      I. In Darkest England, and the Way Out,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1890.
+
+      II. Social Service in the Salvation Army,
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+
+      III. The Doctrines of the Salvation Army,
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+
+      IV. The Why and Wherefore of the Rules and Regulations
+          of the Salvation Army,
+          S. A. Press, London.
+
+      V. Orders and Regulations for Field Officers,
+          S. A. Press, London.
+
+  Booth-Tucker, Commander,
+      I. William Booth, Life of
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1898.
+
+      II. The Salvation Army in the United States,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1899.
+
+      III. Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the
+           United States,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1900.
+
+      IV. Our Future Pauper Policy in America,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1898.
+
+      V. Prairie Homes for City Poor,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1899.
+
+      VI. A Review of the Salvation Army Land Colony in California,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1903.
+
+  Coates, Thomas F. G.
+      The Prophet of the Poor,
+      E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1906.
+
+  Dawson, William Harbutt,
+      The German Workman,
+          Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1906.
+
+  Devine, Edward T.,
+      The Principles of Relief,
+          The Macmillan Co., New York, 1905.
+
+  Hadleigh,
+      The Salvation Army Colony,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1904.
+
+  Haggard, H. Rider,
+      The Poor and the Land,
+          Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1905.
+
+  Higgins, Mrs. Catherine,
+      Love's Laborings in Sorrow's Soil,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1904.
+
+  Huxley, T. H.,
+      Social Diseases and Worse Remedies,
+          The Macmillan Co., New York, 1891.
+
+  Manson, John,
+      The Salvation Army and the Public,
+          E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1906.
+
+  Precipices: A Sketch of Salvation Army Social Work,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1904.
+
+  Report of Committee of Fifteen,
+      The Social Evil,
+          G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1902.
+
+  Report of the Departmental Committee, Appointed to Consider
+      Mr. Rider Haggard's Report on Agricultural Settlements in
+      British Colonies.
+          Wyman & Sons, London, 1906.
+
+  Riis, Jacob A.,
+      I. How the Other Half Lives,
+          Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.
+
+      II. The Children of the Poor,
+          Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.
+
+      III. A Ten Years' War,
+          Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York, 1900.
+
+      IV. The Peril and Preservation of the Home,
+          Geo. W. Jacobs' & Co., Philadelphia, 1903.
+
+  Ruskin, John,
+      Sesame and Lillies,
+          Donohue, Hernneberry and Co., Chicago.
+
+  Seager, Henry Rogers,
+      Introduction to Economics,
+          Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1908.
+
+  Selected Papers on the Social Work of the Salvation Army,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1907.
+
+  Solenberger, Edwin D.,
+      The Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army,
+          Byron & Willard Co., Minneapolis, 1906.
+
+  Swan, Annie S.,
+      The Outsiders,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1905.
+
+  Warner, Amos G.,
+      American Charities,
+          T. J. Crowell & Co., New York, 1894.
+
+
+
+
+VITA.
+
+The author of this dissertation, Edwin Gifford Lamb, was born in London,
+England, December 22, 1878. He attended private schools in that city and
+then spent three years in Northwestern Canada without schooling. After
+this he went to California where he prepared for college in the
+preparatory department of the University of the Pacific. He became a
+citizen of the United States as soon as eligible and graduated from
+Leland Stanford Junior University in 1904, with the degree of A. B. In
+the year 1904-'05, he was a student at Union Theological Seminary and
+Columbia University. During the year 1905-'06, he held a scholarship in
+Sociology at Columbia University. At this institution he studied under
+Professors F. H. Giddings, John B. Clark, H. R. Seager, H. L. Moore, J.
+Dewey, F. J. E. Woodbridge and W. P. Montague. Since that time he has
+been an instructor in the Harström School, Norwalk, Connecticut.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+Inconsistent hyphenation and capitalization have been left as in the
+original text. The same is true for inconsistent abbreviations for U. S.
+states and inconsistent placement of footnote markers.
+
+CHAP. III. (in the original text) has been changed to CHAPTER III. for
+consistency.
+
+Punctuation has been standardized. Spelling mistakes have been
+corrected, except for the items listed below, which have not been
+changed.
+
+The book seems to use fl., rather than ff., as an abbreviation that
+refers to the pages following a number.
+
+This book refers twice to the title "Sesame and Lillies." In other
+sources, that title is sometimes spelled as "Sesame and Lilies."
+
+On the list of "Examples of Salvation Army Hotel Lodgers," under No. 3,
+the city name Pittsburgh is misspelled as Pittsburg in the original
+text.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Social Work of the Salvation Army, by 
+Edwin Gifford Lamb
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOCIAL WORK OF SALVATION ARMY ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Social Work of the Salvation Army, by 
+Edwin Gifford Lamb
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Social Work of the Salvation Army
+
+Author: Edwin Gifford Lamb
+
+Release Date: October 20, 2009 [EBook #30295]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOCIAL WORK OF SALVATION ARMY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Rose Acquavella, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
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+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1>THE SOCIAL WORK OF THE SALVATION ARMY</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>EDWIN GIFFORD LAMB, A.B.<br /><br /><br /></h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+
+<p class="center">Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of<br />
+Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Political Science</p>
+
+<p class="center">Columbia University</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 20%;" />
+
+
+<p class="center">New York</p>
+
+<p class="center">1909<br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1909</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">by</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edwin Gifford Lamb</span><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="Preface" id="Preface"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>I use the word "Social" in the title of this work to suggest
+that, save in an auxiliary way, I am not attempting to describe
+the religious features of the organization. Such a field of investigation
+would prove a very profitable and interesting one, but
+it is a field, which, for the sake of clearness and impartial study,
+should be kept separate. The organization itself recognizes the
+primary division. Commander Booth-Tucker, the leader of the
+Army in the United States from 1896 to 1904, says, "The Salvation
+Army is the evolution of two great ideas: first, that of
+reaching with the gospel of salvation the masses who are outside
+the pale of ordinary church influence, and second, that of
+caring for their temporal as well as spiritual interests."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>I have secured very little data from books, as there is but
+little authentic literature on the subject. Primarily, the data for
+this treatise were taken from personal observation. In pursuing
+the subject I have visited Salvation Army social institutions of
+every description. In addition to visiting the larger cities of the
+United States and the three Army colonies, situated in Ohio,
+Colorado and California, respectively, I have investigated the
+work in London, where the Army had its origin, and at the farm
+colony in Hadleigh, on the river Thames, some thirty miles from
+London. I have slept in the hotels, worked in the industrial
+homes, wandered over the farm colonies, and mingled with the
+inmates of other types of Army institutions.</p>
+
+<p>
+Nov., 1909.<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>E. G. L.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Pamphlet "The Salvation Army in the United States."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td></td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">Page.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Preface">Preface</a></td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td><td align="right">7-15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">The Salvation Army Industrial Department</a></td><td align="right">16-62</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">The Salvation Army Hotels and Lodging Houses</a></td><td align="right">63-98</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">The Farm Colonies of the Salvation Army</a></td><td align="right">99-116</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">The Salvation Army Slum Department</a></td><td align="right">117-121</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">The Salvation Army Rescue Department</a></td><td align="right">122-126</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">Some Minor Features of the Salvation Army Social Work</a></td><td align="right">127-131</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">Conclusion</a></td><td align="right">132-139</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Introduction" id="Introduction"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>The Salvation Army was founded by William Booth in London,
+England, in 1865. Previous to this time Mr. Booth had
+been a successful clergyman in the Methodist Church, and had
+become widely known throughout England as a revivalist. As
+time passed, he had become more and more interested in the condition
+of the un-churched masses, and as his church did not approve
+of his taking up work among the masses in connection
+with it as an organization, he had, in 1861, separated from the
+Methodists. With little support, he established in London what
+was known as The Christian Mission.</p>
+
+<p>From the first, numbers of converts were made, and soon several
+missions were established in London, and other cities
+of England. From the first, too, the agency of women was an
+important feature. Especially was this true in visitation among
+the lower classes. In regard to the foundation of the Army itself
+and in connection with its earlier successes, much credit must be
+given to Mrs. Booth, the wife of William Booth. She became as
+noted a speaker and revivalist as her husband, and together, they
+made plans for the movement. Unfortunately she died of cancer
+in 1890. Through these early years of the movement its management,
+almost unconsciously, developed along lines that were military
+in form. At first the title of "Captain" was used among the
+sailors and fishermen to designate the local leader of the company,
+and then it was extended wherever, among the rough element, the
+"Mr." or "Rev." would seem out of place. The usage and the
+spirit accompanying it soon spread, and by the year 1879 military
+methods and titles were officially added. The Rev. Wm.
+Booth, who, up to this time, had been known as "Superintendent
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>of the Christian Mission," became "General" Booth, and the
+"Mission" became the "Salvation Army."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>This addition of military methods seems to have accelerated
+the movement by favoring efficient and systematic control. Soon
+after this time, we find, the organization had spread to the
+United States, Canada, Australia, France, Switzerland, Holland,
+Belgium, Scandinavia, Germany and Italy. Then missionary
+work was taken up in India, and later on, in Africa, Java and
+Japan. At the present time (1908), according to its reports, the
+Army occupies fifty-two different countries and colonies. In no
+country has its rate of progress been more remarkable than in
+the United States, where in point of numbers, the local organization
+now ranks second only to that of Great Britain.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>Along with the rapid growth went a differentiation almost as
+rapid and unique as the growth itself. In fact, both reacted on
+each other. The work was separated first into three main departments,
+viz.: Spiritual, Social and Trade. It will be necessary
+to make a brief statement of this differentiation in detail. In
+the Spiritual Department we have the extension of the original
+idea, that of converting the people. Corps, as the different religious
+groups were called, sprang up and multiplied until even
+the smaller towns were occupied. Converts were added by hundreds
+and thousands. Large numbers of the brightest and best
+of these converts were utilized in extending the work still further,
+and after undergoing a brief training, were sent out, some
+to aid the movement in the mother country, others to begin the
+work in different parts of Europe and in America, and still others
+as missionaries to all parts of the world. Meanwhile, the work
+in each local organization or Corps, became systematized, and
+the Corps were united into Sections or Divisions, the Divisions
+into larger districts called Provinces, and the Provinces into
+Commands, which for the most part controlled the territory of
+an entire country. Each of these divisions from the Corps to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>Command, was delegated to an officer who had sole charge, and
+who was responsible to the officer above him. For example, the
+United States, at present, is divided into two Commands; the
+first extending from New York to Chicago; the second from
+Chicago to the Pacific Coast. The first Command has six Provinces;
+the second, four. Each Province has from three to nine
+Divisions, and each Division contains a number of Corps. Thus,
+while each Corps is complete in itself, the general administration
+is very highly centralized; so much so, that an order from General
+Booth at the National Headquarters, London, England, must be
+obeyed by every Corps in the world.</p>
+
+<p>While the organization of the Spiritual Department was taking
+place in this manner, the Social Work was assuming large proportions,
+and differentiating itself. Visitation in the lower parts
+of the cities was organized into a regular department of Slum
+Work, called the Slum Department, with a specialized corps of
+officers. Work among fallen women was instituted as the Rescue
+Department, with its rescue homes and trained workers. The
+establishment of hotels and lunch counters for both men and
+women became finally what is now the Social Department. The
+wood yards and small factories, together with the salvage depots
+and cheap stores, were organized into the Industrial Department.
+Work among the children resulted in the establishment of kindergartens
+and orphanages. The colonization enterprise took root,
+and was divided into the industrial colonies and farm colonies.
+Thus, we have here a differentiation of the original Social Department
+into six distinct divisions, which we shall consider separately
+in this treatise. As these lines of work advanced, although
+each had its special group of workers, it was natural that the
+work should follow the administrative system of Commands,
+Provinces, Divisions and Corps, which had already been marked
+out in the Spiritual Department.</p>
+
+<p>The third primary division, that of trade, has had some interesting
+developments. There is, for example, the trade carried
+on in articles necessary to the members of the Army them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>selves,
+and which they cannot conveniently obtain in the open
+market, such as uniforms, badges, books and musical instruments.
+The Reliance Trading Company, for instance, was incorporated
+in 1902, under the laws of the State of New Jersey. This company
+owns and publishes the "War Cry," the official gazette of
+the Army in the United States; does the printing for the various
+departments of the Army; manufactures fountain pens; makes
+uniforms, bonnets and hats for the Army members; conducts
+an Insurance Department, and carries on other business enterprises.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>There is, too, the trade in the products of the various factories
+and industries connected with the relief work of the Army.
+For example, the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company,
+incorporated in New Jersey, has greatly facilitated the industrial
+work in the United States. There have been companies
+formed and organized as building societies, insurance
+companies, and a Salvation Army Bank.</p>
+
+<p>In all these companies the Salvation Army, through its officers,
+always has control, although it invites and seeks investments
+from the public. The following extract, taken from a prospectus
+sent out by the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company,
+illustrates the point:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Charter of our Industrial Homes Co. has been prepared by
+Messrs. Jas. B. Dill &amp; Co., the eminent corporation lawyers, who
+have kindly given us the full benefit of their skill and experience,
+at a fairly nominal charge. The capital consists of $500,000.00,
+divided into 50,000 shares, of the par value of $10.00 each, of
+which 25,000 are in 6% cumulative preferred stock and 25,000 in
+common stock. Only the preferred shares are offered to the public,
+and bear interest at 6%, which is guaranteed by the Army. The
+common shares are held by the Army, with a view to retaining the
+control of the company, and the entire profits, over and above the
+interest on the preferred stock, are thus devoted to the charitable
+and religious work of the Army, and help us to continually expand
+and enlarge our homes." ... "We shall be happy to supply any information
+or answer any questions as to the financial standing of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>the Salvation Army. For our spiritual and social operations in
+the United States, we have now an annual income of nearly $2,000,000.00,
+while the value of our real estate holdings in this country
+amount to about $1,500,000. Hence, it will be seen that in guaranteeing
+the interest upon these preferred shares, amounting in all
+to only $15,000.00, we are abundantly able to insure the regular payment
+of the same apart, altogether, from the income of our industrial
+homes."</p></div>
+
+<p>As a result of this rapid growth along the three lines described,
+the movement everywhere forced itself upon public recognition.
+The publication of its weekly organ, the "War Cry," in many
+different languages and countries aided its growth. Other magazines
+of higher class and better quality were issued. At the same
+time, the public press investigated the organization, and for a
+long time criticised it harshly. In fact, during all this time,
+while so successful, the Army suffered much persecution. The
+crowds of people composed of those whom it was seeking to
+benefit, seemed often to be its worst enemies, and then, to make
+matters more difficult, the police, we are told, instead of furnishing
+protection, often, themselves, joined in the persecution. There
+were many instances, in this early period, where the enthusiastic
+reformers were ill treated and even fatally injured. There was,
+however, some reason for all this persecution. A movement so
+sudden and apparently so contrary to existing institutions, needed
+time for its real principle to become known. The external manifestation
+seemed to consist of nothing but defiant disregard of
+established religious custom and ceremonial. Thus, while the
+vital principle of love for humanity was working its way into
+individual lives and attracting them to the ranks of the organization,
+the world at large openly showed its antagonism. Gradually,
+however, the sense of public opposition and antagonism grew
+less. Gradually the knowledge that, behind the superficial emotionalism,
+were depths of disinterested sympathy for fellow men
+and women worked itself into the public mind. Attacks on Army
+groups on street corners became less frequent, and when they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>did occur, were suppressed by the police. The press ceased
+its bitter criticism.</p>
+
+<p>It was about this time that renewed and increased attention
+was focused on the new movement by the publication in 1890 of
+General Booth's famous book, "In Darkest England, and the
+Way Out." In some ways the book served to mark a new epoch
+in the development of that part of practical sociology which
+concerns itself with the direct betterment of the lower class of
+society. The old method of dealing with the poor is ably described
+by Ruskin, when he says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We make our relief either so insulting to them, or so painful
+that they rather die than take it at our hands; or, for third alternative,
+we leave them so untaught and foolish, that they starve like
+brute creatures, wild and dumb, not knowing what to do, or what
+to ask."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>This was a point of view which in its relation to the degraded
+elements of society was an expression of sympathy rather
+than of harsh criticism and mistrust. Although it had been set
+forth by others previously, it had never before forced itself so
+strongly on the public. In addition, the daring statements and
+bold theories, given utterance in "Darkest England," served to
+surprise all schools of reform. The public consciousness had
+never before faced the problem in such a way. It was aroused,
+and began to ask questions. The book ran through edition
+after edition. It was printed in a cheap form and within a
+short time was circulated all over the civilized world.</p>
+
+<p>In his "scheme" General Booth laid down seven fundamental
+principles, which he claimed were essential to success. They
+were as follows:</p>
+
+<p>1. The first principle that must be bore in mind, as governing
+every scheme that may be put forward, is that it must
+change the man, when it is his character and conduct which
+constitute the reasons for his failure in the battle of life.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<p>2. The remedy, to be effectual, must change the circumstances
+of the individual, when they are the cause of his wretched condition,
+and lie beyond his control.</p>
+
+<p>3. Any remedy worthy of consideration must be on a scale
+commensurate with the evil with which it proposes to deal.</p>
+
+<p>4. Not only must the scheme be large enough, but it must be
+permanent.</p>
+
+<p>5. But while it must be permanent, it must be made practicable.</p>
+
+<p>6. The indirect features of the scheme must not be such as to
+produce injury to the persons whom we seek to benefit.</p>
+
+<p>7. While assisting one class of the community, it must not seriously
+interfere with the interests of another.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>General Booth's personal attitude, also, is well worth noting.
+In the preface of his book he makes the following statement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I do not claim that my scheme is either perfect in its details,
+or complete in the sense of being adequate to combat all forms of
+gigantic evils, against which it is, in the main, directed. Like other
+human things, it must be perfected through suffering; but it is a
+sincere endeavor to do something, and to do it on principles, which
+can be instantly applied and universally developed."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>And again, in view of some of the manifestations of the organization
+as we see it, the following is interesting, as coming
+from its founder. He says: "But one of the grimmest social
+problems of our time should be sternly faced, not with a view to
+the generation of profitless emotions, but with a view to its solution."<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>Upon the publication of this book there arose a division of
+opinion in regard to the scheme which was set forth. On the
+one hand, numbers of noted philanthropists aided General Booth
+with money and moral support. On the other hand, there was
+opposition from a certain class of reformers, headed by that
+eminent scientist, Thomas Huxley. This opposition, however,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>did not so much attack the principles advocated, as the agency
+for their application, namely, the Salvation Army, itself, characterized
+in Huxley's words as "Autocratic socialism, masked by
+its theological exterior."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>From that time to the present many thoughtful men have
+continued this opposition to the Army as an agent of social service.
+Further on we shall consider the validity and strength
+of their arguments. At that time the press on all sides took
+up the controversy, and it was finally decided to appoint a committee
+of investigation to thoroughly examine the Army's methods
+and institutions and publish a report. This committee
+was composed of some of the leading business and public men
+of England, headed by Sir Wilfred Lawson. They examined the
+books of the Army and studied the system and methods of the
+movement. They reported that all was entirely satisfactory and
+not only so, but that the movement and work was worthy of
+commendation.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>The report of this Committee, together with a demonstration
+of the work already accomplished, served to silence the critics
+to some extent, and public favor began to turn toward the movement.
+Since that period the Army has had, generally speaking,
+the support of the press and many of the leading men throughout
+the world, a support which it has not been slow to recognize,
+or to utilize. For instance, about this time, we find the following
+appeal issued through the English press:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"From personal witness or credible report of what General
+Booth has done with the funds entrusted to him for the Social
+Scheme which he laid before the country eighteen months ago, we
+think it would be a serious evil if the great task which he has undertaken
+should be crippled by lack of help during the next four
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>months. We therefore venture to recommend his work to the
+generous support of all, who feel the necessity for some serious
+and concentrated effort to grapple with the needs of the most
+wretched and destitute, who have so long been the despair of our
+legislation and our philanthropy."</p></div>
+
+<p>This appeal was signed by the Earl of Aberdeen, who was
+then Governor-General of Canada, and fifteen other men and
+women of international reputation. As an example of the attitude
+of the press, we find the London Daily Telegraph, in the
+midst of a long editorial entitled, "The General's Triumph,"
+saying, "There is no question about it, the General has become
+popular. He has justified himself by results. We are told he
+has not shown the way out, but few have done so much to
+let the light in, and to bring with it life and healing."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+Since the publication of "In Darkest England" in 1890, the social
+work of the Army has been extended, and has grown very
+rapidly.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>In connection with this rapid growth, the social phase of the
+movement has tended to eclipse the spiritual in the public eye.
+The Army has taken advantage of this to advertise its advancement
+along all lines, and there is reason for believing that the
+public support of the whole movement, both social and spiritual,
+at the present time, is largely due to this advertising.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+In any case, the social work of the Army is a movement large
+enough to justify the interest of the public, and the extensive
+study of every student of practical social economy.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the U. S.," p. 5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> "Life of William Booth," p. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Social Relief Work of the S. A. in the U. S."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "Sesame and Lillies," p. 101. Cf. also "The New Movement in
+Charity," Am. Jour. Soc. III, p. 596.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> "In Darkest England," pp. 85-87.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, preface.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> "Social Diseases and Worse Remedies."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> "The committee of 1902 which inquired into certain aspects of the
+Darkest England Scheme two years after its initiation, were careful to
+state that they did not enter upon any consideration of the many economic
+questions affecting the maintenance of the system sought to be carried
+out." (The Salvation Army and the Public, p. 121.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> "London Daily Telegraph," July 6, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> In fifteen years, from 1890 to 1905, the social work grew from a
+few small scattered institutions, to 687 institutions, many of which alone
+would have greater accommodation than the total in 1890.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> See "The S. A. and the Public," ch. 3.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Industrial Department.</span></h2>
+
+<p>Originally the work now known as the Industrial Work was
+handled with and under the same management as the Social
+Work, but as the movement grew, the Industrial Work branched
+out and finally became separate in operation and management,
+the name "Social Department" being retained for the hotel work
+only.</p>
+
+
+<p>The Industrial Department itself may be divided into three
+sections, all under the same management. These are The Industrial
+Home, The Industrial Store and The Industrial Colony.
+The object of the work embraced in these three divisions as
+stated in the prospectus sent out by the Army two years ago is:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"One of the most difficult problems that has confronted the Salvation
+Army has been the finding of employment for out-of-works
+and human derelicts in our cities. A system has been gradually
+organized by which this human waste is employed in collecting the
+material waste of the city. This latter has been sorted, sifted and
+sold, and temporary employment thus afforded to thousands of
+stranded persons, who have thus been tided over periods of distress,
+relieved of immediate suffering, saved from the stigma of
+paupers, assured of human sympathy, and given a new start in
+life."<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>After a careful review of the various divisions of this work,
+above mentioned, we shall consider whether the object is being
+attained, and of what value the work done is to society.</p>
+
+<p>In the formation of the Industrial Home the ideal building
+and situation cannot always be secured; hence there are differences
+in the planning and disposition of the different homes.
+The general plan, however, is to have a three or four-story
+building fitted up as follows: On the ground floor is a space
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>where the wagons filled with waste materials can unload, a
+large room where furniture can be repaired and stored (unless
+this is done in the basement below), an office, and another large
+room to be used for a retail store. On the second floor is the
+sorting room, and adjoining or connected with it is the baling
+room, where such stuff as paper, rags and excelsior is pressed,
+ready to be taken away. On this floor, too, is to be found the
+kitchen, the dining room and the reading room. On the third
+floor are situated the dormitories and sleeping rooms. This
+plan is often varied. Sometimes there is a basement and only
+one or two stories above. Sometimes, as in the Forty-eighth
+Street home in New York, there are six or seven stories, and
+sometimes, as in one home in Chicago, the sleeping and living
+quarters of the men are entirely separate from the warehouse
+where they work, possibly some blocks away. The kitchen is
+nearly always found to be large and furnished with a good
+range and other facilities. The dining room contains long, plain
+tables, set so that the men can sit on both sides. The dishes
+are of thick, strong ware. The food is plain but good. Everything
+from the floor to the dishes is usually clean.</p>
+
+<p>The sleeping rooms are of two kinds, individual rooms and
+dormitories. Those men who are of a better rank, that is, those
+who have been working long, or who are doing a higher grade
+of work, and those who have "boss" positions, occupy the
+separate rooms; while the general class of workers sleep in the
+dormitories. When it comes to the question of pure air, considerable
+difficulty arises. Some of the separate rooms have no
+outside window, though the partitions between the rooms rise
+only to a certain height, thus giving common air to the whole
+floor. Even where good ventilation facilities exist, it seems
+difficult to make the men keep the windows open. As regards
+ventilation, however, the industrial homes are, as a rule, better
+than the lower class workingman's hotels, and are improving in
+this respect. The beds are iron, single beds. The bed clothing
+and the rooms themselves are clean and fumigated regularly.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+<p>A reading room is also provided where daily papers and popular
+magazines are kept, and where the men may write. In
+some cases, a smoking room adjoins. Meetings of a devotional
+character, to which the men may come or not as they see fit,
+are often held in the reading room.</p>
+
+<p>The support that renders the industrial home possible is the
+waste product of the city. This material is rubbish of all kinds
+imaginable. In connection with each industrial plant are kept
+a number of horses and wagons, mostly one-horse wagons.
+Each driver of a wagon has a definite route to cover regularly.
+Passing over his route, he collects everything of which people are
+glad to be rid. Waste paper, old clothes, old furniture, and the
+like, are the principal articles he collects. Many good people,
+persuaded of the good work the Army is doing, save up their
+store of odds and ends until the Army wagon shall call, often
+giving things away which they would not have thrown away or
+given any one else, unless it would be to sell them to an old-clothes
+man. The driver returns with his load to the warehouse.
+From his wagon the material is conveyed by means of an elevator
+to the sorting room in the second story, whence the greater quantity
+goes at once to the baling machine in the form of waste
+paper. Any articles that may be of use, such as shoes, clothing
+of any kind, books, crockery-ware, bottles, pots, kettles, etc., are
+placed in their respective bins and finally, repaired, find their
+way to the retail store. Heavy articles, such as stoves and furniture,
+do not go up in the elevator, but are retained on the first
+floor, where they go, first to the repairing and storage room, and
+then out to the stores. The paper and rags, when baled, are
+sold to the nearest paper mill for a good price. Some idea of
+the amount of this class of material may be gained from the
+fact that the average amount of paper sold by the Industrial
+Department in the United States is about 2,500 tons per month.</p>
+
+<p>In England and other countries this work has not assumed
+such large proportions, but there is some difference between the
+workings of the industrial plant in the City of London and in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>New York. For instance, at the Salvation Army plant on Hanbury
+Street, Whitechapel, London, we found, in 1906, a planing
+mill, a paint and furniture shop, a mattress factory, and a sawmill
+and cabinet shop. This place had employment for ninety
+men, of whom twelve were regularly employed and the remainder
+were transients. The regular employees were paid at a
+union rate of wages. The men of this industrial plant lived some
+distance away on Quaker Street, having possession of part of the
+Salvation Army shelter or hotel there, the total accommodation
+of which was two hundred and forty. Again, in a different part
+of the city, over near Deptford, was a wood yard with good
+machinery, run by electricity, which employed anywhere from
+sixty to seventy men making kindling wood. On the other hand,
+at the "Spa Road Elevator," was a plant almost identical with
+the industrial plants in the United States, where were shipped
+out an average of 100 pounds of paper every week and several
+tons of rags in addition, and where was accommodation for
+some two hundred men.</p>
+
+<p>Branching out from the main industrial plant are nearly always
+to be found large stores. These are Salvation Army retail
+stores. These stores are found in the poorest sections of
+the city, and are patronized by the poorest class. Articles of
+all descriptions may be purchased here at a very low figure. In
+each store is a furniture department; a clothing department for
+men, women and children; a toy department; a department
+for stoves, pots, etc., and sometimes other departments varying
+with the size of the store. It is possible, thus, for a poor family
+moving into the neighborhood to completely furnish themselves
+and their home from Salvation Army stores at a cost of often
+less than one-half of what they would pay elsewhere. Each
+store has a definite connection with the central industrial plant,
+from which it receives its supplies, its workers and its government,
+for the stores are merely branches of the central work,
+and all are under the same general management.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+<p>An interesting feature lies in an examination of the labor which
+is employed. From the cases given at the end of the chapter,
+it will be seen that it consists of all kinds, classes and nationalities,
+who, through their own recklessness, or by unfortunate circumstances,
+have fallen into want. A man willing to work comes
+to the Army in want of food and shelter, and the Army happens
+to have accommodation for him. He may go to one of the
+men's hotels or to the industrial home, or to the central agency
+of the Army. In any case he will probably be interviewed by an
+officer specially detailed for the purpose, who will be able to
+decide in short time what his needs are, and what can be done
+for him. He may be sent out at once to take some position secured
+through the employment bureau; he may be sent to the
+hotel with the understanding that, after being fed and cared for,
+he will be given an opportunity to pay for it in work; or he
+may be sent straight to the industrial home. In any case, if possible,
+he is put to work. He may be in a weak condition physically
+or mentally, or both, but even then, he can often do
+something; such, for example, as picking over paper and rags
+in the sorting room. Meanwhile, he is being fed and housed. If
+he means well and works earnestly, he is soon able to do some
+other grade of work. He may have had technical knowledge
+which will help him. In a few days, possibly, a call is made
+to the employment bureau, which is maintained in conjunction
+with each home or group of homes, for a man to fill some position.
+If suitable, this man may be sent out to take it. On the
+other hand, he may be retained in the home and employed permanently
+as a driver on one of the wagons, or as overseer and
+instructor in one of the rooms, or he may be sent out as assistant
+to one of the stores, and, in time, he may be given charge of
+a store. When the men first come to the home, they receive
+board and clothing and some remuneration, although very slight.
+If they continue to work at the home, they are paid wages ranging
+from $1.00 per week up to $4.00 or $5.00 per week, besides
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>board and lodging in the United States, and from 1s. to 9s. in
+England.</p>
+
+<p>When a man is able, but is lazy and not willing to work, he
+is turned out. It is well known to those who have studied the
+question, that there are a large number of such men, but this
+class does not apply for help as often as it might to the Army,
+as it soon learns the uselessness of so doing. The officers become
+quite adept in seeing these men in their true colors. On
+the other hand, if a man drops into bad habits and goes off on
+a spree after he has been helped, he will be taken in again afterwards,
+and this is continued within reason. Much of the labor
+employed is a surface and floating population, the result of season
+and periodic work in connection with so many of our industries,
+and the men are just tided over a hard time in their
+experiences. This class is larger sometimes than at others, but
+is always in evidence. Another class, however, consists of the
+men who have fallen through their own recklessness and bad
+habits. Some of these men are sent out to positions which they
+fill creditably, and finally rise as high or higher than they were
+before. Naturally, the Army makes as much as possible out of
+these cases for the purpose of advertisement. Owing to evident
+difficulties, it is impossible to ascertain just what percentage
+there is of this class among the total number helped, or what
+percentage of this class itself is successfully aided. The industrial
+work itself, as a paying business, is developing so fast that a
+constantly increasing number of men are permanently retained
+and used as regular employees, being paid regular wages.</p>
+
+<p>When we come to the industrial colony, we find it entirely
+different from the farm colony, where families are sent to settle
+upon the land in tracts of say twenty acres per family. The industrial
+colony is managed like a large farm with many laborers,
+all under one central head. The original idea was to graduate
+men from the city plants to the industrial colonies and thence
+to the farm colonies, but the Army has had difficulty in maintaining
+its colonies at all, and, as a result, no regular system has
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>been followed. A large proportion of the men on the industrial
+colony are single, whereas, as will be seen, families are needed
+for the farm colonies. Again, many of these men are not the
+kind who will succeed on the farm colony. Sometimes, too, they
+have not been through the city plant, and sometimes they are
+men sent directly from the city to get them out of temptations
+which are too strong for them.</p>
+
+<p>The best example of an industrial colony is the one at Hadleigh,
+about thirty miles from London, England. This colony
+has an area of about 3,000 acres. One thousand acres is almost
+useless now; and when taken by the Army in 1890, the whole consisted
+of almost worthless land, some of which, as a result of
+constant labor and fertilization, has been transformed into reasonably
+good land. A great draw-back and a great expense
+has been the lack of water, now partially supplied by two artesian
+wells, the cheaper of which cost over $20,000.00.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> The population
+varies from 300 to 700.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> In 1898, 775 men were
+admitted to the colony. Out of this number, 193 left after a short
+residence before they could be influenced for good; 47 were discharged
+as incorrigible, and 309 graduated, obtaining situations
+or being restored to their friends.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> There are three classes
+received at the colony:</p>
+
+<p>1. Those sent by the Army agencies.</p>
+
+<p>2. Those sent by poor law authorities who pay from 5s. to 10s.
+per week for periods of from three to twelve months for their
+maintenance.</p>
+
+<p>3. Special cases sent by philanthropic societies, or by relatives
+or others.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Another division is made into four classes, thus:</p>
+
+<p>1. Those coming and passing off in a month, not being regular
+colonists.</p>
+
+<p>2. Those averaging nine months on the colony, and called
+colonists.</p>
+
+<p>3. Picked men from the second class, who are made employees.</p>
+
+<p>4. Employees hired in the neighborhood for specific purposes.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>The proportion of each, according to either specification, is
+such a variable quantity that nothing can be determined satisfactorily.
+According to one officer's statement, about one in
+every five is considered an employee.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> In the winter of
+1903-4, 209 men were sent to Hadleigh and supported there by
+a special fund, called "The Mansion House Fund for the Relief
+of the London Unemployed."<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> Out of the class sent by the
+Army agencies to the colony, a certain number are sent out as
+emigrants to Canada. For instance, in 1905, 41 were sent out,
+and in 1906, 58. The party of 58 was composed of five Irishmen,
+one Welshman, three Scotchmen, and forty-nine Englishmen.
+These men go to work on different farms in Canada, and some
+sent out in previous years now have homesteads there. In the
+colony there are five departments, viz.: the market garden, the
+brick-making department, the dairy department together with
+the piggery, the poultry department, and the Inebriate's Home.
+There is also a store which has an income of $1,000.00 a month.
+The market garden is one of the best industries, most of the
+produce being sold in the town of Southend, four miles distant.
+In the busy season, as many as 100 workers are found in this
+department. There are four large conservatories, especially for
+tomatoes and flowers. A good many potatoes are raised, and
+there is a good deal of land in berries and orchard. There are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>three brick-yards with the latest improved kilns and machinery.
+These yards have been a very heavy expense and have not been
+satisfactory. For instance, in 1898, the year's sale of bricks
+amounted to £4717, while the expenditure of this department
+was £5563, this latter sum including the expense of repairing
+the drying fields, which that year were injured by a flood.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
+In the dairy department about twenty-five head of cattle provide
+the colony with milk and butter, while sometimes milk is sold at
+Southend. In the piggery the number of hogs runs from 200
+to 500. The poultry department is given over to prize poultry
+breeding and has been successful in winning some noted prizes.
+The Inebriate's Home is licensed for twenty male inebriates who
+are charged from 25s. to 30s. per week. Between 60% and
+70% are stated to be reclaimed after an average period of eight
+months' treatment. In addition to these departments it might be
+noted that there is a school on the colony with an attendance
+of 100, some of whom come from outside the colony, and a good
+sized hall, seating about 400, where gatherings are held for
+social and religious purposes.</p>
+
+<p>For the feeding and lodging of the colonists, large preparations
+are made. They are graded according to their position in
+the colony, and an opportunity is given them to rise from the
+lower to the higher grades. The superintendent stated that this
+plan was found useful in stimulating ambition. There are two
+dormitories, both clean and well-kept, but the higher grade with
+better bedding and surroundings than the lower. This grading
+system is also maintained in the dining room, the higher grade
+of colonists being served with better food than the lower. Everything
+around the buildings is well-kept and orderly, and the general
+moral atmosphere of the colony seems to be healthful and
+up-lifting.</p>
+
+<p>The industrial colony at Ft. Herrick, near Cleveland, Ohio,
+differs in many ways from the one at Hadleigh, and doubtless has
+been instrumental in aiding a good number of outcast and fallen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>men, but it has been such a burden financially, and such an
+unsolved problem in many ways, that it may be considered a
+failure. The reason for its failure is not so much bad management
+as lack of foresight on the part of those choosing the site.
+The site is in no sense suitable for a colony, the soil being unfit
+for intensive farming. Probably the best work done there has
+been the reformation of drunkards, a work in which, according
+to reports, the colony has been eminently successful.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>Coming now to the management of the Industrial Department
+in the United States, we find that it is an up-to-date business
+enterprise. The department is controlled by a corporation called
+"The Salvation Army Industrial Homes Co." already referred to
+in our <a href="#Introduction">introduction</a>.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> The management of the company is in
+the hands of the Army.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Under this central authority, we find
+the United States divided into three districts; the eastern district,
+with headquarters at New York; the central district with headquarters
+at Cleveland, and the western district with headquarters
+at Chicago. Each one of these districts has at its head a social
+secretary, and under him are the different officers in charge of the
+respective plants. Generally speaking, each local officer is
+supreme in his individual plant. He can adopt methods and
+means to suit the environment of his district, provided always
+that his methods mean success. There are no iron-clad rules to
+hold him in check beyond a system of bookkeeping and of making
+out detailed reports, which must be sent to headquarters. When
+about to engage in some new venture, however, such as securing
+a new location for his plant, opening up a store, or renting or
+purchasing new property, he must refer the project to his superior
+officer, before undertaking it. The local officer in charge
+has trusted employees under him, such as a warehouse boss, a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>kitchen boss, and stable boss, etc., each of whom is responsible
+to the officer for his department.</p>
+
+<p>Although present to some extent in other countries the special
+field of the industrial work is the United States. The growth in
+this country during the recent years has been great. In 1896
+there were no regular industrial homes; in 1904 there were 49
+industrial institutions, and in control of these 49 institutions,
+there were 70 Army officers and 820 regular employees. The
+accommodation was about 1,100. During one month there were
+225 cases that were considered unsatisfactory. There were 239
+horses and wagons in daily use. About 1,000 tons of paper were
+baled and sold per month. Contrast this with the year 1907. In
+this year there were 84 officers engaged in these institutions and
+over 1,200 regular employees. There was accommodation for
+1,651 men. The unsatisfactory cases for the year amounted to
+1,389. There were 460 horses and wagons in daily use. An
+average of 2,500 tons of paper was sold each month. 16,875
+men were placed in outside positions during the year. No large
+city in the United States is without this industrial work, and it
+is to be expected that, within a few years, there will be no city
+in the country with a population of 100,000 that does not have an
+industrial home, and that many cities with a smaller population
+will have one also. Already there are several cities with a
+population of less than 50,000 that have promising industrial
+plants. In London, the growth has not been so rapid, and the
+industrial institutions are run at a loss to the Army, but there are
+about eight industrial plants in that city, and others are to be
+found in other large cities of England.</p>
+
+<p>We come now to the question of the value of the Salvation
+Army industrial work to society. From the preceding brief outline
+of the methods, material, labor, management and extent of
+the industrial work, it will be seen that it is a movement, unrestricted
+in scope, with an unlimited field of development as an
+economic enterprise. In certain fields where the Army is active,
+its work is considered of little or no value; but as a result of our
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>investigation into this particular field, the conclusion is reached
+that, with the exception of the industrial colonies, it is a practical,
+social work, of value to society.</p>
+
+<p>We make an exception of the industrial colonies because we
+do not consider that the two experiments already tried by the
+Army justify their own continuance or the starting of other
+similar colonies. The reference here is to Fort Herrick in Ohio,
+and the Hadleigh Colony, near London. These colonies have
+necessitated a continual sinking of funds contributed by the
+charitable public, and the return does not justify their expense.
+The Army should realize this, and admit the fact, instead of
+drawing wool over the eyes of the ignorant public by the constant
+reiteration of "the great work done at Hadleigh and Fort
+Herrick." It looks as though the organization was afraid that
+the infallibility and sanctity of General Booth's pet scheme would
+be seriously impaired, if the public should discover that any part
+of that scheme was a mistake and an unfortunate experiment,
+and that, for this reason, it has continued to expend much
+money on it, which might have been turned to better advantage
+in connection with other parts of General Booth's plan. These
+colonies are object lessons showing what is unwise to attempt,
+rather than what can be done. The Army has no need to be
+ashamed of having made a mistake, and its usefulness along
+other lines is sufficient to maintain its reputation in spite of the
+failure of its industrial colonies. There is no need of the
+industrial colony anyway. The object in view is either to tide
+workless men over a period of hard times and misfortune, or to
+restore manhood where evil habits and recklessness have
+destroyed it, and this can be done and is being done by means
+of the city industrial work without the aid of the colony. As
+regards the work of reforming the inebriate, in which the industrial
+colonies have had some success, that could be carried on
+without the great expense of a regular colony.</p>
+
+<p>The moral field of the city industrial work derives support from
+the relation of its management to the spiritual work and influence
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>of the Army. The influence and spirit of the whole organization
+runs to a certain extent through every branch of its varied developments.
+This influence cannot be described by comparative
+means. The spirit, somewhat unique in itself, runs through
+everything, a spirit which is a mixture and blending of love,
+gratitude, service and patience. While we think that, in the
+tendency of this branch to become a business enterprise, there is
+a considerable decrease in the influence just described, it still has
+great power. The officers and employees now engaged in this
+work were themselves not long since outcasts in society. Many of
+them had despaired of ever making a success of life and were
+simply drifting. But a helping hand had been stretched out to
+them, hope had been imparted and new ideals had been placed
+before them. They might even yet be men, wear decent clothes,
+stand up straight and look their fellow men in the eye! What
+wonder that the decent clothes to which they looked forward
+turned out to be the uniform of the organization which had picked
+them up from the gutter! What wonder they felt an eternal debt
+of gratitude toward that organization! While this is not a true
+expression of their attitude in every case, and while there are
+some who hold their positions simply because they can get no
+better, loyalty to the work exists in enough instances to create a
+distinct moral atmosphere. The men wish to make a success of
+their new work; they wish to see the Army advance, and to do
+this they feel that it is essential that the same moral influence
+which enabled them to become men should be continued. This
+influence moves almost unconsciously among the industrial plants.
+For instance, we do not find here the tendency to obscenity which
+we find in any ordinary factory or workshop. Environment in
+these plants is all-powerful as an uplifting condition. Cleanliness
+is encouraged in the dormitory and kitchen. Respectful
+attention is paid at meals while grace is being said. The reading
+room is frequented, while the occasional meetings held are sometimes
+well attended and sometimes not, according to the attraction.
+The emotional religious element is a great deal in evidence,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>though not so much as in other departments of the Army. In
+any case, the element of hope and ambition, which often arises
+within these social outcasts, making them men once more, is to be
+considered a great moral asset. The moral influence is due more
+to the personality of those in charge than to anything else. A
+large number of the managers have served in connection with
+the Army's spiritual work and have the desire, as they would tell
+you, to see every man under them "saved," not only in a moral
+and social sense, but "saved" in accordance with the Army's
+special significance of that term.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> While the Army's special
+idea of salvation may have no value in itself, still if the emotional
+element assists in the moral and social salvation of individuals,
+we have no reason for not tolerating it unless it has
+evil effects of real importance. Such effects, however, tend to
+decrease, as the movement advances, and the education and
+enlightenment of the masses increase.</p>
+
+<p>From an economic point of view, we believe that the work of
+the Industrial Department has been successful. We have seen
+that large numbers of men, who are out of work, are taken in
+by this department and kept for a number of weeks or months,
+and that, during this time, besides making their own support, and
+gaining in efficiency, in many cases, they are able to return to
+a more important part in production. Let us see what this
+means. While these men are out of work, they are not producing
+anything. They are idle, and thus a loss to the community. In
+addition, they are fast losing any potential ability for production,
+which they have had. But they now become producers, a gain
+to the community, and their potential ability for production is at
+least conserved if not increased. Secondly, out-of-work men are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>a burden on the community. While they continue to live without
+employment, they must be supported in some way or other by
+private or public charity, and they form a great item of expense
+to the community. But in the hands of the Industrial Department,
+they cease being an expense to the public and become to
+some extent a gain. Thirdly, some of these men are in danger of
+becoming members of pseudo-social and anti-social classes; it is
+from them that the pauper and criminal classes gain recruits.
+But through the elevating environment of this branch of the
+Army's work, their character is affected, and they are raised to a
+higher level. In this way then, in successful cases, the worthless
+men become workmen. Worthless men are changed into economic
+assets. The dependents become independent. Working by means
+of the laws of environment and association, the Army elevates
+the degenerate from a pseudo-social and anti-social class to a
+higher level and to social position. Where individuality was lost,
+independence of character reasserts itself.</p>
+
+<p>Let us consider in detail some of the advantages connected
+with this form of practical philanthropy. One advantage is, that
+once started, the work continues and increases without further
+expenditure on the part of the charitably disposed public beyond
+the giving away of things for which they have no further use.
+This is so because the Army here in its work becomes an efficient
+producer and creates articles which have market value.
+Leaving all charity alone, the work is paying and more than self-supporting,
+and thus in a short time will be reimbursed with all
+the money which was necessary to initiate it. In nearly every
+city in which the work was started, rented property soon gives
+place to property owned by the Army and poor ill-suited buildings,
+to up-to-date structures built for the purpose. An example
+of this is to be found in the history of the 48th Street Industrial
+Home in New York City which is briefly described, in the examples
+given <a href="#Page_36">at the end of this chapter</a>.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> That the entire
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>work has grown self-supporting in the United States is shown
+by the fact that last year, 1907, there was a net gain of $21,000,
+after the interest on the loans and investments had been paid. If
+a home does not show signs of being successful financially, its
+location will be changed or it will be discontinued.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another advantage lies in the fact that men who were
+socially dependent are made self-supporting. We should place
+emphasis on the effect on the man himself as well as on the
+community. We saw how these men were given to understand
+that they were earning their own livelihood and were not
+recipients of charity, and how they were encouraged by the
+receipt of wages, to be increased as their productiveness increased.
+The relief given is true relief in that the man earns it himself and
+realizes this fact, and because, along with this realization, comes
+a return of manhood and independence. Of course if men have
+lost all manhood and have no desire to be independent, but simply
+to live as easily as possible on what may be given them, the above
+is not the result; but few such get into the industrial homes, as
+they know better and have no wish to work as these men do, and
+if they get in temporarily, they are soon sorted out. Thus it cannot
+be said of these homes as is said of many institutions, that
+they pauperize men in place of helping them. The institution
+that makes men work for everything they get and provides
+some sort of channel for their ambition, maintaining itself meanwhile
+as a paying concern, is not pauperizing in its tendency.</p>
+
+<p>Still another advantage of this work is found in the saving
+of the community's funds. Of late years, more and more, the
+principle has been advanced and brought before the public, that
+the starving and unemployed are to be cared for in some way,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>and we are willing to tax ourselves to provide for this. As far
+back as the census of 1890, we find that the United States spent
+annually $40,000,000 in charities and over $12,000,000 in penal
+and reformatory institutions. Probably the total expenditure for
+these two objects to-day would be nearer $60,000,000 annually.
+What percentage of this $60,000,000 would go to the class of
+people aided by the Army industrial work would be hard to ascertain
+or approximate, but there is room for a great extension of
+this kind of work, and the Army's efforts are most suggestive.
+In some of the European countries, especially Germany, many
+helpful experiments along this line are in progress, but conditions
+in the United States are vastly different. In any case
+social economists are agreed that vast sums are spent annually
+in our country to little or no purpose from the point of view of
+social relief. In the year 1907, 8,696 men were cared for in the
+United States industrial homes of the Army. This means just
+that amount of saving to the nation that it would have cost the
+regular municipal and state charities to have dealt with these
+8,696 men, since these men were aided by a self-supporting
+organization and paid for their own support. This work, then,
+if carried far enough, would effect quite a saving of taxes.</p>
+
+<p>But along with advantages there may be disadvantages. Some
+objections have been raised to this branch of the Army's work.
+For instance, it is stated that industries entered into by the Army
+tend to hurt economic conditions with regard to both wages and
+prices.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> With regard to wages it is urged that the Army will
+keep for its industries, workers in constraint of one kind or another,
+paying them a lower wage than the same workers could
+procure outside, and thus lowering the wages in the respective
+industries. We do not consider this objection a strong one.
+Let us forget for the present the philanthropic side of the industrial
+work, and look on it as a distinctly economic enterprise,
+as a factor of production. We think it quite likely that a
+manager, anxious above everything else to make his institution
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>a financial success, would make an endeavor to keep as long
+as possible, and at as low wages as possible, men who could
+receive more on the outside. He might even try to retain men
+for whom he could secure better positions through the employment
+bureau, if he needed their services, and times were so good
+that no other applicant offered to take their place, but this he
+could not succeed in doing to any serious extent; for, in the first
+place, the restraint exercised over the men is very slight, and
+secondly, if the men could secure better wages, it would not be
+long before they found it out and left the home voluntarily. It
+would be just the same as in any industry in which most of the
+workers are ignorant. They would remain under low wages
+just as long as their ignorance and lack of initiative would allow,
+but sooner or later the relatively able man would seek the best
+wage. Hence the able man would seek the best wage, and his
+place would be taken by one, possibly morally and physically
+unable to procure any wage, or, in other words, belonging to the
+unemployable class. If it should come to the point of the Army's
+hiring able men to carry on the work without aiding the outcasts,
+it must compete in the market for them and pay the market
+price. The only real danger would lie in the Army's industrial
+work securing a strong enough position in some industry to be
+able to dictate terms to labor in an industry, but this is so unlikely
+as to be almost irrelevant and even in such an almost inconceivable
+case, the danger would be only temporary. Labor would
+still be able to drift sufficiently to another agency, not controlled
+by the Army and thus bring up wages again. This is the more
+true in that any industry, in which the Army engages, must of
+necessity be one in which unskilled labor is competent.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> In
+addition to this, from personal investigation, we can state that
+a large part of the labor employed in these plants of the Army
+is at any rate temporarily inefficient labor and would not have
+much chance in securing employment elsewhere. Finally,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>though considered a charitable work, this branch of the army is,
+as already stated, a corporation, a business enterprise financed by
+investors who receive interest on their investments; hence, to
+the same extent that it is a financial enterprise, like other such
+enterprises, it will be governed by the rate of wages.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another objection has been raised by critics, to the effect that
+the Army, through its industry, enters into competition with existing
+firms and companies to the harm of the latter.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> For
+instance they urge that in the case of those engaged in second-hand
+goods and salvage, who are able to make a profit by buying
+their material, the army enters into an unfair competition, when
+it takes such material, given in charity, and sells at a lower
+figure. In so far as the army does undersell others this objection
+is valid, and we have no doubt that in some cases such is the
+truth. Doubtless some individuals and firms have been hurt in
+their business by this under-selling. For instance, in Chicago,
+the Army has nine retail stores situated in the poorer districts,
+doing a big business in second hand goods. In addition to those
+goods it sends into the retail trade, it sells hundreds of tons of
+paper and rags annually. This must have some effect on others
+engaged in this business. However, the Army itself sometimes
+pays for its material and does not often undersell.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> But there
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>is another side to this question of underselling. Naturally the
+tendency is to get as much as possible for its goods, and provided
+there is a market, the army would seek to obtain just as much as
+any one else in the business. It now falls back on a question of
+supply and demand. The only way in which the price would be
+lowered by the Salvation Army would be by an increase of supply.
+Doubtless the supply of these goods is increased by the thorough
+work of the Army agents, and, to such an extent, its entrance
+into this field would tend to lower prices. However, in the leading
+salvage industries of the army, the increase in supply does no
+more than offset the increase in demand. The amount of displacement
+of the salvage and allied industries due to the competition
+of the army at present would not seem to be much,
+although of course it is difficult to get any exact figures along this
+line.</p>
+
+<p>Looking at the Salvation Army retail store as a form of relief,
+another question arises as to whether the opportunity given to
+the residents of the district to get things at the Salvation Army's
+store cheaper than elsewhere interferes with the standard of
+living. By the standard of living we mean the scale or measure
+of comfort and satisfaction which a person or a community of
+persons regards as indispensable to happiness.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> This would
+differ in the case of different persons and classes and communities,
+but progress demands that the standard should never
+be lowered, but should always be raised, in accord with increasing
+enlightenment and education.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is only," says Dr. Devine, "when individuals or individual
+families for personal or exceptional or temporary reasons fall
+below the standard, that charitable assistance can effectively intervene.
+In other words, as has been pointed out in other connections,
+the relieving policy cannot be made to raise the general
+standard of living, but it should be so established as not to depress
+it"<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p><p>Here, then, the point is, whether those who are otherwise able
+to come up to the standard of living in a given community take
+advantage of this form of charity, or whether the customers of the
+Salvation Army's stores are living below that standard. To just
+the extent that the former is true, this part of the work would be
+pauperizing and retrogressive, but we do not consider the
+former to be true. Naturally, we have no statistics on this
+point, but speaking from general observation, we should say
+that the customers of these stores are needy poor, who are living
+below the standard, and hence, the store is a boon to them in
+aiding them toward a realization of that standard.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now sum up our conclusions regarding the industrial
+work of the Army. Regarding the industrial colonies, we would
+say that, while doubtless responsible for good and reformation
+in certain cases, nevertheless, owing to their cost of maintenance
+and the fact that the work can be done without them, they are
+not a practical form of charity deserving the intelligent support
+of the public. Regarding the city industrial work, including the
+employment, amid a good environment, of men out of work, including
+also the turning of much otherwise waste matter into
+an economic good, and the assistance of deserving poor by means
+of second-hand stores, we would say that it is commendable and
+deserving of support. This latter conclusion is made in spite of
+three objections: first, that there is a tendency to lower wages,
+which objection we do not consider as important for reasons
+given; second, that underselling of certain commodities by the
+Army takes place, which objection we admit to a limited extent,
+and third, that the standard of living is interfered with, which
+objection we do not consider valid.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><br />Examples of Men in the Army Industrial Homes.</h3>
+
+<p>These examples were collected by Mr. Jas. Ward at the two
+industrial homes situated on West 19th Street and West 48th
+Street, New York City, during the months of March and April,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>1908. Mr. Ward worked right with the men whose cases are
+given here, and slept in the homes, thus being with them night
+and day. The home on West 19th Street was an old milk depot
+rented temporarily by the Army to aid the unemployed during
+the winter, and had accommodation for two hundred men.
+Everything was very crude. The men slept on the floor, some
+without blankets. They were required to work from three to five
+hours every day, and during the rest of the day, they were
+allowed to go out and seek for work. The best of these men
+were drafted out to fill the vacancies in the regular industrial
+homes of the Army as they occurred. On the other hand, the
+home on West 48th Street was and is one of the Army's best
+homes, built for the purpose by the Army in 1907, at a cost of
+$130,000.00. Everything here is arranged for comfort and cleanliness.
+The dormitory is of the best, with good ventilation and
+other sanitary conditions. It is a seven-story building, and has
+accommodation for one hundred and seventy-five men. Twenty-two
+wagons are sent out from this home every day. In every way
+it is a contrast with the West 19th Street home, hence the
+examples will show some difference, according to which home
+they refer.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 1.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Had worked on a farm in Ireland. Had been in this
+country fourteen years and had worked somewhat on a farm in
+this country. Had been out of work two months. Lost his
+position through an accident and spent three weeks in the hospital.
+Had since been in the Army Industrial Home for five weeks, and
+was growing stronger. His appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 2.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in France. Thirty-five years old. Single. Had people
+in France but never heard from them. Had no trade. Out of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>work all winter. Worked on a farm a little in France. In this
+country fifteen years. Several charitable societies had helped
+him and he had been in the Industrial Home eight days. The
+Army gave him clothing and shoes. He looked like a drinking
+man, but otherwise capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 3.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Married. Had wife in Italy.
+Left there two years ago, and said he was going to send for his
+wife when he got the money. He had worked on a farm in Italy,
+and had worked at different trades in this country. Had been
+out of work nine weeks. Had been in the Industrial Home two
+days. Spoke good English. Looked dirty and without much
+intelligence.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 4.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in South Carolina. Twenty-three years old. Single.
+Trade of a plumber. Left his people five months ago and came
+to New York. Soon spent his money and could find no work.
+Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Said he was going
+home as soon as he could get the money. Never worked on
+a farm. Looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 5.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Forty-two years old. Single. Had been in
+this country twenty-five years and had followed the water nearly
+all the time. Got in a fight on the Bowery six months ago and
+spent five months in jail. Since coming out, he had had odd
+jobs, and had been in the Industrial Home about two weeks.
+Looked shiftless and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 6.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Denver, Colo. American parents. Twenty-six years
+old. Single. Had people in Philadelphia who did not help him.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>Machinist by trade. Belonged to the union in Philadelphia. Out
+of work ten weeks. Said he had $100.00 but it did not last long.
+Had been in the Industrial Home two days and expected work
+shortly. Appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 7.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Had left his
+family. Had no trade. In this country eight years. Never
+worked in the country. Out of work all winter. Spent three
+weeks in the hospital. Said he had consumption. Had been in
+the Industrial Home four days. Looked very feeble but not dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 8.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. People lived in New York, but he had not lived with
+them for three years. Had no trade. Had travelled a little. Said
+he did not like hard work. Had been in the Industrial Home two
+weeks. The Army gave him clothing and shoes. Said the
+missions helped him. Expected to wander West when the weather
+got warm. Looked like a tramp. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 9.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in San Francisco. German parents. Fifty-eight years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Said he had beaten his way all
+around the world. Had not worked all winter. In the Industrial
+Home ten days. Looked shiftless and dissipated. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 10.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Maine. English parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. Had people in Maine with whom he quarreled. Had no
+trade. Out of work for four months. In the Industrial Home
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>one week. Never worked on a farm, but had worked in the
+woods. Did not drink. Looked like a capable man.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 11.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. People in Philadelphia who helped him sometimes. Had
+no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Out of work three
+months. Said he drank whenever he could get liquor. Expected
+to go home shortly. Had been in the Industrial Home three
+days. Looked very shiftless and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 12.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-two years old. Single. Had two
+sisters in Brooklyn who were poor. In this country eighteen
+years. Had no regular trade but worked in hotels as porter.
+Out of work five months. Worked on a farm a good deal in
+Ireland. Looked like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 13.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-two years
+old. Single. Said he was a truck driver. Had been out of
+work one month. Drank sometimes. Had been in the Industrial
+Home four days. Expected to leave New York as soon as the
+weather became warmer. Looked very wild.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 14.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Vermont. Mother Irish. Father German. Thirty-two
+years old. Single. He wrote to his people but they did
+not help him. Had travelled around a good deal. Had no trade.
+Said he "got saved" in a mission and they kept him all winter.
+He said every time he got down, he went to the missions and
+stayed as long as he could. Had been in the Industrial Home
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>nine days. Had worked on a farm a little. Looked like a
+vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 15.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in London. Twenty-two years old. Single. Seaman by
+trade. Left his boat one month ago in New York and had done
+nothing since. Had been in the Industrial Home two weeks and
+hoped to work his way back to England shortly. His appearance
+was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 16.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. About thirty-five
+years old. Single. Brick-layer by trade. Did not belong to the
+union. Out of work four months. Said he had been to every
+city in the United States and had travelled on freight trains quite
+often. Looked like a tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 17.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Reading, Penna. American parents. Forty years old.
+Married. Wife dead. One child living with his sister in Pennsylvania.
+Carpenter by trade. Did not belong to the union.
+Had been out of work all winter. All his tools were in pawn. The
+Army had been helping him at times. Said he had to leave his
+child on account of not working. He looked like a very hard
+drinker. Had never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 18.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-five years
+old. Single. Quarrelled with his people. Had not been home
+for ten years. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. The
+missions and the Army had helped him a good deal. Had been
+in the Industrial Home three days. Never worked in the country.
+Looked dissipated.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 19.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in
+Ireland who were poor. Came to this country eleven years ago.
+Had no trade. Out of work two months. Expected a position in
+Brooklyn the following week. Said he had $60.00 in the bank
+but lost his book and had to wait to get his money. Had been
+in the Industrial Home two days. His appearance was good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 20.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Jersey City. Italian parents. Twenty-five years old.
+Single. Quarrelled with his people. Said he had a step-mother
+and could not get along with her. Had been in New York five
+years working at everything. Had no trade. Out of work five
+months. Had saved some money, but it was all gone. Never
+worked in the country. In the Industrial Home five days. Said
+this was the first time he was ever down. Looked like a hopeful
+case.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 21.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Thirty-two years old.
+Married. His wife was working and had paid his board all
+winter, until he came to New York two weeks before on a freight
+train. Had been in the Industrial Home since, and expected to
+return to his wife. Carpet-weaver by trade and belonged to the
+union. Said he drank sometimes, but he looked like a hard
+drinker. Otherwise very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 22.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. People lived in Brooklyn, but they did not have anything
+to do with him. Piano-finisher by trade. Did not belong to
+the union. Was in the army one year and deserted. Out of work
+three months. Came to New York two months ago. Spent all
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>his money, $50.00, in two days. Had been in the Industrial Home
+two weeks. Said he was going to reform and get a steady job.
+Looked like a hard drinker but otherwise capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 23.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scranton, Penna. German parents. Fifty years old.
+Single. Had one sister and one brother at home, but he did not
+write them. Had no trade. Had travelled all over the United
+States. Seemed to know a mission in every city. Never worked
+in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home some time, and
+said they made him work too hard. Looked like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 24.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Springfield, Mass. American parents. Forty years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Had not worked for over a year.
+Had been in jail several times for riding freights. Never worked
+in the country. The missions and the Army had helped him
+this winter. Looked like a dissipated character.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 25.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Had people in
+Germany who were poor. Left home eight months ago and came
+to New York, with a little money. Had not worked since he left
+home. He spoke broken English. Had no trade. Did not
+drink much. Had been in the Industrial Home some time.
+Looked intelligent and capable. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 26.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Had been in this country twenty years. Worked a good
+deal on a farm. Had wandered a good deal. He said the Army
+were good people and had helped him in different cities. Had
+been out of work two months. Looked shiftless.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 27.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Greenwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-seven
+years old. Single. Used to be in business with his father as a
+plumber in Greenwich, but quarrelled and had not been home for
+six years. Never worked on a farm. Looked intelligent but very
+wild. Said he could have anything he wanted at home, if he
+would leave the drink alone.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 28.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Scotch parents. Fifty-three years old.
+Married. Divorced seven years ago. Brass-moulder by trade.
+Had belonged to the union but lost his membership through non-payment
+of dues. Out of work three months. He drank a good
+deal, but looked capable. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 29.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-seven years
+old. Single. Had no regular trade. Made a business of following
+fairs as a fakir. Never worked in the country. Said the
+missions and the Army had helped him a good deal this winter.
+He also spent several nights in the city lodging house. Looked
+capable but a little dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 30.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-six years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Had not worked all winter. Was
+in the Industrial Home for the fourth time this winter. The
+missions had helped him. Never worked in the country. Looked
+like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 31.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no trade.
+Out of work two months. The Army gave him clothing. Had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>been in the Industrial Home several days. Never stayed in one
+place very long. Never worked in the country. Looked like a
+vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 32.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Thirty-five years old.
+Single. Had no people, except one brother who was in the
+West. Had no trade. Out of work four months. Had been
+in the Industrial Home one week. Never worked in the country.
+Said when he had money he gambled and played the races.
+Looked intelligent and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 33.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty five years old. Married. Evidently
+had left his family. Had no regular trade. Had followed the
+water a good deal and worked along the docks. Had nothing
+steady for three months. Was in the Industrial Home for the
+second time this winter. Worked in the country about two years.
+Said when the weather got warm he was going to the country.
+Looked ignorant and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 34.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. Trade of a shoe-maker, but he had not worked at it for
+nearly two years. Out of work three months. Worked in the
+country a little. Appearance very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 35.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty years old.
+Married. Had buried his wife and three children. Had no trade
+but followed the circus as laborer. Never worked in the country.
+Had had no steady work for a year. The Army had been helping
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>him for a month. He said he went on the drunk sometimes.
+Looked intelligent but in feeble health.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 36.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Hungary. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had people
+at home but did not write often. In this country eight years.
+Talked good English. Had no trade. Worked on a farm a good
+deal in Hungary. Had been in the Industrial Home four days.
+Looked very hopeful.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 37.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Pittsfield, Mass. American parents. Twenty-one
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial
+Home three months. Was a trusted worker and received $2.50 a
+week, for driving one of the Army wagons. Never worked in
+the country. Looked like a respectable man.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 38.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty-years old. Single. In this country
+twenty years. Had no trade. Had travelled around the world.
+Had been in the Industrial Home one month. Said he used to
+drink, but would never do it again. He was gray-haired and
+feeble. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 39.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty-five years old. Single. Had no trade
+but followed the water a good deal. Out of work five months.
+Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Said the Army
+had helped him before. Looked like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 40.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. People lived in New York, but he had not lived home
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>for several years. Quarrelled with his people because of drink.
+Had no trade. Worked one season in the country. Had been out
+of work two months. In the Industrial Home two weeks. The
+Army had fitted him out with clothing. Looked capable but
+dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 41.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Thirty-seven years old. Married. Would
+not say anything about his family. In this country eleven years.
+Had no trade but followed the water as cook or waiter. Had
+been out of work all winter. The German Aid Society had
+helped him. Never worked in the country. Looked dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 42.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in England. Sixty-five years old. Married. Wife dead.
+Five children living, but they did not help him. Came to this
+country forty years ago. Bricklayer by trade. Belonged to the
+union, but said they did not help him. Had been out of work
+five months. Had been in the Industrial Home several times
+this winter. Looked old, gray-haired and feeble.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 43.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Quarrelled with his people three
+years ago and had not been home since. Never worked in the
+country. Had been in the Industrial Home four days. Looked
+quite capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 44.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had
+people in Long Island who were poor. Had no trade, but followed
+the water a good deal. Out of work four months. In the
+Industrial Home five weeks. The Army gave him clothes. Said
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>he drank a good deal. Never worked in the country. Looked
+intelligent but dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 45.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Paterson, N. J. German parents. Twenty-five years
+old. Had people in Paterson but was ashamed to write to them.
+Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial Home two months.
+Looked bright and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 46.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Trenton, N. J. Irish parents. Twenty-two years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Had been out of work three months.
+In the Industrial Home three weeks. Expected money from
+home shortly. Never worked in the country. Said he drank a
+little. His appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 47.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Stanwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-six
+years old. Single. Had people who were poor. Had no trade.
+Was brought up on a farm. Came to New York one year ago
+after a trip through the West. Expected to go back to the country
+as soon as the weather got warmer. Had been in the Industrial
+Home ten days. Looked stupid but otherwise capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 48.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Vermont. American parents. Forty-five years old.
+Single. Was a tool-maker by trade. Did not belong to the
+union. Had been out of work three months. Had been in the
+Industrial Home one month. Said the Army were good people.
+Appearance was good but somewhat dissipated. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 49.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Seattle, Washington. Swedish parents. Twenty-eight
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work two months.
+In the Industrial Home three weeks. Did not drink. Appearance
+was good. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 50.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Separated from
+his wife. In this country fifteen years. Had no trade. Out
+of work all winter. The Army and the missions had helped
+him several times. Never worked in the country. Looked shiftless
+and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 51.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade.
+Had wandered round a lot. Out of work five months. The
+Scotch Aid Society helped him a good deal this winter. Said
+he liked to drink. Never worked in the country. Looked like
+a tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 52.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-eight
+years old. Married. His wife was living in Cleveland. He left
+her because of a quarrel. Tool-maker by trade. Did not belong
+to the Union. Out of work four months. In the Industrial
+Home one week. Never worked in the country. Looked efficient
+and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 53.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Fifty years old. Evidently
+married. Did not wish to talk about it. Had no trade. Out
+of work all winter. Had received help from the missions and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>the Army. Drank heavily. Appearance very poor. Never
+worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 54.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass. English parents. Twenty-five years
+old. Single. Had people in Boston, who did not help him. Had
+no trade. Out of work three months. In the Industrial Home
+two days. Said he drank sometimes. Never worked in the
+country. His appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 55.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in South America. German parents. Twenty years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Came from South America by working
+on a boat. Left it two months ago in New York, and had done
+nothing since. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Never
+worked in the country. Expected to go back on the boat shortly.
+Looked like a runaway boy and was bright and attractive.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 56.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Long Island. American parents. Fifty years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had rheumatism
+and could not do much work. The Army had helped him a
+good deal, but he expected to go to the hospital. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 57.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in Italy,
+who were poor. In this country twelve years. Had no trade.
+Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home seven days. Said
+that this was the first time he had ever been out of money.
+Worked in the country somewhat in Italy. Looked stupid and
+inefficient.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 58.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cuba. Father American, mother Cuban. Twenty-eight
+years old. Single. Had people living in Panama who did
+not help him. Had no trade. He travelled a good deal. Came
+from the West two weeks ago. Got out of money, and had been
+in the Industrial Home one week. Looked like a promising case.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 59.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Pittsfield, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old.
+Single. Had no trade, but followed the water somewhat. Had
+been out of work five months. In the Industrial Home two
+weeks. Never worked in the country. His face showed a very
+hard life. He was gray-haired and feeble.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 60.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scranton, Penna. American parents. Twenty-two
+years old. Single. His people were living in Scranton, but he
+was ashamed to write to them. Had no trade. Out of work eight
+weeks. In the Industrial Home one week. Never worked in
+the country. Looked very wild, but otherwise capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 61.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. German parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. Two sisters lived in New York, but did not help him
+because he drank too much. Had no trade. Had had no steady
+work all winter. Looked dissipated. Never worked in the
+country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 62.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Married. Wife dead. No
+children. Had no trade. Out of work three months. Had been
+in the Industrial Home one month. Never worked in the country.
+Looked like a hard drinker.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 63.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. People in Chicago helped him sometimes. Had no
+trade. Had been working in the Industrial Home in the kitchen
+all winter at $1.00 per week. The Army had fitted him up,
+and he looked very respectable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 64.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. About forty years old. Single. No people
+living. Followed the water. Out of work two months. In the
+Industrial Home three weeks. The Army gave him clothes. He
+looked like a hard drinker, but otherwise capable. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 65.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cambridge, Mass. Irish parents. Forty-eight years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Had travelled all over the country.
+Had been out of work four months, and had been in the Industrial
+Home two days. Never worked in the country. Looked
+like a hard drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 66.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Lynn, Mass. American parents. About fifty years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had
+travelled widely and beaten his way on freight trains. In the
+Industrial Home three times this winter. Never worked in the
+country. Looked shiftless.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 67.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Quarrelled with his people. A rigger by trade. Did
+not belong to the Union. Out of work six weeks. In the In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>dustrial
+Home ten days. Said he drank a little. Looked capable.
+Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 68.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. About thirty years old. Single. People
+in Germany did not help him. Waiter by trade. In the Industrial
+Home two weeks. Had no steady work all Winter.
+Never worked in the country. Expected a position in a few days.
+Looked stupid, but otherwise capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 69.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia. Hungarian parents. Thirty-five years
+old. Single. People dead. Had no trade. Out of work all
+winter. Different charitable organizations had helped him. Had
+been in the Industrial Home one week. Did not like to work.
+Worked in the country a little. Looked shiftless.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 70.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old.
+Married. Wife dead. Had no trade. Had travelled a good
+deal. Out of work all winter. Had been in the Industrial Home
+six weeks. The Army fitted him out with clothing. He said he
+was not going to drink any more, and looked intelligent, but was
+getting old. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 71.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-six years old. Single. In this
+country six years. Had people in Germany, and he expected help
+from them. Machinist by trade. Did not belong to the Union.
+Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home two days.
+Looked like a wild youth. Never worked in the country.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 72.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. Drank heavily. Worked in the
+country two years. Had wandered all over the States. Looked
+like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 73.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-eight years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. In the
+Industrial Home four days. Army gave him clothes. The missions
+had helped him. Never worked in the country. Looked
+capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 74.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Forty-one years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home
+three days. Admitted that he drank heavily. Never worked in
+the country. Looked like a tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 75.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-two years old.
+Single. People in Chicago were poor. Left home two months
+ago and came to New York. Spent all his money. The Army
+took him in, and for six weeks he had been in the Home. He
+wrote home. Expected to get work shortly. Looked bright and
+respectable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 76.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never
+worked in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home one
+week. Did not like to work. Looked like a tramp.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 77.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Forty years old. Married. Wife lived in
+Germany with two children. Had been in this country four years
+and expected his wife next summer. Plumber by trade. Did
+not belong to the Union. Out of work two months. In the
+Industrial Home one week, after a very hard struggle around
+the streets. Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 78.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Washington, D. C. Forty-five years old. Single.
+Had no people. Had no trade. Belonged to the United States
+Army six years. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial
+Home three weeks. Worked in the country a good deal. Looked
+shiftless.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 79.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty-five years old. Single. Hod carrier
+by trade. Belonged to the Union. Out of work five months. In
+the Industrial Home four days. Looked capable and efficient.
+Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 80.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Fifty-two years old. Married. Wife
+dead. Followed the water most of the time. Out of work all
+winter. In the Industrial Home three days. Appearance very
+poor. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 81.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. Twenty-eight years old. Single. People
+lived in New York, but did not help him. Out of work all winter.
+Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial Home one month.
+Looked like a dissipated character. Never worked in the country.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 82.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Swedish parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. Iron worker by trade. Did not belong to the Union.
+Had been out of work five months. Had been in the Industrial
+Home five weeks. Never worked in the country. He drank a
+good deal, but looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 83.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in England. Eighteen years old. Single. In this
+country two years. Had no trade. Out of work one month.
+Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Had secured a
+position on a ship going to England, starting in three days.
+Looked like a straight-forward boy.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 84.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Twenty-four years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Joined the navy two years ago.
+Deserted, was captured and spent one year in jail. Had been
+out three months and had not worked since. Had been in the
+Industrial Home one month. Appearance was good. Never
+worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 85.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade.
+Had wandered all around the world. Out of work all winter. In
+the Industrial Home two or three times. Said he worked one
+year on a farm. He was crippled and looked feeble.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 86.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Single. People
+in Germany, but he did not write home. Had no trade. In this
+country five years. Out of work two months. Never worked
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home one day.
+Seemed to lack ambition.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 87.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Denver, Colo. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old.
+Married. Separated from his wife five years ago. Painter by
+trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work all winter.
+In the Industrial Home three weeks. Appearance was very poor.
+Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 88.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Sweden. Twenty-two years old. Single. People at
+home sent him money sometimes. He said he had also sent
+money home. Had no trade. Out of work three months. In
+the Industrial Home four days. Used to work in the country
+in Sweden. In this country three years. Looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 89.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Dublin, Ireland. Thirty-one years old. Single. In
+this country two years. Had no trade. Out of work ten weeks.
+In the Industrial Home three weeks. Worked in the country
+for a few months. Appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 90.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years
+old. Single. Had people in New York, but had nothing to do
+with them. He wandered a lot. Had no trade. Never worked
+in the country. Out of work all winter. The Army and missions
+had helped him. In the Industrial Home three days.
+Looked like a vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 91.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no people.
+Followed the water most of the time. Out of work seven months.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>Was in the German Hospital three months with hip disease. He
+was still crippled and could not work well. Had been in the Industrial
+Home three weeks. Looked very feeble. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 92.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Washington, D. C. American parents. Twenty-six
+years old. Single. Was in the navy five years. Had no trade.
+Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three days.
+Never worked in the country. Acted very queerly and evidently
+had weak mind.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 93.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. Carpenter by trade. Out of work four months. In
+the Industrial Home six weeks. The Army gave him clothing.
+Never worked in the country. Used to drink heavily. Looked
+capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 94.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in England. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had people
+in England, and he wrote home sometimes. Had no trade.
+Out of work three months. In the Industrial Home five weeks.
+Worked in the country one summer. Had been in this country
+three years. Did not drink. Looked very intelligent and
+capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 95.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Providence, R. I. Irish parents. Forty-five years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Had beaten his way all through
+the country. Never worked in the country. The Army had
+helped him a good deal. Had been in the Home three months
+and said he had not taken a drink during that time. He looked
+bright and responsible, but showed the signs of a hard life.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 96.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. People lived in
+Ireland. In this country four years. Never wrote home. Had
+no trade. Worked in the country one year. In the Industrial
+Home two weeks. Appearance was good but dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 97.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Trenton, N. J. American parents. Twenty-five
+years old. Single. Followed the water a good deal. Out of
+work all winter. Had been in the Industrial Home eight weeks.
+Never worked in the country. Looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 98.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial
+Home two weeks. Army gave him clothing. He looked
+intelligent and capable. Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 99.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Forty-five years old. People lived in Germany,
+but he did not write home. Had no trade. Out of work
+all winter. He travelled round a good deal and drank heavily.
+Had worked a good deal in the country. Had been in the Industrial
+Home four months, and said he was going to reform.
+Looked like a hopeful case.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 100.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Portland, Oregon. American parents. Twenty-six
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Had travelled a good deal.
+Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three months.
+Expected money from home soon, and expected to go West.
+Said he had worked on a farm a good deal. Looked stupid but
+otherwise capable.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 101.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Vermont. American parents. Thirty years old.
+Single. Carpenter by trade. Belonged to the Union. Out of
+work all winter. In the Industrial Home one week. Never
+worked in the country. The missions had helped him a good
+deal this winter. Looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 102.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-two years old.
+Single. People all dead. Had no trade. Out of work four
+months. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Said he had
+ruined his life through drink. Was in the hospital two months
+this winter. He never worked in the country. He was crippled
+and could not work much.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 103.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old.
+Single. Had people in Chicago, but ran away four years ago.
+Had no trade. Out of work three months. In the Industrial
+Home two months. Never worked in the country. Looked like
+a hopeful case.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 104.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cincinnati, O. American parents. Thirty-five years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never
+worked in the country. In the Industrial Home two weeks.
+Appearance was good but dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 105.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-five years old.
+Single. Had people in New York, but they were unable to help
+him. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had been in the
+Industrial Home five weeks. Never worked in the country.
+Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 106.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial
+Home three months. Never worked in the country.
+The Army had helped him to become respectable, he said. Looked
+capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 107.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Forty-eight years old. Single. People
+dead. Had no trade. Out of work two months. Had wandered
+a lot. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Had worked in the
+country somewhat. Looked dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 108.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in St. Louis, Mo. American parents. Twenty-eight
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work three months.
+The Army gave him clothes and he had been in the Industrial
+Home two months. Never worked in the country. Looked inefficient.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 109.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Sweden. Forty years old. Single. Had people in
+Sweden. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had been in
+Industrial Home three months. Army gave him clothing. Did
+not drink. Looked capable and efficient. Never worked in the
+country.</p>
+
+
+<h3><br />Some Facts Brought Out in the 109 Industrial Examples.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Nationality.</b></td><td align="right" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>No.</b></td><td align="center" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>Percentage.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">American parentage</td><td align="right">41</td><td align="center">.376</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Irish parentage</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">.276</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">German parentage</td><td align="right">18</td><td align="center">.165</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">English and Scotch parentage</td><td align="right">9</td><td align="center">.083</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Italian parentage</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">.027</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Swedish parentage</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">.027</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Other countries, parentage</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">.046</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Married</td><td align="right">17</td><td align="center">.156</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Single</td><td align="right">92</td><td align="center">.844</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked a little in country</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="center">.146</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked considerably in country</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.064</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men with regular trades</td><td align="right">31</td><td align="center">.289</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Union men</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">.055</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked efficient</td><td align="right">38</td><td align="center">.349</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked semi-efficient</td><td align="right">21</td><td align="center">.193</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked inefficient</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">.458</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Ages.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">15-20</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">.018</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">20-30</td><td align="right">55</td><td align="center">.504</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">30-40</td><td align="right">23</td><td align="center">.212</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">40-50</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">.183</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">50-60</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">.074</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">60-70</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">.009</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Length of time out of work.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Less than 1 month</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">.073</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 1 month</td><td align="right">17</td><td align="center">.156</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 2 months</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="center">.146</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 3 months.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></td><td align="right">68</td><td align="center">.625</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> "Prospectus of the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 130.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Haggard places it at 500 in 1905; at the time of my visit, May,
+1906, it was about 300.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> "Hadleigh," p. 52.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 127.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 113-114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 105.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> "Hadleigh," p. 56.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Apparently no definite data are obtainable regarding these men
+since the time of treatment.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Introduction, <a href="#Page_10">p. 10</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> For instance, the president, vice-president and secretary and
+treasurer are all Army officers of high standing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The following extract is taken from the Salvation Army Social
+Gazette of February 5, 1908: "Whether the Officer of the Salvation
+Army takes charge of the industrial home to manage it in the interests of
+the concern, or whether he takes charge of the corps, the one great purpose
+of his whole life is to proclaim salvation to all with whom he comes
+in contact."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_36">p. 36</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> We think that this would probably be done, even though the
+presence of the home in the particular locality was a great boon to the
+poor, and although this would be contrary to the principles of the organization,
+so strong is the idea which the company has of financial success.
+This further strengthens the idea that the movement is drifting
+from its original purpose of uplifting the down-fallen humanity to the
+purpose of perpetuating and extending itself as an economic enterprise.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 121 to 130.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> A typical industry instanced to support this objection was the
+manufacture of fire wood. See "The S. A. and the Public," p. 124.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> The criticism here of course would be that, to the extent that
+the army applies donations from the public to this industrial work, to
+that extent it has an advantage over another business enterprise and differs
+from it just to that extent in which it secures capital on which it
+need pay no interest or return. To what extent this is done, we have
+been unable to ascertain, but the Army is paying interest to investors who
+furnish money to carry on this work. This point is dealt with somewhat
+in the next paragraph.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 122 to 127. Also "The Social
+Relief Work of the S. A.," pp. 11 and 12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Several leading officers have stated that they never undersell paper
+or rags, the largest part of their business, and that the only underselling
+done by them is in the retail store and that this is slight. They
+justify themselves by the fact that the regular second-hand men are
+tricksters and will rob the poor of their money, in most cases carrying
+on a pawn shop, which the Army never does.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> See Seager, "Introduction to Economics," p. 234.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> See "Principles of Relief," p. 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> To show the difference in the grade of the men at the Industrial
+Homes and those at the Hotels, I have given separate tables for
+each. The combined tables showing certain characteristics of the class
+of men in general with which the Army deals will be found at <a href="#Combined">the end
+of Chapter IV</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> This number includes all the inefficient men and the men who
+are steadily working in the Industrial Home.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Hotels and Lodging Houses.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>In a study of environment and its effects on the lowest classes
+of our great cities, the cheap lodging house affords a favorable
+field. Here we have crowding, unsanitary conditions, immoral
+atmosphere, and all the attendant evils. A good description of
+such lodging houses in New York City has been given by
+Jacob Riis, in the following words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In the caravansaries that line Chatham Street and the Bowery,
+harboring nightly a population as large as that of many a thriving
+town, a home-made article of tramp and thief is turned out that is
+attracting the increasing attention of the police, and offers a field
+for the missionary's labors, besides which most others seem of
+slight consequence"<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>.</p></div>
+
+<p>The cheap lodging houses of London and other great cities
+are similar in their environment and effects. This field was
+early entered by the Army. It was necessary that a very low
+rate of cost for the individual concerned be maintained because
+of competition with the lodging houses already existing, and
+because of the size of the prospective lodger's purse. The first
+experiments were tried in London. There, at first, the primary
+aim was to aid the needy and destitute, but later the Army entered
+into a competition with the existing lodging houses and
+paid more attention to the element of environment. It was
+soon definitely proved that such a work could be carried on
+to advantage, that shelter amid beneficial surroundings, could be
+provided to those almost destitute, and that the work could
+be self-supporting. Since then this work has extended to nearly
+all the larger cities of Europe and America, but it is of greatest
+extent in England and the United States. Along with this
+growth there has been differentiation. The hotels have been
+graded to suit the requirements of the different classes to which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>they appeal: the almost destitute class, and those who have
+steady employment. Hence, besides treating of conditions common
+to both, we shall describe special features of two grades of
+both men's and women's hotels.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p>
+
+<p>The location for a men's hotel must be determined partly
+by its propinquity to the class of men which it is seeking to
+attract and partly for facilities for ventilation, cleanliness and
+general sanitary conditions. These last features are of the greatest
+importance in this work. Led by the real need of the
+case, and working with regard to its reputation, the Army has,
+in this respect, shown a great advance over the general cheap
+lodging houses. Still, there is room for improvement in the
+Army hotels.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> One great difficulty lies in the lodgers,
+many of whom are so habituated to uncleanliness in general,
+that it is with great reluctance on their part that they are induced
+to cleanliness. Especially in the lower class hotels is this
+true where the rough, brutal element finds its way. Another
+difficulty lies in the fact that the Army frequently takes old
+buildings and turns them into hotels, when they are not suitable
+for the purpose. A favorable tendency to overcome this, however,
+lies in the Army's desire to put up new buildings fitted
+for hotels, and this is being done in many cities.</p>
+
+<p>In both the higher and the lower class men's hotels, the general
+plan is to have two or three grades of sleeping apartments.
+The first grade is in the form of dormitories, where each dormitory
+will contain from ten to fifty beds in the smaller hotels,
+and from fifty to one hundred and even two hundred beds in
+the larger.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> For a bed in one of these dormitories, 10c
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>and 15c per night is charged in the United States, and in England
+2d up. This includes the use of a locker beside the bed,
+with sometimes a nightgown, and sometimes a bath. The
+second grade of lodging is in individual rooms, partitioned off,
+but inside rooms, for which the charge is 15c in the United
+States, and 4d to 6d in England. Then finally we have the third
+grade of lodging, which consists of individual rooms which have
+outside windows, and for which the price varies from 20c to
+50c per night according to situation and furnishing.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> Sometimes
+the three grades of lodging are found on the same floor, a
+part of the floor being dormitory, and a part partitioned off into
+rooms, the partitions running up to a height of eight or nine
+feet. This method of partitioning off the rooms is almost
+universal. It is cheap and to some extent sanitary, since by
+means of windows at either end of the building a continual
+current of air can be maintained all over the floor. In most
+of the higher class hotels one floor is given up to dormitories
+and another to individual rooms, while the majority of lower
+class hotels consist entirely of dormitories. Hotels are of all
+sizes, and run from one floor up to eight or ten.</p>
+
+<p>The beds found in the Army hotels are iron, with mattresses
+usually covered with American cloth or some form of leather,
+but sometimes with strong canvas.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> Each bed is provided
+with pillow, sheets, a coverlid, and sometimes an additional
+counterpane. The individual rooms, in addition to having
+better beds, contain a looking glass, a chair, a small table,
+and other furnishings according to the price of the room. In
+most cases washing facilities are only found in the lavatory,
+common to the whole floor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p><p>Comparative cleanliness is enforced at all grades of hotels.
+Baths are sometimes made compulsory, though often this rule
+cannot be rigidly enforced. Usually each floor is provided with
+bath tubs and shower baths. Nearly every hotel has a fumigating
+room, an air tight apartment filled with racks, upon which
+clothing is hung. If a man's appearance or clothing looks suspicious
+in any way, his clothes are placed in a sack with a number
+corresponding to the number of his bed or room, and hung
+in the fumigating room over night. Early the next morning
+his clothes will be returned to him. The dormitories and rooms
+themselves, every few days, receive a fumigating and cleaning.
+Thus, except in very rare cases, no fault can be found with
+the cleanliness of the Army hotels. We hardly ever visited any
+of them without coming into contact with the scent of fumigation,
+or finding some individual working with mop and broom.</p>
+
+<p>The above description, except where stated differently, fits
+both classes of men's hotels. The higher class, intended for
+transients of the better class of poor and for workmen with
+steady employment, has some distinctive features. In addition
+to better equipment along the line of furnishings, lavatories, etc.,
+this class of hotels necessarily has a better social environment
+than the other. For instance, there are many lower class hotels
+where the reading room is dark, poorly furnished, without attractive
+reading matter, and where it serves as smoking room
+as well as reading room. While this might be improved, yet
+so low are the occupants that such improvement would not be
+appreciated. But when we come to the higher grade hotels,
+we find a difference. Take, for example, the Army Hotel in
+the city of Cleveland, O., on the corner of Eagle and Erie
+Streets. This corner building was built by the Army to answer
+its purpose, at a cost of $100,000.00. There are no dormitories
+in the building. The three upper floors are given over
+to the hotel, which comprises 130 rooms, each room being steam
+heated and electric lighted, and each floor being reached by
+elevators. Bathing facilities and sanitary arrangements are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>first class. A comfortable reading room and lounging room is
+provided for general use, where there are popular magazines,
+daily papers and writing conveniences. As another example,
+about the highest grade Army institution of this class is found
+in Boston, and is called "The People's Palace." It is a large,
+five-story, corner building, built by the Army for the purpose.
+In this institution the social environment is especially emphasized.
+There is a reading room, a smoking room, one or
+more social parlors, a gymnasium with a swimming tank, and
+an auditorium with a seating capacity of 600. The whole
+building, with its 287 single rooms, besides the above advantages,
+is equipped with steam heat, electric service and other
+modern conveniences. A special fee of 25c is charged for the
+use of the gymnasium and swimming tank, but the other advantages
+are free to lodgers. In this way, it is seen that the
+higher class hotels have more opportunity for a good social
+environment and for social work. We think that the addition
+of certain features, such as men's clubs, smokers, popular
+lectures, etc., would be of great advantage to this class of institutions.
+To overcome the difficulty of a transient population,
+however, would require considerable ingenuity.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p>
+
+<p>Along the line of religious environment we find the hotels
+differ a great deal. In London there seems to be a strong influence
+of this kind, most of the hotels of both classes holding
+gospel meetings frequently. For instance, at the Quaker Street
+Elevator Home, which is partly a hotel and partly an industrial
+home, meetings are held nearly every night with good attendance,
+and at the Burne Street Hotel well attended meetings are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>held every night except Wednesdays and Saturdays, these
+nights being given over to the men for washing their clothes.
+But in the United States we find, as a rule, that the Salvation
+Army hotels are run with very little religious influence. In a
+few cases, meetings are held regularly, but more often no provision
+is made for them. Meetings are generally in progress
+somewhere in the neighborhood at the regular Army corps, and
+the men are left to attend these meetings if they wish. Generally
+they are willing to take advantage of the hotel, but do not care
+for the sentimental form of religion preached by the Army.
+Hence, in most of the hotels, we find the religious influence
+limited to the texts on the walls, and to the attitude of the
+employees, who are not always Salvationists or converted men.</p>
+
+<p>Some hotels of both classes are fitted with a kitchen and
+lunch counter. This is nearly always the case in London, where
+the hotels have a counter, over which the food is sold, and
+then taken to a seat by the purchaser. In several cases the
+counter is divided so that it opens into different rooms, and
+there are two grades of prices, the lower price being paid for
+food somewhat damaged and stale.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<p>We need not dwell long on the subject of the women's
+hotels, as that does not form an important part of the Army's
+work. The women's hotels, even more than the men's, have
+tended to fall into two classes. There is a great difference between
+the hotel for women who are almost destitute, and the
+hotel for respectable working girls, who have positions as clerks
+and stenographers, and who happen to have no home of their
+own. A typical hotel of the former class is situated near the
+Dearborn Street Railway Depot in Chicago. It consists of
+three floors, and has accommodation for fifty girls or women.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>The woman officer in charge lives here herself, and seeks to
+have an environment as homelike as possible. She states, however,
+that occasionally the women come in noisily and are
+troublesome. There is a great difference between one woman
+and another, and she wishes she had one floor with better accommodation
+than the rest for the better element among them.
+The price paid per bed at this hotel is 10 cents. A good example
+of this class of hotel in England, is the one situated on Hanbury
+Street, Whitechapel, London, where there are three floors, two
+upper floors given over to dormitories containing 276 beds in all,
+and the ground floor containing a dining room, kitchen, small hall,
+and office. Here, women are turned away quite often because
+of lack of room. 2d. is charged for a bed, and for food a scale
+of prices, such as tea, &frac12;d.&mdash;soup, &frac12;d.&mdash;bread, &frac12;d.&mdash;etc. There
+are nine officers working here, and nine other workers, six of the
+latter receiving 3s. per week, and three receiving 1s. per week.</p>
+
+<p>With the higher class hotels for women, the Army has not had
+much success. This is easily understood, as the respectable girl
+does not like to be connected with a hotel run by an organization
+which is prominent for its slum and rescue work. These hotels
+charge a higher rate for rooms and are situated in a good quarter
+of the city.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> They are frequented by shop girls, bookkeepers,
+clerks and stenographers. Apparently, no great religious pressure
+is brought to bear on the girls and women, but this would
+probably depend on the officer in charge.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of the Hotel Department of the Army's work, like
+that of the Industrial Department, has, of recent years, been
+great. Soon after the publication in 1890 of General Booth's
+book, "Darkest England," the hotel work was started in England,
+and its progress has been rapid. In the United States at first
+the work did not make much headway. When Commander
+Booth-Tucker came to take charge in 1896, there were three
+small men's hotels situated in the cities of Buffalo, San Francisco,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>and Seattle. At the present time, nearly every large city in
+England and the United States has one or more of these hotels,
+the latter country having 71 men's hotels and 4 women's hotels,
+with a total accommodation of 8,688. The tendency now is
+toward fewer of the lower class hotels, and more of the higher
+class; in other words, toward fewer hotels where beds can be
+had for 10c and 15c, and more where they will cost 20c and
+25c. The Army gives as its reason for this the fact that the
+cheaper hotel cannot be maintained in a wholesome manner and
+be self-supporting.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> Similar to the Industrial Department in its
+management, the Hotel Department has its divisions, its graded
+officers with their various responsibilities, and its head officer in
+charge at the national headquarters. In the United States, however,
+unlike the Industrial Department, the Hotel Department
+has no separate financial company, in the form of a corporation,
+behind it. In some instances, deserving men are given bed
+tickets and meal tickets free, by officers detailed for the purpose,
+and, to that extent the hotels are a charity. This is done with
+due discretion and does not make an appreciable difference. The
+amount of charity indulged in by the Army in this way is, however,
+probably responsible for the fact that in 1907, there was a
+loss to the Army in this department of $4,500.00, not a very large
+amount, considering the number of hotels concerned.</p>
+
+<p>Coming to the value of the Army hotels from the point of
+view of the social economist, care must be taken to discriminate
+between their commercial and their philanthropic aspects. The
+public has a mistaken idea of the work carried on by this branch
+of the Army. Many people have an idea that thousands of homeless,
+starving men and women are nightly taken care of in these
+Army hotels. Putting aside the question whether such would
+be good relief policy or not, the statement itself is not true. In
+a majority of cases the man or woman in order to gain admittance
+must have the price, and in many instances, that price
+will also admit them to the regular cheap lodging house outside
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>of the Army. We are not finding fault with the system of
+charging, since from the point of view of true relief, provided
+that bona-fide, destitute cases are not left without help, the
+price should be required, as it would be a great evil to throw
+open the hotels to the crowds of regular beggars and social parasites
+who constantly throng any institution supposed to be charitable;
+but since the Army hotel movement claims to be a self-supporting
+business, it is not to be regarded as different from
+any other lodging business, except in those points in which
+it excels the other. With this caution we believe that we still
+can distinguish two lines along which credit is to be given the
+Army. The first is the environment which the Army has created
+for its guests. It is not necessary here to show what a great
+factor environment is in this case, but simply to emphasize its
+importance. From our description of the Army hotel, it is
+seen that, with certain exceptions, the Army maintains cleanliness,
+cheerfulness, and a homelike atmosphere around its lodging
+houses.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> In this important respect then, the Army hotel is to
+be commended. Secondly, the Army has indirectly, by its competition
+with the ordinary cheap lodging houses, led them to adopt
+improvement for purely commercial reasons. If a man has only
+ten cents, he is going to invest that ten cents to the best advantage,
+and the old time lodging houses have found it necessary
+to improve their conditions in order to meet the competition of
+the Army. For this too, credit is to be given the latter. In
+addition the competition reacts on the Army and tends to make it
+keep up its own standard.</p>
+
+<p>In order more clearly to discuss the advantages and disadvantages
+of cheap lodging houses, whether Army hotels or not,
+it would be well here to consider objections to their existence.
+Three objections have been raised to all cheap lodging houses in
+general.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>1. That they herd together a low class of vagrants and vicious
+characters.</p>
+
+<p>2. That their cheapness lowers the standard of living.</p>
+
+<p>3. That they encourage the youth of the country to come to
+the city and live in comparative idleness.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p>No one who has looked into the matter has any doubt about
+the accuracy of the first objection. One glance at the faces of
+a group of men in the smoking room of any such hotel reveals
+many of the low, bestial, criminal type; many victims of dissipation
+and many who have acquired a dislike for work of any sort.
+This harboring of the vicious element is also true of the Army
+hotels of the lower class, but it is in company with this element
+that we find the men for whom more or less can be done.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p>
+
+<p>The second objection must be considered more carefully. To
+repeat the definition of the standard of living which was discussed
+in connection with the Industrial Department, it is the
+scale or measure of comfort and satisfaction, which a person or
+community of persons, regards as indispensable to happiness.
+Now the question is whether these cheap lodging houses lower
+this standard; whether their existence results in a tendency to
+live with less effort and less ambition, and thus renders men and
+women less productive and less proficient. This question must
+be separated into a question regarding the community as a whole,
+and a question regarding the individual. As regards the
+standard of living of any single community, the answer would be
+that the standard is not appreciably lowered by this hotel system,
+since the occupants are mostly single men wandering around, and
+the standard of living of the community is more concerned with
+the maintenance of homes in its midst, than of transients. This,
+however, brings in the further question as to whether the cheap
+living made possible by the lodging houses leads to the breaking
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>up of homes, since if it does so, it would bear decidedly on the
+standard of living. We would answer this second question in the
+negative, because life in the cheap hotel is not such a desirable
+thing as to lead to the breaking up of homes. A man has already
+left home and is already reduced in circumstances, before the
+fact of such cheap living as the hotels and cheap restaurants of
+the Bowery in New York, or of Whitechapel in London, ever
+comes to him as an advantage. But, on the other hand, when it
+comes to the individual concerned, we think that the standard is
+lowered and that in many cases the objection holds good. For
+instance, take a man with a regular trade, say bricklaying or
+carpentering. He is thrown out of work and gradually drifts
+down to the cheap hotel. For months, possibly, he strives in
+vain to get work at his trade. He exists, however, by means of
+odd jobs picked up at random; he becomes shiftless; the life which
+consists of so much "hanging around" and loafing, decreases his
+efficiency, and, in this way, his standard is lowered. At the same
+time his character is affected, and even if no worse development
+takes place, he loses ambition, and that lowers his standard.
+Hence, in conclusion, we would say that the objection that the
+hotel movement of the Army leads to a lowering of a standard
+of living has no place as regards the community, but is sustained
+as regards individuals.</p>
+
+<p>The third objection that the country youth are induced by this
+cheap living to leave for the city is not a strong one and needs
+but short notice. Some of the most successful men of our cities
+come from the country, but very few of the lower and pauper
+classes. This has been shown by the investigations of Mr. Fox
+in England, and by our own investigations in the United States.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p>
+
+<p>The consideration of these objections leads us to a closer examination
+of the class of men frequenting the hotels of the Army.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>The men's work being so much larger, let us look at the occupants
+of the men's hotels. Here we must separate the comparatively
+few hotels of the higher class, which, charging higher prices and
+harboring the working man, have a different environment from
+the others. In these, the higher class, we see a competition with
+the ordinary boarding and lodging houses which single men
+frequent, a competition which, owing to the more healthful social
+environment of the Army hotel, is to be welcomed and approved
+of as a preventive of vice and degradation. The latter is often the
+result of crowded, uncleanly, workingmen's lodgings, which drive
+their occupants to the saloon. But the majority of the Army
+hotels are filled with the lowest class of men, out of any steady
+employment. This class is composed for the most part and under
+present conditions, of men who are almost helpless cases.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>
+Conditions can be conceived which would result in the betterment
+of a certain percentage of these, but a large number would
+always be hopeless. Many have been given their chances and have
+thrown them away; some have had no chances, and some could
+not use them if they had. Many are physical and moral wrecks.
+In their faces you see no ambition. They simply exist as do
+animals. For such, except in unusual cases, there is no remedy.
+Do all you can for them, and they will slide back again; give them
+work, and if they are willing to take it at all, they soon lose their
+positions. Some belong to the pseudo-social class and are mere
+parasites feeding on society. Others are anti-social, bitter and
+criminal.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p>
+
+<p>These men are not those with which the Army is successful, in
+its industrial institutions, although many of them have been tried.
+They secure their ten cents or fifteen cents for a bed in a cheap
+hotel by any means which comes along. They form a class, which
+especially in the older countries of Europe and increasingly in the
+new world, presents a problem that is the great puzzle of the
+statesman and the social economist alike.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p><p>The present tendency of the Army already mentioned to have
+fewer of the lower class, cheap hotels and more of the higher class
+brings up some important considerations. There are three
+points which come up for particular notice here. First, as
+has already been stated, the present tendency of the Army is to
+have fewer of the lower class or cheap hotels and more of the
+higher class. One reason for this is that, although the Army's
+competition has in many instances forced the ordinary cheap
+hotels to better their equipment, still, in the long run, the Army
+cannot successfully compete with the ordinary low class hotel
+and maintain an equally good or better environment, without
+having its hotel work subsidized by the public. The men whom
+we have just described do not appreciate better surroundings
+sufficiently to pay fifteen cents for a bed at the Army hotel,
+when they can get one for ten cents at another place around the
+corner. Secondly, as the Army extends its work, there is the
+ever present tendency of any organization to become an end in
+itself. Hence the Army tends to forsake its field of the lower
+class for the field of the working class for financial reasons. If
+it can carry on a hotel which appeals to a higher class of working
+men who are willing to pay $1.50 upwards per week for a
+separated room such as has been described, they may do better
+financially than with a dormitory whose beds are held at ten
+cents. This second point of consideration leads us to a third,
+and that is, what is to become of this lower class of vagrants and
+unemployables. This discussion hardly comes in the scope of
+this book, but we might suggest in passing that the cheap, lower
+class of hotels with which the Army has entered into competition
+should not be allowed to continue as at present. In case of the
+failure to provide competition, the city itself should provide a
+successful competition under good environment, or should take
+measures for the segregation of the vicious elements of the population
+from the merely weak, aged and unfortunate.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p><p>On the other hand, among the occupants of these hotels a
+certain number are men for whom there is hope; some victims of
+misfortune; others degraded by dissipation and recklessness, but
+not entirely demoralized. With these the Army can deal successfully
+in its industrial homes, and some of them can regain a foothold
+without aid. For these men the Army hotel is certainly a
+boon.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> A man who has not lost ambition and who can gather
+a few cents a day to sustain him, until some temporary difficulty is
+past is glad to take advantage of such an institution. Finally, regarding
+this class as a whole, something must be done with them,
+and it is necessary for those who find fault with their congregation
+in the Army hotels, to point out a better way of caring for
+them. As long as they exist, they will tend to congregate somewhere,
+and until some better solution is offered, we might as well
+take what is at hand, and if it is the Army hotel, hold that institution
+to its best efforts and its best environment.</p>
+
+<p>To sum up, then, our conclusions of this part of the Army's
+work, we find that the hotels are commercial enterprises, with,
+as a rule, an environment superior to the regular cheap hotels
+of the same price, and that although there is an objection to
+the congregation of the vicious and vagrant along with the unfortunate,
+and although there may be a tendency to lower the
+standard of living of these people, individually considered, yet
+there is a justification for the existence of these hotels, as
+something must be done with this class of people, and this is
+the best solution offered, inasmuch as a certain percentage of
+this class is really aided and tided over temporary difficulty.
+At the same time, there remains the need of the segregation of
+the class concerned, with a more scientific, practical, individual
+treatment. Better work can be done along this line.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+<h3><br /><span class="smcap">Examples of Salvation Army Hotel Lodgers.</span></h3>
+
+<p>A collection of 76 cases made on seventeen different evenings
+during the months of March and April, 1908, at two of
+the Salvation Army hotels, both situated on the Bowery in New
+York City, one being a lower class hotel and the other a combination
+of lower and higher class. These cases were collected at
+first hand by the author and a friend of the author, Mr. James
+Ward, both of whom mingled among the men in the disguise of
+working men. In this way the facts were gained without much
+difficulty, with the exception of information regarding the family
+of the man concerned. Sometimes, therefore, this latter information
+is lacking.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 1.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City of Irish parentage. Twenty-five
+years old. Single. Had no home and did not know whether or
+not his people were living. Only trade was that of hotel porter
+but had done other things. Had worked a little in the country.
+Had had no steady work for three months. Walked the streets
+the previous night and had had coffee and rolls on the "bread
+line." Received a bed that night through charity. Did not appear
+dissipated but showed lack of ambition.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 2.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. About thirty years old. Single. Did not
+know about his people as he did not write home. Had been
+in New York seven years. Worked as stableman most of the
+time but had been out of steady work for six weeks. Never
+worked in the country. Appeared dissipated and inefficient.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a name="Lodger_3" id="Lodger_3"></a><b>No. 3.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Pittsburg of American parents. About forty years
+old. Single. Had a brother, he thought, in Pittsburg but no
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>other relatives alive. Had no regular trade. Had travelled a
+good deal in the United States but never west of Chicago. Had
+done odd jobs in the country. Evidently a tramp. Looked
+stupid and incapable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 4.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. About twenty-three years old. Single.
+Wrote to his people sometimes, but they were poor. Trade, a
+waiter. Had worked in New York for five years. Had had
+no steady work for over two months. Had a little money saved
+but that was nearly gone. Expected to go to Albany the next
+day to work. Never worked in the country. Appeared to be
+a capable, steady man.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 5.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Fifty-three years old. Single. People
+all dead except a married sister. Regular trade, a boiler-maker.
+In this country most of the time for thirty-five years. Had
+travelled all around the world. Never worked in the country.
+Had no steady work all winter, but obtained work for one or two
+days every week and thus paid his way at the hotel. Said he
+lived up to his salary when working steadily. Is growing old.
+Sometimes went on a "spree" when he had money. Looked
+like a hard-working, efficient man.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 6.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. About forty years old. Had married and
+separated from his wife. Trade was brick-laying, but he was
+not a union man. Never worked in the country. Came to New
+York at eighteen and had been there most of the time since.
+Claimed to be a Mason, and said that he expected help from a
+friend. Had been out of work all winter but worked occasionally
+around saloons and nearly always had the price of a
+bed. Admitted drinking heavily. Looked dissipated.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 7.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Buffalo of American parents. Twenty-eight years
+old. Single. Waiter by trade. Parents were dead. Had two
+brothers but did not know where. Had worked a little in the
+country but knew nothing of farming. Had worked as waiter
+in New York for three years. Got into a fight three weeks before
+and had his face disfigured. As a result lost his job.
+Walked the streets two nights last week. Got coffee and rolls on
+the "bread line." Worked in a stable yesterday and made $1.00.
+Appeared somewhat dissipated but intelligent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 8.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City. Father German. Mother Scotch.
+Thirty-two years old. Single. His father lived somewhere in
+New York, and he expected to get work shortly and live with
+him. Trade was a machinist. Had mostly worked at bicycle
+repairing. Had travelled a good deal but never worked on a
+farm. Went to Philadelphia this Winter and lost position.
+Worked three days in a woodyard for board and lodging. Later
+had himself committed to jail for one month. Came back to New
+York last week. Did not appear dissipated, but looked bright
+and efficient.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 9.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Lawrence, Mass., of American parents. About twenty-two
+years old. Single. Worked since a boy in Lawrence in the
+woolen mills until he lost position six weeks previously. Always
+lived with his people. Had never been hungry or without a bed.
+Came to New York two weeks previously but had done nothing
+since. Had just money enough left to go home, where he expected
+to obtain work again shortly. Looked thoroughly capable
+and reliable.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Nos. 10 and 11.</b></p>
+
+<p>Two brothers born in New York of Irish parentage. Aged
+twenty-eight and thirty-one respectively. Both single. Parents
+dead. Had trade of awning makers, with plenty of work in
+summer but none in winter. Had never worked in the country.
+Had been living by means of odd jobs and charity all winter. Had
+received help from a mission and the Salvation Army. Quite
+often walked the streets all night and got coffee and rolls on the
+"bread line." Appeared shiftless and showed lack of initiative
+and intelligence.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 12.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City of Irish parents. Twenty-six years
+old. Single. Did not know where his folks were. His mother
+was dead. Worked sometimes as a truck driver. Had worked at
+farm work in New Jersey. Had travelled a good deal. Had received
+help from charities in different cities. Got caught once
+riding a freight train through Philadelphia and spent ten days
+in jail for the offense. Said he drank when he got the chance.
+Now worked around the Army Hotel and received in return his
+bed and one meal ticket a day. Expected to leave the city as soon
+as the weather got warmer. Evidently a kind of tramp with a
+tendency to become worse. Looked wild and unreliable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 13.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Watertown, N. Y., of American parents. About thirty
+years old. Single. Had lost track of his people. Worked as
+steward on ship running to New Orleans. Was laid off three
+months ago. Expected to get position as steward again in the
+spring. Had walked the streets quite often, not being able to
+secure a bed. Had received help from several charities, including
+the Army. Looked dissipated and unreliable. Had never
+worked in the country.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 14.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in England. Came to this country when sixteen. People
+all dead. Thirty-two years old. Single. Never worked in the
+country. Regular trade was that of a painter but was not a
+Union man. Got odd jobs from time to time in paint shops.
+Made fifty cents the previous day. Had had no steady work for
+three months. Had forty dollars saved when he left his last
+steady job. Spent twenty dollars on a "drunk," and the rest had
+gone since. Appeared capable and fairly intelligent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 15.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Had come to this country with his people
+when young. His people all dead except a sister who was married
+and lived in Chicago. Single. About thirty-five years of age.
+Had no regular trade. Had worked as laborer in both country
+and city. Said that the city was best in Winter and the country
+in Summer. Expected to leave for the country as soon as the
+weather grew warm. Appeared lazy and inefficient. Had been
+aided by the Army. Evidently a tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 16.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Pittsfield, Mass., of American parents. Twenty-four
+years of age. Single. Ran away from home at seventeen. Did
+not know where his people were. Had no trade. Had worked
+at everything. Was in the navy for four years and afterward
+followed the water for several years working mostly as fireman.
+Never worked in the country. Had been out of steady work for
+six months. Secured lodging through charity but often spent
+the night on the streets. Said he drank when he could get it.
+Looked dissipated and demoralized.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 17.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City of German parents. About thirty
+years old. Married but had left his wife. Had no regular trade.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>Had worked as waiter, porter and liveryman. Made fifty cents
+yesterday but spent forty for whiskey. Secured coffee and rolls
+on the "bread line." Had worked a little in the country. Appeared
+shiftless.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 18.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Twenty-two years of age. Single. Wrote
+to his people sometimes. Always followed the water. Had sailed
+from different points to China and the Philippines. Drank and
+lost his boat. Made his way to New York where he had been
+out of work for two months. Wrote home for money which he
+expected shortly. Sold some of his clothing to get a bed. Was
+trying to get work on a boat. Never worked in the country.
+Looked wild and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 19.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston, Mass., of Irish parents. Twenty-five years
+of age. Single. Worked in machine shop when a boy and then
+joined the navy. After the navy experience he had worked
+both on water and on land. Had beaten his way on freight trains
+to different parts of the United States. Said he often got help
+from missions. Often slept in the parks in summer. Had been
+in jail several times. The last time for four months for stealing.
+Got out in August and had done odd jobs since. Had been
+several times in the Army hotel and several times in the City
+Lodging House. Had worked for a day or so in the country but
+did not know farming. Looked shiftless and demoralized.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 20.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Binghamton, N. Y., of American parents. About
+thirty-five years of age. Single. Trade was lasting shoes in a
+shoe factory. Had worked in different cities but never in the
+country. Came to New York three months ago, as his factory
+had laid off a large number of hands. Had done odd jobs since.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>Walked the streets three nights the previous week and got coffee
+and rolls on the "bread line." Got a bed for the night this time
+through charity. Expected to get work in a factory when the
+weather became warmer. Drank occasionally but not often.
+Looked competent and of average intelligence.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 21.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Twenty-four years old. Single. Left
+home and had been in America one year. Worked in New York
+as waiter and lost his position three weeks previous to interview.
+Had some money saved but drank and lost it all on the Bowery.
+Walked the streets for one week and frequented the "bread
+line." Had a position, now, waiting on table during the dinner
+hour. Used to work on a farm in Ireland, and said that as soon
+as the weather got warm he would go to the country and look
+for work. Looked somewhat dissipated but hopeful.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 22.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn, N. Y. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had lost track of his people. Had travelled a
+good deal by means of freight trains and had been in several
+jails for vagrancy. Had never worked in the country. Said
+when he could get money, he spent it in drink. Secured a bed
+that night through an acquaintance. Looked like a confirmed
+tramp and vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 23.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Hartford, Conn., of American parents. Twenty-one
+years old. Single. Parents dead. Had a married sister living
+in New Jersey, but he did not wish her to know that he was
+out of work. Had been working for years as a carpenter's
+assistant and hoped to become a full-fledged carpenter shortly.
+Had never worked in the country. Had been out of work for
+three months. Spent his money in a vain trip to Philadelphia
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>and back looking for work. Had been doing odd jobs but had
+often gone hungry. Did not like to ask for charity. Expected
+to work as soon as the contractors began the spring building. Did
+not drink. Looked intelligent, bright, and was a very hopeful
+case. Went through the grammar school.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 24.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston of Irish parents. Fifty years old. Single.
+Had no people living. Trade was a hardwood finisher. Never
+worked in the country. Got out of work two months ago. Left
+Boston then and came to New York. Had a little money, but it
+was almost gone. Was crippled but could still work. Drank
+some. He was gray-haired and looked older than he was.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 25.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. About sixty years old. Had been married,
+but his wife was dead, and he had no known relatives. Had
+been a seaman a good deal but had no regular trade. He worked
+on a farm two months in the West. Had travelled a good deal.
+He worked occasionally around the docks and made just enough
+to maintain himself. When he had money, he spent it rashly.
+Looked like a hard drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 26.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston of American parents. Fifty-seven years old.
+Single. Had no people. His trade was ship's cook. He
+had never worked in the country. Said that he was too old to
+get a position. He secured a bed that night through the kindness
+of a friend, also out of work. Had wandered around a
+great deal. He did not look dissipated but he was gray-haired
+and very feeble.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 27.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia of German parents. About forty years
+old. Single. Trade was that of a sign-painter. Said he had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>worked mostly in Philadelphia and New York, and that he could
+get plenty of work, but kept losing his positions through drink.
+Had never worked in the country. Said he had people in Philadelphia
+but he did not write to them. Looked dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 28.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born near Lynn, Mass., of American parents. Twenty years
+old. Single. Had no trade, but worked as dish-washer or at
+anything he could get. Said that he could run an engine and had
+been working on a boat in New York harbor but had to leave
+three weeks ago, on account of sickness. Was trying to get
+into a hospital. Money nearly gone. Was born and brought
+up on a farm but ran away nearly three years ago and did not
+want to go back, though his father and mother were living. Said
+he spent his money freely when he had it. He did not look dissipated
+but appeared to be a consumptive.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 29.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City of Irish parents. About thirty-five
+years old. Single. Had no trade but had worked for years as
+driver on a horse-car. Got out of work four months ago and had
+no prospect of any. Got a small job cleaning out a saloon the
+previous day. Often walked the streets all night and went to
+the "bread line." Did not look very dissipated but evidently
+had no ambition. Did not know where his people were. Never
+worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 30.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Sixteen years old. Single. Did not write
+home. Had trade of a cook and had been out of work for two
+weeks. Then had $100.00 and lost it all "on a drunk." Never
+worked in the country. Had walked the streets three nights the
+past week. Was going to New Jersey to look for work. Looked
+dissipated but otherwise capable.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 31.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Fifty-five years old. Married in Scotland
+and came with family to this country twenty-five years ago.
+Had no trade. Worked at anything he could get. Wife dead.
+Two children living, unable to help him. Had travelled widely.
+Obtained a steady job the previous month. Held it two weeks,
+then went "on a drunk." Still had enough money saved to keep
+him two weeks. Said that if he did not get work before then,
+he would leave New York. He knew a little about farm work
+in Scotland. Looked like a hard drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 32.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City of Irish parents. Sixty years old.
+Single. People all dead. Had no regular trade but had followed
+the water. Never worked in the country. Had some
+cousins in New York who helped him out a little. He looked dissipated
+and feeble.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 33.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty-three years
+old. Single. Salesman. Had been out of work all winter
+after losing a position through drink. Had received help from
+several aid societies and missions this winter. Had walked the
+streets a good many nights. Said he never worked in the country.
+Looked dissipated and unreliable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 34.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in South Carolina. American parents. Twenty years
+old. Single. Did not write home. Said he ran away and his
+people were angry. Had no trade. Never worked in the country.
+Had walked the streets two nights this week. Looked intelligent
+but wild.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 35.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Newark, N. J., English parents. Twenty-six years
+old. Single. Had no trade but worked as a janitor. Was in
+the navy for three years and had travelled widely. Had been
+out of work one month. Never worked in the country. Said
+he worked for a while and then "went off on a drunk." His
+people in Newark sent him money once in a while. Looked dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 36.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. When seven
+years old came to America with his people. Had two brothers
+and one sister in Schenectady, N. Y. Parents dead. His people
+did not aid him as he drank so much. Never worked in the
+country. Got an odd job now and then. Looked like a hard
+drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 37.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in England. Thirty-six years old. Single. Came to
+America with his people when twelve years old. Went to Fall
+River, Mass., where his people lived. Ran away from home at
+eighteen and had followed the water since. Never worked in the
+country. Was paid off last Saturday. Went on a drunk on the
+Bowery and lost his money and his job. Walked the streets
+two nights, but received help from his people. Looked a little
+dissipated but capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 39.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Forty years old.
+Single. Father lived in Yonkers but was unable to help him.
+Plumber by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Was out of
+work for one month the past winter, but now had a job and was
+renting a room in the Army hotel. Never worked in the country.
+Looked like a hard drinker, but otherwise capable.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 40.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New Haven, Conn. American parents. Twenty-five
+years old. Single. Relatives in New Haven poor. Was a telegraph
+operator and worked at that trade for two years, but lost
+position on account of bad health. Had worked on a farm quite
+a little, and said as soon as the weather got warmer he was going
+to the country. He now had a room at the Army hotel but his
+money was nearly gone. Looked intelligent and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 41.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-four
+years old. Single. Did not know where his relatives were. Had
+trade as truck driver, and since losing a steady job two months
+previously had worked at odd jobs about the docks. Spent two
+days at an Army Industrial Home and was now at the Army
+Hotel. He looked like a hard drinker. Never worked in the
+country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 42.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Twenty-three years old. Single. Relatives
+lived in Scotland and sent him a little money sometimes. Had
+no regular trade. Had worked on the water a good deal. Came
+to New York two years previously, and had no steady work since.
+Had been nine months in the hospital from which he had been
+discharged two weeks. Expected to return to the hospital.
+Looked like a very sick man, but not dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 43.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-eight
+years old. Single. No people alive. Had no trade. Had
+travelled around the world and never worked when he could
+help it. Never worked in the country. Looked like a regular
+tramp and hard drinker.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 44.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Newark, N. J. French parents. Twenty-four years
+old. Single. Had two sisters in Brooklyn. Had no regular
+trade but had been working for three weeks in a grocery store
+and thus had a room in the Army Hotel. Never worked in the
+country. Looked capable and intelligent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 45.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. Had people in Brooklyn who were helping him. Had
+no trade but had worked all his life at odd jobs. Could not work
+steadily because of bad habits. Never worked in the country.
+Looked like a hard drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 46.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Thirty-five years old.
+Single. Was a painter by trade but did not belong to the Union.
+Had been out of work three months. Some friends gave him
+clothes and a little money. Looked intelligent but dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 47.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Thirty years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Worked on a farm in Long Island and hoped to
+go to the country shortly. Had had no steady work the past
+Winter. Had been in the Army Industrial Home six times during
+the Winter. Looked shiftless and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 48.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Lowell, Mass. Italian parents. Twenty years old.
+Single. People lived in Lowell. Had no trade. Never worked
+in the country. Came to New York two weeks previously with
+a little money, but this was soon spent and he had walked the
+streets two nights. Entered the Army Hotel through charity.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>Had written home for money and expected to return there. His
+appearance was very good.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 49.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. Forty years old.
+Married. Separated from his wife three months ago because of
+his drinking. Had no trade. Never worked in the country. Had
+been out of work three months. Picked up odd jobs now and
+then, and thus secured a bed. Looked like a hard drinker.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 50.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Seventeen years old. Single. Had people
+in Germany who were unable to help him. Had been in this
+country nine months. Said he was on a farm in New York State
+but ran away. The Salvation Army was keeping him, and he
+worked a little around the Hotel. Looked like a promising boy
+but rather wild.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 51.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Denver, Col. American parents. Twenty-three years
+old. Single. Had people at home who sent him money now and
+then. Was an iron-worker. Belonged to the Union, but said
+the Union had not helped him any. Had been out of work some
+time. Never worked in the country. Had travelled a good deal
+in the United States. Looked bright and promising.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 52.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Davenport, Washington. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. Had people at home where he had sent for money. Had
+travelled widely. Came to New York five weeks ago from
+Panama where he had been working for eight months. Had to
+leave on account of sickness. Had $100.00 when he came to New
+York but spent nearly all on doctors bills. Still had a little left.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>Said he had worked a good deal on a farm. Looked capable and
+intelligent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 53.</b></p>
+
+<p>American, born in New York. Thirty years old. Single.
+People dead. Bartender. Did not belong to the Union. Was
+out of work for one month until two weeks previous to interview,
+when he got a job as bartender. Was still working and had a
+room at the Army Hotel. Said he would be all right it he could
+leave drink alone. He never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 54.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Had quarrelled with his people who lived in New York.
+Painter by trade. Lost his membership in the Union because he
+did not pay his dues. Had had no steady work for a year, but
+had wandered all over the country doing very little work, but
+receiving aid from charitable societies. Said he liked the warm
+weather, so that he could sleep in the parks. Looked shiftless and
+a typical tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 55.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Norway. About thirty years old. Single. Had
+people in Norway who did not help him. Came to New York
+from his native land two months previously. A carpenter by
+trade. Was working in Jersey and lost position two weeks
+previously. Had money in his pocket and was evidently wise
+enough to keep it. Conversed in broken English. Said he
+worked in the country in Norway. Looked like a capable man.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 56.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. Forty-five years old. Single. Came to this
+country with his people when he was nine years old. People had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>since died. Bookkeeper by trade. Had been out of work all
+Winter. The Scotch Aid Society was keeping him, giving him
+bed and meal tickets. Said he had received help from four
+different missions in New York. Looked incapable and shiftless.
+Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 57.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Jersey City. American parents. Twenty-eight years
+old. Single. Had no trade. Did not work if he could help it.
+Came here from the West by means of freight trains. Never
+worked in the country. Looked like a regular tramp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 58.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Chicago. Single. Thirty-years old. Had friends in
+Chicago who sent him a little money. Had no trade. Never did
+hard work. Got odd jobs and received aid from missions. Said
+he was a Christian and liked to attend meetings. Had a room
+in the Army Hotel. Said he had been staying there off and on
+for two years. Looked stupid and incapable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 59.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Denver, Col. Fifty years old. Single. Plumber by
+trade. Belonged to the Union but left eight months previously
+and had not paid his dues since. Was in business for himself
+at one time, but lost it through drink. Said he got help from the
+missions whenever he could. Never worked in the country.
+Hoped to go West again shortly. Looked feeble and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 60.</b></p>
+
+<p>American. Born in Springfield, Mass. Fifty-five years old.
+Single. Said his people in Springfield were wealthy but would
+have nothing to do with him. Had no trade. In New York all
+Winter. Had walked the streets a good many nights. Never
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>worked in the country. Charity Organization Society had helped
+him, besides other organizations. Said he had consumption.
+Looked very weak and dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 61.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in America. Jewish parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. Stone-cutter by trade. Said he worked at the Insurance
+business at times. Had been out of work nearly two months.
+Never worked in the country. Looked bright and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 62.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Cleveland, Ohio. American parents. Twenty-six
+years old. Single. People lived in Cleveland, but did not help
+him. Had worked on a farm nearly all his life. Left the farm
+two years previously and had wandered most of the time since.
+He expected to be sent to the country by the Bowery Mission
+shortly. Looked shiftless but not dissipated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 63.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. About fifty years old.
+Married. Said his people were dead. Had no regular trade.
+Did office work, but was nearly always out of work. Said he was
+a Christian. He evidently followed the missions and "got saved"
+every time he needed help. Never worked in the country. Looked
+shiftless and inefficient.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 64.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Brooklyn. English parents. Thirty years old.
+Married. Quarrelled with his wife five years previously and left
+her. Painter by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Had not
+worked all Winter. Said he had been all around the world
+and had beaten his way wherever he went. Had been in jail
+several times, for vagrancy and drunkness. Never worked in the
+country. Looked like a tramp.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 65.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Maine. American parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. Had people in Maine from whom he expected help.
+Barber by trade. Came to New York three weeks previously.
+Met some friends on the Bowery and lost all his money. The
+Army was helping him. He had worked somewhat in the
+country. Looked very stupid.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 66.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Scotland. About sixty years old. Single. Had no
+people. Had no trade. In this country for forty years. Out
+of work all Winter. The Scotch Aid Society had been keeping
+him now for three weeks. He never worked in the country. He
+looked like a regular vagrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 67.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston. American parents. Twenty-four years old.
+Single. A waiter. Had wandered a good deal, and beaten his
+way by freight trains. Came to New York from the West one
+month previously. Had not worked since, but had been aided
+by the missions and the Army. Evidently did not like to work.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 68.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Irish parents. About thirty-two
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Came to New York two
+weeks previously with some money which he got from his people.
+He had sent home for more. Worked somewhere in the country.
+Said he drank periodically and did not like to work steadily.
+Looked very shiftless.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 69.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Ireland. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had lost
+track of his people. Had been in this country eight years. Had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>no trade. Had had no steady work all Winter. Drank a good
+deal. Never worked in the country. Looked very wild.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 70.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New Orleans. Spanish parents. About twenty years
+old. Single. Left home two years ago and took to life on the
+water. Left the boat in New York one month previously and
+had not worked since. Said he liked to sail and see the world.
+His people lived in New Orleans, and he expected help from
+them. Never worked in the country. Looked capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 71.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in New York. American parents. About thirty years
+old. Single. Had trade as a bartender. Belonged to the Union.
+Lost a steady job through drink three weeks ago. Was now
+working four hours a day. Had a room in the Army Hotel.
+Said he was going to change his line of business because he
+drank too much. His appearance was good. Never worked in
+the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 72.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Germany. Looked like a Jew. About twenty-five
+years old. Single. Had no trade. Had been out of work three
+months. Was now selling old clothing and other things around
+the Army Hotel. Never worked in the country. Evidently lazy
+and incapable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 73.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Illinois. American parents. About twenty-eight
+years old. Single. Ran away from home and was ashamed
+to go back. Had no trade but had worked a good deal as cook
+on board ship. Had been out of work six weeks. Said he
+was sick and had about $200.00, but it did not last long. He
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>was working round the Army Hotel a little every day, for which
+he got his bed and one meal ticket. Never worked in the
+country. Said he was going to join the navy. Looked bright
+and capable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 74.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Lithuania. Twenty-three years old. Single. People
+at home were poor. Had no trade. In New York three
+years. Out of work two months. Obtained clothes in various
+ways and sold them. Was not dissipated, but looked lazy.
+Never worked in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 75.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. About sixty-five
+years old. Single. Was an old sailor but had not been to sea
+for over a year. Was working two days a week as janitor.
+Said he had been a hard drinker in the past, but he did not drink
+much now. He looked aged, but still capable. Never worked
+in the country.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 76.</b></p>
+
+<p>Born in Boston. Irish parents. About twenty-five years old.
+Single. Had no trade. People did not recognize him. Had
+travelled all over the country. Had been in jail twice. Never
+worked in the country. Looked like a tramp.</p>
+
+
+<h3><br />SOME FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 76 HOTEL EXAMPLES.</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Nationality.</b></td><td align="right" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>No.</b></td><td align="center" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>Percentage.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">American parentage</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="center">.461</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Irish parentage</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">.263</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">English and Scotch parentage</td><td align="right">9</td><td align="center">.119</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>German parentage</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">.105</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Other countries</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.052</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Married men</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.095</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Single men</td><td align="right">69</td><td align="center">.905</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked a little in country</td><td align="right">13</td><td align="center">.169</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked considerably in country</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">.065</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men with regular trades</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="center">.342</td><td align="left"><a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Union men</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.052</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked efficient</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">.197</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked semi-efficient</td><td align="right">14</td><td align="center">.184</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked inefficient</td><td align="right">47</td><td align="center">.619</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Ages.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">15-20</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.052</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">20-30</td><td align="right">42</td><td align="center">.553</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">30-40</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="center">.211</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">40-50</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">.079</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">50-60</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.092</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">60-70</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">.013</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Length of time out of work.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Less than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">.157</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">13</td><td align="center">.171</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 2 mos.</td><td align="right">11</td><td align="center">.145</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 3 mos.</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="center">.527</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="Combined" id="Combined"></a><br />FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 109 INDUSTRIAL EXAMPLES<br />
+AND THE 76 HOTEL EXAMPLES COMBINED.</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Nationality.</b></td><td align="right" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>No.</b></td><td align="center" style="padding-left: 1em;"><b>Percentage.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">American parentage</td><td align="right">76</td><td align="center">.411</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Irish parentage</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">.270</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">German parentage</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="center">.141</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">English and Scotch parentage</td><td align="right">18</td><td align="center">.098</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Italian parentage</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.022</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Swedish parentage</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">.038</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Other countries, parentage</td><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">.20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Married men</td><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">.149</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Single men</td><td align="right">161</td><td align="center">.851</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked a little in country</td><td align="right">29</td><td align="center">.156</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worked considerably in country</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">.016</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men with regular trades</td><td align="right">57</td><td align="center">.309</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Union men</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">.054</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked efficient</td><td align="right">53</td><td align="center">.287</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked semi-efficient</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="center">.189</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Men who looked inefficient</td><td align="right">97</td><td align="center">.524</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Ages.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">15-20</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">.032</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">20-30</td><td align="right">97</td><td align="center">.525</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">30-40</td><td align="right">39</td><td align="center">.210</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">40-50</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="center">.140</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">50-60</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">.082</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">60-70</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">.011</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><b>Length of time out of work.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Less than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">.108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 1 mo.</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">.163</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 2 mos.</td><td align="right">27</td><td align="center">.145</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">More than 3 mos.</td><td align="right">108</td><td align="center">.584</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> "How the Other Half Lives," p. 38.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> This differentiation is more pronounced in the United States, since
+the work has been extended here more than in other countries.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> For adverse criticism see "The Social Relief Work of the S. A.,"
+p. 9.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> At the Burne St. Shelter, the largest in London, one large dormitory
+has 288 beds and another 265.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> For rooms, special rates are given by the week; from some of
+the examples given at the end of this chapter, it will be seen that these
+are occupied by men with partial or poorly paid employment.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> In London, the Army has a mattress factory which supplies its
+institutions.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> More headway is being made in this direction in the Industrial
+Homes where the population is more permanent. We found in one home
+in Chicago that the men were organized in the form of a club, and enjoyed
+social meetings together. Also, at the largest Industrial Home in
+London, called "The Spa Road Elevator," we found a regular cricket
+club organized which played cricket games with other clubs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Good examples of this are to be found in the Middlesex Street
+Hotel and the Burne Street Hotel, London. The former hotel is regularly
+provided, by a large baker firm, with food, which is one day stale,
+for a very low figure.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The higher class hotel for women is to be found in Los Angeles
+and Boston.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> From an interview with a leading officer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> These exceptions are certain of the lower class hotels where attempts
+along this line seem to fail.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> See "How the Other Half Lives," Ch. VIII. See also "Social Relief
+Work of the S. A.," p. 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> See examples given at the end of this chapter, <a href="#Page_77">p. 77</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> See the tables, <a href="#Page_97">pp. 97 and 98</a>, showing percentages of these men
+who had come from the country. For the work of Mr. Fox see <a href="#Page_113">p. 113</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> See examples of these men, <a href="#Page_77">p. 77 fl</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 127.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Some light may be thrown on this subject by a perusal of Mr. W.
+H. Dawson's book entitled "The German Workman," although conditions are
+evidently vastly different in this country and England from what they
+are in Germany.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See examples numbered 4. 5. 9. 23 and others, on <a href="#Page_78">p. 78 and fl</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> While this percentage is larger than that in the Industrial Homes
+(see <a href="#Page_62">p. 62</a>), 62 per cent. of the examples in the Hotels having regular
+trades were dissipated, mostly victims of drink, as against 19 per cent. in
+the Industrial examples.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Farm Colonies of the Salvation Army.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>So many times has the cry been raised "back to the land!", so
+optimistic have so many reformers become over the hope that
+the population could be diverted from the city to the country,
+and so loudly have certain enthusiasts prophesied a surely successful
+issue to colonizing enterprises, that the Salvation Army
+colonies form a very interesting and profitable field of investigation.
+What is needed is an experiment that will prove or disprove
+the prophesied success of taking the people back to the
+land. Once that is proved, with the great Northwest of America
+almost untouched, with immense tracts of good land in
+Africa and other continents, and with the United States about to
+open up millions of acres of land, made fertile by means of irrigation,
+we shall be ready to act and get rid of the surplus city
+population. But first we must have the proof, and the question
+before us is whether the Salvation Army has sufficiently proved
+the case.</p>
+
+<p>The matter was agitated before the English Government to
+such an extent in 1905 that the Rhodes Trustees, contributing
+sufficient funds to cover the expense, the Secretary of State for
+the Colonies nominated Mr. Rider Haggard, the novelist, to visit
+the United States and inspect the three Salvation Army colonies
+there, to make a report on the same, and to include in this report
+any practical suggestions which might occur to him. The following
+words were used in the letter of commission: "It appears
+to the Secretary of State that if these experiments are found to
+be successful, some analogous system might to great advantage be
+applied in transferring the urban population of the United Kingdom
+to different parts of the United Kingdom."<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Haggard visited the three colonies in the United States,
+and made a report to the English Government, favoring strongly
+the movement, and recommending that the Government take it
+up, provide the capital and utilize all ready existing organizations,
+such as the Salvation Army, in carrying out its scheme.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>The matter was referred by the Government to the Departmental
+Committee, who, after reviewing it and looking into the question
+in 1906, issued a long report in which they discountenanced Mr.
+Haggard's scheme on the ground that:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. It was better for settlers from England to be scattered
+about with experienced farmers as neighbors than to be
+placed in a number together.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Salvation Army or any similar organization was
+not a desirable management for a colony dependent on
+money advanced by the Imperial Government.</p>
+
+<p>3. That Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, the American farm colonies
+of the Salvation Army, were not precedents upon
+which a large scheme of colonization could be based.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Committee gave reasons for arriving at the above conclusions,
+into which, for the present, we need not enter, but
+their conclusions are suggestive, and may be borne in mind while
+we make our study of the subject.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. Booth, in his plans as outlined in "Darkest England,"
+provided for three main divisions of the work for the unemployed
+poor, viz., the City Colony, the Country Colony and the
+Over-sea Colony, signifying by these terms the City Industrial
+Work, the Country Industrial Colony, and the Farm Colony.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>
+The last named was to be on a larger scale on some Colonial
+territory of England. This division has tended to persist in the
+United States, and this country has been the field for special
+experiments along this line. There are three Colonies in the
+United States: Fort Herrick, situated near Cleveland, Ohio;
+Fort Amity, situated in Southeast Colorado, and Ft. Romie,
+which is located at Soledad in the Salinas Valley, California.
+At first there was no differentiation between these Colonies, but
+latterly, the Colony at Ft. Herrick, the smallest of the three, has
+been managed as an Industrial Colony, and the other two have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>continued as regular Farm Colonies. The plan of "Commander"
+Booth-Tucker, in charge of the Salvation Army in the United
+States from 1896 until 1904, and the originator of these Colonies,
+was, in brief, as he states it, to take the waste labor in families,
+and place it upon the waste land by means of waste capital,
+and thereby to convert this trinity of waste into a unity of production.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>
+His waste labor was the family struggling in the
+crowded city; his waste land, the large tracts of public land
+about to be opened up by irrigation; and his waste capital, if
+such a term can be used, was the capital lying idle, or at least,
+making 2&frac12; or 3 per cent., when according to his estimate, it
+could yield 5 per cent. The principles which he laid down were
+as follows:</p>
+
+
+<p>1. There must be sufficiency of capital.</p>
+
+<p>2. The land must be carefully selected and laid out.</p>
+
+<p>3. The colonists must be well selected.</p>
+
+<p>4. There must be able supervision.</p>
+
+<p>5. The principle of home ownership must be followed.</p>
+
+<p>6. God must be recognized.</p>
+
+<p>From our investigations at Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, we
+arrived at the conclusion that No. 4 and No. 6 were the only
+ones thoroughly carried out; that there was a weakness in the
+amount of capital (Prin. No. 1); that an unfortunate selection of
+land was made (Prin. No. 2); that the successful colonists did
+not entirely represent the class from which we should wish them
+to be taken (Prin. No. 3); and that ownership gave way largely
+to a system of renting-out by the Army (Prin. No. 5). For
+verification of this, see the typical cases at the end of the chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Commander Booth-Tucker advanced the argument, which is
+sound, to the effect that, when entire families were taken from
+the city and placed on the land, the tendency to return to the city
+would be overcome. It has been the experience of philanthropists,
+that when single men and women were transferred from the city
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>to the country, they always tended to return, the reason being
+due to an acquired fondness of the individual for intimate association
+with his fellows,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> but when a man has his wife and
+children, together with a plot of land and a home which he may
+call his own, the attraction toward the city is overcome, by a
+stronger one which keeps him where he is. Of course, this would
+answer for the one generation only.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving out the small colony at Ft. Herrick, Ohio, which was
+changed to an Industrial Colony, and which is considered in the
+chapter on the Industrial Work, let us examine more closely the
+Farm Colonies at Ft. Amity, Col., and Ft. Romie, Cal. The
+larger enterprise was set on foot in Colorado, in 1898, where a
+tract of 2,000 acres was secured at a cost of $46,000.00. In this
+year, fourteen families were brought from Chicago and placed
+on the bare, unimproved prairie, where, however, there was
+abundant water supply carried by a large irrigation company.
+These colonists were all family men with two exceptions, and
+nine of the heads of families had either been on farms or had
+worked on farms in the past.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> They were in narrow circumstances
+financially, and the transportation expenses of all
+except one of these families were paid by the Army. With this
+migration as a basis, the number of colonists was greatly increased
+by families from different cities and also from the surrounding
+country, until in 1905, there were thirty-eight families.
+Several were brought to the Colony as experienced men to
+act as pace-setters for the others.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> Some came with a small
+amount of capital.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the fact that the land was covered by a heavy sod
+which needed considerable working, no crops were raised the
+first year, and only fair crops the second. During the first year,
+the colonists were supported by cash loans which were charged
+against them. After the first two years, crops were good<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>and the outlook was promising, in spite of certain insect pests,
+but after about seven years a great difficulty showed itself. The
+land on which the Colony was located was alkali land, and bottom
+land, without any drainage. The result of constant irrigation was
+that the alkali rose to the surface in larger and larger quantities,
+until no good crop could be raised. The only salvation was to
+drain the land and thus rid it of the blighting alkali. This meant
+an expense of from $30.00 to $40.00 an acre. At the present
+time draining is being rapidly pushed forward and is proving
+very beneficial, but it can be easily seen what a discouragement
+the alkali has proved to the colonists, and what an additional
+expense is laid upon them and the Colony; an expense which
+it will take years of good crops to overcome.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
+
+<p>Up to 1905, about eighteen families, not satisfied with the results
+obtained, had moved away, and their places had been filled
+by others. A very few of the departing families moved because
+of ill-health; some thought that they could do better elsewhere
+as farmers; some even had considerable money as a result
+of their holdings in the Colony<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>. Since 1905, there has been
+a good deal of changing, and at present a large part of the Colony
+land is rented out by the Army to settlers; some being from the
+country, and some from the city<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>. A small number of the
+old pioneer colonists still remain and have done well with their
+holdings in spite of all difficulties.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p><p>The Army stated in 1905, that the financial standing of this
+Colony showed a net loss to the Army of $23,111.50, and a gain
+to the colonists of $37,943.77. It considered its loss a cheap price
+for the experience gained, but thought that it had erred in giving
+the colonists too liberal terms.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> By this time the loss to the
+Army is considerably greater, owing to the increased expense of
+drainage.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<p>At the present time (January, 1908), the population of this
+Colony is about 200. Nearly all the land is occupied in one way
+or another, either by colonists who own, or partially own, their
+land, or by renters, who are also called colonists. Several homes
+are vacant, but it is expected that they will be filled by renters
+before the Spring season opens. The little village consists of
+several stores, a blacksmith shop, a substantial railroad depot,
+a post office, a small hotel and a school house. A good many of
+the homes are built of stone, quarried on the Colony, and present
+a good appearance. Up on the higher land is situated a large
+stone structure, built by the colonists at an expense to the Army
+of $18,000.00, and first used as an orphanage, then as a sanitorium,
+and now abandoned. Irrigation ditches with a good flow
+of water are in evidence, and preparations for draining the land
+are under way. That this is necessary is forced upon us by the
+many white patches scattered here and there where the water,
+having evaporated, has left the destructive alkali salt on the surface
+of the ground.</p>
+
+<p>When we come to consider the other Farm Colony, Ft. Romie,
+situated at Soledad, Cal., in the beautiful Salinas Valley, we receive
+a more favorable impression, although we find that the
+Colony here has had many difficulties with which to contend.
+The Colony is smaller than that at Ft. Amity, but the land
+is better. The original 500 acres has been increased by the
+addition of a lease of 150 acres with the option of buying. In
+the year 1898, eighteen families were taken from the poor of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>San Francisco and placed upon the Colony, but unforeseen conditions
+prevailed, and, as a result, but one of these families remains
+to-day.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> The great mistake was made of settling
+colonists upon land which needed irrigation, before that irrigation
+was provided. This mistake was brought out the more
+vividly, in that the three first years of the Colony's existence were
+years of drought, bringing evil to most parts of the State, and
+especially to that land which, like the Colony land, only received
+a slight rain-fall at best. The result of the first years of this
+experiment, then, was an abandoning of the land by the colonists,
+and a loss to the Army of $27,000.00.</p>
+
+<p>The experiment was continued, however, but with very different
+conditions. An excellent irrigation system was established,
+and a new lot of settlers brought to the Colony; not, this time,
+from the city, but from the surrounding country. These people
+were poor, but accustomed to the land. The result, as might be
+expected this time, was more favorable. It was stated in 1905
+that no colonists had left since 1901.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> In May, 1903, there
+were nineteen families ranged according to nationality as follows:&mdash;Thirteen
+American; Two Scandinavian; One Finn; One
+German-Swiss; One Dutch and one Italian. There are now
+twenty-five families, and about one hundred and forty-five persons
+on the Colony. The nucleus of a town is to be seen with two or
+three stores, a blacksmith shop, and a good sized Town Hall.
+Near the Colony is a school house with an attendance of about
+fifty children, most of them being colonists' children.</p>
+
+<p>An irrigation plant has been established and is now owned and
+worked by the colonists, formed in a joint-stock company. The
+colonists raise beets, potatoes, alfalfa, fruits of different kinds,
+and stock. A large part of their income is derived from the
+dairying industry. They ship their cream to a creamery at
+Salinas, about twenty-five miles distant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p><p>Much could be said about the healthy appearance and happy
+life of the members of this Colony, but as they have not been
+brought from the unhealthy, squalid misery of the city, this is not
+of so much interest. The women work in the vegetable gardens
+and with the stock, as well as in the home; and the older
+children help their parents.</p>
+
+<p>Along the lines of co-operation, in both colonies there are interesting
+features. At stated intervals, the colonists meet in the
+form of a Farmers' Club, and discuss questions relative to the
+success of their individual farms and to the Colony as a whole.
+They also have lecturers come from a distance to address
+them on the latest phases of horticulture, agriculture, fertilization
+and irrigation. The colonists also embark in business enterprises
+like the stock company formed in the California Colony for the
+control and management of the irrigation plant. In this plant,
+one of the colonists is engineer, and another the superintendent
+of water supply. Another important institution of this same
+Colony is the Rochdale store, which does most of the retail business
+in the Colony. This store, in its management and organization,
+follows the co-operative Rochdale system, which has attained
+strength in England and is growing in the United States.
+The store is incorporated in the State of California as a co-operative
+corporation, and holds a membership in the State
+Rochdale Wholesale Co. It has already extended beyond the
+limits of the Colony and counts among its members others than
+colonists. The colonists also take active interest in local affairs
+of all kinds. In one colony, the rural mail carrier is a colonist,
+and the school teacher the wife of a colonist. At Ft. Amity,
+a colonist is now sheriff of the County for the second time.</p>
+
+<p>Social and religious life is also fostered in the Colonies. A
+variety of religious sects is represented, and no compulsion is
+exercised towards any one of them. At Ft. Romie the Army
+has an organized corps, which holds meetings once in the week
+and once on Sunday, also having a Sunday school for the children.
+At Ft. Amity similar conditions prevail. On both colonies
+a good moral influence is found and there are no evil surroundings;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>hence in neither colony is there a local officer of the law.
+In the contract which every colonist signs on taking his land
+there is a temperance clause to this effect:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"And party of the second part hereby agrees to and with party
+of the first part that, in consideration of the benefits derived from
+this contract, he will not bargain, sell, barter or trade upon said
+land any intoxicating liquors, or otherwise dispose of as beverages
+any intoxicants, at any place upon said premises or any part thereof,
+or permit the selling of the same, or any illegal traffic or any act or
+acts prohibited by law."</p></div>
+
+<p>The same clause goes on to provide for the return of the
+land to the Army in case of its being violated.</p>
+
+<p>From this brief description it is seen that much of the success
+of these colonies must rest on the management. The manager
+must be large-hearted and broad-minded. He must be
+supervisor, instructor, moderator, counsellor and friend. The
+Army has been very fortunate in placing fit men in these positions,
+and if in other things it had been equally fortunate, its colonies
+would have made a better showing.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the financial methods of the Army in dealing with
+the colonists, the following extract from a memorandum of information
+issued by the Ft. Romie Colony, California, gives
+typical information.</p>
+
+<p>1. Land: Twenty acres of land are sold to each colonist. The
+price of unimproved land at this date, 1904, is $100.00 per acre.
+This price, however, is liable to be increased at any time.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>2. Buildings: Houses, barns and other buildings are constructed
+by the colonists. Materials are furnished in quantities by the Army
+according to the size of the colonist's family, somewhat after the
+following schedule. For a family with one or two small children,
+a two-room house, about 14&times;24 outside measurement, for
+which we appropriate not over $125.00. This is to include a
+small barn or shed for horses, cows, etc. For a family with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+three or four small children, a three-room house about 18&times;24,
+costing with barn, etc., not over $175.00. For a larger family,
+perhaps a four or five-room house, limiting the appropriation
+for the same to $225.00. Colonists can suit themselves as to
+the style of the house, but must satisfy the manager that it can
+be erected within the limits of the appropriation named. The
+colonist can add to the size of the house as he gets on his financial
+feet.</p>
+
+<p>3. Terms: On land breaking and other permanent land improvements,
+the colonists are given 20 years' time. The principal
+and interest are payable in installments each year.</p>
+
+<p>4. Outfit: To colonists unable to purchase them, the Army
+furnishes the necessary implements and stock, consisting of the
+following: Team of horses, cow, hogs, chicken, seed, etc., secured
+by chattel mortgage. The interest on outfit and loans is
+fixed at 6 per cent. It is expected that the principal and interest
+will be repaid in installments each year. All outfits and loans are
+to be repaid within five years.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
+
+<p>We have briefly outlined the most prominent features of the
+Farm Colonies, but the final questions now arise, is the movement
+sound; what does it signify, and what development does the
+future hold for it? For one thing we must not be led astray by
+the statements of the Army. The continued existence of the
+colonies, in the face of great difficulties, through the term of
+eight or nine years they have been carried on, is not in itself
+an argument for the soundness of the movement. From ocean
+to ocean and throughout the world, the Army has advertised its
+success in colonizing enterprises, and hence it had a set purpose
+in maintaining and continuing its colonies, even though they
+should be failures from our point of view, and even though they
+should not fulfil the purpose originally intended by the Army
+itself. As has been remarked with regard to the industrial colonies,
+so here, we would emphasize the fact that the Army has
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>no need to fear acknowledgement that the colonies have not been
+successful, because it has other credit upon which to depend for
+its reputation for usefulness. After looking at it from all sides,
+we come to the conclusion that the two experiments considered
+in these pages do not justify an extension of this work. This
+conclusion is based on several reasons:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Many of the successful colonists are not men who needed
+help the most, and many are not from the City at all.</p>
+
+<p>2. The colonies have been, and are, an undue expense to the
+organization.</p>
+
+<p>3. The same amount of energy and money would be more
+beneficial to the unemployed if used along other lines.</p>
+
+<p>4. The principles advanced as essential by the originators of
+the movement were only partially carried out.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Our first reason is based partly on personal investigation, and
+partly on the statements of the Army itself.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> There are, as
+will be seen from examples given, certain places where families
+from the city without previous experience have made a success
+of the colonies, but these are greatly in the minority<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>. If, in
+the case of the California Colony at Fort Romie, when seventeen
+out of the original number of families taken from the city,
+left on account of the lack of water, the next group of settlers
+had again been chosen from the city, after water had been
+secured, a more conclusive experiment would have resulted, but
+instead, the second group were, "farmers by profession."<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>
+This looks as though the Army itself at that time doubted the
+ability of the city families to succeed on the land. At any rate,
+the fact that the majority of the families at the present time on
+the colonies are not from the city at all, shows that, as an experiment
+of removing the surplus population of the city to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>country, the colonies are a failure. But further, when we take
+the minority, the families now in the colonies who came from
+the city, we find that, in most cases, they are not people who
+needed help the most, and those who have succeeded on the
+colonies, have succeeded because of elements in their character
+which would have led them to succeed in the long run anywhere,
+with favorable environment. In this case then, the only advantage
+in taking these people from the city was to leave more
+room there for somebody else, and this is not much of an advantage,
+since that "somebody else" is quite likely to come from
+the country to the city, and thus not be one of the city's submerged
+ones at all. Again, if, as we have just stated, men succeed
+in the country because of the same elements of character
+which would lead them to succeed anywhere, then the reason
+for their failing to succeed in the city would lie in an unfavorable
+environment, and to change their environment, it is not necessary
+to carry on a system of paternalistic colonies. This leads us to
+the question of assisted emigration, which we will discuss in connection
+with our third objection to the colonies.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the second reason, that of undue expense, Mr.
+Haggard in 1905, found a loss to the Army of $50,000. While,
+since that time, in the case of the California Colony, there has
+been no further loss, yet in the case of the colony in Colorado,
+there has been much expenditure which should be added to the
+original loss. The Army states that it has been too liberal in
+its dealings with its colonists, but we note that, in spite of its
+liberality, there has been a constant tendency for the colonists
+to leave, hoping to do better elsewhere.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> The Army might reply
+that this is no argument, and that the fact that they were able
+to leave with funds on hand was in itself a proof of liberality
+on the Army's part, but to prove the success of its experiment,
+it must show that those who have left have done better elsewhere,
+and not drifted back once more to the city. The Army
+might further state that in future a better selection of land<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+might be made, and that other unfavorable things might be
+avoided, but we are dealing here with these two colonies and not
+future experiments. As regards such, there would always be
+unforeseen difficulties of every kind.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p>
+
+<p>Coming to the third reason for our conclusion, the reason that
+money might be expended in other ways with greater advantage
+to the unemployed, and with greater relief to the congestion of
+cities, we refer again to the recommendations of the Departmental
+Committee appointed by the English government to consider
+Commissioner Haggard's report.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> In their report they
+recommend a system of emigration from the city to the English
+possessions, such as Canada, aided by the government, in preference
+to the system of colonization. With this we agree. A
+man once transported from the city and then thrown on his
+own resources in a favorable rural environment, will be more
+likely to succeed than a man who is taken out with a number of
+others to form a colony. The man left to his own resources will
+rise to the occasion, as so many have done in both Canada and
+the United States, who have migrated from city to country and
+made successful farmers and citizens, while, on the other hand,
+the man who feels dependent on an organization, which is responsible
+to the public for his success, and its own, will blame it for his
+own lack of efficiency. The Army itself claims a successful work
+done along the lines of emigration. In 1905, through the agency
+of the Army, 2,500 men were sent out from London to Canada.
+This number has since increased every year until in 1907 over
+15,000 men were sent out. Many other emigration societies have
+been very successful in this work.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> The emigrants sent out
+with some assistance, in many cases, gain new ambitions in life and
+make pronounced successes on the new soil. As regards the cost,
+the following quotation may be submitted. "The cost of emigration
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>to Canada from England does not amount to more than
+£10 a head, and some of the societies, especially those maintained
+by women, seem to be successful in securing repayment
+of at least a part of the money advanced. In other words, $300,000.00,
+which Mr. Rider Haggard assumes as a necessary sum
+for forming a colony of 1,500 families, would enable at least
+6,000 families to go out as emigrants."<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> With regard to conditions
+in the large cities of the United States and other countries,
+we believe that the same arguments would apply, and that, in
+every case, assisted emigration will be found far more feasible
+and beneficial than any system of colonization. Again, for reasons
+already given, in addition to there being six thousand
+families aided by emigration, for the same sum as fifteen hundred
+families could be by colonization, the relief given would be
+far preferable. In other words, emigration has been proved successful,
+while colonization has not.</p>
+
+<p>Coming back to the conclusions reached by Mr. Haggard on
+his recommendations to the English government: Mr. Haggard,
+after stating that the two experiments, outside of a slight failure
+of finance, seemed to him to be eminently successful, says
+that, given certain requisites,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It will, I consider, be strange if success is not attained even in
+the case of poor persons taken from the cities, provided that they
+are suited in character, the victims of misfortune and circumstances
+rather than of vice, having had some acquaintance or connection
+with the land in their past life, and having also an earnest desire
+to raise themselves and their children in the world."</p></div>
+
+<p>Now two of the "requisites" he mentions are, "that the land
+should be cheap as well as suitable" and "that markets also with
+accessibility and convenience of location should be borne in
+mind," two rather difficult requisites to be found together.
+Again, in the above quotation he lays down other provisos;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>among these being one that the people selected should have had
+some acquaintance or connection with the land in their past lives,
+a rather indefinite proviso in itself, but, from a list of poor men
+out of work or in irregular or casual employment in London and
+the other large cities in England in 1901 and 1906, compiled by
+Mr. Wilson Fox, we find that out of a total of 8,793 such men,
+ninety per cent were town born.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> We also find in New York
+City in the spring of 1908, that out of a total of 185 destitute men,
+about eighty per cent were town born.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> That then leaves
+ten per cent in the case of England and twenty per cent in the
+case of New York City from which to select or choose the ones
+needed for a colonizing enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Fox has also shown in his investigations:</p>
+
+<p>1. That the countrymen who migrate to London are mainly
+the best youth of the villages.</p>
+
+<p>2. That the incomers usually get the pick of the posts, especially
+outdoor trades.</p>
+
+<p>3. Country immigrants do not to any considerable extent directly
+recruit the town unemployed who are, in the main, the
+sediment deposited at the bottom of the scale, as the physique
+and power of application of the town population tends to deteriorate.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p>
+
+<p>The conclusion is then, that it would be difficult to get the men
+according to Mr. Haggard's requirements, and difficult to get
+the land according to his requirements, and even if such were
+obtained, for reasons already stated there is no justification for
+a large colonizing enterprise in the two experiments described in
+this chapter.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p>
+<h3><br />Examples of Colonists taken from Ft. Amity by the author in
+January, 1908.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 1.</b></p>
+
+<p>Elderly man. Widower. Had three grown-up children in the
+Colony at various times. Had one son a colonist with farm of
+his own. Was not a Salvationist. Came from Chicago where
+he was a tailor. Had a farm near the railroad depot which he
+considered valuable. Had two small houses. Rented one.
+Raised alfalfa. Was sole agent for a coal company. Claimed
+he made $1,500.00 last year, mostly in the coal business. Said
+draining now being done on the Colony was very expensive.
+Considered the Colony a good thing.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 2.</b></p>
+
+<p>Middle aged man. Married. One child. Had experience in
+the country before coming to the Colony. Had forty acres of
+Colony land which he had rented, and which he wished to sell at
+$106.00 per acre. Had mostly worked for the railroad in the
+station office. Wished to leave the Colony. Said he could not
+raise a vegetable garden owing to alkali and insect pests.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 3.</b></p>
+
+<p>A new man. About thirty years old. One year out from Chicago,
+where he worked at different trades. Had wife and one
+child. Rented a house on the Colony and worked in one of the
+Colony stores. Had no money saved and saw no immediate
+chance of betterment. Liked the country better than the city,
+because his wife had better health.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 4.</b></p>
+
+<p>Young married man. No children. Son of a Colonist and
+married to a daughter of a Colonist, whose father was sheriff
+of the County. Had good looking cottage and barns. Was
+doing well.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 5.</b></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+<p>About fifty years old. Salvation Army officer. In the Colony
+six years. Had son twenty-one, and together they worked a farm
+of sixty acres. He owned twenty and rented forty. His life
+was despaired of by the doctors, but he was enjoying good health
+at time of interview. Doing well financially.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 6.</b></p>
+
+<p>About forty-five. Original Colonist. Married. Had four
+children. Came from Chicago, where he was a carpenter. Owned
+land in the Colony which he rented out. Ran a hardware store
+in the Colony and was partner in the Colony bank. Had property
+valued at $5,000.00. Had no capital when he came to the
+Colony.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 7.</b></p>
+
+<p>About forty-eight years old. Original Colonist. Married and
+had nine children. Was railroad clerk in Chicago at $12.00 per
+week. Owned a corner lot on the town site where he ran a
+grocery store. Had property in Chicago worth $1,000.00 when
+he came to the Colony. Was worth $8,000.00 at time of interview.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 8.</b></p>
+
+<p>A farmer, from surrounding country, induced by Colony management
+to invest in Colony land and tract as a "pace-setter" to
+the other colonists. Thus secured forty acres at $70.00 per acre.
+Had introduced the sheep industry. Bought up young lambs in
+Mexico, fattened them, and sold at a profit. Had been two years
+on the Colony. Made $5,000.00 net, per year. Had four thousand
+sheep.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 9.</b></p>
+
+<p>Middle aged man. Married. Original colonist. Was expressman
+in Chicago, but previous to coming to the Colony had
+to leave family and go to work in the woods while the wife
+worked. Had taken out a government homestead outside of the
+Colony. Gave up his holdings on the Colony and was working
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>as farm boss for a neighboring farmer while his wife ran a
+boarding house.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 10.</b></p>
+
+<p>Scotchman. About fifty years old. Married. Had five children.
+In the Colony for six years. Arrived there with $25.00.
+Was carpenter in Chicago. Was worth $1,000.00 when interviewed.
+Was arranging to sell his holdings and go away, as
+he thought he could do better elsewhere.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 11.</b></p>
+
+<p>About forty-five years old. Belonged to the Army. Married.
+One child. Came from Baltimore, Md., where he worked as
+a teamster. The Army paid family's fare to the Colony. Made
+a failure of his holding on the Colony and was making a bare
+living by running the Colony hotel and doing teaming. His
+failure was due to alkali and insect pests. His wife was sick
+before coming, but became better and was evidently the more
+efficient member of the partnership.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 12.</b></p>
+
+<p>Thirty-five years old. Married. Two children. Brother of
+Army officer and son of example No. 1. In the Colony eight
+years. Used to be street-car conductor in Chicago. Gave up
+one holding in the Colony on account of alkali and took another,
+where he was doing well at time of interview.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>No. 13.</b></p>
+
+<p>About forty years old. Married. Came from the country.
+Rented a house on the Colony and worked as a section-hand on
+the railroad.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land." Introduction, p. VI.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> "Report of Departmental Committee," pp. 8, 9, 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> "William Booth," p. 83.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> "The S. A. in the U. S.," p. 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 291.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 75.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> See example No. 8 at the end of the chapter, <a href="#Page_115">p. 115</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> About this time, Mr. Curtis, describing the colony in the Chicago
+Record, said "There is no neater group of houses in Colorado, and no
+more contented community in the world. Nearly every one has written
+to friends urging them to join the next colony that comes out, and thus I
+judge they are enthusiastic over their success and the pleasures they
+enjoy."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> See principle No. 2, <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 78.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> See principle No. 5, <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> See several examples at the end of this chapter, <a href="#Page_137">p. 137</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 82.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> See principle No. 1, <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> "The Poor and the Land," p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> See Pamphlet, "Review of Salvation Army Land Colony in California."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> The price of land at Ft. Amity would be different, and there, too,
+the Army sometimes rents to the colonists an additional acreage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> "Memorandum of Information Respecting the Salvation Army
+Colony at Ft. Romie, California."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> For these principles see <a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a> of this chapter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See "The Poor and the Land," p. 40 and fl.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_114">examples</a> at end of chapter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> See "The Poor and the Land," p. 47.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> See the "Poor and the Land," p. 82.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> See "Report of Departmental Committee," p. 14 and fl.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Mr. John Manson in his book "The Salvation Army and the Public,"
+p. 133 and following, states that in this work the Army has merely
+acted the part of a business agency. We think that he has ground for this
+statement, but we also think that the Army would be far more useful
+along these lines than an ordinary business agency.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> See tables <a href="#Page_98">p. 98</a> of this book.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 30.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Slum Department.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>So much has been written on the question of the slums in
+the past few years; so many settlements, evening recreation centers,
+summer playgrounds, clubs, visiting nurses' associations,
+and kindergarten associations have been organized; so much has
+been done by tenement house commissions and tenement laws;
+so many churches have turned from their original efforts to
+the slums; that we wonder why so little is heard of what the
+Army, the organization supposed especially to represent the poor,
+is doing in this direction. To tell the truth, if we go down into
+the slums, either those of Deptford, Whitechapel, or of Westminster,
+in London; or those of the Jewish, the Italian, the
+Negro, or the Irish quarters in New York, or those of the Slav
+or Jewish quarters in Chicago, expecting to find there the work
+of the Army much in evidence, we shall be disappointed. What
+slum work is done by the Army in these densely populated corners
+is done with love and earnest hearts, with sacrifice and the
+best of intentions; but apparently it does not bear fruit in the same
+proportion as does the work of the settlement, whether church
+settlement or secular, or in the same proportion as many of the
+kindergartens, summer playgrounds and evening recreation centers.
+Nevertheless, the slum post of the Army is doing valuable
+work and should be supported.</p>
+
+<p>A sweeping tenement house reform can do more than any
+number of settlements; a settlement can do more than the Army
+slum post; but neither the tenement reform nor the settlement
+does the work that a slum post does. Probably the work done
+by other organizations most nearly allied to that of the Army
+slum post is that done by the various organizations of church
+deaconesses, which have been growing rapidly in late years, in
+which women are employed by the churches to visit the poor
+in their homes, and nurse the sick, besides other duties. If we
+depend or count largely on the Army slum work to reform the
+slums, we shall be disappointed in learning that, after years of
+successful growth in the Industrial and Social Departments, the
+Army has but twenty slum posts in the United States<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>, some
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>of these being very small, and that it has no large number in
+other countries. Such as it is, the work is well worth while.
+But let us examine its origin, present status and the reason for
+its relatively small growth.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning of the Army movement, Mrs. Booth, the
+late wife of General Booth, supplemented her husband's work
+by a personal visitation of the people in their homes. She proved
+the utility of this work and also its place among the works
+of women. From her early efforts has sprung the more widely
+organized department of slum work.</p>
+
+<p>The slum work may be divided into three divisions: visitation
+work, the slum nursery, and the maintenance of the slum post.
+Wearing a humbler garb, even, than the regular Army uniform,
+the lassies start out on their daily tours of visitation. They take
+care of the sick, and at the same time, they clean the home and
+put everything in order. Often they come upon cases of need
+and of want, and then they provide the little necessaries: a sack of
+coal, a supply of food, or some needed clothing. They take the
+children from the worn-out woman and amuse and instruct
+them, while the mother does her work; and, wherever they go,
+although most plainly dressed, they are clean and neat, and they
+strive to make everything else clean and neat.</p>
+
+<p>While this visitation work is going on, another most urgent
+need is being supplied by the slum nursery. Here the mother
+can leave her children in the morning, when she goes to her
+work, and find them safely waiting for her in the evening, clean
+and happy. A charge of five cents per day is made to cover the
+expense of feeding the children. During the day they are well
+cared for, the younger ones properly nursed, and the older
+ones taught simple little kindergarten games and songs. Sometimes
+children are brought here and never called for again, in
+which case the Army lassies in charge must find some permanent
+home for them, but this does not often happen, as the mothers
+of the children are usually known by the Army workers. At
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>the slum nursery in Cincinnati there is also a free clinic, where
+sick women and children go for treatment. Two of the most
+efficient physicians of the city furnish free aid, and the medicines
+necessary are provided.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the visitation work and the nursery, the maintenance
+of the slum post means the keeping of slum quarters
+and a slum hall. The "quarters" are the two or more rooms
+where the lassies live, and they are located where most can be
+accomplished in the way of example and influence. The hall is
+for the carrying on of slum meetings, for these are regularly
+held. In these meetings the roughest crowd of men, women
+and children is awed into respect and reverence by the simple
+slum lassies with their songs and music. Again, in this little
+hall, the children of the neighborhood are gathered in a Sunday
+School and taught by the slum officers. It is a most interesting
+spectacle to watch these children. Many different
+nationalities are represented, the dark races and the light. As
+children, these nationalities mingle together more freely than in
+adult life.</p>
+
+<p>A special aspect of the slum post is the distribution of charitable
+relief to the needy. It is specially situated, and has advantages
+for this purpose; hence it becomes the distributing depot
+for bread, soup and coal in winter, and ice in summer. For
+instance, from one slum post in New York during the winter
+of 1907-8, 2,800 loaves of bread were given out in one week,
+and for some months, an average of from 300 to 1,000 loaves,
+besides an average of two tons of coal per week. Some of this,
+naturally, would go to the undeserving, but the slum officers, as
+a rule, know the people of their immediate neighborhood, and
+can exercise due discretion.</p>
+
+<p>The failure of the Army slum work to increase in the same
+proportion as its other branches of the social work, and its non-existence
+in many quarters of our cities where it is most needed,
+is due to two causes. One is the fact that the Army slum
+post, more than the Army industrial home or the Army hotel,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+is a religious institution, and is continually advertising and pressing
+on the public its peculiar doctrines. The slum officers are
+imbued with the idea that personal salvation according to the
+doctrines of the Army is the all-essential need. They would
+not be engaged in this work themselves were it not for the hold
+these doctrines have upon them. The slum post holds its regular
+meetings, exhorting its hearers to get "saved," in its own
+original way. At Sunday School, the children are taught that
+certain things are wrong and sinful, and these very things are
+common-place in their own homes though, possibly some of them
+of not much detriment. But, in a community almost entirely
+Catholic or Jewish, such aggressive evangelism is not likely to
+increase the influence of its advocates. Many settlements have
+learned with grief, this very same lesson. Another reason for
+the lack of success is the mental calibre of those engaged in
+the work. However, the devotion and self-sacrifice of the Army
+slum sisters is one of the most touching and sublime elements of
+the slums, and it is all the more touching when it is to some extent
+misdirected and misplaced. To see the tact, patience and perseverance
+of these "Slum Angels" as they are often called, is a
+divine object lesson in itself, and much of their work is not done
+in vain, as many would testify.</p>
+
+<p>A useful experiment is under way at one former slum post,
+94 Cherry Street, New York City. In place of the old building
+formerly rented by the Army here and used as a slum post, the
+Army has built a commodious six-story building, which it calls
+a settlement. One floor is given to a hall and parlor. Two
+floors are given over to rooms to be used as class, club
+and kindergarten rooms. One floor is fitted up with a dining
+room and kitchen, and another with a large dormitory
+and living room, to be used as a Girls' Home. On the roof,
+preparations are under way for a roof garden and play-ground,
+while washing facilities are provided in the basement, where poor
+mothers can bring their clothes and wash them. Already the
+New York Kindergarten Association has two kindergartners busy
+here. Two sewing classes, averaging thirty-five members, are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>organized. Mother's meetings are held, and a regular Army
+Corps is organized, consisting of sixty members. This settlement
+may prove an auspicious advance of the Army along these
+lines.</p>
+
+<p>To sum up, the Army Slum Department is doing valuable
+work in the slums, tending the sick, exercising and bringing out
+some of the better traits of humanity, and offering relief in times
+of need; but it suffers from an over-desire to spread its own
+peculiar doctrines of salvation, and from the lack of grasping
+the whole situation which is characteristic of its workers.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> This number has continued the same for five years.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Salvation Army Rescue Department.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>In the United States and Great Britain, the question of the
+social evil has never been thoroughly investigated and faced systematically
+as a whole. In some of the large cities in the United
+States, notably in Chicago and New York, the question has been
+taken up in various ways by different reform societies. Probably
+the best investigation made thus far has been the work of
+the Committee of Fifteen, in New York City, which issued its
+report in the year 1902, but the problem does not appear to
+have been faced by us as a nation as it might have been. Other
+countries, especially France, have paid a great deal of attention
+to this form of vice. Nearly every phase of the question has
+been examined by some French investigator and reported on, but
+when we look for reports or investigations on the part of American
+or English students, we find very little of value.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the United States, all attempts at reaching a true
+estimate of the extent of this evil have failed. Apparently, there
+is no way of obtaining such information. We have seen estimates
+regarding some of the cities in past years, and such estimates
+are given as 40,000 prostitutes for New York City,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> 30,000
+for Chicago and 35,000 for San Francisco. But these figures
+have evidently been derived in a very unscientific way. The
+evil is probably worse in the Western states than in the Eastern,
+but we are not satisfied of the accuracy of such estimates as
+35,000 for San Francisco and only 30,000 for Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>The work known as the Rescue Work of the Salvation Army
+is, to a certain extent, related to the Slum Work. The slum
+officers can often work hand-in-hand with the Rescue officers,
+inasmuch as their field is often on the same or adjoining territory.
+At the same time, it is essential that the Rescue officer
+be more highly specialized than the slum worker. During the
+past few years the percentage of successful cases of reform
+brought about by the Army Rescue Homes has reached as high
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>as 80 or 85%, according to the Army's statistics. They, however,
+are unable to keep in touch with all the girls sent out, and
+hence this percentage would not be final, but even allowing 25%
+off for failures not known to the Army, it is doubtful if there
+is any other reform agency along this line which is as successful
+as is this force of trained rescue workers.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> In the United
+States this force works in conjunction with twenty-two Rescue
+Homes scattered throughout the States. These homes are especially
+fitted for the work, some having been built for the purpose.
+There are work rooms for the girls, where they can do
+sewing and laundry work. There is a reading room and sitting
+room, dining room, and different dormitories and sleeping apartments.
+Then special facilities are provided for the care of
+babies in the way of proper nurseries.</p>
+
+<p>There are two ways in which these girls come under the influence
+of the Homes and Rescue workers: either the girls come
+voluntarily to the Homes, expressing their desire to leave this
+form of life for a better one, or they are brought to the Home
+by the direct influence and touch of the Rescue officer. These
+Rescue officers make regular tours through the districts where
+the girls are to be found. They watch their opportunities, and
+whenever they think it wise, they speak to the girls personally.
+When this is not possible, they make an advance by way of
+literature. One method is to open up a conversation by means
+of a little card, upon which is printed the address of the Rescue
+Home, and the offer of help to any girl who is in trouble of
+any sort. Some of the officers tell us that they get to know the
+faces of the girls through their regular tours, and whenever
+a new girl comes they are able to recognize her at once, both
+by her features and her actions. In this way there have been
+some instances of real prevention without the need of any curative
+means whatever; instances where young girls have been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>rescued from the very brink of their evil fate. One way of
+reaching the girls is visitation and nursing when they are sick.
+Another way is through the police courts. In some of the
+latter a woman Army officer is in regular attendance, and the
+judge frequently hands certain cases over to her charge.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the girls received into the Home have had no practical
+training in life; many, very little moral training, and in
+the case of those who have had good training in earlier years,
+the life they have been leading has so undermined their old
+ideals, that the training must be repeated. Hence, the aim of
+the Home is two-fold. First, the aim is to lay a strong foundation
+morally. When the girls reach the Home, in most cases
+they are already penitent, and ready for a change, but to make
+such a complete change as is necessary to lead them back to a
+normal life means the individual revolution of desire and interest.
+Here is where the importance of the moral influence
+of the Home is realized. Step by step the girl is led on by
+the simple teaching of Christian and social ideals, until in
+reality she is a changed individual. Often she looks back on
+her past life with such repugnance and shrinking, that her only
+desire becomes that of doing something to retrieve her past, and
+she becomes an active agent in the betterment of the conditions
+of other girls around her.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the second aim of the Rescue Home is being
+realized. The girls are taught the means of practical livelihood.
+They are instructed in cooking, the care of the kitchen and
+nursery, and general housekeeping. Sewing is made a prominent
+feature, and in every Home a laundry is maintained, where the
+girls do their own washing and sometimes outside washing.
+In some Homes the fund realized from the laundry and from
+the sale of clothing made by the girls is quite a help toward defraying
+the general expenses. Again, at some of the Homes,
+such work as book binding and chicken raising has been successfully
+carried on. Independence is encouraged, and as soon
+as possible the girl is made to feel that, by aiding in the work
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>of the Home, she can help meet the expense which she caused.</p>
+
+<p>To the girl who has possibly never done sewing, never known
+anything about proper cooking or the care of a home, there
+is much that is new in this training, and, on the other hand,
+great patience is required on the part of her instructors. A fit
+of anger or despondency, and in a very short time she has left
+the Home and its care, and returned to her old life. Some do
+this even more than once and again return, having, upon reflection,
+realized the force of its love and shelter. Others, of
+course, leave and never return, but a large number are sent
+back to their own homes or out to fill situations of various
+kinds.</p>
+
+<p>A great difference is found between one girl and another, due
+to the different status of life and surroundings from which they
+originally fell; hence, some girls are reformed with greater ease
+and in a shorter time than are others. The average time that
+a girl is retained in the Home is about four months. The Army
+aims at keeping in touch with them afterwards.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Personally," says one of the leading Rescue officers writing on
+this point, "I attach by far the greatest importance to the work
+done with our girls after they leave the Home. If we ceased our
+care for them when they went out to service, we should have, I fear,
+many failures. I have by my elbow, as I write to you, a current record
+of 120 girls, not picked out but taken just as they come, which
+tells just where each one is, what she is doing, what was her
+spiritual condition when last seen or heard from, what day visited,
+etc. That list is taken from a record kept of every girl who passes
+through our hands. On one page is her previous life story; on the
+other, her career after leaving the Home. It is the most important
+record we keep."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Along with other departments of social service in the Army,
+this department has been considerably extended during the past
+few years. Figures are at hand for the United States only.
+In 1896 there were five Rescue Homes with a total accommodation
+for 100 girls, and there were, in the Rescue Work, 24
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>officers. In 1904 we found twenty-two homes, with a total accommodation
+for 500 girls, and there were 110 specialized officers
+engaged in the Rescue Work. During the eight years
+prior to 1907 15,000 girls were helped.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> Speaking of the
+year 1903-4, Commander Booth-Tucker says: "More than 1,800
+girls passed through the homes during the year, and of these
+93% were satisfactory cases, being restored to lives of virtue,
+while some 500 babies were cared for."<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> During the past
+few years, also, some valuable properties have been acquired for
+the purposes of Rescue Homes. Among these are two Homes
+in Philadelphia worth $20,000.00; the Home in Manhattan, New
+York City, valued at $35,000.00; the Home in Buffalo, costing
+nearly $40,000.00; the Home in Los Angeles, worth more than
+$15,000.00, and others.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion it may be said that although this great social
+question presents almost overwhelming problems for solution,
+yet there is no agency that deals with the evil in a curative way
+so successfully, and on such a scale, as does the Rescue Department
+of the Army. One difficulty of the work is that, while
+so many departments of the Army work are self-supporting, this
+work cannot be made so. Another difficulty is the lack of those
+who are willing to sacrifice their lives to such noble effort. Mrs.
+Catherine Higgins, former Secretary for this department, in
+her report, said that she had a great need of 100 more workers,
+and that she could use many times that number in the furtherance
+of the work.</p>
+
+<p>While it is rather the part of society to strike at the very
+causes of this social evil and root it out entirely, still, such
+successful combating with the evil itself, right on the battle-field
+of flagrant vice, should receive the hearty support of all.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Mentioned in Josiah Strong's Social Progress, 1906, p. 243.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> In Great Britain in 1903, the proportion of re-admissions in the
+Rescue Homes was about one in seven. In that year, about one-sixth of
+the new cases were unsatisfactory. (The S. A. and the Public, p. 131.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> "Social Service in the Salvation Army," p. 71.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Pamphlet "S. A. in the U. S."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 26.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Some Minor Features of the Salvation Army Social Work.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>There are a number of features of the Salvation Army Social
+Work, which for the sake of brevity we shall group together in
+one final chapter. These are, (1): Christmas dinners, (2): prison
+work, (3): the employment bureau, and (4): work among the
+children. Taking up the subject of Christmas dinners, we find
+here what seems to be an advertising scheme more than a systematic
+form of relief. Sentiment, doubtless, has its place, even
+with the masses, and yet, in this great winter feast, there is more
+sentiment than there is real practical good accomplished. To
+the quiet, calculating student the question arises whether it
+would not be far better to utilize the vast amount of energy and
+financial outlay, which it gives to gorging the multitude for
+one day, in a better and more lasting way; the question whether
+there is not, in these Christmas feasts, a likeness to the old time
+feast of pagan Rome. In every city of any size throughout the
+country the pots and kettles on the street corner are familiar
+objects. At each Corps or other location of the Army, tickets
+are given out entitling the bearer to a Christmas dinner, or, in
+certain cases, to a basket with a dinner for a family. A good
+deal of trickery is indulged in by the professional beggars, by
+means of which it often happens that several dinners go to the
+same person. And yet, as we have watched those 5,000 baskets
+containing food for 25,000 persons go out, to bring cheer and
+comfort to the hungry in their homes, and as we have gazed on
+that vast banquet of 3,000 guests seated at one sitting, we could
+not but feel glad that these poor brothers and sisters of ours
+might realize the force of human sympathy for once in the year
+at least.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another minor feature of the Salvation Army work is the
+prison work. The majority of the jails, local, county and state,
+are visited at intervals by certain members of the Army set
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>aside for that purpose in each community. In one State's prison
+there is a regularly organized corps of Salvation Army soldiers,
+who are all prisoners, some of them for a life term. In most
+prisons the Army provides literature, sees to the correspondence
+of the prisoners and holds meetings with them. But it is not
+so much the work with the prisoners in the jail that counts, as
+it is the influence gained over them, which leads them to come
+to the Army and make a new start in life when they get out.
+Many who find themselves behind the prison bars are not to be
+classed as regular criminals. A man is often classed as a
+criminal who is a victim of misfortune only, and has no inherent
+criminal instincts. It is with the criminal "by occasion," as Lombroso
+puts it,<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> that much successful work can be done in the
+way of reform. The Army has a regular organization known
+as the Prison Gate League. When a prisoner is discharged he
+is met by one of this league and invited to go to work at one
+of the Army's institutions. After being influenced and helped
+in this institution for a certain length of time, if he seems to
+justify it, he is sent out to work in some position. There are
+no definite statistics recorded of those of this class who have
+been permanently bettered.</p>
+
+<p>Still another minor feature is the employment bureau system.
+While mentioned here as merely one of a group of minor features,
+this system is one of great importance to the industrial
+world. It is being taken into consideration in many places by
+thoughtful men, and there is promise of its assuming national,
+if not international proportions. The general term, employment
+bureau, serves to bring to our recollection the accompanying
+evils of the contract wage system and industrial slavery, against
+which there has been agitation in the past, but it is because of
+these accompaniments that the importance arises of securing a
+system which shall be free from them. In Germany considerable
+work has been done along these lines, municipalities and
+provinces have taken up the work, and an all-round effort is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>being made to place labor in the right position for work at the
+proper time.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> New York City is to-day swarming with many
+agencies, which are conducted by men and women, who may
+rightly be classed as extortioners. In spite of the rigid rules on
+the subject, the ignorance and poverty of their victims makes evasion
+of the law comparatively easy. Jacob A. Riis, speaking of
+this subject, says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is estimated that New York spends in public and private
+charity every year around eight millions. A small part of this sum
+intelligently invested in a great labor bureau that would bring the
+seeker of work and the man with work together, under auspices
+offering some degree of mutual security, would certainly repay the
+amount of the investment in the saving of much capital now much
+worse than wasted, and would be prolific of the best results."<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>In regard to the work of the Army in this field every large
+city contains an employment bureau conducted by it and maintained
+for the free use of the unemployed. Some of the men,
+who secure positions have been in one of its own
+institutions, and the Army workers know whether or not
+to recommend them for a certain position. Outside of giving
+men work in its own institutions, the Army, during the year
+1907, found employment for 55,621 persons in the United States
+alone.</p>
+
+<p>Contrary to expectation, the children's work of the Army
+has not attained a magnitude in proportion to the other lines
+of work which have been developed. This may be accounted
+for in part by the fact that there are more institutions open for
+children to which the Army can turn for help than there are
+institutions of other types. Thus, while the Army can often get
+a child taken into some orphanage already existing, either public
+or private, in the case of the drunkard, the unemployed or the
+fallen woman, the Army finds it necessary to furnish its own
+institutions. Again, the Army states that wherever possible,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>some friend is found who is willing to adopt a child. Of course,
+this is far preferable to placing the child in some institution,
+inasmuch as adoption restores the home in a real sense.</p>
+
+<p>The work among the children may be divided into temporary
+work and permanent work. By temporary work we do not
+mean work that is superficial, for it may be the most permanent
+and lasting in its results, but we mean work that is undertaken
+which influences the children for a limited amount of time only.
+The slum nursery or kindergarten is of this type, but as we
+have already described it in connection with the Slum Department,
+it needs only mention here. Another line of temporary
+work is the Sunday School work of the Army, but that comes
+under the religious work and not the social.</p>
+
+<p>An important line of temporary work, however, is the summer
+outing for the poor children. In each of our large cities
+these excursions for the poor children have been carried out
+on a large scale. Arrangements are made with a railroad or
+a steamboat company; the children are collected, hundreds at
+a time, and cared for by parties of Salvationists, they are taken
+out to the country for the day. Children who have never seen
+the country, and who do not know what a tree, a green hill, or the
+running water looks like, are thus given an entirely new outlook
+upon the world, and a lasting impression is made on their minds.
+In Kansas City, this line of work has been developed still further.
+One of the large parks has been handed over to the Army
+by the city authorities, and in it has been established a summer
+camp. Tents are pitched on the grass under the trees, and
+poor families are brought out here for a week at a time. In
+this way hundreds of families have experienced a little of summer
+vacation who otherwise would never have left their slum
+dwellings.</p>
+
+<p>The permanent handling of the children as opposed to the
+temporary, begins with the Maternity Homes which are managed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>in connection with the Rescue Homes, and continues on through
+the Orphanages. The children cared for in this permanent way
+are the babies from the Maternity Homes and orphans.
+From this it must not be supposed, with regard to the Maternity
+Homes, that there is any intentional separation or even a suggested
+separation of the child from the mother, but in many
+cases, after a time, a partial separation is necessary. The mother
+is influenced and taught to care for and love her offspring, but
+after spending some months in the Home, she may take a situation
+of some sort, often as a domestic servant, and here
+she cannot take her baby. Hence, in such cases, the mother is
+expected to visit her child frequently, and to provide for its
+support.</p>
+
+<p>The other class of children dealt with in a permanent way are
+those who are picked up from the street, or who otherwise fall
+into the hands of the Army, often after being deserted by their
+parents. While Orphanages, as already stated, are not an important
+item in the Army's work, there are several in England
+and four in the United States. For the situation of an Orphanage,
+a country location is sought. For instance, one near New
+York City is located on a beautiful piece of property at Spring
+Valley. Another is at Rutherford, N. J. One of the largest is
+situated near San Francisco, California, and one of the latest
+additions for this purpose has been the securing of a fine piece of
+property at Lytton Springs, Cal. In all, there is accommodation
+for two hundred and twenty-five children in the United States.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> The author refers here to the annual Christmas dinner given in
+New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> "The Criminal," p. 208.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> "The German Workman," ch. XVII</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> "How the Other Half Lives," p. 253.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Conclusion.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>We have now covered the work of the Salvation Army social
+movement in its different branches. We have described the
+work, the extent and the management of each department. We
+have also considered the criticisms and objections to which each
+department is open, and we have attempted to estimate the value
+of each department to society. We have arrived at the conclusion
+that the work of the Industrial Department, leaving out the Industrial
+Colony, is a practical, deserving and successful effort to
+put unfortunate men once more on their feet, at no expense to
+the public, saving a slight embarrassment to those already engaged
+in the salvage and second hand business; that the Army
+lodging house is the best so far offered for the housing of the
+lower homeless class, although not entirely satisfactory; that the
+Slum Work is good, but limited in its scope, owing to the religious
+sentiment attached, and the mental inferiority of its
+workers; that the Rescue Work is about the best of its kind; and
+that good work is being done in other directions, such as the
+prison work, the employment bureaux and the children's work.
+On the other hand, we have found that the two Industrial
+Colonies and three Farm Colonies are not successful enough to
+warrant any additional expenditure on them or on any new
+colonies. This is due to the fact that the class most needing help
+in the cities is not the class to succeed on the land, and to the fact
+that men are more successful as pioneers on the land, when they
+are scattered and left to rely on themselves, having experienced
+farmers as neighbors, than when they are grouped closely together
+in one colony. Also there is nothing in favor of heavy
+expenditure for Christmas dinners, since the same amount of
+money can be put to better advantage in other ways.</p>
+
+<p>But, having reached these conclusions regarding the separate
+departments of the Army social work, what about the movement
+as a whole? The critics have advanced a good many objections
+against the Army. Some of these objections relating to special
+departments and not to the Army as a whole, we have already
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>dealt with in our discussion of those separate departments.
+There remain six principal objections:</p>
+
+<p>1. That the organization is narrow and not willing to cooperate
+with other organizations.</p>
+
+<p>2. That the highly centralized military form of government is
+likely to lead to disastrous consequences.</p>
+
+<p>3. That the Army, in its financial dealings, does not take the
+public sufficiently into its confidence.</p>
+
+<p>4. That the Army collects funds, on the strength of its social
+work, and applies these funds to religious propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>5. That there is a lack of accuracy in its reports of work accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>6. That the Army, as an organization, has become more of an
+end in itself, than a means to an end.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding the first objection, the narrowness and lack of cooperation,
+we think there is a good deal of truth in it. The
+Army has made a great success as an organization, and the work
+of its founder and his assistants is one of the most remarkable
+achievements of the age. Things apparently impossible have
+been accomplished, and obstacles apparently unsurmountable have
+been overcome. The result is a self-confidence and assurance,
+amounting in many cases to bigotry. The members of the organization
+look upon it as especially favored by God, and as
+above any other organization. Hence, we find many of the
+leaders far from humble in their bearings, whatever their profession
+may be, and entirely uninclined to cooperate with other
+organizations. This fact has been brought to the foreground of
+late years in England and America by a certain amount of
+antagonism between the Army and the Charity Organization
+Society, the Army claiming that it can do its work along its own
+lines and get along without any alliance with the Society, and the
+latter claiming that much economy would result if the Army
+would unite its efforts along social lines with the Charity
+Organization Society. The controversy cannot be discussed here,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>but it seems a pity that some sort of union cannot be entered into
+in which both organizations would be represented in a manner
+satisfactory to both. One great difficulty, evidently, is the
+religious element in the social work of the Army, which tends to
+prejudice the Charity Organization Society in some degree against
+the Army, and tends to keep the Army aloof from any
+organization considered secular. However, we find many leading
+officers in both organizations with friendly feeling, and there is
+hope that the time will come, when the controversy will be at an
+end.</p>
+
+<p>Coming to the second objection, that the highly centralized
+military form of government of the Army is likely to lead to
+disastrous consequences, we think that, if continued, this form
+of government must indeed lead to disaster. It is evident that
+this might happen in different ways. In an organization held
+together by one man or by one idea, disintegration would tend to
+take place in the one case by the failure or death of the leader,
+and in the other case by the expansion of the idea. The Army is
+held together by both the man and the idea, and we need not turn
+away from its own history to get examples of this disintegration
+in both ways. Take the first bond of union, the man of striking,
+hypnotic personality. Since the very inception of the movement,
+time after time, men who have gained influence in the Army, have
+separated from its ranks and started a movement of their own
+of more or less formidable dimensions. The instance most
+applicable here is that of the division which took place a few years
+ago in the United States. At that time the Army in this country
+had been very successful under the leadership of one of General
+Booth's sons, Ballington Booth and his wife, Maud, the latter
+especially being a most attractive and talented personality and
+gifted, persuasive speaker. Mr. and Mrs. Ballington Booth
+were flattered by attention from all sides, and by the worship of
+the soldiers and officers under them. Orders came from General
+William Booth, commanding them to give up their leadership in
+the United States and take control of some other country. But
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>they had no idea of giving up their position in this country, and,
+elated by success, confidently announced their leadership of a new
+movement, the Volunteers of America, which is still in existence.
+While the other element, that of the expansion of the idea,
+showed itself at this time in a revolt against the narrow, despotic
+methods of General William Booth, the main element in this
+division was that of personality. Taking up the second bond of
+union, that of the central, controlling idea and purpose, we find
+the whole movement at the present time is tending to disintegrate
+through the expansion of this idea. This is shown by the continual
+departure of men from the ranks of the Army, who see
+that its methods and machinery are too cramped for their efforts,
+and also by the different attitude of the remaining members towards
+the movement itself and its leader General William Booth.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible, however, that there will gradually be effected a
+change in the form of government of the army which will allow
+for enlargement and differentiation within the movement itself.
+General Booth, the sole head of the movement, cannot live much
+longer, and at his death, changes already threatening will demand
+attention. He has maintained a remarkable control over his
+world-wide following, in spite of numerous outbreaks and
+dangerous splits, and has legally arranged with great care, we are
+told, the succession to follow him. But that there will ever be a
+second General Booth, or that there could be a series of General
+Booths, able to hold the organization as he has, is incredible. We
+have talked with leading officers of his Army on this subject and
+find that they too, are looking for changes. The fact that the
+social work is having such a remarkable growth, while the
+spiritual work is apparently unable to hold its own, is in itself a
+feature demanding a change. The Army of industrial and social
+officers and employees will not be bound by the same ties to the
+General as his former Army of spiritual officers and soldiers.
+The latter were possessed with an emotional, fanatical enthusiasm
+which blinded them to everything save the service of their much
+adored General. The former have a different outlook on life.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>They are the new Army, a result of tendencies inherent in the
+growth of the movement. They look at humanity and individuals
+from other standpoints than that of the salvation of the soul. The
+material side of society, with its institutions of business, and
+practical forms of charitable relief, occupies a large amount of
+their attention. This has already led to considerable differentiation
+of government and control. Take, for example, the
+corporation, "The Industrial Homes Company" controlling eighty-four
+industrial institutions in the United States, and managed by
+a board of directors in New York City. This example is opening
+the way toward a future government by a board of some sort
+for other departments of the Army, and in time for the spiritual
+department, and then the further step of representation of members
+on these boards will not be far distant. At any rate we see
+reason for hoping that, while other improvements are taking
+place, the government of the Army will not be a handicap to the
+movement.</p>
+
+<p>By the third objection, that the Army in its financial dealings
+does not take the public sufficiently into its confidence, is meant
+that complete records of detailed expenditure are not issued. The
+public provides for a large part of the income of the Army, and
+it has a right to know just how and where that income is spent.
+The man and woman who is being continually confronted by a
+lassie on the street with a little box for the receipt of contributions,
+after contributing again and again, is likely to ask the question,
+just where is this money going; and it would be of advantage to
+the Army itself, if it would issue a more definite statement of the
+use to which it puts public money. Some people are satisfied with
+the general report that "the Army is doing good," but there are
+many who would contribute more largely, if they knew directly
+for what they were contributing. In reply to this criticism, the
+Army states that it deposits regularly with the state authorities
+a statement showing the disposition and state of the finances of its
+corporations, such as "The Reliance Trading Company" and
+"The Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Army also issues every year a balance sheet which shows
+its assets and liabilities on a large scale. But this is not sufficient.
+The ordinary person can receive no light from either the statement
+deposited with the state authorities or the yearly balance
+sheet published by the Army. In fact, although the Army uses
+the services of an expert accountant in getting out this balance
+sheet, for all that the public knows, it may be using the funds
+entrusted to it in any way it wishes. This should be remedied by
+a regular statement, clearly revealing the disposition of every cent
+donated.</p>
+
+<p>A discussion of the preceding objection leads us to the fourth
+objection, that the Army collects funds on the strength of its
+social work, and applies these funds to the carrying on of its
+religious propaganda.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> The Army denies this, but admits that
+there is a good deal of money collected for the general work,
+there being no specific object implied when it is collected, other
+than a statement of the various departments in which the Army
+is working, and of their extent. Of course, the social work comes
+in for strong presentation on the statement, but the money not
+being collected for any one object, the Army is at liberty to apply
+it to any branch of its work whether spiritual or social. This
+again shows the need of greater definiteness and accuracy in the
+Army's report to the public.</p>
+
+<p>A fifth objection is the lack of accuracy shown by the Army in
+its reports of work accomplished.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> This has special reference
+to the statistics published by the Army, and is a good criticism.
+At different times and in different parts of the world, statistics
+are given out, which seems to emanate from no one authority,
+which are often contradictory, and which create confusion in the
+mind of the person wishing to get at the facts. As a result of a
+good deal of recent criticism on this point, all future statistics of
+the Army in the United States are to come from one point only,
+are to be in charge of an expert, and no publication of statistics
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>is to be allowed without the consent of the National Headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>The sixth and last objection is a very important one and one
+which has been seen in the history of organizations without
+number, viz: that the organization tends to become an end in
+itself, instead of a means to an end. This objection is also allied
+to a former one regarding a lack of cooperation on the part of
+the Army with other organizations. More and more an
+organization, formed as is the Army, feels complete in itself, and
+works continually for its own interests and its own glory. In a
+large number of instances the objective point that was once
+humanity and the glory of God tends to become the advancement
+of the Army. While feeling that this objection is a serious one,
+it still cannot be considered as anything but unavoidable, considering
+the government and general character of the movement. If
+it were possible for the Army to be governed locally, and to some
+extent, nationally by boards, a part of whose membership represented
+the public, we believe that the tendency to advance its
+own interest would be diminished. Study out the workings and
+control of this organization, and it is found a machine, ever seeking
+to increase its power and field of work. If this machine could
+be controlled to some extent by the public which feeds it, it might
+be kept as a useful servant, but otherwise, in spite of the great
+service which it does society to-day, the tendency to get away
+from its object and to become an object itself, will be more and
+more dangerous.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, then, we find that these objections advanced by
+the critics are not without foundation, and while some may be
+more tendencies than actualities, it lies with the organization to
+guard itself from them. We have found the Army an efficient
+worker along several lines, and society owes it a considerable debt
+for past service and lessons learned from it. Hence it would be a
+great pity for its efficiency as a great public servant to be lessened
+by a lack of publicity regarding its finance, or by a narrow, self-centered
+policy, or by a too centralized form of government.
+Some of the Army leaders are men of great hearts and strong
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>minds, and it is to be hoped that, whenever in the future, the opportunity
+offers to make a beneficial change of policy in its duty
+toward the public or toward its sister organizations engaged in
+charitable work or in its own internal administration, that these
+leaders will stand firmly for what they believe, and demand the
+necessary change.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> See the "S. A. and the Public," Ch. 5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> See the "Social Relief Work of the S. A.," p. 4.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h2>
+
+<p>
+American Journal of Sociology, Volume III.<br />
+<br />
+Besant, Sir Walter,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Farm and the City,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Contemporary Review, 72-792.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth, Bramwell,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. A Day with the Salvation Army,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1904.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. Illustrated Interviews,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1905.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth, Charles,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Life and Labor of the People,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">The Macmillan Co., New York, 1899.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth, Commander Eva,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Where Shadows Lengthen,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth, Florence E.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Peep into My Letter Bag,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1905.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth, William,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. In Darkest England, and the Way Out,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1890.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. Social Service in the Salvation Army,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1903.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">III. The Doctrines of the Salvation Army,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">S. A. Press, London.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">IV. The Why and Wherefore of the Rules and Regulations</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">of the Salvation Army,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. Orders and Regulations for Field Officers,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London.</span><br />
+<br />
+Booth-Tucker, Commander,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. William Booth, Life of</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1898.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. The Salvation Army in the United States,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1899.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">III. Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">United States,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1900.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">IV. Our Future Pauper Policy in America,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1898.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. Prairie Homes for City Poor,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1899.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">VI. A Review of the Salvation Army Land Colony in California,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1903.</span><br />
+<br />
+Coates, Thomas F. G.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Prophet of the Poor,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">E. P. Dutton &amp; Co., New York, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Dawson, William Harbutt,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The German Workman,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Devine, Edward T.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Principles of Relief,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">The Macmillan Co., New York, 1905.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hadleigh,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Salvation Army Colony,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1904.</span><br />
+<br />
+Haggard, H. Rider,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Poor and the Land,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Longmans, Green &amp; Co., New York, 1905.</span><br />
+<br />
+Higgins, Mrs. Catherine,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Love's Laborings in Sorrow's Soil,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, New York, 1904.</span><br />
+<br />
+Huxley, T. H.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Social Diseases and Worse Remedies,</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">The Macmillan Co., New York, 1891.</span><br />
+<br />
+Manson, John,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Salvation Army and the Public,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">E. P. Dutton &amp; Co., New York, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Precipices: A Sketch of Salvation Army Social Work,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1904.</span><br />
+<br />
+Report of Committee of Fifteen,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Social Evil,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1902.</span><br />
+<br />
+Report of the Departmental Committee, Appointed to Consider<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mr. Rider Haggard's Report on Agricultural Settlements in</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">British Colonies.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Wyman &amp; Sons, London, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Riis, Jacob A.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I. How the Other Half Lives,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">II. The Children of the Poor,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">III. A Ten Years' War,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co., New York, 1900.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">IV. The Peril and Preservation of the Home,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Geo. W. Jacobs' &amp; Co., Philadelphia, 1903.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ruskin, John,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sesame and Lillies,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Donohue, Hernneberry and Co., Chicago.</span><br />
+<br />
+Seager, Henry Rogers,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Introduction to Economics,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1908.</span><br />
+<br />
+Selected Papers on the Social Work of the Salvation Army,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1907.</span><br />
+<br />
+Solenberger, Edwin D.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army,</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Byron &amp; Willard Co., Minneapolis, 1906.</span><br />
+<br />
+Swan, Annie S.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Outsiders,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">S. A. Press, London, 1905.</span><br />
+<br />
+Warner, Amos G.,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">American Charities,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">T. J. Crowell &amp; Co., New York, 1894.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VITA" id="VITA"></a>VITA.</h2>
+
+<p>The author of this dissertation, Edwin Gifford Lamb, was born
+in London, England, December 22, 1878. He attended private
+schools in that city and then spent three years in Northwestern
+Canada without schooling. After this he went to California
+where he prepared for college in the preparatory department of
+the University of the Pacific. He became a citizen of the United
+States as soon as eligible and graduated from Leland Stanford
+Junior University in 1904, with the degree of A. B. In the year
+1904-'05, he was a student at Union Theological Seminary and
+Columbia University. During the year 1905-'06, he held a
+scholarship in Sociology at Columbia University. At this institution
+he studied under Professors F. H. Giddings, John B.
+Clark, H. R. Seager, H. L. Moore, J. Dewey, F. J. E. Woodbridge
+and W. P. Montague. Since that time he has been an instructor
+in the Harström School, Norwalk, Connecticut.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h4><a name="Transcribers_Note" id="Transcribers_Note"></a>Transcriber's Note</h4>
+
+<p>Inconsistent hyphenation and capitalization have been left as in the
+original text. The same is true for inconsistent abbreviations for U. S.
+states and inconsistent placement of footnote markers.</p>
+
+<p>CHAP. III. (in the original text) has been changed to <a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a> for
+consistency.</p>
+
+<p>Punctuation has been standardized. Spelling mistakes have been corrected,
+except for the items listed below, which have not been changed.</p>
+
+<p>The book seems to use <a href="#Footnote_52_52">fl.</a>, rather than ff., as an abbreviation that refers to
+the pages following a number.</p>
+
+<p>This book refers twice to the title "<a href="#Footnote_5_5">Sesame and Lillies</a>." In other sources,
+that title is sometimes spelled as "Sesame and Lilies."</p>
+
+<p>On the list of "Examples of Salvation Army Hotel Lodgers," under <a href="#Lodger_3">No. 3</a>, the
+city name Pittsburgh is misspelled as Pittsburg in the original text.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Social Work of the Salvation Army, by 
+Edwin Gifford Lamb
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Social Work of the Salvation Army, by
+Edwin Gifford Lamb
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Social Work of the Salvation Army
+
+Author: Edwin Gifford Lamb
+
+Release Date: October 20, 2009 [EBook #30295]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOCIAL WORK OF SALVATION ARMY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Rose Acquavella, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  THE SOCIAL WORK OF THE
+  SALVATION ARMY
+
+  BY
+
+  EDWIN GIFFORD LAMB, A.B.
+
+
+  Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of
+  Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Political Science
+
+  Columbia University
+
+
+  New York
+
+  1909
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1909
+
+  BY
+
+  EDWIN GIFFORD LAMB
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+I use the word "Social" in the title of this work to suggest that, save
+in an auxiliary way, I am not attempting to describe the religious
+features of the organization. Such a field of investigation would prove
+a very profitable and interesting one, but it is a field, which, for the
+sake of clearness and impartial study, should be kept separate. The
+organization itself recognizes the primary division. Commander
+Booth-Tucker, the leader of the Army in the United States from 1896 to
+1904, says, "The Salvation Army is the evolution of two great ideas:
+first, that of reaching with the gospel of salvation the masses who are
+outside the pale of ordinary church influence, and second, that of
+caring for their temporal as well as spiritual interests."[1]
+
+I have secured very little data from books, as there is but little
+authentic literature on the subject. Primarily, the data for this
+treatise were taken from personal observation. In pursuing the subject I
+have visited Salvation Army social institutions of every description. In
+addition to visiting the larger cities of the United States and the
+three Army colonies, situated in Ohio, Colorado and California,
+respectively, I have investigated the work in London, where the Army had
+its origin, and at the farm colony in Hadleigh, on the river Thames,
+some thirty miles from London. I have slept in the hotels, worked in the
+industrial homes, wandered over the farm colonies, and mingled with the
+inmates of other types of Army institutions.
+
+    Nov., 1909.  E. G. L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Pamphlet "The Salvation Army in the United States."
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+                                                                PAGE.
+
+  Preface                                                          5
+
+  Introduction                                                  7-15
+
+  CHAPTER I
+  The Salvation Army Industrial Department                     16-62
+
+  CHAPTER II
+  The Salvation Army Hotels and Lodging Houses                 63-98
+
+  CHAPTER III
+  The Farm Colonies of the Salvation Army                     99-116
+
+  CHAPTER IV
+  The Salvation Army Slum Department                         117-121
+
+  CHAPTER V
+  The Salvation Army Rescue Department                       122-126
+
+  CHAPTER VI
+  Some Minor Features of the Salvation Army Social Work      127-131
+
+  CHAPTER VII
+  Conclusion                                                 132-139
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The Salvation Army was founded by William Booth in London, England, in
+1865. Previous to this time Mr. Booth had been a successful clergyman in
+the Methodist Church, and had become widely known throughout England as
+a revivalist. As time passed, he had become more and more interested in
+the condition of the un-churched masses, and as his church did not
+approve of his taking up work among the masses in connection with it as
+an organization, he had, in 1861, separated from the Methodists. With
+little support, he established in London what was known as The Christian
+Mission.
+
+From the first, numbers of converts were made, and soon several missions
+were established in London, and other cities of England. From the first,
+too, the agency of women was an important feature. Especially was this
+true in visitation among the lower classes. In regard to the foundation
+of the Army itself and in connection with its earlier successes, much
+credit must be given to Mrs. Booth, the wife of William Booth. She
+became as noted a speaker and revivalist as her husband, and together,
+they made plans for the movement. Unfortunately she died of cancer in
+1890. Through these early years of the movement its management, almost
+unconsciously, developed along lines that were military in form. At
+first the title of "Captain" was used among the sailors and fishermen to
+designate the local leader of the company, and then it was extended
+wherever, among the rough element, the "Mr." or "Rev." would seem out of
+place. The usage and the spirit accompanying it soon spread, and by the
+year 1879 military methods and titles were officially added. The Rev.
+Wm. Booth, who, up to this time, had been known as "Superintendent of
+the Christian Mission," became "General" Booth, and the "Mission" became
+the "Salvation Army."[2]
+
+This addition of military methods seems to have accelerated the movement
+by favoring efficient and systematic control. Soon after this time, we
+find, the organization had spread to the United States, Canada,
+Australia, France, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, Scandinavia, Germany
+and Italy. Then missionary work was taken up in India, and later on, in
+Africa, Java and Japan. At the present time (1908), according to its
+reports, the Army occupies fifty-two different countries and colonies.
+In no country has its rate of progress been more remarkable than in the
+United States, where in point of numbers, the local organization now
+ranks second only to that of Great Britain.[3]
+
+Along with the rapid growth went a differentiation almost as rapid and
+unique as the growth itself. In fact, both reacted on each other. The
+work was separated first into three main departments, viz.: Spiritual,
+Social and Trade. It will be necessary to make a brief statement of this
+differentiation in detail. In the Spiritual Department we have the
+extension of the original idea, that of converting the people. Corps, as
+the different religious groups were called, sprang up and multiplied
+until even the smaller towns were occupied. Converts were added by
+hundreds and thousands. Large numbers of the brightest and best of these
+converts were utilized in extending the work still further, and after
+undergoing a brief training, were sent out, some to aid the movement in
+the mother country, others to begin the work in different parts of
+Europe and in America, and still others as missionaries to all parts of
+the world. Meanwhile, the work in each local organization or Corps,
+became systematized, and the Corps were united into Sections or
+Divisions, the Divisions into larger districts called Provinces, and the
+Provinces into Commands, which for the most part controlled the
+territory of an entire country. Each of these divisions from the Corps
+to the Command, was delegated to an officer who had sole charge, and
+who was responsible to the officer above him. For example, the United
+States, at present, is divided into two Commands; the first extending
+from New York to Chicago; the second from Chicago to the Pacific Coast.
+The first Command has six Provinces; the second, four. Each Province has
+from three to nine Divisions, and each Division contains a number of
+Corps. Thus, while each Corps is complete in itself, the general
+administration is very highly centralized; so much so, that an order
+from General Booth at the National Headquarters, London, England, must
+be obeyed by every Corps in the world.
+
+While the organization of the Spiritual Department was taking place in
+this manner, the Social Work was assuming large proportions, and
+differentiating itself. Visitation in the lower parts of the cities was
+organized into a regular department of Slum Work, called the Slum
+Department, with a specialized corps of officers. Work among fallen
+women was instituted as the Rescue Department, with its rescue homes and
+trained workers. The establishment of hotels and lunch counters for both
+men and women became finally what is now the Social Department. The wood
+yards and small factories, together with the salvage depots and cheap
+stores, were organized into the Industrial Department. Work among the
+children resulted in the establishment of kindergartens and orphanages.
+The colonization enterprise took root, and was divided into the
+industrial colonies and farm colonies. Thus, we have here a
+differentiation of the original Social Department into six distinct
+divisions, which we shall consider separately in this treatise. As these
+lines of work advanced, although each had its special group of workers,
+it was natural that the work should follow the administrative system of
+Commands, Provinces, Divisions and Corps, which had already been marked
+out in the Spiritual Department.
+
+The third primary division, that of trade, has had some interesting
+developments. There is, for example, the trade carried on in articles
+necessary to the members of the Army themselves, and which they cannot
+conveniently obtain in the open market, such as uniforms, badges, books
+and musical instruments. The Reliance Trading Company, for instance, was
+incorporated in 1902, under the laws of the State of New Jersey. This
+company owns and publishes the "War Cry," the official gazette of the
+Army in the United States; does the printing for the various departments
+of the Army; manufactures fountain pens; makes uniforms, bonnets and
+hats for the Army members; conducts an Insurance Department, and carries
+on other business enterprises.[4]
+
+There is, too, the trade in the products of the various factories and
+industries connected with the relief work of the Army. For example, the
+Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company, incorporated in New Jersey, has
+greatly facilitated the industrial work in the United States. There have
+been companies formed and organized as building societies, insurance
+companies, and a Salvation Army Bank.
+
+In all these companies the Salvation Army, through its officers, always
+has control, although it invites and seeks investments from the public.
+The following extract, taken from a prospectus sent out by the Salvation
+Army Industrial Homes Company, illustrates the point:
+
+    "The Charter of our Industrial Homes Co. has been prepared by
+    Messrs. Jas. B. Dill & Co., the eminent corporation lawyers, who
+    have kindly given us the full benefit of their skill and experience,
+    at a fairly nominal charge. The capital consists of $500,000.00,
+    divided into 50,000 shares, of the par value of $10.00 each, of
+    which 25,000 are in 6% cumulative preferred stock and 25,000 in
+    common stock. Only the preferred shares are offered to the public,
+    and bear interest at 6%, which is guaranteed by the Army. The common
+    shares are held by the Army, with a view to retaining the control of
+    the company, and the entire profits, over and above the interest on
+    the preferred stock, are thus devoted to the charitable and
+    religious work of the Army, and help us to continually expand and
+    enlarge our homes." ... "We shall be happy to supply any information
+    or answer any questions as to the financial standing of the
+    Salvation Army. For our spiritual and social operations in the
+    United States, we have now an annual income of nearly $2,000,000.00,
+    while the value of our real estate holdings in this country amount
+    to about $1,500,000. Hence, it will be seen that in guaranteeing the
+    interest upon these preferred shares, amounting in all to only
+    $15,000.00, we are abundantly able to insure the regular payment of
+    the same apart, altogether, from the income of our industrial
+    homes."
+
+As a result of this rapid growth along the three lines described, the
+movement everywhere forced itself upon public recognition. The
+publication of its weekly organ, the "War Cry," in many different
+languages and countries aided its growth. Other magazines of higher
+class and better quality were issued. At the same time, the public press
+investigated the organization, and for a long time criticised it
+harshly. In fact, during all this time, while so successful, the Army
+suffered much persecution. The crowds of people composed of those whom
+it was seeking to benefit, seemed often to be its worst enemies, and
+then, to make matters more difficult, the police, we are told, instead
+of furnishing protection, often, themselves, joined in the persecution.
+There were many instances, in this early period, where the enthusiastic
+reformers were ill treated and even fatally injured. There was, however,
+some reason for all this persecution. A movement so sudden and
+apparently so contrary to existing institutions, needed time for its
+real principle to become known. The external manifestation seemed to
+consist of nothing but defiant disregard of established religious custom
+and ceremonial. Thus, while the vital principle of love for humanity was
+working its way into individual lives and attracting them to the ranks
+of the organization, the world at large openly showed its antagonism.
+Gradually, however, the sense of public opposition and antagonism grew
+less. Gradually the knowledge that, behind the superficial emotionalism,
+were depths of disinterested sympathy for fellow men and women worked
+itself into the public mind. Attacks on Army groups on street corners
+became less frequent, and when they did occur, were suppressed by the
+police. The press ceased its bitter criticism.
+
+It was about this time that renewed and increased attention was focused
+on the new movement by the publication in 1890 of General Booth's famous
+book, "In Darkest England, and the Way Out." In some ways the book
+served to mark a new epoch in the development of that part of practical
+sociology which concerns itself with the direct betterment of the lower
+class of society. The old method of dealing with the poor is ably
+described by Ruskin, when he says:
+
+    "We make our relief either so insulting to them, or so painful that
+    they rather die than take it at our hands; or, for third
+    alternative, we leave them so untaught and foolish, that they starve
+    like brute creatures, wild and dumb, not knowing what to do, or what
+    to ask."[5]
+
+This was a point of view which in its relation to the degraded elements
+of society was an expression of sympathy rather than of harsh criticism
+and mistrust. Although it had been set forth by others previously, it
+had never before forced itself so strongly on the public. In addition,
+the daring statements and bold theories, given utterance in "Darkest
+England," served to surprise all schools of reform. The public
+consciousness had never before faced the problem in such a way. It was
+aroused, and began to ask questions. The book ran through edition after
+edition. It was printed in a cheap form and within a short time was
+circulated all over the civilized world.
+
+In his "scheme" General Booth laid down seven fundamental principles,
+which he claimed were essential to success. They were as follows:
+
+1. The first principle that must be bore in mind, as governing every
+scheme that may be put forward, is that it must change the man, when it
+is his character and conduct which constitute the reasons for his
+failure in the battle of life.
+
+2. The remedy, to be effectual, must change the circumstances of the
+individual, when they are the cause of his wretched condition, and lie
+beyond his control.
+
+3. Any remedy worthy of consideration must be on a scale commensurate
+with the evil with which it proposes to deal.
+
+4. Not only must the scheme be large enough, but it must be permanent.
+
+5. But while it must be permanent, it must be made practicable.
+
+6. The indirect features of the scheme must not be such as to produce
+injury to the persons whom we seek to benefit.
+
+7. While assisting one class of the community, it must not seriously
+interfere with the interests of another.[6]
+
+General Booth's personal attitude, also, is well worth noting. In the
+preface of his book he makes the following statement:
+
+    "I do not claim that my scheme is either perfect in its details, or
+    complete in the sense of being adequate to combat all forms of
+    gigantic evils, against which it is, in the main, directed. Like
+    other human things, it must be perfected through suffering; but it
+    is a sincere endeavor to do something, and to do it on principles,
+    which can be instantly applied and universally developed."[7]
+
+And again, in view of some of the manifestations of the organization as
+we see it, the following is interesting, as coming from its founder. He
+says: "But one of the grimmest social problems of our time should be
+sternly faced, not with a view to the generation of profitless emotions,
+but with a view to its solution."[8]
+
+Upon the publication of this book there arose a division of opinion in
+regard to the scheme which was set forth. On the one hand, numbers of
+noted philanthropists aided General Booth with money and moral support.
+On the other hand, there was opposition from a certain class of
+reformers, headed by that eminent scientist, Thomas Huxley. This
+opposition, however, did not so much attack the principles advocated,
+as the agency for their application, namely, the Salvation Army, itself,
+characterized in Huxley's words as "Autocratic socialism, masked by its
+theological exterior."[9]
+
+From that time to the present many thoughtful men have continued this
+opposition to the Army as an agent of social service. Further on we
+shall consider the validity and strength of their arguments. At that
+time the press on all sides took up the controversy, and it was finally
+decided to appoint a committee of investigation to thoroughly examine
+the Army's methods and institutions and publish a report. This committee
+was composed of some of the leading business and public men of England,
+headed by Sir Wilfred Lawson. They examined the books of the Army and
+studied the system and methods of the movement. They reported that all
+was entirely satisfactory and not only so, but that the movement and
+work was worthy of commendation.[10]
+
+The report of this Committee, together with a demonstration of the work
+already accomplished, served to silence the critics to some extent, and
+public favor began to turn toward the movement. Since that period the
+Army has had, generally speaking, the support of the press and many of
+the leading men throughout the world, a support which it has not been
+slow to recognize, or to utilize. For instance, about this time, we find
+the following appeal issued through the English press:
+
+    "From personal witness or credible report of what General Booth has
+    done with the funds entrusted to him for the Social Scheme which he
+    laid before the country eighteen months ago, we think it would be a
+    serious evil if the great task which he has undertaken should be
+    crippled by lack of help during the next four months. We therefore
+    venture to recommend his work to the generous support of all, who
+    feel the necessity for some serious and concentrated effort to
+    grapple with the needs of the most wretched and destitute, who have
+    so long been the despair of our legislation and our philanthropy."
+
+This appeal was signed by the Earl of Aberdeen, who was then
+Governor-General of Canada, and fifteen other men and women of
+international reputation. As an example of the attitude of the press, we
+find the London Daily Telegraph, in the midst of a long editorial
+entitled, "The General's Triumph," saying, "There is no question about
+it, the General has become popular. He has justified himself by results.
+We are told he has not shown the way out, but few have done so much to
+let the light in, and to bring with it life and healing."[11] Since the
+publication of "In Darkest England" in 1890, the social work of the Army
+has been extended, and has grown very rapidly.[12]
+
+In connection with this rapid growth, the social phase of the movement
+has tended to eclipse the spiritual in the public eye. The Army has
+taken advantage of this to advertise its advancement along all lines,
+and there is reason for believing that the public support of the whole
+movement, both social and spiritual, at the present time, is largely due
+to this advertising.[13] In any case, the social work of the Army is a
+movement large enough to justify the interest of the public, and the
+extensive study of every student of practical social economy.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] "Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the U. S.," p. 5.
+
+[3] "Life of William Booth," p. 57.
+
+[4] "Social Relief Work of the S. A. in the U. S."
+
+[5] "Sesame and Lillies," p. 101. Cf. also "The New Movement in
+Charity," Am. Jour. Soc. III, p. 596.
+
+[6] "In Darkest England," pp. 85-87.
+
+[7] _Ibid._, preface.
+
+[8] _Ibid._, p. 15.
+
+[9] "Social Diseases and Worse Remedies."
+
+[10] "The committee of 1902 which inquired into certain aspects of the
+Darkest England Scheme two years after its initiation, were careful to
+state that they did not enter upon any consideration of the many
+economic questions affecting the maintenance of the system sought to be
+carried out." (The Salvation Army and the Public, p. 121.)
+
+[11] "London Daily Telegraph," July 6, 1904.
+
+[12] In fifteen years, from 1890 to 1905, the social work grew from a
+few small scattered institutions, to 687 institutions, many of which
+alone would have greater accommodation than the total in 1890.
+
+[13] See "The S. A. and the Public," ch. 3.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT.
+
+Originally the work now known as the Industrial Work was handled with
+and under the same management as the Social Work, but as the movement
+grew, the Industrial Work branched out and finally became separate in
+operation and management, the name "Social Department" being retained
+for the hotel work only.
+
+The Industrial Department itself may be divided into three sections, all
+under the same management. These are The Industrial Home, The Industrial
+Store and The Industrial Colony. The object of the work embraced in
+these three divisions as stated in the prospectus sent out by the Army
+two years ago is:
+
+    "One of the most difficult problems that has confronted the
+    Salvation Army has been the finding of employment for out-of-works
+    and human derelicts in our cities. A system has been gradually
+    organized by which this human waste is employed in collecting the
+    material waste of the city. This latter has been sorted, sifted and
+    sold, and temporary employment thus afforded to thousands of
+    stranded persons, who have thus been tided over periods of distress,
+    relieved of immediate suffering, saved from the stigma of paupers,
+    assured of human sympathy, and given a new start in life."[14]
+
+After a careful review of the various divisions of this work, above
+mentioned, we shall consider whether the object is being attained, and
+of what value the work done is to society.
+
+In the formation of the Industrial Home the ideal building and situation
+cannot always be secured; hence there are differences in the planning
+and disposition of the different homes. The general plan, however, is to
+have a three or four-story building fitted up as follows: On the ground
+floor is a space where the wagons filled with waste materials can
+unload, a large room where furniture can be repaired and stored (unless
+this is done in the basement below), an office, and another large room
+to be used for a retail store. On the second floor is the sorting room,
+and adjoining or connected with it is the baling room, where such stuff
+as paper, rags and excelsior is pressed, ready to be taken away. On this
+floor, too, is to be found the kitchen, the dining room and the reading
+room. On the third floor are situated the dormitories and sleeping
+rooms. This plan is often varied. Sometimes there is a basement and only
+one or two stories above. Sometimes, as in the Forty-eighth Street home
+in New York, there are six or seven stories, and sometimes, as in one
+home in Chicago, the sleeping and living quarters of the men are
+entirely separate from the warehouse where they work, possibly some
+blocks away. The kitchen is nearly always found to be large and
+furnished with a good range and other facilities. The dining room
+contains long, plain tables, set so that the men can sit on both sides.
+The dishes are of thick, strong ware. The food is plain but good.
+Everything from the floor to the dishes is usually clean.
+
+The sleeping rooms are of two kinds, individual rooms and dormitories.
+Those men who are of a better rank, that is, those who have been working
+long, or who are doing a higher grade of work, and those who have "boss"
+positions, occupy the separate rooms; while the general class of workers
+sleep in the dormitories. When it comes to the question of pure air,
+considerable difficulty arises. Some of the separate rooms have no
+outside window, though the partitions between the rooms rise only to a
+certain height, thus giving common air to the whole floor. Even where
+good ventilation facilities exist, it seems difficult to make the men
+keep the windows open. As regards ventilation, however, the industrial
+homes are, as a rule, better than the lower class workingman's hotels,
+and are improving in this respect. The beds are iron, single beds. The
+bed clothing and the rooms themselves are clean and fumigated regularly.
+
+A reading room is also provided where daily papers and popular magazines
+are kept, and where the men may write. In some cases, a smoking room
+adjoins. Meetings of a devotional character, to which the men may come
+or not as they see fit, are often held in the reading room.
+
+The support that renders the industrial home possible is the waste
+product of the city. This material is rubbish of all kinds imaginable.
+In connection with each industrial plant are kept a number of horses and
+wagons, mostly one-horse wagons. Each driver of a wagon has a definite
+route to cover regularly. Passing over his route, he collects everything
+of which people are glad to be rid. Waste paper, old clothes, old
+furniture, and the like, are the principal articles he collects. Many
+good people, persuaded of the good work the Army is doing, save up their
+store of odds and ends until the Army wagon shall call, often giving
+things away which they would not have thrown away or given any one else,
+unless it would be to sell them to an old-clothes man. The driver
+returns with his load to the warehouse. From his wagon the material is
+conveyed by means of an elevator to the sorting room in the second
+story, whence the greater quantity goes at once to the baling machine in
+the form of waste paper. Any articles that may be of use, such as shoes,
+clothing of any kind, books, crockery-ware, bottles, pots, kettles,
+etc., are placed in their respective bins and finally, repaired, find
+their way to the retail store. Heavy articles, such as stoves and
+furniture, do not go up in the elevator, but are retained on the first
+floor, where they go, first to the repairing and storage room, and then
+out to the stores. The paper and rags, when baled, are sold to the
+nearest paper mill for a good price. Some idea of the amount of this
+class of material may be gained from the fact that the average amount of
+paper sold by the Industrial Department in the United States is about
+2,500 tons per month.
+
+In England and other countries this work has not assumed such large
+proportions, but there is some difference between the workings of the
+industrial plant in the City of London and in New York. For instance,
+at the Salvation Army plant on Hanbury Street, Whitechapel, London, we
+found, in 1906, a planing mill, a paint and furniture shop, a mattress
+factory, and a sawmill and cabinet shop. This place had employment for
+ninety men, of whom twelve were regularly employed and the remainder
+were transients. The regular employees were paid at a union rate of
+wages. The men of this industrial plant lived some distance away on
+Quaker Street, having possession of part of the Salvation Army shelter
+or hotel there, the total accommodation of which was two hundred and
+forty. Again, in a different part of the city, over near Deptford, was a
+wood yard with good machinery, run by electricity, which employed
+anywhere from sixty to seventy men making kindling wood. On the other
+hand, at the "Spa Road Elevator," was a plant almost identical with the
+industrial plants in the United States, where were shipped out an
+average of 100 pounds of paper every week and several tons of rags in
+addition, and where was accommodation for some two hundred men.
+
+Branching out from the main industrial plant are nearly always to be
+found large stores. These are Salvation Army retail stores. These stores
+are found in the poorest sections of the city, and are patronized by the
+poorest class. Articles of all descriptions may be purchased here at a
+very low figure. In each store is a furniture department; a clothing
+department for men, women and children; a toy department; a department
+for stoves, pots, etc., and sometimes other departments varying with the
+size of the store. It is possible, thus, for a poor family moving into
+the neighborhood to completely furnish themselves and their home from
+Salvation Army stores at a cost of often less than one-half of what they
+would pay elsewhere. Each store has a definite connection with the
+central industrial plant, from which it receives its supplies, its
+workers and its government, for the stores are merely branches of the
+central work, and all are under the same general management.
+
+An interesting feature lies in an examination of the labor which is
+employed. From the cases given at the end of the chapter, it will be
+seen that it consists of all kinds, classes and nationalities, who,
+through their own recklessness, or by unfortunate circumstances, have
+fallen into want. A man willing to work comes to the Army in want of
+food and shelter, and the Army happens to have accommodation for him. He
+may go to one of the men's hotels or to the industrial home, or to the
+central agency of the Army. In any case he will probably be interviewed
+by an officer specially detailed for the purpose, who will be able to
+decide in short time what his needs are, and what can be done for him.
+He may be sent out at once to take some position secured through the
+employment bureau; he may be sent to the hotel with the understanding
+that, after being fed and cared for, he will be given an opportunity to
+pay for it in work; or he may be sent straight to the industrial home.
+In any case, if possible, he is put to work. He may be in a weak
+condition physically or mentally, or both, but even then, he can often
+do something; such, for example, as picking over paper and rags in the
+sorting room. Meanwhile, he is being fed and housed. If he means well
+and works earnestly, he is soon able to do some other grade of work. He
+may have had technical knowledge which will help him. In a few days,
+possibly, a call is made to the employment bureau, which is maintained
+in conjunction with each home or group of homes, for a man to fill some
+position. If suitable, this man may be sent out to take it. On the other
+hand, he may be retained in the home and employed permanently as a
+driver on one of the wagons, or as overseer and instructor in one of the
+rooms, or he may be sent out as assistant to one of the stores, and, in
+time, he may be given charge of a store. When the men first come to the
+home, they receive board and clothing and some remuneration, although
+very slight. If they continue to work at the home, they are paid wages
+ranging from $1.00 per week up to $4.00 or $5.00 per week, besides
+board and lodging in the United States, and from 1s. to 9s. in England.
+
+When a man is able, but is lazy and not willing to work, he is turned
+out. It is well known to those who have studied the question, that there
+are a large number of such men, but this class does not apply for help
+as often as it might to the Army, as it soon learns the uselessness of
+so doing. The officers become quite adept in seeing these men in their
+true colors. On the other hand, if a man drops into bad habits and goes
+off on a spree after he has been helped, he will be taken in again
+afterwards, and this is continued within reason. Much of the labor
+employed is a surface and floating population, the result of season and
+periodic work in connection with so many of our industries, and the men
+are just tided over a hard time in their experiences. This class is
+larger sometimes than at others, but is always in evidence. Another
+class, however, consists of the men who have fallen through their own
+recklessness and bad habits. Some of these men are sent out to positions
+which they fill creditably, and finally rise as high or higher than they
+were before. Naturally, the Army makes as much as possible out of these
+cases for the purpose of advertisement. Owing to evident difficulties,
+it is impossible to ascertain just what percentage there is of this
+class among the total number helped, or what percentage of this class
+itself is successfully aided. The industrial work itself, as a paying
+business, is developing so fast that a constantly increasing number of
+men are permanently retained and used as regular employees, being paid
+regular wages.
+
+When we come to the industrial colony, we find it entirely different
+from the farm colony, where families are sent to settle upon the land in
+tracts of say twenty acres per family. The industrial colony is managed
+like a large farm with many laborers, all under one central head. The
+original idea was to graduate men from the city plants to the industrial
+colonies and thence to the farm colonies, but the Army has had
+difficulty in maintaining its colonies at all, and, as a result, no
+regular system has been followed. A large proportion of the men on the
+industrial colony are single, whereas, as will be seen, families are
+needed for the farm colonies. Again, many of these men are not the kind
+who will succeed on the farm colony. Sometimes, too, they have not been
+through the city plant, and sometimes they are men sent directly from
+the city to get them out of temptations which are too strong for them.
+
+The best example of an industrial colony is the one at Hadleigh, about
+thirty miles from London, England. This colony has an area of about
+3,000 acres. One thousand acres is almost useless now; and when taken by
+the Army in 1890, the whole consisted of almost worthless land, some of
+which, as a result of constant labor and fertilization, has been
+transformed into reasonably good land. A great draw-back and a great
+expense has been the lack of water, now partially supplied by two
+artesian wells, the cheaper of which cost over $20,000.00.[15] The
+population varies from 300 to 700.[16] In 1898, 775 men were admitted to
+the colony. Out of this number, 193 left after a short residence before
+they could be influenced for good; 47 were discharged as incorrigible,
+and 309 graduated, obtaining situations or being restored to their
+friends.[17] There are three classes received at the colony:
+
+1. Those sent by the Army agencies.
+
+2. Those sent by poor law authorities who pay from 5s. to 10s. per week
+for periods of from three to twelve months for their maintenance.
+
+3. Special cases sent by philanthropic societies, or by relatives or
+others.[18]
+
+Another division is made into four classes, thus:
+
+1. Those coming and passing off in a month, not being regular colonists.
+
+2. Those averaging nine months on the colony, and called colonists.
+
+3. Picked men from the second class, who are made employees.
+
+4. Employees hired in the neighborhood for specific purposes.[19]
+
+The proportion of each, according to either specification, is such a
+variable quantity that nothing can be determined satisfactorily.
+According to one officer's statement, about one in every five is
+considered an employee.[20] In the winter of 1903-4, 209 men were sent
+to Hadleigh and supported there by a special fund, called "The Mansion
+House Fund for the Relief of the London Unemployed."[21] Out of the
+class sent by the Army agencies to the colony, a certain number are sent
+out as emigrants to Canada. For instance, in 1905, 41 were sent out, and
+in 1906, 58. The party of 58 was composed of five Irishmen, one
+Welshman, three Scotchmen, and forty-nine Englishmen. These men go to
+work on different farms in Canada, and some sent out in previous years
+now have homesteads there. In the colony there are five departments,
+viz.: the market garden, the brick-making department, the dairy
+department together with the piggery, the poultry department, and the
+Inebriate's Home. There is also a store which has an income of $1,000.00
+a month. The market garden is one of the best industries, most of the
+produce being sold in the town of Southend, four miles distant. In the
+busy season, as many as 100 workers are found in this department. There
+are four large conservatories, especially for tomatoes and flowers. A
+good many potatoes are raised, and there is a good deal of land in
+berries and orchard. There are three brick-yards with the latest
+improved kilns and machinery. These yards have been a very heavy expense
+and have not been satisfactory. For instance, in 1898, the year's sale
+of bricks amounted to L4717, while the expenditure of this department
+was L5563, this latter sum including the expense of repairing the drying
+fields, which that year were injured by a flood.[22] In the dairy
+department about twenty-five head of cattle provide the colony with milk
+and butter, while sometimes milk is sold at Southend. In the piggery the
+number of hogs runs from 200 to 500. The poultry department is given
+over to prize poultry breeding and has been successful in winning some
+noted prizes. The Inebriate's Home is licensed for twenty male
+inebriates who are charged from 25s. to 30s. per week. Between 60% and
+70% are stated to be reclaimed after an average period of eight months'
+treatment. In addition to these departments it might be noted that there
+is a school on the colony with an attendance of 100, some of whom come
+from outside the colony, and a good sized hall, seating about 400, where
+gatherings are held for social and religious purposes.
+
+For the feeding and lodging of the colonists, large preparations are
+made. They are graded according to their position in the colony, and an
+opportunity is given them to rise from the lower to the higher grades.
+The superintendent stated that this plan was found useful in stimulating
+ambition. There are two dormitories, both clean and well-kept, but the
+higher grade with better bedding and surroundings than the lower. This
+grading system is also maintained in the dining room, the higher grade
+of colonists being served with better food than the lower. Everything
+around the buildings is well-kept and orderly, and the general moral
+atmosphere of the colony seems to be healthful and up-lifting.
+
+The industrial colony at Ft. Herrick, near Cleveland, Ohio, differs in
+many ways from the one at Hadleigh, and doubtless has been instrumental
+in aiding a good number of outcast and fallen men, but it has been such
+a burden financially, and such an unsolved problem in many ways, that it
+may be considered a failure. The reason for its failure is not so much
+bad management as lack of foresight on the part of those choosing the
+site. The site is in no sense suitable for a colony, the soil being
+unfit for intensive farming. Probably the best work done there has been
+the reformation of drunkards, a work in which, according to reports, the
+colony has been eminently successful.[23]
+
+Coming now to the management of the Industrial Department in the United
+States, we find that it is an up-to-date business enterprise. The
+department is controlled by a corporation called "The Salvation Army
+Industrial Homes Co." already referred to in our introduction.[24] The
+management of the company is in the hands of the Army.[25] Under this
+central authority, we find the United States divided into three
+districts; the eastern district, with headquarters at New York; the
+central district with headquarters at Cleveland, and the western
+district with headquarters at Chicago. Each one of these districts has
+at its head a social secretary, and under him are the different officers
+in charge of the respective plants. Generally speaking, each local
+officer is supreme in his individual plant. He can adopt methods and
+means to suit the environment of his district, provided always that his
+methods mean success. There are no iron-clad rules to hold him in check
+beyond a system of bookkeeping and of making out detailed reports, which
+must be sent to headquarters. When about to engage in some new venture,
+however, such as securing a new location for his plant, opening up a
+store, or renting or purchasing new property, he must refer the project
+to his superior officer, before undertaking it. The local officer in
+charge has trusted employees under him, such as a warehouse boss, a
+kitchen boss, and stable boss, etc., each of whom is responsible to the
+officer for his department.
+
+Although present to some extent in other countries the special field of
+the industrial work is the United States. The growth in this country
+during the recent years has been great. In 1896 there were no regular
+industrial homes; in 1904 there were 49 industrial institutions, and in
+control of these 49 institutions, there were 70 Army officers and 820
+regular employees. The accommodation was about 1,100. During one month
+there were 225 cases that were considered unsatisfactory. There were 239
+horses and wagons in daily use. About 1,000 tons of paper were baled and
+sold per month. Contrast this with the year 1907. In this year there
+were 84 officers engaged in these institutions and over 1,200 regular
+employees. There was accommodation for 1,651 men. The unsatisfactory
+cases for the year amounted to 1,389. There were 460 horses and wagons
+in daily use. An average of 2,500 tons of paper was sold each month.
+16,875 men were placed in outside positions during the year. No large
+city in the United States is without this industrial work, and it is to
+be expected that, within a few years, there will be no city in the
+country with a population of 100,000 that does not have an industrial
+home, and that many cities with a smaller population will have one also.
+Already there are several cities with a population of less than 50,000
+that have promising industrial plants. In London, the growth has not
+been so rapid, and the industrial institutions are run at a loss to the
+Army, but there are about eight industrial plants in that city, and
+others are to be found in other large cities of England.
+
+We come now to the question of the value of the Salvation Army
+industrial work to society. From the preceding brief outline of the
+methods, material, labor, management and extent of the industrial work,
+it will be seen that it is a movement, unrestricted in scope, with an
+unlimited field of development as an economic enterprise. In certain
+fields where the Army is active, its work is considered of little or no
+value; but as a result of our investigation into this particular field,
+the conclusion is reached that, with the exception of the industrial
+colonies, it is a practical, social work, of value to society.
+
+We make an exception of the industrial colonies because we do not
+consider that the two experiments already tried by the Army justify
+their own continuance or the starting of other similar colonies. The
+reference here is to Fort Herrick in Ohio, and the Hadleigh Colony, near
+London. These colonies have necessitated a continual sinking of funds
+contributed by the charitable public, and the return does not justify
+their expense. The Army should realize this, and admit the fact, instead
+of drawing wool over the eyes of the ignorant public by the constant
+reiteration of "the great work done at Hadleigh and Fort Herrick." It
+looks as though the organization was afraid that the infallibility and
+sanctity of General Booth's pet scheme would be seriously impaired, if
+the public should discover that any part of that scheme was a mistake
+and an unfortunate experiment, and that, for this reason, it has
+continued to expend much money on it, which might have been turned to
+better advantage in connection with other parts of General Booth's plan.
+These colonies are object lessons showing what is unwise to attempt,
+rather than what can be done. The Army has no need to be ashamed of
+having made a mistake, and its usefulness along other lines is
+sufficient to maintain its reputation in spite of the failure of its
+industrial colonies. There is no need of the industrial colony anyway.
+The object in view is either to tide workless men over a period of hard
+times and misfortune, or to restore manhood where evil habits and
+recklessness have destroyed it, and this can be done and is being done
+by means of the city industrial work without the aid of the colony. As
+regards the work of reforming the inebriate, in which the industrial
+colonies have had some success, that could be carried on without the
+great expense of a regular colony.
+
+The moral field of the city industrial work derives support from the
+relation of its management to the spiritual work and influence of the
+Army. The influence and spirit of the whole organization runs to a
+certain extent through every branch of its varied developments. This
+influence cannot be described by comparative means. The spirit, somewhat
+unique in itself, runs through everything, a spirit which is a mixture
+and blending of love, gratitude, service and patience. While we think
+that, in the tendency of this branch to become a business enterprise,
+there is a considerable decrease in the influence just described, it
+still has great power. The officers and employees now engaged in this
+work were themselves not long since outcasts in society. Many of them
+had despaired of ever making a success of life and were simply drifting.
+But a helping hand had been stretched out to them, hope had been
+imparted and new ideals had been placed before them. They might even yet
+be men, wear decent clothes, stand up straight and look their fellow men
+in the eye! What wonder that the decent clothes to which they looked
+forward turned out to be the uniform of the organization which had
+picked them up from the gutter! What wonder they felt an eternal debt of
+gratitude toward that organization! While this is not a true expression
+of their attitude in every case, and while there are some who hold their
+positions simply because they can get no better, loyalty to the work
+exists in enough instances to create a distinct moral atmosphere. The
+men wish to make a success of their new work; they wish to see the Army
+advance, and to do this they feel that it is essential that the same
+moral influence which enabled them to become men should be continued.
+This influence moves almost unconsciously among the industrial plants.
+For instance, we do not find here the tendency to obscenity which we
+find in any ordinary factory or workshop. Environment in these plants is
+all-powerful as an uplifting condition. Cleanliness is encouraged in the
+dormitory and kitchen. Respectful attention is paid at meals while grace
+is being said. The reading room is frequented, while the occasional
+meetings held are sometimes well attended and sometimes not, according
+to the attraction. The emotional religious element is a great deal in
+evidence, though not so much as in other departments of the Army. In
+any case, the element of hope and ambition, which often arises within
+these social outcasts, making them men once more, is to be considered a
+great moral asset. The moral influence is due more to the personality of
+those in charge than to anything else. A large number of the managers
+have served in connection with the Army's spiritual work and have the
+desire, as they would tell you, to see every man under them "saved," not
+only in a moral and social sense, but "saved" in accordance with the
+Army's special significance of that term.[26] While the Army's special
+idea of salvation may have no value in itself, still if the emotional
+element assists in the moral and social salvation of individuals, we
+have no reason for not tolerating it unless it has evil effects of real
+importance. Such effects, however, tend to decrease, as the movement
+advances, and the education and enlightenment of the masses increase.
+
+From an economic point of view, we believe that the work of the
+Industrial Department has been successful. We have seen that large
+numbers of men, who are out of work, are taken in by this department and
+kept for a number of weeks or months, and that, during this time,
+besides making their own support, and gaining in efficiency, in many
+cases, they are able to return to a more important part in production.
+Let us see what this means. While these men are out of work, they are
+not producing anything. They are idle, and thus a loss to the community.
+In addition, they are fast losing any potential ability for production,
+which they have had. But they now become producers, a gain to the
+community, and their potential ability for production is at least
+conserved if not increased. Secondly, out-of-work men are a burden on
+the community. While they continue to live without employment, they must
+be supported in some way or other by private or public charity, and they
+form a great item of expense to the community. But in the hands of the
+Industrial Department, they cease being an expense to the public and
+become to some extent a gain. Thirdly, some of these men are in danger
+of becoming members of pseudo-social and anti-social classes; it is from
+them that the pauper and criminal classes gain recruits. But through the
+elevating environment of this branch of the Army's work, their character
+is affected, and they are raised to a higher level. In this way then, in
+successful cases, the worthless men become workmen. Worthless men are
+changed into economic assets. The dependents become independent. Working
+by means of the laws of environment and association, the Army elevates
+the degenerate from a pseudo-social and anti-social class to a higher
+level and to social position. Where individuality was lost, independence
+of character reasserts itself.
+
+Let us consider in detail some of the advantages connected with this
+form of practical philanthropy. One advantage is, that once started, the
+work continues and increases without further expenditure on the part of
+the charitably disposed public beyond the giving away of things for
+which they have no further use. This is so because the Army here in its
+work becomes an efficient producer and creates articles which have
+market value. Leaving all charity alone, the work is paying and more
+than self-supporting, and thus in a short time will be reimbursed with
+all the money which was necessary to initiate it. In nearly every city
+in which the work was started, rented property soon gives place to
+property owned by the Army and poor ill-suited buildings, to up-to-date
+structures built for the purpose. An example of this is to be found in
+the history of the 48th Street Industrial Home in New York City which is
+briefly described, in the examples given at the end of this chapter.[27]
+That the entire work has grown self-supporting in the United States is
+shown by the fact that last year, 1907, there was a net gain of $21,000,
+after the interest on the loans and investments had been paid. If a home
+does not show signs of being successful financially, its location will
+be changed or it will be discontinued.[28]
+
+Another advantage lies in the fact that men who were socially dependent
+are made self-supporting. We should place emphasis on the effect on the
+man himself as well as on the community. We saw how these men were given
+to understand that they were earning their own livelihood and were not
+recipients of charity, and how they were encouraged by the receipt of
+wages, to be increased as their productiveness increased. The relief
+given is true relief in that the man earns it himself and realizes this
+fact, and because, along with this realization, comes a return of
+manhood and independence. Of course if men have lost all manhood and
+have no desire to be independent, but simply to live as easily as
+possible on what may be given them, the above is not the result; but few
+such get into the industrial homes, as they know better and have no wish
+to work as these men do, and if they get in temporarily, they are soon
+sorted out. Thus it cannot be said of these homes as is said of many
+institutions, that they pauperize men in place of helping them. The
+institution that makes men work for everything they get and provides
+some sort of channel for their ambition, maintaining itself meanwhile as
+a paying concern, is not pauperizing in its tendency.
+
+Still another advantage of this work is found in the saving of the
+community's funds. Of late years, more and more, the principle has been
+advanced and brought before the public, that the starving and unemployed
+are to be cared for in some way, and we are willing to tax ourselves to
+provide for this. As far back as the census of 1890, we find that the
+United States spent annually $40,000,000 in charities and over
+$12,000,000 in penal and reformatory institutions. Probably the total
+expenditure for these two objects to-day would be nearer $60,000,000
+annually. What percentage of this $60,000,000 would go to the class of
+people aided by the Army industrial work would be hard to ascertain or
+approximate, but there is room for a great extension of this kind of
+work, and the Army's efforts are most suggestive. In some of the
+European countries, especially Germany, many helpful experiments along
+this line are in progress, but conditions in the United States are
+vastly different. In any case social economists are agreed that vast
+sums are spent annually in our country to little or no purpose from the
+point of view of social relief. In the year 1907, 8,696 men were cared
+for in the United States industrial homes of the Army. This means just
+that amount of saving to the nation that it would have cost the regular
+municipal and state charities to have dealt with these 8,696 men, since
+these men were aided by a self-supporting organization and paid for
+their own support. This work, then, if carried far enough, would effect
+quite a saving of taxes.
+
+But along with advantages there may be disadvantages. Some objections
+have been raised to this branch of the Army's work. For instance, it is
+stated that industries entered into by the Army tend to hurt economic
+conditions with regard to both wages and prices.[29] With regard to
+wages it is urged that the Army will keep for its industries, workers in
+constraint of one kind or another, paying them a lower wage than the
+same workers could procure outside, and thus lowering the wages in the
+respective industries. We do not consider this objection a strong one.
+Let us forget for the present the philanthropic side of the industrial
+work, and look on it as a distinctly economic enterprise, as a factor of
+production. We think it quite likely that a manager, anxious above
+everything else to make his institution a financial success, would make
+an endeavor to keep as long as possible, and at as low wages as
+possible, men who could receive more on the outside. He might even try
+to retain men for whom he could secure better positions through the
+employment bureau, if he needed their services, and times were so good
+that no other applicant offered to take their place, but this he could
+not succeed in doing to any serious extent; for, in the first place, the
+restraint exercised over the men is very slight, and secondly, if the
+men could secure better wages, it would not be long before they found it
+out and left the home voluntarily. It would be just the same as in any
+industry in which most of the workers are ignorant. They would remain
+under low wages just as long as their ignorance and lack of initiative
+would allow, but sooner or later the relatively able man would seek the
+best wage. Hence the able man would seek the best wage, and his place
+would be taken by one, possibly morally and physically unable to procure
+any wage, or, in other words, belonging to the unemployable class. If it
+should come to the point of the Army's hiring able men to carry on the
+work without aiding the outcasts, it must compete in the market for them
+and pay the market price. The only real danger would lie in the Army's
+industrial work securing a strong enough position in some industry to be
+able to dictate terms to labor in an industry, but this is so unlikely
+as to be almost irrelevant and even in such an almost inconceivable
+case, the danger would be only temporary. Labor would still be able to
+drift sufficiently to another agency, not controlled by the Army and
+thus bring up wages again. This is the more true in that any industry,
+in which the Army engages, must of necessity be one in which unskilled
+labor is competent.[30] In addition to this, from personal
+investigation, we can state that a large part of the labor employed in
+these plants of the Army is at any rate temporarily inefficient labor
+and would not have much chance in securing employment elsewhere.
+Finally, though considered a charitable work, this branch of the army
+is, as already stated, a corporation, a business enterprise financed by
+investors who receive interest on their investments; hence, to the same
+extent that it is a financial enterprise, like other such enterprises,
+it will be governed by the rate of wages.[31]
+
+Another objection has been raised by critics, to the effect that the
+Army, through its industry, enters into competition with existing firms
+and companies to the harm of the latter.[32] For instance they urge that
+in the case of those engaged in second-hand goods and salvage, who are
+able to make a profit by buying their material, the army enters into an
+unfair competition, when it takes such material, given in charity, and
+sells at a lower figure. In so far as the army does undersell others
+this objection is valid, and we have no doubt that in some cases such is
+the truth. Doubtless some individuals and firms have been hurt in their
+business by this under-selling. For instance, in Chicago, the Army has
+nine retail stores situated in the poorer districts, doing a big
+business in second hand goods. In addition to those goods it sends into
+the retail trade, it sells hundreds of tons of paper and rags annually.
+This must have some effect on others engaged in this business. However,
+the Army itself sometimes pays for its material and does not often
+undersell.[33] But there is another side to this question of
+underselling. Naturally the tendency is to get as much as possible for
+its goods, and provided there is a market, the army would seek to obtain
+just as much as any one else in the business. It now falls back on a
+question of supply and demand. The only way in which the price would be
+lowered by the Salvation Army would be by an increase of supply.
+Doubtless the supply of these goods is increased by the thorough work of
+the Army agents, and, to such an extent, its entrance into this field
+would tend to lower prices. However, in the leading salvage industries
+of the army, the increase in supply does no more than offset the
+increase in demand. The amount of displacement of the salvage and allied
+industries due to the competition of the army at present would not seem
+to be much, although of course it is difficult to get any exact figures
+along this line.
+
+Looking at the Salvation Army retail store as a form of relief, another
+question arises as to whether the opportunity given to the residents of
+the district to get things at the Salvation Army's store cheaper than
+elsewhere interferes with the standard of living. By the standard of
+living we mean the scale or measure of comfort and satisfaction which a
+person or a community of persons regards as indispensable to
+happiness.[34] This would differ in the case of different persons and
+classes and communities, but progress demands that the standard should
+never be lowered, but should always be raised, in accord with increasing
+enlightenment and education.
+
+    "It is only," says Dr. Devine, "when individuals or individual
+    families for personal or exceptional or temporary reasons fall below
+    the standard, that charitable assistance can effectively intervene.
+    In other words, as has been pointed out in other connections, the
+    relieving policy cannot be made to raise the general standard of
+    living, but it should be so established as not to depress it"[35].
+
+Here, then, the point is, whether those who are otherwise able to come
+up to the standard of living in a given community take advantage of this
+form of charity, or whether the customers of the Salvation Army's stores
+are living below that standard. To just the extent that the former is
+true, this part of the work would be pauperizing and retrogressive, but
+we do not consider the former to be true. Naturally, we have no
+statistics on this point, but speaking from general observation, we
+should say that the customers of these stores are needy poor, who are
+living below the standard, and hence, the store is a boon to them in
+aiding them toward a realization of that standard.
+
+Let us now sum up our conclusions regarding the industrial work of the
+Army. Regarding the industrial colonies, we would say that, while
+doubtless responsible for good and reformation in certain cases,
+nevertheless, owing to their cost of maintenance and the fact that the
+work can be done without them, they are not a practical form of charity
+deserving the intelligent support of the public. Regarding the city
+industrial work, including the employment, amid a good environment, of
+men out of work, including also the turning of much otherwise waste
+matter into an economic good, and the assistance of deserving poor by
+means of second-hand stores, we would say that it is commendable and
+deserving of support. This latter conclusion is made in spite of three
+objections: first, that there is a tendency to lower wages, which
+objection we do not consider as important for reasons given; second,
+that underselling of certain commodities by the Army takes place, which
+objection we admit to a limited extent, and third, that the standard of
+living is interfered with, which objection we do not consider valid.
+
+
+Examples of Men in the Army Industrial Homes.
+
+These examples were collected by Mr. Jas. Ward at the two industrial
+homes situated on West 19th Street and West 48th Street, New York City,
+during the months of March and April, 1908. Mr. Ward worked right with
+the men whose cases are given here, and slept in the homes, thus being
+with them night and day. The home on West 19th Street was an old milk
+depot rented temporarily by the Army to aid the unemployed during the
+winter, and had accommodation for two hundred men. Everything was very
+crude. The men slept on the floor, some without blankets. They were
+required to work from three to five hours every day, and during the rest
+of the day, they were allowed to go out and seek for work. The best of
+these men were drafted out to fill the vacancies in the regular
+industrial homes of the Army as they occurred. On the other hand, the
+home on West 48th Street was and is one of the Army's best homes, built
+for the purpose by the Army in 1907, at a cost of $130,000.00.
+Everything here is arranged for comfort and cleanliness. The dormitory
+is of the best, with good ventilation and other sanitary conditions. It
+is a seven-story building, and has accommodation for one hundred and
+seventy-five men. Twenty-two wagons are sent out from this home every
+day. In every way it is a contrast with the West 19th Street home, hence
+the examples will show some difference, according to which home they
+refer.
+
+
+No. 1.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. Had no trade. Had
+worked on a farm in Ireland. Had been in this country fourteen years and
+had worked somewhat on a farm in this country. Had been out of work two
+months. Lost his position through an accident and spent three weeks in
+the hospital. Had since been in the Army Industrial Home for five weeks,
+and was growing stronger. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 2.
+
+Born in France. Thirty-five years old. Single. Had people in France but
+never heard from them. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Worked on
+a farm a little in France. In this country fifteen years. Several
+charitable societies had helped him and he had been in the Industrial
+Home eight days. The Army gave him clothing and shoes. He looked like a
+drinking man, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 3.
+
+Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Married. Had wife in Italy. Left there
+two years ago, and said he was going to send for his wife when he got
+the money. He had worked on a farm in Italy, and had worked at different
+trades in this country. Had been out of work nine weeks. Had been in the
+Industrial Home two days. Spoke good English. Looked dirty and without
+much intelligence.
+
+
+No. 4.
+
+Born in South Carolina. Twenty-three years old. Single. Trade of a
+plumber. Left his people five months ago and came to New York. Soon
+spent his money and could find no work. Had been in the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Said he was going home as soon as he could get the money.
+Never worked on a farm. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 5.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty-two years old. Single. Had been in this country
+twenty-five years and had followed the water nearly all the time. Got in
+a fight on the Bowery six months ago and spent five months in jail.
+Since coming out, he had had odd jobs, and had been in the Industrial
+Home about two weeks. Looked shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 6.
+
+Born in Denver, Colo. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Had people in Philadelphia who did not help him. Machinist by trade.
+Belonged to the union in Philadelphia. Out of work ten weeks. Said he
+had $100.00 but it did not last long. Had been in the Industrial Home
+two days and expected work shortly. Appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 7.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Had left his family. Had no
+trade. In this country eight years. Never worked in the country. Out of
+work all winter. Spent three weeks in the hospital. Said he had
+consumption. Had been in the Industrial Home four days. Looked very
+feeble but not dissipated.
+
+
+No. 8.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single. People
+lived in New York, but he had not lived with them for three years. Had
+no trade. Had travelled a little. Said he did not like hard work. Had
+been in the Industrial Home two weeks. The Army gave him clothing and
+shoes. Said the missions helped him. Expected to wander West when the
+weather got warm. Looked like a tramp. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 9.
+
+Born in San Francisco. German parents. Fifty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Said he had beaten his way all around the world. Had not
+worked all winter. In the Industrial Home ten days. Looked shiftless and
+dissipated. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 10.
+
+Born in Maine. English parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+people in Maine with whom he quarreled. Had no trade. Out of work for
+four months. In the Industrial Home one week. Never worked on a farm,
+but had worked in the woods. Did not drink. Looked like a capable man.
+
+
+No. 11.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+People in Philadelphia who helped him sometimes. Had no trade. Had
+wandered a good deal. Out of work three months. Said he drank whenever
+he could get liquor. Expected to go home shortly. Had been in the
+Industrial Home three days. Looked very shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 12.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-two years old. Single. Had two sisters in
+Brooklyn who were poor. In this country eighteen years. Had no regular
+trade but worked in hotels as porter. Out of work five months. Worked on
+a farm a good deal in Ireland. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 13.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-two years old. Single. Said
+he was a truck driver. Had been out of work one month. Drank sometimes.
+Had been in the Industrial Home four days. Expected to leave New York as
+soon as the weather became warmer. Looked very wild.
+
+
+No. 14.
+
+Born in Vermont. Mother Irish. Father German. Thirty-two years old.
+Single. He wrote to his people but they did not help him. Had travelled
+around a good deal. Had no trade. Said he "got saved" in a mission and
+they kept him all winter. He said every time he got down, he went to the
+missions and stayed as long as he could. Had been in the Industrial Home
+nine days. Had worked on a farm a little. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 15.
+
+Born in London. Twenty-two years old. Single. Seaman by trade. Left his
+boat one month ago in New York and had done nothing since. Had been in
+the Industrial Home two weeks and hoped to work his way back to England
+shortly. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 16.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. About thirty-five years old. Single.
+Brick-layer by trade. Did not belong to the union. Out of work four
+months. Said he had been to every city in the United States and had
+travelled on freight trains quite often. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 17.
+
+Born in Reading, Penna. American parents. Forty years old. Married. Wife
+dead. One child living with his sister in Pennsylvania. Carpenter by
+trade. Did not belong to the union. Had been out of work all winter. All
+his tools were in pawn. The Army had been helping him at times. Said he
+had to leave his child on account of not working. He looked like a very
+hard drinker. Had never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 18.
+
+Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-five years old. Single.
+Quarrelled with his people. Had not been home for ten years. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. The missions and the Army had helped him
+a good deal. Had been in the Industrial Home three days. Never worked in
+the country. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 19.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in Ireland who
+were poor. Came to this country eleven years ago. Had no trade. Out of
+work two months. Expected a position in Brooklyn the following week.
+Said he had $60.00 in the bank but lost his book and had to wait to get
+his money. Had been in the Industrial Home two days. His appearance was
+good.
+
+
+No. 20.
+
+Born in Jersey City. Italian parents. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Quarrelled with his people. Said he had a step-mother and could not get
+along with her. Had been in New York five years working at everything.
+Had no trade. Out of work five months. Had saved some money, but it was
+all gone. Never worked in the country. In the Industrial Home five days.
+Said this was the first time he was ever down. Looked like a hopeful
+case.
+
+
+No. 21.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. Irish parents. Thirty-two years old. Married. His
+wife was working and had paid his board all winter, until he came to New
+York two weeks before on a freight train. Had been in the Industrial
+Home since, and expected to return to his wife. Carpet-weaver by trade
+and belonged to the union. Said he drank sometimes, but he looked like a
+hard drinker. Otherwise very good.
+
+
+No. 22.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. People
+lived in Brooklyn, but they did not have anything to do with him.
+Piano-finisher by trade. Did not belong to the union. Was in the army
+one year and deserted. Out of work three months. Came to New York two
+months ago. Spent all his money, $50.00, in two days. Had been in the
+Industrial Home two weeks. Said he was going to reform and get a steady
+job. Looked like a hard drinker but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 23.
+
+Born in Scranton, Penna. German parents. Fifty years old. Single. Had
+one sister and one brother at home, but he did not write them. Had no
+trade. Had travelled all over the United States. Seemed to know a
+mission in every city. Never worked in the country. Had been in the
+Industrial Home some time, and said they made him work too hard. Looked
+like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 24.
+
+Born in Springfield, Mass. American parents. Forty years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had not worked for over a year. Had been in jail several
+times for riding freights. Never worked in the country. The missions and
+the Army had helped him this winter. Looked like a dissipated character.
+
+
+No. 25.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Had people in Germany who were
+poor. Left home eight months ago and came to New York, with a little
+money. Had not worked since he left home. He spoke broken English. Had
+no trade. Did not drink much. Had been in the Industrial Home some time.
+Looked intelligent and capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 26.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no trade. Had been in
+this country twenty years. Worked a good deal on a farm. Had wandered a
+good deal. He said the Army were good people and had helped him in
+different cities. Had been out of work two months. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 27.
+
+Born in Greenwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-seven years old.
+Single. Used to be in business with his father as a plumber in
+Greenwich, but quarrelled and had not been home for six years. Never
+worked on a farm. Looked intelligent but very wild. Said he could have
+anything he wanted at home, if he would leave the drink alone.
+
+
+No. 28.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Scotch parents. Fifty-three years old. Married.
+Divorced seven years ago. Brass-moulder by trade. Had belonged to the
+union but lost his membership through non-payment of dues. Out of work
+three months. He drank a good deal, but looked capable. Never worked in
+the country.
+
+
+No. 29.
+
+Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-seven years old. Single.
+Had no regular trade. Made a business of following fairs as a fakir.
+Never worked in the country. Said the missions and the Army had helped
+him a good deal this winter. He also spent several nights in the city
+lodging house. Looked capable but a little dissipated.
+
+
+No. 30.
+
+Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Thirty-six years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had not worked all winter. Was in the Industrial Home for
+the fourth time this winter. The missions had helped him. Never worked
+in the country. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 31.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work two
+months. The Army gave him clothing. Had been in the Industrial Home
+several days. Never stayed in one place very long. Never worked in the
+country. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 32.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Thirty-five years old. Single. Had
+no people, except one brother who was in the West. Had no trade. Out of
+work four months. Had been in the Industrial Home one week. Never worked
+in the country. Said when he had money he gambled and played the races.
+Looked intelligent and capable.
+
+
+No. 33.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty five years old. Married. Evidently had left his
+family. Had no regular trade. Had followed the water a good deal and
+worked along the docks. Had nothing steady for three months. Was in the
+Industrial Home for the second time this winter. Worked in the country
+about two years. Said when the weather got warm he was going to the
+country. Looked ignorant and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 34.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. Trade of a
+shoe-maker, but he had not worked at it for nearly two years. Out of
+work three months. Worked in the country a little. Appearance very good.
+
+
+No. 35.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty years old. Married. Had
+buried his wife and three children. Had no trade but followed the circus
+as laborer. Never worked in the country. Had had no steady work for a
+year. The Army had been helping him for a month. He said he went on the
+drunk sometimes. Looked intelligent but in feeble health.
+
+
+No. 36.
+
+Born in Hungary. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had people at home but
+did not write often. In this country eight years. Talked good English.
+Had no trade. Worked on a farm a good deal in Hungary. Had been in the
+Industrial Home four days. Looked very hopeful.
+
+
+No. 37.
+
+Born in Pittsfield, Mass. American parents. Twenty-one years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Had been in the Industrial Home three months. Was
+a trusted worker and received $2.50 a week, for driving one of the Army
+wagons. Never worked in the country. Looked like a respectable man.
+
+
+No. 38.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty-years old. Single. In this country twenty years.
+Had no trade. Had travelled around the world. Had been in the Industrial
+Home one month. Said he used to drink, but would never do it again. He
+was gray-haired and feeble. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 39.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty-five years old. Single. Had no trade but followed
+the water a good deal. Out of work five months. Had been in the
+Industrial Home three weeks. Said the Army had helped him before. Looked
+like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 40.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single. People
+lived in New York, but he had not lived home for several years.
+Quarrelled with his people because of drink. Had no trade. Worked one
+season in the country. Had been out of work two months. In the
+Industrial Home two weeks. The Army had fitted him out with clothing.
+Looked capable but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 41.
+
+Born in Germany. Thirty-seven years old. Married. Would not say anything
+about his family. In this country eleven years. Had no trade but
+followed the water as cook or waiter. Had been out of work all winter.
+The German Aid Society had helped him. Never worked in the country.
+Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 42.
+
+Born in England. Sixty-five years old. Married. Wife dead. Five children
+living, but they did not help him. Came to this country forty years ago.
+Bricklayer by trade. Belonged to the union, but said they did not help
+him. Had been out of work five months. Had been in the Industrial Home
+several times this winter. Looked old, gray-haired and feeble.
+
+
+No. 43.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Quarrelled with his people three years ago and had not been
+home since. Never worked in the country. Had been in the Industrial Home
+four days. Looked quite capable.
+
+
+No. 44.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-nine years old. Single. Had people in Long
+Island who were poor. Had no trade, but followed the water a good deal.
+Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home five weeks. The Army
+gave him clothes. Said he drank a good deal. Never worked in the
+country. Looked intelligent but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 45.
+
+Born in Paterson, N. J. German parents. Twenty-five years old. Had
+people in Paterson but was ashamed to write to them. Had no trade. Had
+been in the Industrial Home two months. Looked bright and capable.
+
+
+No. 46.
+
+Born in Trenton, N. J. Irish parents. Twenty-two years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Had been out of work three months. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Expected money from home shortly. Never worked in the
+country. Said he drank a little. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 47.
+
+Born in Stanwich, Conn. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Had people who were poor. Had no trade. Was brought up on a farm. Came
+to New York one year ago after a trip through the West. Expected to go
+back to the country as soon as the weather got warmer. Had been in the
+Industrial Home ten days. Looked stupid but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 48.
+
+Born in Vermont. American parents. Forty-five years old. Single. Was a
+tool-maker by trade. Did not belong to the union. Had been out of work
+three months. Had been in the Industrial Home one month. Said the Army
+were good people. Appearance was good but somewhat dissipated. Never
+worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 49.
+
+Born in Seattle, Washington. Swedish parents. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Out of work two months. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Did not drink. Appearance was good. Never worked in the
+country.
+
+
+No. 50.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty years old. Married. Separated from his wife. In
+this country fifteen years. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. The
+Army and the missions had helped him several times. Never worked in the
+country. Looked shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 51.
+
+Born in Scotland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade. Had wandered
+round a lot. Out of work five months. The Scotch Aid Society helped him
+a good deal this winter. Said he liked to drink. Never worked in the
+country. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 52.
+
+Born in Cleveland, O. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Married.
+His wife was living in Cleveland. He left her because of a quarrel.
+Tool-maker by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work four
+months. In the Industrial Home one week. Never worked in the country.
+Looked efficient and capable.
+
+
+No. 53.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Fifty years old. Evidently married. Did
+not wish to talk about it. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Had
+received help from the missions and the Army. Drank heavily. Appearance
+very poor. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 54.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. English parents. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Had people in Boston, who did not help him. Had no trade. Out of work
+three months. In the Industrial Home two days. Said he drank sometimes.
+Never worked in the country. His appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 55.
+
+Born in South America. German parents. Twenty years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Came from South America by working on a boat. Left it two months
+ago in New York, and had done nothing since. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Never worked in the country. Expected to go back on the
+boat shortly. Looked like a runaway boy and was bright and attractive.
+
+
+No. 56.
+
+Born in Long Island. American parents. Fifty years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. Had rheumatism and could not do much
+work. The Army had helped him a good deal, but he expected to go to the
+hospital. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 57.
+
+Born in Italy. Thirty years old. Single. Had people in Italy, who were
+poor. In this country twelve years. Had no trade. Out of work all
+winter. In the Industrial Home seven days. Said that this was the first
+time he had ever been out of money. Worked in the country somewhat in
+Italy. Looked stupid and inefficient.
+
+
+No. 58.
+
+Born in Cuba. Father American, mother Cuban. Twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Had people living in Panama who did not help him. Had no trade.
+He travelled a good deal. Came from the West two weeks ago. Got out of
+money, and had been in the Industrial Home one week. Looked like a
+promising case.
+
+
+No. 59.
+
+Born in Pittsfield, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade, but followed the water somewhat. Had been out of work five
+months. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Never worked in the country.
+His face showed a very hard life. He was gray-haired and feeble.
+
+
+No. 60.
+
+Born in Scranton, Penna. American parents. Twenty-two years old. Single.
+His people were living in Scranton, but he was ashamed to write to them.
+Had no trade. Out of work eight weeks. In the Industrial Home one week.
+Never worked in the country. Looked very wild, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 61.
+
+Born in New York. German parents. Thirty years old. Single. Two sisters
+lived in New York, but did not help him because he drank too much. Had
+no trade. Had had no steady work all winter. Looked dissipated. Never
+worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 62.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Married. Wife dead. No children. Had
+no trade. Out of work three months. Had been in the Industrial Home one
+month. Never worked in the country. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 63.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. People
+in Chicago helped him sometimes. Had no trade. Had been working in the
+Industrial Home in the kitchen all winter at $1.00 per week. The Army
+had fitted him up, and he looked very respectable.
+
+
+No. 64.
+
+Born in Germany. About forty years old. Single. No people living.
+Followed the water. Out of work two months. In the Industrial Home three
+weeks. The Army gave him clothes. He looked like a hard drinker, but
+otherwise capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 65.
+
+Born in Cambridge, Mass. Irish parents. Forty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had travelled all over the country. Had been out of work
+four months, and had been in the Industrial Home two days. Never worked
+in the country. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 66.
+
+Born in Lynn, Mass. American parents. About fifty years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Out of work all winter. Had travelled widely and beaten his
+way on freight trains. In the Industrial Home three times this winter.
+Never worked in the country. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 67.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Quarrelled with his people. A rigger by trade. Did not belong to the
+Union. Out of work six weeks. In the Industrial Home ten days. Said he
+drank a little. Looked capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 68.
+
+Born in Germany. About thirty years old. Single. People in Germany did
+not help him. Waiter by trade. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Had no
+steady work all Winter. Never worked in the country. Expected a position
+in a few days. Looked stupid, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 69.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. Hungarian parents. Thirty-five years old. Single.
+People dead. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. Different charitable
+organizations had helped him. Had been in the Industrial Home one week.
+Did not like to work. Worked in the country a little. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 70.
+
+Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. Married. Wife
+dead. Had no trade. Had travelled a good deal. Out of work all winter.
+Had been in the Industrial Home six weeks. The Army fitted him out with
+clothing. He said he was not going to drink any more, and looked
+intelligent, but was getting old. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 71.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-six years old. Single. In this country six
+years. Had people in Germany, and he expected help from them. Machinist
+by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work four months. In the
+Industrial Home two days. Looked like a wild youth. Never worked in the
+country.
+
+
+No. 72.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work
+all winter. Drank heavily. Worked in the country two years. Had wandered
+all over the States. Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 73.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home four days. Army
+gave him clothes. The missions had helped him. Never worked in the
+country. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 74.
+
+Born in Scotland. Forty-one years old. Single. Had no trade. Out of work
+four months. In the Industrial Home three days. Admitted that he drank
+heavily. Never worked in the country. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 75.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-two years old. Single. People
+in Chicago were poor. Left home two months ago and came to New York.
+Spent all his money. The Army took him in, and for six weeks he had been
+in the Home. He wrote home. Expected to get work shortly. Looked bright
+and respectable.
+
+
+No. 76.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never worked in the country. Had
+been in the Industrial Home one week. Did not like to work. Looked like
+a tramp.
+
+
+No. 77.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty years old. Married. Wife lived in Germany with
+two children. Had been in this country four years and expected his wife
+next summer. Plumber by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Out of work
+two months. In the Industrial Home one week, after a very hard struggle
+around the streets. Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 78.
+
+Born in Washington, D. C. Forty-five years old. Single. Had no people.
+Had no trade. Belonged to the United States Army six years. Out of work
+all winter. In the Industrial Home three weeks. Worked in the country a
+good deal. Looked shiftless.
+
+
+No. 79.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty-five years old. Single. Hod carrier by trade.
+Belonged to the Union. Out of work five months. In the Industrial Home
+four days. Looked capable and efficient. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 80.
+
+Born in Germany. Fifty-two years old. Married. Wife dead. Followed the
+water most of the time. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home
+three days. Appearance very poor. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 81.
+
+Born in New York. Twenty-eight years old. Single. People lived in New
+York, but did not help him. Out of work all winter. Had no trade. Had
+been in the Industrial Home one month. Looked like a dissipated
+character. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 82.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Swedish parents. Thirty years old. Single. Iron
+worker by trade. Did not belong to the Union. Had been out of work five
+months. Had been in the Industrial Home five weeks. Never worked in the
+country. He drank a good deal, but looked capable.
+
+
+No. 83.
+
+Born in England. Eighteen years old. Single. In this country two years.
+Had no trade. Out of work one month. Had been in the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Had secured a position on a ship going to England, starting
+in three days. Looked like a straight-forward boy.
+
+
+No. 84.
+
+Born in Albany, N. Y. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Joined the navy two years ago. Deserted, was captured and
+spent one year in jail. Had been out three months and had not worked
+since. Had been in the Industrial Home one month. Appearance was good.
+Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 85.
+
+Born in Ireland. Fifty years old. Single. Had no trade. Had wandered all
+around the world. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home two or
+three times. Said he worked one year on a farm. He was crippled and
+looked feeble.
+
+
+No. 86.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-five years old. Single. People in Germany, but
+he did not write home. Had no trade. In this country five years. Out of
+work two months. Never worked in the country. Had been in the
+Industrial Home one day. Seemed to lack ambition.
+
+
+No. 87.
+
+Born in Denver, Colo. Irish parents. Fifty-five years old. Married.
+Separated from his wife five years ago. Painter by trade. Did not belong
+to the Union. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three
+weeks. Appearance was very poor. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 88.
+
+Born in Sweden. Twenty-two years old. Single. People at home sent him
+money sometimes. He said he had also sent money home. Had no trade. Out
+of work three months. In the Industrial Home four days. Used to work in
+the country in Sweden. In this country three years. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 89.
+
+Born in Dublin, Ireland. Thirty-one years old. Single. In this country
+two years. Had no trade. Out of work ten weeks. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Worked in the country for a few months. Appearance was very
+good.
+
+
+No. 90.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+people in New York, but had nothing to do with them. He wandered a lot.
+Had no trade. Never worked in the country. Out of work all winter. The
+Army and missions had helped him. In the Industrial Home three days.
+Looked like a vagrant.
+
+
+No. 91.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty years old. Single. Had no people. Followed the
+water most of the time. Out of work seven months. Was in the German
+Hospital three months with hip disease. He was still crippled and could
+not work well. Had been in the Industrial Home three weeks. Looked very
+feeble. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 92.
+
+Born in Washington, D. C. American parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. Was in the navy five years. Had no trade. Out of work all
+winter. In the Industrial Home three days. Never worked in the country.
+Acted very queerly and evidently had weak mind.
+
+
+No. 93.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. Carpenter
+by trade. Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home six weeks. The
+Army gave him clothing. Never worked in the country. Used to drink
+heavily. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 94.
+
+Born in England. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had people in England,
+and he wrote home sometimes. Had no trade. Out of work three months. In
+the Industrial Home five weeks. Worked in the country one summer. Had
+been in this country three years. Did not drink. Looked very intelligent
+and capable.
+
+
+No. 95.
+
+Born in Providence, R. I. Irish parents. Forty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had beaten his way all through the country. Never worked
+in the country. The Army had helped him a good deal. Had been in the
+Home three months and said he had not taken a drink during that time. He
+looked bright and responsible, but showed the signs of a hard life.
+
+
+No. 96.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty years old. Single. People lived in Ireland. In
+this country four years. Never wrote home. Had no trade. Worked in the
+country one year. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Appearance was good
+but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 97.
+
+Born in Trenton, N. J. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Followed the water a good deal. Out of work all winter. Had been in the
+Industrial Home eight weeks. Never worked in the country. Looked
+capable.
+
+
+No. 98.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home two weeks. Army
+gave him clothing. He looked intelligent and capable. Never worked in
+the country.
+
+
+No. 99.
+
+Born in Germany. Forty-five years old. People lived in Germany, but he
+did not write home. Had no trade. Out of work all winter. He travelled
+round a good deal and drank heavily. Had worked a good deal in the
+country. Had been in the Industrial Home four months, and said he was
+going to reform. Looked like a hopeful case.
+
+
+No. 100.
+
+Born in Portland, Oregon. American parents. Twenty-six years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Had travelled a good deal. Out of work all winter.
+In the Industrial Home three months. Expected money from home soon, and
+expected to go West. Said he had worked on a farm a good deal. Looked
+stupid but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 101.
+
+Born in Vermont. American parents. Thirty years old. Single. Carpenter
+by trade. Belonged to the Union. Out of work all winter. In the
+Industrial Home one week. Never worked in the country. The missions had
+helped him a good deal this winter. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 102.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass. Irish parents. Fifty-two years old. Single. People
+all dead. Had no trade. Out of work four months. In the Industrial Home
+three weeks. Said he had ruined his life through drink. Was in the
+hospital two months this winter. He never worked in the country. He was
+crippled and could not work much.
+
+
+No. 103.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+people in Chicago, but ran away four years ago. Had no trade. Out of
+work three months. In the Industrial Home two months. Never worked in
+the country. Looked like a hopeful case.
+
+
+No. 104.
+
+Born in Cincinnati, O. American parents. Thirty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had wandered a good deal. Never worked in the country. In
+the Industrial Home two weeks. Appearance was good but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 105.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+people in New York, but they were unable to help him. Had no trade. Out
+of work all winter. Had been in the Industrial Home five weeks. Never
+worked in the country. Said he drank a little. Appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 106.
+
+Born in Chicago. American parents. Twenty-five years old. Single. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. In the Industrial Home three months.
+Never worked in the country. The Army had helped him to become
+respectable, he said. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 107.
+
+Born in Ireland. Forty-eight years old. Single. People dead. Had no
+trade. Out of work two months. Had wandered a lot. In the Industrial
+Home three weeks. Had worked in the country somewhat. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 108.
+
+Born in St. Louis, Mo. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Out of work three months. The Army gave him clothes and he
+had been in the Industrial Home two months. Never worked in the country.
+Looked inefficient.
+
+
+No. 109.
+
+Born in Sweden. Forty years old. Single. Had people in Sweden. Had no
+trade. Out of work all winter. Had been in Industrial Home three months.
+Army gave him clothing. Did not drink. Looked capable and efficient.
+Never worked in the country.
+
+
+Some Facts Brought Out in the 109 Industrial Examples.[36]
+
+    Nationality.                      No.     Percentage.
+
+  American parentage                  41         .376
+  Irish parentage                     30         .276
+  German parentage                    18         .165
+  English and Scotch parentage         9         .083
+  Italian parentage                    3         .027
+  Swedish parentage                    3         .027
+  Other countries, parentage           5         .046
+
+  Married                             17         .156
+  Single                              92         .844
+  Worked a little in country          16         .146
+  Worked considerably in country       7         .064
+  Men with regular trades             31         .289
+  Union men                            6         .055
+  Men who looked efficient            38         .349
+  Men who looked semi-efficient       21         .193
+  Men who looked inefficient          50         .458
+
+    Ages.
+
+  15-20                                2         .018
+  20-30                               55         .504
+  30-40                               23         .212
+  40-50                               20         .183
+  50-60                                8         .074
+  60-70                                1         .009
+
+    Length of time out of work.
+
+  Less than 1 month                    8         .073
+  More than 1 month                   17         .156
+  More than 2 months                  16         .146
+  More than 3 months.[37]             68         .625
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] "Prospectus of the Salvation Army Industrial Homes Company."
+
+[15] "The Poor and the Land," p. 130.
+
+[16] Haggard places it at 500 in 1905; at the time of my visit, May,
+1906, it was about 300.
+
+[17] "Hadleigh," p. 52.
+
+[18] "The Poor and the Land," p. 127.
+
+[19] "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 113-114.
+
+[20] _Ibid._, p. 114.
+
+[21] _Ibid._, p. 105.
+
+[22] "Hadleigh," p. 56.
+
+[23] Apparently no definite data are obtainable regarding these men
+since the time of treatment.
+
+[24] Introduction, p. 10.
+
+[25] For instance, the president, vice-president and secretary and
+treasurer are all Army officers of high standing.
+
+[26] The following extract is taken from the Salvation Army Social
+Gazette of February 5, 1908: "Whether the Officer of the Salvation Army
+takes charge of the industrial home to manage it in the interests of the
+concern, or whether he takes charge of the corps, the one great purpose
+of his whole life is to proclaim salvation to all with whom he comes in
+contact."
+
+[27] See p. 36.
+
+[28] We think that this would probably be done, even though the presence
+of the home in the particular locality was a great boon to the poor, and
+although this would be contrary to the principles of the organization,
+so strong is the idea which the company has of financial success. This
+further strengthens the idea that the movement is drifting from its
+original purpose of uplifting the down-fallen humanity to the purpose of
+perpetuating and extending itself as an economic enterprise.
+
+[29] See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 121 to 130.
+
+[30] A typical industry instanced to support this objection was the
+manufacture of fire wood. See "The S. A. and the Public," p. 124.
+
+[31] The criticism here of course would be that, to the extent that the
+army applies donations from the public to this industrial work, to that
+extent it has an advantage over another business enterprise and differs
+from it just to that extent in which it secures capital on which it need
+pay no interest or return. To what extent this is done, we have been
+unable to ascertain, but the Army is paying interest to investors who
+furnish money to carry on this work. This point is dealt with somewhat
+in the next paragraph.
+
+[32] See "The S. A. and the Public," pp. 122 to 127. Also "The Social
+Relief Work of the S. A.," pp. 11 and 12.
+
+[33] Several leading officers have stated that they never undersell
+paper or rags, the largest part of their business, and that the only
+underselling done by them is in the retail store and that this is
+slight. They justify themselves by the fact that the regular second-hand
+men are tricksters and will rob the poor of their money, in most cases
+carrying on a pawn shop, which the Army never does.
+
+[34] See Seager, "Introduction to Economics," p. 234.
+
+[35] See "Principles of Relief," p. 35.
+
+[36] To show the difference in the grade of the men at the Industrial
+Homes and those at the Hotels, I have given separate tables for each.
+The combined tables showing certain characteristics of the class of men
+in general with which the Army deals will be found at the end of Chapter
+IV.
+
+[37] This number includes all the inefficient men and the men who are
+steadily working in the Industrial Home.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY HOTELS AND LODGING HOUSES.
+
+
+In a study of environment and its effects on the lowest classes of our
+great cities, the cheap lodging house affords a favorable field. Here we
+have crowding, unsanitary conditions, immoral atmosphere, and all the
+attendant evils. A good description of such lodging houses in New York
+City has been given by Jacob Riis, in the following words:
+
+    "In the caravansaries that line Chatham Street and the Bowery,
+    harboring nightly a population as large as that of many a thriving
+    town, a home-made article of tramp and thief is turned out that is
+    attracting the increasing attention of the police, and offers a
+    field for the missionary's labors, besides which most others seem of
+    slight consequence"[38].
+
+The cheap lodging houses of London and other great cities are similar in
+their environment and effects. This field was early entered by the Army.
+It was necessary that a very low rate of cost for the individual
+concerned be maintained because of competition with the lodging houses
+already existing, and because of the size of the prospective lodger's
+purse. The first experiments were tried in London. There, at first, the
+primary aim was to aid the needy and destitute, but later the Army
+entered into a competition with the existing lodging houses and paid
+more attention to the element of environment. It was soon definitely
+proved that such a work could be carried on to advantage, that shelter
+amid beneficial surroundings, could be provided to those almost
+destitute, and that the work could be self-supporting. Since then this
+work has extended to nearly all the larger cities of Europe and America,
+but it is of greatest extent in England and the United States. Along
+with this growth there has been differentiation. The hotels have been
+graded to suit the requirements of the different classes to which they
+appeal: the almost destitute class, and those who have steady
+employment. Hence, besides treating of conditions common to both, we
+shall describe special features of two grades of both men's and women's
+hotels.[39]
+
+The location for a men's hotel must be determined partly by its
+propinquity to the class of men which it is seeking to attract and
+partly for facilities for ventilation, cleanliness and general sanitary
+conditions. These last features are of the greatest importance in this
+work. Led by the real need of the case, and working with regard to its
+reputation, the Army has, in this respect, shown a great advance over
+the general cheap lodging houses. Still, there is room for improvement
+in the Army hotels.[40] One great difficulty lies in the lodgers, many
+of whom are so habituated to uncleanliness in general, that it is with
+great reluctance on their part that they are induced to cleanliness.
+Especially in the lower class hotels is this true where the rough,
+brutal element finds its way. Another difficulty lies in the fact that
+the Army frequently takes old buildings and turns them into hotels, when
+they are not suitable for the purpose. A favorable tendency to overcome
+this, however, lies in the Army's desire to put up new buildings fitted
+for hotels, and this is being done in many cities.
+
+In both the higher and the lower class men's hotels, the general plan is
+to have two or three grades of sleeping apartments. The first grade is
+in the form of dormitories, where each dormitory will contain from ten
+to fifty beds in the smaller hotels, and from fifty to one hundred and
+even two hundred beds in the larger.[41] For a bed in one of these
+dormitories, 10c and 15c per night is charged in the United States, and
+in England 2d up. This includes the use of a locker beside the bed, with
+sometimes a nightgown, and sometimes a bath. The second grade of lodging
+is in individual rooms, partitioned off, but inside rooms, for which the
+charge is 15c in the United States, and 4d to 6d in England. Then
+finally we have the third grade of lodging, which consists of individual
+rooms which have outside windows, and for which the price varies from
+20c to 50c per night according to situation and furnishing.[42]
+Sometimes the three grades of lodging are found on the same floor, a
+part of the floor being dormitory, and a part partitioned off into
+rooms, the partitions running up to a height of eight or nine feet. This
+method of partitioning off the rooms is almost universal. It is cheap
+and to some extent sanitary, since by means of windows at either end of
+the building a continual current of air can be maintained all over the
+floor. In most of the higher class hotels one floor is given up to
+dormitories and another to individual rooms, while the majority of lower
+class hotels consist entirely of dormitories. Hotels are of all sizes,
+and run from one floor up to eight or ten.
+
+The beds found in the Army hotels are iron, with mattresses usually
+covered with American cloth or some form of leather, but sometimes with
+strong canvas.[43] Each bed is provided with pillow, sheets, a coverlid,
+and sometimes an additional counterpane. The individual rooms, in
+addition to having better beds, contain a looking glass, a chair, a
+small table, and other furnishings according to the price of the room.
+In most cases washing facilities are only found in the lavatory, common
+to the whole floor.
+
+Comparative cleanliness is enforced at all grades of hotels. Baths are
+sometimes made compulsory, though often this rule cannot be rigidly
+enforced. Usually each floor is provided with bath tubs and shower
+baths. Nearly every hotel has a fumigating room, an air tight apartment
+filled with racks, upon which clothing is hung. If a man's appearance or
+clothing looks suspicious in any way, his clothes are placed in a sack
+with a number corresponding to the number of his bed or room, and hung
+in the fumigating room over night. Early the next morning his clothes
+will be returned to him. The dormitories and rooms themselves, every few
+days, receive a fumigating and cleaning. Thus, except in very rare
+cases, no fault can be found with the cleanliness of the Army hotels. We
+hardly ever visited any of them without coming into contact with the
+scent of fumigation, or finding some individual working with mop and
+broom.
+
+The above description, except where stated differently, fits both
+classes of men's hotels. The higher class, intended for transients of
+the better class of poor and for workmen with steady employment, has
+some distinctive features. In addition to better equipment along the
+line of furnishings, lavatories, etc., this class of hotels necessarily
+has a better social environment than the other. For instance, there are
+many lower class hotels where the reading room is dark, poorly
+furnished, without attractive reading matter, and where it serves as
+smoking room as well as reading room. While this might be improved, yet
+so low are the occupants that such improvement would not be appreciated.
+But when we come to the higher grade hotels, we find a difference. Take,
+for example, the Army Hotel in the city of Cleveland, O., on the corner
+of Eagle and Erie Streets. This corner building was built by the Army to
+answer its purpose, at a cost of $100,000.00. There are no dormitories
+in the building. The three upper floors are given over to the hotel,
+which comprises 130 rooms, each room being steam heated and electric
+lighted, and each floor being reached by elevators. Bathing facilities
+and sanitary arrangements are first class. A comfortable reading room
+and lounging room is provided for general use, where there are popular
+magazines, daily papers and writing conveniences. As another example,
+about the highest grade Army institution of this class is found in
+Boston, and is called "The People's Palace." It is a large, five-story,
+corner building, built by the Army for the purpose. In this institution
+the social environment is especially emphasized. There is a reading
+room, a smoking room, one or more social parlors, a gymnasium with a
+swimming tank, and an auditorium with a seating capacity of 600. The
+whole building, with its 287 single rooms, besides the above advantages,
+is equipped with steam heat, electric service and other modern
+conveniences. A special fee of 25c is charged for the use of the
+gymnasium and swimming tank, but the other advantages are free to
+lodgers. In this way, it is seen that the higher class hotels have more
+opportunity for a good social environment and for social work. We think
+that the addition of certain features, such as men's clubs, smokers,
+popular lectures, etc., would be of great advantage to this class of
+institutions. To overcome the difficulty of a transient population,
+however, would require considerable ingenuity.[44]
+
+Along the line of religious environment we find the hotels differ a
+great deal. In London there seems to be a strong influence of this kind,
+most of the hotels of both classes holding gospel meetings frequently.
+For instance, at the Quaker Street Elevator Home, which is partly a
+hotel and partly an industrial home, meetings are held nearly every
+night with good attendance, and at the Burne Street Hotel well attended
+meetings are held every night except Wednesdays and Saturdays, these
+nights being given over to the men for washing their clothes. But in the
+United States we find, as a rule, that the Salvation Army hotels are run
+with very little religious influence. In a few cases, meetings are held
+regularly, but more often no provision is made for them. Meetings are
+generally in progress somewhere in the neighborhood at the regular Army
+corps, and the men are left to attend these meetings if they wish.
+Generally they are willing to take advantage of the hotel, but do not
+care for the sentimental form of religion preached by the Army. Hence,
+in most of the hotels, we find the religious influence limited to the
+texts on the walls, and to the attitude of the employees, who are not
+always Salvationists or converted men.
+
+Some hotels of both classes are fitted with a kitchen and lunch counter.
+This is nearly always the case in London, where the hotels have a
+counter, over which the food is sold, and then taken to a seat by the
+purchaser. In several cases the counter is divided so that it opens into
+different rooms, and there are two grades of prices, the lower price
+being paid for food somewhat damaged and stale.[45]
+
+We need not dwell long on the subject of the women's hotels, as that
+does not form an important part of the Army's work. The women's hotels,
+even more than the men's, have tended to fall into two classes. There is
+a great difference between the hotel for women who are almost destitute,
+and the hotel for respectable working girls, who have positions as
+clerks and stenographers, and who happen to have no home of their own. A
+typical hotel of the former class is situated near the Dearborn Street
+Railway Depot in Chicago. It consists of three floors, and has
+accommodation for fifty girls or women. The woman officer in charge
+lives here herself, and seeks to have an environment as homelike as
+possible. She states, however, that occasionally the women come in
+noisily and are troublesome. There is a great difference between one
+woman and another, and she wishes she had one floor with better
+accommodation than the rest for the better element among them. The price
+paid per bed at this hotel is 10 cents. A good example of this class of
+hotel in England, is the one situated on Hanbury Street, Whitechapel,
+London, where there are three floors, two upper floors given over to
+dormitories containing 276 beds in all, and the ground floor containing
+a dining room, kitchen, small hall, and office. Here, women are turned
+away quite often because of lack of room. 2d. is charged for a bed, and
+for food a scale of prices, such as tea, 1/2d.--soup, 1/2d.--bread,
+1/2d.--etc. There are nine officers working here, and nine other
+workers, six of the latter receiving 3s. per week, and three receiving
+1s. per week.
+
+With the higher class hotels for women, the Army has not had much
+success. This is easily understood, as the respectable girl does not
+like to be connected with a hotel run by an organization which is
+prominent for its slum and rescue work. These hotels charge a higher
+rate for rooms and are situated in a good quarter of the city.[46] They
+are frequented by shop girls, bookkeepers, clerks and stenographers.
+Apparently, no great religious pressure is brought to bear on the girls
+and women, but this would probably depend on the officer in charge.
+
+The growth of the Hotel Department of the Army's work, like that of the
+Industrial Department, has, of recent years, been great. Soon after the
+publication in 1890 of General Booth's book, "Darkest England," the
+hotel work was started in England, and its progress has been rapid. In
+the United States at first the work did not make much headway. When
+Commander Booth-Tucker came to take charge in 1896, there were three
+small men's hotels situated in the cities of Buffalo, San Francisco,
+and Seattle. At the present time, nearly every large city in England
+and the United States has one or more of these hotels, the latter
+country having 71 men's hotels and 4 women's hotels, with a total
+accommodation of 8,688. The tendency now is toward fewer of the lower
+class hotels, and more of the higher class; in other words, toward fewer
+hotels where beds can be had for 10c and 15c, and more where they will
+cost 20c and 25c. The Army gives as its reason for this the fact that
+the cheaper hotel cannot be maintained in a wholesome manner and be
+self-supporting.[47] Similar to the Industrial Department in its
+management, the Hotel Department has its divisions, its graded officers
+with their various responsibilities, and its head officer in charge at
+the national headquarters. In the United States, however, unlike the
+Industrial Department, the Hotel Department has no separate financial
+company, in the form of a corporation, behind it. In some instances,
+deserving men are given bed tickets and meal tickets free, by officers
+detailed for the purpose, and, to that extent the hotels are a charity.
+This is done with due discretion and does not make an appreciable
+difference. The amount of charity indulged in by the Army in this way
+is, however, probably responsible for the fact that in 1907, there was a
+loss to the Army in this department of $4,500.00, not a very large
+amount, considering the number of hotels concerned.
+
+Coming to the value of the Army hotels from the point of view of the
+social economist, care must be taken to discriminate between their
+commercial and their philanthropic aspects. The public has a mistaken
+idea of the work carried on by this branch of the Army. Many people have
+an idea that thousands of homeless, starving men and women are nightly
+taken care of in these Army hotels. Putting aside the question whether
+such would be good relief policy or not, the statement itself is not
+true. In a majority of cases the man or woman in order to gain
+admittance must have the price, and in many instances, that price will
+also admit them to the regular cheap lodging house outside of the Army.
+We are not finding fault with the system of charging, since from the
+point of view of true relief, provided that bona-fide, destitute cases
+are not left without help, the price should be required, as it would be
+a great evil to throw open the hotels to the crowds of regular beggars
+and social parasites who constantly throng any institution supposed to
+be charitable; but since the Army hotel movement claims to be a
+self-supporting business, it is not to be regarded as different from any
+other lodging business, except in those points in which it excels the
+other. With this caution we believe that we still can distinguish two
+lines along which credit is to be given the Army. The first is the
+environment which the Army has created for its guests. It is not
+necessary here to show what a great factor environment is in this case,
+but simply to emphasize its importance. From our description of the Army
+hotel, it is seen that, with certain exceptions, the Army maintains
+cleanliness, cheerfulness, and a homelike atmosphere around its lodging
+houses.[48] In this important respect then, the Army hotel is to be
+commended. Secondly, the Army has indirectly, by its competition with
+the ordinary cheap lodging houses, led them to adopt improvement for
+purely commercial reasons. If a man has only ten cents, he is going to
+invest that ten cents to the best advantage, and the old time lodging
+houses have found it necessary to improve their conditions in order to
+meet the competition of the Army. For this too, credit is to be given
+the latter. In addition the competition reacts on the Army and tends to
+make it keep up its own standard.
+
+In order more clearly to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
+cheap lodging houses, whether Army hotels or not, it would be well here
+to consider objections to their existence. Three objections have been
+raised to all cheap lodging houses in general.
+
+1. That they herd together a low class of vagrants and vicious
+characters.
+
+2. That their cheapness lowers the standard of living.
+
+3. That they encourage the youth of the country to come to the city and
+live in comparative idleness.[49]
+
+No one who has looked into the matter has any doubt about the accuracy
+of the first objection. One glance at the faces of a group of men in the
+smoking room of any such hotel reveals many of the low, bestial,
+criminal type; many victims of dissipation and many who have acquired a
+dislike for work of any sort. This harboring of the vicious element is
+also true of the Army hotels of the lower class, but it is in company
+with this element that we find the men for whom more or less can be
+done.[50]
+
+The second objection must be considered more carefully. To repeat the
+definition of the standard of living which was discussed in connection
+with the Industrial Department, it is the scale or measure of comfort
+and satisfaction, which a person or community of persons, regards as
+indispensable to happiness. Now the question is whether these cheap
+lodging houses lower this standard; whether their existence results in a
+tendency to live with less effort and less ambition, and thus renders
+men and women less productive and less proficient. This question must be
+separated into a question regarding the community as a whole, and a
+question regarding the individual. As regards the standard of living of
+any single community, the answer would be that the standard is not
+appreciably lowered by this hotel system, since the occupants are mostly
+single men wandering around, and the standard of living of the community
+is more concerned with the maintenance of homes in its midst, than of
+transients. This, however, brings in the further question as to whether
+the cheap living made possible by the lodging houses leads to the
+breaking up of homes, since if it does so, it would bear decidedly on
+the standard of living. We would answer this second question in the
+negative, because life in the cheap hotel is not such a desirable thing
+as to lead to the breaking up of homes. A man has already left home and
+is already reduced in circumstances, before the fact of such cheap
+living as the hotels and cheap restaurants of the Bowery in New York, or
+of Whitechapel in London, ever comes to him as an advantage. But, on the
+other hand, when it comes to the individual concerned, we think that the
+standard is lowered and that in many cases the objection holds good. For
+instance, take a man with a regular trade, say bricklaying or
+carpentering. He is thrown out of work and gradually drifts down to the
+cheap hotel. For months, possibly, he strives in vain to get work at his
+trade. He exists, however, by means of odd jobs picked up at random; he
+becomes shiftless; the life which consists of so much "hanging around"
+and loafing, decreases his efficiency, and, in this way, his standard is
+lowered. At the same time his character is affected, and even if no
+worse development takes place, he loses ambition, and that lowers his
+standard. Hence, in conclusion, we would say that the objection that the
+hotel movement of the Army leads to a lowering of a standard of living
+has no place as regards the community, but is sustained as regards
+individuals.
+
+The third objection that the country youth are induced by this cheap
+living to leave for the city is not a strong one and needs but short
+notice. Some of the most successful men of our cities come from the
+country, but very few of the lower and pauper classes. This has been
+shown by the investigations of Mr. Fox in England, and by our own
+investigations in the United States.[51]
+
+The consideration of these objections leads us to a closer examination
+of the class of men frequenting the hotels of the Army. The men's work
+being so much larger, let us look at the occupants of the men's hotels.
+Here we must separate the comparatively few hotels of the higher class,
+which, charging higher prices and harboring the working man, have a
+different environment from the others. In these, the higher class, we
+see a competition with the ordinary boarding and lodging houses which
+single men frequent, a competition which, owing to the more healthful
+social environment of the Army hotel, is to be welcomed and approved of
+as a preventive of vice and degradation. The latter is often the result
+of crowded, uncleanly, workingmen's lodgings, which drive their
+occupants to the saloon. But the majority of the Army hotels are filled
+with the lowest class of men, out of any steady employment. This class
+is composed for the most part and under present conditions, of men who
+are almost helpless cases.[52] Conditions can be conceived which would
+result in the betterment of a certain percentage of these, but a large
+number would always be hopeless. Many have been given their chances and
+have thrown them away; some have had no chances, and some could not use
+them if they had. Many are physical and moral wrecks. In their faces you
+see no ambition. They simply exist as do animals. For such, except in
+unusual cases, there is no remedy. Do all you can for them, and they
+will slide back again; give them work, and if they are willing to take
+it at all, they soon lose their positions. Some belong to the
+pseudo-social class and are mere parasites feeding on society. Others
+are anti-social, bitter and criminal.[53]
+
+These men are not those with which the Army is successful, in its
+industrial institutions, although many of them have been tried. They
+secure their ten cents or fifteen cents for a bed in a cheap hotel by
+any means which comes along. They form a class, which especially in the
+older countries of Europe and increasingly in the new world, presents a
+problem that is the great puzzle of the statesman and the social
+economist alike.
+
+The present tendency of the Army already mentioned to have fewer of the
+lower class, cheap hotels and more of the higher class brings up some
+important considerations. There are three points which come up for
+particular notice here. First, as has already been stated, the present
+tendency of the Army is to have fewer of the lower class or cheap hotels
+and more of the higher class. One reason for this is that, although the
+Army's competition has in many instances forced the ordinary cheap
+hotels to better their equipment, still, in the long run, the Army
+cannot successfully compete with the ordinary low class hotel and
+maintain an equally good or better environment, without having its hotel
+work subsidized by the public. The men whom we have just described do
+not appreciate better surroundings sufficiently to pay fifteen cents for
+a bed at the Army hotel, when they can get one for ten cents at another
+place around the corner. Secondly, as the Army extends its work, there
+is the ever present tendency of any organization to become an end in
+itself. Hence the Army tends to forsake its field of the lower class for
+the field of the working class for financial reasons. If it can carry on
+a hotel which appeals to a higher class of working men who are willing
+to pay $1.50 upwards per week for a separated room such as has been
+described, they may do better financially than with a dormitory whose
+beds are held at ten cents. This second point of consideration leads us
+to a third, and that is, what is to become of this lower class of
+vagrants and unemployables. This discussion hardly comes in the scope of
+this book, but we might suggest in passing that the cheap, lower class
+of hotels with which the Army has entered into competition should not be
+allowed to continue as at present. In case of the failure to provide
+competition, the city itself should provide a successful competition
+under good environment, or should take measures for the segregation of
+the vicious elements of the population from the merely weak, aged and
+unfortunate.[54]
+
+On the other hand, among the occupants of these hotels a certain number
+are men for whom there is hope; some victims of misfortune; others
+degraded by dissipation and recklessness, but not entirely demoralized.
+With these the Army can deal successfully in its industrial homes, and
+some of them can regain a foothold without aid. For these men the Army
+hotel is certainly a boon.[55] A man who has not lost ambition and who
+can gather a few cents a day to sustain him, until some temporary
+difficulty is past is glad to take advantage of such an institution.
+Finally, regarding this class as a whole, something must be done with
+them, and it is necessary for those who find fault with their
+congregation in the Army hotels, to point out a better way of caring for
+them. As long as they exist, they will tend to congregate somewhere, and
+until some better solution is offered, we might as well take what is at
+hand, and if it is the Army hotel, hold that institution to its best
+efforts and its best environment.
+
+To sum up, then, our conclusions of this part of the Army's work, we
+find that the hotels are commercial enterprises, with, as a rule, an
+environment superior to the regular cheap hotels of the same price, and
+that although there is an objection to the congregation of the vicious
+and vagrant along with the unfortunate, and although there may be a
+tendency to lower the standard of living of these people, individually
+considered, yet there is a justification for the existence of these
+hotels, as something must be done with this class of people, and this is
+the best solution offered, inasmuch as a certain percentage of this
+class is really aided and tided over temporary difficulty. At the same
+time, there remains the need of the segregation of the class concerned,
+with a more scientific, practical, individual treatment. Better work can
+be done along this line.
+
+
+EXAMPLES OF SALVATION ARMY HOTEL LODGERS.
+
+A collection of 76 cases made on seventeen different evenings during the
+months of March and April, 1908, at two of the Salvation Army hotels,
+both situated on the Bowery in New York City, one being a lower class
+hotel and the other a combination of lower and higher class. These cases
+were collected at first hand by the author and a friend of the author,
+Mr. James Ward, both of whom mingled among the men in the disguise of
+working men. In this way the facts were gained without much difficulty,
+with the exception of information regarding the family of the man
+concerned. Sometimes, therefore, this latter information is lacking.
+
+
+No. 1.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parentage. Twenty-five years old. Single.
+Had no home and did not know whether or not his people were living. Only
+trade was that of hotel porter but had done other things. Had worked a
+little in the country. Had had no steady work for three months. Walked
+the streets the previous night and had had coffee and rolls on the
+"bread line." Received a bed that night through charity. Did not appear
+dissipated but showed lack of ambition.
+
+
+No. 2.
+
+Born in Ireland. About thirty years old. Single. Did not know about his
+people as he did not write home. Had been in New York seven years.
+Worked as stableman most of the time but had been out of steady work for
+six weeks. Never worked in the country. Appeared dissipated and
+inefficient.
+
+
+No. 3.
+
+Born in Pittsburg of American parents. About forty years old. Single.
+Had a brother, he thought, in Pittsburg but no other relatives alive.
+Had no regular trade. Had travelled a good deal in the United States but
+never west of Chicago. Had done odd jobs in the country. Evidently a
+tramp. Looked stupid and incapable.
+
+
+No. 4.
+
+Born in Germany. About twenty-three years old. Single. Wrote to his
+people sometimes, but they were poor. Trade, a waiter. Had worked in New
+York for five years. Had had no steady work for over two months. Had a
+little money saved but that was nearly gone. Expected to go to Albany
+the next day to work. Never worked in the country. Appeared to be a
+capable, steady man.
+
+
+No. 5.
+
+Born in Scotland. Fifty-three years old. Single. People all dead except
+a married sister. Regular trade, a boiler-maker. In this country most of
+the time for thirty-five years. Had travelled all around the world.
+Never worked in the country. Had no steady work all winter, but obtained
+work for one or two days every week and thus paid his way at the hotel.
+Said he lived up to his salary when working steadily. Is growing old.
+Sometimes went on a "spree" when he had money. Looked like a
+hard-working, efficient man.
+
+
+No. 6.
+
+Born in Ireland. About forty years old. Had married and separated from
+his wife. Trade was brick-laying, but he was not a union man. Never
+worked in the country. Came to New York at eighteen and had been there
+most of the time since. Claimed to be a Mason, and said that he expected
+help from a friend. Had been out of work all winter but worked
+occasionally around saloons and nearly always had the price of a bed.
+Admitted drinking heavily. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 7.
+
+Born in Buffalo of American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Waiter by trade. Parents were dead. Had two brothers but did not know
+where. Had worked a little in the country but knew nothing of farming.
+Had worked as waiter in New York for three years. Got into a fight three
+weeks before and had his face disfigured. As a result lost his job.
+Walked the streets two nights last week. Got coffee and rolls on the
+"bread line." Worked in a stable yesterday and made $1.00. Appeared
+somewhat dissipated but intelligent.
+
+
+No. 8.
+
+Born in New York City. Father German. Mother Scotch. Thirty-two years
+old. Single. His father lived somewhere in New York, and he expected to
+get work shortly and live with him. Trade was a machinist. Had mostly
+worked at bicycle repairing. Had travelled a good deal but never worked
+on a farm. Went to Philadelphia this Winter and lost position. Worked
+three days in a woodyard for board and lodging. Later had himself
+committed to jail for one month. Came back to New York last week. Did
+not appear dissipated, but looked bright and efficient.
+
+
+No. 9.
+
+Born in Lawrence, Mass., of American parents. About twenty-two years
+old. Single. Worked since a boy in Lawrence in the woolen mills until he
+lost position six weeks previously. Always lived with his people. Had
+never been hungry or without a bed. Came to New York two weeks
+previously but had done nothing since. Had just money enough left to go
+home, where he expected to obtain work again shortly. Looked thoroughly
+capable and reliable.
+
+
+Nos. 10 and 11.
+
+Two brothers born in New York of Irish parentage. Aged twenty-eight and
+thirty-one respectively. Both single. Parents dead. Had trade of awning
+makers, with plenty of work in summer but none in winter. Had never
+worked in the country. Had been living by means of odd jobs and charity
+all winter. Had received help from a mission and the Salvation Army.
+Quite often walked the streets all night and got coffee and rolls on the
+"bread line." Appeared shiftless and showed lack of initiative and
+intelligence.
+
+
+No. 12.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Did not know where his folks were. His mother was dead. Worked sometimes
+as a truck driver. Had worked at farm work in New Jersey. Had travelled
+a good deal. Had received help from charities in different cities. Got
+caught once riding a freight train through Philadelphia and spent ten
+days in jail for the offense. Said he drank when he got the chance. Now
+worked around the Army Hotel and received in return his bed and one meal
+ticket a day. Expected to leave the city as soon as the weather got
+warmer. Evidently a kind of tramp with a tendency to become worse.
+Looked wild and unreliable.
+
+
+No. 13.
+
+Born in Watertown, N. Y., of American parents. About thirty years old.
+Single. Had lost track of his people. Worked as steward on ship running
+to New Orleans. Was laid off three months ago. Expected to get position
+as steward again in the spring. Had walked the streets quite often, not
+being able to secure a bed. Had received help from several charities,
+including the Army. Looked dissipated and unreliable. Had never worked
+in the country.
+
+
+No. 14.
+
+Born in England. Came to this country when sixteen. People all dead.
+Thirty-two years old. Single. Never worked in the country. Regular trade
+was that of a painter but was not a Union man. Got odd jobs from time to
+time in paint shops. Made fifty cents the previous day. Had had no
+steady work for three months. Had forty dollars saved when he left his
+last steady job. Spent twenty dollars on a "drunk," and the rest had
+gone since. Appeared capable and fairly intelligent.
+
+
+No. 15.
+
+Born in Germany. Had come to this country with his people when young.
+His people all dead except a sister who was married and lived in
+Chicago. Single. About thirty-five years of age. Had no regular trade.
+Had worked as laborer in both country and city. Said that the city was
+best in Winter and the country in Summer. Expected to leave for the
+country as soon as the weather grew warm. Appeared lazy and inefficient.
+Had been aided by the Army. Evidently a tramp.
+
+
+No. 16.
+
+Born in Pittsfield, Mass., of American parents. Twenty-four years of
+age. Single. Ran away from home at seventeen. Did not know where his
+people were. Had no trade. Had worked at everything. Was in the navy for
+four years and afterward followed the water for several years working
+mostly as fireman. Never worked in the country. Had been out of steady
+work for six months. Secured lodging through charity but often spent the
+night on the streets. Said he drank when he could get it. Looked
+dissipated and demoralized.
+
+
+No. 17.
+
+Born in New York City of German parents. About thirty years old. Married
+but had left his wife. Had no regular trade. Had worked as waiter,
+porter and liveryman. Made fifty cents yesterday but spent forty for
+whiskey. Secured coffee and rolls on the "bread line." Had worked a
+little in the country. Appeared shiftless.
+
+
+No. 18.
+
+Born in Germany. Twenty-two years of age. Single. Wrote to his people
+sometimes. Always followed the water. Had sailed from different points
+to China and the Philippines. Drank and lost his boat. Made his way to
+New York where he had been out of work for two months. Wrote home for
+money which he expected shortly. Sold some of his clothing to get a bed.
+Was trying to get work on a boat. Never worked in the country. Looked
+wild and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 19.
+
+Born in Boston, Mass., of Irish parents. Twenty-five years of age.
+Single. Worked in machine shop when a boy and then joined the navy.
+After the navy experience he had worked both on water and on land. Had
+beaten his way on freight trains to different parts of the United
+States. Said he often got help from missions. Often slept in the parks
+in summer. Had been in jail several times. The last time for four months
+for stealing. Got out in August and had done odd jobs since. Had been
+several times in the Army hotel and several times in the City Lodging
+House. Had worked for a day or so in the country but did not know
+farming. Looked shiftless and demoralized.
+
+
+No. 20.
+
+Born in Binghamton, N. Y., of American parents. About thirty-five years
+of age. Single. Trade was lasting shoes in a shoe factory. Had worked in
+different cities but never in the country. Came to New York three months
+ago, as his factory had laid off a large number of hands. Had done odd
+jobs since. Walked the streets three nights the previous week and got
+coffee and rolls on the "bread line." Got a bed for the night this time
+through charity. Expected to get work in a factory when the weather
+became warmer. Drank occasionally but not often. Looked competent and of
+average intelligence.
+
+
+No. 21.
+
+Born in Ireland. Twenty-four years old. Single. Left home and had been
+in America one year. Worked in New York as waiter and lost his position
+three weeks previous to interview. Had some money saved but drank and
+lost it all on the Bowery. Walked the streets for one week and
+frequented the "bread line." Had a position, now, waiting on table
+during the dinner hour. Used to work on a farm in Ireland, and said that
+as soon as the weather got warm he would go to the country and look for
+work. Looked somewhat dissipated but hopeful.
+
+
+No. 22.
+
+Born in Brooklyn, N. Y. Twenty-six years old. Single. Had no trade. Had
+lost track of his people. Had travelled a good deal by means of freight
+trains and had been in several jails for vagrancy. Had never worked in
+the country. Said when he could get money, he spent it in drink. Secured
+a bed that night through an acquaintance. Looked like a confirmed tramp
+and vagrant.
+
+
+No. 23.
+
+Born in Hartford, Conn., of American parents. Twenty-one years old.
+Single. Parents dead. Had a married sister living in New Jersey, but he
+did not wish her to know that he was out of work. Had been working for
+years as a carpenter's assistant and hoped to become a full-fledged
+carpenter shortly. Had never worked in the country. Had been out of work
+for three months. Spent his money in a vain trip to Philadelphia and
+back looking for work. Had been doing odd jobs but had often gone
+hungry. Did not like to ask for charity. Expected to work as soon as the
+contractors began the spring building. Did not drink. Looked
+intelligent, bright, and was a very hopeful case. Went through the
+grammar school.
+
+
+No. 24.
+
+Born in Boston of Irish parents. Fifty years old. Single. Had no people
+living. Trade was a hardwood finisher. Never worked in the country. Got
+out of work two months ago. Left Boston then and came to New York. Had a
+little money, but it was almost gone. Was crippled but could still work.
+Drank some. He was gray-haired and looked older than he was.
+
+
+No. 25.
+
+Born in Ireland. About sixty years old. Had been married, but his wife
+was dead, and he had no known relatives. Had been a seaman a good deal
+but had no regular trade. He worked on a farm two months in the West.
+Had travelled a good deal. He worked occasionally around the docks and
+made just enough to maintain himself. When he had money, he spent it
+rashly. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 26.
+
+Born in Boston of American parents. Fifty-seven years old. Single. Had
+no people. His trade was ship's cook. He had never worked in the
+country. Said that he was too old to get a position. He secured a bed
+that night through the kindness of a friend, also out of work. Had
+wandered around a great deal. He did not look dissipated but he was
+gray-haired and very feeble.
+
+
+No. 27.
+
+Born in Philadelphia of German parents. About forty years old. Single.
+Trade was that of a sign-painter. Said he had worked mostly in
+Philadelphia and New York, and that he could get plenty of work, but
+kept losing his positions through drink. Had never worked in the
+country. Said he had people in Philadelphia but he did not write to
+them. Looked dissipated.
+
+
+No. 28.
+
+Born near Lynn, Mass., of American parents. Twenty years old. Single.
+Had no trade, but worked as dish-washer or at anything he could get.
+Said that he could run an engine and had been working on a boat in New
+York harbor but had to leave three weeks ago, on account of sickness.
+Was trying to get into a hospital. Money nearly gone. Was born and
+brought up on a farm but ran away nearly three years ago and did not
+want to go back, though his father and mother were living. Said he spent
+his money freely when he had it. He did not look dissipated but appeared
+to be a consumptive.
+
+
+No. 29.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parents. About thirty-five years old.
+Single. Had no trade but had worked for years as driver on a horse-car.
+Got out of work four months ago and had no prospect of any. Got a small
+job cleaning out a saloon the previous day. Often walked the streets all
+night and went to the "bread line." Did not look very dissipated but
+evidently had no ambition. Did not know where his people were. Never
+worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 30.
+
+Born in Ireland. Sixteen years old. Single. Did not write home. Had
+trade of a cook and had been out of work for two weeks. Then had $100.00
+and lost it all "on a drunk." Never worked in the country. Had walked
+the streets three nights the past week. Was going to New Jersey to look
+for work. Looked dissipated but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 31.
+
+Born in Scotland. Fifty-five years old. Married in Scotland and came
+with family to this country twenty-five years ago. Had no trade. Worked
+at anything he could get. Wife dead. Two children living, unable to help
+him. Had travelled widely. Obtained a steady job the previous month.
+Held it two weeks, then went "on a drunk." Still had enough money saved
+to keep him two weeks. Said that if he did not get work before then, he
+would leave New York. He knew a little about farm work in Scotland.
+Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 32.
+
+Born in New York City of Irish parents. Sixty years old. Single. People
+all dead. Had no regular trade but had followed the water. Never worked
+in the country. Had some cousins in New York who helped him out a
+little. He looked dissipated and feeble.
+
+
+No. 33.
+
+Born in Philadelphia. American parents. Forty-three years old. Single.
+Salesman. Had been out of work all winter after losing a position
+through drink. Had received help from several aid societies and missions
+this winter. Had walked the streets a good many nights. Said he never
+worked in the country. Looked dissipated and unreliable.
+
+
+No. 34.
+
+Born in South Carolina. American parents. Twenty years old. Single. Did
+not write home. Said he ran away and his people were angry. Had no
+trade. Never worked in the country. Had walked the streets two nights
+this week. Looked intelligent but wild.
+
+
+No. 35.
+
+Born in Newark, N. J., English parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Had no trade but worked as a janitor. Was in the navy for three years
+and had travelled widely. Had been out of work one month. Never worked
+in the country. Said he worked for a while and then "went off on a
+drunk." His people in Newark sent him money once in a while. Looked
+dissipated.
+
+
+No. 36.
+
+Born in Ireland. Thirty-eight years old. Single. When seven years old
+came to America with his people. Had two brothers and one sister in
+Schenectady, N. Y. Parents dead. His people did not aid him as he drank
+so much. Never worked in the country. Got an odd job now and then.
+Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 37.
+
+Born in England. Thirty-six years old. Single. Came to America with his
+people when twelve years old. Went to Fall River, Mass., where his
+people lived. Ran away from home at eighteen and had followed the water
+since. Never worked in the country. Was paid off last Saturday. Went on
+a drunk on the Bowery and lost his money and his job. Walked the streets
+two nights, but received help from his people. Looked a little
+dissipated but capable.
+
+
+No. 39.
+
+Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. Forty years old. Single. Father
+lived in Yonkers but was unable to help him. Plumber by trade. Did not
+belong to the Union. Was out of work for one month the past winter, but
+now had a job and was renting a room in the Army hotel. Never worked in
+the country. Looked like a hard drinker, but otherwise capable.
+
+
+No. 40.
+
+Born in New Haven, Conn. American parents. Twenty-five years old.
+Single. Relatives in New Haven poor. Was a telegraph operator and worked
+at that trade for two years, but lost position on account of bad health.
+Had worked on a farm quite a little, and said as soon as the weather got
+warmer he was going to the country. He now had a room at the Army hotel
+but his money was nearly gone. Looked intelligent and capable.
+
+
+No. 41.
+
+Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single.
+Did not know where his relatives were. Had trade as truck driver, and
+since losing a steady job two months previously had worked at odd jobs
+about the docks. Spent two days at an Army Industrial Home and was now
+at the Army Hotel. He looked like a hard drinker. Never worked in the
+country.
+
+
+No. 42.
+
+Born in Scotland. Twenty-three years old. Single. Relatives lived in
+Scotland and sent him a little money sometimes. Had no regular trade.
+Had worked on the water a good deal. Came to New York two years
+previously, and had no steady work since. Had been nine months in the
+hospital from which he had been discharged two weeks. Expected to return
+to the hospital. Looked like a very sick man, but not dissipated.
+
+
+No. 43.
+
+Born in New York City. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+No people alive. Had no trade. Had travelled around the world and never
+worked when he could help it. Never worked in the country. Looked like a
+regular tramp and hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 44.
+
+Born in Newark, N. J. French parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+two sisters in Brooklyn. Had no regular trade but had been working for
+three weeks in a grocery store and thus had a room in the Army Hotel.
+Never worked in the country. Looked capable and intelligent.
+
+
+No. 45.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+people in Brooklyn who were helping him. Had no trade but had worked all
+his life at odd jobs. Could not work steadily because of bad habits.
+Never worked in the country. Looked like a hard drinker.
+
+
+No. 46.
+
+Born in Jersey City. Irish parents. Thirty-five years old. Single. Was a
+painter by trade but did not belong to the Union. Had been out of work
+three months. Some friends gave him clothes and a little money. Looked
+intelligent but dissipated.
+
+
+No. 47.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. Irish parents. Thirty years old. Single. Had no trade.
+Worked on a farm in Long Island and hoped to go to the country shortly.
+Had had no steady work the past Winter. Had been in the Army Industrial
+Home six times during the Winter. Looked shiftless and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 48.
+
+Born in Lowell, Mass. Italian parents. Twenty years old. Single. People
+lived in Lowell. Had no trade. Never worked in the country. Came to New
+York two weeks previously with a little money, but this was soon spent
+and he had walked the streets two nights. Entered the Army Hotel through
+charity. Had written home for money and expected to return there. His
+appearance was very good.
+
+
+No. 49.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. Forty years old. Married. Separated
+from his wife three months ago because of his drinking. Had no trade.
+Never worked in the country. Had been out of work three months. Picked
+up odd jobs now and then, and thus secured a bed. Looked like a hard
+drinker.
+
+
+No. 50.
+
+Born in Germany. Seventeen years old. Single. Had people in Germany who
+were unable to help him. Had been in this country nine months. Said he
+was on a farm in New York State but ran away. The Salvation Army was
+keeping him, and he worked a little around the Hotel. Looked like a
+promising boy but rather wild.
+
+
+No. 51.
+
+Born in Denver, Col. American parents. Twenty-three years old. Single.
+Had people at home who sent him money now and then. Was an iron-worker.
+Belonged to the Union, but said the Union had not helped him any. Had
+been out of work some time. Never worked in the country. Had travelled a
+good deal in the United States. Looked bright and promising.
+
+
+No. 52.
+
+Born in Davenport, Washington. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had people
+at home where he had sent for money. Had travelled widely. Came to New
+York five weeks ago from Panama where he had been working for eight
+months. Had to leave on account of sickness. Had $100.00 when he came to
+New York but spent nearly all on doctors bills. Still had a little left.
+Said he had worked a good deal on a farm. Looked capable and
+intelligent.
+
+
+No. 53.
+
+American, born in New York. Thirty years old. Single. People dead.
+Bartender. Did not belong to the Union. Was out of work for one month
+until two weeks previous to interview, when he got a job as bartender.
+Was still working and had a room at the Army Hotel. Said he would be all
+right it he could leave drink alone. He never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 54.
+
+Born in New York. Irish parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had
+quarrelled with his people who lived in New York. Painter by trade. Lost
+his membership in the Union because he did not pay his dues. Had had no
+steady work for a year, but had wandered all over the country doing very
+little work, but receiving aid from charitable societies. Said he liked
+the warm weather, so that he could sleep in the parks. Looked shiftless
+and a typical tramp.
+
+
+No. 55.
+
+Born in Norway. About thirty years old. Single. Had people in Norway who
+did not help him. Came to New York from his native land two months
+previously. A carpenter by trade. Was working in Jersey and lost
+position two weeks previously. Had money in his pocket and was evidently
+wise enough to keep it. Conversed in broken English. Said he worked in
+the country in Norway. Looked like a capable man.
+
+
+No. 56.
+
+Born in Scotland. Forty-five years old. Single. Came to this country
+with his people when he was nine years old. People had since died.
+Bookkeeper by trade. Had been out of work all Winter. The Scotch Aid
+Society was keeping him, giving him bed and meal tickets. Said he had
+received help from four different missions in New York. Looked incapable
+and shiftless. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 57.
+
+Born in Jersey City. American parents. Twenty-eight years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Did not work if he could help it. Came here from the West
+by means of freight trains. Never worked in the country. Looked like a
+regular tramp.
+
+
+No. 58.
+
+Born in Chicago. Single. Thirty-years old. Had friends in Chicago who
+sent him a little money. Had no trade. Never did hard work. Got odd jobs
+and received aid from missions. Said he was a Christian and liked to
+attend meetings. Had a room in the Army Hotel. Said he had been staying
+there off and on for two years. Looked stupid and incapable.
+
+
+No. 59.
+
+Born in Denver, Col. Fifty years old. Single. Plumber by trade. Belonged
+to the Union but left eight months previously and had not paid his dues
+since. Was in business for himself at one time, but lost it through
+drink. Said he got help from the missions whenever he could. Never
+worked in the country. Hoped to go West again shortly. Looked feeble and
+dissipated.
+
+
+No. 60.
+
+American. Born in Springfield, Mass. Fifty-five years old. Single. Said
+his people in Springfield were wealthy but would have nothing to do with
+him. Had no trade. In New York all Winter. Had walked the streets a good
+many nights. Never worked in the country. Charity Organization Society
+had helped him, besides other organizations. Said he had consumption.
+Looked very weak and dissipated.
+
+
+No. 61.
+
+Born in America. Jewish parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+Stone-cutter by trade. Said he worked at the Insurance business at
+times. Had been out of work nearly two months. Never worked in the
+country. Looked bright and capable.
+
+
+No. 62.
+
+Born in Cleveland, Ohio. American parents. Twenty-six years old. Single.
+People lived in Cleveland, but did not help him. Had worked on a farm
+nearly all his life. Left the farm two years previously and had wandered
+most of the time since. He expected to be sent to the country by the
+Bowery Mission shortly. Looked shiftless but not dissipated.
+
+
+No. 63.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. About fifty years old. Married. Said
+his people were dead. Had no regular trade. Did office work, but was
+nearly always out of work. Said he was a Christian. He evidently
+followed the missions and "got saved" every time he needed help. Never
+worked in the country. Looked shiftless and inefficient.
+
+
+No. 64.
+
+Born in Brooklyn. English parents. Thirty years old. Married. Quarrelled
+with his wife five years previously and left her. Painter by trade. Did
+not belong to the Union. Had not worked all Winter. Said he had been all
+around the world and had beaten his way wherever he went. Had been in
+jail several times, for vagrancy and drunkness. Never worked in the
+country. Looked like a tramp.
+
+
+No. 65.
+
+Born in Maine. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. Had
+people in Maine from whom he expected help. Barber by trade. Came to New
+York three weeks previously. Met some friends on the Bowery and lost all
+his money. The Army was helping him. He had worked somewhat in the
+country. Looked very stupid.
+
+
+No. 66.
+
+Born in Scotland. About sixty years old. Single. Had no people. Had no
+trade. In this country for forty years. Out of work all Winter. The
+Scotch Aid Society had been keeping him now for three weeks. He never
+worked in the country. He looked like a regular vagrant.
+
+
+No. 67.
+
+Born in Boston. American parents. Twenty-four years old. Single. A
+waiter. Had wandered a good deal, and beaten his way by freight trains.
+Came to New York from the West one month previously. Had not worked
+since, but had been aided by the missions and the Army. Evidently did
+not like to work.
+
+
+No. 68.
+
+Born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Irish parents. About thirty-two years old.
+Single. Had no trade. Came to New York two weeks previously with some
+money which he got from his people. He had sent home for more. Worked
+somewhere in the country. Said he drank periodically and did not like to
+work steadily. Looked very shiftless.
+
+
+No. 69.
+
+Born in Ireland. Twenty-eight years old. Single. Had lost track of his
+people. Had been in this country eight years. Had no trade. Had had no
+steady work all Winter. Drank a good deal. Never worked in the country.
+Looked very wild.
+
+
+No. 70.
+
+Born in New Orleans. Spanish parents. About twenty years old. Single.
+Left home two years ago and took to life on the water. Left the boat in
+New York one month previously and had not worked since. Said he liked to
+sail and see the world. His people lived in New Orleans, and he expected
+help from them. Never worked in the country. Looked capable.
+
+
+No. 71.
+
+Born in New York. American parents. About thirty years old. Single. Had
+trade as a bartender. Belonged to the Union. Lost a steady job through
+drink three weeks ago. Was now working four hours a day. Had a room in
+the Army Hotel. Said he was going to change his line of business because
+he drank too much. His appearance was good. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 72.
+
+Born in Germany. Looked like a Jew. About twenty-five years old. Single.
+Had no trade. Had been out of work three months. Was now selling old
+clothing and other things around the Army Hotel. Never worked in the
+country. Evidently lazy and incapable.
+
+
+No. 73.
+
+Born in Illinois. American parents. About twenty-eight years old.
+Single. Ran away from home and was ashamed to go back. Had no trade but
+had worked a good deal as cook on board ship. Had been out of work six
+weeks. Said he was sick and had about $200.00, but it did not last long.
+He was working round the Army Hotel a little every day, for which he
+got his bed and one meal ticket. Never worked in the country. Said he
+was going to join the navy. Looked bright and capable.
+
+
+No. 74.
+
+Born in Lithuania. Twenty-three years old. Single. People at home were
+poor. Had no trade. In New York three years. Out of work two months.
+Obtained clothes in various ways and sold them. Was not dissipated, but
+looked lazy. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 75.
+
+Born in Yonkers, N. Y. American parents. About sixty-five years old.
+Single. Was an old sailor but had not been to sea for over a year. Was
+working two days a week as janitor. Said he had been a hard drinker in
+the past, but he did not drink much now. He looked aged, but still
+capable. Never worked in the country.
+
+
+No. 76.
+
+Born in Boston. Irish parents. About twenty-five years old. Single. Had
+no trade. People did not recognize him. Had travelled all over the
+country. Had been in jail twice. Never worked in the country. Looked
+like a tramp.
+
+
+SOME FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 76 HOTEL EXAMPLES.
+
+    Nationality.                      No.     Percentage.
+
+  American parentage                  35         .461
+  Irish parentage                     20         .263
+  English and Scotch parentage         9         .119
+  German parentage                     8         .105
+  Other countries                      4         .052
+
+  Married men                          7         .095
+  Single men                          69         .905
+  Worked a little in country          13         .169
+  Worked considerably in country       5         .065
+  Men with regular trades             26         .342[56]
+  Union men                            4         .052
+  Men who looked efficient            15         .197
+  Men who looked semi-efficient       14         .184
+  Men who looked inefficient          47         .619
+
+    Ages.
+
+  15-20                                4         .052
+  20-30                               42         .553
+  30-40                               16         .211
+  40-50                                6         .079
+  50-60                                7         .092
+  60-70                                1         .013
+
+    Length of time out of work.
+
+  Less than 1 mo.                     12         .157
+  More than 1 mo.                     13         .171
+  More than 2 mos.                    11         .145
+  More than 3 mos.                    40         .527
+
+
+FACTS BROUGHT OUT IN THE 109 INDUSTRIAL EXAMPLES AND THE 76 HOTEL
+EXAMPLES COMBINED.
+
+    Nationality.                      No.     Percentage.
+  American parentage                  76         .411
+  Irish parentage                     50         .270
+  German parentage                    26         .141
+  English and Scotch parentage        18         .098
+  Italian parentage                    4         .022
+  Swedish parentage                    4         .038
+  Other countries, parentage           7         .20
+
+  Married men                         24         .149
+  Single men                         161         .851
+  Worked a little in country          29         .156
+  Worked considerably in country      12         .016
+  Men with regular trades             57         .309
+  Union men                           10         .054
+  Men who looked efficient            53         .287
+  Men who looked semi-efficient       35         .189
+  Men who looked inefficient          97         .524
+
+    Ages.
+
+  15-20                                6         .032
+  20-30                               97         .525
+  30-40                               39         .210
+  40-50                               26         .140
+  50-60                               50         .082
+  60-70                                2         .011
+
+    Length of time out of work.
+
+  Less than 1 mo.                     20         .108
+  More than 1 mo.                     30         .163
+  More than 2 mos.                    27         .145
+  More than 3 mos.                   108         .584
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[38] "How the Other Half Lives," p. 38.
+
+[39] This differentiation is more pronounced in the United States, since
+the work has been extended here more than in other countries.
+
+[40] For adverse criticism see "The Social Relief Work of the S. A.," p.
+9.
+
+[41] At the Burne St. Shelter, the largest in London, one large
+dormitory has 288 beds and another 265.
+
+[42] For rooms, special rates are given by the week; from some of the
+examples given at the end of this chapter, it will be seen that these
+are occupied by men with partial or poorly paid employment.
+
+[43] In London, the Army has a mattress factory which supplies its
+institutions.
+
+[44] More headway is being made in this direction in the Industrial
+Homes where the population is more permanent. We found in one home in
+Chicago that the men were organized in the form of a club, and enjoyed
+social meetings together. Also, at the largest Industrial Home in
+London, called "The Spa Road Elevator," we found a regular cricket club
+organized which played cricket games with other clubs.
+
+[45] Good examples of this are to be found in the Middlesex Street Hotel
+and the Burne Street Hotel, London. The former hotel is regularly
+provided, by a large baker firm, with food, which is one day stale, for
+a very low figure.
+
+[46] The higher class hotel for women is to be found in Los Angeles and
+Boston.
+
+[47] From an interview with a leading officer.
+
+[48] These exceptions are certain of the lower class hotels where
+attempts along this line seem to fail.
+
+[49] See "How the Other Half Lives," Ch. VIII. See also "Social Relief
+Work of the S. A.," p. 10.
+
+[50] See examples given at the end of this chapter, p. 77.
+
+[51] See the tables, pp. 97 and 98, showing percentages of these men who
+had come from the country. For the work of Mr. Fox see p. 113.
+
+[52] See examples of these men, p. 77 fl.
+
+[53] See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 127.
+
+[54] Some light may be thrown on this subject by a perusal of Mr. W. H.
+Dawson's book entitled "The German Workman," although conditions are
+evidently vastly different in this country and England from what they
+are in Germany.
+
+[55] See examples numbered 4. 5. 9. 23 and others, on p. 78 and fl.
+
+[56] While this percentage is larger than that in the Industrial Homes
+(see p. 62), 62 per cent. of the examples in the Hotels having regular
+trades were dissipated, mostly victims of drink, as against 19 per cent.
+in the Industrial examples.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE FARM COLONIES OF THE SALVATION ARMY.
+
+
+So many times has the cry been raised "back to the land!", so optimistic
+have so many reformers become over the hope that the population could be
+diverted from the city to the country, and so loudly have certain
+enthusiasts prophesied a surely successful issue to colonizing
+enterprises, that the Salvation Army colonies form a very interesting
+and profitable field of investigation. What is needed is an experiment
+that will prove or disprove the prophesied success of taking the people
+back to the land. Once that is proved, with the great Northwest of
+America almost untouched, with immense tracts of good land in Africa and
+other continents, and with the United States about to open up millions
+of acres of land, made fertile by means of irrigation, we shall be ready
+to act and get rid of the surplus city population. But first we must
+have the proof, and the question before us is whether the Salvation Army
+has sufficiently proved the case.
+
+The matter was agitated before the English Government to such an extent
+in 1905 that the Rhodes Trustees, contributing sufficient funds to cover
+the expense, the Secretary of State for the Colonies nominated Mr. Rider
+Haggard, the novelist, to visit the United States and inspect the three
+Salvation Army colonies there, to make a report on the same, and to
+include in this report any practical suggestions which might occur to
+him. The following words were used in the letter of commission: "It
+appears to the Secretary of State that if these experiments are found to
+be successful, some analogous system might to great advantage be applied
+in transferring the urban population of the United Kingdom to different
+parts of the United Kingdom."[57]
+
+Mr. Haggard visited the three colonies in the United States, and made a
+report to the English Government, favoring strongly the movement, and
+recommending that the Government take it up, provide the capital and
+utilize all ready existing organizations, such as the Salvation Army, in
+carrying out its scheme. The matter was referred by the Government to
+the Departmental Committee, who, after reviewing it and looking into the
+question in 1906, issued a long report in which they discountenanced Mr.
+Haggard's scheme on the ground that:
+
+    1. It was better for settlers from England to be scattered about
+    with experienced farmers as neighbors than to be placed in a number
+    together.
+
+    2. The Salvation Army or any similar organization was not a
+    desirable management for a colony dependent on money advanced by the
+    Imperial Government.
+
+    3. That Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, the American farm colonies of the
+    Salvation Army, were not precedents upon which a large scheme of
+    colonization could be based.[58]
+
+The Committee gave reasons for arriving at the above conclusions, into
+which, for the present, we need not enter, but their conclusions are
+suggestive, and may be borne in mind while we make our study of the
+subject.
+
+Gen. Booth, in his plans as outlined in "Darkest England," provided for
+three main divisions of the work for the unemployed poor, viz., the City
+Colony, the Country Colony and the Over-sea Colony, signifying by these
+terms the City Industrial Work, the Country Industrial Colony, and the
+Farm Colony.[59] The last named was to be on a larger scale on some
+Colonial territory of England. This division has tended to persist in
+the United States, and this country has been the field for special
+experiments along this line. There are three Colonies in the United
+States: Fort Herrick, situated near Cleveland, Ohio; Fort Amity,
+situated in Southeast Colorado, and Ft. Romie, which is located at
+Soledad in the Salinas Valley, California. At first there was no
+differentiation between these Colonies, but latterly, the Colony at Ft.
+Herrick, the smallest of the three, has been managed as an Industrial
+Colony, and the other two have continued as regular Farm Colonies. The
+plan of "Commander" Booth-Tucker, in charge of the Salvation Army in the
+United States from 1896 until 1904, and the originator of these
+Colonies, was, in brief, as he states it, to take the waste labor in
+families, and place it upon the waste land by means of waste capital,
+and thereby to convert this trinity of waste into a unity of
+production.[60] His waste labor was the family struggling in the crowded
+city; his waste land, the large tracts of public land about to be opened
+up by irrigation; and his waste capital, if such a term can be used, was
+the capital lying idle, or at least, making 2-1/2 or 3 per cent., when
+according to his estimate, it could yield 5 per cent. The principles
+which he laid down were as follows:
+
+1. There must be sufficiency of capital.
+
+2. The land must be carefully selected and laid out.
+
+3. The colonists must be well selected.
+
+4. There must be able supervision.
+
+5. The principle of home ownership must be followed.
+
+6. God must be recognized.
+
+From our investigations at Ft. Romie and Ft. Amity, we arrived at the
+conclusion that No. 4 and No. 6 were the only ones thoroughly carried
+out; that there was a weakness in the amount of capital (Prin. No. 1);
+that an unfortunate selection of land was made (Prin. No. 2); that the
+successful colonists did not entirely represent the class from which we
+should wish them to be taken (Prin. No. 3); and that ownership gave way
+largely to a system of renting-out by the Army (Prin. No. 5). For
+verification of this, see the typical cases at the end of the chapter.
+
+Commander Booth-Tucker advanced the argument, which is sound, to the
+effect that, when entire families were taken from the city and placed
+on the land, the tendency to return to the city would be overcome. It
+has been the experience of philanthropists, that when single men and
+women were transferred from the city to the country, they always tended
+to return, the reason being due to an acquired fondness of the
+individual for intimate association with his fellows,[61] but when a man
+has his wife and children, together with a plot of land and a home which
+he may call his own, the attraction toward the city is overcome, by a
+stronger one which keeps him where he is. Of course, this would answer
+for the one generation only.
+
+Leaving out the small colony at Ft. Herrick, Ohio, which was changed to
+an Industrial Colony, and which is considered in the chapter on the
+Industrial Work, let us examine more closely the Farm Colonies at Ft.
+Amity, Col., and Ft. Romie, Cal. The larger enterprise was set on foot
+in Colorado, in 1898, where a tract of 2,000 acres was secured at a cost
+of $46,000.00. In this year, fourteen families were brought from Chicago
+and placed on the bare, unimproved prairie, where, however, there was
+abundant water supply carried by a large irrigation company. These
+colonists were all family men with two exceptions, and nine of the heads
+of families had either been on farms or had worked on farms in the
+past.[62] They were in narrow circumstances financially, and the
+transportation expenses of all except one of these families were paid by
+the Army. With this migration as a basis, the number of colonists was
+greatly increased by families from different cities and also from the
+surrounding country, until in 1905, there were thirty-eight families.
+Several were brought to the Colony as experienced men to act as
+pace-setters for the others.[63] Some came with a small amount of
+capital.
+
+Owing to the fact that the land was covered by a heavy sod which needed
+considerable working, no crops were raised the first year, and only
+fair crops the second. During the first year, the colonists were
+supported by cash loans which were charged against them. After the first
+two years, crops were good[64], and the outlook was promising, in spite
+of certain insect pests, but after about seven years a great difficulty
+showed itself. The land on which the Colony was located was alkali land,
+and bottom land, without any drainage. The result of constant irrigation
+was that the alkali rose to the surface in larger and larger quantities,
+until no good crop could be raised. The only salvation was to drain the
+land and thus rid it of the blighting alkali. This meant an expense of
+from $30.00 to $40.00 an acre. At the present time draining is being
+rapidly pushed forward and is proving very beneficial, but it can be
+easily seen what a discouragement the alkali has proved to the
+colonists, and what an additional expense is laid upon them and the
+Colony; an expense which it will take years of good crops to
+overcome.[65]
+
+Up to 1905, about eighteen families, not satisfied with the results
+obtained, had moved away, and their places had been filled by others. A
+very few of the departing families moved because of ill-health; some
+thought that they could do better elsewhere as farmers; some even had
+considerable money as a result of their holdings in the Colony[66].
+Since 1905, there has been a good deal of changing, and at present a
+large part of the Colony land is rented out by the Army to settlers;
+some being from the country, and some from the city[67]. A small number
+of the old pioneer colonists still remain and have done well with their
+holdings in spite of all difficulties.[68]
+
+The Army stated in 1905, that the financial standing of this Colony
+showed a net loss to the Army of $23,111.50, and a gain to the colonists
+of $37,943.77. It considered its loss a cheap price for the experience
+gained, but thought that it had erred in giving the colonists too
+liberal terms.[69] By this time the loss to the Army is considerably
+greater, owing to the increased expense of drainage.[70]
+
+At the present time (January, 1908), the population of this Colony is
+about 200. Nearly all the land is occupied in one way or another, either
+by colonists who own, or partially own, their land, or by renters, who
+are also called colonists. Several homes are vacant, but it is expected
+that they will be filled by renters before the Spring season opens. The
+little village consists of several stores, a blacksmith shop, a
+substantial railroad depot, a post office, a small hotel and a school
+house. A good many of the homes are built of stone, quarried on the
+Colony, and present a good appearance. Up on the higher land is situated
+a large stone structure, built by the colonists at an expense to the
+Army of $18,000.00, and first used as an orphanage, then as a
+sanitorium, and now abandoned. Irrigation ditches with a good flow of
+water are in evidence, and preparations for draining the land are under
+way. That this is necessary is forced upon us by the many white patches
+scattered here and there where the water, having evaporated, has left
+the destructive alkali salt on the surface of the ground.
+
+When we come to consider the other Farm Colony, Ft. Romie, situated at
+Soledad, Cal., in the beautiful Salinas Valley, we receive a more
+favorable impression, although we find that the Colony here has had many
+difficulties with which to contend. The Colony is smaller than that at
+Ft. Amity, but the land is better. The original 500 acres has been
+increased by the addition of a lease of 150 acres with the option of
+buying. In the year 1898, eighteen families were taken from the poor of
+San Francisco and placed upon the Colony, but unforeseen conditions
+prevailed, and, as a result, but one of these families remains
+to-day.[71] The great mistake was made of settling colonists upon land
+which needed irrigation, before that irrigation was provided. This
+mistake was brought out the more vividly, in that the three first years
+of the Colony's existence were years of drought, bringing evil to most
+parts of the State, and especially to that land which, like the Colony
+land, only received a slight rain-fall at best. The result of the first
+years of this experiment, then, was an abandoning of the land by the
+colonists, and a loss to the Army of $27,000.00.
+
+The experiment was continued, however, but with very different
+conditions. An excellent irrigation system was established, and a new
+lot of settlers brought to the Colony; not, this time, from the city,
+but from the surrounding country. These people were poor, but accustomed
+to the land. The result, as might be expected this time, was more
+favorable. It was stated in 1905 that no colonists had left since
+1901.[72] In May, 1903, there were nineteen families ranged according to
+nationality as follows:--Thirteen American; Two Scandinavian; One Finn;
+One German-Swiss; One Dutch and one Italian. There are now twenty-five
+families, and about one hundred and forty-five persons on the Colony.
+The nucleus of a town is to be seen with two or three stores, a
+blacksmith shop, and a good sized Town Hall. Near the Colony is a school
+house with an attendance of about fifty children, most of them being
+colonists' children.
+
+An irrigation plant has been established and is now owned and worked by
+the colonists, formed in a joint-stock company. The colonists raise
+beets, potatoes, alfalfa, fruits of different kinds, and stock. A large
+part of their income is derived from the dairying industry. They ship
+their cream to a creamery at Salinas, about twenty-five miles distant.
+
+Much could be said about the healthy appearance and happy life of the
+members of this Colony, but as they have not been brought from the
+unhealthy, squalid misery of the city, this is not of so much interest.
+The women work in the vegetable gardens and with the stock, as well as
+in the home; and the older children help their parents.
+
+Along the lines of co-operation, in both colonies there are interesting
+features. At stated intervals, the colonists meet in the form of a
+Farmers' Club, and discuss questions relative to the success of their
+individual farms and to the Colony as a whole. They also have lecturers
+come from a distance to address them on the latest phases of
+horticulture, agriculture, fertilization and irrigation. The colonists
+also embark in business enterprises like the stock company formed in the
+California Colony for the control and management of the irrigation
+plant. In this plant, one of the colonists is engineer, and another the
+superintendent of water supply. Another important institution of this
+same Colony is the Rochdale store, which does most of the retail
+business in the Colony. This store, in its management and organization,
+follows the co-operative Rochdale system, which has attained strength in
+England and is growing in the United States. The store is incorporated
+in the State of California as a co-operative corporation, and holds a
+membership in the State Rochdale Wholesale Co. It has already extended
+beyond the limits of the Colony and counts among its members others than
+colonists. The colonists also take active interest in local affairs of
+all kinds. In one colony, the rural mail carrier is a colonist, and the
+school teacher the wife of a colonist. At Ft. Amity, a colonist is now
+sheriff of the County for the second time.
+
+Social and religious life is also fostered in the Colonies. A variety of
+religious sects is represented, and no compulsion is exercised towards
+any one of them. At Ft. Romie the Army has an organized corps, which
+holds meetings once in the week and once on Sunday, also having a
+Sunday school for the children. At Ft. Amity similar conditions prevail.
+On both colonies a good moral influence is found and there are no evil
+surroundings; hence in neither colony is there a local officer of the
+law. In the contract which every colonist signs on taking his land there
+is a temperance clause to this effect:
+
+    "And party of the second part hereby agrees to and with party of the
+    first part that, in consideration of the benefits derived from this
+    contract, he will not bargain, sell, barter or trade upon said land
+    any intoxicating liquors, or otherwise dispose of as beverages any
+    intoxicants, at any place upon said premises or any part thereof, or
+    permit the selling of the same, or any illegal traffic or any act or
+    acts prohibited by law."
+
+The same clause goes on to provide for the return of the land to the
+Army in case of its being violated.
+
+From this brief description it is seen that much of the success of these
+colonies must rest on the management. The manager must be large-hearted
+and broad-minded. He must be supervisor, instructor, moderator,
+counsellor and friend. The Army has been very fortunate in placing fit
+men in these positions, and if in other things it had been equally
+fortunate, its colonies would have made a better showing.
+
+As regards the financial methods of the Army in dealing with the
+colonists, the following extract from a memorandum of information issued
+by the Ft. Romie Colony, California, gives typical information.
+
+1. Land: Twenty acres of land are sold to each colonist. The price of
+unimproved land at this date, 1904, is $100.00 per acre. This price,
+however, is liable to be increased at any time.[73]
+
+2. Buildings: Houses, barns and other buildings are constructed by the
+colonists. Materials are furnished in quantities by the Army according
+to the size of the colonist's family, somewhat after the following
+schedule. For a family with one or two small children, a two-room
+house, about 14x24 outside measurement, for which we appropriate not
+over $125.00. This is to include a small barn or shed for horses, cows,
+etc. For a family with three or four small children, a three-room house
+about 18x24, costing with barn, etc., not over $175.00. For a larger
+family, perhaps a four or five-room house, limiting the appropriation
+for the same to $225.00. Colonists can suit themselves as to the style
+of the house, but must satisfy the manager that it can be erected within
+the limits of the appropriation named. The colonist can add to the size
+of the house as he gets on his financial feet.
+
+3. Terms: On land breaking and other permanent land improvements, the
+colonists are given 20 years' time. The principal and interest are
+payable in installments each year.
+
+4. Outfit: To colonists unable to purchase them, the Army furnishes the
+necessary implements and stock, consisting of the following: Team of
+horses, cow, hogs, chicken, seed, etc., secured by chattel mortgage. The
+interest on outfit and loans is fixed at 6 per cent. It is expected that
+the principal and interest will be repaid in installments each year. All
+outfits and loans are to be repaid within five years.[74]
+
+We have briefly outlined the most prominent features of the Farm
+Colonies, but the final questions now arise, is the movement sound; what
+does it signify, and what development does the future hold for it? For
+one thing we must not be led astray by the statements of the Army. The
+continued existence of the colonies, in the face of great difficulties,
+through the term of eight or nine years they have been carried on, is
+not in itself an argument for the soundness of the movement. From ocean
+to ocean and throughout the world, the Army has advertised its success
+in colonizing enterprises, and hence it had a set purpose in maintaining
+and continuing its colonies, even though they should be failures from
+our point of view, and even though they should not fulfil the purpose
+originally intended by the Army itself. As has been remarked with regard
+to the industrial colonies, so here, we would emphasize the fact that
+the Army has no need to fear acknowledgement that the colonies have not
+been successful, because it has other credit upon which to depend for
+its reputation for usefulness. After looking at it from all sides, we
+come to the conclusion that the two experiments considered in these
+pages do not justify an extension of this work. This conclusion is based
+on several reasons:
+
+    1. Many of the successful colonists are not men who needed help the
+    most, and many are not from the City at all.
+
+    2. The colonies have been, and are, an undue expense to the
+    organization.
+
+    3. The same amount of energy and money would be more beneficial to
+    the unemployed if used along other lines.
+
+    4. The principles advanced as essential by the originators of the
+    movement were only partially carried out.[75]
+
+Our first reason is based partly on personal investigation, and partly
+on the statements of the Army itself.[76] There are, as will be seen
+from examples given, certain places where families from the city without
+previous experience have made a success of the colonies, but these are
+greatly in the minority[77]. If, in the case of the California Colony at
+Fort Romie, when seventeen out of the original number of families taken
+from the city, left on account of the lack of water, the next group of
+settlers had again been chosen from the city, after water had been
+secured, a more conclusive experiment would have resulted, but instead,
+the second group were, "farmers by profession."[78] This looks as though
+the Army itself at that time doubted the ability of the city families to
+succeed on the land. At any rate, the fact that the majority of the
+families at the present time on the colonies are not from the city at
+all, shows that, as an experiment of removing the surplus population of
+the city to the country, the colonies are a failure. But further, when
+we take the minority, the families now in the colonies who came from the
+city, we find that, in most cases, they are not people who needed help
+the most, and those who have succeeded on the colonies, have succeeded
+because of elements in their character which would have led them to
+succeed in the long run anywhere, with favorable environment. In this
+case then, the only advantage in taking these people from the city was
+to leave more room there for somebody else, and this is not much of an
+advantage, since that "somebody else" is quite likely to come from the
+country to the city, and thus not be one of the city's submerged ones at
+all. Again, if, as we have just stated, men succeed in the country
+because of the same elements of character which would lead them to
+succeed anywhere, then the reason for their failing to succeed in the
+city would lie in an unfavorable environment, and to change their
+environment, it is not necessary to carry on a system of paternalistic
+colonies. This leads us to the question of assisted emigration, which we
+will discuss in connection with our third objection to the colonies.
+
+As regards the second reason, that of undue expense, Mr. Haggard in
+1905, found a loss to the Army of $50,000. While, since that time, in
+the case of the California Colony, there has been no further loss, yet
+in the case of the colony in Colorado, there has been much expenditure
+which should be added to the original loss. The Army states that it has
+been too liberal in its dealings with its colonists, but we note that,
+in spite of its liberality, there has been a constant tendency for the
+colonists to leave, hoping to do better elsewhere.[79] The Army might
+reply that this is no argument, and that the fact that they were able to
+leave with funds on hand was in itself a proof of liberality on the
+Army's part, but to prove the success of its experiment, it must show
+that those who have left have done better elsewhere, and not drifted
+back once more to the city. The Army might further state that in future
+a better selection of land might be made, and that other unfavorable
+things might be avoided, but we are dealing here with these two colonies
+and not future experiments. As regards such, there would always be
+unforeseen difficulties of every kind.[80]
+
+Coming to the third reason for our conclusion, the reason that money
+might be expended in other ways with greater advantage to the
+unemployed, and with greater relief to the congestion of cities, we
+refer again to the recommendations of the Departmental Committee
+appointed by the English government to consider Commissioner Haggard's
+report.[81] In their report they recommend a system of emigration from
+the city to the English possessions, such as Canada, aided by the
+government, in preference to the system of colonization. With this we
+agree. A man once transported from the city and then thrown on his own
+resources in a favorable rural environment, will be more likely to
+succeed than a man who is taken out with a number of others to form a
+colony. The man left to his own resources will rise to the occasion, as
+so many have done in both Canada and the United States, who have
+migrated from city to country and made successful farmers and citizens,
+while, on the other hand, the man who feels dependent on an
+organization, which is responsible to the public for his success, and
+its own, will blame it for his own lack of efficiency. The Army itself
+claims a successful work done along the lines of emigration. In 1905,
+through the agency of the Army, 2,500 men were sent out from London to
+Canada. This number has since increased every year until in 1907 over
+15,000 men were sent out. Many other emigration societies have been very
+successful in this work.[82] The emigrants sent out with some
+assistance, in many cases, gain new ambitions in life and make
+pronounced successes on the new soil. As regards the cost, the following
+quotation may be submitted. "The cost of emigration to Canada from
+England does not amount to more than L10 a head, and some of the
+societies, especially those maintained by women, seem to be successful
+in securing repayment of at least a part of the money advanced. In other
+words, $300,000.00, which Mr. Rider Haggard assumes as a necessary sum
+for forming a colony of 1,500 families, would enable at least 6,000
+families to go out as emigrants."[83] With regard to conditions in the
+large cities of the United States and other countries, we believe that
+the same arguments would apply, and that, in every case, assisted
+emigration will be found far more feasible and beneficial than any
+system of colonization. Again, for reasons already given, in addition to
+there being six thousand families aided by emigration, for the same sum
+as fifteen hundred families could be by colonization, the relief given
+would be far preferable. In other words, emigration has been proved
+successful, while colonization has not.
+
+Coming back to the conclusions reached by Mr. Haggard on his
+recommendations to the English government: Mr. Haggard, after stating
+that the two experiments, outside of a slight failure of finance, seemed
+to him to be eminently successful, says that, given certain requisites,
+
+    "It will, I consider, be strange if success is not attained even in
+    the case of poor persons taken from the cities, provided that they
+    are suited in character, the victims of misfortune and circumstances
+    rather than of vice, having had some acquaintance or connection with
+    the land in their past life, and having also an earnest desire to
+    raise themselves and their children in the world."
+
+Now two of the "requisites" he mentions are, "that the land should be
+cheap as well as suitable" and "that markets also with accessibility
+and convenience of location should be borne in mind," two rather
+difficult requisites to be found together. Again, in the above quotation
+he lays down other provisos; among these being one that the people
+selected should have had some acquaintance or connection with the land
+in their past lives, a rather indefinite proviso in itself, but, from a
+list of poor men out of work or in irregular or casual employment in
+London and the other large cities in England in 1901 and 1906, compiled
+by Mr. Wilson Fox, we find that out of a total of 8,793 such men, ninety
+per cent were town born.[84] We also find in New York City in the spring
+of 1908, that out of a total of 185 destitute men, about eighty per cent
+were town born.[85] That then leaves ten per cent in the case of England
+and twenty per cent in the case of New York City from which to select or
+choose the ones needed for a colonizing enterprise.
+
+Mr. Fox has also shown in his investigations:
+
+1. That the countrymen who migrate to London are mainly the best youth
+of the villages.
+
+2. That the incomers usually get the pick of the posts, especially
+outdoor trades.
+
+3. Country immigrants do not to any considerable extent directly recruit
+the town unemployed who are, in the main, the sediment deposited at the
+bottom of the scale, as the physique and power of application of the
+town population tends to deteriorate.[86]
+
+The conclusion is then, that it would be difficult to get the men
+according to Mr. Haggard's requirements, and difficult to get the land
+according to his requirements, and even if such were obtained, for
+reasons already stated there is no justification for a large colonizing
+enterprise in the two experiments described in this chapter.
+
+
+Examples of Colonists taken from Ft. Amity by the author in January,
+1908.
+
+
+No. 1.
+
+Elderly man. Widower. Had three grown-up children in the Colony at
+various times. Had one son a colonist with farm of his own. Was not a
+Salvationist. Came from Chicago where he was a tailor. Had a farm near
+the railroad depot which he considered valuable. Had two small houses.
+Rented one. Raised alfalfa. Was sole agent for a coal company. Claimed
+he made $1,500.00 last year, mostly in the coal business. Said draining
+now being done on the Colony was very expensive. Considered the Colony a
+good thing.
+
+
+No. 2.
+
+Middle aged man. Married. One child. Had experience in the country
+before coming to the Colony. Had forty acres of Colony land which he had
+rented, and which he wished to sell at $106.00 per acre. Had mostly
+worked for the railroad in the station office. Wished to leave the
+Colony. Said he could not raise a vegetable garden owing to alkali and
+insect pests.
+
+
+No. 3.
+
+A new man. About thirty years old. One year out from Chicago, where he
+worked at different trades. Had wife and one child. Rented a house on
+the Colony and worked in one of the Colony stores. Had no money saved
+and saw no immediate chance of betterment. Liked the country better than
+the city, because his wife had better health.
+
+
+No. 4.
+
+Young married man. No children. Son of a Colonist and married to a
+daughter of a Colonist, whose father was sheriff of the County. Had good
+looking cottage and barns. Was doing well.
+
+
+No. 5.
+
+About fifty years old. Salvation Army officer. In the Colony six years.
+Had son twenty-one, and together they worked a farm of sixty acres. He
+owned twenty and rented forty. His life was despaired of by the doctors,
+but he was enjoying good health at time of interview. Doing well
+financially.
+
+
+No. 6.
+
+About forty-five. Original Colonist. Married. Had four children. Came
+from Chicago, where he was a carpenter. Owned land in the Colony which
+he rented out. Ran a hardware store in the Colony and was partner in the
+Colony bank. Had property valued at $5,000.00. Had no capital when he
+came to the Colony.
+
+
+No. 7.
+
+About forty-eight years old. Original Colonist. Married and had nine
+children. Was railroad clerk in Chicago at $12.00 per week. Owned a
+corner lot on the town site where he ran a grocery store. Had property
+in Chicago worth $1,000.00 when he came to the Colony. Was worth
+$8,000.00 at time of interview.
+
+
+No. 8.
+
+A farmer, from surrounding country, induced by Colony management to
+invest in Colony land and tract as a "pace-setter" to the other
+colonists. Thus secured forty acres at $70.00 per acre. Had introduced
+the sheep industry. Bought up young lambs in Mexico, fattened them, and
+sold at a profit. Had been two years on the Colony. Made $5,000.00 net,
+per year. Had four thousand sheep.
+
+
+No. 9.
+
+Middle aged man. Married. Original colonist. Was expressman in Chicago,
+but previous to coming to the Colony had to leave family and go to work
+in the woods while the wife worked. Had taken out a government homestead
+outside of the Colony. Gave up his holdings on the Colony and was
+working as farm boss for a neighboring farmer while his wife ran a
+boarding house.
+
+
+No. 10.
+
+Scotchman. About fifty years old. Married. Had five children. In the
+Colony for six years. Arrived there with $25.00. Was carpenter in
+Chicago. Was worth $1,000.00 when interviewed. Was arranging to sell his
+holdings and go away, as he thought he could do better elsewhere.
+
+
+No. 11.
+
+About forty-five years old. Belonged to the Army. Married. One child.
+Came from Baltimore, Md., where he worked as a teamster. The Army paid
+family's fare to the Colony. Made a failure of his holding on the Colony
+and was making a bare living by running the Colony hotel and doing
+teaming. His failure was due to alkali and insect pests. His wife was
+sick before coming, but became better and was evidently the more
+efficient member of the partnership.
+
+
+No. 12.
+
+Thirty-five years old. Married. Two children. Brother of Army officer
+and son of example No. 1. In the Colony eight years. Used to be
+street-car conductor in Chicago. Gave up one holding in the Colony on
+account of alkali and took another, where he was doing well at time of
+interview.
+
+
+No. 13.
+
+About forty years old. Married. Came from the country. Rented a house on
+the Colony and worked as a section-hand on the railroad.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[57] "The Poor and the Land." Introduction, p. VI.
+
+[58] "Report of Departmental Committee," pp. 8, 9, 10.
+
+[59] "William Booth," p. 83.
+
+[60] "The S. A. in the U. S.," p. 15.
+
+[61] See Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," p. 291.
+
+[62] "The Poor and the Land," p. 75.
+
+[63] See example No. 8 at the end of the chapter, p. 115.
+
+[64] About this time, Mr. Curtis, describing the colony in the Chicago
+Record, said "There is no neater group of houses in Colorado, and no
+more contented community in the world. Nearly every one has written to
+friends urging them to join the next colony that comes out, and thus I
+judge they are enthusiastic over their success and the pleasures they
+enjoy."
+
+[65] See principle No. 2, p. 101.
+
+[66] "The Poor and the Land," p. 78.
+
+[67] See principle No. 5, p. 101.
+
+[68] See several examples at the end of this chapter, p. 137.
+
+[69] "The Poor and the Land," p. 82.
+
+[70] See principle No. 1, p. 101.
+
+[71] "The Poor and the Land," p. 39.
+
+[72] See Pamphlet, "Review of Salvation Army Land Colony in California."
+
+[73] The price of land at Ft. Amity would be different, and there, too,
+the Army sometimes rents to the colonists an additional acreage.
+
+[74] "Memorandum of Information Respecting the Salvation Army Colony at
+Ft. Romie, California."
+
+[75] For these principles see p. 101 of this chapter.
+
+[76] See "The Poor and the Land," p. 40 and fl.
+
+[77] See examples at end of chapter.
+
+[78] See "The Poor and the Land," p. 47.
+
+[79] See the "Poor and the Land," p. 82.
+
+[80] See "Report of Departmental Committee," p. 14 and fl.
+
+[81] _Ibid._
+
+[82] Mr. John Manson in his book "The Salvation Army and the Public," p.
+133 and following, states that in this work the Army has merely acted
+the part of a business agency. We think that he has ground for this
+statement, but we also think that the Army would be far more useful
+along these lines than an ordinary business agency.
+
+[83] See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 6.
+
+[84] See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 3.
+
+[85] See tables p. 98 of this book.
+
+[86] See Report of Departmental Committee, p. 30.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY SLUM DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+So much has been written on the question of the slums in the past few
+years; so many settlements, evening recreation centers, summer
+playgrounds, clubs, visiting nurses' associations, and kindergarten
+associations have been organized; so much has been done by tenement
+house commissions and tenement laws; so many churches have turned from
+their original efforts to the slums; that we wonder why so little is
+heard of what the Army, the organization supposed especially to
+represent the poor, is doing in this direction. To tell the truth, if we
+go down into the slums, either those of Deptford, Whitechapel, or of
+Westminster, in London; or those of the Jewish, the Italian, the Negro,
+or the Irish quarters in New York, or those of the Slav or Jewish
+quarters in Chicago, expecting to find there the work of the Army much
+in evidence, we shall be disappointed. What slum work is done by the
+Army in these densely populated corners is done with love and earnest
+hearts, with sacrifice and the best of intentions; but apparently it
+does not bear fruit in the same proportion as does the work of the
+settlement, whether church settlement or secular, or in the same
+proportion as many of the kindergartens, summer playgrounds and evening
+recreation centers. Nevertheless, the slum post of the Army is doing
+valuable work and should be supported.
+
+A sweeping tenement house reform can do more than any number of
+settlements; a settlement can do more than the Army slum post; but
+neither the tenement reform nor the settlement does the work that a slum
+post does. Probably the work done by other organizations most nearly
+allied to that of the Army slum post is that done by the various
+organizations of church deaconesses, which have been growing rapidly in
+late years, in which women are employed by the churches to visit the
+poor in their homes, and nurse the sick, besides other duties. If we
+depend or count largely on the Army slum work to reform the slums, we
+shall be disappointed in learning that, after years of successful growth
+in the Industrial and Social Departments, the Army has but twenty slum
+posts in the United States[87], some of these being very small, and that
+it has no large number in other countries. Such as it is, the work is
+well worth while. But let us examine its origin, present status and the
+reason for its relatively small growth.
+
+In the beginning of the Army movement, Mrs. Booth, the late wife of
+General Booth, supplemented her husband's work by a personal visitation
+of the people in their homes. She proved the utility of this work and
+also its place among the works of women. From her early efforts has
+sprung the more widely organized department of slum work.
+
+The slum work may be divided into three divisions: visitation work, the
+slum nursery, and the maintenance of the slum post. Wearing a humbler
+garb, even, than the regular Army uniform, the lassies start out on
+their daily tours of visitation. They take care of the sick, and at the
+same time, they clean the home and put everything in order. Often they
+come upon cases of need and of want, and then they provide the little
+necessaries: a sack of coal, a supply of food, or some needed clothing.
+They take the children from the worn-out woman and amuse and instruct
+them, while the mother does her work; and, wherever they go, although
+most plainly dressed, they are clean and neat, and they strive to make
+everything else clean and neat.
+
+While this visitation work is going on, another most urgent need is
+being supplied by the slum nursery. Here the mother can leave her
+children in the morning, when she goes to her work, and find them safely
+waiting for her in the evening, clean and happy. A charge of five cents
+per day is made to cover the expense of feeding the children. During the
+day they are well cared for, the younger ones properly nursed, and the
+older ones taught simple little kindergarten games and songs. Sometimes
+children are brought here and never called for again, in which case the
+Army lassies in charge must find some permanent home for them, but this
+does not often happen, as the mothers of the children are usually known
+by the Army workers. At the slum nursery in Cincinnati there is also a
+free clinic, where sick women and children go for treatment. Two of the
+most efficient physicians of the city furnish free aid, and the
+medicines necessary are provided.
+
+In addition to the visitation work and the nursery, the maintenance of
+the slum post means the keeping of slum quarters and a slum hall. The
+"quarters" are the two or more rooms where the lassies live, and they
+are located where most can be accomplished in the way of example and
+influence. The hall is for the carrying on of slum meetings, for these
+are regularly held. In these meetings the roughest crowd of men, women
+and children is awed into respect and reverence by the simple slum
+lassies with their songs and music. Again, in this little hall, the
+children of the neighborhood are gathered in a Sunday School and taught
+by the slum officers. It is a most interesting spectacle to watch these
+children. Many different nationalities are represented, the dark races
+and the light. As children, these nationalities mingle together more
+freely than in adult life.
+
+A special aspect of the slum post is the distribution of charitable
+relief to the needy. It is specially situated, and has advantages for
+this purpose; hence it becomes the distributing depot for bread, soup
+and coal in winter, and ice in summer. For instance, from one slum post
+in New York during the winter of 1907-8, 2,800 loaves of bread were
+given out in one week, and for some months, an average of from 300 to
+1,000 loaves, besides an average of two tons of coal per week. Some of
+this, naturally, would go to the undeserving, but the slum officers, as
+a rule, know the people of their immediate neighborhood, and can
+exercise due discretion.
+
+The failure of the Army slum work to increase in the same proportion as
+its other branches of the social work, and its non-existence in many
+quarters of our cities where it is most needed, is due to two causes.
+One is the fact that the Army slum post, more than the Army industrial
+home or the Army hotel, is a religious institution, and is continually
+advertising and pressing on the public its peculiar doctrines. The slum
+officers are imbued with the idea that personal salvation according to
+the doctrines of the Army is the all-essential need. They would not be
+engaged in this work themselves were it not for the hold these doctrines
+have upon them. The slum post holds its regular meetings, exhorting its
+hearers to get "saved," in its own original way. At Sunday School, the
+children are taught that certain things are wrong and sinful, and these
+very things are common-place in their own homes though, possibly some of
+them of not much detriment. But, in a community almost entirely Catholic
+or Jewish, such aggressive evangelism is not likely to increase the
+influence of its advocates. Many settlements have learned with grief,
+this very same lesson. Another reason for the lack of success is the
+mental calibre of those engaged in the work. However, the devotion and
+self-sacrifice of the Army slum sisters is one of the most touching and
+sublime elements of the slums, and it is all the more touching when it
+is to some extent misdirected and misplaced. To see the tact, patience
+and perseverance of these "Slum Angels" as they are often called, is a
+divine object lesson in itself, and much of their work is not done in
+vain, as many would testify.
+
+A useful experiment is under way at one former slum post, 94 Cherry
+Street, New York City. In place of the old building formerly rented by
+the Army here and used as a slum post, the Army has built a commodious
+six-story building, which it calls a settlement. One floor is given to a
+hall and parlor. Two floors are given over to rooms to be used as class,
+club and kindergarten rooms. One floor is fitted up with a dining room
+and kitchen, and another with a large dormitory and living room, to be
+used as a Girls' Home. On the roof, preparations are under way for a
+roof garden and play-ground, while washing facilities are provided in
+the basement, where poor mothers can bring their clothes and wash them.
+Already the New York Kindergarten Association has two kindergartners
+busy here. Two sewing classes, averaging thirty-five members, are
+organized. Mother's meetings are held, and a regular Army Corps is
+organized, consisting of sixty members. This settlement may prove an
+auspicious advance of the Army along these lines.
+
+To sum up, the Army Slum Department is doing valuable work in the slums,
+tending the sick, exercising and bringing out some of the better traits
+of humanity, and offering relief in times of need; but it suffers from
+an over-desire to spread its own peculiar doctrines of salvation, and
+from the lack of grasping the whole situation which is characteristic of
+its workers.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[87] This number has continued the same for five years.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE SALVATION ARMY RESCUE DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+In the United States and Great Britain, the question of the social evil
+has never been thoroughly investigated and faced systematically as a
+whole. In some of the large cities in the United States, notably in
+Chicago and New York, the question has been taken up in various ways by
+different reform societies. Probably the best investigation made thus
+far has been the work of the Committee of Fifteen, in New York City,
+which issued its report in the year 1902, but the problem does not
+appear to have been faced by us as a nation as it might have been. Other
+countries, especially France, have paid a great deal of attention to
+this form of vice. Nearly every phase of the question has been examined
+by some French investigator and reported on, but when we look for
+reports or investigations on the part of American or English students,
+we find very little of value.
+
+As regards the United States, all attempts at reaching a true estimate
+of the extent of this evil have failed. Apparently, there is no way of
+obtaining such information. We have seen estimates regarding some of the
+cities in past years, and such estimates are given as 40,000 prostitutes
+for New York City,[88] 30,000 for Chicago and 35,000 for San Francisco.
+But these figures have evidently been derived in a very unscientific
+way. The evil is probably worse in the Western states than in the
+Eastern, but we are not satisfied of the accuracy of such estimates as
+35,000 for San Francisco and only 30,000 for Chicago.
+
+The work known as the Rescue Work of the Salvation Army is, to a certain
+extent, related to the Slum Work. The slum officers can often work
+hand-in-hand with the Rescue officers, inasmuch as their field is often
+on the same or adjoining territory. At the same time, it is essential
+that the Rescue officer be more highly specialized than the slum
+worker. During the past few years the percentage of successful cases of
+reform brought about by the Army Rescue Homes has reached as high as 80
+or 85%, according to the Army's statistics. They, however, are unable to
+keep in touch with all the girls sent out, and hence this percentage
+would not be final, but even allowing 25% off for failures not known to
+the Army, it is doubtful if there is any other reform agency along this
+line which is as successful as is this force of trained rescue
+workers.[89] In the United States this force works in conjunction with
+twenty-two Rescue Homes scattered throughout the States. These homes are
+especially fitted for the work, some having been built for the purpose.
+There are work rooms for the girls, where they can do sewing and laundry
+work. There is a reading room and sitting room, dining room, and
+different dormitories and sleeping apartments. Then special facilities
+are provided for the care of babies in the way of proper nurseries.
+
+There are two ways in which these girls come under the influence of the
+Homes and Rescue workers: either the girls come voluntarily to the
+Homes, expressing their desire to leave this form of life for a better
+one, or they are brought to the Home by the direct influence and touch
+of the Rescue officer. These Rescue officers make regular tours through
+the districts where the girls are to be found. They watch their
+opportunities, and whenever they think it wise, they speak to the girls
+personally. When this is not possible, they make an advance by way of
+literature. One method is to open up a conversation by means of a little
+card, upon which is printed the address of the Rescue Home, and the
+offer of help to any girl who is in trouble of any sort. Some of the
+officers tell us that they get to know the faces of the girls through
+their regular tours, and whenever a new girl comes they are able to
+recognize her at once, both by her features and her actions. In this
+way there have been some instances of real prevention without the need
+of any curative means whatever; instances where young girls have been
+rescued from the very brink of their evil fate. One way of reaching the
+girls is visitation and nursing when they are sick. Another way is
+through the police courts. In some of the latter a woman Army officer is
+in regular attendance, and the judge frequently hands certain cases over
+to her charge.
+
+Many of the girls received into the Home have had no practical training
+in life; many, very little moral training, and in the case of those who
+have had good training in earlier years, the life they have been leading
+has so undermined their old ideals, that the training must be repeated.
+Hence, the aim of the Home is two-fold. First, the aim is to lay a
+strong foundation morally. When the girls reach the Home, in most cases
+they are already penitent, and ready for a change, but to make such a
+complete change as is necessary to lead them back to a normal life means
+the individual revolution of desire and interest. Here is where the
+importance of the moral influence of the Home is realized. Step by step
+the girl is led on by the simple teaching of Christian and social
+ideals, until in reality she is a changed individual. Often she looks
+back on her past life with such repugnance and shrinking, that her only
+desire becomes that of doing something to retrieve her past, and she
+becomes an active agent in the betterment of the conditions of other
+girls around her.
+
+Meanwhile, the second aim of the Rescue Home is being realized. The
+girls are taught the means of practical livelihood. They are instructed
+in cooking, the care of the kitchen and nursery, and general
+housekeeping. Sewing is made a prominent feature, and in every Home a
+laundry is maintained, where the girls do their own washing and
+sometimes outside washing. In some Homes the fund realized from the
+laundry and from the sale of clothing made by the girls is quite a help
+toward defraying the general expenses. Again, at some of the Homes,
+such work as book binding and chicken raising has been successfully
+carried on. Independence is encouraged, and as soon as possible the girl
+is made to feel that, by aiding in the work of the Home, she can help
+meet the expense which she caused.
+
+To the girl who has possibly never done sewing, never known anything
+about proper cooking or the care of a home, there is much that is new in
+this training, and, on the other hand, great patience is required on the
+part of her instructors. A fit of anger or despondency, and in a very
+short time she has left the Home and its care, and returned to her old
+life. Some do this even more than once and again return, having, upon
+reflection, realized the force of its love and shelter. Others, of
+course, leave and never return, but a large number are sent back to
+their own homes or out to fill situations of various kinds.
+
+A great difference is found between one girl and another, due to the
+different status of life and surroundings from which they originally
+fell; hence, some girls are reformed with greater ease and in a shorter
+time than are others. The average time that a girl is retained in the
+Home is about four months. The Army aims at keeping in touch with them
+afterwards.
+
+    "Personally," says one of the leading Rescue officers writing on
+    this point, "I attach by far the greatest importance to the work
+    done with our girls after they leave the Home. If we ceased our care
+    for them when they went out to service, we should have, I fear, many
+    failures. I have by my elbow, as I write to you, a current record of
+    120 girls, not picked out but taken just as they come, which tells
+    just where each one is, what she is doing, what was her spiritual
+    condition when last seen or heard from, what day visited, etc. That
+    list is taken from a record kept of every girl who passes through
+    our hands. On one page is her previous life story; on the other, her
+    career after leaving the Home. It is the most important record we
+    keep."[90]
+
+Along with other departments of social service in the Army, this
+department has been considerably extended during the past few years.
+Figures are at hand for the United States only. In 1896 there were five
+Rescue Homes with a total accommodation for 100 girls, and there were,
+in the Rescue Work, 24 officers. In 1904 we found twenty-two homes, with
+a total accommodation for 500 girls, and there were 110 specialized
+officers engaged in the Rescue Work. During the eight years prior to
+1907 15,000 girls were helped.[91] Speaking of the year 1903-4,
+Commander Booth-Tucker says: "More than 1,800 girls passed through the
+homes during the year, and of these 93% were satisfactory cases, being
+restored to lives of virtue, while some 500 babies were cared for."[92]
+During the past few years, also, some valuable properties have been
+acquired for the purposes of Rescue Homes. Among these are two Homes in
+Philadelphia worth $20,000.00; the Home in Manhattan, New York City,
+valued at $35,000.00; the Home in Buffalo, costing nearly $40,000.00;
+the Home in Los Angeles, worth more than $15,000.00, and others.
+
+In conclusion it may be said that although this great social question
+presents almost overwhelming problems for solution, yet there is no
+agency that deals with the evil in a curative way so successfully, and
+on such a scale, as does the Rescue Department of the Army. One
+difficulty of the work is that, while so many departments of the Army
+work are self-supporting, this work cannot be made so. Another
+difficulty is the lack of those who are willing to sacrifice their lives
+to such noble effort. Mrs. Catherine Higgins, former Secretary for this
+department, in her report, said that she had a great need of 100 more
+workers, and that she could use many times that number in the
+furtherance of the work.
+
+While it is rather the part of society to strike at the very causes of
+this social evil and root it out entirely, still, such successful
+combating with the evil itself, right on the battle-field of flagrant
+vice, should receive the hearty support of all.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[88] Mentioned in Josiah Strong's Social Progress, 1906, p. 243.
+
+[89] In Great Britain in 1903, the proportion of re-admissions in the
+Rescue Homes was about one in seven. In that year, about one-sixth of
+the new cases were unsatisfactory. (The S. A. and the Public, p. 131.)
+
+[90] "Social Service in the Salvation Army," p. 71.
+
+[91] Pamphlet "S. A. in the U. S."
+
+[92] _Ibid._, p. 26.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+SOME MINOR FEATURES OF THE SALVATION ARMY SOCIAL WORK.
+
+
+There are a number of features of the Salvation Army Social Work, which
+for the sake of brevity we shall group together in one final chapter.
+These are, (1): Christmas dinners, (2): prison work, (3): the employment
+bureau, and (4): work among the children. Taking up the subject of
+Christmas dinners, we find here what seems to be an advertising scheme
+more than a systematic form of relief. Sentiment, doubtless, has its
+place, even with the masses, and yet, in this great winter feast, there
+is more sentiment than there is real practical good accomplished. To the
+quiet, calculating student the question arises whether it would not be
+far better to utilize the vast amount of energy and financial outlay,
+which it gives to gorging the multitude for one day, in a better and
+more lasting way; the question whether there is not, in these Christmas
+feasts, a likeness to the old time feast of pagan Rome. In every city of
+any size throughout the country the pots and kettles on the street
+corner are familiar objects. At each Corps or other location of the
+Army, tickets are given out entitling the bearer to a Christmas dinner,
+or, in certain cases, to a basket with a dinner for a family. A good
+deal of trickery is indulged in by the professional beggars, by means of
+which it often happens that several dinners go to the same person. And
+yet, as we have watched those 5,000 baskets containing food for 25,000
+persons go out, to bring cheer and comfort to the hungry in their homes,
+and as we have gazed on that vast banquet of 3,000 guests seated at one
+sitting, we could not but feel glad that these poor brothers and sisters
+of ours might realize the force of human sympathy for once in the year
+at least.[93]
+
+Another minor feature of the Salvation Army work is the prison work.
+The majority of the jails, local, county and state, are visited at
+intervals by certain members of the Army set aside for that purpose in
+each community. In one State's prison there is a regularly organized
+corps of Salvation Army soldiers, who are all prisoners, some of them
+for a life term. In most prisons the Army provides literature, sees to
+the correspondence of the prisoners and holds meetings with them. But it
+is not so much the work with the prisoners in the jail that counts, as
+it is the influence gained over them, which leads them to come to the
+Army and make a new start in life when they get out. Many who find
+themselves behind the prison bars are not to be classed as regular
+criminals. A man is often classed as a criminal who is a victim of
+misfortune only, and has no inherent criminal instincts. It is with the
+criminal "by occasion," as Lombroso puts it,[94] that much successful
+work can be done in the way of reform. The Army has a regular
+organization known as the Prison Gate League. When a prisoner is
+discharged he is met by one of this league and invited to go to work at
+one of the Army's institutions. After being influenced and helped in
+this institution for a certain length of time, if he seems to justify
+it, he is sent out to work in some position. There are no definite
+statistics recorded of those of this class who have been permanently
+bettered.
+
+Still another minor feature is the employment bureau system. While
+mentioned here as merely one of a group of minor features, this system
+is one of great importance to the industrial world. It is being taken
+into consideration in many places by thoughtful men, and there is
+promise of its assuming national, if not international proportions. The
+general term, employment bureau, serves to bring to our recollection the
+accompanying evils of the contract wage system and industrial slavery,
+against which there has been agitation in the past, but it is because of
+these accompaniments that the importance arises of securing a system
+which shall be free from them. In Germany considerable work has been
+done along these lines, municipalities and provinces have taken up the
+work, and an all-round effort is being made to place labor in the right
+position for work at the proper time.[95] New York City is to-day
+swarming with many agencies, which are conducted by men and women, who
+may rightly be classed as extortioners. In spite of the rigid rules on
+the subject, the ignorance and poverty of their victims makes evasion of
+the law comparatively easy. Jacob A. Riis, speaking of this subject,
+says:
+
+    "It is estimated that New York spends in public and private charity
+    every year around eight millions. A small part of this sum
+    intelligently invested in a great labor bureau that would bring the
+    seeker of work and the man with work together, under auspices
+    offering some degree of mutual security, would certainly repay the
+    amount of the investment in the saving of much capital now much
+    worse than wasted, and would be prolific of the best results."[96]
+
+In regard to the work of the Army in this field every large city
+contains an employment bureau conducted by it and maintained for the
+free use of the unemployed. Some of the men, who secure positions have
+been in one of its own institutions, and the Army workers know whether
+or not to recommend them for a certain position. Outside of giving men
+work in its own institutions, the Army, during the year 1907, found
+employment for 55,621 persons in the United States alone.
+
+Contrary to expectation, the children's work of the Army has not
+attained a magnitude in proportion to the other lines of work which have
+been developed. This may be accounted for in part by the fact that there
+are more institutions open for children to which the Army can turn for
+help than there are institutions of other types. Thus, while the Army
+can often get a child taken into some orphanage already existing, either
+public or private, in the case of the drunkard, the unemployed or the
+fallen woman, the Army finds it necessary to furnish its own
+institutions. Again, the Army states that wherever possible, some friend
+is found who is willing to adopt a child. Of course, this is far
+preferable to placing the child in some institution, inasmuch as
+adoption restores the home in a real sense.
+
+The work among the children may be divided into temporary work and
+permanent work. By temporary work we do not mean work that is
+superficial, for it may be the most permanent and lasting in its
+results, but we mean work that is undertaken which influences the
+children for a limited amount of time only. The slum nursery or
+kindergarten is of this type, but as we have already described it in
+connection with the Slum Department, it needs only mention here. Another
+line of temporary work is the Sunday School work of the Army, but that
+comes under the religious work and not the social.
+
+An important line of temporary work, however, is the summer outing for
+the poor children. In each of our large cities these excursions for the
+poor children have been carried out on a large scale. Arrangements are
+made with a railroad or a steamboat company; the children are collected,
+hundreds at a time, and cared for by parties of Salvationists, they are
+taken out to the country for the day. Children who have never seen the
+country, and who do not know what a tree, a green hill, or the running
+water looks like, are thus given an entirely new outlook upon the world,
+and a lasting impression is made on their minds. In Kansas City, this
+line of work has been developed still further. One of the large parks
+has been handed over to the Army by the city authorities, and in it has
+been established a summer camp. Tents are pitched on the grass under the
+trees, and poor families are brought out here for a week at a time. In
+this way hundreds of families have experienced a little of summer
+vacation who otherwise would never have left their slum dwellings.
+
+The permanent handling of the children as opposed to the temporary,
+begins with the Maternity Homes which are managed in connection with the
+Rescue Homes, and continues on through the Orphanages. The children
+cared for in this permanent way are the babies from the Maternity Homes
+and orphans. From this it must not be supposed, with regard to the
+Maternity Homes, that there is any intentional separation or even a
+suggested separation of the child from the mother, but in many cases,
+after a time, a partial separation is necessary. The mother is
+influenced and taught to care for and love her offspring, but after
+spending some months in the Home, she may take a situation of some sort,
+often as a domestic servant, and here she cannot take her baby. Hence,
+in such cases, the mother is expected to visit her child frequently, and
+to provide for its support.
+
+The other class of children dealt with in a permanent way are those who
+are picked up from the street, or who otherwise fall into the hands of
+the Army, often after being deserted by their parents. While Orphanages,
+as already stated, are not an important item in the Army's work, there
+are several in England and four in the United States. For the situation
+of an Orphanage, a country location is sought. For instance, one near
+New York City is located on a beautiful piece of property at Spring
+Valley. Another is at Rutherford, N. J. One of the largest is situated
+near San Francisco, California, and one of the latest additions for this
+purpose has been the securing of a fine piece of property at Lytton
+Springs, Cal. In all, there is accommodation for two hundred and
+twenty-five children in the United States.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[93] The author refers here to the annual Christmas dinner given in New
+York.
+
+[94] "The Criminal," p. 208.
+
+[95] "The German Workman," ch. XVII
+
+[96] "How the Other Half Lives," p. 253.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+We have now covered the work of the Salvation Army social movement in
+its different branches. We have described the work, the extent and the
+management of each department. We have also considered the criticisms
+and objections to which each department is open, and we have attempted
+to estimate the value of each department to society. We have arrived at
+the conclusion that the work of the Industrial Department, leaving out
+the Industrial Colony, is a practical, deserving and successful effort
+to put unfortunate men once more on their feet, at no expense to the
+public, saving a slight embarrassment to those already engaged in the
+salvage and second hand business; that the Army lodging house is the
+best so far offered for the housing of the lower homeless class,
+although not entirely satisfactory; that the Slum Work is good, but
+limited in its scope, owing to the religious sentiment attached, and the
+mental inferiority of its workers; that the Rescue Work is about the
+best of its kind; and that good work is being done in other directions,
+such as the prison work, the employment bureaux and the children's work.
+On the other hand, we have found that the two Industrial Colonies and
+three Farm Colonies are not successful enough to warrant any additional
+expenditure on them or on any new colonies. This is due to the fact that
+the class most needing help in the cities is not the class to succeed on
+the land, and to the fact that men are more successful as pioneers on
+the land, when they are scattered and left to rely on themselves, having
+experienced farmers as neighbors, than when they are grouped closely
+together in one colony. Also there is nothing in favor of heavy
+expenditure for Christmas dinners, since the same amount of money can be
+put to better advantage in other ways.
+
+But, having reached these conclusions regarding the separate departments
+of the Army social work, what about the movement as a whole? The
+critics have advanced a good many objections against the Army. Some of
+these objections relating to special departments and not to the Army as
+a whole, we have already dealt with in our discussion of those separate
+departments. There remain six principal objections:
+
+1. That the organization is narrow and not willing to cooperate with
+other organizations.
+
+2. That the highly centralized military form of government is likely to
+lead to disastrous consequences.
+
+3. That the Army, in its financial dealings, does not take the public
+sufficiently into its confidence.
+
+4. That the Army collects funds, on the strength of its social work, and
+applies these funds to religious propaganda.
+
+5. That there is a lack of accuracy in its reports of work accomplished.
+
+6. That the Army, as an organization, has become more of an end in
+itself, than a means to an end.
+
+Regarding the first objection, the narrowness and lack of cooperation,
+we think there is a good deal of truth in it. The Army has made a great
+success as an organization, and the work of its founder and his
+assistants is one of the most remarkable achievements of the age. Things
+apparently impossible have been accomplished, and obstacles apparently
+unsurmountable have been overcome. The result is a self-confidence and
+assurance, amounting in many cases to bigotry. The members of the
+organization look upon it as especially favored by God, and as above any
+other organization. Hence, we find many of the leaders far from humble
+in their bearings, whatever their profession may be, and entirely
+uninclined to cooperate with other organizations. This fact has been
+brought to the foreground of late years in England and America by a
+certain amount of antagonism between the Army and the Charity
+Organization Society, the Army claiming that it can do its work along
+its own lines and get along without any alliance with the Society, and
+the latter claiming that much economy would result if the Army would
+unite its efforts along social lines with the Charity Organization
+Society. The controversy cannot be discussed here, but it seems a pity
+that some sort of union cannot be entered into in which both
+organizations would be represented in a manner satisfactory to both. One
+great difficulty, evidently, is the religious element in the social work
+of the Army, which tends to prejudice the Charity Organization Society
+in some degree against the Army, and tends to keep the Army aloof from
+any organization considered secular. However, we find many leading
+officers in both organizations with friendly feeling, and there is hope
+that the time will come, when the controversy will be at an end.
+
+Coming to the second objection, that the highly centralized military
+form of government of the Army is likely to lead to disastrous
+consequences, we think that, if continued, this form of government must
+indeed lead to disaster. It is evident that this might happen in
+different ways. In an organization held together by one man or by one
+idea, disintegration would tend to take place in the one case by the
+failure or death of the leader, and in the other case by the expansion
+of the idea. The Army is held together by both the man and the idea, and
+we need not turn away from its own history to get examples of this
+disintegration in both ways. Take the first bond of union, the man of
+striking, hypnotic personality. Since the very inception of the
+movement, time after time, men who have gained influence in the Army,
+have separated from its ranks and started a movement of their own of
+more or less formidable dimensions. The instance most applicable here is
+that of the division which took place a few years ago in the United
+States. At that time the Army in this country had been very successful
+under the leadership of one of General Booth's sons, Ballington Booth
+and his wife, Maud, the latter especially being a most attractive and
+talented personality and gifted, persuasive speaker. Mr. and Mrs.
+Ballington Booth were flattered by attention from all sides, and by the
+worship of the soldiers and officers under them. Orders came from
+General William Booth, commanding them to give up their leadership in
+the United States and take control of some other country. But they had
+no idea of giving up their position in this country, and, elated by
+success, confidently announced their leadership of a new movement, the
+Volunteers of America, which is still in existence. While the other
+element, that of the expansion of the idea, showed itself at this time
+in a revolt against the narrow, despotic methods of General William
+Booth, the main element in this division was that of personality. Taking
+up the second bond of union, that of the central, controlling idea and
+purpose, we find the whole movement at the present time is tending to
+disintegrate through the expansion of this idea. This is shown by the
+continual departure of men from the ranks of the Army, who see that its
+methods and machinery are too cramped for their efforts, and also by the
+different attitude of the remaining members towards the movement itself
+and its leader General William Booth.
+
+It is possible, however, that there will gradually be effected a change
+in the form of government of the army which will allow for enlargement
+and differentiation within the movement itself. General Booth, the sole
+head of the movement, cannot live much longer, and at his death, changes
+already threatening will demand attention. He has maintained a
+remarkable control over his world-wide following, in spite of numerous
+outbreaks and dangerous splits, and has legally arranged with great
+care, we are told, the succession to follow him. But that there will
+ever be a second General Booth, or that there could be a series of
+General Booths, able to hold the organization as he has, is incredible.
+We have talked with leading officers of his Army on this subject and
+find that they too, are looking for changes. The fact that the social
+work is having such a remarkable growth, while the spiritual work is
+apparently unable to hold its own, is in itself a feature demanding a
+change. The Army of industrial and social officers and employees will
+not be bound by the same ties to the General as his former Army of
+spiritual officers and soldiers. The latter were possessed with an
+emotional, fanatical enthusiasm which blinded them to everything save
+the service of their much adored General. The former have a different
+outlook on life. They are the new Army, a result of tendencies inherent
+in the growth of the movement. They look at humanity and individuals
+from other standpoints than that of the salvation of the soul. The
+material side of society, with its institutions of business, and
+practical forms of charitable relief, occupies a large amount of their
+attention. This has already led to considerable differentiation of
+government and control. Take, for example, the corporation, "The
+Industrial Homes Company" controlling eighty-four industrial
+institutions in the United States, and managed by a board of directors
+in New York City. This example is opening the way toward a future
+government by a board of some sort for other departments of the Army,
+and in time for the spiritual department, and then the further step of
+representation of members on these boards will not be far distant. At
+any rate we see reason for hoping that, while other improvements are
+taking place, the government of the Army will not be a handicap to the
+movement.
+
+By the third objection, that the Army in its financial dealings does not
+take the public sufficiently into its confidence, is meant that complete
+records of detailed expenditure are not issued. The public provides for
+a large part of the income of the Army, and it has a right to know just
+how and where that income is spent. The man and woman who is being
+continually confronted by a lassie on the street with a little box for
+the receipt of contributions, after contributing again and again, is
+likely to ask the question, just where is this money going; and it would
+be of advantage to the Army itself, if it would issue a more definite
+statement of the use to which it puts public money. Some people are
+satisfied with the general report that "the Army is doing good," but
+there are many who would contribute more largely, if they knew directly
+for what they were contributing. In reply to this criticism, the Army
+states that it deposits regularly with the state authorities a
+statement showing the disposition and state of the finances of its
+corporations, such as "The Reliance Trading Company" and "The Salvation
+Army Industrial Homes Company."
+
+The Army also issues every year a balance sheet which shows its assets
+and liabilities on a large scale. But this is not sufficient. The
+ordinary person can receive no light from either the statement deposited
+with the state authorities or the yearly balance sheet published by the
+Army. In fact, although the Army uses the services of an expert
+accountant in getting out this balance sheet, for all that the public
+knows, it may be using the funds entrusted to it in any way it wishes.
+This should be remedied by a regular statement, clearly revealing the
+disposition of every cent donated.
+
+A discussion of the preceding objection leads us to the fourth
+objection, that the Army collects funds on the strength of its social
+work, and applies these funds to the carrying on of its religious
+propaganda.[97] The Army denies this, but admits that there is a good
+deal of money collected for the general work, there being no specific
+object implied when it is collected, other than a statement of the
+various departments in which the Army is working, and of their extent.
+Of course, the social work comes in for strong presentation on the
+statement, but the money not being collected for any one object, the
+Army is at liberty to apply it to any branch of its work whether
+spiritual or social. This again shows the need of greater definiteness
+and accuracy in the Army's report to the public.
+
+A fifth objection is the lack of accuracy shown by the Army in its
+reports of work accomplished.[98] This has special reference to the
+statistics published by the Army, and is a good criticism. At different
+times and in different parts of the world, statistics are given out,
+which seems to emanate from no one authority, which are often
+contradictory, and which create confusion in the mind of the person
+wishing to get at the facts. As a result of a good deal of recent
+criticism on this point, all future statistics of the Army in the United
+States are to come from one point only, are to be in charge of an
+expert, and no publication of statistics is to be allowed without the
+consent of the National Headquarters.
+
+The sixth and last objection is a very important one and one which has
+been seen in the history of organizations without number, viz: that the
+organization tends to become an end in itself, instead of a means to an
+end. This objection is also allied to a former one regarding a lack of
+cooperation on the part of the Army with other organizations. More and
+more an organization, formed as is the Army, feels complete in itself,
+and works continually for its own interests and its own glory. In a
+large number of instances the objective point that was once humanity and
+the glory of God tends to become the advancement of the Army. While
+feeling that this objection is a serious one, it still cannot be
+considered as anything but unavoidable, considering the government and
+general character of the movement. If it were possible for the Army to
+be governed locally, and to some extent, nationally by boards, a part of
+whose membership represented the public, we believe that the tendency to
+advance its own interest would be diminished. Study out the workings and
+control of this organization, and it is found a machine, ever seeking to
+increase its power and field of work. If this machine could be
+controlled to some extent by the public which feeds it, it might be kept
+as a useful servant, but otherwise, in spite of the great service which
+it does society to-day, the tendency to get away from its object and to
+become an object itself, will be more and more dangerous.
+
+In conclusion, then, we find that these objections advanced by the
+critics are not without foundation, and while some may be more
+tendencies than actualities, it lies with the organization to guard
+itself from them. We have found the Army an efficient worker along
+several lines, and society owes it a considerable debt for past service
+and lessons learned from it. Hence it would be a great pity for its
+efficiency as a great public servant to be lessened by a lack of
+publicity regarding its finance, or by a narrow, self-centered policy,
+or by a too centralized form of government. Some of the Army leaders are
+men of great hearts and strong minds, and it is to be hoped that,
+whenever in the future, the opportunity offers to make a beneficial
+change of policy in its duty toward the public or toward its sister
+organizations engaged in charitable work or in its own internal
+administration, that these leaders will stand firmly for what they
+believe, and demand the necessary change.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[97] See the "S. A. and the Public," Ch. 5.
+
+[98] See the "Social Relief Work of the S. A.," p. 4.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+  American Journal of Sociology, Volume III.
+
+  Besant, Sir Walter,
+      The Farm and the City,
+          Contemporary Review, 72-792.
+
+  Booth, Bramwell,
+      I. A Day with the Salvation Army,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1904.
+
+      II. Illustrated Interviews,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1905.
+
+  Booth, Charles,
+      Life and Labor of the People,
+          The Macmillan Co., New York, 1899.
+
+  Booth, Commander Eva,
+      Where Shadows Lengthen,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1906.
+
+  Booth, Florence E.
+      A Peep into My Letter Bag,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1905.
+
+  Booth, William,
+      I. In Darkest England, and the Way Out,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1890.
+
+      II. Social Service in the Salvation Army,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1903.
+
+      III. The Doctrines of the Salvation Army,
+           S. A. Press, London.
+
+      IV. The Why and Wherefore of the Rules and Regulations
+          of the Salvation Army,
+          S. A. Press, London.
+
+      V. Orders and Regulations for Field Officers,
+          S. A. Press, London.
+
+  Booth-Tucker, Commander,
+      I. William Booth, Life of
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1898.
+
+      II. The Salvation Army in the United States,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1899.
+
+      III. Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army in the
+           United States,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1900.
+
+      IV. Our Future Pauper Policy in America,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1898.
+
+      V. Prairie Homes for City Poor,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1899.
+
+      VI. A Review of the Salvation Army Land Colony in California,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1903.
+
+  Coates, Thomas F. G.
+      The Prophet of the Poor,
+      E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1906.
+
+  Dawson, William Harbutt,
+      The German Workman,
+          Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1906.
+
+  Devine, Edward T.,
+      The Principles of Relief,
+          The Macmillan Co., New York, 1905.
+
+  Hadleigh,
+      The Salvation Army Colony,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1904.
+
+  Haggard, H. Rider,
+      The Poor and the Land,
+          Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1905.
+
+  Higgins, Mrs. Catherine,
+      Love's Laborings in Sorrow's Soil,
+          S. A. Press, New York, 1904.
+
+  Huxley, T. H.,
+      Social Diseases and Worse Remedies,
+          The Macmillan Co., New York, 1891.
+
+  Manson, John,
+      The Salvation Army and the Public,
+          E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1906.
+
+  Precipices: A Sketch of Salvation Army Social Work,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1904.
+
+  Report of Committee of Fifteen,
+      The Social Evil,
+          G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1902.
+
+  Report of the Departmental Committee, Appointed to Consider
+      Mr. Rider Haggard's Report on Agricultural Settlements in
+      British Colonies.
+          Wyman & Sons, London, 1906.
+
+  Riis, Jacob A.,
+      I. How the Other Half Lives,
+          Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.
+
+      II. The Children of the Poor,
+          Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1902.
+
+      III. A Ten Years' War,
+          Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York, 1900.
+
+      IV. The Peril and Preservation of the Home,
+          Geo. W. Jacobs' & Co., Philadelphia, 1903.
+
+  Ruskin, John,
+      Sesame and Lillies,
+          Donohue, Hernneberry and Co., Chicago.
+
+  Seager, Henry Rogers,
+      Introduction to Economics,
+          Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1908.
+
+  Selected Papers on the Social Work of the Salvation Army,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1907.
+
+  Solenberger, Edwin D.,
+      The Social Relief Work of the Salvation Army,
+          Byron & Willard Co., Minneapolis, 1906.
+
+  Swan, Annie S.,
+      The Outsiders,
+          S. A. Press, London, 1905.
+
+  Warner, Amos G.,
+      American Charities,
+          T. J. Crowell & Co., New York, 1894.
+
+
+
+
+VITA.
+
+The author of this dissertation, Edwin Gifford Lamb, was born in London,
+England, December 22, 1878. He attended private schools in that city and
+then spent three years in Northwestern Canada without schooling. After
+this he went to California where he prepared for college in the
+preparatory department of the University of the Pacific. He became a
+citizen of the United States as soon as eligible and graduated from
+Leland Stanford Junior University in 1904, with the degree of A. B. In
+the year 1904-'05, he was a student at Union Theological Seminary and
+Columbia University. During the year 1905-'06, he held a scholarship in
+Sociology at Columbia University. At this institution he studied under
+Professors F. H. Giddings, John B. Clark, H. R. Seager, H. L. Moore, J.
+Dewey, F. J. E. Woodbridge and W. P. Montague. Since that time he has
+been an instructor in the Harstroem School, Norwalk, Connecticut.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+Inconsistent hyphenation and capitalization have been left as in the
+original text. The same is true for inconsistent abbreviations for U. S.
+states and inconsistent placement of footnote markers.
+
+CHAP. III. (in the original text) has been changed to CHAPTER III. for
+consistency.
+
+Punctuation has been standardized. Spelling mistakes have been
+corrected, except for the items listed below, which have not been
+changed.
+
+The book seems to use fl., rather than ff., as an abbreviation that
+refers to the pages following a number.
+
+This book refers twice to the title "Sesame and Lillies." In other
+sources, that title is sometimes spelled as "Sesame and Lilies."
+
+On the list of "Examples of Salvation Army Hotel Lodgers," under No. 3,
+the city name Pittsburgh is misspelled as Pittsburg in the original
+text.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Social Work of the Salvation Army, by
+Edwin Gifford Lamb
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