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+Project Gutenberg's Modern Americans, by Chester Sanford and Grace Owen
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Modern Americans
+       A Biographical School Reader for the Upper Grades
+
+Author: Chester Sanford
+        Grace Owen
+
+Release Date: October 19, 2009 [EBook #30287]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN AMERICANS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Roger Frank and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MODERN AMERICANS
+
+A Biographical School Reader for the Upper Grades
+
+By
+
+CHESTER M. SANFORD
+
+Head of the Department of Expression
+
+Illinois State Normal University
+
+GRACE A. OWEN
+
+Teacher of Reading
+
+Illinois State Normal University
+
+LAUREL BOOK COMPANY
+
+New York--CHICAGO--Philadelphia
+
+
+
+
+Copyright, 1918, 1921
+
+by
+
+Laurel Book Company
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+"Tell us about real folks." This is the request that comes to us again
+and again from children in the upper grades. In response to this
+appeal, the authors, in preparing "Modern Americans," have attempted
+to give the pupils the worth-while things they like to read rather
+than the things adults think they ought to like.
+
+Those who have taught reading very long agree that the old-time hero
+stories have always had a peculiar charm for pupils. But all the
+heroes did not live in olden times; they are with us today. Why, then,
+isn't it well to acquaint the children with present-day heroes? Young
+people in the upper grades are especially interested in the men and
+women who are actually doing things. They desire to study in school
+the persons they read about in the daily papers. Elihu Root recently
+said: "It seems sometimes as if our people were interested in nothing
+but personalities."
+
+To bridge the gap between our schools and practical everyday life has
+become one of the chief concerns of the wide-awake teacher.
+Accordingly, in geography we are studying the industries about us. In
+English, civics, and history we are devoting an increasing amount of
+time to a consideration of "Current Events." All this is in the right
+direction; for, to create an interest in the men and women of the hour
+and the social activities of the day makes for an intelligent
+citizenship. "Acquaint the people with the great men of any period and
+you have taught them the history of the period," says Carlyle. Know
+the _past_, if possible; know the _present_ by all means.
+
+At first thought the reader may disagree with the authors in the list
+of characters chosen. He may think that many of America's greatest men
+and women have been omitted while others of less importance have been
+given a place. In reply permit us to say that greatness of achievement
+has not been the only consideration in choosing the character studies.
+Not all great men and women have life stories that appeal to
+children, and unless the stories do appeal, it is better to omit them
+until the children are older. Then, too, it seemed desirable to select
+persons in various fields of human activity, thus broadening the scope
+of the child's knowledge.
+
+The reader will observe that we have placed much stress upon the
+childhood experiences of the men and women studied, for the reason
+that children are to read the stories; and since they are sure to
+interpret what they read in terms of their own experiences, we must,
+as far as possible, record experiences that are common to all, namely,
+childhood experiences.
+
+It is hoped that these stories have been so brought within the
+experiences of the pupils that they will be led to discuss them. Many
+of the stories were tried out with children in the University Training
+School and the enthusiastic discussions that followed were both
+interesting and helpful.
+
+Lastly, and most important, the authors have attempted to inspire the
+pupils with a purpose to make the most of themselves. The lives of
+great men and women are sure to be an inspiration to the young. Since
+great men stand for great things they are sure to embody the latest
+and best in science, art, government, religion, and education. By
+studying the lives of these representative men and women it is hoped
+that the pupils will be stimulated to lofty purposes.
+
+Acknowledgement is hereby made to The Bobbs-Merrill Co., publishers of
+Mr. Riley's poems, for kind permission to republish "The Old
+Swimmin'-Hole"; and also, to the publishers of "The Story of a
+Pioneer"--_Jordan_; "The Story of My Life"--_Keller_; and the magazine
+"Success" for additional source material.
+
+                                                    CHESTER M. SANFORD
+                                                         GRACE A. OWEN
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+   1. Calvin Coolidge                                                9
+   2. Thomas A. Edison                                              17
+   3. Alexander Graham Bell                                         29
+   4. Theodore Roosevelt                                            37
+   5. John Pershing                                                 44
+   6. William Howard Taft                                           51
+   7. Luther Burbank                                                57
+   8. Clara Barton                                                  65
+  19. George W. Goethals                                            73
+  10. James Whitcomb Riley                                          81
+  11. Helen Keller                                                  91
+  12. Wilbur and Orville Wright                                     99
+  13. Robert E. Peary                                              109
+  14. William Jennings Bryan                                       117
+  15. Henry Ford                                                   125
+  16. Ben B. Lindsey                                               131
+  17. Frances Willard                                              139
+  18. Jane Addams                                                  147
+  19. John Mitchell                                                155
+  20. Maude Ballington Booth                                       161
+  21. Andrew Carnegie                                              169
+  22. Anna Shaw                                                    177
+  23. Ernest Thompson Seton                                        187
+  24. John Wanamaker                                               195
+  25. Woodrow Wilson                                               205
+  26. Mark Twain                                                   213
+  27. Warren G. Harding                                            221
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PRESIDENT COOLIDGE, MRS. COOLIDGE, AND SON, JOHN]
+
+
+
+
+CALVIN COOLIDGE
+
+
+As I begin this story, I am seated in an old-fashioned hotel in a
+small village nestled amid the hills of Vermont. I have come all the
+way from the broad prairies of Illinois that I might catch a little of
+the spirit of Calvin Coolidge.
+
+In his autobiography, Mr. Coolidge wrote: "Vermont is my birthright.
+Here one gets close to Nature, in the mountains and in the brooks, the
+waters of which hurry to the sea; in the lakes that shine like silver
+in their green setting; in the fields tilled, not by machinery, but by
+the brain and hand of man. My folks are happy and contented. They
+belong to themselves, live within their income, and fear no man."
+
+Yes, and I have met the folks of whom he boasts, and in conversing
+with them it seems easy for my mind to go back to the time when Mr.
+Coolidge was a barefoot boy, roaming amid these beautiful hills. In
+fact, everything about this rugged New England state, with its
+farmhouses and barns that were built so many years ago, seems to carry
+one back to the early history of our country.
+
+As I looked upon the little country schoolhouse to which Mr. Coolidge
+used to go, I thought of this story. One time, many years ago, there
+lived a schoolmaster who had this unique custom. Every time he met a
+boy who attended his school, he would lift his hat. When asked why he
+did this, he replied, "Who can tell but that one of these boys will
+some day become the chief ruler of the land; and inasmuch as I cannot
+tell which one it will be, I must lift my hat to them all."
+
+Surely if a teacher were to slight any of the boys, it would be the
+one with freckles and red hair, for never before in the history of our
+great country have we had a red-headed president.
+
+Let us go back then in our imagination forty-four years and visit the
+little red schoolhouse at Plymouth, Vermont, that was then better
+known as the "Notch."
+
+To reach Plymouth is not easy, for it is eleven miles from Ludlow,
+which is the nearest railroad station, and the road from Ludlow is
+rough and hilly. When we reach Plymouth, we are likely to drive by,
+for the town is so small it doesn't seem possible that a future
+President could have been born in such an out-of-the-way place.
+
+The first man we meet in Plymouth is John Calvin Coolidge, the father
+of our President. We soon learn that he keeps the village store, shoes
+horses, collects insurance premiums, and runs a small farm. In
+conversing with him, we discover that he is of staunch American
+stock--in fact, he reminds us that his ancestors came to America in
+1630, just ten years after the Pilgrims landed. In 1880, his
+grandfather moved to the hill country that is now known as "Vermont,"
+and for four generations the Coolidges have lived on the same farm.
+
+But, we are not so much interested in the father as in the son, who,
+we are told, is at school. As we approach the little country school,
+we observe that it is recess, and the children are playing. Soon young
+Calvin is pointed out and we try to get acquainted with him, but he is
+silent and bashful. From his teacher we learn that he has few friends
+and no enemies. Unlike the average freckled, red-headed boy, he is
+rarely teased and never gets into a fight. He is so modest and minds
+his own business so well, that the other pupils are inclined to leave
+him by himself. Rarely does he play any games--not even marbles or
+baseball. Later in life he bought a pair of skates, but was never
+known to wear them but once.
+
+Young Calvin had no brothers and only one sister, Abigail, who died
+when she was fifteen. His mother also died when he was a lad of
+twelve, but his stepmother was always very kind to him. His own
+mother, however, was his idol and even to this day, President Coolidge
+carries in one of his pockets a gun metal case that holds a picture of
+his mother. Calvin's father, in speaking of his son, says that he was
+always a great hand to work. He continues, "When Calvin was a boy on
+the farm, if I was going away and there was anything I wanted him to
+do, I would tell him; but when I came back, I never thought of going
+to see whether it had been done. I knew it was done."
+
+The following incident shows that he could not bear to leave his work
+undone. "One night an aunt who was sleeping in the house heard a
+strange noise in the kitchen. Hurriedly she put on her kimona, and
+went downstairs to see what the commotion might be. There she found
+little Calvin filling the wood box, for he had forgotten to do so the
+night before. She tried to persuade him to wait until morning, but he
+would not return to bed until the job was finished, declaring that he
+could sleep better if the wood box were filled."
+
+No doubt, were we to ask President Coolidge to recall some of his
+boyhood experiences on the farm, he would tell us how he slid off the
+old, white mare and broke his arm so badly that the bone stuck out
+through the flesh, and how long it took to bring the doctor eleven
+miles over the rough road from Ludlow to set it. Or, he might tell us
+about the wall-eyed cow that the hired man hit with a milking stool
+and so frightened her that he could never milk her again. Alas, for
+Calvin; this meant that he had to get up at five o'clock each morning
+to help with the milking.
+
+After completing his work in the country school, Calvin attended the
+Black River Academy in Ludlow where he graduated at the age of
+eighteen.
+
+One September morning, the next fall, Calvin's father hitched up the
+old, bay mare and drove his son to Ludlow where the boy took the train
+for Amherst College. At that time, the college had an enrollment of
+only about four hundred students.
+
+While in college, young Coolidge lived very modestly, paying only
+$2.50 a week for room and board. His nickname in college was "Cooley."
+We were able to learn very little about his college days. From one of
+his professors, we learned that he never took part in athletic
+sports, never danced, and attended but few of the social functions of
+the school. We were able, however, to find the following in the
+_Amherst Olio_, the school paper:
+
+               "The class in Greek was going on,
+                 "Old Ty" a lecture read,
+               And in the row in front there shown
+                 Fair 'Cooley's' golden head.
+
+               "His pate was bent upon the seat
+                 In front of him: his hair
+               Old Tyler's feeble gaze did meet,
+                 With fierce and ruddy glare.
+
+               "O'ercome by mystic sense of dread
+                 "Old Ty" his talk did lull,--
+               'Coolidge, I wish you'd raise your head,
+                 I can't talk through your skull.'"
+
+While in college, his favorite studies were debating, philosophy,
+history and the political sciences. His greatest achievement came when
+he was a Senior. The Sons of the American Revolution had offered a
+prize for the best essay on "The Principles of the American
+Revolution." The contest was open to all college students of America.
+Coolidge won first place.
+
+After graduating from college, young Coolidge returned to the farm and
+worked all summer. That fall he went to Northampton, a mill town in
+Massachusetts, where he entered the law office of Hammond & Field.
+Here, under the guidance of two able lawyers, he studied so hard that
+within less than two years he was admitted to the Bar. As soon as he
+became a full-fledged lawyer, he organized the law firm of Coolidge &
+Hemenway.
+
+From this point his advancement was steady and rapid. There were no
+jumps in his career. In 1900, we see him City Solicitor; in 1904,
+Clerk of Courts; in 1907-1908, a member of the State Legislature; and
+in 1910, Mayor of Northampton. In 1912, he was elected a member of the
+State Senate, and in 1914 was chosen President of the Senate. In
+1916-1917-1918, he was Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, and in
+1919 was chosen Governor. He has been elected to every office for
+which he ever ran. This seems strange when we study him, for he is not
+considered a good speaker, does not resort to flattery, is a poor
+"mixer," and is not attractive in appearance. But, possibly we are
+tired of the show-window type of politician, who does entirely too
+much talking. Those who know him best, admit that Coolidge has earned
+every promotion by attending strictly to the work he had in hand.
+
+An event in 1919 made Governor Coolidge a National character. The
+Boston police force had organized a union and had planned to enter the
+American Federation of Labor. Edwin E. Curtis, Boston's Chief of
+Police, declared they had no right to do this. Three-fourths of the
+policemen immediately went on a strike. The forces of lawlessness
+broke loose and mob rule prevailed. Mr. Coolidge at once had nineteen
+leaders of the police force brought before him for trial. He held that
+the best interests of all the people could not tolerate any such
+conduct on the part of the policemen. His attitude was so sound and so
+firmly taken that he won the support of all law-abiding citizens. His
+position also met the approval of the Nation and at once he became a
+National figure.
+
+While Mr. Coolidge was in Northampton, he married Grace Anna Goodhue,
+a teacher in the Clark School for the Deaf, at Northampton. She is a
+graduate of the University of Vermont. In many ways she is the exact
+opposite of the President; she is vivacious, attractive, tactful, and
+richly endowed socially. To this union have been born two sons, John
+and Calvin Coolidge, Jr.
+
+When Mr. Harding was chosen President of the United States, Calvin
+Coolidge was elected Vice President. Upon the death of President
+Harding, Mr. Coolidge became President, and so faithfully did he
+discharge the duties of his office, that in 1924 he was chosen
+President by an overwhelming majority of the voters of the Nation.
+
+The American people like President Coolidge because, like Lincoln, he
+belongs to the plain people. He understands and loves them; he is
+modest, sincere, and honorable. Even as a boy, he had a purpose, and
+willpower enough to carry it out. He works hard and speaks little, but
+when he does, the public listens to his wise counsel.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS A. EDISON (On left)
+The Greatest Inventor of All Time]
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS A. EDISON
+
+
+Suppose the Pilgrim fathers that landed at Plymouth Rock so many,
+many years ago should come back to earth, how many strange sights
+would greet them! No longer would they be permitted to ride in a
+slow, clumsy wagon, but, instead, would ride in an electric car.
+Furthermore, when night came, instead of the tallow candle, they
+would marvel at the brilliant electric lights. Wouldn't it be fun to
+start the phonograph and watch them stare in astonishment as "the
+wooden box" talked to them? But the most fun would be to take them
+to the moving picture show and hear what they would say.
+
+Odd as it seems at first, all these marvelous inventions, and many
+others, are the result of one man's work; in fact, this man has
+thought out so many marvelous inventions that the whole world agrees
+that he is the greatest inventor that has ever lived. Should you like
+to hear the life story of one who is so truly great? I am sure you
+would, for in the best sense he is a self-made American.
+
+But, you ask, what is a self-made American? He is one born in poverty
+who has had to struggle hard for everything he has ever had; one who
+has had to force his way to success through all sorts of obstacles.
+
+This great inventor first saw the light of day in the humble home of a
+poor laboring man who lived in Milan, a small canal town in the state
+of Ohio. In 1854 when Thomas A. Edison, for that is his name, was
+seven years of age, his parents moved to Port Huron, Michigan, where
+most of his boyhood days were spent.
+
+As we should naturally expect, Thomas was sent to school, but his
+teachers did not understand him and his progress was very poor.
+Finally his mother took him out of school and taught him herself. This
+she was able to do, for, before she married, she was a successful
+school teacher in Canada.
+
+Later in life, in speaking of his mother, he said: "I was always a
+careless boy, and with a mother of different mental caliber I should
+have probably turned out badly. But her firmness, her sweetness, her
+goodness, were potent powers to keep me in the right path. I remember
+I never used to be able to get along at school. I don't know why it
+was, but I was always at the foot of the class. I used to feel that my
+teachers never sympathized with me, and that my father thought that I
+was stupid, and at last I almost decided that I must really be a
+dunce. My mother was always kind, always sympathetic, and she never
+misunderstood or misjudged me. My mother was the making of me. She was
+so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had someone to live for, some one
+I must not disappoint. The memory of her will always be a blessing to
+me."
+
+When young Edison was twelve years of age, he became a newsboy on the
+Grand Trunk Railroad. That he was a wide-awake, energetic lad is shown
+by the following experience as told by himself.
+
+"At the beginning of the Civil War I was slaving late and early at
+selling papers; but to tell the truth I was not making a fortune. I
+worked on so small a margin that I had to be mighty careful not to
+overload myself with papers that I could not sell. On the other hand,
+I could not afford to carry so few that I found myself sold out long
+before the end of the trip. To enable myself to hit the happy mean, I
+found a plan which turned out admirably. I made a friend of one of the
+compositors of the Free Press office, and persuaded him to show me
+every day a galley-proof of the most important news articles. From a
+study of its head-lines, I soon learned to gauge the value of the
+day's news and its selling capacity, so that I could form a tolerably
+correct estimate of the number of papers I should need. As a rule I
+could dispose of about two hundred; but if there was any special news
+from the seat of war, the sale ran up to three hundred or over.
+
+"Well, one day my compositor brought me a proof-slip of which nearly
+the whole was taken up with a gigantic display head. It was the first
+report of the battle of Pittsburgh Landing--afterward called Shiloh,
+you know, and it gave the number of killed and wounded as sixty
+thousand men.
+
+"I grasped the situation at once. Here was a chance for enormous
+sales, if only the people along the line could know what had happened!
+If only they could see the proof-slip I was then reading! Suddenly an
+idea occurred to me. I rushed off to the telegraph operator and
+gravely made a proposition to him which he received just as gravely.
+He, on his part, was to wire to each of the principal stations on our
+route, asking the station-master to chalk up on the bulletin-board,
+used for announcing the time of arrival and departure of trains, the
+news of the great battle, with its accompanying slaughter. This he was
+to do at once, while I, in return, agreed to supply him with current
+literature for nothing during the next six months from that date.
+
+"This bargain struck, I began to bethink me how I was to get enough
+papers to make the grand coup I intended. I had very little cash, and,
+I feared, still less credit. I went to the superintendent of the
+delivery department, and preferred a modest request for one thousand
+copies of the Free Press on trust. I was not much surprised when my
+request was curtly and gruffly refused. In those days, though, I was a
+pretty cheeky boy and I felt desperate, for I saw a small fortune in
+prospect if my telegraph operator had kept his word, a point on which
+I was still a trifle doubtful. Nerving myself for a great stroke, I
+marched up stairs into the office of Wilbur F. Story himself and asked
+to see him. I told him who I was and that I wanted fifteen hundred
+copies of the paper on credit. The tall, thin, dark-eyed man stared at
+me for a moment and then scratched a few words on a slip of paper.
+'Take that down stairs,' said he, 'and you will get what you want.'
+And so I did. Then I felt happier than I have ever felt since.
+
+"I took my fifteen hundred papers, got three boys to help me fold
+them, and mounted the train all agog to find out whether the telegraph
+operator had kept his word. At the town where our first stop was made
+I usually sold two papers. As the train swung into that station I
+looked ahead and thought there must be a riot going on. A big crowd
+filled the platform and as the train drew up I began to realize that
+they wanted my papers. Before we left, I had sold a hundred or two at
+five cents each. At the next station the place was fairly black with
+people. I raised the 'ante' and sold three hundred papers at ten cents
+each. So it went on until Port Huron was reached. Then I transferred
+my remaining stock to the wagon, which always waited for me there,
+hired a small boy to sit on the pile of papers in the back, so as to
+prevent any pilfering, and sold out every paper I had at a quarter of
+a dollar or more per copy. I remember I passed a church full of
+worshippers, and stopped to yell out my news. In ten seconds there was
+not a soul left in the meeting, all of the audience, including the
+parson, were clustered around me, bidding against each other for
+copies of the precious paper."
+
+Though, as you will admit, Mr. Edison was a very successful newsboy,
+he was not satisfied merely to sell papers, so at the age of fifteen
+he began editing and publishing a paper of his own. To do this he
+purchased a small hand printing press and fitted out, as best he
+could, a printing office in an old freight car.
+
+The _Grand Trunk Herald_, as the paper was called, consisted of a
+single sheet printed on both sides, and sold for eight cents a month.
+When the paper was at the height of its popularity he sold five
+hundred copies each week, and realized a profit of forty-five dollars
+a month.
+
+He might have continued in editorial work had not a sad mishap
+overtaken him. In addition to his editorial work he performed many
+experiments, for his was the soul of the inventor. These experiments
+were performed in the baggage car of the train. One day, as he was in
+the midst of one of these experiments, a sudden lurch of the train
+upset his bottle of phosphorous, setting the baggage car on fire. The
+conductor, a quick-tempered man, after putting out the fire, dumped
+young Edison's precious printing press and apparatus out of the car
+and went on. This was a very sad experience for the lad, but the
+saddest part was the fact that, as the conductor threw Edison out he
+boxed his ears so severely that he was partially deaf ever after.
+
+Now that young Edison had lost his job as newsboy, and could no longer
+print the _Grand Trunk Herald_, what was he to do? He decided, if
+possible, to get a position as telegraph operator. But, you ask, how
+did he learn to be a telegraph operator?
+
+While yet a newsboy, he had saved the life of a child by snatching it
+from before a moving train. The father, a telegraph operator, was so
+grateful to young Edison for saving his child that he offered to teach
+him telegraphy. This offer the lad eagerly accepted, and devoted every
+spare minute to his new task. From the first his progress was rapid,
+and when he lost his job as newsboy he applied for a position as
+telegraph operator and was given a job as night operator at Stratford
+Junction, Canada, at a salary of twenty-five dollars a month. He was
+now sixteen years of age.
+
+Within a very few years Edison became a swift and competent operator,
+as the following incident will show. "Edison had been promised
+employment in the Boston office. The weather was quite cold, and his
+peculiar dress, topped with a slouchy broad-brimmed hat, made
+something of a sensation. But Edison then cared as little for dress as
+he does today. So one raw, wet day a tall man with a limp, wet duster
+clinging to his legs, stalked into the superintendent's room and
+said:
+
+"'Here I am'.
+
+"The superintendent eyed him from head to foot, and said:
+
+"'Who are you?'
+
+"'Tom Edison.'
+
+"'And who on earth might Tom Edison be?'
+
+"The young man explained that he had been ordered to report at the
+Boston office, and was finally told to sit down in the operating room,
+where his advent created much merriment. The operators made fun of him
+loudly enough for him to hear. He didn't care. A few minutes later a
+New York operator, noted for his swiftness, called up the Boston
+office. There was no one at liberty.
+
+"'Well,' said the office chief, 'let the new man try him.'
+
+"Edison sat down and for four hours and a half wrote out messages in
+his clear round hand, stuck a date and number on them, and threw them
+on the floor for the office boy to pick up. The time he took in
+numbering and dating the sheets were the only seconds he was not
+writing out transmitted words. Faster and faster ticked the
+instrument, and faster and faster went Edison's fingers, until the
+rapidity with which the messages came tumbling on the floor attracted
+the attention of the other operators, who, when their work was done,
+gathered around to witness the spectacle. At the close of the four and
+a half hours' work there flashed from New York the salutation:
+
+"'Hello!'
+
+"'Hello yourself!' ticked Edison.
+
+"'Who are you?' rattled into the Boston office.
+
+"'Tom Edison.'
+
+"'You are the first man in the country', ticked in the instrument,
+'that could ever take me at my fastest, and the only one who could
+ever sit at the other end of my wire for more than two hours and a
+half. I'm proud to know you.'"
+
+While employed as telegraph operator Edison's inventive mind was hard
+at work. Accordingly, when but seventeen years of age he invented the
+Duplex telegraph which made it possible "to send two messages in
+opposite directions on the same wire at the same time, without causing
+any confusion."
+
+Though a brilliant operator, young Edison found it difficult to hold a
+job, as he was always neglecting his regular work to "fool with
+experiments," as his employers put it.
+
+Accordingly, when twenty-one years of age, he found himself in New
+York City seeking work. Suppose we invite Mr. Edison to tell us of
+this dramatic period of his life.
+
+"On the third day after my arrival, while sitting in the office of the
+Laws Gold Repeating Telegraph Company, the complicated general
+instrument for sending messages on all the lines suddenly came to a
+stop with a crash. Within two minutes over three hundred boys,--a boy
+from every broker in the street, rushed upstairs and crowded the long
+aisle and office that hardly had room for one hundred, all yelling
+that such and such a broker's wire was out of order and to fix it at
+once. It was pandemonium, and the man in charge became so excited that
+he lost control of all the knowledge he ever had. I went to the
+indicator and, having studied it thoroughly, knew where the trouble
+ought to be, and found it."
+
+"One of the innumerable contact springs had broken off and had fallen
+down between the two gear wheels and stopped the instrument; but it
+was not very noticeable. As I went out to tell the man in charge what
+the matter was, George Laws, the inventor of the system, appeared on
+the scene, the most excited person I had seen. He demanded of the man
+the cause of the trouble, but the man was speechless. I ventured to
+say that I knew what the trouble was, and he said, 'Fix it! Fix it! Be
+quick!' I removed the spring and set the contact wheels at zero; and
+the line, battery, and inspecting men scattered through the financial
+district to set the instruments. In about two hours, things were
+working again. Mr. Laws came to ask my name and what I was doing. I
+told him and he asked me to come to his private office the following
+day. He asked me a great many questions about the instruments and his
+system, and I showed him how he could simplify things generally. He
+then requested that I should come next day. On arrival, he stated at
+once that he had decided to put me in charge of the whole plant, and
+that my salary would be three hundred dollars a month."
+
+"This was such a violent jump from anything I had ever seen before,
+that it rather paralyzed me for a while. I thought it was too much to
+be lasting; but I determined to try and live up to that salary if
+twenty hours a day of hard work would do it."
+
+It is needless to say that he made good in the biggest and best sense
+of the word.
+
+It was at this time that Mr. Edison, now twenty-one years of age,
+invented an electric stock ticker for which he received forty thousand
+dollars.
+
+Always desiring to devote his entire time to inventive work, he now
+saw that with the aid of his forty thousand dollars it was possible to
+do so. Accordingly, a little later we see him constructing a
+laboratory one hundred feet long at Menlo Park, a little station
+twenty-five miles from Newark, New Jersey. Here for years, in company
+with his assistants, he has made inventions that have revolutionized
+the world.
+
+Finally, in 1886, his business had so seriously outgrown his quarters
+that he built his present laboratories at Orange, New Jersey. These
+laboratories are now housed in two beautiful, four story brick
+buildings each sixty feet wide by one hundred feet long. In addition
+to these laboratories there are Edison factories located in various
+sections of the country.
+
+Though now seventy years of age, he is devoting all his time and the
+time of his laboratory force in solving the great problems connected
+with the present war.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+"_A tool is but the extension of a man's hand, and a machine is but a
+complete tool. And he that invents a machine augments the power of a
+man and the well being of mankind._" --HENRY WARD BEECHER.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
+Inventor of the Telephone]
+
+
+
+
+ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
+
+
+There is in New York City a great building seven hundred and fifty
+feet high. It has fifty-three stories, and provides business homes for
+ten thousand persons.
+
+If you had watched it rise from story to story, you would have been
+amazed at the tons of cable running from the basement towards the
+roof. You would have exclaimed in wonder over the miles upon miles of
+wire that extended from room to room. Suppose you had asked the
+purpose of these wires and cables. Do you know what the answer would
+have been? You would have been told that they were placed there so a
+person in any room of the building could talk to some one in any other
+room within the towering walls; to any one outside in the great city,
+and even to persons far away in Chicago and St. Louis. Then you would
+have said, "Of course, they are telephone wires."
+
+You use the telephone often, do you not? Probably if you were asked to
+say how many times you had talked over the telephone in your life, you
+would have to reply, "More than I can remember."
+
+Let us think about the messages we send along the telephone wires from
+day to day. They are for the most part of two kinds. We have friendly
+talks with persons we know well, and we give brief business orders at
+office and shop.
+
+But if we were gunners in the army of our country we should be told by
+telephone just when, where, and how we were to fire our guns. We
+would not see our target, but would shoot according to the directions
+of a commanding officer who knows what must be done and telephones his
+orders to us.
+
+If we were acting with hundreds of persons in a great scene for a
+motion picture film, we should be told what to do by a man called the
+director. He could not make us all hear if we were out of doors and
+scattered about in groups, but he would telephone orders to his
+helpers. One of these would be with each large crowd of actors.
+Perhaps the telephones would be hanging on the side of a tree or set
+up in rude fashion on a box. Nevertheless, that would not interfere
+with their use and we should receive directions over them to do our
+part in the scene then being photographed.
+
+These uses seem wonderful to us, but each year sees the telephone
+helping man more and more in strange and powerful ways. It is likely
+that we have just begun to know a little of what this great invention
+can do for us.
+
+However, if we had been boys and girls in 1875 we should have known
+nothing about talking over a telephone, for that was the year when the
+public first heard that it was possible to send sounds of the human
+voice along a wire from one place to another.
+
+There was a great fair in 1876. It was held in Philadelphia and was
+called the Centennial because it celebrated the one-hundredth birthday
+of our land. Persons came from foreign countries to attend the fair.
+Among these visitors was a famous Brazilian gentleman. He was a man
+of great knowledge and was interested in inventions. His name was Don
+Pedro, and at that time he was Emperor of Brazil. Because he was the
+ruler of a country, the officers of the Centennial showed him every
+attention, and tried to make his visit alive with interest.
+
+Late one afternoon they took him to the room where the judges were
+examining objects entered for exhibits. The judges were tired and
+wanted to go home. They did not care to listen to a young man standing
+before them. This young man was telling them that he had a new
+invention; it was a telephone, and would carry the sounds of the human
+voice by electricity. The judges did not believe this, and were about
+to dismiss the young man without even putting the receiver to their
+ears and seeing if he spoke the truth. Don Pedro stood in the doorway
+listening. He looked at the judges; he looked at the young man, and
+was disgusted and angered that an invention should not receive a fair
+trial. He stepped forward and as he did so looked squarely at the
+young man. To his surprise he recognized in him an acquaintance made
+while visiting in Boston.
+
+At once Don Pedro examined the new instrument and then turning to the
+judges asked permission to make a trial of it himself. The young
+inventor went to the other end of the wire, which was in another room,
+and spoke into the transmitter some lines from a great poem. Don Pedro
+heard perfectly, and his praise changed the mind of the judges. They
+decided to enter the invention as a "toy that might amuse the public."
+This toy was the Bell telephone, the young inventor was Alexander
+Graham Bell, and he had the satisfaction of seeing the "toy" become
+the greatest attraction to visitors at the Centennial. This must have
+brought comfort to his heart, for Mr. Bell had been trying for some
+time to have people see what a convenience his invention would be.
+
+He had first thought of the telephone while searching for some way to
+help deaf mutes to talk. His father and grandfather had both been
+voice teachers in Edinburgh and London, so when young Alexander came
+to America to seek his fortune it was natural he should teach methods
+of using the voice. But his pupils were unfortunate persons who could
+not talk because they were unable to hear the sounds of the voice. His
+father had worked out a plan for teaching the deaf, that the young man
+improved. It was based on observation of the position of the lips and
+other vocal organs, while uttering each sound. One by one the pupil
+learned the sounds by sight. Then he learned combinations of sounds
+and at last came to where he could "read the lips" and tell what a
+person was saying by looking at his moving lips.
+
+So you see Alexander Graham Bell knew a great deal about the way we
+talk. He kept studying and working in his efforts to help his pupils,
+and his knowledge of the human ear gave him the first idea of his
+remarkable invention.
+
+He thought if the small and thin ear drum could send thrills and
+vibrations through heavy bones, then it should be possible for a small
+piece of electrified iron to make an iron ear drum vibrate. In his
+imagination he saw two iron ear drums far apart but connected by an
+electrified wire. One end of the wire was to catch the vibrations of
+the sound, and the other was to reproduce them. He was sure he could
+make an instrument of this kind, for he said, "If I can make deaf
+mutes talk, I can make iron talk."
+
+One of his pupils helped him to do this by her words of sympathy and
+interest. She was a young girl named Mabel Hubbard. While still a baby
+she had lost her hearing, and consequently her speech, through an
+attack of scarlet fever. She was a bright, lovable girl, and had
+learned to talk through the teaching of Alexander Graham Bell. Her
+father was a man of great public spirit and the best friend Mr. Bell
+had in bringing the telephone before the public. Mabel Hubbard became
+the wife of her teacher, and encouraged him constantly to try and try
+again until his telephone would work.
+
+Professor Bell made his first instrument in odd hours after he had
+finished teaching for the day. You may smile when you hear he used in
+making it an old cigar box, two hundred feet of wire, and two magnets
+taken from a toy fish pond. But this was because he was very poor and
+had scarcely any money to spend on materials for his experiments. But
+he kept on working, and after the Centennial he was able to found a
+company and put his new invention on the market. The company had
+little money, so Mr. Bell lectured and explained his work. By this
+means he not only raised money, but established his name as the
+inventor of the telephone. There were a number of other students who
+had been thinking along the same lines as Mr. Bell, but he went
+farther than any one else and was the first to carry the sounds of the
+human voice by electricity.
+
+In the year 1877, the telephone was put into practical use for the
+public. It grew slowly. People did not realize how it could help them
+and they looked upon having a telephone as a luxury rather than a
+necessity. It was in the same year that the first long distance line
+was established. Today, when we can talk from Boston to San Francisco,
+it seems strange to read that the first long distance telephone
+reached only from Boston to Salem, a distance of sixteen miles. But
+then Mr. Bell thought twenty miles would be the limit at which it
+would be possible to send messages. So you see the Salem line was
+really quite long enough to satisfy the inventor, whose first
+instrument could convey sound only from the basement to the second
+story of a single building.
+
+Before long the reward that follows struggles and trials came to
+Alexander Graham Bell. The telephone went around the world because so
+many countries adopted it. Japan was the first, but she was followed
+quickly by others. It went to far off Abyssinia, where it is said the
+monkeys use the cables for swings and the elephants use the poles for
+scratching posts.
+
+Mr. Bell saw his invention enter every field of activity. It brought
+him riches and honor, but, more than all, it became a servant of
+mankind, and he could feel he had given a blessing to every class of
+people.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             _OUR COUNTRY!_
+
+"_And for your Country, boy, and for that Flag, never dream a dream
+but of serving her as she bids you, even though the service carry you
+through a thousand hells. No matter what happens to you, no matter who
+flatters you or who abuses you, never look at another flag, never let
+a night pass but you pray God to bless that Flag. Remember, boy, that
+behind officers and government, and people even, there is the Country
+Herself; your Country, and you belong to Her as you belong to your own
+mother. Stand by Her, boy, as you would stand by your mother._"
+
+                                                --EDWARD EVERETT HALE.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: EX-PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+Addressing the Home Defense League]
+
+
+
+
+THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+
+
+A little boy lived in the greatest city of the United States. He
+looked out from the windows of his home and saw tall buildings rising,
+story upon story, until they seemed to meet the sky. He saw narrow
+streets that twisted and turned in the queerest manner. Through these
+streets crowds of people were forever hurrying.
+
+There was no chance for this boy to run races, to play ball, to ride a
+horse, to row, or swim. He could not have a garden because the city
+lot on which his home stood was, like all the lots around it, just
+large enough for the house, so he had no yard.
+
+Where could he play and exercise? He was not strong, and his loving
+parents wanted him to grow into a healthy, hearty boy. Can you guess
+what they did for him? They turned their back porch into a gymnasium.
+Here he could have great sport and some hard work too. Hard, because
+at first he was so delicate he could not do what other boys did. He
+tried to climb the long pole that hung from the ceiling, but would
+slip back and have to begin all over again. However, he did not give
+up, but kept on trying until one day he reached the top. How proud he
+was! He grew so daring that the neighbors were frightened, but his
+mother only said, "If the Lord hadn't taken care of Theodore Roosevelt
+he would have been killed long ago."
+
+Fortunately not all his life was to be spent in the crowded city, for
+his parents bought a country home on Long Island overlooking Oyster
+Bay. Theodore went there in the summer and had a chance to live out of
+doors. He tramped the woods, knew all the birds, hunted coon, gathered
+walnuts, and fished in pools for minnows. But even with all these
+outdoor pastimes he was far from well. Often he had choking spells of
+asthma at night. Then his father would hitch a team of horses, wrap
+his little invalid boy up warmly, and, taking him in his arms, drive
+fifteen or twenty miles in the darkness. This was the only way he
+could get his breath.
+
+Twice his father and mother took him to Europe in the hope of
+improving his health. A playmate remembers him as "a tall, thin lad
+with bright eyes, and legs like pipe-stems." He was not able to go to
+school regularly, so missed the fun of being with other boys. Most of
+his studying was done at home under private teachers, and in this way
+he prepared for college.
+
+Theodore Roosevelt spent four years at Harvard University and was
+graduated in 1880. It had been his aim to develop good health and a
+strong body, as well as to succeed in his studies. This was a
+struggle, but he won the fight, and, in speaking of himself at the
+time of his leaving college, he says: "I determined to be strong and
+well and did everything to make myself so. By the time I entered
+Harvard, I was able to take part in whatever sports I liked. I
+wrestled and sparred, and I ran a great deal, and, although I never
+came in first, I got more out of the exercise than those who did,
+because I immensely enjoyed it and never injured myself."
+
+Some time after leaving college, the frontier life of the Wild West
+called him. The lonely and pathless plains thrilled him, and he became
+a ranchman. His new home was a log house called Elkhorn Ranch in North
+Dakota. Here he raised his own chickens, grew his own vegetables, and
+got fresh meat with his gun. He bought cattle until he had thousands
+of head, all bearing the brand of a Maltese Cross. No fences confined
+these cattle, and sometimes they would wander for hundreds of miles.
+Twice a year it was the custom to round up all the Maltese herds for
+the purpose of branding the calves and "cutting out" the cattle which
+were fat enough to be shipped to market.
+
+On these round-ups, Theodore Roosevelt did his share of the work.
+Often this meant he rode fifty miles in the morning before finding the
+cattle. By noon he and his cowboys would have driven many herds into
+one big herd moving towards a wagon that had come out from the ranch.
+This wagon brought food for the men, and Mr. Roosevelt has remarked,
+"No meals ever tasted better than those eaten out on the prairie."
+
+Dinner over, the work of branding and selecting could be done.
+Sometimes Mr. Roosevelt spent twenty-four hours at a stretch in the
+saddle, dismounting only to get a fresh pony. He did everything that
+his men did, and endured the hardship as well as the pleasure of
+ranch life. Often during the round-up he slept in the snow, wrapped in
+blankets, with no tent to shield him from the freezing cold.
+
+Although he kept Elkhorn Ranch for twelve years he gradually quit the
+cattle business and spent more and more time in New York City where he
+entered political life.
+
+But his vacations always found him in the West where his greatest
+pleasure was hunting. He hunted all over his ranch and through the
+Rocky Mountains beyond. Frequently he would go off alone with only a
+slicker, some hardtack, and salt behind his saddle, and his horse and
+rifle as his only companions. Once he had no water to drink for
+twenty-four hours and then had to use some from a muddy pool. But such
+adventures were sport for him, and he liked to see how much exposure
+he could stand. Then he would return to the East, rested and
+refreshed.
+
+When war between Spain and the United States was declared in 1898, Mr.
+Roosevelt was Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He resigned this
+office, saying, "I must get into the fight myself. It is a just war
+and the sooner we meet it, the better. Now that it has come I have no
+right to ask others to do the fighting while I stay at home."
+
+He decided to raise a regiment made up of men he had known in the
+West, together with adventure loving Easterners, and call them his
+"Rough Riders." He borrowed the name from the circus. The idea set
+the country aflame, and within a month the regiment was raised,
+equipped, and on Cuban soil. There was never a stranger group of men
+gathered together. Cowboys and Indians rode with eastern college boys
+and New York policemen. They were all ready to follow their leader,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt. They were full-blooded Americans. They
+believed in their country, and they obeyed their leader, not because
+they had to do so but because it was right that they should obey.
+
+The most important battle in which the Rough Riders engaged was that
+of San Juan Hill, July 1 and 2, 1898. This helped to decide the war.
+Roosevelt led the charge. His horse became entangled in a barb wire
+fence, but he jumped off, ran ahead, and still kept in front of his
+men. He lived up to his advice, "When in doubt, go ahead."
+
+At the close of the war, when the Rough Riders returned to the United
+States, they landed on Long Island and the country rang with applause.
+The men could talk of no one but their commander, Colonel Roosevelt.
+The last night in camp was given over to a great celebration, and when
+goodbyes were said, he told them, "Outside of my own family I shall
+always feel stronger ties exist between you and me than exist between
+me and anyone else on earth."
+
+After his bravery in the war, every one in the United States admired
+Theodore Roosevelt, and was glad to honor him. He was elected Governor
+of the State of New York. Two years later, when William McKinley was
+made president, Roosevelt was chosen as vice-president. He had held
+this office but three months when President McKinley was killed, and
+Theodore Roosevelt became president of the country he loved to serve.
+
+In 1904 he was elected president to succeed himself, and so for seven
+and one-half years he gave his energies to the greatest office in our
+country.
+
+When his duties in the White House ended, he went on a long hunting
+trip to South Africa. There he killed many strange and savage animals.
+These he had mounted and sent home to government museums so they could
+be observed and studied.
+
+Returning to the United States as a private citizen, he spent much
+time in writing, for he had always liked to set down his ideas and
+experiences. If you look in a library catalogue, you will find
+Theodore Roosevelt wrote more than twenty books during his life.
+
+He died at his Sagamore Hill home in 1920, after a life of vigorous
+activity to the last.
+
+So we see he was a cowboy, a hunter, an author, a soldier, and
+president, but it was not for any of these achievements alone that we
+honor Theodore Roosevelt. It is because he was first, last, and
+always, an American, eager to serve our country and follow its free
+flag.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+"_Speak softly and carry a big stick._"
+
+                                         ROOSEVELT'S FAVORITE PROVERB.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING ON A FAVORITE MOUNT]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN PERSHING
+
+
+For two long years we in America watched the progress of the great
+European War. Again and again, as we read the accounts of battles in
+which thousands of the brightest, best educated young men in Europe
+were cut down, we ardently prayed that we in America might escape the
+scourge of war. Protected by the broad Atlantic, we hoped that we
+might not be drawn into this vortex of destruction.
+
+Finally, all our hopes were blasted when Germany, with her sly
+submarines, began sinking our ships and drowning our citizens. As this
+was more than any honorable nation could endure, we, too, took up arms
+against Germany.
+
+No sooner had we entered the war than the task of raising a large army
+was earnestly begun, and within a few weeks training camps were
+established in every part of our country. After raising the army the
+next most important task was to find a general big enough to lead it.
+In this hour of need the nation turned to General John Pershing, and
+asked him to lead our boys on the bloody battle fields of Europe.
+
+As soon as he was chosen, General Pershing, better known as "Jack"
+Pershing, sailed for Europe. Days before he arrived the eyes of all
+Europe were turned in eager expectation, and as soon as he reached
+there, the people gave him a joyous welcome and extended to him every
+possible courtesy. From the first, Europe liked General Pershing.
+Tall, broad shouldered, deep-chested, with frank, clear eyes, he
+impressed all with the fact that he was indeed a soldier.
+
+The social life of London and Paris had small attraction for General
+Pershing; he was restless for the battle front that he might
+thoroughly learn the war game, so that he could better teach it to our
+American boys. For weeks, associating with French and English
+officers, he studied methods of modern warfare. As he was doing this a
+vast army of American boys landed in France, and it has now fallen to
+the lot of General Jack Pershing to lead these brave lads into the
+midst of the most deadly war of all time.
+
+Who then is Jack Pershing? Where did he come from, and what has he
+done that should merit the confidence thus placed in him?
+
+General Pershing was born in Linn County, Missouri, Sept. 13, 1860. As
+his parents were poor, young Jack, from very early in life, had to
+work hard. Able to attend school for only a few months each winter,
+the lad often longed for a better opportunity to get an education.
+Finally he was able to go for a term to the Normal School at
+Kirksville, Missouri. This was a proud day for him. But soon he had to
+quit school as his money had given out. Fortunately, he was able to
+pass the teacher's examination, and soon began teaching a country
+school. Now that he had a taste of knowledge, he resolved not to stop
+until he had secured a good education. Accordingly, he was soon back
+in the Normal School, where he was graduated at the age of twenty.
+
+In less than a month after his graduation, he learned of a competitive
+examination for entrance into West Point Military Academy. With no
+rich or influential friends to help him, the young normal graduate had
+little hope of getting into West Point. So excellent, however, were
+his examination papers that the poor Missouri boy was readily accepted
+and soon became a student in this great Military Academy. How
+fortunate that he was a hard working student and passed that
+examination, otherwise America today would be without General
+Pershing.
+
+Relieved of all financial burden, for the government paid all his
+expenses in West Point, he settled down to four years of hard work. So
+successful was he in this work that upon his graduation he was made
+senior cadet captain--the highest honor West Point can give to any
+student.
+
+Immediately after graduation he was sent into New Mexico and Arizona
+to help settle Indian difficulties. Life among the cowboys and Indians
+was indeed exciting, but perhaps his most exciting experience was with
+an Apache Chief by the name of Geronimo. This old chief, with his
+group of warriors, had defied the entire United States for two years.
+Finally he fled into Mexico and young Pershing with his army was sent
+in pursuit. Odd as it may seem, the old Indian chief took almost the
+same route through Mexico that Villa followed some thirty years later.
+No doubt General Pershing in his pursuit of Villa often thought of his
+experiences years before when after Geronimo and his warriors.
+
+After spending several years in the Southwest, at the age of thirty,
+he was made Professor of Military Tactics in the University of
+Nebraska. Here he remained four years during which time, in addition
+to his work as teacher, he completed the law course in the University.
+His next promotion pleased him greatly, for he was chosen a professor
+in his old school, West Point, where he remained but one year when the
+Cuban War broke out. Immediately he felt his country's call, and with
+the Tenth United States Cavalry sailed for Cuba.
+
+No sooner did he land than he found himself in the thick of the
+war. Among the hardest battles he was in were those at San Juan Hill
+and Santiago de Cuba. Twice during this war he was recommended for
+brevet commissions "for personal gallantry, untiring energy, and
+faithfulness." General Baldwin, under whom he served, had this to
+say of him, "I have been in many fights, through the Civil War, but
+Captain Pershing is the coolest man under fire I ever saw."
+
+At the close of the Cuban War he was made Commissioner of Insular
+Affairs with headquarters in Washington. Here he remained but a short
+time when again he heard his country's call and was sent to the far
+distant Philippine Islands.
+
+The task assigned him was by no means easy. On Mindanao, one of the
+larger islands in the group, lived the Moros. So cruel and fierce were
+they that during all the years Spain held the Islands she had never
+attempted to civilize them. To Pershing was given the task of going
+back into the mountains and capturing these Moros. To him was assigned
+the most stubborn problem the Islands presented.
+
+The best description of this Moro campaign is written by Rowland
+Thompson who says: "Up in the hills of western Mindanao some thirty
+miles from the sea, lies Lake Linao, and around it live one hundred
+thousand fierce, proud, uncivilized Mohammedans, a set of murderous
+farmers who loved a fight so well that they were willing at any time
+to die for the joy of combat, whose simple creed makes the killing of
+Christians a virtue.
+
+"Pershing warned the hot-head of them all, the Sultan, if there were
+any further trouble he would destroy their stronghold. The Sultan in
+his fortress, with walls of earth and living bamboo forty feet thick,
+laughed at the warning. In two days his fortress was in ruins. So
+skillful was Pershing's attack that he captured the stronghold with
+the loss of but two men."
+
+In a similar manner he later took stronghold after stronghold until
+finally all the Moros were conquered. Having subdued the Moros he was
+then made Governor of the Island, holding the office until he was
+sent to help settle the bandit difficulty on the Mexican border.
+
+In his journey from the Philippine Islands to the Mexican border,
+General Pershing was called upon to fight the hardest battle of his
+entire life. Leaving his wife and four children at the Presidio Hotel
+in San Francisco, he went to El Paso, Texas, to rent a house. While in
+El Paso he was shocked to get a telegram stating that the Presidio had
+burned and that his wife and three daughters had perished in the
+flames. Surely this was enough to crush an ordinary man, but again he
+showed the superior qualities of his manhood by bearing up bravely,
+and continuing faithfully to perform the responsible tasks assigned
+him.
+
+Though the Mexican trouble did not give General Pershing a chance to
+show his ability to lead men under fire, it did give him ample
+opportunity to convince his countrymen that he possessed remarkable
+skill in rounding up and developing a large army.
+
+During the World War, General Pershing was placed in command of the
+entire American Army in Europe and, through his wise council and able
+handling of his forces, was proclaimed one of the greatest officers
+who took part in this great war.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+"_Lafayette, we are here!_"
+
+                               --GENERAL PERSHING AT LAFAYETTE'S TOMB.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: EX-PRESIDENT WILLIAM H. TAFT
+At His Son's Wedding]
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT
+
+
+Most great men have been born poor. For one in early life to struggle
+with poverty seems to prepare him in later years to struggle with the
+big problems that make men great.
+
+To be born amid wealth too often has a softening effect. Pampered with
+all that money can buy, the rich lad looks to others rather than to
+his own efforts. Not so with William Howard Taft. Though he was born
+with a silver spoon in his mouth, as we sometimes say, and fortune
+smiled upon him, he was never spoiled; but on the contrary he early
+developed a capacity for hard work, and a willingness to take rather
+than avoid hard knocks. These, as we shall see, insured his success in
+later life.
+
+Born as he was in a beautiful home in the aristocratic section of
+Cincinnati, his boyhood surroundings were almost ideal. Not only was
+his home provided with every comfort, but it also was one in which
+culture and refinement reigned. When you are told that young William's
+father held the following positions, Judge of the Superior Court of
+Cincinnati, Secretary of War under President Grant, Attorney General,
+Minister to Austria and to Russia, you will readily see that the lad's
+home life was truly stimulating.
+
+As you study the picture of Mr. Taft, you will observe that he is an
+extremely large man, weighing nearly three hundred pounds. Unlike
+many men, he did not become fleshy in his maturer years, but from his
+boyhood has been large and, as the boys say, fat. When a mere lad he
+was a plump, chubby, roly-poly chap who was always liked because he
+was so good-natured. Can you guess the nicknames the other boys gave
+him? Sometimes they called him "Lubber," but most of the time he was
+hailed simply as "Lub." Big, over-grown boys are sure to be awkward,
+and "Lub" was no exception. If he started to run across a field with
+the other boys, he was sure to fall. When they turned to gather him
+up, they would fairly roll with laughter, declaring that he was too
+fat to see where he was stepping. The fact that when he fell he was
+sure "to land on his head," caused the boys to call him "Lead-Head and
+Cotton-Body."
+
+When he entered the Woodward High School, the boys changed his
+nickname from "Lub" to "Old Bill" and later to plain "Bill." In high
+school he was too fat to run, too slow for baseball, and didn't care
+for football.
+
+At seventeen he had graduated from high school and was about to enter
+Yale. Can you imagine him as he enters that great University? With
+beardless cheeks that were as red as an apple, and able to tip the
+scales at two hundred thirty pounds, he seemed indeed a giant. No
+longer was he chubby and awkward; he was now broad shouldered, tall
+and sure of step. His muscles were so firm that he was a hard
+antagonist for anyone.
+
+Hardly had he entered school before he got "mixed up" in one of the
+many college rushes of those days. In that particular rush Taft went
+crashing through the sophomores like a catapult. One, a man of his own
+weight, leaped in front of him. Then Taft let forth a joyous roar and
+charged! He grappled with the other Ajax, lifted him bodily, and
+heaved him over his head. No wonder he got the nickname of "Bull
+Taft."
+
+Of course a chap capable of such a feat must join the football squad,
+said the fellows of the University. But Bill's father back in
+Cincinnati had entirely different plans for the giant freshman. He was
+eager to have his son win his laurels in the classroom rather than on
+the gridiron. The father, while in Yale, had won honors, and why
+shouldn't his son? Furthermore, Bill had some pride, for already his
+brother had carried away from Yale high honors in scholarship, and, if
+possible, Bill was not to be outdone by his brother. Accordingly, he
+settled down to four years of downright hard work, and "from day to
+day, lesson by lesson, he slowly made his way close to the head of the
+class."
+
+That he acquired, while in college, a relish for hard work is shown by
+the fact that as soon as he had graduated he undertook three jobs at
+the same time: he studied law in his father's law office, carried the
+regular work of the Cincinnati Law School, and was court reporter for
+_The Times Star_ of Cincinnati.
+
+So rapid was his achievement that at the age of twenty-four he was
+made Internal Revenue Collector at a salary of $4500 a year. Surely
+this was a good salary for a man so young. But other promotions were
+destined to come in close succession; for, at the age of twenty-nine
+he was made Judge of the Superior Court of Ohio, and a year later was
+appointed by President Harrison Solicitor-General of the United States
+at a salary of $7000 a year.
+
+After three years of service as a Solicitor-General, President
+Harrison made him Judge of the Federal Court of the Sixth Circuit that
+included Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. As judge of this
+court, several of the most famous cases in our history came before
+him, and in every case his power of analysis was so manifest, and his
+decision so just that the entire nation learned to look to him with
+confidence. Into his court came, on the one hand employers who were
+eager for every possible advantage, and were willing to crush labor in
+order to gain it; and on the other hand laborers who distrusted their
+employers and were morbid and resentful. To preside over a court where
+force was thus meeting force, where battle lines were distinctly drawn
+was no small task. Mr. Taft, however, since he was always fair and
+kind, since he possessed largeness of vision and pureness of soul, was
+big enough for the task.
+
+At this time in Judge Taft's life he seems to have had but one
+ambition--he desired to become a Judge of the Supreme Court of the
+United States. But while he was eagerly looking in that direction,
+his nation was preparing other and greater tasks for him.
+
+Far across the broad Pacific lie the Philippine Islands--more than
+three thousand of them. On these islands live eight million people. As
+a result of our war with Spain these islands came into our possession;
+but what were we to do with them? Representing as they did every stage
+of development from University graduates to Moro headhunters, the task
+of governing them was indeed difficult.
+
+Who should be assigned this task? Where was a man big enough to bring
+order out of confusion and mould these widely divergent tribes into a
+unified colony?
+
+President McKinley and those in authority with him finally decided
+that Judge Taft was the man for the place. Accordingly, he was soon
+seen on the broad Pacific hurrying to the task that awaited him. From
+island to island he and his commissioners journeyed studying
+conditions. Everywhere he found the people suspicious and eager to
+state their grievances. Naturally kind, frank and fair, he so won
+their confidence that he was soon able to direct their efforts. It is
+impossible here to tell of his remarkable work in the Islands. As
+Governor-General he greatly reduced the death rate by introducing
+sanitary conditions; he established and developed a free public school
+system, and, most important of all, he trained the Filipinos in the
+art of self government.
+
+From Governor-General of the Philippines Mr. Taft was made Secretary
+of War. Fortunately, his experiences in the Islands, in a peculiar
+manner, fitted him for this new responsibility; for, during his entire
+sojourn in the Philippines he had come in closest contact with the
+soldiers. As they at all times were his closest companions, he learned
+to understand them perfectly. Able to get their viewpoint on all
+matters pertaining to war, he was able to secure from the start the
+highest possible cooperation. His greatest single task as Secretary of
+War was to finish building the Panama Canal, and indeed this was a
+task; but the Big Man kept at the big job until finally it was
+completed.
+
+But the crowning event in the life of this great man was his election
+to the presidency of the United States. Here he was the same frank,
+genuine man he had always been. Had he been more of a politician he,
+no doubt, would have gained greater popular favor, but, after all, the
+approval of the multitudes is not the highest goal to be sought. Above
+this is fidelity to duty, and this Mr. Taft always possessed in an
+unusual degree.
+
+With the completion of his term in the White House he did not withdraw
+from active life as so many ex-presidents have done; on the contrary,
+he became at once a member of the faculty of his beloved Yale
+University.
+
+During the great World War, Mr. Taft was made director of the American
+Red Cross Association, and in 1920 he became the Chief Justice of the
+United States Supreme Court.
+
+
+
+
+LUTHER BURBANK
+
+
+To whom does Luther Burbank belong? Massachusetts, in old New England,
+claims him as her son. But far to the west, proud California, kissed
+by the majestic Pacific, declares that he more truly belongs to her.
+But why argue? A man whose life has so materially blessed mankind
+everywhere belongs to the whole world. Recently, in far way France,
+when the name of Mr. Burbank was spoken in the Chamber of Deputies in
+Paris, every member arose to his feet as a tribute of honor.
+
+But why do we all claim Luther Burbank? Why is his name a household
+word in every country? Because, without him, the world today would no
+doubt be hungry.
+
+Mr. Burbank was born almost beneath the shadow of Bunker Hill Monument
+on the seventh day of March, 1849. When able to toddle about, his
+playmates were plants rather than animals. Oddly enough his first doll
+was a cactus plant that he carried about proudly until one day he fell
+and broke it.
+
+As a boy he was not strong, and did not like the rougher sports. In
+school he was bashful, retiring, and serious. Though a good student he
+could neither recite well nor speak pieces, as he was afraid even of
+his own voice.
+
+[Illustration: LUTHER BURBANK
+World Famous Plant Wizard]
+
+When he was just a lad he was taken out of school and put to work in a
+plow factory that belonged to his uncle. But he did not like the
+factory. Often he longed for the out of doors with its plants and
+flowers. So strong was this desire for the out of doors that he left
+the factory and began truck gardening on a small scale; and it was
+while caring for this truck garden that he developed the Burbank
+potato, thus achieving his first success. So valuable was this
+discovery that the United States Department of Agriculture declares
+that the Burbank potato has added to the wealth of this country
+seventeen million dollars each year since this variety was developed.
+
+When twenty-six years of age, Mr. Burbank decided that the climate and
+soil of far-away California were best suited to his work. Accordingly,
+with ten of his best potatoes, and his small savings, he started
+across the continent. When his journey was ended he found himself in a
+fertile but unimproved valley about fifty miles north of San
+Francisco. On either side of this beautiful valley were spurs of the
+Coast Range Mountains.
+
+His first task was to find work, but as few people at that time lived
+in the region, jobs were hard to get. In speaking of this period of
+his life, Mr. Burbank says: "One day I heard that a man was building a
+house. I went to him and asked him for the job of shingling it. He
+asked me what I would do it for. The regular price was two dollars and
+a half a thousand, but I was so anxious for the work that I offered to
+do it for one dollar and seventy-five cents. 'All right,' he said,
+'come and begin tomorrow.' But I had no shingling hammer and all the
+cash I had in the world was seventy-five cents, which I at once
+expended in purchasing the necessary hammer. Next morning when I
+reached the job, my new hammer in hand, all ready to go to work, I was
+surprised and--what shall I say--dismayed, to find another man already
+at work, while the owner calmly came to me and said, 'I guess you'll
+have to let that job go, as this man here has undertaken to do it for
+one dollar a thousand.'
+
+"How disappointed I was! I had spent my last cent, had a hammer that
+was no use to me now, and no job. But I kept a stiff upper lip and
+work soon came, and I've never been so hard up since."
+
+Mr. Harwood in describing this period in the life of Mr. Burbank says:
+"The man who was to become the foremost figure in the world in his
+line of work, and who was to pave the way by his own discoveries and
+creations for others of all lands to follow his footsteps, was a
+stranger in a strange land, close to starvation, penniless, beset by
+disease, hard by the gates of death. But never for an instant did this
+heroic figure lose hope, never did he abandon confidence in himself
+nor did he swerve from the path he had marked out. In the midst of all
+he kept an unshaken faith. He accepted the trials that came, not as a
+matter of course, not tamely, nor with any mock heroism, but as a
+passing necessity. His resolution was of iron, his will of steel, his
+heart of gold; he was fighting in the splendid armor of a clean
+life."
+
+As a result of his industry, in a few years, Mr. Burbank was able to
+buy four acres of land where he started a nursery. From the first this
+enterprise was successful. Upon this plot he built a modest home where
+he still resides. Here, and on a larger plot a few miles distant, all
+his remarkable experiments have been made.
+
+Before we learn more about his achievements I am sure we should like
+to become better acquainted with the man. Suppose, then, we invite
+Professor Edward Wickson of the University of California, who knows
+him well, to tell us about him.
+
+"Mr. Burbank is of medium stature and rather slender form; light eyes
+and dark hair, now rapidly running to silver. His countenance is very
+mobile, lighting up quickly and as quickly receding to the seriousness
+of earnest attention, only to rekindle with a smile or relax into a
+laugh, if the subject be in the lighter vein. He is exceedingly quick
+in apprehension, seeming to anticipate the speaker, but never
+intruding upon his speech. There is always a suggestion of shyness in
+his manner, and there is ever present a deep respectfulness. He is
+frank, open-hearted, and out-spoken. All his actions are artless and
+quiet; even the modulations of his voice follow the lower keys."
+
+But, you ask, what marvelous things has this modest man done that
+should make his name a household word the world over?
+
+All truly great people have high ideals that guide them in their work.
+The one ideal that guides Mr. Burbank is his love for humanity.
+Naturally sympathetic, he cannot endure the thought of human
+suffering.
+
+Since so much human misery is due to lack of food, to hunger, he has
+resolved if possible to make the world produce more bread. But how can
+he do this? If only he can get each head of wheat to produce just one
+additional grain then the problem will be solved--for then the wheat
+crop of this country will be increased five million two hundred
+thousand bushels. Year after year he worked at this task until finally
+each head of wheat actually did produce more grains. Now that he has
+succeeded in increasing the yield of wheat, he has resolved not to
+stop until the yield of all the cereals is increased in a like
+manner.
+
+By what principle, then, does he accomplish these marvelous feats?
+What are his methods? Eager as we are to understand them, doubtless
+most of us must wait until we have learned a great deal about science,
+for his methods are extremely scientific.
+
+Though unable to comprehend his methods, we are able to appreciate the
+results of his work. So marvelous are these results that they seem
+like fairy tales. For example, he has developed a white blackberry;
+but this is not all, he has developed blackberry plants so large that
+a single plant produces more than a bushel of berries.
+
+I am sure that we all like strawberries so well that sometimes we have
+wished that the strawberry season were not so short; and in the future
+it will not be, for he has produced plants that bear strawberries all
+summer.
+
+Mr. Burbank, knowing that boys and girls are likely to hit their
+fingers cracking walnuts, has developed a walnut with a very thin
+shell, so thin in fact that the birds can break through it and help
+themselves to the meat. Now he has to thicken the shell again.
+
+How should you like to eat a peach that had, instead of the ordinary
+stone, a fine almond in the center? In the future you may eat just
+such peaches, for Mr. Burbank has developed them.
+
+Most of us have seen the ordinary cactus. We have been very careful,
+however, not to touch it as the spines are sure to prick us. It is
+interesting to know that the cactus is a desert plant--that, though
+millions of acres of arid land in the West can produce little else,
+they can produce enormous quantities of cactus. Unfortunately, these
+plants have always been useless as neither man nor beast would eat
+them. True, cattle liked them, but the cruel spines made the eating of
+them impossible.
+
+As good pasture lands are so scarce in the West, Mr. Burbank wondered
+why a cactus could not be developed that had no spines. Accordingly,
+he began his work, and already has accomplished results far greater
+than he had expected. Not only has he developed spineless cactus, thus
+redeeming millions of acres of desert land for the use of animals, but
+he has also developed scores of varieties that are pleasing to the
+taste of man. Some taste like the cantaloupe, others like the peach,
+and still others like the plum or pomegranate. Fortunately, they ripen
+at all times during the year and can be carried to every part of the
+country without decaying en route. Through the efforts of Mr. Burbank
+the hitherto worthless cactus has become the most promising fruit of
+the desert.
+
+Just as Mr. Burbank has improved the wheat, the blackberry, the
+strawberry, the peach, and the cactus, so he has increased the yield
+and improved the quality of practically every cereal, fruit, and
+vegetable.
+
+True, he has not made a great fortune for himself, but a knowledge
+that tens of thousands who otherwise might go hungry are, because of
+his efforts, fed, must give him a satisfaction that is far greater
+than money could give. And, after all, doesn't true greatness lie in
+giving to others rather than in gathering to one's self?
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+_"And he gave it as his opinion, that whoever could make two ears of
+corn, or two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot of ground where only
+one grew before, would deserve better of mankind and do more essential
+service to his country, than the whole race of politicians put
+together."_
+
+                                                         --DEAN SWIFT.
+
+
+
+
+CLARA BARTON
+
+
+In the little Maryland village of Glen Echo, a frail, gentle old lady
+was taking leave of this world one April day, in the year 1912. She
+was greatly beloved and many friends from every state in the Union
+sent her words of comfort and cheer. They praised her noble work and
+called her "The Guardian Angel" of the suffering, but the little old
+lady looked into the faces of those about her and said, "I know of
+nothing remarkable that I have done."
+
+She was Clara Barton, the woman who brought the Red Cross to our
+country; but, being accustomed to working always for others, her
+labors did not seem great or unusual to her. Today we know she is one
+of the heroines of the world, for she believed in the brotherhood of
+man, and her aim was to relieve suffering humanity, irrespective of
+nationality or creed.
+
+Her childhood was a happy, joyous one spent in the little village of
+North Oxford, Massachusetts. She was the youngest child of a large
+family, and her brothers and sisters were very proud of her because
+she learned so rapidly and because she was never afraid of anything.
+She would follow her oldest brother about the house with a slate,
+begging him to give her hard sums to do. Out of doors she was eager
+for adventure; her brother David often said, "Clara is never afraid,
+she can ride any colt on the farm," and often he would throw her on
+the bare back of a young horse and cry, "Hold fast to the mane," and
+away she would gallop over the fields.
+
+[Illustration: CLARA BARTON
+Founder of the American Red Cross]
+
+Winter evenings the family would gather about the great fireplace in
+the living room and listen to the father tell of his experiences on
+the battle fields of the Revolutionary War. He had been a soldier
+under the dashing General Anthony Wayne, called "Mad Anthony" Wayne,
+because of his reckless daring. Clara was thrilled by these stories of
+army life, and never tired of hearing her father recount them.
+
+When Clara was eleven years of age, her brother David had a terrible
+fall, and for more than two years he was a helpless invalid. At once
+she became his nurse and he relied upon her for all manner of service,
+preferring her to his older sister or even his mother. "Clara is a
+born nurse," said the family, as they saw the care she was giving the
+boy, and indeed she was. It was a joy to her to wait upon the sick,
+and she considered it no hardship to sacrifice herself.
+
+When David was well, Clara went to school and prepared herself to
+teach. Her scholars found her an able teacher and liked her ways of
+instructing them. We know this to be true, because when she opened her
+first school she had only six pupils, but her fame spread so rapidly
+that when June came six hundred children had entered her classes and
+were much disappointed when they found she could not teach them all
+but had to have assistant teachers.
+
+The strain of planning for so many pupils was too heavy for her, so
+she gave up teaching and took a position in the pension office at
+Washington. She was there at the beginning of the great war between
+the North and South, and at once felt it to be her duty to leave her
+work and minister to the wounded soldiers.
+
+At first she busied herself in the hospitals at Washington, but she
+longed to go to the front and help on the battle fields. She told her
+father of her strong desire, and he said to her, "Go, if you feel it
+your duty to go! I know what soldiers are, and I know that every true
+soldier will respect you and your errand."
+
+At last our government gave her permission, and she went to the front
+as fearless as any officer in the army. Amid the rain of shot and
+shell she went about on errands of mercy. Then there was no organized
+relief for the soldiers, no Red Cross, no Y. M. C. A., no help of any
+kind except what kind persons here and there over the country tried to
+give. This was very little, when compared to the vast amount of
+suffering, but Clara Barton managed to gather supplies and money so
+that she was able to give assistance to both the boys in blue and the
+boys in gray. She saved many lives, she wrote countless letters home
+for wounded soldiers, and she stood alone by the death-bed of many a
+brave fellow, speaking words of comfort and cheer. Whenever anyone
+suggested that she was working beyond her strength, she would say, "It
+is my duty," and go on regardless of her personal welfare. One of her
+best friends, Miss Lucy Larcom, wrote of her as follows:
+
+"We may catch a glimpse of her at Chantilly in the darkness of the
+rainy midnight, bending over a dying boy who took her supporting arm
+and soothing voice for his sister's--or falling into a brief sleep on
+the wet ground in her tent, almost under the feet of flying cavalry;
+or riding in one of her trains of army-wagons towards another field,
+subduing by the way a band of mutinous teamsters into her firm friends
+and allies; or at the terrible battle at Antietam, where the regular
+army supplies did not arrive till three days afterward, furnishing
+from her wagons cordials and bandages for the wounded, making gruel
+for the fainting men from the meal in which her medicines had been
+packed, extracting with her own hand a bullet from the cheek of a
+wounded soldier, tending the fallen all day, with her throat parched
+and her face blackened by sulphurous smoke, and at night, when the
+surgeons were dismayed at finding themselves left with only one
+half-burnt candle, amid thousands of bleeding, dying men, illuming the
+field with candles and lanterns her forethought had supplied. No
+wonder they called her 'The Angel of the Battle Field'."
+
+After the war, President Lincoln asked her to search for the thousands
+of men who were missing. She at once visited the prisons, helped the
+prisoners to regain their health, and get in touch with their
+families. Besides this, she searched the National Cemeteries and had
+grave stones put over many of the graves telling who were buried
+there. This work took four years, and at the end of it she was so
+broken in health that she went abroad for a long rest.
+
+While she was in Switzerland she heard first of the Red Cross Society
+and attended a meeting called to establish an International Society.
+Twenty-four nations were represented at the meeting, but the United
+States was not among that number. For some years it refused to join.
+Miss Barton devoted herself to showing our government that in joining
+the International Red Cross we would not be entangling ourselves in
+European affairs but would be working for the good of all men. At
+last, in 1887, she won her victory, and the United States signed the
+agreement of the Red Cross Society. This is called the Treaty of
+Geneva.
+
+When the first meeting was held in Geneva, Switzerland, there were
+persons present who found fault with the plan. They said the world
+should do away with warfare instead of caring for those it injured.
+But the Swiss President said it would take a long time for the world
+to learn to do without warfare. He believed the Red Cross would help
+to bring about the era of peace by caring for the afflicted and
+relieving the horror of war. The terrible struggle in Europe is
+showing us the truth of his words, for, when we hear about the
+frightful happenings, all the glory and grandeur of warfare fade
+away.
+
+A man who sees far into the future, has written, "Some day the Red
+Cross will triumph over the cannon. The future belongs to all helpful
+powers, however humble, for two allies are theirs, suffering humanity
+and merciful God."
+
+Clara Barton, who also could look beyond her day, saw another use for
+the Red Cross besides war service. She said: "It need not apply to the
+battle field alone, but we should help all those who need our help."
+So the American Red Cross passed an amendment to the effect that its
+work should apply to all suffering from fires, floods, famine,
+earthquake, and other forms of disaster. This amendment was finally
+adopted by all nations.
+
+At the time of the Spanish War, Miss Barton was seventy years old, but
+she went to Cuba and did heroic work. When the Galveston flood
+occurred she was eighty, but she went to the stricken community and
+helped in every way. After giving up her active work, she retired to
+Glen Echo and spent the remainder of her days quietly, always
+interested in the great cause to which she had given her life.
+
+We know what the American Red Cross does for our soldiers, and
+whenever we see its emblem we should think of Clara Barton, as a
+"Noble type of good, heroic womanhood; one who was kind, humane, and
+helpful to all peoples, one who longed for the time when suffering and
+horror should pass away."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE W. GOETHALS
+Builder of the Panama Canal]
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE W. GOETHALS
+
+
+The men who worked on the Panama Canal used to sing this little song
+of their own composing:
+
+             "See Colonel Goethals,
+             Tell Colonel Goethals,
+             It's the only right and proper thing to do.
+             Just write a letter, or even better,
+             Arrange a little Sunday interview."
+
+Colonel George W. Goethals was the chief engineer of the canal, and
+when he arrived in Panama he found that many of the men were
+discontented. They felt they were not treated fairly. Now there were
+sixty-five thousand persons employed there, and Colonel Goethals knew
+that if they were not kept well and in good spirits the great work
+would never be completed. So he said he would be in his office every
+Sunday morning at seven o'clock. Then, any man or woman who had a
+complaint could come and tell him about it. He was so wise, and
+decided the cases with such fairness that the men came to believe in
+their new chief and were anxious to serve him.
+
+It was when Theodore Roosevelt was President of the United States that
+Colonel Goethals was sent to Panama. President Roosevelt was anxious
+to have our dream of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama come true,
+but many persons in our country as well as in other parts of the world
+told him it was foolish to spend money on such an uncertain
+undertaking. They said the great slides of gravel and sand along the
+sides of the canal could never be stopped. They said the locks would
+never work. President Roosevelt paid no attention to these comments,
+but selected Colonel Goethals because he was sure he could build the
+canal.
+
+Colonel Goethals cared as little as President Roosevelt for the
+opinion that the task was impossible. In fact, he told the President:
+"Say nothing to such doubting persons. By and by we will answer them
+with the canal."
+
+We know that he did give such an answer. He built the canal right
+through the red shifting hills of sand that threatened to slide down
+and choke his work. He cut away a jungle so the banks of the canal
+could be kept free and open. But best of all, he taught order to the
+men who worked under him, and they found out that he believed in them,
+he believed in the work that he was doing, and he believed in the
+Government of the United States. No wonder they made a song about him
+and praised his splendid leadership.
+
+As his title tells us, Colonel Goethals belongs to the regular army.
+Until he was appointed as the chief engineer of the Panama Canal, no
+military man had been in charge there. The men working on the canal
+were performing civil duties, and in no way resembled soldiers. When
+they heard a regular army officer was coming down, they did not like
+the idea of having to obey just as if they were soldiers. Many of the
+foremen and officials told their men they would have to spend their
+time saluting Colonel Goethals and standing at attention with their
+little fingers against the seams of their trousers.
+
+During the first days of his stay in Panama, a banquet was given in
+honor of Colonel Goethals, for the men felt they must entertain their
+new chief, though they were not friendly to him.
+
+At this banquet, they cheered the former engineer, John G. Stevens,
+and did not applaud Colonel Goethals when he appeared. However he was
+exceedingly polite and did not notice their bad manners. The men had
+expected to see him wear a full dress uniform, and you can imagine how
+surprised they were when they saw him dressed in citizens' clothes.
+Never once while he was in Panama did Colonel Goethals appear in
+uniform.
+
+After the banquet there was a program of speeches. Each speaker made
+cutting remarks about the new military control, but the Colonel did
+not seem to notice their insults. At last it was his time to speak. He
+said only a few words, but they changed the minds of his hearers. He
+told them they were all there to build the canal. They were working
+for their government, the United States of America. He wanted no
+salutes, but he wanted work. This pleased the men and they were
+ashamed of their impoliteness.
+
+The Colonel's first act was to organize the workmen into three
+divisions, the Atlantic, the Central, and the Pacific.
+
+He put each under a superintendent. Then he stirred up contests
+between these divisions. He would tell the men on the Pacific division
+how rapidly the men on the Atlantic division were digging or putting
+in concrete. Of course, each division wanted to make the best showing,
+and the men were always eager to get the Canal Record, a small weekly
+newspaper, so they could read the scores of the different divisions.
+These scores grew to be more exciting than those of ball games, and
+the men worked hard and well.
+
+They liked Colonel Goethals and whenever he went by they saluted him;
+not with the army salute which they had scorned, but by waving their
+hands, lifting their caps, and greeting him with a smile on their lips
+and in their eyes.
+
+They felt free to talk to him because they knew he was their friend.
+Shortly after he started his Sunday morning office hours, some of the
+lowest paid men told him that their bosses swore at them all day and
+used the worst kind of language. At once he sent the following order
+out all over the Canal Zone.
+
+                            PROFANE LANGUAGE
+
+                                       Culebra, C. Z. Aug. 4, 1911
+
+    Circular No. 400:
+
+    The use of profane or abusive language by foremen or others in
+    authority, when addressing subordinates, will not be
+    tolerated.
+
+                                         Geo. W. Goethals,
+                                    Chairman and Chief Engineer.
+
+Some of the foreman did not talk much for a while, they had been so
+used to swearing, but the Colonel's orders were obeyed.
+
+The work then moved along smoothly and Colonel Goethals was looking
+forward to the end of his labors, when one day an engineer on the
+Panama Railroad paid no attention to the signals and let his train run
+into the rear coaches of another train, killing the conductor.
+
+This engineer was drunk, and it is against the rules of any railroad
+for an intoxicated person to be in its employ. Colonel Goethals had
+the engineer arrested and put in jail. However, the man belonged to a
+labor union, and this union sent a committee demanding that he release
+the engineer by seven o'clock that evening. If he did not, they would
+order all the men working along the canal to strike. This meant that
+the work on the canal would stop, and it might be weeks before it
+would be resumed. They would wait, they said, for his answer until
+seven o'clock that evening. Colonel Goethals listened to the
+committee, then shook hands with them and went to his home.
+
+Seven o'clock came, then eight. The committee was worried. They
+telephoned Colonel Goethals and asked for his answer. He replied in
+surprise that they had it. They said it had not reached them. He
+reminded them that they intended to strike at seven o'clock if the man
+was not released, and then said, "It is now eight o'clock; if you call
+the penitentiary, you will find the man is still there."
+
+The leaders did not want to strike. They had expected to make Colonel
+Goethals do what they wanted. Then they said, "Do you want to tie up
+the work down here, Colonel"?
+
+"I am not tying it up," he told them. "You are. You forget that this
+is not a private enterprise, but a government job."
+
+When asked what he was going to do, his answer was: "Any man not at
+work tomorrow morning will be given his transportation to the United
+States. He will go out on the first steamer and he will never come
+back."
+
+There was only one man who had failed to report, and he sent a
+doctor's certificate saying he was too sick to work. There were no
+more strikes.
+
+In May, 1913, a Congressman introduced a bill into the House of
+Representatives providing for the promotion of Colonel Goethals from
+Colonel to Major-General as a reward for his services in building the
+canal. At once Colonel Goethals wrote the gentleman saying he
+appreciated his kindness but he did not believe he should be singled
+out for such an honor. There were many men, he said, who had done
+great work in Panama, and they, as well as himself, felt repaid for
+their services not only by their salary but by the honor of being
+connected with such a wonderful task. He said also that the United
+States Government had educated and trained him so it was but right
+that it should have his services. The bill was withdrawn and Colonel
+Goethals was satisfied.
+
+When we look at the life of this successful man it seems as if all the
+years before his going to the Canal Zone were but a preparation for
+the great feat that awaited him there. He was always eager to work,
+and when he was a little boy in New York City he earned his first
+money by doing errands. At that time he was eleven years of age, but
+by the time he was fifteen he was the cashier and bookkeeper in a
+market. Other boys spent their time playing ball, but he worked after
+school and every Saturday. He was paid five dollars a week. His first
+hope was to be a physician, but the steady indoor work had weakened
+his health and he decided to become a soldier. He thought the
+excellent military training would make him well and strong, so he
+passed the examinations for West Point Military Academy.
+
+As he knew no one there, George Goethals' entry into the famous school
+was but little noticed. However, as the months and years passed, every
+one there was proud to claim him as a pupil or classmate.
+
+There are three great honors to be won at West Point. Any man who wins
+one of these is called an honor man, and the entire school looks up to
+him. The first honor is to have the highest grade as a student. The
+second is to be named a leader and an officer over all the rest of the
+class. The third is to be chosen for an office by one's classmates
+because they like him. George W. Goethals won all three of these. He
+was an honor man in his studies; his teachers chose him as one of the
+four captains taken from his class; and this same class elected him
+president in his senior year.
+
+With such a school record it is not at all surprising that Colonel
+Goethals made steady progress in the army and so was considered by
+President Roosevelt to be the one person who could build the canal.
+Since its completion, this able soldier has continued to serve his
+country, and when President Wilson declared we were in a state of war
+with Germany, Colonel Goethals was among the first persons summoned to
+help plan and supervise the great war program; for at the root of his
+success lies loyalty,--loyalty to his work, to his fellow men, and to
+the Government of the United States.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+                          _CHILDREN'S PLEDGE_
+
+              _I pledge allegiance to my Flag
+                And to the Republic for which it stands;
+              One Nation indivisible,
+                With liberty and justice for all._
+
+
+
+
+JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY
+
+
+On one of the more modest streets of Indianapolis there lived, in
+1916, an invalid. He was a man sixty-two years of age, with a genial
+face that had not been hardened by his years of suffering. This man,
+though living in a modest home and a confirmed invalid, had the rare
+distinction of being the most beloved man in America. While all
+classes loved him, the children loved him most; and fortunately they
+did not wait until he was dead to show their love. One of the nice
+things they used to do was to send him post cards on his birthdays.
+Sometimes he would get, on a single birthday, as many as a thousand
+cards from school children in all parts of the country.
+
+While he could not answer all these cards, he did his best to let them
+know that he appreciated their kindly attention, as the following
+letter shows:
+
+                "To the School Children of Indianapolis:
+
+  "You are conspirators--every one of you, that's what you are! You
+  have conspired to inform the general public of my birthday, and I
+  am already so old that I want to forget all about it. But I will
+  be magnanimous and forgive you, for I know that your intent is
+  really friendly, and to have such friends as you are makes
+  me--don't care how old I am! In fact it makes me so glad and
+  happy that I feel as absolutely young and spry as a very
+  schoolboy--even as one of you--and so to all intents I am.
+
+  "Therefore let me be with you throughout the long, lovely day, and
+  share your mingled joys and blessings with your parents and your
+  teachers, and, in the words of little Tim Cratchit: 'God bless us,
+  every one.'
+
+                              Ever gratefully and faithfully
+                                                Your old friend,
+                                            James Whitcomb Riley."
+
+[Illustration: JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY
+The "Hoosier" Poet]
+
+On one of his birthdays the school children of Indianapolis decided to
+march in a great throng by his house and greet him as he sat by his
+window in an invalid's chair. To their sorrow, when this birthday came
+it rained hard all day--so hard that they could not think of going out
+in the storm. But in the high school was a group of pupils who decided
+that no storm could keep them from showing their love. Accordingly,
+early in the evening, in the pouring rain, they gathered about his
+home and in clear, ringing tones sang several of his beautiful poems
+that had been set to music. So delighted was the great poet that he
+invited them in and they packed his large sitting room. And what an
+hour they had together! As they sang he forgot his suffering and was
+young again. Before they left he recited several of his poems in such
+a pleasing and impressive manner that I am sure those present will
+never forget it. One of these, and one which is a great favorite, is
+entitled _The Old Swimmin'-Hole_.
+
+                         THE OLD SWIMMIN'-HOLE
+
+     Oh! the old swimmin'-hole! Whare the crick so still and deep
+     Looked like a baby-river that was laying half asleep,
+     And the gurgle of the worter round the drift jest below
+     Sounded like the laugh of something we onc't ust to know
+     Before we could remember anything but the eyes
+     Of the angels lookin' out as we left Paradise;
+     But the merry days of Youth is beyond our controle,
+     And it's hard to part ferever with the old swimmin'-hole.
+
+     Oh! the old swimmin'-hole! In the happy days of yore,
+     When I ust to lean above it on the old sickamore,
+     Oh! it showed me a face in its warm sunny tide
+     That gazed back at me so gay and glorified,
+     It made me love myself, as I leaped to caress
+     My shadder smilin' up at me with sich tenderness.
+     But them days is past and gone, and old Time's tuck his toll
+     From the old man come back to the old swimmin'-hole.
+
+     Oh! the old swimmin'-hole! In the long, lazy days
+     When the hum-drum of school made so many run-a-ways,
+     How pleasant was the jurney down the old dusty lane,
+     Whare the tracks of our bare feet was all printed so plane
+     You could tell by the dent of the heel and the sole
+     They was lots o' fun on hands at the old swimmin'-hole
+     But the lost joys is past! Let your tears in sorrow roll
+     Like the rain that ust to dapple up the old swimmin'-hole.
+
+     Oh! the old swimmin'-hole! When I last saw the place,
+     The scenes was all changed, like the change in my face;
+     The bridge of the railroad now crosses the spot
+     Whare the old divin'-log lays sunk and fergot.
+     And I stray down the banks whare the trees ust to be--
+     But never again will theyr shade shelter me!
+     And I wish in my sorrow I could strip to the soul,
+     And dive off in my grave like, the old swimmin'-hole.
+
+Though Mr. Riley is no longer with us, he still has the same big place
+in our hearts. Why do we love him so? Is it not because he was able to
+reach our hearts as few have done; because he was able in all his
+poems to speak the word that we needed most?
+
+James Whitcomb Riley was born at Greenfield, Indiana, in 1853. His
+father was a lawyer and farmer combined. While he did the legal work
+of the village, he also owned a farm at the edge of town. As he was a
+good speaker he was in constant demand in that part of the state to
+speak on all kinds of occasions. Generally, on these trips, he took
+young James along; thus it was that the lad acquired a desire to
+travel that it took years of his after life to satisfy.
+
+It was from his mother that James received his talent for writing
+poetry. Though never a poet, she was exceedingly apt, as were all her
+people, in writing rhymes. The beautiful tributes that Riley, later in
+life, paid his mother show that she always understood and helped
+him.
+
+Greenfield, during the boyhood days of Riley, was not the kind of
+town we think of as producing poets. There were no mountains to
+kindle the imagination, and no babbling brooks to encourage
+meditation. In every direction were broad stretches of level land
+largely covered with forests that still remained untouched. Between
+these forest stretches were patches of land that were cultivated by
+hand; for at that time there was but little farm machinery. The
+greatest single task of the people was to clear the forests and bring
+the soil under cultivation. Greenfield was, therefore, in part an
+agricultural town and in part a lumber town. Like most small towns,
+it was slow-moving and uninteresting. The scenes most frequented were
+the loafing places.
+
+As there was very little in Greenfield for a lad to do, James' father
+very often pressed him into service planting and cultivating corn, but
+he never liked it. While at first we are inclined to regret this, we
+wonder, had farm life appealed to him, whether he would have made a
+great poet.
+
+Years later in speaking of his lack of experience in real farm life
+Mr. Riley says: "Sometimes some real country boy gives me the round
+turn on some farm points. For instance, here comes one slipping up to
+me, 'You never lived on a farm,' he says. 'Why not'? says I. 'Well,'
+he says, 'a turkey-cock _gobbles_, but he doesn't _ky-ouck_ as your
+poetry says.' He has me right there. It's the turkey-hen that
+_ky-oucks_. 'Well, you'll never hear another turkey-cock of mine
+_ky-ouckin_,' says I. But generally I hit on the right symbols. I get
+the frost on the pumpkin and the fodder in the shock; and I see the
+frost on the old axe they split the pumpkins with for feed, and I get
+the smell of the fodder and the cattle, so that it brings up the right
+picture in the mind of the reader."
+
+James never enjoyed his earlier experiences in school. When he should
+have been studying his history and arithmetic lessons he busied
+himself with writing rhymes. Later in life he was very sorry that he
+had not persevered in his regular school work. There were some things
+in school, however, that he did exceptionally well. Few boys in that
+part of the state could recite poetry as well as he, and he was always
+called on to speak pieces at the school entertainments. Though some of
+his teachers were inclined to neglect him, he had one teacher who
+understood him and took a great interest in him. The name of this
+teacher was Mr. Lee O. Harris, and Mr. Riley never tired of saying
+good things about him. The fact that Mr. Harris loved literature and
+had some poetic ability of his own made it possible for him to see in
+James powers that others did not see, and to encourage him when others
+discouraged him.
+
+After leaving school James had some experiences that were so unusual
+and yet so very interesting that I am sure we should be delighted to
+have him, in his own delightful manner, tell us about them.
+
+"I tried to read law with my father, but I didn't seem to get
+anywhere. Forgot as diligently as I read; so what was the use. I had
+learned the sign-painter's trade, but it was hardly what I wanted to
+do always, and my health was bad--very bad.
+
+"A doctor here in Greenfield advised me to travel. But how in the
+world was I to travel without money. It was just at this time that the
+patent-medicine man came along. He needed a man, and I argued this
+way: 'This man is a doctor, and if I must travel, better travel with a
+doctor.' He had a fine team and a nice looking lot of fellows with
+him; so I plucked up courage to ask if I couldn't go along and paint
+his advertisements for him.
+
+"I rode out of town without saying goodbye to anyone, and though my
+patron wasn't a doctor with a diploma, as I found out, he was a mighty
+fine man, and kind to his horses, which was a recommendation. He was a
+man of good habits, and the whole company was made up of good straight
+boys.
+
+"My experience with him put an idea into my head-- a business idea,
+for a wonder--and the next year I went down to Anderson and went into
+partnership with a young fellow to travel. We organized a scheme of
+advertising with paint, and we called our business 'The Graphic
+Company.' We had five or six young fellows, all musicians, as well as
+handy painters, and we used to capture the towns with our music. One
+fellow could whistle like a nightingale, another sang like an angel,
+and another played the banjo. I scuffled with the violin and guitar.
+
+"Our only dissipation was clothes. We dressed loud. You could hear our
+clothes an incalculable distance. We had an idea it helped business.
+Our plan was to take one firm of each business in town, painting its
+advertisement on every road leading to town.
+
+"You've heard the story about my traveling all over the state as a
+blind sign-painter? Well, that started this way: One day we were in a
+small town, and a great crowd was watching us in breathless wonder and
+curiosity; and one of our party said; 'Riley, let me introduce you as
+a blind sign-painter.' So just for the mischief I put on a crazy look
+in the eyes, and pretended to be blind. They led me carefully to the
+ladder, and handed me my brush and paints. It was great fun. I'd hear
+them saying as I worked, 'That feller ain't blind.' 'Yes he is; see
+his eyes.' 'No, he ain't, I tell you; he's playin' off.' 'I tell you
+he _is_ blind. Didn't you see him fall over a box and spill all his
+paints?'
+
+"Now, that's all there was to it. I was a blind sign-painter one day
+and forgot it the next. We were all boys, and jokers, naturally
+enough, but not lawless. All were good fellows, all had nice homes and
+good people."
+
+When he had spent four years with "The Graphic Company" he accepted a
+position as reporter for a paper published at Anderson, Indiana. In
+addition to his reporting work he wrote many short poems in the
+Hoosier dialect that took well. So successful was his work on this
+paper that Judge Martindale of the Indianapolis Journal offered him a
+position on that paper. About the first thing he now did was to write
+a series of Benjamin F. Johnson poems. In speaking of this series Mr.
+Riley said, "These all appeared with editorial comment, as if they
+came from an old Hoosier farmer of Boone County. They were so well
+received that I gathered them together in a little parchment volume,
+which I called, 'The Old Swimmin'-Hole and 'Leven More Poems', my
+first book."
+
+This book met with immediate favor. Speakers from east to west quoted
+from it. All wanted to know who the author really was. Modest as Mr.
+Riley was, he had to confess that he had written the book. Other books
+followed in close succession until when he died he had written
+forty-two volumes. But people were not satisfied with reading his
+books merely, they wanted to see and hear him. He, therefore, began in
+a modest way to read his poems before audiences in his native state.
+So delighted were these audiences, for he was a charming reader as
+well as a capable writer, that urgent calls came from every state in
+the Union to come and read for them. For a number of years he traveled
+widely and appeared before thousands of audiences, but this kind of
+life never appealed to him.
+
+Though he never married, Mr. Riley was always fond of the quiet of a
+modest home. Accordingly, the closing years of his life were spent in
+semi-retirement in his cozy home on Lockerbie Street, Indianapolis.
+
+
+
+
+HELEN KELLER
+
+
+A little girl was traveling with her father and mother. They were
+going from a little town in Alabama to the city of Baltimore. The
+journey was long and, as the little girl was only six years old, she
+wanted toys and playthings with which to pass the time.
+
+The kind conductor let her have his punch when he was not using it.
+She found that it was great fun to punch dozens of little holes in a
+piece of cardboard and she would touch each hole with one of her
+little fingers, but she did not count them because she had not learned
+how.
+
+By and by a pleasant lady thought she would make a rag doll for the
+little traveler. She rolled two towels up in such a way that they
+looked very much like a doll, and the little girl eagerly took the new
+plaything in her arms. She rocked it and loved it; but something
+troubled her, for she kept feeling the doll's face and holding it out
+to the friends who sat near her. They did not understand what was the
+matter.
+
+Suddenly she jumped down and ran over to where her mother's cape had
+been placed. This cape was trimmed with large beads. The little girl
+pulled off two beads and turning to her mother pointed once more to
+the doll's face. Then her mother understood that her daughter wanted
+the doll to have eyes; so she sewed the beads firmly to the towel and
+the little girl was happy.
+
+[Illustration: HELEN KELLER
+"Hearing" Caruso Sing]
+
+Are you wondering why the little girl did not talk and tell what she
+wanted? She could not. Just think, she was six years old and could not
+speak a word! All she could do was to make a few queer sounds.
+Perhaps, too, you wonder why she was so anxious for the towel doll to
+have eyes. I think it was because although she herself was blind, she
+liked to fancy her doll had eyes that could see the beauties of the
+world. To be blind and speechless seems hard indeed, but besides
+lacking these two great gifts, this little girl was deaf. Think of it!
+She could not hear, she could not see, and she could not talk.
+
+Yet this same little girl learned to talk. She learned to read, with
+her fingers, books printed for the blind in raised letters. She
+studied the same lessons that other children had in school, and she
+worked so hard that she was able to go to college.
+
+Should you not like to hear Helen Keller, for that is the name of the
+little girl, tell about herself?
+
+She says: "I was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, a little town of
+Northern Alabama. I am told that while I was still in long dresses I
+showed many signs of an eager, self-asserting disposition. They say I
+walked the day I was a year old. My mother had just taken me out of
+the bath-tub and was holding me in her lap, when I was suddenly
+attracted by the flickering shadows of leaves that danced in the
+sunlight on the smooth floor. I slipped from my mother's lap and
+almost ran toward them. The impulse gone, I fell down, and cried for
+her to take me in her arms.
+
+"These happy days did not last long, for an illness came which closed
+my eyes and ears and plunged me into the unconsciousness of a new born
+baby. The doctor thought I could not live. Early one morning, however,
+the fever left me, but I was never to see or hear again."
+
+From the time of her recovery until the journey of which we have been
+reading, Helen Keller lived in silence and darkness. This journey was
+undertaken in order to consult a famous physician who had cured many
+cases of blindness. Mr. and Mrs. Keller hoped this gentleman could
+help their child, and you can imagine how sad they were when he said
+he could do nothing. However, he sent them to consult Dr. Alexander
+Graham Bell, who had taught many deaf children to speak. Dr. Bell
+played with Helen and she sat on his knee and fingered curiously his
+heavy gold watch. He not only advised her parents to get a special
+teacher for her, but told them of a school in Boston in which he
+thought they could find some one able to unlock the doors of knowledge
+for the little girl. This was in the summer, and the next March Miss
+Sullivan went to Alabama to be Helen Keller's friend and teacher.
+
+Let us read how the little girl felt when this kind, loving woman
+came. "On the afternoon of that eventful day I stood on the porch,
+dumb, expectant. I felt approaching footsteps. I stretched out my
+hand, as I supposed, to my mother. Some one took it and I was caught
+up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things
+to me.
+
+"The next morning my teacher gave me a doll. When I had played with it
+a little while, Miss Sullivan slowly spelled into my hand the word
+d-o-l-l. I was at once interested in this finger play and tried to
+imitate it. When I at last succeeded I was flushed with pleasure and
+pride. In the days that followed I learned to spell a great many words
+with my fingers, among them were pin, hat, cup, sit, stand, and walk.
+
+"But my teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood
+that everything has a name."
+
+Months and years of happy companionship now came to pass for Helen
+Keller. Every winter she and her teacher went to Boston where they had
+greater chances for study than in the little southern town. Here Helen
+learned about snow for the first time and all her memories of her
+studies in these years are joined with remembrances of the merry times
+she had after school riding on a sled or toboggan and playing in the
+snow.
+
+It was when Helen was ten years old that she learned to speak. This
+was a great and wonderful experience. Her teacher took her to a lady
+who had offered to teach her. It was not easy for a deaf child to
+learn to talk, and Miss Keller says:
+
+"The lady passed my hands lightly over her face and let me feel the
+position of her tongue and lips when she made a sound. I was eager to
+imitate every motion, and in an hour had learned to make the sounds of
+M, P, A, S, T, I. In all I had eleven lessons. I shall never forget
+the surprise and delight I felt when I uttered my first connected
+sentence, 'It is warm.' After that my work was practise, practise,
+practise. Discouragement and weariness cast me down frequently; but
+the next moment the thought that I should soon be at home and show my
+loved ones what I could do spurred me on and I thought, 'My little
+sister will understand me now.' When I had made speech my own, I could
+not wait to go home. My eyes fill now as I think how my mother pressed
+me close to her, taking in every word I spoke, while little Mildred
+kissed my hand and danced."
+
+Now a new world was indeed open to the bright girl who was so anxious
+to learn. She finished studies similar to those taught in the eight
+grades of our schools and began to prepare for college. Miss Sullivan
+was still with her and, although she had for a tutor a kind, patient
+man who taught her algebra, geometry, and Greek, it was Miss Sullivan
+who sat beside her and talked into the girl's hands the tutor's
+explanations and made it possible for her to enter Radcliffe College
+in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+
+While at college Miss Keller, with Miss Sullivan, attended classes and
+followed the lessons through the help of this noble teacher who gave
+some of her best years to training her pupil. College life brought
+many pleasures and interests into Helen Keller's life, and when she
+finished her work there, it scarcely seemed possible that the bright,
+informed young woman had ever been kept a prisoner by darkness and
+silence.
+
+Today Miss Keller often appears in public and tells to large audiences
+some of her thoughts and opinions. She is a pleasant-faced, rather
+serious woman and, while her voice has a hoarse sound, quite different
+from the usual tones of the human voice, it is possible to understand
+her very well indeed. Her teacher is still with her as a companion and
+it would be hard to say who has worked the harder in the past years of
+study, Miss Keller or her devoted friend.
+
+Upon being asked what were her greatest pleasures Helen Keller named
+reading, outdoor sports, playing with her pet dogs, and meeting
+people. What she says about each of these pleasures is so interesting
+that you will surely be glad to read it and see, perhaps, if you and
+she, by any chance, think alike.
+
+She says, "Books have meant so much more to me than to many others who
+can get knowledge through their eyes and ears. My book friends talk to
+me with no awkwardness, and I am never shut away from them; but
+reading is not my only amusement. I also enjoy canoeing and sailing. I
+like to walk on country roads. Whenever it is possible my dog
+accompanies me on a sail or a walk. I have had many dog friends. They
+seem to understand me, and always keep close beside me when I am
+alone. I love their friendly ways, and the eloquent wag of their
+tails. I have often been asked, 'Do not people bore you?' I do not
+understand what that means. A hearty handshake or a friendly letter
+gives me genuine pleasure."
+
+But it has not always been easy for her to be cheerful and contented.
+She has had many struggles with sad thoughts when she thinks how
+she sits outside life's gate and cannot enter into the light; cannot
+hear the music or enjoy the friendly speech of the world. When these
+gloomy ideas come to her mind she remembers, "There is joy in
+self-forgetfulness," and tries to find her happiness in the lives of
+others.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      "_One flag, one land;
+                        One heart, one hand:
+                      One Nation over all._"
+
+                        --OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.
+
+
+
+
+WILBUR AND ORVILLE WRIGHT
+
+
+There is a poem called "Darius Green and His Flying Machine." In this
+poem Darius, a country boy says, "The birds can fly and why can't I?"
+A Greek story, centuries old, tells how a certain man and his son made
+themselves wings of wax. They flew far out over the sea, but the warm
+sun melted the waxen wings, and the two flying men were drowned.
+
+Today the aeroplanes cut through the air with great speed. There are
+many different designs, and daring young men are eager to manage these
+swift flying crafts.
+
+However, it is but a short time since two American boys made the first
+successful flights in the United States and started a factory for
+building aeroplanes. Wilbur and Orville Wright lived in Dayton, Ohio.
+Their father was a minister, who spent his spare time working with
+tools. Once he invented a typewriter, but it was never put on the
+market. The boys were interested in his workshop, and while very young
+began to find their greatest pleasure in making things that would go.
+
+It was in the year 1879, when Orville was eight years old, that his
+father brought home a toy that made a great impression on the boyish
+mind. It was called a heliocopter, but the Wright boys called it "the
+bat." Made of bamboo, cork, and thin paper, it had two propellers that
+revolved in opposite directions by the untwining of rubber bands that
+controlled them. When thrown against the ceiling, it would hover in
+the air for a time. They made many models of this toy, but after a
+time they became tired of it and wanted to build something more
+difficult.
+
+[Illustration: ORVILLE WRIGHT
+Joint Inventor of the Aeroplane]
+
+Their first venture was a printing press; and when Orville was fifteen
+years of age, they were publishing a four-page paper called the
+Midget. They did all the work from editor to delivery boys.
+
+Just about this time the bicycle craze passed over the country.
+Everyone rode a wheel. Automobiles were unknown, and the new machines,
+that could be ridden so fast along the highways, seemed a wonderful
+invention. The Wright brothers had no money to buy a bicycle, so they
+made one. You may laugh when you hear that they used a piece of old
+gas pipe for the frame, but nevertheless they succeeded in their
+undertaking and could ride as well on their home-made machine as their
+friends did on expensive, high-grade ones. No doubt they had many long
+rides and great sport with the bicycle they had built, but the Wright
+brothers always found their greatest pleasure in making things rather
+than in using them. Therefore, it did not seem strange to any one when
+they said they wanted something better than a bicycle; but when it
+became known that instead of riding rapidly over city streets and
+country roads they wanted to fly through the air like birds, the
+people were amazed and thought the two boys had lost their wits.
+
+So to do this and buy materials with which to build their new machine,
+they opened a bicycle repair shop. It was in the shed back of this
+shop that they first made their models of air craft. They had no
+wealthy friends to back them with money. They had no chance to go
+abroad, where clever men were being urged by their governments to make
+experiments with what the world called "flying machines." They were
+not able to go to college or to any school where they could obtain
+help in working out their plan, so they started in to study by
+themselves what the German, French, and English inventors had to say
+about the art of flying.
+
+Seemingly, nothing discouraged them. Everywhere the newspapers and
+magazines were poking fun at mad inventors who thought men would some
+day soar through the air as birds do. There was a Professor Langley, a
+man much older than the Wright brothers, who finished a machine in
+1896. It flew perfectly, on the sixth day of May in that year. The
+flight was made near Washington, D. C., along the Potomac river for
+the distance of about three-quarters of a mile. He made another
+successful flight in November. Then the United States Government urged
+him to build a full-sized machine, capable of carrying a man. He
+completed this machine in 1903 and attempted to launch it on the
+seventh day of October in that year. An accident caused the machine to
+fall into the Potomac. The aviator was thrown out and came near
+drowning. Professor Langley tried to launch his machine again in
+December and the same accident occurred. The machine was broken. The
+newspapers made cruel fun of Professor Langley; he was criticized in
+the U. S. Congress; and overcome by grief at the failure of his great
+idea he tried no more. Two years later he died, crushed and broken in
+spirit.
+
+But the Wright brothers did not let any such unkind comment hinder
+their work. They kept on studying the flight of birds. Lying flat on
+their backs they would watch birds for whole afternoons at a time,
+until at last they came to believe that a bird himself is really an
+aeroplane. The parts of the wings close to the body are supporting
+planes, while the portions that can be flapped are the propellers.
+Watch a hawk or a buzzard soaring and you will see they move their
+wings but little. They balance themselves on the rising currents of
+air. A hawk finds that on a clear warm day the air currents are high
+and rise with a rotary motion. That is why we see these birds go
+sailing round and round. When you see one poised above a steep hill on
+a damp, windy day you may be sure he is balancing himself in the air
+which rises from its slope and he will be able to glide down at will.
+
+The Wright brothers were certain if they could balance a machine in
+the air they could make it go. To find out how to do this they made a
+difficult experiment with delicate sheets of metal balanced in a long
+tube. Through this tube steady currents of air were blown. The speed
+with which the currents were sent through the tube was changed often,
+as well as the angles of sending. Over and over they did this, until
+they were sure of the same results each time. They knew how to plan
+the shape of a surface that would do what they wanted it to in the
+air, and they were soon ready to make a trial flight with their
+aeroplane.
+
+The United States Weather Bureau told them the winds were strongest
+and steadiest at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, and there they made their
+first test flights in 1900. That year they had only two minutes of
+actual sailing in the air. But they went back the next year and the
+next, learning more each time, and working untiringly.
+
+One day Dr. Octave Chanute, the man who knew more than any one else in
+the United States about flying, appeared suddenly at Kitty Hawk. He
+watched them, and gave as his opinion that they had gone farther than
+any one else in this new art. Cheered by his words they began to work
+harder. Now that they could balance in the air they must make their
+machine go.
+
+It took them a year to learn to turn a corner. During the years 1904
+and 1905, they made 154 flights. At last they were ready, in 1909, to
+make a test for our government. The United States said it would pay
+$25,000 for a machine capable of going forty miles an hour. Every mile
+above this speed would be paid for at the rate of $2500 and for every
+mile less than this down to the rate of thirty-six miles an hour they
+would deduct $2500 from the purchase money. The flight was to be in a
+measured course of five miles from Ft. Meyer to Alexandria, Va. It was
+not an easy flight, and it was considered to be more difficult than
+crossing the English Channel, a feat then engaging the attention of
+Europeans.
+
+Orville Wright with one passenger made the flight in fourteen minutes
+and forty-two seconds, a rate of speed a little more than forty-two
+miles an hour. Army officers then went to him to learn how to manage
+the machine, for even then it was believed the greatest use of the
+aeroplane would be in war.
+
+When Orville Wright was succeeding in this country, Wilbur Wright went
+to France with one of their machines. At first the French people
+laughed, made cartoons of him and his machine, even wrote a song about
+his effort; but he soon rose above all such petty and silly things.
+The French people began to see the progress the Americans were making
+and took hold of the new invention more rapidly than any other
+nation.
+
+On the same trip, Wilbur Wright visited Italy, Germany, and England,
+making many flights and winning a large number of prizes. When he
+returned to this country he was overwhelmed with dinners, receptions,
+and medals. He made a great flight in New York City, encircling the
+Statue of Liberty in the harbor and flying from Governor's Island to
+Grant's Tomb and return, a distance of twenty-one miles.
+
+Not long after these successes Wilbur died, and his brother Orville
+was left to go on with their plans. Orville still lives in Dayton,
+Ohio, and has a large factory given over to building aeroplanes.
+
+Long before the outbreak of the great war he had said warfare could be
+carried on extensively in the air, and that we were realizing but a
+few of the uses of this new invention. Although he believes air travel
+will become quite an everyday happening, he does not expect it to take
+the place of the railroad or the steam boat. However, he hopes to see
+the government carry the mails by an aerial route, and to go quickly
+and easily to out-of-the-way places.
+
+At present his greatest interest lies in making an aeroplane that is
+simple enough for any one to manage and at the same time can be sold
+at a low enough price for the average person to own. This may not seem
+possible to you, but remember no one ever believed the Wright boys
+would be able to fly, so it would not be strange if before many years
+aeroplanes were used as much as automobiles are today. In fact,
+Orville Wright says: "The time is not far distant when people will
+take their Sunday afternoon spins in their aeroplanes precisely as
+they do now in their automobiles. People need only to recover from the
+impression that it is a dangerous sport, instead of being, when
+adopted by rational persons, one of the safest. It is also far more
+comfortable. The driver of an automobile, even under the most
+favorable circumstances, lives at a constant nerve tension. He must
+keep always on the lookout for obstructions in the road, for other
+automobiles, and for sudden emergencies. A long drive, therefore, is
+likely to be an exhausting operation. Now the aeroplane has a great
+future because this element of nerve tension is absent. The driver
+enjoys the proceeding as much as his passengers and probably more.
+Winds no longer terrorize the airman. He goes up except in the very
+bad days."
+
+Concluding he says: "Aeroplaning as a sport will attract women as well
+as men. Women make excellent passengers. I have never yet taken up one
+who was not extremely eager to repeat the experience. This fact will,
+of course, hasten the day when the aeroplane will be a great sporting
+and social diversion."
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+_"Life affords no higher pleasure than that of surmounting difficulties,
+passing from one step of success to another, forming new wishes and
+seeing them gratified. He that labors in any great or laudable
+undertaking has his fatigues first supported by hope and afterwards
+rewarded by joy."_
+
+                                                        --DR. JOHNSON.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT E. PEARY
+Discoverer of the North Pole]
+
+
+
+
+ROBERT E. PEARY
+
+
+Robert E. Peary was born at Cresson Springs, Pennsylvania, May 6th,
+1856. When he was but three years of age his father died and his young
+mother moved back to her old home at Portland, Maine. Here his boyhood
+days were spent in fishing and swimming in the bay, or in roaming over
+the hills and through the forests. True, the fields with their birds
+and flowers interested him to some extent, but the mighty ocean,
+heaving with its mysterious tides and beset with treacherous gales,
+interested him most. Never did he tire of the stories of danger and
+hardship as told by the sturdy, adventurous fishermen. So eager was he
+to learn the mysteries of the mighty deep that he would sit for hours
+at a time listening to the sailors as they explained the tides and
+shifting winds. Little did he realize in those early days that this
+was precisely the knowledge that he would later need in his work as an
+arctic explorer.
+
+But the fishermen were not his only teachers; for so faithful was he
+in his regular school work that, at the age of seventeen, he was ready
+to enter college. Bowdoin, the oldest and best known college in the
+state, was chosen. Upon his graduation, at the age of twenty-one, he
+was ready to start in life. But where should he go and what should he
+do? Odd as it then seemed to his friends, he chose the little village
+of Fryeburg, away back amid the mountains of Maine. Here he hung out
+his sign as land surveyor. As practically no one in that little town
+wanted land surveyed, he had much leisure time which he spent in long
+hikes over the mountains and along the trout streams. This experience
+further fitted him for his tasks as an arctic explorer.
+
+That he had always been an energetic student was shown by his success
+in passing the United States Civil Service examination which he took
+at the age of twenty-five. This examination, given by the Navy
+Department, was for the purpose of choosing civil engineers. Out of
+forty who took the examination only four passed, and Mr. Peary was the
+youngest of the four.
+
+As soon as he had won the rank of Lieutenant, his first task was to
+estimate carefully the cost of building a huge pier at Key West,
+Florida. When the estimate was handed in, the contractors said that it
+could not be built for that amount. Since Lieutenant Peary insisted
+that it could, the government told him to engineer the building of the
+pier himself. This he did so skillfully that he saved for the
+government thirty thousand dollars.
+
+So brilliant was this success that he was sent to Nicaragua to
+engineer the survey for the Inter-Oceanic Canal. Here his experience
+in equipping an expedition, and in managing half-civilized men,
+further fitted him for his great work in the north land.
+
+Prior to this time he seems never to have thought of arctic
+explorations, for he writes: "One evening in one of my favorite
+haunts, an old book store in Washington, I came upon a fugitive paper
+on the Inland Ice of Greenland. A chord, which as a boy had vibrated
+intensely in me at the reading of Kane's wonderful book, was touched
+again. I read all I could upon the subject, noted the conflicting
+experiences of the explorers, and felt that I must see for myself what
+the truth was of this great mysterious interior." Then it was, as he
+tells us later, that he caught the "Arctic Fever" which he never got
+over until he had discovered the North Pole. As a result of this fever
+he has made nine trips into the north land, and these expeditions have
+consumed so much time that, though he had been married twenty-one
+years when he reached the Pole, only three of these years had been
+spent in the quiet of his home with his family.
+
+Interested as we are in all these expeditions, we are most interested,
+I am sure, in the one in which he reached his goal.
+
+Embarked on the good ship _Roosevelt_, his expedition had no trouble
+in reaching Etah Fiord on the north coast of Greenland. This place
+interests us because it is the northernmost Eskimo village and is
+within seven hundred miles of the Pole.
+
+In speaking of these Eskimos, Mr. Peary says: "There are now between
+two hundred and twenty and two hundred and thirty in the tribe. They
+are savages, but they are not savage; they are without government, but
+they are not lawless; they are utterly uneducated according to our
+standard, yet they exhibit a remarkable degree of intelligence. In
+temperament like children, with a child's delight in little things,
+they are nevertheless enduring as the most mature of civilized men and
+women, and the best of them are faithful unto death. Without religion
+and having no idea of God, they will share their last meal with anyone
+who is hungry. They have no vices, no intoxicants, and no bad
+habits--not even gambling. Altogether they are a people unique upon
+the face of the earth."
+
+In his journeys into the far North Mr. Peary enjoyed many a walrus
+hunt. How should you like to hunt walruses? Before you answer read the
+following description of a walrus hunt:
+
+"Walrus-hunting is the best sport in the shooting line that I know.
+There is something doing when you tackle a herd of fifty-odd, weighing
+between one and two tons each, that go for you whether wounded or not;
+that can punch a hole through eight inches of young ice; that try to
+get into the boat to get at or upset you,--we could never make out
+which, and didn't care, as the result to us would have been the
+same,--or else try to raise your boat and stave holes in it.
+
+"Getting in a mix-up with a herd, when every man in the whale-boat is
+standing by to repel boarders, hitting them over the head with oars,
+boat-hooks, axes, and yelling like a cheering section at a football
+game to try to scare them off; with the rifles going like young
+Gatling guns, and the walruses bellowing from pain and anger, coming
+to the surface with mad rushes, sending the water up in the air till
+you would think a flock of geysers was turned loose in your immediate
+vicinity--oh, it's great!"
+
+The _Roosevelt_ after leaving Etah Fiord was able to go as far north
+as Cape Sheridan, about 500 miles from the North Pole. Here, on
+February 15, 1909, the little party left the ship for the long journey
+over a wide waste of ice. The army that was to fight the bitter polar
+cold was made up of six white men, one negro, fifty-nine Eskimos, one
+hundred forty dogs, and twenty-three sledges.
+
+For the first hundred miles after leaving the ship they were forced to
+cut their way through vast stretches of jagged ice. After twenty-four
+days of struggle, only twenty-four men remained; all the others having
+been sent back. These twenty-four, however, were the freshest and
+strongest. On they battled, always sending back the weakest. Finally,
+when but two degrees from the Pole, only the negro, four Eskimos, Mr.
+Peary and forty dogs remained.
+
+Suppose we ask Mr. Peary, in his own language, to describe the final
+dash to the pole.
+
+"This was that for which I had worked for thirty-two years; for which
+I had trained myself as for a race. For success now, in spite of my
+fifty-three years, I felt trim-fit for the demands of the coming days
+and eager to be on the trail. As for my party, my equipment, and my
+supplies, I was in shape beyond my fondest dreams of earlier years. My
+party was as loyal and responsive to my will as the fingers of my
+right hand. Two of them had been my companions to the farthest point
+three years before. Two others were in Clark's division, which had
+such a narrow escape at that time, and were now willing to go
+anywhere. My dogs were the very best. Almost all were powerful males,
+hard as nails and in good spirits. My supplies were ample for forty
+days.
+
+"I decided that I should strain every nerve to make five marches of
+fifteen miles each, crowding these marches in such a way as to bring
+us to the end of the fifth long enough before noon to permit the
+immediate taking of an observation for latitude."
+
+Usually these marches were for ten or twelve hours, and the distance
+covered averaged about twenty-five miles. The dangers encountered are
+suggested by the following: "Near the end of the march I came upon a
+lead which was just opening. It was ten yards wide directly in front
+of me, but a few yards to the east was an apparently good crossing
+where the single crack was divided into several. I signaled to the
+sledges to hurry; then, running to the place, I had time to pick a
+road across the moving ice cakes and return to help teams across
+before the lead widened so as to be impassable. This passage was
+effected by my jumping from one cake to another, picking the way, and
+making sure that the cake would not tilt under the weight of the dogs
+and the sledge, returning to the former cake where the dogs were,
+encouraging the dogs ahead while the driver steered the sledge across
+from cake to cake, and threw his weight from one side to the other so
+that it could not overturn. We got the sledges across several cracks
+so wide that while the dogs had no trouble in jumping, the men had to
+be pretty active in order to follow the long sledges."
+
+Luckily at the end of the fifth march they were less than two miles
+from the pole. Should you like to know how Mr. Peary felt at this
+eventful hour?
+
+"Of course, I had many sensations that made sleep impossible for
+hours, despite my utter fatigue--the sensations of a lifetime; but I
+have no room for them here. The first thirty hours at the Pole were
+spent in taking observations; in going some ten miles beyond our camp,
+and some eight miles to the right of it; in taking photographs,
+planting my flags, depositing my records, studying the horizon with my
+telescope for possible land, and searching for a place to make a
+sounding. Ten hours after our arrival the clouds cleared before a
+light breeze from our left, and from that time until our departure on
+the afternoon of April 7th the weather was cloudless and flawless. The
+coldest temperature during the thirty hours was thirty-three degrees
+below zero, and the warmest twelve below."
+
+Thus it was that after the nations of the world had sent out over five
+hundred expeditions in search of the North Pole, an American,
+educated in Old New England, schooled in hardship in the United States
+Navy, planted "Old Glory" at the northernmost point of this mighty
+world. To Admiral Peary, then, is conceded the greatest scientific
+triumph of the century and April sixth, 1909, is a memorable day in
+the history of America and the world.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+                         _THE AMERICAN'S CREED_
+
+I believe in the United States of America as a government of the
+people, by the people, for the people, whose just powers are derived
+from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a
+sovereign Nation of many sovereign States, a perfect Union, one and
+inseparable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality,
+justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their
+lives and fortunes.
+
+I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it; to support
+its Constitution; to obey its laws; to respect its flag, and to defend
+it against all enemies.
+
+                                                 --WILLIAM TYLER PAGE.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN
+
+
+In the summer of 1880 three speakers were advertised to deliver
+democratic addresses at a farmers' picnic to be held in a grove near
+Salem, Illinois. When the eventful hour arrived, the only person
+present to hear the speeches was the owner of the grove. For an hour
+the speakers waited but no one else came. While each was disappointed
+and humiliated, it was a crushing blow to the young man who was to
+speak third on the list. This was his home community, and his own
+neighbors and townsmen had thus ignored him.
+
+For six years he had been away to school, and during all that time he
+made a special study of public speaking. So good was he in the art of
+speaking that his college had heaped many honors upon him. He was
+chosen one of the speakers on graduation day, and most important of
+all, he had been chosen to represent his college in the annual
+oratorical contest with the other colleges of the state. Now, after
+all these honors, he had come back to his home vicinity, and for some
+mysterious reason the people would not hear him. Surely this was
+enough to dampen the ardor of any ordinary young man and put an end to
+his speaking career.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN
+The Great Commoner]
+
+It was a hot August day in 1914. On every road entering a beautiful
+Indiana city, strings of automobiles were seen hurrying to the city.
+Farmers, busy as they were, forgot their work and hastened to the
+city. Merchants, too, had locked their stores and refused to sell
+goods. Why all the excitement? At the edge of the city, in a huge
+steel auditorium that seated thousands, the people were gathering--and
+such a multitude--people as far as the eye could see. Soon the speaker
+of the afternoon was introduced. For two hours he held that vast
+throng as no other man in America and possibly in the world could have
+done. So magnetic was his personality and so genuine his appeal that
+the people forgot the heat and gave him the closest possible
+attention.
+
+Odd as it may seem, the speaker before this vast Chautauqua throng was
+the same man that, years before, had tried to speak near Salem when no
+one would hear him. Why the difference? What had he done that had made
+the people so eager to see and hear him?
+
+To answer these questions it will be necessary to study his life. Mr.
+Bryan was born at Salem, Illinois, March 19, 1860. Though he is of
+Irish descent, his ancestors have lived in this country for more than
+a hundred years. Through all these years the Bryans have belonged to
+the middle class. While none of them have been very rich, on the other
+hand none have been extremely poor. Though members of the family have
+entered practically every profession, more have engaged in farming
+than in all the other professions combined.
+
+Fortunately for Mr. Bryan, most of his boyhood was spent on a farm.
+When he was but six years of age his father purchased a farm six
+miles from Salem. It was indeed an eventful day for young William when
+they moved to the large farm with its spacious farm house and broad
+lawns. From the first the animals interested him most. William's
+father, seeing this, built a small deer park. Here the deer,
+unmolested by dogs or hunters, became so tame that the lad never tired
+of petting and feeding them.
+
+With the abundant, nutritious food of the farm, with plenty of fresh
+air, sunshine, and exercise, William soon grew into a sturdy,
+broad-shouldered, deep-chested lad. Those who knew him best say that
+while the other boys always had their pockets filled with keys,
+strings, and tops, his were sure to be filled with cookies and
+doughnuts.
+
+William's first day in school was indeed eventful. Ten years old and
+large for his age, he seemed out of place in the first grade where the
+pupils were so much younger and smaller. Soon, however, the teacher
+discovered that he did not belong in this grade. Though he had never
+been at school, his faithful mother had taught him to read so well
+that he at once took his place with pupils of his own age.
+
+After five years in the public school of Salem he was sent to
+Jacksonville, Illinois, where he attended Whipple Academy. From the
+Academy he entered Illinois College, also in Jacksonville. Mr. Bryan
+says that the thing that most impressed him in college was his tussle
+with Latin and Greek. From the first these dead languages did not
+appeal to him. Again and again he pleaded with his parents to be
+permitted to drop these studies but they insisted on his taking the
+"Classical Course."
+
+Though he was of ideal size and build for football and baseball,
+neither appealed to him. The only forms of athletics that he liked
+were running and jumping. Only once was he able to carry away a prize.
+This was when he won the broad jump with twelve feet and four inches
+as the distance covered.
+
+It was in speaking contests of all kinds that young Bryan took the
+deepest interest. When he was but a green freshman in the Academy, he
+had the courage to enter the declamatory contest. No one worked
+harder, but in spite of his best efforts he was given a place next to
+the foot of the list. Unwilling to yield to discouragement, he tried
+again the next year. This time he got third place.
+
+The following September he entered college, and during his freshman
+year took part in two contests, getting second place in each. During
+his sophomore year, he had the satisfaction of winning first place in
+declamation. Then it was that he made his boldest effort. He delivered
+an oration that he himself had written, and again won first place.
+After these successes it was not to be wondered at that his college
+elected him to represent the school in the intercollegiate oratorical
+contest. Pitted against the ablest contestants of the other colleges
+of the state, he was able to win second place, for which he received
+a prize of fifty dollars.
+
+Suppose Mr. Bryan had decided when he lost his first three contests
+never to try again, thus yielding to defeat, do you think he ever
+could have become the famous orator that he now is?
+
+From Mr. Bryan's picture we see that he is a large, good-natured,
+friendly man. Should you like to know how he looked when he was a
+young fellow? If you should, the following from the pen of the lady
+who afterward became his wife will interest you.
+
+"I saw him first in the parlors of the young ladies' school which I
+attended in Jacksonville. He entered the room with several other
+students, was taller than the rest, and attracted my attention at
+once. His face was pale and thin; a pair of keen dark eyes looked out
+from beneath heavy brows; his nose was prominent, too large to look
+well, I thought; a broad, thin-lipped mouth, and a square chin,
+completed the contour of his face.
+
+"He was neat, though not fastidious in dress, and stood firmly and
+with dignity. I noted particularly his hair and his smile, the former
+black in color, plentiful, fine in quality, and parted distressingly
+straight; the latter expansive and expressive.
+
+"In later years his smile has been the subject of considerable
+comment, but the well rounded cheeks of Mr. Bryan now check its
+outward march. No one has seen the real breadth of his smile who did
+not see it in the early days. Upon one occasion a heartless observer
+was heard to remark, 'That man can whisper in his own ear,' but this
+was a cruel exaggeration."
+
+Upon his graduation from Illinois College at the head of his class, he
+entered the Union College of Law in Chicago where he was graduated at
+the age of twenty-three. Immediately he hung out his shingle in
+Jacksonville, and waited for clients. Month after month he impatiently
+waited until finally it dawned upon him that among the old established
+lawyers of Jacksonville there was no room for an ambitious beginner.
+Then it was that he remembered the advice of Horace Greeley, "Young
+man, go West."
+
+Accordingly, with his talented young wife he went to Lincoln,
+Nebraska. Here fortune smiled upon him, for so rapidly did he make a
+place for himself that at the age of thirty he was chosen to represent
+his district in Congress.
+
+If any of you have ever seen the United States Congress in session you
+will realize that Mr. Bryan must have been very much younger than most
+of the congressmen. Keen, quick, and eager to learn, the young
+Congressman made the most of every opportunity during the four years
+he was in Congress.
+
+In 1896, or when Mr. Bryan was thirty-six years of age, his greatest
+opportunity came. Then it was that the Democratic party conferred upon
+him the highest honor within its power by selecting him as its
+candidate for president. Though defeated in 1896, so great was the
+confidence the party had in him, that twice afterward his party asked
+him to run for president. Since he was defeated every time, it is only
+natural to ask what there is about him, after all, that is so great.
+Though the American people differ widely in their answers to the above
+query, most of them admit that he towers above the rank and file of
+American politicians in his pronounced Christian integrity, in his
+willingness to sacrifice for the sake of principle, and in his ability
+to move men with speech, for no doubt he is one of the greatest
+orators this continent has ever produced.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+"_You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of
+thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold._"
+
+                                 --W. J. BRYAN'S CROSS OF GOLD SPEECH.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY FORD
+
+
+In the year 1879, there was a sixteen year old boy living in the
+country near Detroit, Michigan. He was not fond of farm work but
+nevertheless he did his share in helping his father, who was a thrifty
+farmer. Day after day, this boy trudged back and forth two and
+one-half miles each way to the school house. In his spare hours when
+he was not farming, he had fitted up a work shop for his own use.
+There was a vise, a bow-string driven lathe and a rudely built forge.
+He had made these tools himself and was very proud of them. When he
+was only a small boy, he had made his first tool by taking one of his
+grandmother's knitting needles, heating it red hot and plunging it
+into a bar of soap as he bent it into shape. Then he added a wooden
+handle that he had whittled and the tool was done.
+
+As soon as he had something with which to work, he began to take to
+pieces all manner of things just for the fun of putting them together
+again. He says: "I must have taken apart and put together more than a
+thousand clocks and watches." He thought it would be a fine thing to
+be able to make many good watches, and to make them all alike. He
+never realized this dream, but in later life he did make a good
+automobile, he made many of them, and he made them all alike.
+
+[Illustration: HENRY FORD
+In His First Motor Car]
+
+His first step towards this great business undertaking happened before
+he was seventeen years of age, when he left his father's farm and went
+to Detroit to work as a mechanic in a shop. He never returned to the
+farm, although for a time he lived on some land his father had given
+to him, and conducted a lumber business. All the time he was
+experimenting, and he wanted to make something that would go. By the
+time he was twenty-one years of age, he had built a farm locomotive
+mounted on cast-iron wheels taken from a mowing machine. It was not
+designed for any particular use, but was to serve as a general farm
+tractor, and he had great sport running it up and down the meadow
+while the cows fled in terror.
+
+From that time his chief interest was in building wagons to be run by
+motors. His health was always good, he worked unceasingly, and slept
+just as little as possible, and at last, in 1893, he made what people
+called then, a wagon driven by gas; today we call it an automobile. It
+ran but was not a great success, and the public made fun of the
+inventor. This wagon driven by gas was the first Ford automobile and
+the man who invented it was Henry Ford. He had married and lived in a
+little house in Bagley Street, Detroit, Michigan. He was employed by
+the Edison Company, but he had a workshop of his own in his barn.
+There he built his first motor car. For material he used nothing but
+junk, as he had no money with which to buy costly materials for
+experiments.
+
+Henry Ford does not know the word discouragement, so after his first
+failure he built another car and in 1898 placed it on the road. It
+was better than the first one, but there were still difficulties to be
+overcome. People laughed more than ever, and Detroit thought him
+mildly insane on the subject of "little buggies driven by gas," as the
+newspapers called them. Then one day, when no one was paying any
+especial attention to him, Henry Ford made a car that would run on
+level ground, would run up and down hill, and go backward and forward.
+His problem was solved, and he began to make automobiles. Today he is
+the head of the Ford Motor Company which has its largest factory in
+Highland Park, a suburb of Detroit, Michigan, not more than fifteen
+miles from his birthplace.
+
+At the Highland Park plant, one thousand times a day a newborn car
+pushes open a door by itself and goes out into the world. At once
+these cars are loaded on trains and sent away, for the plant has no
+storage and there are always more orders than can be filled. The Ford
+cars are used by many persons, they are all made alike and they are
+made in large numbers. Henry Ford's old dream about making watches has
+come true, only he makes automobiles instead of timepieces.
+
+In his great factory the most improved machinery is used, and the
+business is run on a profit-sharing plan, which means that the daily
+pay of the men in his employ increases as the profit of the plant
+increases. A just amount is paid to each workman and Mr. Ford says:
+"If a man can make himself of any use at all, put him on, give him
+his chance and if he tries to do the right thing, we can find a living
+for him any way." Eight hours is the length of the working day with
+extra pay for overtime work. The wages in the Ford factories have
+always been above what is generally paid so there are always many
+persons who want to work there.
+
+However, Henry Ford has two other great interests besides automobiles.
+They are boys and birds. His only child is a bright and earnest boy
+but Mr. Ford does not forget other boys in doing for his own. There
+are always a dozen or more boys that he is training and helping to
+prepare for life, thus giving to the world strong, helpful citizens.
+
+As for birds, he has built two hundred bird houses in the grounds of
+his home. They are heated with electricity in winter so as to keep the
+birds' drinking water from freezing, and by a clever arrangement of
+tubes, food can be sent electrically to each little house. Recently
+Mr. Ford brought from England three hundred and eighty song birds not
+native to the United States. They settled down and built nests in his
+trees and shrubbery. He hopes to have them increase and add to the
+beauty of our natural life.
+
+His interest in birds and out of door life has been strengthened by
+his long friendship with John Burroughs, the naturalist, and the two
+have had many tramps and camping trips together. These excursions are
+Mr. Ford's vacations and he likes to take them with this great nature
+lover or with his other good friend, Thomas A. Edison, with whom he is
+most congenial.
+
+Having no bad habits, perfect health, never being tired, willing to
+listen to others, able to decide quickly, and world-wide in his
+interests, Henry Ford is one of the twentieth century's greatest
+public-spirited business men. No better illustration can be found than
+the fact that although Mr. Ford did not believe in war and was a man
+of peace, yet when the United States entered the World War, he
+hastened to Washington, offered his great factory to the government to
+make war supplies, and began running night and day to furnish our
+country with war-time necessities. If some one wished to choose for
+him a coat of arms they should select, "A file and hammer crossed, a
+warm, glowing heart placed above them," while the words,
+
+                               "I love,
+                               I build,
+                               I give."
+
+should be written underneath. This should be sufficient to describe
+the nature of the kindly, frank and unassuming man, who, with a large
+amount of money coming in each month, cares nothing for it as money
+but wishes to use it to promote the good will of the world.
+
+
+
+
+BEN B. LINDSEY
+
+
+Late one afternoon a tired judge was seated at his bench in the city
+of Denver. The docket showed that the next case to be brought before
+him was one for stealing. Anxiously he waited for the hardened
+criminals to be brought in, when lo and behold! three boys hardly in
+their teens were brought before him.
+
+When asked what they had stolen, they replied, "Pigeons." Beside the
+boys stood the old man whose pigeons had been stolen. To say that he
+was angry was putting it mildly.
+
+As the boys described the pigeon loft and how they came to steal the
+pigeons, the judge became very absent-minded; for his mind went back
+to the time when he himself was a boy and had been in a crowd that had
+stolen pigeons. Odd as it may seem, the judge's old gang had, years
+before, visited this same pigeon loft and stolen from this same old
+man. Little wonder then that the judge had a warm place in his heart
+for the boys who were now in trouble.
+
+But the old man had been annoyed for months, had watched hours to
+catch the boys, and now that he had caught them, surely they should be
+punished severely. He was sure the boys should be sent to prison.
+
+What should the judge do under the circumstances? Certainly he must
+see that the pigeons were protected, for they were fancy stock and the
+old man made his living by raising them.
+
+[Illustration: BEN B. LINDSEY
+"The Kids' Judge"]
+
+Would sending the three boys to prison protect the old man and his
+pigeons? No, for no doubt the boys belonged to a gang, and unless the
+whole gang were caught, the thefts would continue. For a long time the
+judge studied the matter until finally he told the boys, that if they
+would go out and bring in the other members of the gang, he would be
+"white" with them; he would give them a square deal.
+
+The boys eyed the judge critically. Did he mean what he was saying?
+The boys liked his looks, for he was young and not much larger than
+themselves. Then, too, he did not talk down at them from the bench,
+but had left his bench, sat among them, and talked like one of them.
+
+It wasn't long before the boys were convinced that the judge was their
+friend. He understood them, and his heart was in the right place, as
+they put it. Accordingly, they went out and brought in the other
+members of the gang. In his talk with the gang, the judge was as kind
+and frank as he had been when talking with the three boys the day
+before. He told the boys how the old man made his living by raising
+pigeons, and he asked them whether they thought it was square for them
+to steal his pigeons. They agreed that it was not.
+
+Then he told the gang how the old man and the police had caught the
+three boys stealing the pigeons, and he asked them whether they
+thought it would help matters to send the boys to prison. As this
+remedy did not appeal to the gang the judge asked what should be done.
+After some discussion, the members of the gang agreed that the best
+thing to do was to give the judge their word of honor that they would
+never molest the pigeon loft again. Thus it was that the old man's
+rights were protected and at the same time the boys were saved from
+the disgrace of a prison sentence.
+
+The above is but one among hundreds of instances in which Judge Ben B.
+Lindsey of Denver has shown that he is indeed the boy's friend. Since
+he is the boy's friend, all boys are interested in his life.
+
+Since he was born in Tennessee in 1869, it is not difficult for us to
+figure that he is now in the prime of life. As he looks back over his
+boyhood days he admits that he can recall little else than hardship.
+His father, who had been an officer in the Confederate army, died when
+Ben was about eighteen years of age. Before the war the Lindseys had
+been in comfortable circumstances, but so great were the ravages of
+war that at its close the family had lost everything. Ben, therefore,
+was born in poverty. So severe were the hardships in the South that
+the Lindseys came north and finally settled in Denver, Colorado. When
+Ben was twelve, the family was so poor that the lad could not go to
+school. Forced to work while yet so young, he had to pick up any odd
+jobs that came his way. For a time he was messenger boy, and then he
+managed a newspaper route. Since he was once a newsboy, is it any
+wonder that he understood newsboys? It is also interesting to know
+that he afterward became a judge in the same city in which he used to
+peddle newspapers.
+
+Though Ben could not attend day school, he did go to night school
+regularly. As he was not robust, it was difficult, however, for the
+lad after delivering messages all day to settle down to hard study in
+a night school. But Ben liked books and was not afraid of hard work.
+
+A little later he secured employment in a real-estate office. Here he
+had some leisure time. Can you guess what he did with it? Did you know
+that about the best way to learn whether or not a boy is destined to
+become a great man is to find out what he does with his leisure hours?
+Ben, now a young man, spent his time in studying law. To play games or
+go to shows would have been much more interesting than studying great
+law books, but he was determined to climb regardless of the cost.
+Accordingly, at the age of twenty-four, he was made a "full-fledged"
+lawyer.
+
+In his practice of law there was nothing exceptional until at the age
+of thirty-two he was made county judge. For weeks he discharged the
+usual duties connected with his office until one evening a case came
+before the court that changed his entire life. The story is as
+follows:
+
+"The hour was late; the calendar was long, and Judge Lindsey was
+sitting overtime. Weary of the weary work, everybody was forcing the
+machinery of the law to grind through at top speed the dull routine of
+justice. All sorts of cases go before this court, grand and petty,
+civil and criminal, complicated and simple. The petty larceny case was
+plain; it could be disposed of in no time. A theft had been committed;
+no doubt of that. Had the prisoner at the bar done it? The sleepy
+policeman had his witnesses on hand and they swore out a case. There
+was no doubt about it; hardly any denial. The law prescribed precisely
+what was to be done to such 'cases,' and the bored judge ordered that
+that thing be done. That was all. In the same breath with which he
+pronounced sentence, the court called for the 'next case,' and the
+shift was under way, when something happened, something out of the
+ordinary.
+
+"A cry! an old woman's shriek, rang out of the rear of the room. There
+was nothing so very extraordinary about that. Our courts are held in
+public; and every now and then somebody makes a disturbance such as
+this old woman made when she rose now with that cry on her lips and,
+tearing her hair and rending her garments, began to beat her head
+against the wall. It was the duty of the bailiff to put the person
+out, and that officer in this court moved to do his duty.
+
+"But Judge Lindsey upheld the woman, saying: 'I had noticed her
+before. As my eye wandered during the evening it had fallen several
+times on her, crouched there among the back benches, and I remember I
+thought how like a cave dweller she looked. I didn't connect her with
+the case, any case. I didn't think of her in any human relationship
+whatever. For that matter, I hadn't considered the larceny case in any
+human way. And there's the point: I was a judge, judging 'cases'
+according to the 'law,' till the cave dweller's mother-cry startled me
+into humanity. It was an awful cry, a terrible sight, and I was
+stunned. I looked at the prisoner again, but with new eyes now, and I
+saw the boy, an Italian boy. A thief? No. A bad boy? Perhaps, but not
+a lost criminal.
+
+"'I called him back, and I had the old woman brought before me.
+Comforting and quieting her, I talked with the two together, as mother
+and son this time, and I found that they had a home. It made me
+shudder. I had been about to send that boy to a prison among criminals
+when he had a home and a mother to go to. And that was the law! The
+fact that that boy had a good home; the circumstances which led him
+to--not steal, but 'swipe' something; the likelihood of his not doing
+it again--these were 'evidence' pertinent, nay, vital, to his case.
+
+"'Yet the law did not require the production of such evidence. The
+law? Justice? I stopped the machinery of justice to pull that boy out
+of its grinders. But he was guilty; what was to be done with him? I
+didn't know. I said I would take care of him myself, but I didn't know
+what I meant to do, except to visit him and his mother at their home.
+And I did visit them, often, and--well, we--his mother and I, with the
+boy helping--we saved the boy, and today he is a fine young fellow,
+industrious, self-respecting, and a friend of the Court.'"
+
+So deep was the impression that this case made upon Judge Lindsey that
+he could not keep from thinking about it. As he thought, he made up
+his mind that boys and girls should not be tried in the same court
+with grown people. He also concluded that in trying a boy the
+important thing was not _what_ he had done, but _why_ he had done it.
+To discover and remove the cause of the crime was of much greater
+importance than punishing him after the crime had been committed.
+
+Furthermore, he thought it very wrong to put a boy in a prison with
+hardened criminals. He looked upon the prison not as a place where men
+are made better but as a school of vice. To send a boy to prison,
+then, must be the last resort.
+
+While it was not hard for Judge Lindsey to see all these things, it
+was difficult indeed for him to make the people of Denver see them.
+Gradually, however, he carried on his campaign of enlightenment until
+today Denver is pointed out as one of a few cities that knows how
+successfully to handle its boys. With its excellent juvenile court and
+its sane probation laws it has blazed the path for other cities to
+follow.
+
+And to whom are these changes due? We answer, to the man who by dint
+of hard work struggled all the way from newsboy on the streets to
+judge on the bench--Ben B. Lindsey.
+
+
+
+
+FRANCES WILLARD
+
+
+Two sisters and a brother lived with their parents in the country near
+what is now the town of Beloit, Wisconsin. They had many pleasures in
+their free, healthy life, and they were all fond of writing down in
+diaries accounts of their plays, their hopes, and their plans. One day
+the older of the two girls wrote:
+
+"I once thought I should like to be Queen Victoria's maid of honor;
+then I wanted to go and live in Cuba; next I made up my mind that I
+would be an artist; next that I would be a mighty hunter of the
+prairies--but now I suppose I am to be a music teacher, simply that
+and nothing more."
+
+She never became any of these things, but she did grow into such a
+wise and noble woman that the entire world recognized the good she did
+and was glad to honor her. The little girl's name was Frances Willard,
+and the great office that was hers in later life was the presidency of
+the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.
+
+Frances' father and mother moved to Wisconsin from the State of New
+York when their children were very small. Then the new home seemed to
+be in the wilderness, and the family were indeed pioneers. Frances had
+a genius for planning the most exciting games. She was always the
+leader of the three, and delighted in organizing her willing playmates
+into Indian bands, or into daring sailors of unknown seas. The other
+two children called her Frank, and were glad to have her "think up"
+wonderful plays.
+
+[Illustration: FRANCES E. WILLARD
+Founder of the
+World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union]
+
+One day long before Frances was twelve years of age her sister wrote
+in her journal, "Frank said we might as well have a ship if we did
+live on shore; so we took a hen coop pointed at the top, put a big
+plank across it, and stood up, one at each end, with an old rake
+handle apiece to steer with. Up and down we went, slow when it was a
+calm sea and fast when there was a storm, until the old hen clucked
+and the chickens all ran in and we had a lively time. Frank was
+captain and I was mate. We made out charts of the sea, rules about how
+to navigate when it was good weather and how when it was bad. We put
+up a sail made of an old sheet and had great fun, until I fell off and
+hurt me."
+
+So you see they must have had many daring adventures. Frances longed
+for a horse to ride, but there was none the children could have. This
+did not discourage her in the least. She wanted to ride and so she
+decided to train their pet calf. The calf's name was Dime, and Frances
+said, "Dime is an unusually smart calf, she can be trained so we can
+ride her." So she proceeded to do it and the children rode Dime to
+their hearts' content.
+
+But all of their play was not out of doors. Mr. and Mrs. Willard had
+brought with them from their old home many books, and the children
+liked to spend hours reading in their library. The father and mother
+taught them and encouraged them to study. Frances liked to write,
+and, as she was a neat and orderly girl, she did not want her books
+and papers disturbed. In her sister Mary's journal we read how she
+managed to have her belongings untouched:
+
+"Today Frank gave me half her dog Frisk that she bought lately, and
+for her pay I made a promise which mother witnessed and here it is:
+
+"I, Mary Willard, promise never to touch anything lying or being upon
+Frank Willard's writing desk which father gave her. I promise never to
+ask either by speaking, writing, or signing, or in any other way, any
+person or body to take off or put on anything on said stand and desk
+without special permission from said Frank Willard. I promise never to
+touch anything which may be in something upon her stand and desk. I
+promise never to put anything on it or in anything on it; I promise if
+I am writing or doing anything else at her desk to go away the moment
+she tells me to. If I break the promise I will let the said F. W. come
+into my room and go to my trunk or go into any place where I keep my
+things and take anything of mine she likes. All this I promise unless
+entirely different arrangements are made. These things I promise upon
+my most sacred honor."
+
+As Frances grew older she longed to travel. She had a great desire to
+take a large part in the work of the world; but this did not seem
+possible for two reasons. First, she had no money, and in the second
+place, she lived in such an out of the way settlement that a journey
+to the great cities of the world seemed to be nothing but a pleasant
+dream that would never come true.
+
+Once in one of these moments of longing, she wrote,
+
+                    "Am I almost of age,
+                    Am I almost of age,
+                    Said a poor little girl,
+                    And she glanced from her cage.
+                    How long will it be
+                    Before I shall be free,
+                    And not fear friend or foe?
+                    And I some folks could know
+                    I'd not want to be of age,
+                    But remain in my cage."
+
+This was her first poem, and she grew very fond of writing and then
+reading aloud her own efforts. The children printed a paper, and
+Frances was the editor. While writing articles to appear in it she
+would often retire to a seat high up in a favorite tree. On the tree
+she hung a sign,
+
+                           "The Eagle's Nest
+                                  Beware."
+
+You may be sure the other children left her undisturbed until her
+important writing was finished.
+
+But it was not long before Frances went out into the world of which
+she dreamed and wrote, for she was not eighteen years old when she
+began teaching. This experience gave her great pleasure. She liked
+her pupils and was earnest and enthusiastic. There were two questions
+that she kept always before her pupils: "What are you going to be in
+the world, and what are you going to do?" Every one who ever had
+Frances Willard for his teacher heard these two questions many times,
+and numerous young people were influenced by her to lead earnest,
+helpful lives.
+
+During one of her summer vacations, she made the acquaintance of a
+warm-hearted, generous girl who became one of her closest friends.
+This young girl, of about the same age as Frances Willard, had no
+mother. Her father, who was exceedingly wealthy, was deeply immersed
+in his business, so his daughter was glad to have her new friend with
+her often.
+
+One day she thought, "How splendid it would be for us to go abroad."
+To think was to act with her, and almost before Frances knew it they
+had started for Europe. They remained there three years and during
+that time visited many remote places seldom seen by the average person
+traveling in foreign lands. Frances Willard wrote many accounts of
+their experiences which were published in American magazines.
+
+Upon her return to the United States she lectured about her journey
+and became such an excellent public speaker that every one wanted to
+hear her on any subject she chose, so she continued to lecture after
+she ceased giving her travel talks. It is estimated that she spoke on
+an average of once a day for ten years.
+
+Meanwhile, she was made president of a college for young ladies in the
+town of Evanston, Illinois. Later she became a member of the faculty
+of Northwestern University in the same community. Here she brought
+wonderful help to her students, and they said of her that she was so
+interesting "she turned common things to gold."
+
+But her life was not to be given entirely to teaching, and after a few
+years she was drawn into the temperance work. This was then in its
+beginning. Liquor was sold freely in every state, and there were no
+laws regulating its sale or distribution.
+
+Miss Willard saw the sorrow and suffering caused by intemperance and
+she determined to war against this great evil. Her first work was done
+with what was called the Woman's Crusade. Bands of women met and
+prayed in front of saloons. Often they asked to hold brief services in
+the saloons and then they urged men to give up drinking. Going to
+these places and praying in public was distasteful to her, but Miss
+Willard felt she must do so.
+
+Soon, because of her zeal, the Chicago branch of the Woman's Christian
+Temperance Union gave her an office. From that time she rose rapidly
+from office to office in the great organization until she was made
+World President of the International W. C. T. U. in 1879. She brought
+the necessity for temperance before the people of the United States as
+they had never seen it before, and always she said to them with
+tongue and pen, "Temperance is necessary for God and Home and Native
+Land."
+
+She went over the entire country speaking to thousands of persons and
+turning their thoughts toward the great cause. Little by little she
+gained ground, made progress, and could say of the spread of interest:
+"It was like the fire we used to kindle on the western prairie, a
+match and a wisp of dry grass was all that was needed, and behold the
+magnificent spectacle of a prairie on fire, sweeping across the
+landscape swift as a thousand untrained steeds and no more to be
+captured than a hurricane."
+
+Today the results of Frances Willard's work are seen in the great and
+growing interest in prohibition. What was to her a dream is coming to
+pass; what she hoped for will, in all probability, soon be a reality,
+and her great achievement lies in having made the question, "Shall we
+permit our homes and our country to be ruined by intemperance?" one of
+national importance, a question that every citizen of the United
+States must answer.
+
+In Statuary Hall of our Nation's Capitol, where stand the statues of
+those persons whose deeds have earned them the right to fame and
+honor, there is only one statue of a woman. That woman is Frances E.
+Willard.
+
+
+
+
+JANE ADDAMS
+
+
+Not so many years ago a little girl, living in a small Illinois town,
+had a strange dream. She was quite a little girl; just old enough to
+be in the second grade at school, nevertheless she always remembered
+that dream. She says, "I dreamed that every one in the world was dead
+excepting myself, and that upon me rested the responsibility of making
+a wagon wheel. The village street remained as usual, the village
+blacksmith shop was 'all there,' even a glowing fire upon the forge,
+and the anvil in its customary place near the door, but no human being
+was within sight. They had all gone around the edge of the hill to the
+village cemetery, and I alone remained in the deserted world. I stood
+in the blacksmith shop pondering on how to begin, and never once knew
+how, although I fully realized that the affairs of the world could not
+be resumed until at least one wheel should be made and something
+started."
+
+The little girl dreamed this dream more than once, but she never made
+the wagon wheel. However, when she was a grown woman she founded and
+built up something that has become a great force for good in the
+largest city of her native state.
+
+Perhaps you are wondering what she did. She went to live in one of the
+poorest and most wretched parts of Chicago. There she furnished her
+house exactly as she would if it had been in some beautiful street.
+She called her home a Settlement, and invited her neighbors to come in
+daily for comfort and cheer.
+
+[Illustration: JANE ADDAMS
+Founder of Hull House, Chicago]
+
+In her description of the street in which she lived she says,
+
+"Halsted Street is thirty-two miles long, and one of the great
+thoroughfares of Chicago. Polk street crosses it midway between the
+stock yards to the south and the ship building yards to the north. For
+the six miles between these two industries the street is lined with
+shops of butchers and grocers, with dingy and gorgeous saloons, and
+places for the sale of ready-made clothing. Once this was the suburbs,
+but the city has grown steadily and this site has corners on three or
+four foreign colonies."
+
+It was in the year 1899 that Jane Addams, for that is the name of the
+little girl who dreamed she was to make a wagon wheel and help start
+something in the world, began living in Halsted Street, and named her
+home Hull House after the first owner.
+
+In those early days people asked her over and over why she had come to
+live in Halsted Street when she could afford to live among richer
+people.
+
+One old man used to shake his head and say it was the strangest thing
+he had ever known. However, there came a time when he thought it was
+most natural for the settlement to be there to feed the hungry, care
+for the sick, give pleasure to the young and comfort to the aged.
+
+From the very first Miss Addams and her helpers made their neighbors
+understand that they were ready to do even the humblest services. They
+took care of children and nursed the sick. They even washed the dishes
+and cleaned the house for some of the poor foreign women who had to
+work all night scrubbing big office buildings.
+
+Besides helping in true neighborly fashion, they brought many joys to
+the people about them. Some of these were quite by chance, as once
+when an old Italian woman cried with pleasure over a bunch of red
+roses that she saw at a reception Miss Addams gave. She was surprised,
+she said, that they had been "brought so fresh all the way from
+Italy." No one could make her believe they had been grown in Chicago.
+She had lived there six years and never seen any, but in Italy they
+bloomed everywhere all summer.
+
+Now the sad thing about this story was that during all the six years
+of her stay in Chicago she had lived within ten blocks of a flower
+store, and one car fare would have been enough to take her to one of
+Chicago's beautiful public parks. No one had ever told her about them,
+and so all she knew of the city was the dirty street in which she
+lived.
+
+Miss Addams learned that most of the foreigners were as helpless as
+this woman in finding anything to bring them pleasure. So Hull House
+became a place where hundreds of persons went. Some joined classes
+and studied, but at first it was for social purposes that the
+Settlement was used the most.
+
+The people lived in tiny, crowded rooms and the only place they had to
+gather in celebration of weddings and birthdays, and meet each other
+was the saloon halls. These halls could be rented for a very small sum
+with the understanding that the company would spend much money at the
+saloon bar. Because of this custom many a party that started out quiet
+and orderly ended with great disorder. So you can see that every one
+would be glad to have Hull House where they could go and enjoy
+themselves comfortably with their friends.
+
+A day at Hull House is most interesting. In the morning come many
+little children to the Kindergarten. They are followed by older
+children who come to afternoon classes, while in the evening every
+room is filled with grown persons who meet in some form of study, club
+or social life.
+
+But if you should go there now you would find instead of one building,
+with which Miss Addams began, thirteen buildings and forty persons
+living there to help to teach anyone who may come to Hull House.
+
+There are classes in foreign languages, and one may study in the night
+classes almost any subject that is taught in a high school. Besides
+these classes there are concerts and plays. Hull House has a theater
+of its own, and the boys and girls of the neighborhood act out their
+favorite dramas there. One story that has been told frequently shows
+the kind of plays the boys and girls make. Almost every one thinks
+this play was given in the Hull House Theater but Miss Addams writes:
+
+  I have told the story you have reference to several times. It is
+  about a settlement boys' club, not at Hull House, who were asked
+  to write a play on the origin of the American flag. They were told
+  the climax must come in the third act, etc., but were given no
+  outline.
+
+  The play was as follows: The first act was at "the darkest hour of
+  the American Revolution." A sentry walking up and down in front of
+  the camp, says to a soldier: "Aint it fierce? We aint got no flag
+  for this here Revolution." And the soldier replies: "Yes, aint it
+  fierce?" That is the end of the first act. Second act: The same
+  soldier appears before George Washington and says: "Aint it
+  fierce? We aint got no flag for this here Revolution." And George
+  Washington replies: "Yes, aint it fierce?" and that is the end of
+  the second act. Third Act: George Washington went to call on Betsy
+  Ross, who lived on Arch Street in Philadelphia, and said:
+  "Mistress Ross, aint it fierce? We aint got no flag for this here
+  Revolution," and Betsy Ross replied: "Yes, aint it fierce? Hold
+  the baby and I will make one."
+
+  I sometimes tell this with a little more elaboration but I have
+  given you what the boys actually wrote. Of course, it has always
+  been detailed in the line of a funny story and cannot be taken too
+  seriously.
+
+                                       Very sincerely yours,
+                                                       JANE ADDAMS
+
+Is it not wonderful what Miss Addams has done for the people who had
+no comfort or care? Perhaps she has but kept a promise she made to her
+father when she was only seven years of age.
+
+They were driving through the poor, mean streets of her native town of
+Cedarville, Illinois. She had never seen this particular part of the
+town before, and asked her father many times why persons lived in
+such dreadful places. He tried to tell her what it meant to be very
+poor. She listened eagerly and then exclaimed, "When I grow up, I am
+going to live in a great, big house right among horrid little houses
+like these."
+
+In her "big house" on Halsted Street many lives have been brightened
+and thousands have found the help that started them upon useful
+careers.
+
+Jane Addams is one of the noblest women our country has had, and she
+has been honored by Chicago and the entire United States for her life
+of service.
+
+A member of the English Parliament called her "the only saint America
+has produced," while an enthusiastic Chicago man, when asked to name
+the greatest living man in America, answered, "Jane Addams."
+
+When in Chicago, try to go out to Hull House and visit for an
+afternoon or evening. There are so many kinds of activities going on
+all the time you can see what you like best, whether it be gymnastics,
+acting, music, pottery, carpentery, or any of the literary or
+industrial pursuits.
+
+Later on you will want to read the book Miss Addams has written of her
+experience called, "Twenty Years of Hull House."
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+"_The union of hearts, the union of hands, and the flag of our Union
+forever._"
+
+                                                       --G. P. MORRIS.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN MITCHELL
+President of the United Mine Workers]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN MITCHELL
+
+
+Have you ever thought how common it is for the persons who work for
+others to think that they do not have enough pay for what they do? The
+boy who mows the lawn wants more than the landlady is willing to pay.
+Thus it was in 1902 when thousands of coal miners in Pennsylvania
+became dissatisfied with their wages and started a great movement to
+force their employers to pay them more.
+
+On one side were the rich men who owned the mines. They, eager to make
+as much money for themselves as possible, were not willing to pay the
+miners fair wages. Furthermore, they would not spend money to make the
+mines safe for the men who worked in them. Accordingly, the living
+conditions among the miners were wretched indeed. Poorly paid, they
+were forced to dwell in houses that were little more than huts, and
+were required to live on the coarsest fare. So dangerous were the
+mines that accidents were of almost daily occurrence; yet nothing
+could be done as the miners were without a leader. True, labor
+agitators came and with silver speech aroused the miners, but they did
+not tell them what to do.
+
+For a long time the battle cloud grew darker until finally the whole
+nation became alarmed. So grave was the situation that Theodore
+Roosevelt, then president, was asked to help avert the crisis that
+seemed inevitable. At once the president left Washington for the
+scene of conflict. Day after day he sought among the sullen,
+half-crazed men for some solution of the difficulty, until finally he
+discovered a man big enough to bring order out of confusion.
+
+Mr. Hugh C. Weir, in speaking of this discovery, says: "From the
+inferno of the coal-strike dates the cementing of those ties of
+friendship and comradeship which have bound John Mitchell and Theodore
+Roosevelt. The president, plunging into the heart of the strike,
+sought and found the man whose hand held the pulse of events. He found
+him, haggard and white with the strain of a great exhaustion, upheld
+by the inspiration of a great purpose, and forthwith John Mitchell,
+coal-miner, son of a coal-miner, came into a place in the Roosevelt
+esteem which few men have equaled and no man surpassed. When at the
+White House conference of American governors, the president invited as
+guests of honor those five Americans who, in his judgment, ranked
+foremost in current progress, John Mitchell, the labor man, was high
+in the quintette." To have a plain coal-miner thus honored by the
+President of the United States is so exceptional that we cannot help
+wondering what there was about Mr. Mitchell that earned for him such
+distinction. To discover the source of his greatness it is necessary
+to study his life.
+
+John Mitchell was born in the cottage of a humble coal-miner at
+Braidwood, Illinois, in 1870. In those days Braidwood was a dreary,
+dirty mining town almost surrounded by broad stretches of swamp.
+
+When John was but three years of age his mother died. His stepmother,
+who no doubt meant well, was not affectionate; on the contrary she was
+very severe. As they were very poor she had to take in washings, and
+day after day it fell to John's lot to help his stepmother with the
+washings.
+
+When he was six years of age, his father, the only real friend he had
+in the world, was brought home dead, killed in a mine disaster. In
+speaking of this period in his life Mr. Mitchell says: "The poverty
+and hardships that followed were marked by one circumstance that is
+imprinted indelibly upon my memory and which has had an impelling
+influence upon my whole life. My father had served a full term of
+enlistment as a volunteer in the Civil War. When he was discharged
+from the army he brought home with him his soldier's clothes, and I
+remember so well that when we had not sufficient bed clothing to keep
+us warm in the cold winter nights, I would arise and get the heavy
+soldier's coat and spread it over my little half-brother and myself.
+When we were snug and warm beneath it I would feel so happy and proud
+that my father had been an American soldier. And through all the years
+that have passed since then I have felt that same pride in the memory
+of my father, and in the love of country which, along with a good
+name, was our sole heritage from him."
+
+When John was about ten, his stepmother married again. From the first
+his stepfather did not like him, and soon he became so cruel that the
+boy's heart was completely broken. With no home, with no one who cared
+for him, the big world seemed cold indeed.
+
+Finally, unable to stand the abuse of his stepfather longer, he
+gathered his few belongings in a small bundle and started out to make
+his own way in the world. For a boy of only ten this was by no means
+easy. From house to house he asked for work until finally a farmer
+gave him a job. Though the hours were long and the work heavy, John
+stuck to it for more than a year when he went to a mine in Braidwood
+and got a job as breaker boy. Here he remained until he was twelve
+when he decided to go west. With no money and no friends he worked his
+way by slow stages all the way from Illinois to Colorado. He had hoped
+that mining conditions would be much better in Colorado, but found
+them even worse than they had been in Illinois. Unable to earn enough
+to supply the bare necessities of life, the miners were suffering
+hardship and want.
+
+Thus surrounded by misery, John, though but a lad, found himself
+trying to think out ways of helping these unfortunate men and their
+families, for he could not believe that it was right for them to
+suffer as they did.
+
+Finally conditions in Colorado became so bad that John, then twenty
+years of age, decided to return to Spring Valley, Illinois. Here, for
+the first time in his life, he saw a labor union so conducted that it
+was a force. The members of this union, all working men, met each week
+and discussed matters that were of interest to all. After discussing
+the topics they passed resolutions which they presented to the mine
+owners. In this way they were able to secure better wages, shorter
+hours of work, and safer mines in which to work.
+
+In these labor meetings young Mitchell took an active part and soon
+developed ability as a public speaker. From the first his advancement
+in the ranks of organized labor was rapid, so rapid in fact that at
+thirty we find Mitchell president of the United Mine Workers of
+America. At the time he became president the organization had but
+about forty thousand members, but under his skillful leadership it
+grew until in 1908 its membership numbered over three hundred thousand
+men. Mr. Mitchell is still in the prime of life and is one of our most
+skillful and trusted labor leaders.
+
+Better to appreciate the worth of the man, let us consider the
+following tribute to him: "He chose to use this unusual ability for
+the many rather than for himself alone. It seemed better to him that
+many thousands should eat more and better bread each day than that he
+should have for himself ease and luxury.
+
+"Andrew Carnegie, beginning as John Mitchell did, in poverty and
+ignorance, made himself one of the foremost men of his time in the
+finance of the world. Behind him lies, as the result of his life work,
+a better system of refining steel, innumerable libraries--his gifts,
+and bearing his name,--a hundred millionaires and more--his one-time
+lieutenants--and personal wealth so great as to tax his gigantic
+intellect to find means for its expenditure.
+
+"John Mitchell, in a life much shorter, leaves behind him not a better
+system of refining steel, not a hundred millionaires, not innumerable
+libraries with his name in stone over the doors, but better living
+conditions for four hundred thousand miners--more wages, fewer hours
+of labor, less dangerous mine conditions, far-reaching laws for
+greater safety, a better understanding between capital and labor."
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+"_Let our object be our country, our whole country, and nothing but
+our country. And, by the blessing of God, may that country itself
+become a vast and splendid monument,--not of oppression and
+terror--but of wisdom, of peace, and of liberty, upon which the world
+may gaze with admiration forever._"
+
+                                                     --DANIEL WEBSTER.
+
+
+
+
+MAUDE BALLINGTON BOOTH
+
+
+A pleasant-faced little woman was talking to many persons in a great
+hall. She wore a dark dress. On the front of it were three white stars
+joined by slender chains. In the center of each one was a blue letter.
+The first letter was V, the second was P, and the third was L. Their
+meaning is Volunteer Prison League.
+
+The little woman was Maude Ballington Booth, and she was explaining
+the work of this league, for she founded it. She said that she had
+come from England to the United States many years ago. Upon reaching
+here one of the first places she visited was a great prison in
+California. There she saw so much sadness and misery that she could
+not rest until she did something to help the men and women who were
+shut behind iron bars.
+
+She began her work by holding a meeting in Sing Sing Prison on the
+Hudson River in the State of New York. She told the men that she was
+their friend and believed in them. She declared that there was no one
+so cast down or disgraced that he could not rise and make something of
+himself, if he would only try. Many of the men who heard Mrs. Booth
+that day had no families and had even lost trace of all their
+relatives. She said they could write her letters and she would answer.
+They had never before had any one treat them so kindly, and so letters
+by the hundred reached Mrs. Booth. One young man scarcely more than a
+boy, wrote her thanking her for the kind letter she had sent him. He
+called her "Little Mother." Soon this title became known, and all up
+and down the prisons of the United States men came to talk of the
+Little Mother and look for her coming; for her first work in Sing Sing
+Prison was so successful that she went from state to state organizing
+Volunteer Prison Leagues.
+
+[Illustration: MAUDE BALLINGTON BOOTH
+Founder of the Volunteer Prison League]
+
+It is not always easy to do right even when one is well, happy, and in
+his own home. Think, then, how hard a task the men in prison found it
+when they became members of the new league! The day a man joined, he
+had given to him a white button with a blue star and in the middle of
+the star was "Look Up and Hope." He promised to do five things:
+
+  1. He would pray every morning and night.
+
+  2. He would read faithfully in the little Day Book the league sent
+     him.
+
+  3. No bad language should soil his lips.
+
+  4. He would keep the rules of the prison.
+
+  5. He would try to encourage others, too, in right doing, and when
+     possible get new members for the league.
+From the moment a man put on a button, his guards and fellow prisoners
+watched to see if he would keep his promise. A framed copy of what he
+promised to do was hung in his cell as a daily reminder. If a man was
+strong enough to accept these five conditions, he came to be a changed
+person. He wanted to do right, and he looked forward to the time when
+he would be free and could once more try anew in the big world.
+
+Many persons told Mrs. Booth her plan would never work, but one by one
+men began to prove that it did. First there were dozens, then there
+were hundreds of men returning to their homes or going out to succeed
+in the business world.
+
+By and by Mrs. Booth saw there should be places where the men with no
+families could go when they left prison. So she started "Hope Halls."
+These are homes in the different large cities of the United States.
+The Volunteer Prison League has officers who manage them but the
+general public is never told where these houses are.
+
+In bygone days many men upon leaving prison have been led away by old
+evil companions. Others have found no place to stay and no work open
+for them because a cold, unthinking public had called them "jail
+birds." Mrs. Booth wanted these men to have a chance. Today a man who
+belongs to the league can, upon leaving prison, be directed to the
+nearest Hope Hall. There he can stay in comfortable quarters until he
+gets work. Kind friends help him and many business firms have come to
+take the word of the manager of Hope Hall. They give the man work and
+he goes out to take his place as a man among men.
+
+Mrs. Booth has given her life to building up this league, and for many
+years earned all the money that was needed for running expenses. She
+did this by writing, and speaking in public. Everywhere she went the
+people listened to her story and many were glad to help her.
+
+Although we claim her as an American, Maude Ballington Booth was born
+in a pretty little English village. Her father was the rector of the
+little church, and her mother was a loving woman devoted to her home.
+She died when Maude was fifteen years of age and on the moss-covered
+stone that marks her grave are the words: "They that be wise shall
+shine as the brightness of the firmament, and they that turn many to
+righteousness, as the stars forever and ever."
+
+From such a home the young girl went to London. There she met
+Ballington Booth, son of General Booth, founder of the Salvation Army.
+They were married and she came to the United States with him to
+interest Americans in the cause of the Salvation Army. This was a hard
+task. Oftentimes the army was jeered openly. The Booths were actually
+stoned while holding meetings in the streets. But this did not stop
+them. Their work grew, and at last they founded the Volunteers of
+America and became the head of this order.
+
+The busiest persons generally have time to do many things. So it was
+with Maude Ballington Booth, for she wrote a number of books about her
+work with prisoners, as well as lovely fairy tales for her little boy
+and girl. These children missed their mother very much when she went
+away to speak, so the next best thing to having her at home was to
+have the stories she made for them. These stories were sure to have
+accounts of pet animals in them, suggesting to the Booth children
+their own pets, and the following description of Snowball shows how
+well Mrs. Booth could picture the feelings of an insulted pussy cat.
+
+"The three children seated themselves by the stately white cat; slowly
+the ragged coat was opened and out sprang a frisky plebeian kitten
+right under the Angora's aristocratic nose. What a picture it was. The
+little black kitten startled and dazed by the light and warmth, and a
+great prince of a cat towering over her. Snowball was frozen into an
+attitude of horror at the unexpected apparition. Every hair stood
+erect and his back looked like a deformed hunch, while his yellow eyes
+flashed fire.
+
+"'Naughty, naughty Snowball,' called Baby, when the cats had gazed at
+each other for a full minute. 'It's little, and it's cold and it's
+hungry.'
+
+"Whatever he thought of Baby's reproof, Snowball did think it was
+time to act, and like a flash the white paw darted at the offending
+kitten's ear, and, I am ashamed to say, he spit most crossly in
+its frightened little face, then at one bound he sprang to the
+mantle-piece and sat there growling. The children looked dismayed; the
+little kitten stood looking up at its unsociable host with a sweet,
+questioning little face, uttering mild little mews of protest in
+answer to his thunderous growls.
+
+"Then Brown Eyes' wrath broke, and folding the kitten in loving arms,
+he said to Snowball, 'You bad, ungrateful ill natured cat, I am
+surprised at you, petted and cuddled and fed on good things, you turn
+and spit at a poor little kitten, who only looked up into your face
+and asked you to love it. We'll go away and leave you. You can stay
+there, and we'll get a saucer of cream for this kitten who is far
+nicer than you, cross cat; you bad cat, we'll leave you to yourself.'
+
+"Left to himself Snowball repented but, alas! the door was shut. The
+merry voices that resounded through the house did not call him, while
+through the still room sounded the voice of his taunting enemy, that
+hateful clock, the words of which his conscience could so well
+interpret, 'Cross cat, bad cat, bad cat.'"
+
+For years Mrs. Booth went from place to place throughout the United
+States raising money for the Volunteer Prison League, but when her
+father died he left her a small fortune. Now she uses this money for
+the great cause she loves, and is spared the hard work of traveling
+and speaking. Those who have heard her, remember a small woman with a
+soft, beautiful voice. This voice urged the world not to look at
+trouble and failure, but to lend a helping hand to men and women who
+want to lead a better life by following the stars of hope.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE
+Founder of Many Libraries]
+
+
+
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE
+
+
+Have you a library in your town? What is it called? Should you like to
+know why Andrew Carnegie decided to spend millions and millions of
+dollars in building beautiful libraries in this country and Scotland?
+I should like to tell you, for the story is very interesting.
+
+Mr. Carnegie was born in far away Scotland in the year 1835. His
+father was a poor man who earned his living by weaving linen by hand.
+Soon machines were invented for the weaving of linen. As these
+machines could weave more cheaply, those who had made a living by hand
+weaving were thrown out of work. "Andie's" father was thus thrown out
+of employment and, hardly knowing which way to turn, decided to come
+to America.
+
+Accordingly, when Andie was seven years of age, in company with his
+parents and brother, he came to this land of promise. In a land so
+large, it was not an easy matter for them to decide where to live.
+Finally they decided to settle in Allegheny City, just across the
+river from Pittsburg.
+
+After the home was settled, one of the first questions to be solved
+was, whether Andie should go to school or go to work. But what could a
+boy so small do? He could be a bobbin boy in a big factory, he was
+told. So as bobbin boy, we soon see him earning his first money. Can
+you guess what his first wages were? From early morning until late at
+night he worked and, for a whole week's work received but one dollar
+and twenty cents.
+
+So faithful and energetic was he, that he was soon promoted to
+engine-boy at a salary of a dollar and eighty cents a week. While the
+increase in salary pleased him, the work was not so pleasant, for he
+had to work in a damp cellar away from fresh air and sunlight. Then,
+too, he was alone most of the time.
+
+It was while he was engine-boy that an event happened that caused him
+later in life to build libraries. Suppose we invite Mr. Carnegie, in
+his own language, to tell us about it.
+
+"There were no fine libraries then, but in Allegheny City, where I
+lived, there was a Colonel Anderson, who was well-to-do and of a
+philanthropic turn. He announced, about the time I first began to
+work, that he would be in his library at home, every Saturday, ready
+to lend books to working boys and men. He had only about four hundred
+volumes, but I doubt if ever so few books were put to better use. Only
+one who has longed, as I did, for Saturday to come, that the spring of
+knowledge might be opened anew to him, can imagine what Colonel
+Anderson did for me and other boys of Allegheny City. Quite a number
+of them have risen to eminence, and I think their rise can be traced
+easily to this splendid opportunity."
+
+No doubt it was the kindness of Colonel Anderson that prompted Mr.
+Carnegie, later in life, to bestow his wealth for the founding of
+libraries.
+
+Since the work as engine-boy had never appealed to Andie, he was
+delighted when another promotion was earned. This time he was made
+messenger boy in a telegraph office in Pittsburg at a salary of two
+dollars and fifty cents a week. In speaking of this period Mr.
+Carnegie said: "If you want an idea as to heaven on earth, imagine
+what it is to be taken from a dark cellar, where I fired the boiler
+from morning until night, and dropped into an office, where light
+shone from all sides, with books, papers, and pencils in profusion
+around me, and oh, the tick of those mysterious brass instruments on
+the desk, annihilating space and conveying intelligence to the world.
+This was my first glimpse of paradise, and I walked on air."
+
+Fortunately, the man in charge of the office, a Scotchman by the name
+of James Reid, took a liking to the Scotch lad and began to help him
+by teaching him telegraphy. Accordingly, during the leisure moments
+when Andie had no messages to deliver he studied so diligently that in
+a remarkably short time he became a skillful telegraph operator.
+
+At this time his father died, leaving the support of the family to
+Andie. To support them he must earn more money, and so he left his job
+as messenger boy to become a telegraph operator on the Pennsylvania
+railroad. While thus engaged as an operator he invented a system of
+train dispatching that, each year, saved the company thousands of
+dollars. This invention attracted the attention of the railroad
+officials to young Carnegie, and he was made private secretary to
+Colonel Scott, vice-president of the road, and a little later was made
+superintendent of the Western division of the Pennsylvania railroad,
+all before he was thirty years of age.
+
+It was while he was superintendent of the railroad that Mr. Woodruff,
+the inventor of the sleeping car, came to him with the invention. Mr.
+Carnegie listened to a description of the proposed cars. He saw that
+the idea was good and adopted it at once. Thus it was that on Mr.
+Carnegie's division of the Pennsylvania railroad the first sleeping
+cars in the United States were run.
+
+Prior to this time all the railroad bridges had been made of wood; but
+it occurred to Carnegie that bridges should be made of steel, rather
+than wood. Accordingly, he organized the Keystone Bridge Company that
+built the first steel bridge across the Ohio River. As the bridge
+business grew, Mr. Carnegie decided that he could make more money by
+making his own steel for the bridges. To do this he organized a
+company and built the Union Iron Mills. So profitable were these mills
+that in a short time he purchased the Edgar Thompson Steel Rail Mill
+and the Homestead Steel Works. Gradually his business grew until in
+1901, when he retired, his payroll exceeded eighteen million dollars a
+year, and he received two hundred and fifty millions for his share of
+the business.
+
+But, I hear you ask, "How could he earn so much money? How did he get
+the money to start these great enterprises?" From the first he was
+economical and saved every penny possible; and fortunately for him his
+investments were always profitable, as the following examples will
+show.
+
+When he was a telegraph operator, his friend, Mr. Scott, urged him to
+buy ten shares in the Adams Express Company for six hundred dollars.
+As Mr. Carnegie was able to get together but five hundred dollars, Mr.
+Scott lent him the extra hundred, and the investment was made. Soon
+these shares were yielding large dividends, which Mr. Carnegie
+carefully saved.
+
+Already I have told you how Mr. Woodruff, the inventor of the sleeping
+car, came to Mr. Carnegie to get him to try out these cars. So
+enthusiastic was Mr. Carnegie over the invention, that he organized
+the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company, and borrowed money from every
+possible source to finance the enterprise. Here, too, he met with a
+degree of success that was far beyond his fondest expectations.
+
+Suppose we invite Mr. Carnegie to tell us about his third investment.
+He says: "In company with several others, I purchased the now famous
+Story farm, on Oil Creek, Pennsylvania, where a well had been bored
+and natural-oil struck the year before. This proved a very profitable
+investment. When I first visited this famous well, the oil was running
+into the creek where a few flat-bottomed scows lay filled with it,
+ready to be floated down the Allegheny River on an agreed upon day
+each week, when the creek was flooded by means of a temporary dam.
+This was the beginning of the natural-oil business. We purchased the
+farm for forty thousand dollars, and so small was our faith in the
+ability of the earth to yield, for any considerable time, the hundred
+barrels per day which the property was then producing that we decided
+to make a pond capable of holding one hundred thousand barrels of oil,
+which we estimated would be worth, when the supply ceased, one million
+dollars.
+
+"Unfortunately for us, the pond leaked fearfully. Evaporation also
+caused much loss, but we continued to run the oil in to make the loss
+good day by day, until several hundred thousand barrels had gone in
+this fashion. Our experience with the farm is worth reciting: its
+value rose to five million dollars, and one year it paid in cash
+dividends one million dollars." Surely this was a very profitable
+investment.
+
+But most of Mr. Carnegie's money was made in the steel business, and,
+you ask how this was done.
+
+Prior to 1868 the process of making iron into steel had been extremely
+expensive. In that year Mr. Carnegie introduced a method for making
+steel known as the Bessemer process. For years his mills had a
+monopoly of the process; and, as it reduced the cost of making steel
+by more than half, he made vast sums of money.
+
+About all rich men two questions are always asked: How did they get
+their money, and what did they do with it?
+
+While Mr. Carnegie may be justly criticized for some of the methods
+he adopted in getting his money, few can criticize the beautiful
+spirit that he has shown in giving it away. So liberal has he been
+that in a single year he gave away one hundred and twelve million
+dollars. Some of his more notable gifts are $22,000,000 for the
+Carnegie Institution in Washington, $24,000,000 for the Carnegie
+Institution in Pittsburg, $15,000,000 for Teachers' Pensions,
+$10,000,000 for Scotch Universities, and $70,000,000 for libraries.
+
+In the northern part of Scotland is a large and beautiful mansion
+known as Skibo Castle. This was Mr. Carnegie's country estate, and
+here he and his wife and daughter lived in comparative quiet. In his
+late years, as in boyhood days, he loved to tread on the free heather
+of his beloved country. As the years multiplied, his sympathies
+gradually enlarged and his vision broadened. Though some, as they grow
+old, become sour and crabbed, Mr. Carnegie became increasingly
+optimistic and youthful in spirit, until death claimed him.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+"_He is never alone that hath a good book._"
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: DR. ANNA SHAW
+Honorary President, Woman's National Suffrage Association]
+
+
+
+
+ANNA SHAW
+
+
+When Anna Shaw was four years old, her mother left Scotland with her
+family of small children and started for America to join her husband.
+After a few days' sail, a fearful storm arose and the ship returned
+with great difficulty to Queenstown. This was the first impressive
+experience of Anna's life, and she was destined to live through many
+exciting ones. Finally, another ship started on the long voyage across
+the Atlantic and this time the family reached the shores of our
+country and met the husband and father. Anna remembers his joy over
+their reunion.
+
+But the next event that stands out clearly in her mind occurred after
+they had lived in the United States for a year or more. Her parents
+did not believe in slavery, and were anxious to help runaway slaves
+gain a place of safety and freedom. They had read Uncle Tom's Cabin
+aloud to their children, so Anna was not surprised when one day she
+went into the cellar on an errand and found a negro woman hiding
+there. The little girl was greatly excited and anxious to know just
+how the woman came there and where she was going. But when she told
+her parents of her discovery they became alarmed lest she might,
+through her interest, say things before strangers that would disclose
+their secret. Therefore they kept her away from the cellar on one
+excuse or another, and although Anna was sure her home sheltered many
+slaves on their journey to a free land, she never again saw one or
+knew anything about the system that helped these suffering persons.
+
+The Shaw home was in a small Massachusetts town, and there was much
+happening to engage the attention of the children. Anna recalls the
+first money she ever earned. The amount was twenty-five cents, and she
+was paid that for riding in a Fourth of July celebration. After this
+seemingly great sum of money was hers, she and a small sister decided
+to spend some of it. They bought a banana, which was to them a strange
+and wonderful fruit, but they did not like it because they did not
+know how to eat it. They gave it away to a boy who quickly removed the
+peel and enjoyed eating the fruit. They were amazed, for they had
+tried to eat it just as they bought it from the dealer. When Anna saw
+their gift eaten so rapidly she was astonished and disappointed.
+
+This incident was to be one of the last memories of her New England
+home, for the family moved to Northern Michigan and became pioneers.
+For toys she received at Christmas a small saw and an axe. These were
+typical of the life she was to lead for a number of years. Unlike many
+girls of her age, she had no time to play with dolls or sew; she was
+forced to do a man's work in helping with the new home.
+
+Her father was a kind, gentle man, but very much of a dreamer. He did
+not realize that things must be done promptly if a family is to have
+food and shelter. Once he spent weeks reading and planning what kinds
+of grains would be best to sow, but long before he had decided, the
+planting season was over, the young crops were up, and the Shaws had
+none. The mother was not strong, yet she did an immense amount of
+work. As she had been highly trained in sewing, she made the clothing
+for the entire family. The two older girls, Eleanor and Mary, did the
+housework and this left Anna and her brother to do the rough outdoor
+work. Together they accomplished this and many other tasks. They even
+made a set of furniture for their simple cabin home.
+
+Indians were all about through the woods, and once while out playing
+Anna saw a band of them going towards her home. She hurried back to
+see her mother giving them food. This they took with no thanks and
+departed. But later in the year they returned and brought Mrs. Shaw a
+large supply of venison to show her they appreciated her kindness.
+
+Another time a number of Indians stopped at the Shaw cabin, and they
+had been drinking whiskey. They demanded food, and it was prepared for
+them. Meanwhile Anna and her brother, fearful lest the liquor might
+excite their guests, managed to go to the attic and let down a rope
+from the gable window. With it they drew up all their firearms, one by
+one. Then at long intervals, members of the family would slip away and
+hide upstairs where they knew they would be safe unless the Indians
+set fire to the house.
+
+The hungry guests ate up everything, then stretched themselves out and
+fell into a drunken sleep. The Shaw children watched them all night
+through cracks in the attic floor, and when morning came were glad to
+see the Indians sneak away as if they were ashamed.
+
+Many hardships came to the little family. Their cow died, and for an
+entire winter they had no milk. They had no coffee either, but made
+something they called coffee out of dried peas and burned rye. Anna
+was always cold; she cannot remember that the house was ever warm
+enough to be comfortable; still she enjoyed life and made up her mind
+to go to college, to be a preacher, and to be worth one hundred
+thousand dollars. She named this amount because it seemed so unlikely
+she would ever have any money. Often she would steal away and preach
+in the woods to an imaginary audience.
+
+When she was fifteen years of age she began to teach school. She had
+but fourteen pupils, and they learned to read from whatever books they
+could find. The result was that their text books were almanacs and
+hymn books. For teaching she was paid two dollars a week and board.
+This latter did not amount to much, as often all she had for her
+luncheon was a piece of raw salt pork. Her salary was not paid
+promptly either, as the school authorities had to wait until the dog
+tax was collected because it was from this fund that the teacher's
+salary was drawn.
+
+The largest salary Anna Shaw ever received for teaching was one
+hundred and fifty-six dollars a year, so at last she stopped and
+started to learn the trade of sewing. This was very distasteful to
+her, and she determined she would not earn her living with the needle.
+What she wanted to do was to preach. Finally she had a chance to give
+her first sermon, and her brother-in-law, who owned the county
+newspaper, printed this notice:
+
+  "A young girl named Anna Shaw preached at Ashton yesterday. Her
+  real friends deprecate the course she is pursuing."
+
+This did not discourage Anna Shaw, for she kept on working and in 1873
+managed to enter Albion College in Albion, Michigan. She had earned a
+little money to pay her way, and she intended to get the rest by
+preaching. Her family disapproved so strongly of this step that they
+had nothing to do with her, and it was some years before they became
+reconciled and good feeling was once more established between them and
+the bright young woman.
+
+Anna was twenty-five when she entered college, and she had had so much
+experience in her pioneer home she seemed much older. Every Sunday she
+preached in mission churches to congregations composed chiefly of
+Indians who sat listening solemnly, while their papooses were hung
+along the walls in their queer little Indian cradles.
+
+From Albion College, Anna Shaw went to Boston Theological School, and
+after a hard struggle with poverty, was graduated from this
+institution as a minister. She had given to her for her field of labor
+a little church on Cape Cod, that part of Massachusetts that seems to
+stretch forth to meet the sea. Here she was the minister for seven
+years. The members of her church liked her, and she was always busy
+helping them in every way, from preaching funeral sermons and
+performing marriage ceremonies to helping settle neighborhood
+quarrels.
+
+There were many amusing episodes in her life. One over which she has
+laughed many times was her purchase of a horse. She wanted a horse
+gentle and safe for a woman, so when she went to look at one that had
+been offered her the only question she asked was, "Is she safe for a
+woman?" The family who owned her said she was, so Miss Shaw bought
+her. When the errand boy at the Shaw residence went out to the barn to
+hitch up the new horse, the creature kicked so that the boy ran from
+the building thoroughly frightened. However, Miss Shaw went into the
+stall and harnessed the horse easily. Soon she discovered the truth;
+the horse was safe for women, she liked them, but she would not let a
+man or boy come near her. The only way she could be outwitted was
+when the errand boy put on a sunbonnet and long circular cloak of Miss
+Shaw's. Even then the horse would eye him suspiciously, but did not
+kick. Miss Shaw thought she had made a most peculiar purchase, but she
+became fond of Daisy, as the horse was called, just as she did of
+every person and thing in her parish.
+
+At last, feeling the need of more training, in order to do good in the
+world, she went to a medical school, and after serious study became
+Dr. Anna Shaw. While there she became interested in the cause of
+Woman's Suffrage. At that time only a few persons believed that women,
+as well as men, should have the right to vote, and anyone saying they
+should was criticized severely.
+
+Dr. Shaw went to work for this cause with great energy and steadfastness
+of purpose. From 1888 to 1906 she was closely associated with Miss
+Susan B. Anthony who was then the head of the suffrage movement. When
+Miss Anthony passed away, Dr. Shaw became one of the great leaders. In
+1906 only four states had granted suffrage to women,
+
+                          Wyoming in 1869,
+                          Colorado in 1893,
+                          Idaho in 1896,
+                          Utah in 1896.
+
+Suddenly all over the United States women became interested in this
+cause to which a few devoted women had already given years of their
+lives, and in 1910 Washington was added to the small list of states
+where women had equal political rights with men. Then in quick
+succession came
+
+                         California in 1911,
+                         Arizona in 1912,
+                         Kansas in 1912,
+                         Oregon in 1912,
+                         Alaska in 1913,
+                         Nevada in 1914,
+                         Montana in 1914,
+                         New York in 1917.
+
+By 1917 women also had the right to vote for president and all offices
+except the judiciary, in Illinois, North Dakota, Nebraska, and
+Michigan. At that time there was partial suffrage for women in Arkansas,
+New Mexico, South Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Oklahoma,
+Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New
+Hampshire, Florida and Ohio. In some of these states just mentioned,
+women voted for very few offices, but still they had a slight voice in
+the affairs of their state, and a large number of states refused
+women all voting rights. They were Texas, Missouri, Alabama,
+Tennessee, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, South
+Carolina, North Carolina, Maine, Indiana, Delaware and Virginia.
+
+Dr. Shaw's life dream was realized when woman was given the right to
+vote on all questions in every state in the union by an amendment to
+the Constitution of the United States.
+
+Dr. Shaw died in the service of her country at Washington, in 1918.
+
+Like so many of America's noble men and women, the secret of Anna
+Shaw's life has been service to others,--doing good to her fellowmen
+and working always for human justice.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        _AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL_
+
+                 "_O Beautiful for spacious skies,
+                   For amber waves of grain,
+                 For purple mountain majesties
+                   Above the fruited plain!
+                       America! America!
+                   God shed his grace on thee
+                 And crown thy good with brotherhood
+                   From sea to shining sea._"
+
+                              --KATHARINE LEE BATES.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ERNEST THOMPSON SETON and WIFE
+Founder of the Boy Scout Movement]
+
+
+
+
+ERNEST THOMPSON SETON
+
+
+How many boys of ten years of age know what they want to do when they
+are grown? Surely there are some boys of that age who have planned
+their future work or at least have dreamed about it. But how many ever
+do in later life just what they had thought of doing when in the
+fourth grade of the public school? Not many, you may be sure. However,
+some years ago there was a boy living in England who had decided on
+his life work by the time his tenth birthday passed. What is more, he
+carried out his plans with great success. Today you may read many of
+his books and look at interesting pictures he has drawn of wild
+animals that are as familiar to him as are the pets most boys and
+girls have in their homes. More than this, if a boy belongs to the Boy
+Scouts, he is a member of an organization that this man helped to
+found in the United States.
+
+Ernest Thompson Seton was born in the northern part of England. His
+family moved to Canada, but he attended school in England and did not
+stay in America for any length of time until his schooling was
+completed. His name was originally Ernest E. Thompson Seton, but some
+years ago he changed it by turning the last two names around and
+putting a hyphen between them. As he has written under both names,
+persons sometimes wonder if there are two men who love the out of
+doors and write with pleasure of their open air experiences.
+
+Mr. Thompson Seton's wish was to spend a large part of his life
+tramping over the country studying animals and learning woodcraft. The
+rest of the time he would write and make pictures of what he had seen.
+He felt he could stay within doors only part of each year. So as soon
+as he finished school and returned to the province of Manitoba he went
+to work in the fields. It did not take him long to earn enough money
+to live on during the winter, as his wants were few; then he set out
+to tramp all over the province. He watched the birds; he learned the
+ways of all the animals and could tell wonderful stories of their
+instinct and cunning. When he did live under a roof for a few weeks,
+he was always busy drawing pictures of his friends in the open or
+writing down accounts of their lives. One of his best known books was
+published in 1898 and was called, "Wild Animals I Have Known." This
+brought him to the attention of many readers; but he had been helping
+make books long before this one, for when the Century Dictionary was
+published he drew for it more than a thousand pictures of the animals
+that he had watched and studied.
+
+In the course of his life he has been a hunter, a day laborer, a
+scientist, a naturalist, and an artist. At the same time he has been
+able to carry out his plan of spending the greater part of each year
+out of doors. Loving a free active life from his earliest boyhood, it
+is not strange that Ernest Thompson Seton was the first man to
+organize the Boy Scouts in America. In the Outlook for July 23, 1910,
+he tells the story in a most interesting manner. He says:
+
+"My friend John Moale, a rich man, had bought several thousand acres
+of abandoned farm lands near Boston in the year 1900. This he made
+into a beautiful park, all for his own enjoyment. Around this park he
+built a strong fence twelve feet high so that no one could get into
+the park. His prospects of peace and happiness were excellent. But the
+neighbors resented his coming. He had fenced in a lot of open ground
+that had been the common cow-pasture of the adjoining village. He had
+taken from the boys their nutting-ground, and forbidden the usual
+summer picnics. He was an outsider, a rich man despoiling the very
+poor, and they set about making it unpleasant for him.
+
+"They destroyed his fences, they stoned his notice-boards until they
+fell, and they painted shocking pictures on his gates. Mr. Moale, a
+peace-loving man, rebuilt the fences and restored the notice-boards
+only to have them torn down again and again.
+
+"All summer this had been going on, so I learned on visiting Mr. Moale
+in September. Finally I said to him: 'Let me try my hand on these
+boys.' He was ready for anything, and gave me a free hand. I bought
+two tents, three old Indian teepees, and two canoes. I got some bows
+and arrows and a target.
+
+"Then I got a gang of men to make a campground by the lake on my
+friend's grounds. On this I set up the tents and teepees in the form
+of an Indian village.
+
+"Now I went to the local school house and got permission to talk to
+the boys for five minutes. 'Now boys,' I said, 'Mr. Moale invites you
+all to come to the Indian village on his land next Friday, after
+school, to camp with him there until Monday morning. We will have all
+the grub you can eat, all the canoes necessary, and everything to have
+a jolly time in camp.'
+
+"At first the boys were bashful and suspicious, but finally they
+accepted the invitation, and at 4:30 forty-two boys arrived in high
+glee.
+
+"'Say, Mister, kin we holler?'
+
+"'Yes, all you want to.'
+
+"'Kin we take our clothes off?'
+
+"As the weather was warm I said, 'Yes, every stitch, if you like.' And
+soon they were a mob of naked, howling savages, tearing through the
+woods, jumping into the lake, or pelting each other with mud."
+
+After supper, Mr. Thompson Seton tells us, the boys gathered around
+the camp fire while he told them one Indian story after another. For
+two days the boys ate, swam, canoed, and, what was most important of
+all, they became acquainted with the two men. There was no harm done
+the boats, teepees, or outfit other than fair wear and tear during
+that camping, and before it was over Mr. Moale, instead of having a
+gang of bandits to combat the year round, had now a guard of staunch
+friends, ready to fight his battles and look out for his interests
+when he was away.
+
+That was the beginning of it. Every boy in the village is now a member
+of the tribe, and three other bands have been formed in the
+neighborhood. All this was in 1900. Since then thousands of workers
+have become interested and the work has spread, until today the Boy
+Scouts of America is one of the best known organizations of the
+country.
+
+One reason for the growth of the Boy Scout movement is the fact that
+scouting usually makes boys cleaner and more manly than they were
+before. Should you like to know the Scout Laws that they learn and
+practice? The first law is this: "_A scout is trustworthy._" This
+means a scout's honor is to be trusted. Boy Scouts everywhere make a
+great deal of the word _honor_. The following story shows the scout's
+idea of honor: "A little newsboy boarded a crowded car the other night
+with a very large bundle of papers, and the conductor, with coarse
+good-nature, tried to favor him by not taking his fare, although of
+course he could not do this without cheating the railway. The boy
+looked at him with indignation, and could not believe that he was the
+conductor. He went all through the car hunting for the real conductor
+to whom he might pay his fare."
+
+"_A scout is loyal_," is the second law. _Loyalty_ is another word
+that is dear to the scout. Have you ever heard a scout say bad things
+about his scout master or about his fellow scouts behind their backs?
+Not very often, I am sure. If a scout has anything to say against any
+one, he goes directly to him and talks it over. The Scout Law explains
+loyalty saying: "He is loyal to all to whom loyalty is due, his scout
+leader, his home and parents and country." He must stick to them
+through thick and thin against any one who is their enemy, or whoever
+talks badly of them.
+
+Have you ever seen the scouts salute the flag? The smiling faces and
+beaming eyes show that they love the flag dearly. Few can sing better
+than the scouts, for they mean every word they sing.
+
+The instant our nation entered the great world war the Boy Scouts
+offered themselves to their country to do whatever the president
+asked. Since most of them were too young to enlist, it was at first
+thought that they could not do much. As the months passed, however,
+the boys have found one task after another, until now they are so busy
+that they put to shame many older people.
+
+Then, too, the Boy Scouts have worked so silently, without making a
+fuss about what they were doing. In many of our large cities they have
+planted "war gardens" on every vacant lot they could get. In most
+cases all they raised in these gardens was given to the Red Cross.
+Furthermore, they have been the best friends the farmers have had.
+These scouts in large numbers have left their comfortable city homes
+to work on farms. They have not asked for the easy, pleasant jobs,
+but have been willing to do the thing that needed to be done most
+whether it was pleasant or not. Have you ever wondered who put up the
+thousands of posters asking the people to save food and buy bonds? In
+many cases this work has been done by the scouts.
+
+The Boy Scout has been able to do so much because he is taught to be
+brave. The coward has no place among the scouts. The lad who is not
+willing to rough it soon drops out. Long hikes, coarse food, and hard
+work try the _stuff_ that's in a boy. If he can stand up to all these
+he is sure to develop the endurance that makes him brave.
+
+As soon as the war began, the educated young men of our country went
+to the officers' training camps to learn to become officers. After
+thousands of these young men who had tried to become officers had
+failed, the people began to wonder what the trouble was. Finally they
+asked the great army officers who had examined them, and received this
+answer: "Your young men are slouchy; slouchy in the way they hold
+their shoulders, slouchy in the way they walk, slouchy in their use of
+the English language, slouchy in the way they think." Should you like
+to know how the young men who had once been scouts fared? Almost
+without exception they passed, for the training they had received as
+scouts had cured them of much of their slouchiness.
+
+A scout is not only brave but he is also courteous and helpful to
+others. Nothing delights a scout more than to be able to help a child
+or an old man or woman across a busy street. For these little services
+he must not receive tips. Major Powell, the great English Scout
+organizer, tells of a little fellow who came to his house on an
+errand. When offered a tip the lad put up his hand to the salute and
+said, "No, thank you, sir, I am a Boy Scout."
+
+About the hardest thing a scout is expected to do is to smile and
+whistle under all circumstances. "The punishment for swearing or using
+bad language is, for each offense, a mug of cold cold water poured
+down the offender's sleeves by the other scouts."
+
+Much more could be written in favor of the Boy Scouts. They are a body
+of boys of whom we are proud. And we shall ever be grateful to Ernest
+Thompson Seton for his noble work in organizing the Boy Scouts in
+America.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            "_Be Prepared_"
+
+
+
+
+JOHN WANAMAKER
+
+
+It was a stormy, rainy day in New York City. We wanted to visit some
+of the great stores and shops, but were afraid of the bad weather.
+
+Our friends who lived in the city laughed at us. They said: "This is
+just the kind of a day to go to Wanamakers. We will take the subway to
+the basement door and never be in the wet at all."
+
+So we hurried to the underground railroad that runs beneath the busy
+streets, and were soon riding away in a fast express train. On we went
+in the darkness, through winding tunnels to the other end of the city.
+At last we stopped at a brilliantly lighted platform and were told
+that this was our destination. Leaving the train we did not ascend to
+the street, but went through great doors into a large room that was as
+light as day. Elevators took us up, up, from floor to floor. And what
+did we see, I hear you ask. We saw everything one could wish to buy.
+We saw everything we had ever dreamed of purchasing. We saw many
+beautiful things of which we had never heard, and we felt as if we
+were visiting a magic palace.
+
+At noon we ate our lunch in a pleasant restaurant up at the very top
+of the enormous building. It was quiet and peaceful, and we were glad
+to rest. When we were through, we found an attractive little concert
+hall where many persons were listening to a deep-toned organ.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN WANAMAKER (On left)
+Great Merchant and Philanthropist]
+
+We were told we were welcome to sit down and hear the sweet music. An
+hour passed before we were ready to leave. Then we continued our
+sightseeing, and it was late in the afternoon before we were ready to
+go home. We returned the same way we had come and when we were once
+more far up town in our own familiar street the rain had just stopped.
+Then we realized we had been in doors all day long and known nothing
+of the storm. It had indeed been just the kind of a day to go to
+Wanamakers.
+
+And what is Wanamakers? It is the name of two great stores, one in New
+York City and the other in Philadelphia. The owner, John Wanamaker, is
+the man who first thought of selling all manner of articles in one
+store, and so built what we call today a department store.
+
+No one who knew John Wanamaker when he was a boy thought he had any
+better chances than any other boy among his playmates, and no one
+foretold that he would become a great merchant.
+
+A plain two story house in Philadelphia was his early home. There he
+lived with his father and mother. His father was a brick maker, and
+while John was very small he would help his father by turning the
+bricks over so they would dry evenly. His father died in 1852. John
+was just fourteen, and he went to work in a book store. His wages were
+$1.50 a week, but he managed to save a little. His mother encouraged
+him and he says of her, "Her smile was a bit of heaven and it never
+faded out of her face till her dying day."
+
+Although at first the boy earned but little to help this good mother,
+he soon was able to care for her in a way beyond his highest hopes.
+
+What caused him to succeed? His capital! "But," you say, "he had no
+money; he was poor." True, his capital was not money. Let us see what
+it was. A few words will tell us. He had good health, good habits, a
+clean mind, thriftiness, and a tireless devotion to whatever he
+thought to be his duty.
+
+He worked hard outside of business hours, improving himself for any
+opportunity that might come. And one came when he was twenty-one years
+of age.
+
+The directors of the Philadelphia Y. M. C. A. were looking for a young
+man to become Secretary of the Association. They were anxious to
+secure an earnest energetic person who would make a great success, for
+it was the first time that such a position as Y. M. C. A. secretary
+had been established. They selected John Wanamaker and paid him $1,000
+a year.
+
+He went to work with a will, and everyone felt that he more than
+earned his salary. All the time he was saving, just as he had been
+doing when he worked in the book store. He had great hopes and plans.
+When he had saved $2000 he and a friend of his own age started a
+business of their own. Their store was named Oak Hall and they sold
+men's clothing. At that time business houses did not advertise in the
+newspapers as they do today. Neither were signboards used. Just
+imagine how puzzled the good folk of Philadelphia were when, one
+morning, they saw great billboards all over their peaceful city. On
+these were two letters, W. & B. No one knew what these letters meant.
+Everyone was guessing, and it was not until Oak Hall was opened that
+the public learned that W. & B. stood for Wanamaker & Brown, the name
+of the new firm.
+
+Their first day's business brought in thirty-eight dollars. John
+Wanamaker himself delivered the goods in a wheel barrow. Then he
+hurried to a newspaper office and spent the entire thirty-eight
+dollars for advertising. After reading of the wonderful goods on sale
+there, customers poured into Oak Hall. They bought, too, for again
+John Wanamaker had spent his money wisely. He had hired the highest
+paid clerk in Philadelphia to manage the sales room, which meant that
+each customer was waited upon well and went away pleased, ready to
+tell his friends about the new store.
+
+What do you suppose was told the oftenest? Probably you would not
+guess, because today all business houses have followed the plan that
+was used first in Oak Hall.
+
+You will be surprised when you hear that it was the custom of having
+one price for a garment and sticking to it that caused the most talk.
+This price was marked plainly on a tag attached to the article to be
+sold, and any one could see it. Before this, clothing merchants had
+not marked their goods, but tried to get as much as possible from a
+customer. Often one suit of clothes had a dozen prices on the same
+day. So you can see what a change the energetic young man made. He did
+more than this. Because he wanted to please the public, he said if any
+customer was not satisfied he could return his purchase and receive
+his money back. This was a startling idea, but it worked, and made
+many friends for the young firm.
+
+Their store waked up Philadelphia. Every week some new advertising
+appeared. Once great balloons were sent up from the roof. Stamped on
+each one was the statement that any one who found the balloon and
+returned it to Oak Hall would receive a suit of clothes. You can
+imagine how the people hunted for those balloons. One was found five
+months afterward in a cranberry swamp. The frightened farmer who saw
+it swaying to and fro thought at first that some strange animal was
+hiding there. You may be sure he was glad to hurry to Oak Hall with
+his prize and get the promised suit of clothes.
+
+John Wanamaker kept on economizing and saving, for he wanted a bigger
+business. Then the idea came to him of selling many kinds of goods
+under one roof, and the modern department store was born. The store,
+though small at first, gradually grew until it finally became the
+largest in Philadelphia. Then it was that he decided to build an even
+larger one in New York City.
+
+Today there are department stores throughout our country in every city
+and town. We like them and take them as a matter of course. But let us
+remember they had their beginning in the idea of this boy from
+Philadelphia.
+
+His success looks very great to us, but it was built up step by step.
+He says it is due "to thinking, toiling, and trusting in God." This
+seems to sum up his life. Besides business, his interest in religious
+affairs has always been great. He has given of his wealth to many
+noble charities and helpful organizations. In Philadelphia he built a
+great building for a Sunday School alone. Thousands of persons attend
+this school each Sunday and there are classes there during the week
+for those who have had to leave school at an early age. He has
+remembered the Y. M. C. A. and, perhaps because of his early work with
+it, has been unusually generous in giving buildings to struggling
+associations. He even built one in the far away city of Madras, India,
+thus stretching out his influence for good nearly around the world.
+
+But while he has had thought for those far away, he has also cared for
+the people who work for him. His stores were the first to have an
+entire holiday on Saturday during the hot days of summer. This was
+done so the men and women could leave the crowded city, if they
+wished, on Friday evening, and have a vacation of two full days in the
+country or at the seashore.
+
+Then, too, he has encouraged the various departments of the stores to
+form clubs and musical societies. At times there have been two bands
+in the New York store, one composed of men and the other of women.
+They have rooms and hours in which to practice.
+
+Besides playing and singing, some of the clubs study English, foreign
+languages, and many other subjects. It is possible for every person
+employed in one of the Wanamaker stores to add to his stock of
+knowledge through this club life.
+
+Some years ago John Wanamaker began giving a pension to those who had
+served him for a certain length of time. This plan has since been
+followed by other firms because it promotes faithfulness and interest
+in the business.
+
+This interest makes each one connected with the store realize he is a
+part of it. Perhaps this is shown best by the way pensioned men and
+women responded to Mr. Wanamaker's call in 1917, after so many men had
+left to join the army and navy. They went back to take the places of
+those who had gone, feeling that in so doing they were serving their
+country.
+
+There was one fine old Scotchman past eighty years of age living in
+New York who had been forty-four years in the employ of Wanamaker. He
+had been on the pension roll for some time and was enjoying old age
+quietly. When he heard the call from his former employer, he went down
+to work as eagerly as a boy, glad he was strong and sturdy enough to
+do his part in keeping the great store open to serve the public.
+
+Is it not a fine thing to be able to develop such spirit and energy
+among thousands of persons? Surely the mother of the boy who turned
+bricks for his father would rejoice if she could read her son's
+record. He has become one of the greatest business men of his day; he
+served our country well as Postmaster General but most of all he has
+given each year more and more time and money to help make the world
+better.
+
+Can we not say of him that, while he has always recognized that the
+object of business is to make money in an honorable way, he has tried
+to remember that the object of life is to do good?
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    "_And the star-spangled banner
+                      In triumph shall wave
+                    O'er the land of the free
+                      And the home of the brave._"
+
+                              --FRANCIS SCOTT KEY.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: EX-PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON]
+
+
+
+
+WOODROW WILSON
+
+
+Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born at Staunton, Virginia, December 28,
+1856. At that time Staunton was a town of five thousand inhabitants,
+situated in the beautiful and famous Valley of Virginia. Woodrow's
+father, a thoroughly trained and able preacher, was pastor of the
+Southern Presbyterian Church of the city.
+
+When Woodrow was two years of age the family moved to Augusta,
+Georgia. In those days Augusta, a city of fifteen thousand people, was
+one of the leading manufacturing cities of the South. With its great
+railroad shops, furnaces, rolling mills, and cotton mills, it was
+indeed a hive of industry.
+
+As a boy Woodrow was called "Tommy" by his playmates; but as he grew
+into manhood he dropped his given name and signed himself--Woodrow
+Wilson. His mother was a Woodrow, and by signing his name Woodrow
+Wilson he hoped to do equal honor to each parent.
+
+During Woodrow's boyhood days, the Civil War storm-cloud was
+gathering; and when he was five years of age it broke in all its fury.
+Fortunately for him, Augusta was far removed from the scenes of
+conflict. Never can he remember having seen troops of southern
+soldiers marching through the streets of the city. Only once was he
+thoroughly frightened. When General Sherman was on his famous march to
+the sea, word came that he was about to capture Augusta. Immediately
+the few men who were left in the city, for most of them had gone to
+war, gathered all sorts of fire arms and marched forth to meet the
+enemy. All night they lay on their arms, but greatly to their relief
+the foe never came.
+
+Naturally enough the most vivid memories young Woodrow had of the war
+were those in connection with the scarcity of food. Before the war the
+people of the South had never thought of eating cow peas, as they were
+thought to be fit only for cattle; but so scarce did food become that
+Woodrow had to eat so much cow pea soup that even yet, whenever he
+thinks of it, he feels the old time disgust.
+
+Two things that happened immediately at the close of the war made a
+deep impression upon the lad who was then nine years of age. All
+through the war the president of the Southern Confederacy was, as you
+know, Jefferson Davis. Imagine young Woodrow's surprise when he saw
+the former president marched through the streets of Augusta, a
+prisoner of war, guarded by Federal soldiers. They were on their way
+to Fortress Monroe. During the war Woodrow, as we have already said,
+saw very little of the Confederate soldiers; but as soon as peace was
+declared, the Union soldiers took possession of the city, even
+occupying his father's church as a temporary barracks. The hardships
+suffered during the few years immediately at the close of the war were
+even greater than those during the war itself.
+
+A thrilling event in the life of the lad was the day when Augusta had
+its first street cars. The bob-tail cars, with their red, purple, and
+green lights, and drawn by mules, afforded all sorts of fun for the
+boys. To make scissors by laying two pins crosswise on the rail for
+the cars to pass over was one of their most pleasant pastimes.
+
+In those days there were no free public schools with their beautiful
+buildings for Woodrow to attend, so he was sent to a private school
+that was held in rooms over the post office. With Professor Derry, who
+was in charge of the school, spanking was the favorite form of
+punishment. While Woodrow and his chums differed very decidedly with
+the Professor's views regarding spanking, the boys were never able to
+convince him that their views were right. Finally, the lads discovered
+that pads made from the cotton that grew in the fields on every side
+of the city served them well whenever the evil day of punishment
+arrived. After they had made this discovery they were more reconciled
+to the Professor's views.
+
+The best chum Woodrow had was his father. Busy as he was with the
+cares of his large church, he never was so occupied that he could not
+find time to chum with his boy. For hours at a time he would read to
+his son the worth-while things that Woodrow enjoyed hearing. Then,
+too, the busy pastor was in the habit of taking a day off each week to
+stroll with Woodrow in field, factory, or wood as the case might be.
+On these long strolls the father and son talked over many of the
+problems that were of interest to the lad. Little wonder, then, with
+such comradeship, that Woodrow rapidly developed along right lines.
+
+Like all boys, he was fond of building air castles. Dwelling much in
+the realm of fancy, he imagined that he occupied all sorts of
+positions and did remarkable things.
+
+Mr. William Hale in his excellent story of the life of Wilson
+describes one of these flights of the imagination as follows: "Thus
+for months he was an Admiral of the Navy, and in that character wrote
+out daily reports to the Navy Department.
+
+"His main achievement in this capacity was the discovery and
+destruction of a nest of pirates in the Southern Pacific Ocean. It
+appears that the government, along with all the people of the country,
+had been terrified by the mysterious disappearance of ships setting
+sail from or expected at our western ports. Vessels would set out with
+their precious freight never to be heard from again, swallowed up in
+the bosom of an ocean on which no known war raged, no known storm
+swept.
+
+"Admiral Wilson was ordered to investigate with his fleet; after an
+eventful cruise they overtook, one night, a piratical looking craft
+with black hull and rakish rig. Again and again the chase eluded the
+Admiral. Finally, the pursuit led the fleet to the neighborhood of an
+island uncharted and hitherto unknown. Circumnavigation seemed to
+prove it bare and uninhabited, with no visible harbor. There was,
+however, a narrow inlet that seemed to end at an abrupt wall of rock a
+few fathoms inland. Something, however, finally led the Admiral to
+send a boat into this inlet--and it was discovered that it was the
+cunningly contrived entrance to a spacious bay; the island really
+being a sort of atoll. Here lay the ships of the outlawed enemy and
+the dismantled hulls of many of the ships they had captured. And it
+may be believed that the brave American tars, under the leadership of
+the courageous Admiral, played a truly heroic part in the destruction
+of the pirates and the succor of such of their victims as survived."
+
+Thus he dreamed dreams, studied, and chummed with his father until the
+eventful day arrived when he must go away to college. But where should
+he go? What college should he attend? A small Presbyterian college in
+the South was chosen. Before the end of the first year he was taken
+sick and had to leave college. Then it was that he decided to go to
+Princeton University, a decision that had much to do with his future
+career. Life in Princeton proved to be just the stimulus that he
+needed. Here, surrounded by the keenest, most alert young men of the
+country, he developed rapidly. Interested in every school activity,
+from baseball to debating, he won for himself a prominent place in the
+student body. So great was his thirst for knowledge, however, that his
+graduation from Princeton did not satisfy him. Accordingly, he next
+went to the University of Virginia where he was graduated from the
+law school in 1881. But even this did not satisfy, so he spent two
+years in Johns Hopkins University, receiving in 1885 the degree of
+Ph.D., the highest degree that any university can give.
+
+Thus equipped, he became a professor first in Bryn Mawr College, then
+in Wesleyan University, and finally in Princeton. So pronounced was
+his success as professor in his beloved university that in 1902 he was
+made President of Princeton. So able was his leadership in Princeton
+that the state of New Jersey called him to be its governor. Could a
+University President make a good governor? The politicians were very
+much in doubt. It is needless to say that all watched him with deepest
+concern. Soon, however, it became apparent even to the most skeptical
+that he was destined to be New Jersey's ablest governor. Gradually,
+because of his strength, his popularity grew until the eyes of all the
+nation were fastened upon him. From the governor's chair he rose to
+the highest honor the Nation could bestow, he was elected to the
+Presidency of the United States.
+
+Little did he realize when he accepted this honor that with it would
+come the heaviest burdens that any president save Abraham Lincoln had
+been called upon to bear. For eight long years he patiently bore those
+burdens and heroically faced every responsibility. Great as were the
+demands made upon him, he always proved himself equal to the
+emergency.
+
+The last three years of his service as President found him dealing
+with problems of the Great World War, and at its conclusion he was one
+of the leading figures in the making of the final treaty of peace
+between the warring nations.
+
+To take part in the treaty-making, Mr. Wilson twice went to Paris. It
+was the first time a president of the United States had ever traveled
+beyond the borders of our own country.
+
+At the expiration of his term of office, Mr. Wilson took up the
+practice of law, at Washington.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+"_To such a task we dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything
+that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who
+know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her
+blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and
+happiness and the peace which she has treasured. God helping her, she
+can do no other._"
+
+                                     --PRESIDENT WILSON'S WAR MESSAGE.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MARK TWAIN
+(Samuel Langhorne Clemens)]
+
+
+
+
+MARK TWAIN
+
+
+"Talk about trying to cure warts with spunk-water. You got to go all
+by yourself, to the middle of the woods, where you know there's a
+spunk-water stump, and just as it's midnight you back up against the
+stump and jam your hand in it and say:
+
+           "Barley-corn, Barley-corn, Injun meal shorts,
+           "Spunk-water, spunk-water, swaller these warts,"
+
+and then walk away quick eleven steps, with your eyes shut and then
+turn round three times and walk home without speaking to anybody.
+Because if you do speak, the charm's busted.
+
+"I've took off thousands of warts that way, Huck. I play with frogs so
+much that I've always got considerable warts. Sometimes I take 'em off
+with a bean."
+
+"Yes, a bean's good. I've done that."
+
+"But say, Huck, how do you cure 'em with dead cats?"
+
+By this time, doubtless you are saying, "Oh, I know from what book you
+are quoting. I have Tom Sawyer at home and Huckleberry Finn, too. I
+read them over and over."
+
+But would you not like to know something about the man, who could
+write so understandingly of boys? Suppose we read the story of his
+life and see if we can decide what gave him his wide knowledge of
+games and adventures, of boyish larks and youthful troubles.
+
+We must go for his earliest experiences to a town on the Mississippi,
+one hundred miles from St. Louis. In the year 1839, the Clemens family
+moved to Hannibal from a still smaller town in Missouri, named
+Florida. The youngest child in the Clemens family was four years old.
+He was named Samuel Langhorne Clemens. For eight years this boy roved
+over the hills and through the woods with his playmates. There was a
+cave near Hannibal. Many strange creatures were said to hide in its
+depths. Also, there was Bear Creek where the boys went swimming. Young
+Sam tried hard to learn to swim. Several times he was dragged ashore
+just in time to save his life, but at last he learned to swim better
+than any of his friends.
+
+Then there was the river, the broad Mississippi.
+
+"It was the river that meant more to him than all the rest. Its charm
+was permanent. It was the path of adventure, the gateway to the world.
+The river with its islands, its great slow moving rafts, its marvelous
+steamboats that were like fairyland, and its stately current going to
+the sea. How it held him! He would sit by it for hours and dream. He
+would venture out on it in a surreptitiously borrowed boat, when he
+was barely strong enough to lift an oar out of the water."
+
+We are told that when Sam Clemens was only nine years of age he
+managed to board one of the river steamers. He hid under a boat on the
+upper deck. After the steamer started he sat watching the shore slip
+past. Then came a heavy rain and a wet, shivering, little boy was
+found by one of the crew. At the next stop he was put ashore and
+relatives, who lived there, took him home, and so ended his first
+journey upon the river.
+
+Years later he became a pilot on a Mississippi river boat and made
+many trips from New Orleans up the river and back. Such a trip
+required thirty-five days.
+
+While acting as a river pilot, Samuel Clemens heard the name, "Mark
+Twain." An old riverman had used it as an assumed name, taking the
+term from the cry of the boatmen as they tested the depth of the
+river. Samuel Clemens had an intense love of joking and fun, so when
+he first began to write, he suddenly thought it would be amusing to
+sign some name other than his own. Therefore, he signed his articles
+"Mark Twain." This name clung to him, and many persons forgot or never
+knew that his real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens.
+
+Accordingly, in the river of his boyhood love, he found the name by
+which the world knows today one of the foremost American authors. Yet,
+in those early days in Hannibal, he had no idea of writing. Indeed,
+his days were so busy it is not likely he thought much of the future
+at all. He was the leader of a band of boys that played Bandit, Pirate
+and Indian. Sam Clemens was always chief. He led the way to the caves
+whose chambers reached far back under the cliffs and even, perhaps,
+under the river itself.
+
+When he was a man, Mr. Clemens wrote two books telling of these early
+days in Hannibal. "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "Huckleberry
+Finn." "Tom Sawyer" was himself, and the incidents in the book all had
+their foundation in the days of his boyhood. The cave, as you may
+know, plays an important part in the latter story. In "Tom Sawyer,"
+Indian Joe dies in the cave. There was an Indian Joe in Hannibal and
+while he did not die in the cave, he was lost there for days and was
+living on bats when found. This incident made a strong impression on
+young Samuel Clemens and he never forgot it. It was in the Clemen's
+house that Tom gave the cat pain-killer; there, too, that he induced a
+crowd of boys to white-wash the fence all one Saturday morning. It was
+at the Clemens' home, too, that a small boy in his night clothes came
+tumbling down from an over-hung trellis upon the merry crowd cooling
+taffy in the snow.
+
+Such happenings were part of young Sam's life. He lived the
+out-of-doors and, when grown to manhood, he could recall all the
+sports and pleasures of those days. He cherished the memory of his
+boyhood friends and so wrote of "Huck" Finn, making him like Tom
+Blakenship, one of the riotous, freedom-loving members of Sam Clemens'
+band.
+
+These boys crowded many adventures into a few years. Hannibal was the
+scene of stormy times. Black slaves were sold in the open market.
+Desperadoes roamed the streets. Lawlessness was everywhere and it was
+not strange that the residents of Hannibal did not think Sam Clemens
+amounted to much and prophesied that he would never grow up to follow
+a respectable calling.
+
+Yet when his father died, Sam went to work in his brother's printing
+shop. Printed matter began to interest him. Then one day, in the dusty
+street of Hannibal, this half-grown, lively boy picked up a scrap of
+paper. A leaf torn from a history! Where did it come from? No one
+knows.
+
+Books were not plentiful then in that little town. Yet, on this paper
+the fun-loving Sam Clemens read for the first time of Joan of Arc, the
+wondrous maid who led the French to victory. He had never heard of
+her. He had read no history, nor had he had an active interest in
+books. Studying there in the village street, reading the few lines of
+the marvelous story of the Maid of Orleans, there was created in him
+an interest that went with him throughout life.
+
+He was by turn a printer, a pilot, a pioneer, a soldier, a miner, a
+newspaper reporter, a lecturer, but at last he found his true place.
+He became a writer and wrote books that continue to delight thousands
+upon thousands of readers. His life went into his books. Just as he
+drew upon his early days in Hannibal for the material in "Huckleberry
+Finn" and The "Adventures of Tom Sawyer," so he used all of his
+experiences. He wrote "Life Upon The Mississippi," a record of his
+days as a pilot; "Roughing It," a story of a mining camp; "The Jumping
+Frog," a western story that made his fame throughout the United
+States; "Innocents Abroad," a tale of his experiences abroad, and
+"The Life Of Joan Of Arc," a beautiful story that was always the
+author's favorite.
+
+During the last years of his life, Mark Twain passed the winters in
+Bermuda and there he was, as ever, the friend of children. There was a
+pretty, little girl at his hotel named Margaret, who was twelve years
+old. She and Mr. Clemens went everywhere together and, on one
+excursion, he found a beautiful, little shell. The two halves came
+apart in his hand. He gave one of them to Margaret and said, "Now
+dear, sometime or other in the future, I shall run across you
+somewhere, and it may turn out that it is not you at all, but will be
+some girl that only resembles you. I shall be saying to myself, 'I
+know that this is Margaret by the look of her, but I don't know for
+sure whether this is my Margaret or somebody else's;' but, no matter,
+I can soon find out, for I shall take my half shell out of my packet
+and say, 'I think you are my Margaret, but I am not certain; if you
+are my Margaret you can produce the other half of the shell.'"
+
+After that Margaret played the new game often and she tried to catch
+him without his half of the shell, but Mark Twain writes, "I always
+defeated that game, wherefore, she came to recognize, at last, that I
+was not only old, but very smart."
+
+Mark Twain had lived 74 years when the close of his life here came
+April 20, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut. Once he wrote in one of his
+humorous moments, "Let us endeavor so to live that when we come to
+die even the undertaker will be sorry." When his life here ended,
+tributes were received from every land. He was mourned as few men have
+ever been. Why? Because he knew people; he loved them and interested
+them. Because, in his most famous days he still remained at heart the
+boy who played beside the river and loved the surging, restless flow
+of the mighty current.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: EX-PRESIDENT WARREN G. HARDING]
+
+
+
+
+WARREN G. HARDING
+
+
+On the Saturday morning after election day in November, 1920, a crowd
+of people stood waiting in the railway station in Marion, Ohio. They
+were there to say goodbye to President-elect and Mrs. Harding, who
+were starting on a vacation journey; for, after the stirring times of
+the long campaign, they needed rest.
+
+When the conductor of the train asked Mr. Harding if he should make
+fast time, the President-elect replied: "Go slow; I have been going
+too fast for the past two weeks."
+
+It was not at all strange that so many should meet to say a fond
+farewell, for nearly everyone in Marion seems to like Mr. Harding. As
+we asked his fellow townsmen the reason for this affection, we were
+surprised that nearly all gave the same reason. They said: "We like
+him because he is genuine, frank, fair." "He is generous, considerate,
+and knows how to be a good neighbor." Indeed this spirit of
+neighborliness was shown clearly during the campaign preceding his
+election, when Mr. Harding decided to remain in Marion and meet his
+friends on the front porch of his own home. Because of this decision
+the Republican campaign of 1920 will long be known as "The Front Porch
+Campaign." To this front porch came many thousand men and women from
+every section of our broad land to meet Mr. and Mrs. Harding.
+
+Had you been one of these pilgrims, you would have met a man over six
+feet tall, with broad shoulders and a deep chest. Though he is not
+bald, his hair is exceptionally gray for a man of his age. He has the
+rare faculty of making you comfortable in his presence. While, with
+his deep blue eyes, he looks you squarely in the face as he talks to
+you, his look is so kindly that you feel at ease.
+
+After this brief but delightful interview, you join an expectant
+multitude that has assembled on the lawn. Suddenly all eyes turn to
+the porch. Here stands Mr. Harding, gracious, dignified, serious.
+Breathlessly each awaits his first utterance. With a well modulated
+voice he addresses the multitude as he would speak to a group of
+friends. Soon you are listening as though he were speaking only to
+you. With no tendency to bicker he discusses the problems of
+government in a manner that reveals his clearness of vision and
+pureness of soul. All too soon the address is ended and the crowd
+begins to scatter. As each wends his way, the remark that is most
+frequently heard is this: "I like him and I'm sure we can trust him."
+
+Now that you have met him and heard him speak I am sure you will want
+to learn more about his life.
+
+On November second, in the year the great Civil War closed, Mr.
+Harding was born in Corsica, Ohio. How old, then, is he? Most of his
+boyhood days, however, were spent in Caledonia, Ohio, where his father
+was the village Doctor. In addition to practicing medicine he owned
+the Caledonian Argus, a typical village newspaper.
+
+Since all boys of eleven must have at least a little spending money,
+Warren, as Mr. Harding was then called, found that setting type was
+his easiest way to earn pin money.
+
+The first year Warren worked on the Argus, the circus came to town and
+brought Hi Henry's Band. Warren and another boy helped with unusual
+faithfulness and speed that day. They knew the paper had free tickets
+for the circus. Of course they would be given tickets. They planned
+what a glorious time they would have and, as long as the tickets did
+not cost anything, they could spend some of their hard earned money on
+side shows and ice cream. Noon came and no one had mentioned the
+circus tickets. The afternoon passed slowly; two o'clock, no tickets;
+three o'clock, no tickets; four, five, six o'clock, and no mention of
+the circus. Two indignant boys held counsel. Then as night fell, they
+went to the editor and demanded two tickets as their right. The
+tickets were forthcoming and two pleased boys went to the circus.
+
+Perhaps the glories of Hi Henry's Band aroused the citizens of
+Caledonia. At any rate a band of fifteen pieces was afterwards
+organized there. An old harness maker, who liked to have the boys play
+about his shop, was an expert on the valve trombone. He showed his
+frequent visitor, Warren Harding, how to play the instrument; then
+Warren learned the tenor horn and became a full-fledged member of the
+Caledonia Band. Only those of you who have lived in a small town can
+know how important the band is. It gives concerts in front of the
+court house or on the square. It plays at rallies, picnics, shows, and
+leads in parades. So when Warren Harding joined the Caledonia Band, he
+felt quite grown up and impressive, perhaps more so than when he was
+elected President.
+
+Not until 1882 did Dr. Harding trade his farm and move to Marion. His
+son had by that time been graduated from the Ohio Central College.
+Like many another young man of those days, he taught a term of school
+after leaving college. But he did not plan to remain a teacher. For a
+time he thought of the law as a profession, and also made some efforts
+to sell insurance. But his early knowledge of a printing office and
+the making of a newspaper influenced his tastes and desires.
+
+His father had acquired an interest in the Marion Star, a struggling
+Republican paper in the county seat. Warren Harding became the editor.
+He had held this office only two weeks when he went to Chicago to the
+Republican National Convention hoping to see James G. Blaine nominated
+for the Presidency. While he was in Chicago, his father sold the Star
+and so upon his return Warren Harding, a Republican, became a reporter
+on the Marion Mirror, the Democratic paper.
+
+In those days, the admirers of James G. Blaine wore high, gray felt
+hats. Warren Harding wore his when he went about Marion gathering news
+for the Democratic paper. Soon this annoyed the editor of the Mirror
+and young Harding was told he must stop wearing his "Blaine" hat. He
+refused, and so lost his job on the paper.
+
+The night of election day, when Cleveland was elected President,
+Warren Harding and two old Caledonia friends decided to buy the Marion
+Star. That was the beginning of an ownership that has lasted ever
+since. There were plenty of hard days for the young editor but with
+prophetic insight he wrote and published in the Star:
+
+"The Star is _not_ going to change hands but is both going to go and
+grow."
+
+Friends laugh and joke about the hard struggles of the Marion Star and
+the difficulties of the editor to make the paper go. They tell of
+times when Editor Harding didn't have money enough to pay the help.
+Nevertheless, he made the paper both go and grow, and these hardships
+only endeared him the more to the citizens of Marion. In the end he
+overcame all difficulties and his fellow citizens felt proud of his
+success.
+
+Warren Harding had a strong sense of fairness and justice. When he had
+been editor but a short time, he wrote out his newspaper creed. Today,
+any reporter, who enters the service of the Marion Star, has given to
+him the following rules, which the President of our Country believes
+should be followed:
+
+
+                            NEWSPAPER CREED
+
+  Remember there are two sides to every question. Get them both.
+
+  Be truthful. Get the facts.
+
+  Mistakes are inevitable, but strive for accuracy. I would rather
+  have one story exactly right than a hundred half wrong.
+
+  Be decent, be fair, be generous.
+
+  Boost--don't knock.
+
+  There's good in everybody. Bring out the good in everybody and
+  never needlessly hurt the feelings of anybody.
+
+  In reporting a political gathering, give the facts, tell the story
+  as it is, not as you would like to have it. Treat all parties
+  alike.
+
+  If there's any politics to be played we will play it in our
+  editorial columns.
+
+  Treat all religious matters reverently.
+
+  If it can possibly be avoided, never bring ignominy to an innocent
+  man or child in telling of the misfortunes or misdeeds of a
+  relative.
+
+  Don't wait to be asked, but do it without asking, and above all,
+  be clean and never let a dirty word or suggestive story get into
+  type.
+
+  I want this paper so conducted that it can go into any home
+  without destroying the innocence of any child.
+
+                                                     WARREN HARDING.
+
+Thus we see that President Harding has spent most of his life in
+newspaper work. Here, as we can readily see, he has gained the
+intimate knowledge of people that has made him genuinely human.
+
+But his training for the Presidency by no means stopped here. For
+twenty years he has taken an active part in the problems of State and
+Nation. When only thirty-five years of age he was elected a member of
+the Ohio Legislature. As a member of this body, his efforts were so
+successful and so thoroughly appreciated that he was later chosen to
+Represent Ohio in the United States Senate. In this strategic position
+he did not lose an opportunity to acquaint himself with the complex
+problems of National Government. Little did he then realize that all
+this knowledge was fitting him to become the Head of the Nation. Such
+is the mystery of life.
+
+"A large upstanding man. A man of great virility. A man of undoubted
+courage. An honest man, honest with himself and with the public. A man
+of good judgment and entire practicality. A generous, kind-hearted,
+and thoughtful man. Thoughtful of his subordinates, generous to his
+adversaries, and cordial to his equals. A man whose head has not been
+turned by the honors thrust upon him. A plain, everyday, practical man
+without illusions or visionary ideas. A man that is a supporter of
+stable government. A man intensely American in his instinct."
+
+
+
+
+ADDENDA
+Note: The following pages are intended for a record of additional
+facts concerning the lives of these eminent Americans.
+
+
+
+
+ADDENDA
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+ADDENDA
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+ADDENDA
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+ADDENDA
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+End of Project Gutenberg's Modern Americans, by Chester Sanford and Grace Owen
+
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