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diff --git a/30282-0.txt b/30282-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9dbecd --- /dev/null +++ b/30282-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15765 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Early English Alliterative Poems, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Early English Alliterative Poems + in the West-Midland Dialect of the Fourteenth Century + +Author: Various + +Editor: Richard Morris + +Release Date: October 19, 2009 [EBook #30282] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY ENGLISH ALLITERATIVE POEMS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber’s Note: + +This e-text is based on the 1869 (second) edition of the _Poems_. A few +apparent misprints were checked against the 1864 edition, but the texts +as a whole were not closely compared. + +The text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8 (Unicode) +text readers, primarily Ȝ ȝ (yogh). There are also a few Greek words in +the Index, and a handful of letters with overline or macron, such as ī. +If these characters do not display properly, or if the quotation marks +in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s +“character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may +also need to change the default font. As a last resort, use the Latin-1 +version of the file instead. + +The book has been separated into six independent units, set off by +triple rows of asterisks: + + [1] Introductory Material + [2] The Pearl + [3] Cleanness + [4] Patience + [5] Glossarial Index (excluding Postscript) + [6] Collected Sidenotes (section added by transcriber: editor’s + sidenotes can be read as a condensed version of full text) + +Each segment has its own footnotes and errata lists. Readers may choose +to divide them into separate files. The Notes were originally printed as +a short (12 pages) section before the Index. For this e-text they have +been distributed among their respective texts. + +_Italics and other Text Markings:_ + +Bracketed letters are in the original. + +Italicized letters within words, representing expanded abbreviations, +are shown in the e-text with braces (“curly brackets”): co{n}nyng{e}. +Readers who find this added information distracting may globally delete +all braces _in the body text_; they are not used for any other purpose. +Italic markings were omitted from forms such as “Fol. 51a.” where +the a or b was consistently italicized. Whole-word italics (in modern +editorial material only) are shown with _lines_. + +In the Glossarial Index, groups of words in {braces} were printed on +consecutive lines, bracketed together. Text printed in small capitals +is shown in +marks+. + +_Page Layout:_ + +The HTML version of this e-text offers a closer approximation of the +original page layout. + +_Footnotes_ were numbered separately for each page. In this e-text, +footnotes are numbered sequentially within each text and grouped at +the end of each stanza (_The Pearl_) or section (_Cleanness_ and +_Patience_), or each subsection of the Preface. Numbered notes printed +in the side margin were treated as footnotes. + +_Headnotes_ from the top of each page have been moved to the most +appropriate sentence break. They are also grouped at the beginning of +each selection to act as a detailed table of contents. + +_Sidenotes_ were added by the editor to give translations or summaries. +In this e-text, they are collected into full sentences, and generally +appear immediately _before_ their original location. In _The Pearl_, +sidenotes are grouped at the beginning of each twelve-line stanza. +Sidenotes in the form [Fol. 10b] are shown in the same way as general +sidenotes. They always come directly above the relevant line or its +sidenotes, if any. + +_Orphaned Quotation Marks_ are listed separately in each Errata section. +In some cases it may be possible to guess where the missing quotation +mark belongs, but it seemed safer to leave the text as printed. No +quotation marks disappeared between the 1864 and 1869 editions.] + + + + + Early English + + Alliterative Poems + + in the + + West-Midland Dialect + + of the + + Fourteenth Century + + + Edited From + The Unique Manuscript + British Museum MS. Cotton + Nero A. x + + by + + Richard Morris + + + _Published for_ + THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY + _by the_ + OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS + London New York Toronto + + + + + First Published 1864 + Second Edition 1869 + Reprinted (1869 Version) 1965 + + + Original Series, No. 1 + + Originally Printed by Stephen Austin, Hertford + and now Reprinted Lithographically in Great Britain + at the University Press, Oxford + by Vivian Ridler, Printer to the University + + + + +CONTENTS + +[List added by transcriber. Items in brackets do not have headers in the +body text, but were treated as subsections for grouping footnotes.] + + Preface + [Introduction to _The Pearl_] + [Introduction to _Cleanness_] + [Introduction to _Patience_] + [General Introduction] + Remarks Upon the Dialect and Grammar + Grammatical Details + I. Nouns + II. Adjectives + III. Pronouns + IV. Verbs + V. Adverbs + VI. Prepositions + VII. Conjunctions + Description of the Manuscript + Contractions Used in the Glossary + + The Pearl + Cleanness + Patience + + Notes [distributed among the three poems] + Glossarial Index + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The following poems are taken from a well known manuscript in the +Cottonian collection, marked Nero A. x, which also contains, in the same +handwriting and dialect, a metrical romance,[1] wherein the adventures +of Sir Gawayne with the “Knight in Green,” are most ably and +interestingly described. + +Unfortunately nothing can be affirmed with any certainty concerning the +authorship of these most valuable and interesting compositions. The +editor of “Syr Gawayn and the Green Knight” considers that Huchowne, a +supposed[2] Scotch _maker_ of the fourteenth century, has the best +claims to be recognised as the author, inasmuch as he is specially +referred to by Wyntown as the writer of the _Gret gest of Arthure_ and +the _Awntyre of Gawayne_. + +I do not think that any certain conclusions are to be drawn from the +Scotch historian’s assertion. It is well known that more versifiers than +one during the fourteenth century attempted romance composition in the +English language, having for their theme the knightly deeds of Arthur or +Sir Gawayne. These they compiled from French originals, from which they +selected the most striking incidents and those best suited to an +Englishman’s taste for the marvellous. We are not surprised, then, at +finding so many romance poems treating of the exploits of the same hero, +and laying claim to be considered as original productions. In Scotland, +Huchowne’s works might no doubt have been regarded as the standard +romances of the period, but that they were the only English _gests_ is +indeed very doubtful. + +The Early English alliterative romance, entitled the _Morte Arthure_, +published from a manuscript in Lincoln Cathedral by Mr. Halliwell,[3] is +considered by Sir F. Madden to be the veritable _gest of Arthure_ +composed by Huchowne. An examination of this romance does not lead me to +the same conclusion, unless Huchowne was a Midland man, for the poem is +not written in the old Scotch dialect,[4] but seems to have been +originally composed in one of the Northumbrian dialects spoken _South_ +of the Tweed.[5] + +The manuscript from which Mr. Halliwell has taken his text is not the +original copy, nor even a literal transcript of it. It exhibits certain +orthographical and grammatical peculiarities unknown to the Northumbrian +dialect which have been introduced by a Midland transcriber, who has +here and there taken the liberty to adapt the original text to the +dialect of his own locality, probably that one of the North Midland +counties, where many of the Northumbrian forms of speech would be +intelligible.[6] + +A comparison of the Arthurian romance with the following poems throws no +light whatever upon the authorship of the poems. The dialect of the two +works is altogether different, although many of the terms employed are +common to both, being well known over the whole of the North of England. +The grammatical forms (the best test we can have) in the poems are quite +distinct from those in the _Morte Arthure_, and of course go far to +prove that they do not proceed from the pen of the same writer. + +The Editor of “Syr Gawayn and the Green Knight” acknowledges that the +poems in the present volume, as now preserved to us in the manuscript, +are not in the Scottish dialect, but he says “there is sufficient +internal evidence of their being _Northern_,[7] although the manuscript +containing them appears to have been written by a scribe of the Midland +counties, which will account for the introduction of forms differing +from those used by writers beyond the Tweed.” + +Now, with regard to this subsequent transcription of the poems from the +Scotch into a Midland dialect,--it cannot be said to be improbable, for +we have abundant instances of the multiplication of copies by scribes of +different localities, so that we are not surprised at finding the works +of some of our popular Early English writers appearing in two or three +forms; but, on the other hand, a comparison of the original copy with +the _adapted transcriptions_, or even the reading of a transcribed copy, +always shows how the author’s productions have suffered by the change. +Poetical works, especially those with final rhymes, of course undergo +the greatest amount of transformation and depreciation. The changes +incident upon the kind of transcription referred to are truly +surprising, and most perplexing to those who make the subject of Early +English _dialects_ a matter of investigation. + +But, in the present poems, the uniformity and consistency of the +grammatical forms is so entire, that there is indeed no internal +evidence of subsequent transcription into any other dialect than that in +which they were originally written. However, the dialect and grammatical +peculiarities will be considered hereafter. + +Again, in the course of transcription into another dialect, any literary +merit that the author’s copy may have originally possessed would +certainly be destroyed. But the poems before us are evidently the work +of a man of birth and education; the productions of a true poet, and of +one who had acquired a perfect mastery over that form of the English +tongue spoken in his own immediate locality during the earlier part of +the fourteenth century. Leaving out of consideration their great +philological worth, they possess an intrinsic value of their own as +literary compositions, very different from anything to be found in the +works of Robert of Gloucester, Manning, and many other Early English +authors, which are very important as philological records, but in the +light of poetical productions, cannot be said to hold a very +distinguished place in English literature. The poems in the present +volume contain many passages which, as Sir F. Madden truly remarks, will +bear comparison with any similar ones in the works of Douglas or +Spenser. + +I conclude, therefore, that these poems were not transcribed from the +Scotch dialect into any other, but were written in their own +West-Midland speech in which we now have them. + +Mr. Donaldson, who is now editing for the Early English Text Society the +Troy Book, translated from Guido di Colonna, puts forward a plea for +Huchowne as its author, to whom he would also assign the _Morte Arthure_ +(ed. Perry) and the Pistel of Sweet Susan.[8] But Mr. Donaldson seems to +have been misled by the similarity of vocabulary, which is not at all a +safe criterion in judging of works written in a Northumbrian, West or +East Midland speech. The dialect, I venture to think, is a far safer +test. A careful examination of the Troy Book compels me to differ in +toto from Mr. Donaldson, and, instead of assigning the Troy Book to a +Scotchman, say that it cannot even be claimed, in its present form, by +any Northumbrian south of the Tweed; moreover, it presents no appearance +of having been tampered with by one unacquainted with the dialect, +though it has perhaps been slightly modernised in the course of +transcription. + +The work is evidently a genuine West-Midland production,[9] having most +of the peculiarities of vocabulary and inflexions that are found in +these _Alliterative Poems_.[10] I feel greatly inclined to claim this +English Troy Book as the production of the author of the _Alliterative +Poems_; for, leaving out identical and by no means common expressions, +we find the same power of description,[11] and the same tendency to +inculcate moral and religious truths on all occasions where an +opportunity presents itself.[12] Without dwelling upon this topic, which +properly falls to the Editor of the Troy Book, it may not be out of +place to ask the reader to compare the following description of a storm +from the Troy Book, with that selected from the present volume on pp. 14 +and 18. + + +A TEMPEST ON ÞE SEE. + + There a tempest _hom_ toke on þe torres hegh:-- + A _rak_ and a royde wynde rose in _hor_ saile, + A myst & a _merkenes_ was mervell to se; + With a _routond_ rayn ruthe to be-holde, + Thonr{et}[13] full _throly_ with a thicke haile; + With a leuenyng light as a _low_ fyre, + Blas{et} all the brode see as it bren wold. + The flode with a felle cours flow{et} on hepis, + Rose uppon rockes as any _ranke_ hylles. + So wode were the waghes & þe wilde _ythes_, + All was like to be lost þat no lond hade + The ship ay shot furth o þe _shire waghes_, + As qwo clymbe at a clyffe, or a clent[14] hille. + Eft _dump_ in the depe as all drowne wolde. + Was no _stightlyng_ with stere ne no stithe ropes, + Ne no sayle, þat might serue for _unsound_ wedur. + But all the buernes in the bote, as _hom_ best liked, + Besoght unto sainttes & to sere goddes; (p. 65) + + +A STORME ON THE SE. + + All the company enclin{et} cair{yn} to ship; + Cach{yn} in cables, knyt up _hor_ ancres, + Sesit vp _hor_ sailes in a sad hast; + _Richet_ þere rapes, rapit unto see. + Hokit out of hauyn, all the hepe somyn, + _Hade bir at hor bake_, blawen to þe depe; + Sail{yn} forthe _soberly_, somyn but a while, + Noght fyftene forlong fairly to the end. + . . . . . . . . . . . + When sodenly the softe aire _unsoberly_ rose; + The cloudis overcast, _claterrit_ aboute; + Wyndes full wodely _walt_ up the ythes; + Wex _merke_ as the mydnighte mystes full thicke: + Thunret in the _thestur throly_ with all; + With a _launchant laite_ lightonyd the water; + And a _ropand_ rayne _raiked_ fro the heuyn. + The storme was full stithe with mony stout windes, + Hit _walt_ up the wilde se vppon wan hilles. + The ffolke was so ferd, that _on flete_ were, + All drede for to drowne with dryft of the se; + And in perell were put all the proude kynges. --(p. 150.) + + [Footnote 1: Edited by Sir Frederic Madden for the Bannatyne Club, + under the title of “Syr Gawayn and the Grene Knyȝt,” and by me for + the Early English Text Soc., 1865.] + + [Footnote 2: Wyntown nowhere asserts that Huchowne is a + Scotchman.] + + [Footnote 3: Edited for E. E. T. Soc. by Rev. G. G. Perry, M.A.] + + [Footnote 4: This is evident from the following particulars:-- + + I. In old Scotch manuscripts we find the guttural _gh_ (or ȝ) + represented by _ch_; thus, _aght_, _laght_, _saght_, _wight_, are + the English forms which, in the Scotch orthography, become _aucht_ + (owed), _laucht_ (seized), _saucht_ (peace), _wicht_ (active). It + is the former orthography, however, that prevails in the Morte + Arthure. + + II. We miss the Scotch use of (1) _-is_ or _-ys_, for _-es_ or + _-s_, in the plural number, and of possessive cases of nouns, and + in the person endings of the present tense indicative mood of + verbs; (2) _-it_ or _-yt_, for _-ed_ or _-d_, in the preterites or + passive participles of regular verbs. + + III. There is a total absence of the well-known Scotch forms + _begouth_ (began), _sa_ (so), _sic_ (such), _throuch_, _thorow_ + (through). Instead of these _bigan_, _so_, _syche_, _thrughe_ + (_thurgh_) are employed. See Preface to Hampole’s Pricke of + Conscience, pp. vii, viii.] + + [Footnote 5: This is shown by the frequent employment of _-es_ as + the person ending of the verb in the present tense, plural number. + The corresponding Southern verbal inflexion _-eth_ _never_ occurs; + while the Midland _-en_ is only occasionally met with in the third + person plural present, and has been introduced by a later copyist. + There are other characteristics, such as the predominance of words + containing the A.S. long _a_; as _hame_ (home), _stane_ (stone), + _thra_ (bold), _walde_ (would), etc.; the frequent use of _thir_ + (these), _tha_ (the, those), etc.] + + [Footnote 6: The peculiarities referred to do not appear to be + owing to the copyist of the Lincoln manuscript (Robert de + Thornton, a native of Oswaldkirk in Yorkshire), who, being a + Northumbrian, would probably have restored the original readings. + The non-Northumbrian forms in the Morte Arthure are-- 1. The + change of _a_ into _o_, as _bolde_ for _balde_, _bote_ for _bate_, + _one_ for _ane_, _honde_ for _hande_, _londe_ for _lande_; + 2. _they_, _theyre_, _them_, _theym_, for _thay_, _thaire_, + _tham_; 3. _gayliche_, _kindliche_, _semlyche_, etc., for _gayly_, + _kindly_, _seemly_, etc. (the termination _lich_, _liche_, was + wholly unknown to the Northumbrian dialect, being represented by + _ly_ or _like_); 4. _churle_, _churche_, _iche_, _mache_, _myche_, + _syche_, _wyrche_, etc., for _carle_, _kirke_, _ilk_, _make_, + _mykelle_, _swilk_, _wyrk_, etc.; 5. infinitives in _-en_, as + _drenschen_, _schewenne_, _wacchenne_, etc.; 6. the use of _eke_, + _thos_, for _als_ (_alswa_), _thas_; 7. the employment of _aye_ + for _egg_. The former word _never_ occurs in any pure Northumbrian + work, while the latter is seldom met with in any Southern + production.] + + [Footnote 7: The poems are _Northern_ in contradistinction to + _Southern_, but they are not Northern or Northumbrian in + contradistinction to _Midland_.] + + [Footnote 8: Printed by Mr. D. Laing in his “Inedited Pieces,” + from a MS. of Mr. Heber’s. Other copies are in the Vernon MS., and + Cotton Calig. A. ii.; the latter imperfect.] + + [Footnote 9: Other specimens of this dialect will doubtless turn + up. Mr. Brock has found a MS. in British Museum (Harl. 3909) with + most of the peculiarities pointed out by me in the preface to the + present work, and I believe that this dialect was probably a + flourishing one in the 13th century. See O.E. Homilies, p. li.] + + [Footnote 10: (1) _en_ as the inflexion of the pres. tense pl., + indic. mood of verbs; (2) _s_ in the second and third pers. sing. + of verbs; (3) _ho_ = she; (4) _hit_ = its; (5) _tow_ = two; + (6) _deȝter_ = daughters, etc.] + + [Footnote 11: See p. 36, ll. 1052-1066; p. 37, ll. 1074-1089; pp. + 161-162, ll. 4956-4975.] + + [Footnote 12: See pp. 25, 26 (Jason’s unfaithfulness); pp. 74, 75, + ll. 2241-2255; p. 75, ll. 2256-2263; p. 69, ll. 2267-2081; p. 158, + ll. 4839-4850; p. 189, ll. 4881-4885; p. 165, ll. 5078-5086, etc.] + + [Footnote 13: In the Harl. MS. 3909, nearly all the p. part. and + preterites end in _-et_ (_-ut_ and _-et_ occur in Romances ed. by + Robson).] + + [Footnote 14: This seems to furnish an etymology for _Clent_ + Hills, Worcestershire--_brent_ is the term employed in + Alliterative.] + + +The poems in the present volume, three in number, seem to have been +written for the purpose of enforcing, by line upon line and precept upon +precept, Resignation to the will of God; Purity of life as manifested in +thought, word, and deed; Obedience to the Divine command; and Patience +under affliction. + +In the first poem, entitled by me “_The Pearl_”, the author evidently +gives expression to his own sorrow for the loss of his infant child, a +girl of two years old, whom he describes as a + + Perle plesaunte to prynces paye + _Pearl pleasant to princes’ pleasure,_ + To clanly clos in golde so clere + _Most neatly set in gold so clear._ + +Of her death he says: + + Allas! I leste hyr in on erbere + _Alas! I lost her in an arbour,_ + Þurȝ gresse to grounde hit fro me yot + _Through grass to ground it from me got._ --(p. 1.) + +The writer then represents himself as visiting his child’s grave (or +arbour) in the “high season of August,” and giving way to his grief +(p. 2). He falls asleep, and in a dream is carried toward a forest, +where he saw rich rocks gleaming gloriously, hill sides decked with +crystal cliffs, and trees the leaves of which were as burnished silver. +The gravel under his feet was “precious pearls of orient,” and birds “of +flaming hues” flew about in company, whose notes were far sweeter than +those of the cytole or gittern (guitar) (p. 3). The dreamer arrives at +the bank of a stream, which flows over stones (shining like stars in the +welkin on a winter’s night) and pebbles of emeralds, sapphires, or other +precious gems, so + + Þat all the loȝe lemed of lyȝt + _That all the deep gleamed of light,_ + So dere watȝ hit adubbement + _So dear was its adornment._ --(p. 4.) + +Following the course of the stream, he perceives on the opposite side a +crystal cliff, from which was reflected many a “royal ray” (p. 5). + + At þe fote þer-of þer sete a faunt + _At the foot thereof there sat a child,_ + A mayden of menske, ful debonere + _A maiden of honour, full debonnair;_ + Blysnande whyt watȝ hyr bleaunt + _Glistening white was her robe,_ + (I knew hyr wel, I hade sen hyr ere) + _(I knew her well, I had seen her before)_ + At glysnande golde þat man con schore + _As shining gold that man did purify,_ + So schon þat schene an-vnder schore + _So shone that sheen (bright one) on the opposite shore;_ + On lenghe I loked to hyr þere + _Long I looked to her there,_ + Þe lenger I knew hyr more & more + _The longer I knew her, more and more._ --(pp. 6, 7.) + +The maiden rises, and, proceeding along the bank of the stream, +approaches him. He tells her that he has done nothing but mourn for the +loss of his Pearl, and has been indeed a “joyless jeweller” (p. 8). +However, now that he has found his Pearl, he declares that he is no +longer sorrowful, but would be a “joyful jeweller” were he allowed to +cross the stream (p. 8). The maiden blames her father for his rash +speech, tells him that his Pearl is not lost, and that he cannot pass +the stream till after death (p. 10). The dreamer is in great grief; he +does not, he says, care what may happen if he is again to lose his +Pearl. The maiden advises him to bear his loss patiently, and to abide +God’s doom (p. 11). She describes to him her blissful state in heaven, +where she reigns as a queen (p. 12). She explains to him that Mary is +the Empress of Heaven, and all others kings and queens (p. 13). The +parable of the labourers in the vineyard[15] (pp. 15-18) is then +rehearsed at length, to prove that “innocents” are admitted to the same +privileges as are enjoyed by those who have lived longer upon the earth +(p. 18). The maiden then speaks to her father of Christ and his one +hundred and forty thousand brides (p. 24), and describes their blissful +state (p. 26). She points out to him the heavenly Jerusalem, which was +“all of bright burnished gold, gleaming like glass” (p. 29). Then the +dreamer beholds a procession of virgins going to salute the Lamb, among +whom he perceives his “little queen” (p. 33). On attempting to cross the +stream to follow her, he is aroused from his dream (p. 35), laments his +rash curiosity in seeking to know so much of God’s mysteries, and +declares that man ever desires more happiness than he has any right to +expect (p. 35). + + [Footnote 15: Matthew, chapter xx.] + + +The second poem, entitled “_Cleanness_,” is a collection of Biblical +stories, in which the writer endeavours to enforce Purity of Life, by +showing how greatly God is displeased at every kind of impurity, and how +sudden and severe is the punishment which falls upon the sinner for +every violation of the Divine law. + +After commending cleanness and its “fair forms,” the author relates (I.) +The Parable of the Marriage Feast (p. 39); (II.) the Fall of the Angels +(p. 43); (III.) The wickedness of the antediluvian world (p. 44), + + He watȝ famed for fre þat feȝt loued best + _He was famous as free that fight loved best,_ + & ay þe bigest in bale þe best watȝ halden + _And ever the biggest in sin the best was held;_ (p. 45.) + +(IV.) The destruction of mankind by the Flood. When all were safely +stowed in the ark, + + Thenne sone com þe seuenþe day, when samned wern alle + _Then soon came the seventh day when assembled were all,_ + & alle woned in þe whichche þe wylde & þe tame. + _And all abode in the ark (hutch), the wild and the tame._ + Þen bolned þe abyme & bonkeȝ con ryse + _Then swelled the abyss and banks did rise,_ + Waltes out vch walle-heued, in ful wode stremeȝ + _Bursts out each well-head in full wild streams,_ + Watȝ no brymme þat abod vnbrosten bylyue + _There was no brim (stream) that abode unburst by then,_ + Þe mukel lauande loghe to þe lyfte rered + _The much (great) flowing deep (loch) to the loft (sky) reared._ + Mony clustered clowde clef alle in clowteȝ + _Many a clustering cloud cleft all in clouts (pieces),_ + To-rent vch a rayn-ryfte & rusched to þe vrþe + _Rent was each a rain-rift and rushed to the earth;_ + Fon neuer in forty dayeȝ, & þen þe flod ryses + _Failed never in forty days, and then the flood rises,_ + Ouer-walteȝ vche a wod and þe wyde feldeȝ + _Over-flows each wood and the wide fields;_ + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Water wylger ay wax, woneȝ þat stryede + _Water wildly ever waxed, abodes that destroyed,_ + Hurled in-to vch hous, hent þat þer dowelled + _Hurled into each house, seized those that there dwelt._ + Fyrst feng to þe flyȝt alle þat fle myȝt + _First took to flight all that flee might,_ + Vuche burde with her barne þe byggyng þay leueȝ + _Each bride (woman) with her bairn their abode they leave,_ + & bowed to þe hyȝ bonk þer brentest hit wern + _And hied to the high bank where highest it were,_ + & heterly to þe hyȝe hilleȝ þay [h]aled on faste + _And hastily to the high hills they rushed on fast;_ + Bot al watȝ nedleȝ her note, for neuer cowþe stynt + _But all was needless their device, for never could stop_ + Þe roȝe raynande ryg [&] þe raykande waweȝ + _The rough raining shower and the rushing waves,_ + Er vch boþom watȝ brurd-ful to þe bonkeȝ eggeȝ + _Ere each bottom (valley) was brim-ful to the banks’ edges,_ + & vche a dale so depe þat demmed at þe brynkeȝ + _And each dale so deep that dammed at the brinks._ --(pp. 47, 48). + +The ark is described as “heaved on high with hurling streams.” + + Kest to kyþeȝ vncouþe þe clowdeȝ ful nere + _Cast to kingdoms uncouth the clouds ful near,_ + Hit waltered on the wylde flod, went as hit lyste + _It tossed on the wild flood, went as it list,_ + Drof vpon þe depe dam, in daunger hit semed + _It drove upon the deep dam, in danger it seemed,_ + With-outen mast, oþer myke, oþer myry bawe-lyne + _Without mast, or mike,[16] or merry bow-line,_ + Kable, oþer capstan to clyppe to her ankreȝ + _Cable or capstan to clip to their anchors,_ + Hurrok, oþer hande-helme hasped on roþer + _Oar or hand-helm hooked on rudder,_ + Oþer any sweande sayl to seche after hauen + _Or any swinging sail to seek after haven,_ + Bot flote forthe with þe flyt of þe felle wyndeȝ + _But floated forth with the force of the fell winds._ + Wheder-warde so þe water wafte, hit rebounde + _Whither-ward so (as) the water waft, it rebounded,_ + Ofte hit roled on-rounde & rered on ende + _Oft it rolled around and reared on end,_ + Nyf our lorde hade ben her lodeȝ-mon hem had lumpen harde + _Had our Lord not been their (pilot) leader hardship had befallen +them._ --(p. 49.) + +(V.) The Visit of Three Angels to Abraham (p. 54). + +(VI.) The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (pp. 64, 65), including a +description of the Dead Sea, the tarn (lake) of traitors (p. 66). + +(VII.) The invasion of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar (p. 71), and the +captivity of Judah (p. 74). + +The following is a paraphrase of the fourth and fifth verses in the +twenty-fifth chapter of the second book of Kings.[17] + + Þenne þe kyng of þe kyth a counsayl hym takes + _Then the king of the kingdom a counsel him takes,_ + Wyth þe best of his burnes, a blench for to make + _With the best of his men a device for to make;_ + Þay stel out on a stylle nyȝt er any steuen rysed + _They stole out on a still night ere any sound arose,_ + & harde hurles þurȝ þe oste, er enmies hit wyste + _And hard hurled through the host, ere enemies it wist,_ + Bot er þay at-wappe ne moȝt þe wach wyth oute + _But ere they could escape the watch without,_ + Hiȝe skelt watȝ þe askry þe skewes an-vnder + _High scattered was the cry, the skies there under,_ + Loude alarom vpon launde lulted was þenne + _Loud alarm upon land sounded was then;_ + Ryche, ruþed of her rest, ran to here wedes, + _Rich (men) roused from their rest, ran to their weeds,_ + Hard hattes þay hent & on hors lepes + _Kettle hats they seized, and on horse leap;_ + Cler claryoun crak cryed on-lofte + _Clear clarion’s crack cried aloft._ + By þat watȝ alle on a hepe hurlande swyþee + _By that (time) was all on a heap, hurling fast,_ + Folȝande þat oþer flote, & fonde hem bilyue + _Following that other fleet (host), and found them soon,_ + Ouer-tok hem, as tyd,[18] tult hem of sadeles + _Over-took them in a trice, tilted them off saddles,_ + Tyl vche prynce hade his per put to þe grounde + _Till each prince had his peer put to the ground;_ + & þer watȝ þe kyng kaȝt wyth calde prynces + _And there was the king caught with crafty princes,_ + & alle hise gentyle for-iusted on Ierico playnes + _And all his nobles vanquished on Jericho’s plains._ --(pp. 71, 72.) + +(VIII.) Belshazzar’s impious feast (pp. 76-80), and the handwriting upon +the wall (pp. 80, 81). + + In þe palays pryncipale vpon þe playn wowe + _In the palace principal upon the plain wall,_ + In contrary of þe candelstik þat clerest hit schyned + _Opposite to the candlestick that clearest there shone._ + Þer apered a paume, with poyntel in fyngres + _There appeared a palm with a pointel in its fingers,_ + Þat watȝ grysly & gret, & grymly he wrytes + _That was grisly and great, and grimly it writes,_ + None oþer forme bot a fust faylaynde þe wryst + _None other form but a fist failing the wrist_ + Pared on þe parget, purtrayed lettres + _Pared on the plaister, pourtrayed letters._ + When þat bolde Baltaȝar blusched to þat neue + _When that bold Belshazzar looked to that fist,_ + Such a dasande drede dusched to his hert + _Such a dazzling dread dashed to his heart._ + Þat al falewed his face & fayled þe chere + _That all paled his face and failed the cheer;_ + Þe stronge strok of þe stonde strayned his ioyntes + _The strong stroke of the blow strained his joints,_ + His cnes cachcheȝ to close & cluchches his hommes + _His knees catch to close, and he clutches his hams,_ + & he with plat-tyng his paumes displayes his lers[19] + _And he with striking his palms displays his fears,_ + & romyes as a rad ryth þat roreȝ for drede + _And howls as a frightened hound that roars for dread,_ + Ay biholdand þe honde til hit hade al grauen, + _Ever beholding the hand till it had all graven,_ + & rasped on þe roȝ woȝe runisch saueȝ + _And rasped on the rough wall uncouth saws (words)._ + +(IX.) The story of Nebuchadnezzar’s pride and its punishment (pp. 84, +85), and the interpretation of the handwriting by Daniel (p. 86). + +(X.) The invasion of Babylon by the Medes (pp. 87, 88). + + Baltaȝar in his bed watȝ beten to deþe + _Belshazzar in his bed was beaten to death,_ + Þat boþe his blood & his brayn blende on þe cloþes + _That both his blood and his brains blended on the clothes;_ + Þe kyng in his cortyn watȝ kaȝt by þe heles + _The king in his curtain was caught by the heels,_ + Feryed out bi þe fete & fowle dispysed + _Ferried out by the feet and foully despised;_ + Þat watȝ so doȝty þat day & drank of þe vessayl + _He that was so doughty that day and drank of the vessels,_ + Now is a dogge also dere þat in a dych lygges + _Now is as dear (valuable) as a dog that in a ditch lies._ --(p. 88.) + + [Footnote 16: See Glossary.] + + [Footnote 17: “4. And the city was broken up, and all the men of + war fled by night by the way of the gate between two walls, which + is by the king’s garden: (now the Chaldees were against the city + round about:) and the king went the way toward the plain. + + “5. And the army of the Chaldees pursued after the king, and + overtook him in the plains of Jericho: and all his army were + scattered from him.”] + + [Footnote 18: Immediately.] + + [Footnote 19: ? feres.] + + +The third poem, entitled “_Patience_,” is a paraphrase of the book of +Jonah. The writer prefaces it with a few remarks of his own in order to +show that “patience is a noble point though it displease oft.” + +The following extract contains a description of the sea-storm which +overtook Jonah:-- + + Anon out of þe norþ est þe noys bigynes + _Anon out of the north east the noise begins,_ + When boþe breþes[20] con blowe vpon blo watteres + _When both breezes did blow upon blue waters:_ + Roȝ rakkes þer ros with rudnyng an-vnder + _Rough clouds there arose with lightning there under,_ + Þe see souȝed ful sore, gret selly to here + _The sea sobbed full sore, great marvel to hear;_ + Þe wyndes on þe wonne water so wrastel togeder, + _The winds on the wan water so wrestle together,_ + Þat þe wawes ful wode waltered so hiȝe + _That the waves full wild rolled so high,_ + & efte busched to þe abyme þat breed fyssches + _And again bent to the abyss that bred fishes;_ + Durst nowhere for roȝ arest at þe bothem. + _Durst it nowhere for roughness rest at the bottom._ + When þe breth & þe brok & þe bote metten + _When the breeze and the brook and the boat met,_ + Hit watȝ a ioyles gyn þat Ionas watȝ inne + _It was a joyless engine that Jonah was in,_ + For hit reled on round vpon þe roȝe yþes + _For it reeled around upon the rough waves._ + Þe bur ber to hit baft þat braste alle her gere + _The bore (wave) bear to it abaft that burst all her gear,_ + Þen hurled on a hepe þe helme & þe sterne + _Then hurled on a heap the helm and the stern,_ + Furste to murte[21] mony rop & þe mast after + _First marred[21] many a rope and the mast after._ + Þe sayl sweyed on þe see, þenne suppe bihoued + _The sail swung on the sea, then sup behoved_ + Þe coge of þe colde water, & þenne þe cry ryses + _The boat of the cold water, and then the cry rises;_ + Ȝet coruen þay þe cordes & kest al þer-oute + _Yet cut they the cords and cast all there-out._ + Mony ladde þer forth-lep to laue & to kest + _Many a lad there forth leapt to lave and to cast,_ + Scopen out þe scaþel water, þat fayn scape wolde + _To scoop out the scathful water that fain escape would;_ + For be monnes lode neuer so luþer, þe lyf is ay swete + _For be man’s lot never so bad, the life is aye sweet._ --(p. 93.) + +The writer, in concluding the story of Jonah, exhorts his readers to be +“patient in pain and in joy.” + + For he þat is to rakel to renden his cloþeȝ, + Mot efte sitte with more vn-sounde to sewe hem togeder. + _For he that is too rash to rend his clothes, + Must afterwards sit with more unsound (worse ones) + to sew them together._ (p. 104.) + + [Footnote 20: Eurus and Aquilo.] + + [Footnote 21: ? = to-marte.] + + +This brief outline of the poems, together with the short extracts from +them, will, it is hoped, give the reader stomach to digest the whole. It +is true that they contain many “uncouth” terms; but this will be their +highest merit with the student of language, as is shown, by Dr. Guest’s +testimony, that they are “for several reasons curious, and especially so +to the philologist.”[22] To those readers who do not appreciate the +importance of such a very large addition to the vocabulary of our Early +Language as is made by these treatises, let Sir Frederic Madden’s +opinion of their literary merit suffice. That distinguished editor says, +of the author’s “poetical talent, the pieces contained in the MS. afford +unquestionable proofs; and the description of the change of the seasons, +the bitter aspect of winter, the tempest which preceded the destruction +of Sodom and Gomorrah, and the sea storm occasioned by the wickedness of +Jonas, _are equal to any similar passages_ in Douglas or Spenser.”[23] +Moreover, as to the hardness of the language--inasmuch as the subject +matter of the poem will be familiar to all who may take up the present +volume, the difficulty on the word-point will not be such as to deter +the reader from understanding and appreciating the production of an old +English poet, who--though his very name, unfortunately, has yet to be +discovered--may claim to stand in the foremost rank of England’s early +bards. + +The Editor of the present volume has endeavoured to do justice to his +author by giving the text, with some few exceptions, as it stands in the +manuscript.[24] The contractions of the scribe have been expanded and +printed in italics, a plan which he hopes to see adopted in every future +edition of an early English author. + +The Glossary has been compiled not only for the benefit of the reader, +but for the convenience of those who are studying the older forms of our +language, and who know how valuable a mere index of words and references +sometimes proves. + +In conclusion, I take the present opportunity of acknowledging the kind +assistance of Sir Frederic Madden and E. A. Bond, Esq., of the British +Museum, who, on every occasion, were most ready to render me any help in +deciphering the manuscript, in parts almost illegible, from which the +poems in the present volume are printed. + + [Footnote 22: History of English Rhythms, vol. i. p. 159.] + + [Footnote 23: Syr Gawayn, ed. Madden, p. 302.] + + [Footnote 24: Wherever the Text has been altered, the reading of + the MS. will be found in a foot-note.] + + +REMARKS UPON THE DIALECT AND GRAMMAR. + +Higden, writing about the year A.D. 1350, affirms, distinctly, the +existence of three different forms of speech or dialects, namely, +Southern, Midland, and Northern;[25] or, as they are sometimes +designated, West-Saxon, Mercian, and Northumbrian. Garnett objects to +Higden’s classification, and considers it certain “that there were in +his (Higden’s) time, and probably long before, five distinctly marked +forms, which may be classed as follows:-- 1. Southern or standard +English, which in the fourteenth century was perhaps best spoken in Kent +and Surrey by the body of the inhabitants. 2. Western English, of which +traces may be found from Hampshire to Devonshire, and northward as far +as the Avon. 3. Mercian, vestiges of which appear in Shropshire, +Staffordshire, and South and West Derbyshire, becoming distinctly marked +in Cheshire, and still more so in South Lancashire. 4. Anglian, of which +there are three sub-divisions--the East Anglian of Norfolk and Suffolk; +the Middle Anglian of Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and East Derbyshire; +and the North Anglian of the West Riding of Yorkshire--spoken most +purely in the central part of the mountainous district of Craven. +5. Northumbrian,” spoken throughout the Lowlands of Scotland, +Northumberland, Durham, and nearly the whole of Yorkshire. + +Garnett’s division is based upon peculiarities of pronunciation, which +will be found well marked in the _modern_ provincial dialects, and not +upon any essential differences of inflexion that are to be found in our +Early English manuscripts.[26] + +The distinction between Southern and Western English was not at all +required, as the Kentish Ayenbite of Inwyt (A.D. 1340) exhibits most of +the peculiarities that mark the Chronicles of Robert of Gloucester +(Cottonian MS. Calig. A. xi.) as a Southern (or West-Saxon) production. +The Anglian of Norfolk, Lincolnshire, and Nottinghamshire may be +referred to one group with the Mercian of Lancashire, as varieties of +the Midland dialect. + +A careful examination of our early literature leads us to adopt Higden’s +classification as not only a convenient but a correct one. + +There is, perhaps, no better test for distinguishing these dialects from +one another than the verbal inflexions of the plural number in the +present tense, indicative mood. + +To state this test in the briefest manner, we may say that the Southern +dialect employs _-eth_, the Midland _-en_, and the Northumbrian _-es_ as +the inflexion for all persons of the plural present indicative:[27]-- + + Southern. Midland. Northern. + + 1st pers. Hop-_eth_. Hop-_en_. Hop-_es_. (we) hope. + 2nd „ Hop-_eth_. Hop-_en_. Hop-_es_. (ye) hope. + 3rd „ Hop-_eth_. Hop-_en_. Hop-_es_. (they) hope. + +It is the constant and systematic employment of these inflexions, and +not their occasional use that must be taken as the criterion of +dialectical varieties. + +In a pure specimen of the Southern dialect, we never find the +Northumbrian _-es_. We do occasionally meet with the Midland _-en_, but +only in those works written in localities where, from their geographical +position, Southern and Midland forms would be intelligible.[28] We might +look in vain for the Southern plural _-eth_ in a pure Northumbrian +production, but might be more successful in finding the Midland _-en_ in +the third person plural; as, “thay _arn_” for “they _ar_”, or “thay +_er_.” + +In a work composed in Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, or Lancashire, we +should be sure to find the occasional use of the Northumbrian plural +_-es_.[29] + +The inflexions of the verb in the singular are of value in enabling us +to discriminate between the several varieties of the Midland +dialect.[30] The Southern and Midland idioms (with the exception of the +West-Midland of Lancashire, Cheshire, etc.) conjugated the verb in the +singular present indicative, as follows:-- + + 1st pers. hope (I) hope. + 2nd „ hop-_est_ (thou) hopest. + 3rd „ hop-_eth_ (he) hopes. + +The West-Midland, corresponding to Garnett’s Mercian, instead of _-est_ +and _-eth_ employs the inflexions that are so common in the so-called +Northumbrian documents of the ninth and tenth centuries:-- + + 1st pers. hope (I) hope. + 2nd „ hop-_es_ (thou) hopest. + 3rd „ hop-_es_ (he) hopes. + +The Northumbrian dialect takes _-es_ in all three persons; but mostly +drops it in the first person. + +The peasantry of Cheshire and Lancashire still preserve the verbal +inflexions which prevailed in the fourteenth century, and conjugate +their verbs in the present indicative according to the following +model:-- + + Singular. Plural. + 1st pers. hope hopen. + 2nd „ hopes hopen. + 3rd „ hopes hopen. + +Inasmuch as the poems in the present volume exhibit the systematic use +of these forms, we cannot but believe that they were originally composed +in one of those counties where these verbal inflexions were well known +and extensively used. We have to choose between several localities, but +if we assign the poems to Lancashire we are enabled to account for the +large number of Norse terms employed. It is true that the ancient +examples of the Lancashire dialect contained in Mr. Robson’s Metrical +Romances,[31] the Boke of Curtasye,[32] and Liber Cure Cocorum,[33] +present us with much broader forms, as _-us_ for _-es_ in the plural +number and possessive case of nouns, _-un_ for _-en_ in the plural +present indicative mood, in passive participles of irregular (or strong) +verbs, _-ud_ (_-ut_) for _-ed_ in the past tense and passive participle +of regular (or weak) verbs, and the pronominal forms _hor_ (their), +_hom_ (them), for _her_ and _hem_.[34] + +These forms are evidence of a broad pronunciation which, at the present +time, is said to be a characteristic of the northwestern division of +Lancashire, but I think that there is good evidence for asserting that +this strong provincialism was not confined, formerly, to the +West-Midland dialect, much less to a division of any particular county. +We find traces of it in Audelay’s Poems (Shropshire), the Romance of +William and the Werwolf,[35] and even in the Wickliffite version of the +Scriptures. + +Formerly, being influenced by these broad forms, I was led to select +Cheshire or Staffordshire as the probable locality where the poems were +written; but I do not, now, think that either of these counties ever +employed a vocabulary containing so many Norse terms as are to be found +in the Lancashire dialect. But although we may not be able to fix, with +certainty, upon any one county in particular, the fact of the present +poems being composed in the West-Midland dialect cannot be denied. Much +may be said in favour of their Lancashire origin, and there are one or +two points of resemblance between our poems, the Lancashire Romances, +and Liber Cure Cocorum, that deserve especial notice. + +I. In Sir Amadace,[36] lxviii. 9, there occurs the curious form _miȝtus_ += _miȝtes_ = _mightst_.[37] As it appears only once throughout the +Romances we might conclude that it is an error of the scribe for +_miȝtest_, but when we find in the poems before us not only _myȝteȝ_ = +_myȝtes_ (mightst), but _woldeȝ_ = _woldes_ (wouldst), _coutheȝ_ = +_couthes_ (couldst), _dippteȝ_ (dippedest), _travayledeȝ_ (travelledst), +etc., we are bound to consider _miȝtus_ as a genuine form.[38] In no +other Early English works of the fourteenth century have I been able to +find this peculiarity. It is very common in _the Wohunge of Ure Lauerd_ +(xiiith cent.). See O.E. Homilies, p. 51. The Northumbrian dialect at +this period rejected the inflexion in the second person preterite +singular, of regular verbs,[39] and in our poems we find the _-es_ often +dropped, so that we get two conjugations, which may be called the +inflected and the uninflected form. + + Inflected. Uninflected. + 1st pers. hopede hoped (I) hoped. + 2nd „ hoped_es_ hoped (thou) hopedest. + 3rd „ hopede hoped (he) hoped. + +Originally the inflected form may have prevailed over the whole of the +North of England, but have gradually become confined to the West-Midland +dialect. + +II. The next point of resemblance is the use of the verb SCHIN or SCHUN += schal = shall. It is still preserved in the modern dialect of +Lancashire in combination with the adverb _not_, as schunnot[40] = shall +not. The following examples will serve to illustrate the use of this +curious form:-- + + “---- þay _schin_ knawe sone, + Þere is no bounté in burne lyk Baltaȝar þewes.”[41] --(B. l. 1435.) + + “& þose þat seme arn & swete _schyn_ se his face.”[42] + --(_Ibid._ l. 1810.) + + “Pekokys and pertrikys perboylyd _schyn_ be.”[43] + --(Liber Cure Cocorum, p. 29.) + + “For þer bene bestes þat _schyn_ be rost.”[44] --(_Ibid._ p. 34.) + + “Alle _schun_ be draȝun, Syr, at þo syde.”[45] --(_Ibid._ p. 35.) + + “Seche ferlies _schyn_ falle.”[46] + --(Robson’s Met. Rom. p. 12, l. 4.) + +III. Nothing is more common in the present poems than the use of _hit_ +as a genitive = its, which is also found in the Lancashire romances. + + “Forþy þe derk dede see hit is demed ever more, + For _hit_ dedeȝ of deþe duren þere ȝet.”[47] --(Patience, l. 1021.) + + “And, as hit is corsed of kynde & _hit_ coosteȝ als, + Þe clay þat clenges þer-by arn corsyes strong.”[48] + --(_Ibid._ l. 1033.) + + “For I wille speke with the sprete, + And of _hit_ woe wille I wete, + Gif that I may _hit_ bales bete.”[49] + --(Robson’s Met. Romances, p. 5, ll. 3, 4.) + +The present dialect of Lancashire still retains the uninflected +genitive:-- + + “So I geet up be strike o’ dey, on seet eawt; on went ogreath tilly + welly coom within two mile oth’ teawn; when, os tha dule woud + height, o tit wur stonning ot an ale heawse dur; on me kawve (the + dule bore eawt _it_ een for me) took th’ tit for _it_ mother, on + woud seawk her.”[50] (Tummus and Meary). + +Thus much for the dialectical peculiarities of our author. The scanty +material at our disposal must be a sufficient excuse for the very meagre +outline which is here presented to the reader. As our materials +increase, the whole question of Early English dialects will no doubt +receive that attention from English philologists which the subject +really demands, and editors of old English works will then be enabled to +speak with greater confidence as to the language and peculiarities of +their authors. Something might surely be done to help the student by a +proper classification of our manuscripts both as to date and place of +composition. We are sadly in want of unadulterated specimens of the +Northumbrian and East-Midland idioms during the twelfth and thirteenth +centuries. There must surely be some records of these dialects in our +university libraries which would well repay editing.[51] + + [Footnote 25: Polychronicon R. Higdeni, ap. Gale, p. 210, 211. See + Garnett’s Philological Essays, p. 43, and Specimens of Early + English, p. 338.] + + [Footnote 26: It is to be regretted that Garnett did not enter + upon details, and give his readers some tests by which to + distinguish the “five distinctly marked forms.”] + + [Footnote 27: In English works of the fourteenth century the _-en_ + of the Midland, and the _-es_ of the Northumbrian is frequently + dropped, thus gradually approximating to our modern conjugation.] + + [Footnote 28: We are here speaking of works written in the + thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.] + + [Footnote 29: Robert of Brunne, in his “Handlyng Synne,” often + employs it instead of _-en_, but only for the sake of the rhyme.] + + [Footnote 30: The Midland dialect is a very difficult one to deal + with, as it presents us with no uniform type; and, moreover, works + written in this idiom are marked by Northern or Southern + peculiarities, which have led many of our editors altogether + astray in determining the locality of their composition.] + + [Footnote 31: Published by the Camden Society, 1842.] + + [Footnote 32: Edited by Mr. Halliwell for the Percy Society.] + + [Footnote 33: Edited by me for the Philological Society, 1862.] + + [Footnote 34: _-us_ and _-ud_ for _-es_ and _-ed_, as well as + _hom_, _hor_, do occasionally occur in the MS. containing our + poems.] + + [Footnote 35: The Romance of William and the Werwolf is written in + the West-Midland dialect as spoken probably in Shropshire.] + + [Footnote 36: Robson’s Metrical Romances, p. 54, l. 9.] + + [Footnote 37: _Woldus_ = _woldes_ = _wouldst_, appears in + Audelay’s poems (in the Shropshire dialect of the fifteenth + century), p. 32, l. 6.] + + [Footnote 38: The so-called Northumbrian records of the ninth and + tenth centuries frequently use _-es_ instead of _-est_, in the 2nd + pers. preterite of regular verbs, _e.g._, + + _ðu forcerdes usic on-bec_ = Thou turnedst us hindward. + --(Ps. xliii. 11.) + _ðu saldes usic_ = Thou gavest us. --(Ps. xliii. 12.) + _ðu bi-bohtes folc ðin butan weorðe_ = Thou soldest thy folk + without price. --(Ps. xliii. 12.) + ðu _ge-hiowades_ me & _settes_ ofer me hond ðine = Thou madest me + and settest over me thy hand. --(Ps. cxxxviii. 5.) + ðu _ðreades ða_ ofer-hygdan = Thou hast rebuked the proud. + --(Ps. cxviii. 21.) + + Ic ondeto ðe fader drihten heofnes forðon ðu _gedeigeldes_ ðas + ilco from snotrum & hogum & _ædeaudes_ ða ðæm lytlum = I thank + thee, O father, Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid + these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them + unto babes. --(Matt. xi. 25).] + + [Footnote 39: Þou _torned_ us hindward. --(Early English Nn. + Psalter, xliii. 11.) + + Þou _salde_ þi folk. --(_Ibid._ xliii. 12.) + Þou _meked_ us. --(_Ibid._ xliii. 20.) + Þou _made_ me and set þi hand over me. --(_Ibid._ cxxxviii. 5.) + Þou _snibbed_ proude. --(_Ibid._ cxviii. 21.)] + + [Footnote 40: I am informed by a Shropshire friend that it + prevails in his county under the form _shinneh_. + + _Win_ = will, in _winnot_, _wunnot_ = will not, is still heard in + the West-Midland districts. It is found in Robson’s Romances and + in Liber Cure Cocorum.] + + [Footnote 41: They _shall_ know soon there is no goodness in man + like Belshazzar’s virtues.] + + [Footnote 42: And those that seemly are and sweet _shall_ see His + (God’s) face.] + + [Footnote 43: Peacocks and partriches parboiled _shall_ be.] + + [Footnote 44: For þer are beasts þat _shall_ be roasted.] + + [Footnote 45: All _shall_ be drawn (have the entrails removed), + Sir, at the side.] + + [Footnote 46: Such marvels _shall_ happen.] + + [Footnote 47: + Wherefore the dark dead sea it is called ever more. + For _its_ deeds of death endure there yet.] + + [Footnote 48: + And as it is cursed of kind and _its_ properties also, + The clay that clings thereby are corrosives strong.] + + [Footnote 49: + I will speak with the spirit, + And of _its_ woe will I wit (know), + If that I may _its_ bales (grief) abate.] + + [Footnote 50: So I got up by break of day and set out; and went + straight till I well nigh came within two miles of the town, when, + as the devil would have it, a horse was standing at an ale-house + door; and my calf (the devil bore out _its_ eyes for me) took the + horse for _its_ mother, and would suck her.] + + [Footnote 51: Three specimens of the East-Midland dialect have + come to light since writing the above. Harl. MS. 3909; Troy Book, + ed. Donaldson, E. E. T. Soc.; The Lay-folks Mass-Book, ed. + Simpson, E. E. T. Soc.] + + +GRAMMATICAL DETAILS. + +I. +Nouns.+ + +(1) _Number._--The plurals generally end in _-es_ (_eȝ_), _-s_. _Yȝen_ +(eyes), _trumpen_ (trumpets), are the only plurals in _-en_ that occur +in the poems. In Robson’s Metrical Romances we find _fellun_ (fells, +hills,), _dellun_ (dells), and _eyren_ (eggs), in Liber Cure Cocorum. +The plurals of _brother_, _child_, _cow_, _doȝter_ (daughter), are +_brether_, _childer_, _kuy_, and _deȝter_. + +(2) _Gender._--The names of inanimate things are in the neuter gender, +as in modern English. The exceptions are _deep_ (fem.), _gladnes_ +(fem.), and _wind_ (masc.). + +(3) _Case._--The genitive singular (masc. and fem.) ends in _-es_ +(_-eȝ_), _-s_, but occasionally the inflexion is dropped; as, “Baltaȝar +thewes,” the virtues of Balshazzar.[52] If “_honde_ myȝt,” “_honde_ +werk,” “_hellen_ wombe,” are not compounds, we have instances of the +final _-e_ (_en_) which formed the genitive case of _feminine_ nouns in +the Southern English of the fourteenth century. + +In the phrases “_besten_ blod” (blood of beasts), “_blonkken_ bak” (back +of horses), “_chyldryn_ fader” (father of children), “_nakeryn_ noyse” +(noise of nakers), we have a trace of the genitive plural _-ene_ (A.S. +_-ena_). + + [Footnote 52: In the romance of “Syr Gawayn and the Grene Knyȝt” + we find “_blonk_ (horse) sadele,” “_fox_ felle” (skin). In _blonk_ + an _e_ has probably been dropped.] + + +II. +Adjectives.+ + +(1) _Number._--The final _e_, as a sign of the plural, is very +frequently dropped. _Pover_ (poor), _sturn_ (strong), make the plurals +_poveren_ and _sturnen_. In the phrase, “þo syȝteȝ so _quykeȝ_”[53] +(those sights so living), the _-eȝ_ (= _-es_) is a mark of the plural, +very common in Southern writers of the fourteenth century, and employed +as a plural inflexion of the adjective until a very late period in our +literature. + +The Article exhibits the following forms: + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + Masc. Fem. + The. tho.[54] tho. + +_This_ forms the plural _thise_ and _thes_ (_these_). _That_ is always +used as a demonstrative, and never as the neuter of the article; its +plural is _thos_ (those).[55] The older form, _theos_ = _these_, shows +that the _e_ is not a sign of the plural, as many English grammarians +have asserted. + +(2) _Degrees of Comparison._--The comparative degree ends in _-er_, and +the superlative in _-est_. + +Adjectives and adverbs terminating in the syllable _-lyche_ form the +comparative in _-loker_ and the superlative in _-lokest_; as, positive +_uglyche_ (= ugly), comp. _ugloker_, superl. _uglokest_. The long vowel +of the positive is often shortened in the comp. and superl., as in the +modern English _late_, _latter_, _last_. + + Positive. Comparative. Superlative. + Brade (broad), bradder, braddest. + Dere (dear), derrer, derrest. + Lyke (like), lykker, lykkest. + Swete (sweet), swetter, swettest. + Wayke (weak), wakker, wakkest. + Wode (mad), wodder, woddest. + +The following irregular forms are occasionally met with: + + Positive. Comparative. Superlative. + Fer (far), ferre (fyrre), ferrest. + Heȝe (high), herre, heȝest (hest). + Neȝe (nigh, near) nerre, nerrest (nest). + Sare (sore), sarre, sarrest. + Forme (first), formast. + Mikelle (great), mo most. + Yvel, ill (bad), wers (worre), werst. + +_Numerals._--_Twinne_ and _thrinne_ occur for two and three. The ordinal +numbers are-- + + first (fyrste), the forme, + secunde, that other, tother, + thryd, } + thrydde, } + furþe, + fyfþe, + sexte, + sevenþe, + aȝtþe, + nente, + tenþe, } + tyþe. } + +The Northumbrian numerals corresponding to _sevenþe_, _aȝtþe_, _nente_, +_tenþe_, are _sevend_, _aghtend_, _neghend_, _tend_. The Southern forms +end in _-the_, as _sevenþe_, _eiȝteoþe_, _nyþe_, _teoþe_ (_tyþe_). + + [Footnote 53: The feminine form is seldom employed.] + + [Footnote 54: The Northumbrian plural article is _tha_.] + + [Footnote 55: The Northumbrian corresponding form is _thas_.] + + +III. +Pronouns.+ + +In the following poems we find the pronoun _ho_, she, still keeping its +ground against the Northumbrian _scho_.[56] _Ho_ is identical with the +modern Lancashire _hoo_ (or _huh_ as it is sometimes written), which in +some parts of England has nearly the same pronunciation as the +accusative _her_. + +The Northumbrian _thay_ (they) has displaced the older Midland _he_, +corresponding to the Southern pronoun _hii_, _hi_ (A.S. _hí_). _Hores_ +and _thayreȝ_ (theirs) occasionally occur for _here_.[57] The genitives +in _-es_, due no doubt to Scandinavian influence, are very common in +Northumbrian writers of the fourteenth century, but are never found in +any Southern work of the same period. + +_Hit_ is frequently employed as an indefinite pronoun of all genders, +and is plural as well as singular. It is, as has been previously shown, +uninflected in the genitive or possessive case. + +_Me_ in Southern writers is used as an indefinite pronoun of the _third_ +person, and represents our _one_, but in the present poems it is of all +persons, and seems to be placed in apposition with the subject of the +sentence corresponding to our use of myself, thyself, himself, etc.; as, + + “_He_ swenges _me_ þys,” etc. = He himself sends this, etc.[58] + “Now sweȝe _me_ þider swyftly” = Now go (thou) thyself thither + swiftly.[59] + “_He_ meteȝ _me_ þis good man” = He himself meets this good man.[60] + +Sturzen-Becker (“Some Notes on the leading Grammatical Characteristics +of the Principal Early English Dialects, Copenhagen, 1868”) thinks that +I have been led astray with regard to this use of _me_, which he says is +nothing more than the _dativus ethicus_. + +The _me_ in these examples may be merely an expletive, having arisen out +of the general use of the dative ethicus, but the context does not +satisfy me that it has the force of a dative. Dr. Guest (Proceedings of +Philolog. Soc., vol. i. p. 151-153, 1842-1844) has discussed this +construction at some length, and he carefully distinguishes the dative +of the 1st person from the indeterminate (or indefinite) pronoun _me_ = +Fr. one. He says that in Old Frisian the indefinite pronoun has two +forms, _min_ and _me_, “the latter of which seems to be always used as a +suffix to the verb, as _momme_, one may; _somme_, one should,” etc. The +same construction was occasionally used in our own language, and it no +doubt gave rise to those curious idioms which are noticed by Pegge in +his “Anecdotes of the Eng. Lang.,” p. 217. This writer, whose evidence +to a _fact_ we may avail ourselves of, whatever we think of his +criticism or his scholarship, quotes the following as forms of speech +then prevalent among the Londoners: “and so says _me_ I;” “well what +does _me_ I;” “so says _me_ she;” “then away goes _me_ he;” “what does +_me_ they?” Here it is obvious that _me_ is the indeterminate pronoun, +and represents the _subject_, while the personal pronoun is put in +apposition to it, so that “says _me_ I” is equivalent to “_one says, +that is I_,”[61]. These idioms are not unknown to our literature. + + (1) ‘But as he was by diverse principall young gentlemen, to his no + small glorie, lifted up on horseback, _comes me a page_ of + Amphialus, etc.’ Pembr. Arcad. B. iii. + +Other idioms, which have generally been confounded with those last +mentioned, have the indeterminate pronoun preceded by a nominative +absolute. + + (2) ‘_I_, having been acquainted with the smell before, knew it was + Crab, and--_goes me_ to the fellow, who whips the dogs,’ etc. Two + Gent. of Verona, 4. 4. + + (3) ‘_He thrusts me_ himself into the company of three or four + gentlemanlike dogs under the Duke’s Table.’ _Ib._ See B. Jons. Ev. + Man in his Humour, 3, 1. + +Johnson considers the _me_ in examples 2 and 3 to be the oblique case of +the first pers. pron., and treats it as “a ludicrous expletive.” It is +difficult to say how he would have parsed example 2 on such a +hypothesis. + +With these instances of the use of _me_ (indef. or reflexive), the +reader may compare the following: + + (1) “Suche a touche in that tyde, _he_ taȝte (Gauan) hym in tene + And _gurdes me_, Sir Gallerun, evyn grovelonges on grounde.” + (The Anturs of Arther at the Tarnewathelan, p. 22.) + + (2) There at the dore he (the Fox) cast _me_ downe hys pack. + Spenser’s Shep. Cal. ed. Morris, p. 460, l. 243. + +Cp. _Cut me_, i. Hen. IV. Act 4. Sc. 4; _steps me_, Ib. Act 4, Sc. 3; +_comes me, runs me_, Ib. Act 3, Sc. 1. + + (3) “Juno enraged, and fretting thus, + _Runs me_ unto one Æolus.” --(Virgile Travestie, 1664.) + +The indefinite _me_ = one is not uncommon in Elizabethan writers. Cf. +“_touch me_ his hat;” “_touch me_ hir with a pint of sack,” etc.; “and +_stop me_ his dice you are a villaine” (Lodge’s Wit’s Miserie). + +The following table exhibits the declension of the personal and relative +pronouns:-- + + SINGULAR. + Nom. I, thou, he, ho, hit. + Gen. My, myn, thy, thyn, his, hir, her, hit. + Dat. Me, the, him, hir, her, hit. + Acc. Me, the, him, hir, her, hit. + + PLURAL. + Nom. We, ȝe, thay, hit. + Gen. Oure, yor, youre, her (here), hor, hit. + Dat. Vus (= uus), yow, you, hem, hom, hit. + Acc. Vus (= uus), yow, you, hem, hom, hit. + + Nom. Who (quo). + Gen. Whose (quos). + Dat. { Whom, Wham } (quom). + Acc. { Whom, Wham } (quom). + + [Footnote 56: _Scho_ occurs _once_ in the present poems.] + + [Footnote 57: _Yowreȝ_ (yours) sometimes takes the place of + _youre_ in the romance of “Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knyȝt.”] + + [Footnote 58: Page 92, l. 108.] + + [Footnote 59: Page 91, l. 72.] + + [Footnote 60: Syr Gawayn, l. 1932.] + + [Footnote 61: I would say that _says me I_ = I myself say. --R. M.] + + +IV. +Verbs.+ + +_Infinitive Mood._--The _-en_ of the infinitive is frequently dropped, +without even a final _-e_ to mark its omission. Infinitives in _-y_, as +_louy_ (love), _schony_ (shun), _spotty_ (spot, defile), _styry_ (stir), +_wony_ (dwell), occasionally occur, and probably owe their appearance to +the author’s acquaintance with Southern literature.[62] + +_Indicative Mood._--The final _e_ often disappears in the first and +third persons of the preterite tense, as I _loved_, he _loved_, instead +of I _lovede_, he _lovede_. + +The _-en_ in the plural of the present and preterite tenses is +frequently dropped. The pl. present in _-eȝ_ occasionally occurs. + +_Imperative Mood._--The imperative plural ends in _-es_ (_eȝ_), and not +in _-eth_ as in the Southern and ordinary Midland dialects. + +_Participles._--The active or imperfect participle ends in _-ande_[63] +and never in _-ing_. + +The participle passive or perfect of regular verbs terminates in _-ed_; +of irregular verbs in _-en_. Occasionally we find the _n_ disappearing, +as _bigonn-e_, _fund-e_, _runn-e_, _wonn-e_, where perhaps it is +represented by the final _-e_. + +The prefix _-i_ or _-y_ (A.S. _-ge_) occurs twice only in the poems, in +_i-chose_ (chosen), and _i-brad_ (extended); but, while common enough in +the Southern and Midland dialects, it seems to be wholly unknown to the +Northumbrian speech. + +The verb in the West-Midland dialect is conjugated according to the +following model:-- + + I.--+Conjugation of Regular Verbs.+ + + INDICATIVE MOOD. + + PRESENT TENSE. + Singular. Plural. + (I) hope, (We) hopen. + (Thou) hopes, (Ȝe) hopen. + (He) hopes, (Thay) hopen. + + PRETERITE TENSE. + (I) hopede[64] (hoped), (We) hopeden. + (Thou) hopedes (hoped), (Ȝe) hopeden. + (He) hopede[64] (hoped), (Thay) hopeden. + + IMPERATIVE MOOD. + + Hope (thou). Hopes (ȝe). + + PARTICIPLES. + + Imperfect or Active. Perfect or Passive. + Hopande. Hoped. + + II.--+Conjugation of Irregular Verbs.+ + + INDICATIVE MOOD. + + PRESENT TENSE. + + Singular. + (I) kerve, renne, smite, stonde. + (Thou) kerves, rennes, smites, stondes. + (He) kerves, rennes, smites, stondes. + + Plural. + (We) kerven, rennen, smiten, stonden. + (Ȝe) „ „ „ „ + (Thay) „ „ „ „ + + PRETERITE TENSE. + + Singular. + (I) carf, ran, smot, stod. + (Thou) carve, ranne, smote, stode. + (He) carf, ran, smot, stod. + +Very frequently the _e_ in the second person is dropped,[65] as in the +Northumbrian dialect, but we never meet with such forms as carves +(= carvedest), rannes (= ranst), smotes (= smotest), etc. + + Plural. + (We) corven, runnen, smiten, stonden. + (Ȝe) „ „ „ „ + (Thay) „ „ „ „ + + PASSIVE PARTICIPLES. + + Corven, runnen, smiten, stonden. + +The Northumbrian dialect does not preserve any separate form for the +preterite plural, and this distinction is not always observed in the +present poems. + ++Table of Verbs.+ + + A.--SIMPLE ORDER. + + Present. Preterite. Passive Participle. + + Class I. + Hate, hatede, hated. + + Class II. (_a_) + Bede (offer), bedde, bed. + Dype (dip), dypte, dypt. + Kythe (show), kydde, kyd. + Lende, lende, lent. + Rende, rende, rent. + Sende, sende, sent. + (_b_) + Clothe, cladde, clad. + Dele (deal), dalte, dalt. + Lede, ladde, lad. + Leve, lafte, laft. + Rede (advise), radde, rad. + Sprede (spread), spradde, sprad. + Swelt (die), swalte, ---- + Swette (sweat), swatte, ---- + Threte (threaten), thratte, thrat. + + Class III. + Byye (buy), boȝte, boȝt + Bringe, broȝte, broȝt. + Cache (catch), caȝte, caȝt. + Lache (seize), laȝte, laȝt. + Reche (reck), roȝte, ---- + Reche (reach), raȝte, ---- + Selle, solde, sold. + Worche (work), wroȝte, wroȝt. + + B.--COMPLEX ORDER. + + Present. Preterite. Passive Participle. + + +Division I.+ + Class I. + Bere (bear), ber, born. + Bete (beat), bet, beten. + Breke (break), brek, broken. + Chese (choose), ches (chos), chosen. + Cleve (cleave), clef, cloven. + Ete (eat), ette (_for_ et), eten. + Forȝete (forget), forȝet, forȝeten. + Frese (freeze), fres, frosen. + Gife (give), gef, given, geven. + Heve (heave), hef, hoven. + Ligge (lie), leȝ, leyen, leȝen. + Lepe (leap), lep, lopen. + Nemme } (take), nem (nam), nomen. + Nimme } + Schere (shear), scher, schorn. + Slepe (sleep), slep, slepen. + Speke (speak), spek, spoken. + Stele (steal), stel, stolen. + Swere (swear), swer, sworen. + Wepe (weep), wep, wopen. + Wreke (avenge), wrek, wroken. + + Class II. + Falle, fell, fallen. + Fonge (take), feng, fongen. + Growe, grew, growen. + Hange, honge, heng, hangen, hongen. + Knowe, knawe, knew, knawen, knowen. + Schape (make), schep, schapen. + Walke, welk, walken. + Wasche, wesch, waschen. + + Class III. + Drawe, draȝe, droȝ, drawen. + Fare (go), for, faren. + Laȝe (laugh), loȝ, laȝen. + Stande, stonde, stod, standen. + Slaye, slow, slew, slayn. + Take, tok, tane, tone. + Wake, wok, waken. + + +Division II.+ + + Present. Preterite. Passive Participle. + + Class I. + Biginne, bigon, bigonnen, bigunnen. + Breste, brast, borst, brusten, bursten. + Climbe, clamb, clomb, clumben. + Drinke, dronk, drank, drunken, dronken. + Finde, fand, fond, funden. + Fiȝte, faȝt, feȝt, foȝten. + Helpe, halp, holpen. + Kerve (cut), carf, corven. + Melte, malt, molten. + Renne (run), ran, runnen. + Ringe, rong, rungen, rongen. + Singe, song, sang, sungen. + Steke, stac, stoken. + Sterve (die), starf, storven. + Werpe (throw), warp, worpen. + Win, wan, won, wonnen, wunnen. + Ȝelde (yield), ȝald, ȝolden. + + Class II. + Bide (abide), bod, biden. + Bite, bot, biten. + Drive, drof, driven. + Fine (cease), fon, ---- + Glide, glod, gliden. + Ride, rod, riden. + Rise, ros, risen. + Schine, schon, ---- + Slide, slod, sliden. + Smite, smot, smiten. + Trine (go), tron, ---- + + Class III. + Fly, fleȝ, flegh, flaȝ, flowen. + See, seȝ, segh, syȝ, seen. + Stiȝe, steȝe, steȝ ---- + + +Anomalous Verbs.+ + + Can, pret. couthe. + Dare, „ dorste. + May, „ miȝte. + Mot, „ moste. + Oȝe (owe), „ oȝte. + Schal, „ scholde, schulde. + Thar, „ thurte. + Wote, „ wiste. + Wille, „ wolde. + +_Schal_ (shall) in the second person singular is _schal_ or _schalt_; +so, too, we occasionally find _wyl_ for _wylt_. + +The present plural of _schal_ is _schul_, _schulen_, or _schyn_. + +The verb _to be_ is thus conjugated:-- + + INDICATIVE MOOD. + + PRESENT TENSE. PAST TENSE. + + Singular. + (I) am. (I) was, watȝ. + (Thou) art. (Thou) was, watȝ. + (He) is, bes, betȝ. (He) was, watȝ. + + Plural. + (We) arn, are, ar. (We) wern, were. + (Ȝe) arn, are, ar. (Ȝe) wern, were. + (Thay) arn, are, ar. (Thay) wern, were. + +The verbs _be_, _have_, _wille_, have negative forms; as, _nam_ = am +not; _nar_ = are not; _nas_ = was not; _naf_ = have not; _nade_ = had +not; _nyl_ = will not. + +The following contractions are occasionally met with: _bos_ = behoves; +_byhod_ = behoved; _ha_ = have; _ma_ = make; _man_ = make (pl.) _matȝ_ +(_mas_) = makes; _ta_ = take; _tatȝ_ (= _tas_) = takes; _tane_, _tone_ = +taken. + + [Footnote 62: _Schonied_ occurs for _schoned_. No Southern writer + would retain, I think, the _i_ in the preterite.] + + [Footnote 63: Garnett asserts that the present participle in + _-ande_ is “a _certain criterion_ of a Northern dialect subsequent + to the thirteenth century.” It is never found in any Southern + writer, but is common to many Midland dialects. Capgrave employs + it frequently in his Chronicles. It is, however, no safe criterion + by itself.] + + [Footnote 64: The final _e_ is often dropped.] + + [Footnote 65: In _The Wohunge of Ure Lauerd_ the _e_ is constantly + omitted.] + + +V. +Adverbs.+ + +The Norse forms _hethen_, _quethen_ (_whethen_),[66] and _thethen_, seem +to have been known to the West-Midland dialect as well as the Saxon +forms _hence_ (_hennes_, _henne_), _whence_ (_whennes_), _thence_ +(_thennes_), etc. The adverbs _in-blande_ (together), _in-lyche_ +(alike), _in-mydde_ (amidst), _in-monge_ (amongst), are due, perhaps, to +Scandinavian influence. + + [Footnote 66: “Syr Gawayn and the Grene Knyȝt.”] + + +VI. +Prepositions.+ + +The preposition _from_ never occurs in the following poems; it is +replaced by _fro_, _fra_ (Northumbrian), O.N. _frá_. + + +VII. +Conjunctions.+ + +The conjunction _if_ takes a negative form; as, _nif_ = if not, unless. + + + + +DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT USED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME.[67] + + ++Cotton MS. Nero A. x.+ A small quarto volume, consisting of three +different MSS. bound together, which originally had no connection with +each other. Prefixed is an imperfect list of contents in the +hand-writing of James, the Bodley Librarian. + +The first portion consists of a panegyrical oration in Latin by Justus +de Justis, on John Chedworth, archdeacon of Lincoln, dated at Verona +16th July, 1468. It occupies thirty-six folios, written on vellum, and +is the original copy presented by the author. + +The second portion is that we are more immediately concerned with. It is +described by James as “_Vetus poema Anglicanum, in quo sub insomnii +figmento multa ad religionem et mores spectantia explicantur_,” and this +account, with some slight changes, is adopted by Smith and Planta, in +their catalogues; both of whom assign it to the fifteenth century. It +will appear, by what follows, that no less than four distinct poems have +been confounded together by these writers. + +This portion of the volume extends from fol. 37 to fol. 126, inclusive, +and is written by one and the same hand, in a small, sharp, irregular +character, which is often, from the paleness of the ink, and the +contractions used, difficult to read. There are no titles or rubrics, +but the divisions are marked by large initial letters of blue, +flourished with red, and several illuminations, coarsely executed, serve +by way of illustration, each of which occupies a page. + + 1. Four of these are prefixed to the first poem. In the first the + Author is represented slumbering in a meadow, by the side of a + streamlet, clad in a long red gown, having falling sleeves, turned + up with white, and a blue hood attached round the neck. + + In the second the same person appears, drawn on a larger scale, and + standing by the stream. In the third he occurs nearly in the same + position, with his hands raised, and on the opposite side a lady + dressed in white, in the costume of Richard the Second’s and Henry + the Fourth’s time, buttoned tight up to the neck, with long hanging + sleeves. Her hair is plaited on each side, and on her head is a + crown. In the fourth we see the author kneeling by the water, and + beyond the stream is depicted a castle or palace, on the embattled + wall of which appears the same lady, with her arm extended towards + him. + +The poem commences on fol. 39, and consists of one hundred and one +twelve-line stanzas,[68] every five of which conclude with the same +line, and are connected by the iteration of a leading expression. It +concludes on fol. 55b. + + 2. Then follow two more illuminations; in the first of which Noah + and his family are represented in the ark; in the second the prophet + Daniel expounding the writing on the wall to the affrighted + Belshazzar and his queen. These serve as illustrations to the second + poem, which begins at fol. 57, and is written in long alliterative + lines. It concludes on fol. 82. + + 3. Two illuminations precede, as before; one of which represents the + sailors throwing the prophet Jonas into the sea, the other depicts + the prophet in the attitude of preaching to the people of Nineveh. + The poem is in the same metre as the last, and commences at fol. 83. + +It is occupied wholly with the story of Jonas, as applicable to the +praise of meekness and patience; and ends on fol. 90. + + 4. The Romance intitled _Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knyȝt_ follows, + fol. 91. Prefixed is an illumination of a headless knight on + horseback, carrying his head by its hair in his right hand, and + looking benignly at an odd-eyed bill-man before him; while from a + raised structure above, a king armed with a knife, his queen, an + attendant with a sabre, and another bill-man scowling looks on. Here + and elsewhere the only colours used are green, red, blue, and + yellow. It ends on fol. 124b., and at the conclusion, in a later + hand, is written “Hony soit q̃ mal penc,” which may, perhaps, allude + to the illumination on the opposite page, fol. 125, representing the + stolen interview between the wife of the Grene Knyȝt and Sir + Gawayne. Above the lady’s head is written: + + Mi mind is mukel on on, þ{a}t wil me noȝt amende, + Sum time was trewe as ston, & fro schame couþ{e} hir defende. + +It does not appear very clearly how these lines apply to the painting. +Two additional illuminations follow; in the first of which Gawayne is +seen approaching the _Grene Chapel_, whilst his enemy appears above, +wielding his huge axe; and in the second Sir Gawayne, fully equipped in +armour, is represented in the presence of king Arthur and queen +Guenever, after his return to the court. + +The third and concluding portion of the Cotton volume extends from fol. +127 to fol. 140b, inclusive, and consists of theological excerpts, in +Latin, written in a hand of the end of the thirteenth century. At the +conclusion is added _Epitaphium de Ranulfo, abbate Ramesiensi_, who was +abbot from the year 1231 to 1253, and who is erroneously called _Ralph_ +in the _Monasticon_, vol. ii. p. 548, new ed. + + [Footnote 67: Taken with some few alterations from Sir F. Madden’s + “Syr Gawayn.”] + + [Footnote 68: A line, however, is missing from the MS. on fol. + 55b. See page 15.] + + + + +CONTRACTIONS USED IN THE GLOSSARY. + + +The letters A. B. C. refer severally to the poems, entitled by me, “The +Pearl,” “Cleanness,” and “Patience.” + + A.S. Anglo-Saxon. + Dan. Danish. + Du. Dutch. + E. English. + O.E. Old English. + Prov.E. Provincial English. + N.Prov.E. } North Provincial English. + N.P.E. } + Fr. French. + O.Fr. Old French. + Prov. Fr. Provincial French. + Fris. Frisian. + G. Doug. Gawin Douglas’s Æneid, published by the + Bannatyne Club, 2 vols. + Ger. German. + Goth. Gothic. + Icel. Icelandic. + Jam. Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary. + K. Alex. King Alexander, Romance of (Ed. Stevenson). + Met. Hom. Metrical Homilies (Ed. Small). + O.N. Old Norse. + O.S. Old Saxon. + Prompt. Parv. Promptorium Parvulorum (Ed. Way). + Sc. Scotch. + O.Sc. Old Scotch. + S.Sax. Semi-Saxon. + Sw. Swedish. + O.Sw. Old Swedish. + Town. Myst. Townley Mysteries. + T. B. Troy Book (Ed. Donaldson). + + + + + Errata (noted by transcriber) + + PREFACE: + [Footnote 4.III] + ... for _-ed_ or _-d_ [or _d_] + ... pp. vii, viii. [vii. viii.] + [Footnote 5] + ... verbal inflexion _-eth_ _never_ occurs [_-eth_. _never_] + [Footnote 9] + ... See O.E. Homilies, p. li. [O.E] + [Footnote 10] + ... (5) _tow_ = two; [two:] + their blissful state (p. 26). [(p. 26),] + (IX.) ... by Daniel (p. 86). [p, 86] + _First marred[21] many a rope and the mast after._ + [_footnote number misprinted “2”; shared note is 1_] + + DIALECT AND GRAMMAR: + “For þer bene bestes þat _schyn_ be rost.”[44] [““For þer bene] + + GRAMMATICAL DETAILS: Pronouns + [Footnote 59] + ... Page 91, l. 72. [l, 72.] + _hi_ (A.S. _hí_) [_closing ) missing_] + The same construction [“The same] + ----: Verbs + _comes me, runs me_, Ib. Act 3, Sc. 1. [me_. Ib.] + Nom. I, thou, he, ho, hit. [he ho] + PRETERITE TENSE. [_. missing_] + (I) hopede[64] (hoped), (We) hopeden. [hopeden,] + Wreke (avenge), wrek, wroken. [(avenge) wrek,] + Class III. Drawe, draȝe, droȝ, drawen. [drawen,] + Helpe, halp, holpen. [holpen,] + Sterve (die), starf, storven. [storveu] + Schal, „ scholde, schulde. [_. missing_] + ----: Adverbs + The Norse forms _hethen_, _quethen_ [Ths Norse] + _thence_, (_thennes_), etc. + [_opening ( missing; “etc{t}” with italic {t} for ._] + + CONTRACTIONS: + Ger. [_the abbreviations O.H.G. and M.H.G. are not listed_] + N.P.E. [_note that this abbreviation is never used_] + Prompt. Parv. Promptorium Parvulorum [Prampt.] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +THE PEARL. + + + [Headnotes: + A FATHER VISITS HIS CHILD’S GRAVE, AND THERE FALLING ASLEEP, + HE DREAMS. + HE SEES A BEAUTIFUL FOREST, WHICH CAUSES HIS GRIEF TO ABATE. + THE FATHER SEES HIS LOST CHILD DRESSED IN WHITE ROBES. + THE MAIDEN ADDRESSES HER FATHER. + SHE TELLS HIM OF HER BLISS. + DEATH IS THE ROAD TO PARADISE. + ALL MUST ABIDE GOD’S DOOM. + THE BEREAVED PARENT ASKS HIS CHILD’S PITY. + SHE DESCRIBES HER MODE OF LIFE. + MARY IS THE EMPRESS OF HEAVEN. + THE PARABLE OF THE LABOURERS IN THE VINEYARD. + THE PAYMENT OF THE LABOURERS. + THE APPLICATION OF THE PARABLE. + GOD IS NO NIGGARD. + PARADISE WAS LOST THROUGH AN APPLE. + INNOCENTS ARE SAVED BY RIGHT. + CHRIST BLESSED LITTLE CHILDREN. + FORSAKE THE MAD WORLD. + THE LAMB AND HIS BRIDES. + THE LAMB WAS SLAIN IN JERUSALEM. + THE VISION OF SAINT JOHN. + THE ABODE OF CHRIST’S BRIDES. + THE OLD AND NEW JERUSALEM. + A DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW JERUSALEM. + NO SUN NOR MOON IN HEAVEN. + NO CHURCH IN HEAVEN. + A PROCESSION OF VIRGINS. + HE WISHES TO CROSS THE STREAM. + THE FATHER OF THE MAIDEN AWAKES. + GOD GIVE US GRACE TO SERVE HIM.] + + +[Headnote: A FATHER VISITS HIS CHILD’S GRAVE, AND THERE FALLING +ASLEEP, HE DREAMS.] + +I. + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 39a.]] + [Sidenote: Description of a lost pearl (_i.e._ a beloved child). + The father laments the loss of his pearl.] + Perle plesau{n}te to prynces paye, + To clanly clos in golde so clere, + Oute of oryent I hardyly saye, + Ne proued I neu{er} her precios pere, 4 + So rou{n}de, so reken in vche araye, + So smal, so smoþe her sydeȝ were. + Quere-so-eu{er} I Iugged ge{m}meȝ gaye, + I sette hyr sengeley i{n} synglure; 8 + Allas! I leste hyr i{n} on erbere, + Þurȝ gresse to grou{n}de hit fro me yot;[1] + I dewyne for-dolked of luf daungere, + Of þat pryuy perle w{i}t{h}-outen spot. 12 + + [Sidenote 1: ? _got._] + + [Sidenote: He often visits the spot where his pearl disappeared, + and hears a sweet song.] + Syþen i{n} þat spote hit fro me sprange, + Ofte haf I wayted wyschande þat wele, + Þat wont watȝ whyle deuoyde my wrange, + & heuen my happe & al my hele, 16 + Þ{a}t dotȝ bot þrych my hert þrange, + My breste in bale bot bolne & bele. + Ȝet þoȝt me neu{er} so swete a sange, + As stylle stou{n}de let to me stele, 20 + For-soþe þ{er} fleten to me fele, + To þenke hir color so clad i{n} clot; + O moul[2] þ{o}u marreȝ a myry mele. + My p{r}iuy perle w{i}t{h}-outen spotte, 24 + + [Sidenote 2: ? _mould._] + + [Sidenote: Where the pearl was buried there he found lovely + flowers. Each blade of grass springs from a dead grain.] + Þat spot of spyseȝ myȝt nedeȝ sprede, + Þer such rycheȝ to rot[3] is ru{n}nen; + Blomeȝ blayke & blwe & rede, + Þer schyneȝ ful schyr agayn þe su{n}ne. 28 + Flor & fryte may not be fede, + Þer hit dou{n} drof i{n} moldeȝ du{n}ne, + For vch gresse mot grow of grayneȝ dede, + No whete were elleȝ to woneȝ wo{n}ne; 32 + Of goud vche goude is ay by-go{n}ne. + So semly a sede moȝt fayly not, + Þ{a}t spry{n}gande[4] spyceȝ vp ne spo{n}ne, + Of þat p{re}cios perle wyth-outen spotte. 36 + + [Sidenote 3: ? _rote._] + [Sidenote 4: The MS. reads _sprygande_.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 39b.]] + [Sidenote: In the high season of August the parent visits the + grave of his lost child. Beautiful flowers covered the grave. + From them came a delicious odour.] + To þat spot þat I in speche expou{n} + I entred in þat erber grene, + In augoste in a hyȝ seysou{n}, + Quen corne is coruen wyth crokeȝ kene. 40 + On huyle þer perle hit trendeled dou{n}, + Schadowed þis worteȝ ful schyre & schene + Gilofre, gyngure & gromylyou{n}, + & pyonys powdered ay by-twene. 44 + Ȝif hit watȝ semly on to sene, + A fayr reflayr ȝet fro hit flot, + Þer wonys þat worþyly I wot & wene, + My p{re}cio{us} perle, wyth-outen spot. 48 + + [Sidenote: The bereaved father wrings his hands for sorrow, + falls asleep upon the flowery plot, and dreams.] + Bifore þat spot my honde I spe{n}n[e]d, + For care ful colde þat to me caȝt[e]; + A denely dele in my hert de{n}ned, + Þaȝ resou{n} sette my seluen saȝt[e]. 52 + I playned my perle þ{a}t þ{er} watȝ spe{n}ned + Wyth fyrte skylleȝ þat faste faȝt[e], + Þaȝ kynde of kryst me comfort ke{n}ned, + My wreched wylle i{n} wo ay wraȝte. 56 + I felle vpon þat flo{ur}y flaȝt[e], + Suche odo{ur} to my herneȝ schot; + I slode vpon a slepy{n}g slaȝte, + On þat p{re}c[i]os perle w{i}t{h}-outen spot. 60 + + +[Headnote: HE SEES A BEAUTIFUL FOREST, WHICH CAUSES HIS GRIEF +TO ABATE.] + +II. + + [Sidenote: In spirit he is carried to an unknown region, + where the rocks and cliffs gleamed gloriously.] + Fro spot my spyryt þer sprang i{n} space, + My body on balke þer bod i{n} sweuen, + My goste is gon in godeȝ grace, + In auenture þ{er} meruayleȝ meuen; 64 + I ne wyste in þis worlde quere þ{a}t hit wace, + Bot I knew me keste þ{er} klyfeȝ cleuen; + Towarde a foreste I bere þe face, + Where rych rokkeȝ wer to dyscreuen; 68 + Þe lyȝt of hem myȝt no mon leuen, + Þe glemande glory þat of hem gle{n}t; + For wern neu{er} webbeȝ þat wyȝeȝ weuen, + Of half so dere adubmente. 72 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 40a.]] + [Sidenote: The hill sides were decked with crystal cliffs. + The leaves of the trees were like burnished silver. The gravel + consisted of precious pearls.] + Dubbed wern alle þo downeȝ sydeȝ + W{i}t{h} crystal klyffeȝ so cler of kynde, + Holte-wodeȝ bryȝt aboute hem bydeȝ; + Of bolleȝ as blwe as ble of ynde, 76 + As bornyst syluer þe lef onslydeȝ, + Þat þike con trylle on vch a tynde, + Quen glem of glodeȝ agaynȝ hem glydeȝ, + Wyth schym{er}y{n}g schene ful schrylle þay schynde. 80 + Þe grauayl þat on grou{n}de con grynde + Wern p{re}cio{us} perleȝ of oryente; + Þe su{n}ne bemeȝ bot blo & blynde, + In respecte of þat adubbement. 84 + + [Sidenote: The father forgets his sorrow. He sees birds of the + most beautiful hues, and hears their sweet melody.] + The adubbemente of þo downeȝ dere + Garten my goste al greffe for-ȝete + So frech flauoreȝ of fryteȝ were, + As fode hit con me fayre refete. 88 + Fowleȝ þ{er} flowen i{n} fryth i{n} fere, + Of flau{m}bande hweȝ,[5] boþe smale & grete, + Bot sytole stry{n}g & gyt{er}nere, + Her reken myrþe moȝt not retrete, 92 + For quen þose bryddeȝ her wyngeȝ bete + Þay songen wyth a swete asent; + So grac[i]os gle couþe no mon gete + As here & se her adubbement. 96 + + [Sidenote 5: Or _hiweȝ_.] + + [Sidenote: No tongue could describe the beauty of the forest. + All shone like gold. The dreamer arrives at the bank of a river, + which gave forth sweet sounds.] + So al watȝ dubbet on dere asyse; + Þat fryth þer fortwne forth me fereȝ, + Þe derþe þer-of for to deuyse + Nis no wyȝ worþe þat tonge bereȝ. 100 + I welke ay forth i{n} wely wyse, + No bonk so byg þ{a}t did me dereȝ, + Þe fyrre i{n} þe fryth þe feier con ryse, + Þe playn, þe plontteȝ, þe spyse, þe pereȝ, 104 + & raweȝ & randeȝ & rych reuereȝ, + As fyldor fyn her b[o]nkes brent. + I wan to a water by schore þat schereȝ, + Lorde! dere watȝ hit adubbement! 108 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 40b.]] + [Sidenote: In it, stones glittered like stars in the welkin on a + winter night.] + The dubbemente of þo derworth depe + Wern bonkeȝ bene of beryl bryȝt; + Swangeande swete þe water con swepe + Wyth a rownande rourde raykande aryȝt; 112 + I{n} þe fou{n}ce þ{er} stonden stoneȝ stepe, + As glente þurȝ glas þat glowed & glyȝt, + A[6] stremande sterneȝ quen stroþe me{n} slepe, + Staren i{n} welkyn i{n} wynt{er} nyȝt; 116 + For vche a pobbel i{n} pole þer pyȝt + Watȝ Emerad, saffer, oþ{er} ge{m}me gente, + Þat alle þe loȝe lemed of lyȝt, + So dere watȝ hit adubbeme{n}t. 120 + + [Sidenote 6: ? _As._] + + +III. + + [Sidenote: His grief abates, and he follows the course of the + stream.] + The dubbeme{n}t dere of dou{n} & daleȝ, + Of wod & wat{er} & wlonk playneȝ, + Bylde in me blys, abated my baleȝ, + For-didden my [dis]tresse, dystryed my payneȝ. 124 + Dou{n} after a strem þat dryȝly haleȝ, + I bowed in blys, bred ful my brayneȝ; + Þe fyrre I folȝed þose floty valeȝ, + Þe more strenghþe of ioye myn herte strayneȝ, 128 + As fortune fares þ{er} as ho frayneȝ, + Wheþ{er} solace ho sende oþ{er} elleȝ sore, + Þe wyȝ, to wham her wylle ho wayneȝ, + Hytteȝ to haue ay more & more. 132 + + [Sidenote: No one could describe his great joy. He thought that + Paradise was on the opposite bank. The stream was not fordable.] + More of wele watȝ i{n} þat wyse + Þe{n} I cowþe telle þaȝ I tom hade, + For vrþely herte myȝt not suffyse + To þe tenþe dole of þo gladneȝ glade; 136 + For-þy I þoȝt þ{a}t paradyse + Watȝ þer oþ{er} gayn þo bonkeȝ brade; + I hoped þe water were a deuyse + By-twene myrþeȝ by mereȝ made, 140 + By-ȝonde þe broke by slente oþ{er} slade, + I hope[de] þ{a}t mote merked wore. + Bot þe water watȝ depe I dorst not wade + & eu{er} me longed a more & more. 144 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 41a.]] + [Sidenote: More and more he desires to see what is beyond the + brook. But the way seemed difficult. The dreamer finds new + marvels.] + More & more, & ȝet wel mare, + Me lyste to se þe broke by-ȝonde, + For if hit watȝ fayr þ{er} I con fare, + Wel loueloker watȝ þe fyrre londe. 148 + Abowte me con I stote & stare + To fynde a forþe, faste con I fonde, + Bot woþeȝ mo i-wysse þ{er} ware, + Þe fyrre I stalked by þe stronde, 152 + & euer me þoȝt I schulde not wonde + For wo, þer weleȝ so wy{n}ne wore. + Þe{n}ne nwe note me com on honde + Þat meued my mynde ay more & more, 156 + +[Headnote: THE FATHER SEES HIS LOST CHILD DRESSED IN WHITE ROBES.] + + [Sidenote: He sees a crystal cliff, at the foot of which, sits + a maiden clothed in glistening white. He knows that he has seen + her before.] + More meruayle con my dom adau{n}t; + I seȝ by-ȝonde þat myry mere, + A crystal clyffe ful relusau{n}t, + Mony ryal ray con fro hit rere; 160 + At þe fote þ{er}-of þ{er} sete a fau{n}t, + A mayden of menske, ful debonere; + Blysnande whyt watȝ hyr bleau{n}t, + (I knew hyr wel, I hade sen hyr ere) 164 + As glysnande golde þat man con schere, + So schon þat schene an vnder schore; + On lengh{e} I loked to hyr þere, + Þe lenger I knew hyr more & more 168 + + [Sidenote: He desires to call her but is afraid, at finding her + in such a strange place.] + The more I frayste hyr fayre face. + Her fygure fyn, quen I had fonte, + Suche gladande glory con to me glace, + As lyttel byfore þerto watȝ wonte; 172 + To calle hyr lyste con me enchace, + Bot baysme{n}t gef myn hert a bru{n}t, + I seȝ hyr in so strange a place, + Such a burre myȝt make my{n} herte blu{n}t 176 + Þe{n}ne vereȝ ho vp her fayre frou{n}t, + Hyr vysayge whyt as playn yuore, + Þat stonge my{n} hert ful stray atou{n}t, + & eu{er} þe lenger, þe more & more. 180 + + +IV. + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 41b.]] + [Sidenote: So he stands still, like a well trained hawk. + He fears lest she should escape before he could speak to her. + His long lost one is dressed in royal array--decked with + precious pearls.] + More þen me lyste my drede aros, + I stod ful stylle & dorste not calle, + Wyth yȝen open & mouth ful clos, + I stod as hende as hawk i{n} halle; 184 + I hope þ{a}t gostly watȝ þ{a}t porpose, + I dred on ende quat schulde byfalle, + Lest ho me eschaped þat I þ{er} chos, + Er I at steuen hir moȝt stalle. 188 + Þat gracios gay w{i}t{h}-outen galle, + So smoþe, so smal, so seme slyȝt, + Ryseȝ vp i{n} hir araye ryalle, + A p{re}c[i]os pyece[7] i{n} perleȝ pyȝt. 192 + + [Sidenote 7: MS. looks like _pyete_.] + + [Sidenote: She comes along the stream towards him. + Her kirtle is composed of ‘sute,’ ornamented with pearls.] + Perleȝ pyȝte of ryal prys, + Þere moȝt mon by grace haf sene, + Quen þat frech as flor-de-lys, + Dou{n} þe bonke con boȝe by-dene. 196 + Al blysnande whyt watȝ hir beau uiys, + Vpon at sydeȝ & bou{n}den bene + Wyth þe myryeste margarys at my deuyse, + Þat eu{er} I seȝ ȝet with myn yȝen; 200 + Wyth lappeȝ large I wot & I wene, + Dubbed with double perle & dyȝte, + Her cortel of self sute schene, + W{i}t{h} p{re}cios perleȝ al vmbe-pyȝte. 204 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 42a.]] + [Sidenote: She wore a crown of pearls. Her hair hung down + about her. Her colour was whiter than whalebone. Her hair + shone as gold.] + A pyȝt coroune ȝet wer þat gyrle, + Of mariorys & non oþ{er} ston, + Hiȝe pynakled of cler quyt perle, + Wyth flurted flowreȝ perfet vpon; 208 + To hed hade ho non oþ{er} werle, + Her here heke[8] al hyr vmbe-gon; + Her semblau{n}t sade, for doc oþ{er} erle, + Her ble more blaȝt þen whalleȝ bon; 212 + As schorne golde schyr her fax þe{n}ne schon, + On schyldereȝ þat legh{e} vnlapped lyȝte; + Her depe colo{ur} ȝet wonted non, + Of p{re}cios perle i{n} porfyl pyȝte, 216 + + [Sidenote 8: In the MS. it is _lere leke_.] + + [Sidenote: The trimming of her robe consisted of precious + pearls. A wonderful pearl was set in her breast.] + Pyȝt watȝ poyned & vche a he{m}me, + At honde, at sydeȝ, at ouerture, + Wyth whyte perle & non oþ{er} ge{m}me, + & bornyste quyte watȝ hyr uesture. 220 + Bot a wonder perle w{i}t{h}-outen we{m}me, + In myddeȝ hyr breste watȝ sette so sure; + A ma{n}neȝ dom moȝt dryȝly de{m}me, + Er mynde moȝt malte i{n} hit mesure; 224 + I hope no tong moȝt endure + No sau{er}ly saghe say of þ{a}t syȝt, + So watȝ hit clene & cler & pure, + Þat p{re}cios perle þ{er} hit watȝ pyȝt, 228 + + [Sidenote: No man from here to Greece, was so glad as the father, + when he saw his pearl on the bank of the stream. The maiden + salutes him.] + Pyȝt in perle þat p{re}cios p[r]yse. + On wyþ{er} half wat{er} com dou{n} þe schore, + No gladder gome heþen i{n} to grece, + Þe{n} I, quen ho on bry{m}me wore; 232 + Ho watȝ me nerre þen au{n}te or nece, + My Ioy for-þy watȝ much þe more. + Ho p{ro}fered me speche þ{a}t special spyce, + Enclynande lowe i{n} wo{m}mon lore, 236 + Caȝte of her corou{n} of grete tresore, + & haylsed me wyth a lote lyȝte. + Wel watȝ me þ{a}t eu{er} I watȝ bore, + To sware þat swete i{n} perleȝ pyȝte! 240 + + +[Headnote: THE MAIDEN ADDRESSES HER FATHER.] + +V. + + [Sidenote: The father enquires of the maiden whether she is his + long-lost pearl, and longs to know who has deprived him of his + treasure.] + “O perle,” q{uod} I, “in perleȝ pyȝt, + Art þ{o}u my perle þat I haf playned, + Regretted by my{n} one, on nyȝte? + Much longey{n}g haf I for þe layned, 244 + Syþen into gresse þ{o}u me aglyȝte; + Pensyf, payred, I am for-payned, + & þ{o}u i{n} a lyf of lyky{n}g lyȝte + In paradys erde, of stryf vnstrayned. 248 + What wyrde hatȝ hyder my iuel vayned, + & don me in þys del & gret dau{n}ger? + Fro we i{n} twy{n}ne wern towen & twayned, + I haf ben a Ioyleȝ Iuelere.” 252 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 42b.]] + [Sidenote: The maiden tells him that his pearl is not really + lost. She is in a garden of delight, where sin and mourning + are unknown.] + That Iuel þe{n}ne in ge{m}myȝ gente, + Vered vp her vyse w{i}t{h} yȝen graye, + Set on hyr corou{n} of perle orie{n}t, + & soberly after þe{n}ne con ho say: 256 + “Si{r} ȝe haf yo{ur} tale myse-tente, + To say yo{ur} perle is al awaye, + Þat is i{n} cofer, so comly clente, + As i{n} þis gardyn gracios gaye, 260 + Here-i{n}ne to lenge for eu{er} & play. + Þer mys nee morny{n}g com neu{er} here, + Her were a forser for þe i{n} faye, + If þ{o}u were a gentyl Iueler. 264 + +[Headnote: SHE TELLS HIM OF HER BLISS.] + + [Sidenote: The rose that he had lost is become a pearl of price. + The pearl blames his rash speech.] + Bot Iueler gente if þ{o}u schal lose + Þy ioy for a ge{m}me þat þe watȝ lef, + Me þynk þe put i{n} a mad porpose, + & busyeȝ[9] þe aboute a raysou{n} bref, 268 + For þat þ{o}u lesteȝ watȝ bot a rose, + Þat flowred & fayled as kynde hyt gef; + Now þurȝ kynde of þe kyste þ{a}t hyt con close, + To a perle of prys hit is put i{n} pref; 272 + & þ{o}u hatȝ called þy wyrde a þef, + Þat oȝt of noȝt hatȝ mad þe cler; + Þ{o}u blameȝ þe bote of þy meschef, + Þ{o}u art no kynde Iueler.” 276 + + [Sidenote 9: Looks like _husyeȝ_ in MS.] + + [Sidenote: The father begs the maiden to excuse his speech, for + he really thought his pearl was wholly lost to him.] + A Iuel to me þen watȝ þys geste, + & iueleȝ wern hyr ge{n}tyl saweȝ, + “I-wyse,” q{uod} I, “my blysfol beste, + My grete dystresse þ{o}u al to-draweȝ, 280 + To be excused I make requeste; + I trawed my perle don out of daweȝ, + Now haf I fonde hyt I schal ma feste, + & wony w{i}t{h} hyt i{n} schyr wod schaweȝ, 284 + & loue my lorde & al his laweȝ, + Þat hatȝ me broȝ[t] þys blys ner; + Now were I at yow by-ȝonde þise waweȝ, + I were a ioyfol Iueler.” 288 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 43a.]] + [Sidenote: The maiden tells her father that he has spoken + three words without knowing the meaning of one. The first word. + The second. The third.] + “Iueler,” sayde þat ge{m}me clene, + “Wy borde ȝe men, so madde ȝe be? + Þre wordeȝ hatȝ þ{o}u spoken at ene, + Vn-avysed, for soþe, wern alle þre, 292 + Þou ne woste in worlde quat on dotȝ mene, + Þy worde byfore þy wytte con fle. + Þou says þ{o}u traweȝ me i{n} þis dene, + By cawse þ{o}u may w{i}t{h} yȝen me se; 296 + Anoþ{er} þ{o}u says, i{n} þys cou{n}tre + Þy self schal won w{i}t{h} me ryȝt here; + Þe þrydde, to passe þys wat{er} fre, + Þat may no ioyfol Iueler. 300 + + +[Headnote: DEATH IS THE ROAD TO PARADISE.] + +VI. + + [Sidenote: He is little to be praised who loves what he sees. + To love nothing but what one sees is great presumption.] + I halde þat iueler lyttel to prayse. + Þat loueȝ wel þ{a}t he seȝ wyth yȝe, + & much to blame & vn-cortoyse, + Þat loueȝ[10] oure lorde wolde make a lyȝe, 304 + Þat lelly hyȝte yo{ur} lyf to rayse, + Þaȝ fortune dyd yo{ur} flesch to dyȝe; + Ȝe setten hys wordeȝ ful westernays + Þat loueȝ[11] no þy{n}k bot ȝe hit syȝe, 308 + & þat is[12] a poy{n}t o sorquydryȝe, + Þat vche god mon may euel byseme + To leue no tale be t{ru}e to tryȝe, + Bot þat hys one skyl may dem[e]. 312 + + [Sidenote 10: Looks at first sight like _lyueȝ_--MS. rubbed, but + read _leueȝ_.] + [Sidenote 11: Read _leueȝ_.] + [Sidenote 12: The MS. reads _īs_.] + + [Sidenote: To live in this kingdom (_i.e._ heaven) leave must be + asked. This stream must be passed over by death.] + Deme now þy-self, if þ{o}u con, dayly + As man to god wordeȝ schulde heue. + Þ{o}u saytȝ þ{o}u schal won i{n} þis bayly; + Me þynk þe burde fyrst aske leue, 316 + & ȝet of grau{n}t þ{o}u myȝteȝ fayle; + Þ{o}u wylneȝ ou{er} þys water to weue, + Er moste þ{o}u ceuer to oþ{er} cou{n}sayl, + Þy corse i{n} clot mot calder keue, 320 + For hit watȝ for-garte, at paradys greue + Oure ȝore fader hit con mysseȝeme; + Þurȝ drwry deth boȝ vch ma dreue, + Er ou{er} þys dam hy{m} dryȝty{n} deme.” 324 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 43b.]] + [Sidenote: The father asks his pearl whether she is about to + doom him to sorrow again. If he loses his pearl he does not care + what happens to him.] + “Demeȝ þ{o}u me,” q{uod} I, “my swete + To dol agayn, þe{n}ne I dowyne; + Now haf I fonte þat I for-lete + Schal I efte for-go hit er eu{er} I fyne? 328 + Why schal I hit boþe mysse & mete? + My p{re}cios perle dotȝ me gret pyne, + What serueȝ tresor, bot gareȝ men grete + When he hit schal efte w{i}t{h} teneȝ tyne? 332 + Now rech I neu{er} forto declyne, + Ne how fer of folde þat man me fleme, + When I am partleȝ of perleȝ myne. + Bot durande doel what may men deme?” 336 + +[Headnote: ALL MUST ABIDE GOD’S DOOM.] + + [Sidenote: The maiden tells her father to suffer patiently. + Though he may dance as any doe, yet he must abide God’s doom.] + “Thow demeȝ noȝt bot doel dystresse,” + Þenne sayde þat wyȝt “why dotȝ þ{o}u so? + For dyne of doel, of lureȝ lesse, + Ofte mony mon for-gos þe mo; 340 + Þe oȝte better þy seluen blesse, + & loue ay god &[13] wele & wo, + For anger gayneȝ þe not a cresse. + Who nedeȝ schal þole be not so þro; 344 + For þoȝ þ{o}u dau{n}ce as any do + Brau{n}dysch & bray þy braþeȝ breme, + When þ{o}u no fyrre may, to ne fro, + Þ{o}u moste abyde þat he schal deme. 348 + + [Sidenote 13: _in_ or _an_ (?).] + + [Sidenote: He must cease to strive. All lies in God’s power + to make men joyful or sad.] + Deme dryȝtyn, euer hy{m} adyte, + Of þe way a fote ne wyl he wryþe, + Þy mendeȝ mou{n}teȝ not a myte, + Þaȝ þ{o}u for sorȝe be neu{er} blyþe; 352 + Sty{n}st of þy strot & fyne to flyte, + & sech hys blyþe ful swefte[14] & swyþe, + Þy prayer may hys pyte byte, + Þat mercy schal hyr crafteȝ kyþe; 356 + Hys comforte may þy lango{ur} lyþe, + & þy lureȝ of lyȝtly leme, + For marre oþ{er} madde, morne & myþe, + Al lys i{n} hym to dyȝt & deme.” 360 + + [Sidenote 14: MS. _sweste_.] + + +[Headnote: THE BEREAVED PARENT ASKS HIS CHILD’S PITY.] + +VII. + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 44a.]] + [Sidenote: The father beseeches the pearl to have pity upon him.] + Thenne demed I to þat damyselle, + Ne worþe no wrath þe vnto my lorde, + If rapely raue[15] spornande i{n} spelle. + My herte watȝ al w{i}t{h} mysse remorde, 364 + As wallande water gotȝ out of welle; + I do me ay i{n} hys myserecorde. + Rebuke me neu{er} w{i}t{h} wordeȝ felle, + Þaȝ I forloyne my dere endorde, 368 + Bot lyþeȝ me kyndely yo{ur} cou{m}forde, + Pytosly þenkande vpon þysse; + Of care & me ȝe made acorde, + Þat er watȝ grou{n}de of alle my blysse; 372 + + [Sidenote 15: _rane_ (?).] + + [Sidenote: He says that she has been both his bale and bliss. + And when he lost her, he knew not what had become of her.] + My blysse, my bale ȝe han ben boþe, + Bot much þe bygger ȝet watȝ my mon, + Fro þ{o}u watȝ wroken fro vch a woþe. + I wyste neu{er} quere my perle watȝ gon; 376 + Now I hit se, now leþeȝ my loþe, + & quen we departed we wern at on, + God forbede we be now wroþe, + We meten so selden by stok oþ{er} ston; 380 + Þaȝ cortaysly ȝe carp con, + I am bot mol & marereȝ mysse, + Bot crystes mersy & mary & Ion, + Þise arn þe grou{n}de of alle my blysse. 384 + + [Sidenote: And now that he sees her in bliss, she takes little + heed of his sorrow. He desires to know what life she leads.] + In blysse I se þe blyþely blent + & I a man al mornyf mate, + Ȝe take þ{er}-on ful lyttel tente, + Þaȝ I hente ofte harmeȝ hate. 388 + Bot now I am here i{n} yo{ur} p{re}sente, + I wolde bysech wythouten debate, + Ȝe wolde me say i{n} sobre asente, + What lyf ȝe lede, erly & late, 392 + For I am ful fayn þat yo{ur} astate + Is worþen to worschyp & wele I wysse, + Of alle my Ioy þe hyȝe gate + Hit is i{n} grou{n}de of alle my blysse.” 396 + +[Headnote: SHE DESCRIBES HER MODE OF LIFE.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 44b.]] + [Sidenote: The maiden tells him that he may walk and abide + with her, now that he is humble. All are meek that dwell + in the abode of bliss.] + “Now blysse burne mot þe bytyde;” + Þen sayde þat lufsou{m} of lyth & lere, + “& welcu{m} here to walk & byde, + For now þy speche is to me dere; 400 + Maysterful mod & hyȝe pryde + I hete þe arn heterly hated here; + My lorde ne loueȝ not forto chyde, + For meke arn alle þ{a}t woneȝ hy{m} nere, 404 + & when i{n} hys place þ{o}u schal apere, + Be dep deuote i{n} hol mekenesse; + My lorde þe lamb, loueȝ ay such chere, + Þat is þe grou{n}de of alle my blysse. 408 + + [Sidenote: All lead a blissful life. She reminds her father + that she was very young when she died. Now she is crowned + a queen in heaven.] + A blysful lyf þ{o}u says I lede, + Þou woldeȝ knaw þ{er}-of þe stage; + Þow wost wel when þy perle con schede, + I watȝ ful ȝong & tender of age, 412 + Bot my lorde þe lombe, þurȝ hys god-hede, + He toke my self to hys maryage, + Corou{n}de me quene i{n} blysse to brede, + I{n} lengh{e} of dayeȝ þat eu{er} schal wage, 416 + & sesed i{n} alle hys herytage + Hys lef is, I am holy hysse; + Hys prese, hys prys & hys parage, + Is rote & grou{n}de of alle my blysse.” 420 + + +[Headnote: MARY IS THE EMPRESS OF HEAVEN.] + +VIII. + + [Sidenote: The father of the maiden does not fully understand + her. Mary, he says, is the queen of heaven. No one is able + to remove the crown from her.] + “Blysful,” q{uod} I, “may þys be trwe, + Dyspleseȝ not if I speke erro{ur}; + Art þou þe quene of heueneȝ blwe, + Þ{a}t al þys worlde schal do hono{ur}? 424 + We leuen on marye þat grace of grewe, + Þat ber a barne of vyrgyn flo{ur}, + Þe croune fro hyr quo moȝt remwe, + Bot ho hir passed i{n} su{m} fauo{ur}? 428 + Now for synglerty o hyr douso{ur}, + We calle hyr fenyx of arraby, + Þat freles fleȝe of hyr fasor, + Lyk to þe quen of cortaysye.” 432 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 45a.]] + [Sidenote: The maiden addresses the Virgin. She then explains + to her father that each has his place in heaven.] + “Cortayse quen” þe{n}ne s[a]yde þat gaye, + Knelande to grou{n}de, folde vp hyr face, + “Makeleȝ moder & myryest may, + Blessed bygy{n}ner[16] of vch a grace!” 436 + Þe{n}ne ros ho vp & con restay, + & speke me towarde i{n} þat space: + “S{ir} fele here porchaseȝ & fongeȝ pray + Bot supplantoreȝ none w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne þys place; 440 + Þat emp{er}ise al heue{n}ȝ hatȝ, + & vrþe & helle i{n} her bayly; + Of erytage ȝet non wyl ho chace, + For ho is quen of cortaysye. 444 + + [Sidenote 16: MS. reads _bȳgyner_.] + + [Sidenote: The court of God has a property in its own being. + Each one in it is a king or queen. The mother of Christ holds + the chief place.] + The co{ur}t of þe kyndom of god alyue, + Hatȝ a p{ro}perty i{n} hyt self bey{n}g; + Alle þat may þer-i{n}ne aryue + Of alle þe reme is quen oþ{er} ky{n}g, 448 + & neu{er} oþ{er} ȝet schal depryue, + Bot vchon fayn of oþ{er}eȝ hafy{n}g, + & wolde her corou{n}eȝ wern worþe þo fyue, + If possyble were her mendy{n}g. 452 + Bot my lady of quom Iesu con spry{n}g, + Ho haldeȝ þe empyre ou{er} v{us} ful hyȝe, + & þat dyspleseȝ non of oure gy{n}g, + For ho is quene of cortaysye. 456 + + [Sidenote: We are all members of Christ’s body. Look that + each limb be perfect.] + Of co{ur}taysye, as saytȝ say{n}t poule, + Al arn we me{m}breȝ of ih{es}u kryst, + As heued & arme & legg & naule, + Temen to hys body ful trwe & t[r]yste; 460 + Ryȝt so is vch a krysten sawle, + A longande lym to þe mayster of myste; + Þe{n}ne loke what hate oþ{er} any gawle, + Is tached oþ{er} tyȝed þy ly{m}meȝ by-twyste, 464 + Þy heued hatȝ nauþer greme ne gryste, + On arme oþ{er} fynger, þaȝ þ{o}u ber byȝe; + So fare we alle wyth luf & lyste, + To ky{n}g & quene by cortaysye.” 468 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 45b.]] + [Sidenote: The father replies that he cannot understand how + his pearl can be a queen. He desires to know what greater + honour she can have.] + “Cortayse,” q{uod} I, “I leue + & charyte grete be yow amo{n}g, + Bot my speche þat yow ne greue, + . . . . . 472 + Þy self in heuen ou{er} hyȝ þ{o}u heue, + To make þe quen þat watȝ so ȝonge, + What more-hond moȝte he acheue + Þat hade endured i{n} worlde stronge, 476 + & lyued i{n} penau{n}ce hys lyueȝ longe, + W{i}t{h} bodyly bale hy{m} blysse to byye? + What more worschyp moȝt ho fonge, + Þen corou{n}de be ky{n}g by cortayse? 480 + + +[Headnote: THE PARABLE OF THE LABOURERS IN THE VINEYARD.] + +IX. + + [Sidenote: She was only two years old when she died, + and could do nothing to please God. She might be a countess + or some great lady but not a queen.] + That cortayse is to fre of dede, + Ȝyf hyt be soth þat þ{o}u coneȝ saye, + Þ{o}u lyfed not two ȝer i{n} oure þede, + Þ{o}u cowþeȝ neu{er} god nauþ{er} plese ne pray, 484 + Ne neu{er} nawþer pater ne crede, + & quen mad on þe fyrst day! + I may not traw, so god me spede, + Þat god wolde wryþe so wrange away; 488 + Of cou{n}tes damysel, par ma fay, + Wer fayr i{n} heuen to halde asstate + Aþ{er} elleȝ a lady of lasse aray, + Bot a quene, hit is to dere a date.” 492 + + [Sidenote: The maiden informs her father that there is no limit + to God’s power. The parable of the labourers in the vineyard.] + “Þer is no date of hys god-nesse,” + Þen sayde to me þat worþy wyȝte, + “For al is trawþe þat he con dresse, + & he may do no þynk bot ryȝt, 496 + As mathew meleȝ i{n} yo{ur} messe, + I{n} sothfol gospel of god al-myȝt + I{n} sample he can ful grayþely gesse, + & lykneȝ hit to heuen lyȝte.” 500 + “My regne, he saytȝ, is lyk on hyȝt, + To a lorde þat hade a uyne I wate, + Of tyme of ȝere þe terme watȝ tyȝt, + To labor vyne watȝ dere þe date, 504 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 46a.]] + [Sidenote: The lord of the vineyard hires workmen for a penny a + day. At noon the lord hires other men standing idle in the + market place.] + Þat date of ȝere wel knawe þys hyne; + Þe lorde ful erly vp he ros, + To hyre werkmen to hys vyne, + & fyndeȝ þ{er} su{m}me to hys porpos, 508 + Into acorde þay con de-clyne, + For a pené on a day & forth þay gotȝ, + Wryþen & worchen & don gret pyne, + Keruen & caggen & man hit clos; 512 + Aboute vnder, þe lorde to marked totȝ + & ydel men stande he fyndeȝ þer-ate, + “Why stande ȝe ydel” he sayde to þos, + Ne knawe ȝe of þis day no date? 516 + + [Sidenote: He commands them to go into his vineyard, and he will + give them what is right.] + “Er date of daye hider arn we won{n}e,” + So watȝ al samen her answar soȝt; + “We haf standen her syn ros þe su{n}ne, + & no mo{n} byddeȝ v{us} do, ryȝt noȝt.” 520 + “Gos i{n}-to my vyne, dotȝ þat ȝe co{n}ne.” + So sayde þe lorde & made hit toȝt. + “What resonabele hyre be naȝt be ru{n}ne, + I yow pray i{n} dede & þoȝte.” 524 + Þay wente i{n} to þe vyne & wroȝte, + & al day þe lorde þ{us} ȝede his gate, + & nw men to hys vyne he broȝte; + Wel neȝ wyl day watȝ passed date, 528 + + [Sidenote: At an hour before the sun went down the lord sees + other men standing idle. Tells them to go into the vineyard.] + At þe day of date of euen-songe, + On oure byfore þe so{n}ne go dou{n} + He seȝ þer ydel men ful stronge + & sa[y]de to hem[17] w{i}t{h} sobre sou{n}; 532 + “Wy stonde ȝe ydel þise dayeȝ longe.” + Þay sayden her hyre watȝ nawhere bou{n}. + “Gotȝ to my vyne ȝemen ȝonge + & wyrkeȝ & dotȝ þ{a}t at ȝe mou{n}.” 536 + Sone þe worlde by-com wel brou{n}, + Þe su{n}ne watȝ doun &[18] hit wex late; + To take her hyre he mad su{m}ou{n}; + Þe day watȝ al apassed date. 540 + + [Sidenote 17: MS. _hen_.] + [Sidenote 18: MS. & &.] + + +[Headnote: THE PAYMENT OF THE LABOURERS.] + +X. + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 46b.]] + [Sidenote: As soon as the sun was gone down the “reeve” was told + to pay the workmen. To give each a penny. The first began to + complain.] + The date of þe daye þe lorde con knaw, + Called to þe reue “lede pay þe meyny, + Gyf hem þe hyre þat I hem owe, + & fyrre, þat non me may repreue, 544 + Set hem alle vpon a rawe, + & gyf vchon i{n}-lyche a peny. + Bygyn at þe laste þat sta{n}deȝ lowe, + Tyl to þe fyrste þat þ{o}u atteny;” 548 + & þe{n}ne þe fyrst by-go{n}ne to pleny + & sayden þat þay hade trauayled sore, + Þese bot an [h]oure hem con streny, + V{us} þy{n}k v{us} oȝe to take more. 552 + + [Sidenote: Having borne the heat of the day he thinks that he + deserves more. The lord tells him that he agreed only to give + him a penny.] + More haf we serued v{us} þy{n}k so, + Þat suffred han þe dayeȝ hete, + Þe{n}n þyse þat wroȝt[e] not houreȝ two, + & þ{o}u dotȝ hem v{us} to cou{n}terfete. 556 + Þe{n}ne sayde þe lorde to on of þo, + “Frende no wrang[19] I wyl þe ȝete, + Take þat is þyn owne & go; + & I hyred þe for a peny a grete, 560 + Quy bygy{n}neȝ þ{o}u now to þrete; + Watȝ not a pené þy couenau{n}t þore? + Fyrre þe{n} couenau{n}de is noȝt to plete, + Wy schalte þou þe{n}ne ask more? 564 + + [Sidenote 19: MS. _wanig_.] + +[Headnote: THE APPLICATION OF THE PARABLE.] + + [Sidenote: The last shall be first, and the first last. + The maiden applies the parable to herself.] + More weþ{er} louyly is me my gyfte + To do wyth myn quat so me lykeȝ? + Oþ{er} elleȝ þyn yȝe to lyþ{er} is lyfte, + For I am goude & no{n} by-swykeȝ.” 568 + “Þ{us} schal I,” q{uod} kryste, “hit skyfte, + Þe laste schal be þe fyrst þat strykeȝ, + & þe fyrst þe laste, be he neu{er} so swyft, + For mony ben calle[d] þaȝ fewe be mykeȝ.” 572 + Þ{us} pore men her part ay pykeȝ, + Þaȝ þay com late & lyttel wore, + & þaȝ her sweng wyth lyttel at-slykeȝ, + Þe merci of god is much þe more. 576 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 47a.]] + [Sidenote: She came to the vine in eventide, and yet received + more than others who had lived longer.] + “More haf I of ioye & blysse here-i{n}ne, + Of ladyschyp gret & lyueȝ blom, + Þen alle þe wyȝeȝ i{n} þe worlde myȝt wy{n}ne + By þe way of ryȝt to aske dome. 580 + Wheþer wel nygh[t] now I con bygy{n}ne, + In euentyde in-to þe vyne I come, + Fyrst of my hyre my lorde con my{n}ne, + I watȝ payed anon of al & sum; 584 + Ȝet oþ{er} þer werne þ{a}t toke more tom, + Þat swange & swat for long ȝore, + Þat ȝet of hyre no þynk þay nom, + Parau{n}t{er} noȝt schal to ȝere more.” 588 + + [Sidenote: The father says that his daughter’s tale is + unreasonable.] + Then more I meled & sayde apert, + “Me þynk þy tale vnresou{n}able, + Goddeȝ ryȝt is redy & eu{er} more rert,[20] + Oþ{er} holy wryt is bot a fable; 592 + I{n} sauter is sayd a verce ouerte + Þat spekeȝ a poy{n}t determynable, + ‘Þ{o}u quyteȝ vchon as hys desserte, + Þ{o}u hyȝe ky{n}g ay p{re}termynable,’[21] 596 + Now he þat stod þe long day stable, + & þ{o}u to payment com hym byfore, + Þe{n}ne þe lasse i{n} werke to take more able, + & eu{er} þe lenger þe lasse þe more.” 600 + + [Sidenote 20: _ert_ (?).] + [Sidenote 21: MS. p{er}termynable.] + + +[Headnote: GOD IS NO NIGGARD.] + +XI. + + [Sidenote: In heaven, the maiden says, each man is paid alike. + God is no niggard. The grace of God is sufficient for all.] + “Of more & lasse in godeȝ ryche,” + Þat gentyl sayde “lys no Ioparde, + For þer is vch mon payed inliche, + Wheþer lyttel oþ{er} much be hys rewarde, 604 + For þe gentyl cheuentayn is no chyche, + Queþ{er}-so-eu{er} he dele nesch oþ{er} harde, + He laueȝ hys gyfteȝ[22] as wat{er} of dyche, + Oþ{er} goteȝ of golf þat neu{er} charde; 608 + Hys frau{n}chyse is large þ{a}t eu{er} dard, + To hy{m} þat matȝ i{n} sy{n}ne no scogh{e}[23] + No blysse betȝ fro hem reparde, + For þe grace of god is gret I-nogh{e}. 612 + + [Sidenote 22: MS. _gysteȝ_.] + [Sidenote 23: In the MS. it looks like _rescoghe_.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 47b.]] + [Sidenote: Those who live long on the earth often forfeit heaven + by sinning.] + Bot now þ{o}u moteȝ me for to mate + Þat I my peny haf wrang tan here, + Þ{o}u sayȝ þat I þat com to late, + Am not worþy so gret lere. 616 + Where wysteȝ þ{o}u eu{er} any bourne abate + Euer so holy i{n} hys prayere, + Þat he ne forfeted by su{m}kyn gate, + Þe mede su{m}-tyme of heueneȝ clere; 620 + & ay þe ofter, þe alder þay were, + Þay laften ryȝt & wroȝten wogh{e} + Mercy & g{ra}ce moste hem þe{n} stere, + For þe g{ra}ce of god is gret i{n}-noȝe. 624 + + [Sidenote: Innocents are saved by baptism. Why should not + God allow their labour.] + Bot i{n}-nogh{e} of grace hatȝ i{n}nocent, + As sone as þay arn borne by lyne + I{n} þe water of babtem þay dyssente, + Þ{en} arne þay boroȝt i{n}-to þe vyne, 628 + Anon þe day w{i}t{h} derk endente, + Þe myȝt of deth dotȝ to en-clyne + Þat wroȝt neuer wrang er þe{n}ne þay wente; + Þe gentyle lorde þe{n}ne payeȝ hys hyne, 632 + Þay dyden hys heste, þay wern þere-ine, + Why schulde he not her labo{ur} alow, + Ȝy[rd] & pay hem[24] at þe fyrst fyne + For þe grace of god is gret i{n}-nogh{e}? 636 + + [Sidenote 24: MS. _hym_.] + +[Headnote: PARADISE WAS LOST THROUGH AN APPLE.] + + [Sidenote: Our first father lost heaven by eating an apple. + And all are damned for the sin of Adam. But there came one + who paid the penalty of our sins.] + Inoȝe is knawen þ{a}t man-kyn grete, + Fyrste watȝ wroȝt to blysse parfyt; + Oure forme-fader hit con forfete, + Þurȝ an apple þat he vpon con byte; 640 + Al wer we dampned for þat mete, + To dyȝe i{n} doel out of delyt, + & syþen wende to helle hete, + Þ{er}-i{n}ne to won w{i}t{h}-oute respyt; 644 + Bot þer on com a bote as-tyt. + Ryche blod ran on rode so rogh{e}, + & wy{n}ne [&] wat{er}, þe{n} at þat plyt + Þe g{ra}ce of god wex gret i{n}-nogh{e}. 648 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 48a.]] + [Sidenote: The water that came from the pierced side of Christ + was baptism.] + Innogh{e} þer wax out[25] of þat welle, + Blod & wat{er} of brode wou{n}de; + Þe blod v{us} boȝt fro bale of helle, + & delyu{er}ed v{us} of þe deth secou{n}de; 652 + Þe water is baptem þe soþe to telle; + Þat folȝed þe glayue so gry{m}ly grou{n}de, + Þat wascheȝ away þe gylteȝ felle, + Þat adam wyth i{n}ne deth v{us} drou{n}de. 656 + Now is þ{er} noȝt i{n} þe worlde rou{n}de + Bytwene v{us} & blysse bot þat he w{i}t{h}-droȝ + & þat is restored i{n} sely stou{n}de, + & þe grace of god is gret i{n}-nogh. 660 + + [Sidenote 25: MS. _out out_.] + + +XII. + + [Sidenote: Repentance must be sought by prayer with sorrow and + affliction. The guilty may be saved by contrition.] + Grace i{n}-nogh þe mon may haue, + Þat sy{n}neȝ þe{n}ne new, ȝif hy{m} repente, + Bot w{i}t{h} sorȝ & syt he mot hit craue, + & byde þe payne þer-to is bent, 664 + Bot resou{n} of ryȝt þat con not raue, + Saueȝ eu{er} more þe i{n}nosse{n}t; + Hit is a dom þ{a}t neu{er} god gaue, + Þat eu{er} þe gyltleȝ schulde be schente. 668 + Þe gyltyf may contryssyou{n} hente + & be þurȝ mercy to grace þryȝt; + Bot he to gyle þat neu{er} glente, + At i{n}-oscente is saf & ryȝte. 672 + +[Headnote: INNOCENTS ARE SAVED BY RIGHT.] + + [Sidenote: Two sorts of people are saved, the _righteous_ and + the _innocent_. The words of David. The innocent is saved by + right.] + Ryȝt þ{us}[26] I knaw wel i{n} þis cas, + Two men to saue is god by skylle; + Þe ryȝt-wys man schal se hys face,[27] + Þe harmleȝ haþel schal com hym tylle, 676 + Þe saut{er} hyt satȝ þ{us} i{n} a pace: + “Lorde quo schal klymbe þy hyȝ hylleȝ + Oþ{er} rest w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne þy holy place?” + Hymself to on-sware he is not dylle; 680 + “Hondely{n}geȝ harme þat dyt not ille, + Þat is of hert boþe clene & lyȝt, + Þer schal hys step stable stylle,” + Þe i{n}nosent is ay saf by ryȝt. 684 + + [Sidenote 26: MS. þ{us} þ{us}.] + [Sidenote 27: MS. _fate_.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 48b.]] + [Sidenote: The words of Solomon.] + The ryȝtwys man also sertayn + Aproche he schal þ{a}t proper pyle, + Þat takeȝ not her lyf in vayne + Ne glauereȝ her nieȝbor wyth no gyle; 688 + Of þys ryȝt-wys saȝ[28] salamon playn, + How kyntly oure con aquyle + By wayeȝ ful streȝt he con hym strayn, + & scheued hy{m} þe rengne of god a whyle, 692 + As quo says “lo ȝon louely yle, + Þ{o}u may hit wy{n}ne if þ{o}u be wyȝte,” + Bot hardyly w{i}t{h}-oute peryle, + Þe i{n}nosent is ay saue by ryȝte! 696 + + [Sidenote 28: _satȝ_ (?).] + + [Sidenote: David says no man living is justified. + Pray to be saved by innocence and not by right.] + An-ende ryȝtwys men, ȝet saytȝ a gome + Dauid in sauter, if eu{er} ȝe seȝ hit, + “Lorde þy seruau{n}t draȝ neuer to dome, + For[29] non lyuyunde to þe is Iustyfyet.” 700 + For-þy to corte quen þ{o}u schal com, + Þer alle oure causeȝ schal be tryed, + Alegge þe ryȝt þ{o}u may be i{n}-nome, + By þys ilke spech I haue asspyed; 704 + Bot he on rode þat blody dyed, + Delfully þurȝ hondeȝ þryȝt + Gyue þe to passe when þ{o}u arte tryed + By in{n}ocens & not by ryȝte. 708 + + [Sidenote 29: MS. _sor._] + +[Headnote: CHRIST BLESSED LITTLE CHILDREN.] + + [Sidenote: When Jesus was on earth, little children were brought + unto him. The disciples rebuked the parents. Christ said, + “Suffer little children to come unto me,” etc.] + Ryȝt-wysly quo con rede, + He loke on bok & be awayed + How Ih{esu}c hy{m} welke in are þede, + & burneȝ her barneȝ vnto hy{m} brayde, 712 + For happe & hele þat fro hy{m} ȝede, + To touch[30] her chylder þay fayr hym prayed. + His dessypeleȝ w{i}t{h} blame let be hy{m} bede, + & wyth her resou{n}eȝ ful fele restayed; 716 + Ih{esu}c þe{n}ne hem swetely sayde, + “Do way, let chylder vnto me tyȝt. + To suche is heuen-ryche arayed,” + Þe i{n}nocent is ay saf by ryȝt. 720 + + [Sidenote 30: MS. _touth_.] + + +XIII. + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 49a.]] + [Sidenote: No one can win heaven except he be meek as a child.] + Ih{esu}c con calle to hy{m} hys mylde + & sayde hys ryche no wyȝ myȝt wy{n}ne. + Bot he com þyder ryȝt as a chylde, + Oþ{er} elleȝ neu{er} more com þer-i{n}ne, 724 + Harmleȝ, trwe & vnde-fylde, + W{i}t{h}-outen mote oþ{er} mascle of sulpande sy{n}ne; + Quen such þer cnoken on þe bylde, + Tyt schal hem men þe ȝate vnpy{n}ne, 728 + Þer is þe blys þat con not bly{n}ne, + Þat þe Iueler soȝte þurȝ perre pres + & solde alle hys goud boþe wolen & ly{n}ne, + To bye hy{m} a perle [þat] watȝ mascelleȝ. 732 + +[Headnote: FORSAKE THE MAD WORLD.] + + [Sidenote: The pearl of price is like the kingdom of heaven, + pure and clean. Forsake the mad world and purchase the spotless + pearl.] + This makelleȝ perle þat boȝt is dere, + Þe Ioueler gef fore alle hys god, + Is lyke þe reme of heuenesse clere + So sayde þe fader of folde & flode, 736 + For hit is we{m}leȝ, clene & clere, + & endeleȝ rou{n}de & blyþe of mode, + & co{m}mune to alle þat ryȝtwys[31] were, + Lo! euen i{n} myddeȝ my breste hit stode; 740 + My lorde þe lombe þat schede hys blode, + He pyȝt hit þere i{n} token of pes; + I rede þe forsake þe worlde wode, + & porchace þy perle maskelles.” 744 + + [Sidenote 31: MS. _ryȝtywys_.] + + [Sidenote: The father of the maiden desires to know who formed + her figure and wrought her garments. Her beauty, he says, + is not natural. Her colour passes the fleur-de-lis.] + “O maskeleȝ perle i{n} perleȝ pure + Þat bereȝ,” q{uod} I, “þe perle of prys, + Quo formed þe þy fayre fygure? + Þat wroȝt þy wede, he watȝ ful wys; 748 + Þy beaute com neu{er} of nature, + Pymalyon paynted neu{er} þy vys, + Ne arystotel nawþ{er} by hys lettrure + Of carpe þe kynde þese p{ro}perteȝ. 752 + Þy colo{ur} passeȝ þe flo{ur}-de-lys, + Þyn angel hauy{n}g so clene corteȝ + Breue me bryȝt, quat-kyn of p{r}iys[32] + Bereȝ þe perle so maskelleȝ.” 756 + + [Sidenote 32: The MS. has _triys_.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 49b.]] + [Sidenote: The maiden explains to her father that she is a bride + of Christ. She is without spot or blemish. Her weeds are washed + in the blood of Christ.] + “My makeleȝ lambe þat al may bete,” + Q{uod} scho, “my dere destyné + Me ches to hys make al-þaȝ vnmete, + Su{m} tyme semed þ{a}t assemblé 760 + When I wente fro yor worlde wete. + He calde me to hys bon{er}té, + ‘Cu{m} hyder to me my le{m}man swete, + For mote ne spot is non i{n} þe:’ 764 + He gef me myȝt & als bewté. + I{n} hys blod he wesch my wede on dese, + & coronde clene i{n} v{er}gynté, + & pyȝt me i{n} perleȝ maskelleȝ.” 768 + + [Sidenote: The father asks the nature of the Lamb that has + chosen his daughter, and why she is selected as a bride.] + “Why maskelleȝ bryd þat bryȝt con flambe + Þat reiateȝ hatȝ so ryche & ryf, + Quat-kyn þy{n}g may be þat lambe, + Þat þe wolde wedde vnto hys vyf? 772 + Ou{er} alle oþ{er} so hyȝ þ{o}u clambe, + To lede w{i}t{h} hy{m} so ladyly lyf + So mony a cumly on v{n}der cambe, + For kryst han lyued i{n} much stryf, 776 + & þ{o}u con alle þo dere out-dryf, + & fro þat maryag al oþ{er} depres, + Al only þyself so stout & styf, + A makeleȝ may & maskelleȝ.” 780 + + +[Headnote: THE LAMB AND HIS BRIDES.] + +XIV. + + [Sidenote: The Lamb has one hundred and forty thousand brides. + St. John saw them on the hill of Sion in a dream, in the new + city of Jerusalem.] + “Maskelles,” q{uod} þat myry quene, + “Vnblemyst I am wyth-outen blot, + & þat may I w{i}t{h} mensk me{n}teene; + Bot makeleȝ quene þe{n}ne sade I not, 784 + Þe lambes vyueȝ i{n} blysse we bene, + A hondred & forty þowsande flot + As i{n} þe apocalyppeȝ hit is sene; + Sant Ioh{a}n hem syȝ al i{n} a knot, 788 + On þe hyl of syon þat semly clot. + Þe apostel hem segh i{n} gostly drem + Arayed to þe weddy{n}g i{n} þ{a}t hyl coppe, + Þe nwe cyte u I{e}r{usa}l{e}m. 792 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 50a.]] + [Sidenote: Isaiah speaks of Christ or the Lamb. He says that + He was led as a lamb to the slaughter.] + Of I{e}r{usa}l{e}m I in speche spelle. + If þ{o}u wyl knaw what-kyn he be, + My lombe, my lorde, my dere Iuelle, + My ioy, my blys, my le{m}man fre, 796 + Þe p{ro}fete ysaye of hy{m} con melle, + Pitously of hys debonerté + Þat gloryo{us} gyltleȝ[33] þ{a}t mon con quelle, + W{i}t{h}-outen any sake of felonye, 800 + As a schep to þe slaȝt þ{er} lad watȝ he + & as lombe þat clypper i{n} lande nem,[34] + So closed he hys mouth fro vch query, + Quen Iueȝ hy{m} iugged i{n} Ih{erusal}em. 804 + + [Sidenote 33: MS. reads _gystleȝ_.] + [Sidenote 34: MS. _men_.] + + [Sidenote: In Jerusalem was Christ slain. With buffets + was His face flayed. He endured all patiently as a lamb. + For us He died in Jerusalem.] + In I{e}r{usa}l{e}m watȝ my le{m}man slayn + & rent on rode w{i}t{h} boyeȝ bolde; + Al oure baleȝ to bere ful bayn, + He toke on hy{m} self oure careȝ colde, 808 + W{i}t{h} boffeteȝ watȝ hys face flayn, + Þat watȝ so fayr on to byholde; + For sy{n}ne he set hy{m} self i{n} vayn, + Þat neu{er} hade non hym self to wolde, 812 + For v{us} he lette hy{m} flyȝe & folde + & brede vpon a bostwys bem, + As meke as lomb[35] þat no playnt tolde. + For v{us} he swalt i{n} I{e}r{usa}l{e}m: 816 + + [Sidenote 35: The MS. reads _lomp_.] + +[Headnote: THE LAMB WAS SLAIN IN JERUSALEM.] + + [Sidenote: The declaration of St. John, “Behold the Lamb + of God,” etc. Who can reckon His generation, that died + in Jerusalem?] + I{e}r{usa}l{e}m, Iordan & galalye, + Þer as baptysed þe goude say{n}t Ion, + His wordeȝ acorded to ysaye; + When Ih{esu}c con to hy{m} warde gon 820 + He sayde of hy{m} þys p{ro}fessye, + “Lo godeȝ lombe as trwe as ston, + Þat dotȝ away þe sy{n}neȝ dryȝe!” + Þat alle þys worlde hatȝ wroȝt vpon, 824 + Hy{m} self ne wroȝt neu{er} ȝet non, + Wheþ{er} on hym self he con al clem, + Hys generacyou{n} quo recen con, + Þat dyȝed for v{us} i{n} I{e}r{usa}l{e}m? 828 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 50b.]] + [Sidenote: In the New Jerusalem St. John saw the Lamb sitting + upon the throne.] + In I{e}r{usa}l{e}m þ{us} my le{m}man swatte, + Twyeȝ, for lombe watȝ taken þere, + By trw recorde of ayþ{er} p{ro}phete, + For mode so meke & al hys fare, 832 + Þe þryde tyme is þ{er}-to ful mete + In apokalypeȝ wryten ful ȝare. + In mydeȝ þe trone þere saynteȝ sete, + Þe apostel ioh{a}n hy{m} saytȝ as bare, 836 + Lesande þe boke with leueȝ sware, + Þere seuen sy{n}gnetteȝ wern sette i{n}-seme + & at þ{a}t syȝt vche douth con dare, + In helle, i{n} erþe & I{e}r{usa}l{e}m. 840 + + +XV. + + [Sidenote: The Lamb is without blemish. Every spotless soul + is a worthy bride for the Lamb. No strife or envy among + the brides.] + Thys I{e}r{usa}l{e}m lombe hade neu{er} pechche + Of oþ{er} huee bot quyt Iolyf + Þat mot ne masklle moȝt on streche + For wolle quyte so ronk & ryf, 844 + For-þy vche saule þat hade neu{er} teche,[36] + Is to þat lombe a worthyly wyf; + And þaȝ vch day a store he feche, + Among v{us} co{m}meȝ non oþ{er} strot ne stryf, 848 + Bot vchon enle[37] we wolde were fyf, + Þe mo þe myryer so god me blesse. + I{n} compayny gret our luf con þryf + In hono{ur} more & neu{er} þe lesse. 852 + + [Sidenote 36: MS. _tethe_.] + [Sidenote 37: _vch onlepi_ (?).] + + [Sidenote: None can have less bliss than another. + Our death leads us to bliss.] + Lasse of blysse may non v{us} bry{n}g + Þat beren þys perle vpon oure bereste, + For þay of mote couþe neu{er} my{n}ge, + Of spotleȝ perleȝ þa[y] beren þe creste, 856 + Al-þaȝ oure corses i{n} clotteȝ cly{n}ge, + & ȝe remen for rauþe wyth-outen reste, + We þurȝ-outly hauen cnawy{n}g; + Of [o]n dethe ful oure hope is drest, 860 + Þe lonbe v{us} gladeȝ, oure care is kest; + He myrþeȝ v{us} alle at vch a mes, + Vchoneȝ blysse is breme & beste, + & neu{er} oneȝ hono{ur} ȝet neu{er} þe les. 864 + +[Headnote: THE VISION OF SAINT JOHN.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 51a.]] + [Sidenote: What St. John saw upon the Mount of Sion. + About the Lamb he saw one hundred and forty thousand maidens. + He heard a voice from heaven, like many floods.] + Lest les þ{o}u leue my tale[38] farande, + I{n} appocalyppece is wryten i{n} wro + I segh{e}, says Ioh{a}n, þe lou{m}be hy{m} stande, + On þe mou{n}t of syon ful þryuen & þro, 868 + & wyth hym mayde{n}neȝ an hu{n}dreþe þowsande + & fowre & forty þowsande mo + On alle her forhedeȝ wryten I fande, + Þe lombeȝ nome, hys fadereȝ also. 872 + A hue fro heuen I herde þoo, + Lyk flodeȝ fele laden, ru{n}ne{n} on resse, + & as þu{n}der þroweȝ i{n} torreȝ blo, + Þat lote I leue watȝ neu{er} þe les. 876 + + [Sidenote 38: MS. _talle_, but _tale_ in the catchwords.] + + [Sidenote: He heard the maiden sing a new song. So did + the four beasts and the elders “so sad of cheer.”] + Nauþeles þaȝ hit schowted scharpe, + & ledden loude al-þaȝ hit were. + A note ful nwe I herde hem warpe, + To lysten þat watȝ ful lufly dere, 880 + As harporeȝ harpen in her harpe, + Þat nwe songe þay so{n}gen ful cler. + In sou{n}ande noteȝ a gentyl carpe, + Ful fayre þe modeȝ þay fonge i{n} fere 884 + Ryȝt byfore godeȝ chayere, + & þe fowre besteȝ þat hy{m} obes, + & þe alder-men so sadde of chere, + Her songe þay songen neu{er} þe les; 888 + + [Sidenote: This assembly was like the Lamb, spotless and pure.] + Nowþe-lese non watȝ neu{er} so quoy{n}t, + For alle þe crafteȝ þat eu{er} þay knewe. + Þat of þat songe myȝt sy{n}ge a poy{n}t, + Bot þat meyny þe lombe þay swe, 892 + For þay arn boȝt fro þe vrþe aloynte. + As newe fryt to god ful due + & to þe gentyl lombe hit arn amoy{n}t, + As lyk to hym self of lote & hwe, 896 + For neu{er} lesy{n}g ne tale vn-trwe, + Ne towched her tonge for no dysstresse. + Þat moteles meyny may neu{er} remwe, + Fro þat maskeleȝ mayster neu{er} þe les.” 900 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 51b.]] + [Sidenote: The father replies to the maiden. He says he is + but dust and ashes. He wishes to ask one question,] + “Neuer þe les let be my þonc,” + Q{uod} I, “my perle þaȝ I appose, + I schulde not tempte þy wyt so wlonc, + To krysteȝ chambre þat art Ichose, 904 + I am bot mokke & mul amo{n}g, + & þ{o}u so ryche a reken rose, + & bydeȝ here by þys blysful bonc + Þer lyueȝ lyste may neu{er} lose, 908 + Now hynde þat sympelnesse co{n}eȝ enclose, + I wolde þe aske a þy{n}ge expresse, + & þaȝ I be bustwys as a blose + Let my bone vayl neu{er} þe lese. 912 + + +[Headnote: THE ABODE OF CHRIST’S BRIDES.] + +XVI. + + [Sidenote: whether the brides have their abode in castle-walls + or in manor. Jerusalem, he says, in Judea. But the dwelling + of the brides should be perfect.] + Neuer þe lese cler I yow by-calle + If ȝe con se hyt be to done, + As þ{o}u art gloryo{u}s w{i}t{h}-outen galle, + W{i}t{h}-nay þ{o}u neu{er} my ruful bone. 916 + Haf ȝe no woneȝ i{n} castel walle, + Ne man{er} þer ȝe may mete & won? + Þ{o}u telleȝ me of I{e}r{usa}l{e}m þe ryche ryalle, + Þer dauid dere watȝ dyȝt on trone, 920 + Bot by þyse holteȝ hit con not hone + Bot in Iudee hit is þ{a}t noble note; + As ȝe ar maskeleȝ vnder mone, + Yo{ur} woneȝ schulde by wyth-outen mote. 924 + + [Sidenote: For such “a comely pack” a great castle would be + required.] + Þys moteleȝ meyny þ{o}u coneȝ of mele, + Of þousandeȝ þryȝt so gret a route, + A gret cete, for ȝe arn fele, + Yow by-hod haue w{i}t{h}-outen doute; 928 + So cu{m}ly a pakke of Ioly Iuele, + Wer euel don schulde lyȝ þ{er}-oute; + & by þyse bonkeȝ þer I con gele + & I se no bygy{n}g nawhere aboute, 932 + I trowe al-one ȝe lenge & loute, + To loke on þe glory of þys g{ra}c[i]o{us} gote; + If þ{o}u hatȝ oþer lygy{n}geȝ stoute, + Now tech me to þat myry mote. 936 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 52a.]] + [Sidenote: The city in Judæa, answers the maiden, is where + Christ suffered, and is the Old Jerusalem. The New Jerusalem is + where the Lamb has assembled his brides.] + “That mote þ{o}u meneȝ in Iudy londe,” + Þat specyal spyce þen to me spakk, + “Þat is þe cyte þat þe lombe con fonde + To soffer i{n}ne sor for maneȝ sake, 940 + Þe olde I{e}r{usa}l{e}m to vnder-stonde, + For þere þe olde gulte watȝ don to slake, + Bot þe nwe þat lyȝt of godeȝ sonde, + Þe apostel in apocalyppce i{n} theme con take. 944 + Þe lombe[39] þ{er}, w{i}t{h}-outen spotteȝ blake, + Hatȝ feryed þyder hys fayre flote, + & as hys flok is w{i}t{h}-outen flake, + So is hys mote w{i}t{h}-outen moote. 948 + + [Sidenote 39: The MS. reads _lompe_.] + +[Headnote: THE OLD AND NEW JERUSALEM.] + + [Sidenote: Jerusalem means the city of God. In the Old city + our peace was made at one. In the New city is eternal peace.] + Of motes two to carpe clene + & I{e}r{usa}l{e}m hyȝt boþe nawþeles, + Þat nys to yow no more to mene, + Bot cete of god oþ{er} syȝt of pes. 952 + I{n} þat on oure pes watȝ mad at ene, + W{i}t{h} payne to suffer þe lombe hit chese, + In þat oþ{er} is noȝt bot pes to glene, + Þat ay schal laste w{i}t{h}-outen reles, 956 + Þat is þe borȝ þat we to pres, + Fro þ{a}t oure flesch[40] be layd to rote; + Þer glory & blysse schal eu{er} encres, + To þe meyny þ{a}t is w{i}t{h}-outen mote. 960 + + [Sidenote 40: MS. _fresth_.] + + +XVII. + + [Sidenote: The father prays his daughter to bring him to the + blissful bower. His daughter tells him that he shall see + the outside, but not a foot may he put in the city.] + “Moteleȝ may so meke & mylde,” + Þen sayde I to þat lufly flor, + “Bry{n}g me to þat bygly bylde, + & let me se þy blysful bor.” 964 + Þat schene sayde, þat god wyl schylde, + “Þ{o}u may not enter w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne hys tor, + Bot of þe lombe I haue þe aquylde + For a syȝt þer-of þurȝ gret fauor. 968 + Vt-wyth to se þat clene cloystor, + Þ{o}u may, bot i{n}wyth not a fote, + To strech in þe strete þ{o}u hatȝ no vygo{ur}, + Bot þ{o}u wer clene w{i}t{h}-outen mote. 972 + + +[Headnote: A DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW JERUSALEM.] + +XVIII. + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 52b.]] + [Sidenote: The maiden then tells her father to go along the bank + till he comes to a hill. He reaches the hill, and beholds the + heavenly city.] + If I þis mote þe schal vn-hyde, + Bow vp to-warde þys borneȝ heued, + & I an-endeȝ þe on þis syde + Schal sve, tyl þ{o}u to a hil be veued, 976 + Þe{n} wolde [I] no lenger byde, + Bot lurked by lau{n}ceȝ so lufly leued, + Tyl on a hyl þat I asspyed + & blusched on þe burgh{e}, as I forth dreued, 980 + By-ȝonde þe brok fro me warde keued, + Þat schyrrer þen su{n}ne w{i}t{h} schafteȝ schon; + I{n} þe apokalypce is þe fasou{n} preued, + As deuyseȝ hit þe apostel Ihoñ. 984 + + [Sidenote: As St. John saw it, so he beheld it. The city was + of burnished gold. Pitched upon gems, the foundation composed + of twelve stones.] + As Ioh{a}n þe apostel hit syȝ w{i}t{h} syȝt + I syȝe þat cyty of gret renou{n}, + I{e}r{usa}l{e}m so nwe & ryally dyȝt, + As hit watȝ lyȝt fro þe heuen adou{n}. 988 + Þe borȝ watȝ al of brende golde bryȝt, + As glemande glas burnist brou{n}, + W{i}t{h} gentyl ge{m}meȝ an-vnder pyȝt; + W{i}t{h} banteleȝ twelue on basy{n}g boun, 992 + Þe fou{n}dementeȝ twelue of riche tenou{n}; + Vch tabelment watȝ a serlypeȝ ston, + As derely deuyseȝ þis ilk tou{n}, + I{n} apocalyppeȝ þe apostel Ioh{a}n. 996 + + [Sidenote: The names of the precious stones.] + [Sidenote: i. Jasper. ii. Sapphire. iii. Chalcedony. + iv. Emerald. v. Sardonyx. vi. Ruby.] + As þise stoneȝ i{n} writ con ne{m}me + I knew þe name aft{er} his tale; + Iasper hyȝt þe fyrst ge{m}me, + Þat I on þe fyrst basse con wale, 1000 + He glente grene i{n} þe lowest he{m}me. + Saffer helde þe secou{n}de stale, + Þe calsydoyne þe{n}ne w{i}t{h}-outen we{m}me, + I{n} þe þryd table con purly pale; 1004 + Þe emerade þe furþe so grene of scale; + Þe sardonyse þe fyfþe ston; + Þe sexte þe rybe he con hit wale, + I{n} þe apocalyppce þe apostel Ioh{a}n. 1008 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 53a.]] + [Sidenote: vii. Chrysolite. viii. Beryl. ix. Topaz. + x. Chrysoprasus. xi. Jacinth. xii. Amethyst.] + Ȝet Ioyned Ioh{a}n þe crysolyt, + Þe seuenþe ge{m}me i{n} fundament; + Þe aȝtþe þe beryl cler & quyt + Þe topasye twy{n}ne how þe ne{n}te endent; 1012 + Þe crysopase þe tenþe is tyȝt; + Þe Iacy{n}gh[41] þe enleuenþe gent; + Þe twelfþe þe gentyleste i{n} veh a plyt, + Þe amatyst purpre w{i}t{h} ynde blente; 1016 + Þe wal abof þe bantels bent, + Masporye as glas þat glysnande schon, + I knew hit by his deuysement, + I{n} þe apocalyppeȝ þe apostel I{o}h{a}n. 1020 + + [Sidenote 41: _Iacynth_ (?).] + + [Sidenote: The city was square. The wall was of jasper. + Twelve thousand furlongs in length and breadth.] + As Ioh{a}n deuysed ȝet saȝ I þare. + Þise twelue de-gres wern brode & stayre, + Þe cyte stod abof ful sware, + As longe as brode as hyȝe ful fayre; 1024 + Þe streteȝ of golde as glasse al bare, + Þe wal of Iasper þat glent as glayre; + Þe woneȝ w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne enurned ware + Wyth alle ky{n}neȝ perre þat moȝt repayre, 1028 + Þe{n}ne helde vch sware of þis manayre, + Twelue forlonge space er eu{er} hit fon, + Of heȝt, of brede, of lenþe to cayre, + For meten hit syȝ þe apostel Ioh{a}n. 1032 + + +[Headnote: NO SUN NOR MOON IN HEAVEN.] + +XIX. + + [Sidenote: Each “pane” had three gates. Each gate adorned with + a pearl. Such light gleamed in all the streets, that there + was no need of the sun or moon.] + As Ioh{a}n hy{m} wryteȝ ȝet more I syȝe + Vch pane of þat place had þre ȝateȝ, + So twelue i{n} po{ur}sent I con asspye + Þe portaleȝ pyked of rych plateȝ 1036 + & vch ȝate of a margyrye, + A parfyt perle þat neu{er} fateȝ; + Vchon i{n} scrypture a name con plye, + Of isr{ae}l barneȝ folewande her dateȝ, 1040 + Þat is to say as her byrþ whateȝ; + Þe aldest ay fyrst þ{er}-on watȝ done. + Such lyȝt þer lemed i{n} alle þe strateȝ + Hem nedde nawþ{er} su{n}ne ne mone. 1044 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 53b.]] + [Sidenote: God was the light of those in the city. + The high throne might be seen, upon which the “high God” sat. + A river ran out of the throne;] + Of su{n}ne ne mone had þay no nede + Þe self god watȝ her lompe[42] lyȝt, + Þe lombe her lantyrne w{i}t{h}-outen drede, + Þurȝ hy{m} blysned þe borȝ al bryȝt. 1048 + Þurȝ woȝe & won my loky{n}g ȝede, + For sotyle cler moȝt[43] lette no lyȝt; + Þe hyȝe trone þer moȝt ȝe hede + W{i}t{h} alle þe apparaylmente vmbe-pyȝte, 1052 + As Ioh{a}n þe appostel in termeȝ tyȝte; + Þe hyȝe godeȝ self hit set vpone. + A reu{er} of þe trone þer ran out-ryȝte + Watȝ bryȝter þen boþe þe su{n}ne & mone. 1056 + + [Sidenote 42: MS. _lombe_.] + [Sidenote 43: MS. _noȝt_.] + +[Headnote: NO CHURCH IN HEAVEN.] + + [Sidenote: it flowed through each street. No church was seen. + God was the church; Christ the sacrifice. The gates were + ever open.] + Su{n}ne ne mone schon neu{er} so swete; + A! þat foysou{n} flode out of þat flet, + Swyþe hit swange þurȝ vch a strete, + W{i}t{h}-outen fylþe oþ{er} galle oþ{er} glet. 1060 + Kyrk þer-i{n}ne watȝ non ȝete, + Chapel ne temple þat eu{er} watȝ set, + Þe al-myȝty watȝ her mynyster mete, + Þe lombe þe saker-fyse þer to reget; 1064 + Þe ȝates stoken watȝ neu{er} ȝet, + Bot eu{er} more vpen at vche a lone; + Þer entreȝ non to take reset, + Þat bereȝ any spot an-vnder[44] mone. 1068 + + [Sidenote: There is no night in the city. The planets, + and the sun itself, are dim compared to the divine light. + Trees there renew their fruit every month.] + The mone may þer-of acroche no myȝte + To spotty, ho is of body to grym, + & al-so þ{er} ne is neu{er} nyȝt. + What schulde þe mone þer compas clym 1072 + & to euen wyth þat worþly lyȝt[45], + Þat schyneȝ vpon þe brokeȝ brym? + Þe planeteȝ arn i{n} to pou{er} a plyȝt, + & þe self su{n}ne ful fer to dym. 1076 + Aboute þat wat{er} arn tres ful schym, + Þat twelue fryteȝ of lyf con bere ful sone; + Twelue syþeȝ on ȝer þay beren ful frym + & re-nowleȝ nwe i{n} vche a mone. 1080 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 54a.]] + [Sidenote: The beholder of this fair city stood still as a + “dased quail.”] + An-vnder mone so gret m{er}wayle + No fleschly hert ne myȝt endeure, + As quen I blusched vpon þat baly, + So ferly þ{er}-of watȝ þe falure. 1084 + I stod as stylle as dased quayle, + For ferly of þat french[46] fygure, + Þat felde I nawþ{er} reste ne t{ra}uayle, + So watȝ I rauyste wyth gly{m}me pure; 1088 + For I dar say, w{i}t{h} conciens sure, + Hade bodyly burne abiden þat bone, + Þaȝ alle clerkeȝ hy{m} hade i{n} cure, + His lyf wer loste an-vnder mone. 1092 + + [Sidenote 44: MS. _an-vndeȝ_.] + [Sidenote 45: Or _syȝt_.] + [Sidenote 46: _fresch_ (?).] + + +[Headnote: A PROCESSION OF VIRGINS.] + +XX. + + [Sidenote: As the moon began to rise he was aware of a + procession of virgins crowned with pearls, in white robes, + with a pearl in their breast.] + Ryȝt as þe maynful mone con rys, + Er þe{n}ne þe day-glem dryue al dou{n}, + So sodanly on a wonder wyse, + I watȝ war of a prosessyou{n}, 1096 + Þis noble cite of ryche enpresse + Watȝ sodanly ful w{i}t{h}-outen so{m}mou{n} + Of such v{er}gyneȝ i{n} þe same gyse + Þat watȝ my blysful an-vnder crou{n}, 1100 + & coronde wern alle of þe same fasou{n} + Depaynt i{n} perleȝ & wedeȝ qwyte, + I{n} vchoneȝ breste watȝ bou{n}den bou{n}, + Þe blysful perle w{i}t{h} gret[47] delyt. 1104 + + [Sidenote 47: MS. _with outen_.] + + [Sidenote: As they went along they shone as glass. + The Lamb went before them. There was no pressing.] + W{i}t{h} gret delyt þay glod i{n} fere, + On golden gateȝ þat glent as glasse; + Hu{n}dreth þowsandeȝ I wot þer were, + & alle in sute her liureȝ wasse, 1108 + Tor to knaw þe gladdest chere. + Þe lombe byfore con proudly passe, + Wyth horneȝ seuen of red golde[48] cler, + As praysed perleȝ his wedeȝ wasse; 1112 + Towarde þe throne þay trone a tras. + Þaȝ þay wern fele no pres i{n} plyt, + Bot mylde as maydeneȝ seme at mas, + So droȝ þay forth w{i}t{h} gret delyt. 1116 + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 54b.]] + [Sidenote: The “alder men” fell groveling at the feet of the + Lamb. All sang in praise of the Lamb.] + Delyt þ{a}t hys come encroched, + To much hit were of for to melle; + Þise alder men quen he aproched, + Grouely{n}g to his fete þay felle; 1120 + Legyou{n}es of au{n}geleȝ togeder uoched, + Þer kesten ensens of swete smelle, + Þen glory & gle watȝ nwe abroched. + Al songe to loue þat gay Iuelle, 1124 + Þe steuen moȝt stryke þurȝ þe vrþe to helle, + Þat þe v{er}tues of heuen of Ioye endyte, + To loue þe lombe his meyny in melle, + I-wysse I laȝt a gret delyt; 1128 + + [Sidenote 48: MS. _glode_.] + + [Sidenote: The Lamb wore white weeds. A wide wound was seen + near his breast.] + Delit þe lo{m}be forto deuise, + W{i}t{h} much meruayle in mynde went. + Best watȝ he, blyþest & moste to pryse, + Þat eu{er} I herde of speche spent, 1132 + So worþly whyt wern wedeȝ hys; + His lokeȝ symple, hy{m} self so gent, + Bot a wou{n}de ful wyde & weete con wyse + An-ende hys hert þurȝ hyde to-rente; 1136 + Of his quyte syde his blod out-sprent, + A-las! þoȝt I, who did þat spyt? + Ani breste for bale aȝt haf for-brent, + Er he þer-to hade had delyt, 1140 + + [Sidenote: Joy was in his looks. The father perceives + his little queen.] + The lombe delyt non lyste to wene, + Þaȝ he were hurt & wou{n}de hade, + I{n} his sembelau{n}t watȝ neu{er} sene, + So wern his glenteȝ gloryo{us} glade. 1144 + I loked amo{n}g his meyny schene, + How þay wyth lyf wern laste & lade, + Þe{n} saȝ I þer my lyttel quene, + Þat I wende had standen by me i{n} sclade; 1148 + Lorde! much of mirþe watȝ þat ho made, + Amo{n}g her fereȝ þat watȝ so quyt! + Þat syȝt me gart to þenk to wade, + For luf longy{n}g i{n} gret delyt. 1152 + + +[Headnote: HE WISHES TO CROSS THE STREAM.] + +XXI. + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 55a.]] + [Sidenote: Great delight takes possession of his mind. + He attempts to cross the stream. It was not pleasing to the Lord.] + Delyt me drof i{n} yȝe & ere, + My maneȝ mynde to maddy{n}g malte; + Quen I seȝ my frely I wolde be þere, + Byȝonde þe water, þaȝ ho were walte, 1156 + I þoȝt þat no þy{n}g myȝt me dere + To fech me bur & take me halte; + & to start in þe strem schulde non me stere, + To swy{m}me þe remnau{n}t, þaȝ I þer swalte, 1160 + Bot of þat mu{n}t I watȝ bi-talt; + When I schulde start i{n} þe strem astraye, + Out of þat caste I watȝ by-calt; + Hit watȝ not at my prynceȝ paye, 1164 + +[Headnote: THE FATHER OF THE MAIDEN AWAKES.] + + [Sidenote: The dreamer awakes, and is in great sorrow.] + Hit payed hym not þat I so flonc, + Ou{er} meruelo{us} mereȝ so mad arayde, + Of raas þaȝ I were rasch & ronk, + Ȝet rapely þer-i{n}ne I watȝ restayed; 1168 + For ryȝt as I sparred vn-to þe bonc, + Þat brathe out of my drem me brayde; + Þen wakned I i{n} þat erber wlonk, + My hede vpon þat hylle watȝ layde, 1172 + Þer as my perle to grou{n}de strayd; + I raxled & fel i{n} gret affray, + & syky{n}g to my self I sayd: + “Now al be to þat prynceȝ paye.” 1176 + + [Sidenote: He addresses his pearl; laments his rash curiosity.] + Me payed ful ille to be out-fleme, + So sodenly of þat fayre regiou{n}, + Fro alle þo syȝteȝ so quykeȝ & queme. + A longey{n}g heuy me strok i{n} swone, 1180 + & rewfully þe{n}ne I con to reme; + “O perle,” q{uod} I, “of rych renou{n}, + So watȝ hit me dere þ{a}t þ{o}u con deme, + I{n} þys v{er}ay avysyou{n}; 1184 + If[49] hit be ueray & soth sermou{n}, + Þat þ{o}u so stykeȝ i{n} garlande gay, + So wel is me i{n} þys doel dou{n}gou{n}, + Þat þ{o}u art to þat prynseȝ paye.” 1188 + + [Sidenote 49: MS. _inf_.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 55b.]] + [Sidenote: Men desire more than they have any right to expect.] + To þat prynceȝ paye hade I ay bente, + & ȝerned no more þen watȝ me geuen, + & halden me þer in trwe entent, + As þe perle me prayed þat watȝ so þryuen, 1192 + As helde drawen to goddeȝ p{re}sent, + To mo of his mysterys I hade ben dryuen. + Bot ay wolde man of happe more hente + Þen moȝten by ryȝt vpon hem clyuen; 1196 + Þer-fore my ioye watȝ sone to-riuen, + & I kaste of kytheȝ þat lasteȝ aye. + Lorde! mad hit arn þat agayn þe stryuen, + Oþ{er} proferen þe oȝt agayn þy paye; 1200 + +[Headnote: GOD GIVE US GRACE TO SERVE HIM.] + + [Sidenote: The good Christian knows how to make peace + with God. God give us grace to be his servants!] + To pay þe p{r}ince oþ{er} sete saȝte, + Hit is ful eþe to þe god krystyin; + For I haf fou{n}den hym boþe day & naȝte, + A god, a lorde, a frende ful fyin. 1204 + Ou{er} þis hyl[50] þis lote I laȝte, + For pyty of my perle enclyin, + & syþen to god I hit by-taȝte, + In krysteȝ dere blessy{n}g & myn, 1208 + Þat in þe forme of bred & wyn, + Þe preste v{us} scheweȝ vch a daye; + He gef v{us} to be his homly hyne, + Ande precio{us} perleȝ vnto his pay. Amen. Amen. 1212 + + [Sidenote 50: MS. _hyiıl_.] + + + + +NOTES: _The Pearl_. + + +Page 1. + + l. 2, _to_, very. + 8 _sengeley in synglure_, ever in singleness (uniqueness). + Now is Susan in sale _sengeliche_ arayed. + Pistel of Susan, Vernon MS., fol. 317. + 11 _dewyne_, pine; _for-dolked_, for-wounded (severely hurt). + 16 _heuen my happe_, increase my happiness. + 17 _þrych my hert þrange_, through my heart pierce. + 20 _stylle stounde_, a secret sorrow. + 23 + _O moul þou marreȝ a myry mele_, + O mould (earth) thou spoilest a merry discourse. + +P. 2. + + l. 27 + _Blomeȝ blayke & blwe & rede_, + Flowers yellow, blue, and red. + 49 _spenned_, wrung. + 51, 52 + A secret grief in my heart dinned (resounded), + Though reason set myself at peace. + 53 _spenned_, allured, enticed away. + 54 + _Wyth fyrte skylleȝ þat faste faȝt_, + With trembling doubts that fast fought (struggled). + +P. 3. + + l. 76 bolleȝ = _boleȝ_, trunks of trees. + 78 _on vch a tynde_, on each branch. + 92 _reken myrþe_, pleasant, joyous mirth. + +P. 4. + + l. 99 _Þe derþe þer-of_, the value (preciousness) thereof. + 101 _in wely wyse_, in joyful mood. + 102 _dereȝ_, injuries, harms. + 103 _fyrre_, farther. + 105 _raweȝ & randeȝ_, borders and paths. + 107 _I wan to_, I reached. _Winne_ in O.E. was used much in the same + way as we now employ the word _get_. + 112 + _Wyth a rownande rourde raykande aryȝt_, + With a murmuring (whispering) sound flowing aright. + 113 _founce_, bottom; _stepe_, bright. + 114 _glente_, shone; _glyȝt_, glistened. + 115 _A[s] stremande sterneȝ_, as glittering stars; _stroþe_, stout, + brave. + 119 _loȝe_, deep. + 125 _dryȝly haleȝ_, strongly (_or_ deeply) flows. + 126 _bred ful_ = _bred-ful_ = _bretful_ (?), full to the brim. + +P. 5. + + l. 131 _wayneȝ_, grants. + 132 _hitteȝ_, seeks. + 138 _gayn_, opposite. + 142 + _I hopede þat mote merked wore_, + I supposed that building was devised. + 149 _stote & stare_, stand (loiter) and gape. + 150-1 + _To fynde a forþe, faste con I fonde, + Bot woþeȝ mo I-wysse þer ware,_ + To find a way fast did I go, + But paths more indeed there were. + 153 _wonde_, cease, abstain (from fear). + 155 _nwe note_, a new matter. + 163 _blysnande whyt_, glistening white. See 197. + +P. 6. + + l. 165 _schere_, purify, refine. + 169 + _Þe more I frayste hyr fayre face._ + The more I examined her fair face. + _frayst_ (_fraist_) usually signifies to try, tempt. + 170 _fonte_, tried, examined, _found_. + 176 + _Such a burre myȝt make myn herte blunt_, + Such a blow might make mine heart faint. + 179 + _Þat stonge myn hert ful stray atount_, + Should we not read--Þat stonge myn hert ful stray a stount (?), + “full stray a stount” = a blow full stray. + 187 _chos_, was following, was seeking. + 188 + _Er I at steuen hir moȝt stalle_, + Before I could place her within reach of discourse. + 190 _seme_ = _semely_, seemly. + +P. 7. + + l. 208 _flurted_, figured. Cf. _flurt_-silk, figured-silk. + 210 + _Her here heke al hyr vmbe-gon_, + Her hair eke (also) all her about gone. + 212 _Her ble more blaȝt_, her complexion whiter. + 213 _schorne golde schyr_, refined gold pure. + 216 _porfyl_, hem of a dress, or rather an embroidered hem. + 217 _poyned_, ornamented, trimmed. + 223-4 _A manneȝ dom myȝt dryȝly demme,_ + _Er mynde moȝt malte in hit mesure,_ + A man’s judgment might greatly dim, + Before (his) mind could discourse of it in sufficient terms + of praise. + 226 _No_ = _ne_ (nor) would be a better reading. + 230 _wyþer half_, opposite side. + +P. 8. + + l. 243 _myn one_, myself. + 244 _layned_, kept secret, hidden. + 251 _Fro_, from the time that. + _towen & twayned_, made two and separated. + +P. 9. + + l. 272 _is put in pref_, has been proved. + 275 _bote of þy meschef_, the remedy of thy misfortune (misery). + 290 _Wy borde ȝe men so madde ȝe be?_ + Why should you talk, so foolish you are? + +P. 10. + + l. 307 _westernays_, wrongly, in vain? It may be another form of + westernways, from the A.Sax. _wéste_, barren, empty; _wéstern_, + a desert place. Or is it connected with A.Sax. _winstre_, the + left hand? + 320 + _Þy corse in clot mot colder keue_, + Thy body in earth (clods) must colder plunge. + 321 _for-garte_ forfeited. + 322 _ȝore fader_ for _form-fader_, first-father. + 323 _drwry_ = _drery_, dreary (?). _boȝ_ (= _bos_ = _bus_ ?) _vch ma_ + (_man_ ?) _dreue_, behoves each man to drive (go). See B. l. 687. + 327-8 + _Now haf I fonte þat I for-lete + Schal I efte forgo hit er euer I fyne?_ + Now I have found what I have lost. + Shall I again forego it ere ever I die? + +P. 11. + + l. 336 _durande doel_, lasting grief. + 343 + _For anger gayneȝ þe not a cresse_, + For anger avails the not a cress, (_i.e._ not a mite). + Cf. the following passage from “Piers Ploughman,” p. 174, l. 5629: + “Wisdom and wit now + Is noght worth a _kerse_.” + 353 + _Stynst (stynt?) of þy strot & fyne to flyte_, + Leave off thy complaining and cease to chide. + 354 _blyþe_ is here used as a substantive in the sense of bliss, joy. + _swefte_ = swift. + 356 _hyr crafteȝ kyþe_, manifest her powers. + 359-60 + _For marre oþer madde, morne & myþe, + Al lys in him to dyȝt & deme._ + For to ruin, or make foolish, grieve or to soothe, + All lies in him to order and doom. + 363 _If rapely raue_, etc. = _If rapely I raue_, etc. (?) + 368 Though I go astray, my dear, adored one. + +P. 12. + + l. 369 _lyþeȝ_, grant. + 374 + _Bot much þe bygger ȝet watȝ my mon, + Fro þou watȝ wroken fro vch a woþe._ + But much the greater yet was my moan (sorrow), + From (the time) thou wast banished from every path. + 377 _now leþeȝ my loþe_, now my sorrow ceases (is softened). + 382 _marereȝ_ = _mareȝ_ (?). + 386 _mate_, dejected. + 402 _I hete þe_, I promise the. + +P. 14. + + l. 446 _in hyt self beyng_, in its very being. + 455 _gyng_, company. + 460 _Temen_, are united, joined. + _tryste_, trusty, faithful, firm. + +P. 16. + + l. 511 _wryþen_, toil, literally to turn, twist. + 512 _keruen_, dig. + _caggen_, draw. + _man_ = _maken_, make. Cf. _ma_ = make, _ta_ = take, _tan_ = taken. + 522 _toȝt_, binding, firm. + 524 _pray_ (so in MS.), read _pay_. + 536 _at ȝe moun_, that ye are able. + +P. 17. + + l. 560 _a grete_, in the gross, a head. + 563 _plete_, plead, ask for. + 572 _be_ = _he_ (?). + +P. 18. + + l. 575 + _Þaȝ her sweng wyth lyttel at-slykeȝ_, + Though their labour (blow) with little falls off (fails to + accomplish much). + 605 _chyche_, niggard. + 608 _goteȝ_, streams; _charde_, past tense of _charre_, to turn, + deviate. + +P. 19. + + l. 617 _bourne abate_ = _burne abade_, man continued. + 626 _by lyne_, by lineage descent. + +P. 20. + + l. 645 + _Bot þer on com a bote as-tyt_, + But there came one as a remedy at once. + 659 _in sely stounde_, in a happy moment. + 671 _glente_, fell, slided. + +P. 21. + + l. 680 _dylle_, slow, sluggish. + 681 _dyt_ = _dyde_, did (?), or _dotȝ_, does (?). + 690 _oure_, prayer. + +P. 22. + + l. 726 _sulpande synne_, defiling, polluting, sin. + 727 _bylde_, building. + 735 _reme_, realm. + +P. 23. + + l. 752 _Of carpe_, discourse of. + 754 _hauyng_, condition, behaviour. + 757 _bete_, save, ransom. + 759 _make_, wife. + 775 _vnder cambe_ = _under-cam_, came under, took an inferior + position (?). + +P. 24. + + l. 802 + _& as a lombe þat clypper in lande nem_, + And as a lamb that a _shearer_ has taken, etc. + 813-4 For us he let himself be scourged and buffetted, and stretched + upon a rough tree (_i.e._ nailed to the cross). + +P. 25. + + l. 836 _as bare_, (?) _al bare_, openly. See 1025. + 837 + _Lesande þe boke with leueȝ sware_, + Opening the book with leaves square. + 839 + _& at þat syȝt vche douth con dare_, + And at that sight each doughty (one) did tremble (with fear). + 849 enle = _eneli_ = onely or _onlepi_ (?) = singly, alone. + +P. 26. + + l. 865 _talle farande_ = _tale farande_, pleasing story. + 873 _hue_, cry, voice. + 876 _lote_, sound. + +P. 27. + + l. 896 _lote_, features. + 909 _hynde_ = _hende_, gentle, courteous (one). + 911 _bustwys as a blose_, boisterous (wild) as a blaze (flame). + 916 + _With nay þou neuer my ruful bone_, + Do thou never refuse my mournful request. + +P. 28. + + l. 948 + _So is hys mote with-outen moote_, + So is his building without mote (blemish). + +P. 29. + + ll. 975-6 _& I an-endeȝ þe on his syde + Schal sve, tyl þou to a hil be veued,_ + And I opposite thee on this side + Shall go, till thou to a hill be passed. + 980-81 + _& blusched on þe burghe, as I forth dreued, + Byȝonde þe brok fro me warde keued,_ + And looked on the city, as I forth drove (urged), + Beyond the brook that cut me off from (the object of my desire). + +P. 30. + + l. 1018 _Masporye_ = _was pure_ (?). + 1022 _brode & stayre_, broad and steep (high). + 1026 _þat glent as glayre_, that shone as amber. + +P. 31. + + l. 1030 _fon_, ceased, the preterite of _fine_. + 1038 _fateȝ_ = _fadeȝ_, fades. + 1041 _whateȝ_ = _watȝ_, was. + +P. 32. + + ll. 1065-66 _Þe ȝates stoken watȝ neuer ȝet, + Bot euer more vpen at vche a lone._ + The gates shut were never yet, + But ever more open at every lane. + 1073 _to euen with_, to equal with, to match with. + 1084 _falure_ = _fasure_, form (?). + +P. 33. + + l. 1124 _to loue_, to praise. + 1127 _in melle_ = _in-melle_ = _i-melle_, among. Cf. _in-lyche_ and + _i-lyche_, etc. + +P. 34. + + l. 1141 + _Þe lombe delyt non lyste to wene_, + The lamb’s delight none desired to doubt. + 1146 _laste and lade_, followed and preceded (?). + 1161 + _Bot of þat munt I watȝ bi-talt_, + But from that purpose I was aroused (shaken). + 1163 _bi-calt_ = _bi-called_ (?), called away. + +P. 35. + + l. 1165 _flonc_ = _flong_ (?), flung. + 1193 _helde_, willingly (inclined). + + + + + Errata (noted by transcriber) + +Minor spelling variations-- such as added or missing final “e”-- between +the main text and endnotes were left as printed. + + [61 Sidenote] ... where the rocks and cliffs ... [Where] + [278] & iueleȝ wern hyr ge{n}tyl saweȝ, [saweȝ”] + [373 Sidenote] ... his bale and bliss. [bliss,] + [775] So mony a cumly on v{n}der cambe, [vu{n}der] + [_spelling changed to agree with Note_] + [993 Sidenote] the foundation composed of twelve stones. [The] + [1059 Sidenote] it flowed through each street. [It] + [1205] Ou{er} þis hyl[50] þis lote I laȝte, + [Sidenote 50] MS. _hyiil_. + [_1864 edition had “hyiil” in the body text, + with note “_hye-hil_ or _hyul_?”] + + ORPHANED QUOTATION MARKS + [396] Hit is i{n} grou{n}de of alle my blysse.” + [501] “My regne, he saytȝ, is lyk on hyȝt, + [602] Þat gentyl sayde “lys no Ioparde, + [744] & porchace þy perle maskelles.” + [902] Q{uod} I, “my perle þaȝ I appose, + [939] “Þat is þe cyte þat þe lombe con fonde + [966] “Þ{o}u may not enter w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne hys tor, + + NOTES + 78 _on vch a tynde_, on each branch. [vcha] + 213 _schorne golde schyr_, refined gold pure. [_, missing_] + 223-4 _A manneȝ dom myȝt dryȝly demme, [_. for ,_] + 343 For anger avails the not a cress + [_modern text unchanged: error for “thee”?_] + Cf. the following passage from “Piers Ploughman,” [Piers’] + 536 [535] + 865 [864] + 1026 [1025] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +CLEANNESS. + + + [Headnotes: + THE PARABLE OF THE MARRIAGE FEAST. + THOSE INVITED TO THE FEAST REFUSE TO COME. + THE HALT AND THE BLIND ARE INVITED. + THE MAN WITHOUT A WEDDING GARMENT. + GOD IS DISPLEASED WITH THE WICKED. + THE FALL OF THE ANGELS. + THE WICKEDNESS OF THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. + GOD DETERMINES TO DESTROY ALL FLESH. + NOAH IS COMMANDED TO BUILD AN ARK. + THE RAIN DESCENDS. + ALL ROT IN THE MUD. + THE ARK RESTS ON MOUNT ARARAT. + NOAH SENDS FORTH A DOVE. + NOAH LEAVES THE ARK. + THE BEASTS ARE DISPERSED. + GOD’S HATRED OF WICKEDNESS. + ABRAHAM RECEIVES THREE GUESTS, AND ENTERTAINS THEM. + GOD DISCLOSES HIS PURPOSE TO ABRAHAM. + THE FILTHINESS OF SODOM AND GOMORRAH. + ABRAHAM PLEADS FOR THE CITIES. + MESSENGERS ARE SENT TO LOT. + LOT ENTERTAINS THE MESSENGERS. + LOT’S HOUSE IS BESET. + THE MEN OF SODOM SMITTEN WITH BLINDNESS. + LOT IS SENT OUT OF THE CITY. + THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CITIES. + LOT’S WIFE BECOMES A STIFF STONE. + THE DEAD SEA COVERS THE FIVE CITIES. + IT IS A TOKEN OF WICKEDNESS AND VENGEANCE. + CHRIST WAS EVER PURE. + PENANCE MAKES MAN PURE AS A PEARL. + GOD PUNISHES IMPURITY. + NEBUCHADNEZZAR BESIEGES JERUSALEM. + THE KING OF JUDAH IS MADE PRISONER. + NEBUZARDAN PILLAGES THE TEMPLE. + NEBUCHADNEZZAR IS PLEASED WITH THE SPOIL. + HE PRIZES GREATLY THE SACRED JEWELRY. + BELSHAZZAR PROCLAIMS A FEAST, TO WHICH KINGS AND EMPERORS + ARE INVITED. + BELSHAZZAR BRINGS OUT THE SACRED VESSELS TO DECK THE FESTIVE HALL. + THE SACRED VESSELS ARE DEFILED. + THE HANDWRITING ON THE WALL. + THE KING CONSULTS HIS DIVINERS. + DANIEL IS SENT FOR. + DANIEL DESCRIBES HOW NEBUCHADNEZZAR WAS PUNISHED FOR HIS PRIDE. + THE INTERPRETATION OF THE HANDWRITING. + DARIUS LAYS SIEGE TO BABYLON. + BELSHAZZAR IS BEATEN TO DEATH.] + + +I. + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 57a.]] + [Sidenote: Cleanness discloses fair forms.] + Cla{n}nesse who-so kyndly cowþe co{m}ende, + & rekken vp alle þe resou{n}ȝ þ{a}t ho by riȝt askeȝ, + Fayre formeȝ myȝt he fy{n}de i{n} foreri{n}g his speche, + & in þe co{n}traré, kark & co{m}brau{n}ce huge; 4 + [Sidenote: God is angry with the unclean worshipper, and with + false priests.] + For wonder wroth is þe wyȝ þ{a}t wroȝt alle þi{n}g{es}, + Wyth þe freke þat i{n} fylþe folȝes hy{m} aft{er}, + As renkeȝ of relygiou{n} þat reden & sy{n}gen, + & aprochen to hys presens, & presteȝ arn called; 8 + Thay teen vnto his te{m}mple & teme{n} to hy{m} seluen, + Reken w{i}t{h} reu{er}ence þay r[ec]hen his auter, + Þay hondel þer his aune body & vsen hit boþe. + [Sidenote: The pure worshipper receives great reward.] + If þay in cla{n}nes be clos þay cleche gret mede, 12 + Bot if þay conterfete crafte, & cortaysye wont, + [Sidenote: The impure will bring upon them the anger of God, Who + is pure and holy.] + As be honest vtwyth, & i{n}-with alle fylþeȝ, + Þen ar þay synful hemself & sulped altogeder, + Boþe god & his gere, & hy{m} to greme cachen. 16 + He is so clene in his co{ur}te, þe ky{n}g þ{a}t al weldeȝ, + & honeste in his ho{us}-holde & hagherlych serued, + With angeleȝ eno{ur}led in alle þat is clene, + [Sidenote: It would be a marvel if God did not hate evil.] + Boþe w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne & w{i}t{h}-outen, i{n} wedeȝ ful bryȝt. 20 + Nif he nere scoym{us} & skyg & non scaþe louied, + Hit were a meruayl to much, hit moȝt not falle; + [Sidenote: Christ showed us that himself.] + Kryst kydde hit hym self i{n} a carp oneȝ, + Þer as he heuened aȝt happeȝ & hyȝt hem her medeȝ; 24 + [Sidenote: St. Matthew records the discourse.] + Me myneȝ on one amo{n}ge oþ{er}, as maþew recordeȝ, + Þat þ{us} of clannesse vn-closeȝ a ful cler speche. + [Sidenote: The clean of heart shall look on our Lord.] + Þe haþel clene of his hert hapeneȝ ful fayre, + For he schal loke on oure lorde w{i}t{h} a bone chere, 28 + As so saytȝ, to þat syȝt seche schal he neu{er}, + Þat any vncla{n}nesse hatȝ on, anwhere[1] abowte: + For he þ{a}t flem{us} vch fylþe fer fro his hert, + May not byde þat burne[2] þat hit his body neȝen; 32 + For-þy hyȝ not to heuen i{n} hatereȝ to-torne, + Ne i{n} þe harloteȝ hod & handeȝ vnwaschen; + [Sidenote: What earthly noble, when seated at table above dukes, + would like to see a lad badly attired approach the table with + “rent cockers,” his coat torn and his toes out?] + For what vrþly haþel þat hyȝ hono{ur} haldeȝ + Wolde lyke, if a ladde com lyþ{er}ly attyred, 36 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 57b.]] + When he were sette solempnely i{n} a sete ryche, + Abof dukes on dece, w{i}t{h} dayntys serued, + Þen þe harlot w{i}t{h} haste helded to þe table + W{i}t{h} rent cokreȝ at þe kne & his clutte trasches, 40 + & his tabarde to-torne & his toteȝ oute; + [Sidenote: For any one of these he would be turned out with a + “big buffet,” and be forbidden to re-enter, and thus be ruined + through his vile clothes.] + Oþ{er} ani on of alle þyse he schulde be halden vtt{er}, + With mony blame ful bygge, a boffet, p{er}au{n}t{er}, + Hurled to þe halle dore & harde þ{er}-oute schowued, 44 + & be forboden þat borȝe to bowe þider neu{er}, + On payne of enprysonment & putty{n}g i{n} stokkeȝ; + & þ{us} schal he be schent for his schrowde feble, + Þaȝ neu{er} i{n} talle ne in tuch he trespas more. 48 + +[Headnote: THE PARABLE OF THE MARRIAGE FEAST.] + + [Sidenote: The parable of the “Marriage of the King’s Son.”] + & if vnwelcu{m} he were to a worþlych prynce + Ȝet hy{m} is þe hyȝe ky{n}g harder i{n} her euen, + As maþew meleȝ in his masse of þat man ryche, + Þat made þe mukel mangerye to marie his here dere, 52 + & sende his sonde þen to say þat þay samne schulde, + & in comly quoyntis to com to his feste; + [Sidenote: The king’s invitation.] + “For my boles & my boreȝ arn bayted & slayne, + & my fedde fouleȝ fatted w{i}t{h} sclaȝt, 56 + My polyle þat is pe{n}ne-fed & partrykes boþe, + Wyth scheldeȝ of wylde swyn, swaneȝ & croneȝ; + Al is roþeled & rosted ryȝt to þe sete, + Comeȝ cof to my corte, er hit colde worþe.” 60 + +[Headnote: THOSE INVITED TO THE FEAST REFUSE TO COME.] + + [Sidenote: Those invited begin to make excuses.] + When þay knewen his cal þ{a}t þider com schulde, + Alle ex-cused hem by þe skyly he scape by moȝt: + [Sidenote: One had bought an estate and must go to see it.] + On hade boȝt hym a borȝ he sayde by hys t{ra}wþe, + Now t[ur]ne I þeder als tyd, þe tou{n} to by-holde; 64 + [Sidenote: Another had purchased some oxen and wished to see + them “pull in the plough.”] + An oþ{er} nayed also & nurned þis cawse: + I haf ȝerned & ȝat ȝokkeȝ of oxen, + & for my hyȝeȝ hem boȝt, to bowe haf I mest{er}, + To see hem pulle in þe plow aproche me byhoueȝ; 68 + [A third had married a wife and could not come.] + & I haf wedded a wyf, sower[3] hy{m} þe þryd, + Excuse me at þe co{ur}t, I may not com þere; + Þ{us} þay droȝ hem adreȝ w{i}t{h} dau{n}g{er} vchone, + Þat non passed to þe place[4] þaȝ he prayed were. 72 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 58a.]] + [Sidenote: The Lord was greatly displeased, and commanded his + servants to invite the wayfaring, both men and women, the better + and the worse, that his palace might be full.] + The{n}ne þe ludych lorde lyked ful ille + & hade dedayn of þat dede, ful dryȝly he carpeȝ: + He saytȝ “now for her owne sorȝe þay for-saken habbeȝ, + More to wyte is her wrange, þen any wylle gentyl; 76 + Þe{n}ne gotȝ forth my gomeȝ to þe grete streeteȝ, + & forsetteȝ on vche a syde þe cete aboute; + Þe wayferande frekeȝ, on fote & on hors, + Boþe burneȝ & burdeȝ, þe bett{er} & þe wers, 80 + Laþeȝ hem alle luflyly to lenge at my fest, + & bry{n}geȝ hem blyþly to borȝe as barou{n}eȝ þay were, + So þat my palays plat-ful be pyȝt al aboute, + Þise oþ{er} wrecheȝ I-wysse worþy noȝt wern.” 84 + [Sidenote: The servants brought in bachelors and squires.] + Þe{n} þay cayred & com þat þe cost waked, + Broȝten bachlereȝ hem wyth þat þay by bonkeȝ metten, + Swyereȝ þat swyftly swyed on blonkeȝ, + & also fele vpon fote, of fre & of bonde. 88 + [Sidenote: When they came to the court they were well + entertained.] + When þay com to þe co{ur}te keppte wern þay fayre, + Styȝtled w{i}t{h} þe stewarde, stad i{n} þe halle, + Ful man{er}ly w{i}t{h} marchal mad forto sitte, + As he watȝ dere of de-gre dressed his seete. 92 + [Sidenote: The servants tell their lord that they have done his + behest, and there is still room for more guests.] + Þe{n}ne seggeȝ to þe souerayn sayden þer-aft{er}, + “Lo! lorde w{i}t{h} yo{ur} leue at yo{ur} lege heste, + & at þi ba{n}ne we haf broȝt, as þ{o}u beden habbeȝ, + Mony renischche renkeȝ & ȝet is rou{m} more.” 96 + +[Headnote: THE HALT AND THE BLIND ARE INVITED.] + + [Sidenote: The Lord commands them to go out into the fields, and + bring in the halt, blind, and “one-eyed.”] + Sayde þe lorde to þo ledeȝ, “layteȝ ȝet ferre, + Ferre out i{n} þe felde, & fecheȝ mo gesteȝ, + Wayteȝ gorsteȝ & greueȝ, if ani gomeȝ lyggeȝ, + What-kyn folk so þer fare, fecheȝ hem hider, 100 + Be þay fers, be þay feble for-loteȝ[5] none, + Be þay hol, be þay halt, be þay onyȝed, + & þaȝ þay ben boþe blynde & balt{er}ande cruppeleȝ, + [Sidenote: For those who denied shall not taste “one sup” to + save them from death.] + Þat my ho{us} may holly by halkes by fylled; 104 + For certeȝ þyse ilk renkeȝ þat me renayed habbe + & de-nou{n}ced me, noȝt now at þis tyme, + Schul neu{er} sitte in my sale my sop{er} to fele, + Ne suppe on sope of my seve, þaȝ[6] þay swelt schulde.” 108 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 58b.]] + [Sidenote: The palace soon became full of “people of all + plights.”] + The{n}ne þe sergau{n}teȝ, at þat sawe, swengen þ{er}-oute, + & diden þe dede þat [is] demed, as he deuised hade, + & w{i}t{h} peple of alle plyteȝ þe palays þay fyllen; + [Sidenote: They were not all one wife’s sons, nor had they all + one father.] + Hit weren not alle on wyueȝ su{n}eȝ, wonen w{i}t{h} on fader; 112 + Wheþ{er} þay wern worþy, oþ{er} wers, wel wern þay stowed, + [Sidenote: The “brightest attired” had the best place.] + Ay þe best byfore & bryȝtest atyred, + Þe derrest at þe hyȝe dese þat dubbed wer fayrest; + [Sidenote: Below sat those with “poor weeds.”] + & syþen on lenþe biloogh{e} ledeȝ inogh, 116 + & ay a segge soerly[7] semed by her wedeȝ; + So with marschal at her mete mensked þay were, + Clene men i{n} compaynye for-knowen wern lyte, + [Sidenote: All are well entertained “with meat and minstrelsy.”] + & ȝet þe symplest in þ{a}t sale watȝ serued to þe fulle, 120 + Boþe with menske, & w{i}t{h} mete & mynstrasy noble, + & alle þe laykeȝ þat a lorde aȝt i{n} londe schewe. + [Sidenote: Each with his “mate” made him at ease.] + & þay bigo{n}ne to be glad þat god dri{n}k haden, + & vch mon w{i}t{h} his mach made hy{m} at ese. 124 + + [Sidenote 1: _aywhere_ (?).] + [Sidenote 2: Looks like _burre_ in MS.] + [Sidenote 3: _swer_ (?).] + [Sidenote 4: MS. _plate_.] + [Sidenote 5: _forleteȝ_ (?).] + [Sidenote 6: MS. þaȝ þaȝ.] + [Sidenote 7: _soberly_ (?).] + + +[Headnote: THE MAN WITHOUT A WEDDING GARMENT.] + +II. + + [Sidenote: The lord of the feast goes among his guests.] + Now i{n}-myddeȝ þe mete þe mayst{er} hym biþoȝt, + Þat he wolde se þe semblé þ{a}t samned was þ{er}e, + & re-hayte rekenly þe riche & þe pou{er}en,[8] + & cherisch hem alle w{i}t{h} his cher, & chaufen her Ioye, 128 + Þen he boweȝ fro his bour i{n} to þe brode halle, + [Sidenote: Bids them be merry.] + & to þe best on þe bench, & bede hy{m} be myry, + Solased hem w{i}t{h} semblau{n}t & syled fyrre; + Tron fro table to table & talkede ay myrþe, 132 + [Sidenote: On the floor he finds one not arrayed for a holyday.] + Bot as he ferked ou{er} þe flor he fande w{i}t{h} his yȝe, + Hit watȝ not for a haly day honestly arayed, + A þral þryȝt i{n} þe þrong vnþryuandely cloþed, + Ne no festiual frok, bot fyled with werkkeȝ. 136 + Þe gome watȝ vn-garnyst w{i}t{h} god me{n} to dele, + & gremed þ{er}-w{i}t{h} þe grete lord & greue hy{m} he þoȝt; + [Sidenote: Asks him how he obtained entrance, and how he was so + bold as to appear in such rags.] + “Say me, frende,” q{uod} þe freke w{i}t{h} a felle chere, + “Hov wan þ{o}u into þis won i{n} wedeȝ so fowle? 140 + Þe abyt þat þ{o}u hatȝ vpon, no haly day hit menskeȝ; + Þ{o}u burne for no brydale art busked i{n} wedeȝ! + How watȝ þ{o}u hardy þis ho{us} for þyn vnhap [to] neȝe, + I{n} on so ratted a robe & rent at þe sydeȝ? 144 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 59a.]] + Þow art a gome vn-goderly i{n} þat gou{n} febele; + Þ{o}u praysed me & my place ful pou{er} & ful [g]nede, + [Sidenote: Does he take him to be a harlot?] + Þat watȝ so prest to aproche my p{re}sens here-i{n}ne; + Hopeȝ þ{o}u I be a harlot þi erigant to prayse?” 148 + Þat oþ{er} burne watȝ abayst of his broþe wordeȝ, + [Sidenote: The man becomes discomfited.] + & hurkeleȝ dou{n} with his hede, þe vrþe he bi-holdeȝ; + He watȝ so scou{m}fit of his scylle, lest he skaþe hent, + [Sidenote: He is unable to reply.] + Þat he ne wyst on worde what he warp schulde. 152 + [Sidenote: The lord commands him to be bound, and cast into a + deep dungeon.] + Þe{n} þe lorde wonder loude laled & cryed, + & talkeȝ to his tormentto{ur}eȝ: “takeȝ hym,” he biddeȝ, + “Byndeȝ byhynde, at his bak, boþe two his handeȝ, + & felle fett{er}eȝ to his fete festeneȝ bylyue; 156 + Stik hym stifly i{n} stokeȝ, & stekeȝ hy{m} þ{er}-aft{er} + Depe i{n} my dou{n}gou{n} þ{er} doel eu{er} dwelleȝ, + Greui{n}g, & grety{n}g, & gryspy{n}g harde + Of teþe tenfully to-geder, to teche hy{m} be quoy{n}t.” 160 + [Sidenote: This feast is likened to the kingdom of heaven, to + which all are invited.] + Thus comparisu{n}eȝ kryst þe kyndom of heueñ, + To þis frelych feste þat fele arn to called, + For alle arn laþed luflyly, þe luþ{er} & þe bett{er}, + Þat eu{er} wern fulȝed i{n} font þat fest to haue. 164 + [Sidenote: See that thy weeds are clean.] + Bot war þe wel, if þ{o}u wylt, þy wedeȝ ben clene, + & honest for þe haly day, lest þ{o}u harme lache, + For aproch þ{o}u to þat prynce of parage noble. + He hat{es} helle no more þe{n} hem þat ar sowle.[9] 168 + +[Headnote: GOD IS DISPLEASED WITH THE WICKED.] + + [Sidenote: Thy weeds are thy works that thou hast wrought.] + Wich arn þe{n}ne þy wedeȝ þ{o}u wrappeȝ þe i{n}ne, + Þat schal schewe he{m} so schene schrowde of þe best? + Hit arn þy werkeȝ wyt{er}ly, þ{a}t þ{o}u wroȝt haueȝ, + & lyued w{i}t{h} þe lyky{n}g þ{a}t lyȝe in þy{n} hert, 172 + Þat þo be frely & fresch fonde i{n} þy lyue, + & fetyse of a fayr forme, to fote & to honde, + & syþe{n} alle þy{n} oþ{er} lymeȝ lapped ful clene, + [Sidenote: For many faults may a man forfeit bliss.] + Þe{n}ne may þ{o}u se þy sauior & his sete ryche. 176 + For fele fauteȝ may a freke forfete his blysse, + [Sidenote: For sloth and pride he is thrust into the devil’s + throat.] + Þat he þe sou{er}ayn ne se þen, for slauþe one, + As for bobau{n}ce & bost & bolnande p{r}iyde, + Þroly i{n}-to þe deueleȝ þrote man þry{n}geȝ bylyue, 180 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 59b.]] + [Sidenote: He is ruined by covetousness, perjury, murder, theft, + and strife.] + For couetyse, & colwarde & croked dedeȝ, + For mon-sworne, & men-sclaȝt, & to much drynk, + For þefte, & for þrepy{n}g, vn-þonk may mon haue; + [Sidenote: For robbery and ribaldry, for preventing marriages, + and supporting the wicked, for treason, treachery, and tyranny, + man may lose eternal bliss.] + For roborrye, & riboudrye & resou{n}eȝ vntrwe, 184 + & dysheriete & depryue dowrie of wydoeȝ, + For marry{n}g of maryageȝ & may{n}tnau{n}ce of schreweȝ, + For traysou{n}, & trichcherye, & tyrau{n}tyré boþe,[10] + & for fals famacions & fayned laweȝ; 188 + Man may mysse þe myrþe, þat much is to prayse, + For such vnþeweȝ as þise & þole much payne, + & i{n} þe creatores cort com neu{er} more, + Ne neu{er} see hym with syȝt for such sour to{ur}neȝ. 192 + + [Sidenote 8: MS. poueu{er}.] + [Sidenote 9: _fowle_ (?).] + [Sidenote 10: loþe (?).] + + +[Headnote: THE FALL OF THE ANGELS.] + +III. + + Bot I haue herkned & herde of mony hyȝe clerkeȝ, + & als i{n} resou{n}eȝ of ryȝt red hit my seluen, + [Sidenote: The high Prince of all is displeased with those who + work wickedly.] + Þ{a}t þat ilk prop{er} prynce þat paradys weldeȝ + Is displesed at vch a poy{n}t þat plyes to scaþe. 196 + Bot neu{er} ȝet i{n} no boke breued I herde + Þat eu{er} he wrek so wyþ{er}ly on werk þat he made, + Ne venged for no vilté of vice ne sy{n}ne, + Ne so hastyfly watȝ hot for hatel of his wylle, 200 + Ne neu{er} so sodenly soȝt vn-sou{n}dely to weng, + As for fylþe of þe flesch þat foles han vsed; + For as I fynde þ{er} he forȝet alle his fre þewes, + [Sidenote: For the first fault the devil committed, he felt + God’s vengeance.] + & wex wod to þe wrache, for wrath at his hert, 204 + For þe fyrste felonye þe falce fende wroȝt. + Whyl he watȝ hyȝe i{n} þe heuen houen vpon lofte, + Of alle þyse aþel au{n}geleȝ attled þe fayrest, + [Sidenote: He, the fairest of all angels, forsook his sovereign, + and boasted that his throne should be as high as God’s.] + & he vnkyndely as a karle kydde areward, 208 + He seȝ noȝt bot hym self how semly he were, + Bot his sou{er}ayn he forsoke & sade þyse wordeȝ: + “I schal telde vp my trone i{n} þe tra mou{n}tayne + & by lyke to þat lorde þat þe lyft made. 212 + With þis worde þat he warp, þe wrake on hy{m} lyȝt, + [Sidenote: For these words he was cast down to hell.] + Dryȝtyn w{i}t{h} his dere dom hym drof to þe abyme, + I{n} þe mesure of his mode, his metȝ neu{er} þe lasse, + Bot þer he tynt þe tyþe dool of his to{ur} ryche, 216 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 60a.]] + Þaȝ þe felou{n} were so fers for his fayre wedeȝ + & his glorio{us} glem þat glent so bryȝt; + As sone as dryȝtyneȝ dome drof to hy{m} seluen, + [Þi]kke þowsandeȝ þro þrwen þer-oute 220 + [Sidenote: The fiends fell from heaven, like the thick snow, for + forty days.] + Fellen fro þe fyrmame{n}t, fendeȝ ful blake + Weued[11] at þe fyrst swap as þe snaw þikke, + Hurled i{n}-to helle-hole as þe hyue swarmeȝ; + Fyltyr fenden folk forty dayeȝ lencþe, 224 + Er þat styngande storme stynt ne myȝt; + Bot as smylt mele vnder smal siue smokes for-þikke, + [Sidenote: From heaven to hell the shower lasted.] + So fro heuen to helle þat hatel schor laste, + On vche syde of þe worlde aywhere ilyche. 228 + Þis[12] hit watȝ a brem brest & a byge wrache, + [Sidenote: The devil would not make peace with God.] + & ȝet wrathed not þe wyȝ, ne þe wrech saȝtled, + Ne neu{er} wolde, for wylnesful, his worþy god knawe, + Ne pray hym for no pité, so proud watȝ his wylle, 232 + [Sidenote: Affliction makes him none the better.] + For-þy þaȝ þe rape were rank, þe rawþe watȝ lyttel;[13] + Þaȝ he be kest into kare he kepes no bett{er}. + [Sidenote: For the fault of one, vengeance alighted upon all men.] + Bot þat oþ{er} wrake þat wex on wyȝeȝ, hit lyȝt + Þurȝ þe faut of a freke þat fayled i{n} trawþe. 236 + [Sidenote: Adam was ordained to live in bliss.] + A{da}m i{n} obedyent[14] ordaynt to blysse, + Þer pryuely i{n} paradys his place watȝ de-vised, + To lyue þer i{n} lyky{n}g þe lenþe of a terme, + & þe{n}ne en-herite þat home þat au{n}geleȝ for-gart, 240 + [Sidenote: Through Eve he ate an apple.] + Bot þurȝ þe eggy{n}g of eue he ete of an apple + Þat en-poysened alle pepleȝ þat parted fro hem boþe, + [Sidenote: Thus all his descendants became poisoned.] + For a defence þat watȝ dyȝt of dryȝtyn seluen, + & a payne þer-on put & pertly halden; 244 + Þe defence watȝ þe fryt þat þe freke towched, + & þe dom is þe deþe þat drepeȝ v{us} alle. + [Sidenote: A maiden brought a remedy for mankind.] + Al i{n} mesure & meþe watȝ mad þe vengiau{n}ce, + & efte amended w{i}t{h} a mayden þat make hade neu{er}. 248 + + [Sidenote 11: _wened_ (?).] + [Sidenote 12: _ȝis_ (?).] + [Sidenote 13: MS. _lyttlel_.] + [Sidenote 14: _obedience_ (?).] + + +[Headnote: THE WICKEDNESS OF THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD.] + +IV. + + Bot in þe þryd watȝ forþrast al þat þryue schuld, + [Sidenote: Malice was merciless.] + Þer watȝ malys mercyles & mawgre much scheued, + Þat watȝ for fylþe vpon folde þ{a}t þe folk vsed, + [Sidenote: A race of men came into the world, the fairest, the + merriest, and the strongest that ever were created.] + [Þ]at þen wonyed i{n} þe worlde w{i}t{h}-outen any mayst{er}ȝ; 252 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 60b.]] + Hit wern þe fayrest of forme & of face als, + Þe most & þe myriest þat maked wern euer, + Þe styfest, þe stalworþest þat stod eu{er} on fete; + & lengest lyf i{n} hem lent of ledeȝ alle oþ{er}, 256 + For hit was þe forme-foster þat þe folde bred, + [Sidenote: They were sons of Adam.] + Þe aþel au{n}cetereȝ su{n}eȝ þat ad{a}m watȝ called, + To wham god hade geuen alle þat gayn were, + Alle þe blysse boute blame þat bodi myȝt haue, 260 + & þose lykkest to þe lede þat lyued next aft{er}, + For-þy so semly to see syþe{n} wern none. + [Sidenote: No law was laid upon them.] + Þer watȝ no law to hem layd bot loke to kynde, + & kepe to hit, & alle hit cors clanly ful-fylle; 264 + [Sidenote: Nevertheless they acted unnaturally.] + & þe{n}ne fou{n}den þay fylþe i{n} fleschlych dedeȝ + & controeued agayn kynde contraré werkeȝ, + & vsed hem vn-þryftyly vchon on oþ{er}, + & als with oþ{er}, wylsfully, vpon a wrange wyse. 268 + [Sidenote: The “_fiends_” beheld how fair were the daughters of + these mighty men, and made fellowship with them and begat a race + of giants.] + So ferly fowled her flesch þat þe fende loked, + How þe deȝt{er} of þe douþe wern dere-lych fayre, + & fallen i{n} felaȝschyp w{i}t{h} hem on folken wyse + & en-gendered on hem ieau{n}teȝ w{i}t{h} her Iapeȝ ille. 272 + Þose wern men meþeleȝ & maȝty on vrþe, + Þat for her lodlych laykeȝ alosed þay were. + He watȝ famed[15] for fre þat feȝt loued best, + [Sidenote: The greatest fighter was reckoned the most famous.] + & ay þe bigest i{n} bale þe best watȝ halden; 276 + & þe{n}ne eueleȝ on erþe ernestly grewen + & multyplyed mony-folde i{n}-mongeȝ mankynde, + [Sidenote: The Creater of all becomes exceedingly wroth.] + For þat þe maȝty on molde so marre þise oþ{er}. + Þat þe wyȝe þat al wroȝt ful wroþly bygy{n}neȝ. 280 + +[Headnote: GOD DETERMINES TO DESTROY ALL FLESH.] + + When he knew vche contre corupte i{n} hit seluen, + & vch freke forloyned fro þe ryȝt wayeȝ, + [Sidenote: Fell anger touches His heart.] + Felle temptande tene towched his hert; + As wyȝe, wo hy{m} with-i{n}ne werp to hy{m} seluen: 284 + [Sidenote: It repents Him that He has made man.] + “Me for-þy{n}keȝ ful much þat eu{er} I mon made, + Bot I schal delyu{er} & do away þat doten on þis molde, + [Sidenote: He declares that all flesh shall be destroyed, both + man and beast.] + & fleme out of þe folde al þat flesch wereȝ, + Fro þe burne to þe best, fro bryddeȝ to fyscheȝ; 288 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 61a.]] + Al schal dou{n} & be ded & dryuen out of erþe, + Þat eu{er} I sette saule i{n}ne; & sore hit me rweȝ + Þat eu{er} I made hem my self; bot if I may her-aft{er}, + I schal wayte to be war her wrencheȝ to kepe.” 292 + [Sidenote: There was at this time living on the earth a very + righteous man: Noah was his name.] + Þe{n}ne i{n} worlde watȝ a wyȝe wonyande on lyue, + Ful redy & ful ryȝtwys, & rewled hy{m} fayre; + In þe drede of dryȝtyn his dayeȝ he vseȝ, + & ay glydande wyth his god his g{ra}ce watȝ þe more. 296 + Hy{m} watȝ þe nome Noe, as is i{n}noghe knawen, + [Sidenote: Three bold sons he had.] + He had þre þryuen su{n}eȝ & þay þre wyueȝ; + Sem soþly þat on, þat oþ{er} hyȝt cam + & þe Iolef Iapheth watȝ gendered þe þryd. 300 + [Sidenote: God in great anger speaks to Noah.] + Now god i{n} nwy to Noe co{n} speke, + Wylde wrakful wordeȝ i{n} his wylle greued: + “Þe ende of alle-kyneȝ flesch þat on vrþe meueȝ, + Is fallen forþ wyth my face & forþ{er} hit I þenk, 304 + W{i}t{h} her vn-worþelych werk me wlateȝ w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, + Þe gore þ{er}-of me hatȝ greued & þe glette nwyed; + [Sidenote: Declares that He will destroy all “that life has.”] + I schal strenkle my distresse & strye al to-geder, + Boþe ledeȝ & londe & alle þat lyf habbeȝ. 308 + +[Headnote: NOAH IS COMMANDED TO BUILD AN ARK.] + + [Sidenote: Commands him to make “a mansion” with dwellings for + wild and tame.] + Bot make to þe a manciou{n} & þat is my wylle, + A cofer closed of tres, clanlych planed; + Wyrk woneȝ þ{er}i{n}ne for wylde & for tame, + & þe{n}ne cleme hit w{i}t{h} clay comly w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne[16] 312 + & alle þe endentur dryuen daube w{i}t{h}-outen. + [Sidenote: To let the ark be three hundred cubits in length, + and fifty in breadth, and thirty in height, and a window in it a + cubit square.] + & þ{us} of lenþe & of large þat lome þ{o}u make, + Þre hundred of cupydeȝ þ{o}u holde to þe lenþe, + Of fyfty fayre ou{er}-þwert forme þe brede; 316 + & loke euen þat þyn ark haue of heȝþe þretté, + & a wyndow wyd vpon, wroȝt vpon lofte, + In þe compas of a cubit kyndely sware, + [Sidenote: Also a good shutting door in the side, together with + halls, recesses, bushes, and bowers, and well-formed pens.] + A wel dutande dor, don on þe syde; 320 + Haf halleȝ þer-i{n}ne & halkeȝ ful mony, + Boþe boskeȝ & bo{ur}eȝ & wel bou{n}den peneȝ; + For I schal waken vp a wat{er} to wasch alle þe worlde, + & quelle alle þat is quik w{i}t{h} quauende flodeȝ. 324 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 61b.]] + [Sidenote: For all flesh shall be destroyed, except Noah and his + family.] + Alle þat glydeȝ & gotȝ, & gost of lyf habbeȝ, + I schal wast with my wrath þat wons vpon vrþe; + Bot my forwarde w{i}t{h} þe I festen on þis wyse, + For þ{o}u in reysou{n} hatȝ rengned & ryȝtwys ben eu{er}; 328 + Þ{o}u schal ent{er} þis ark w{i}t{h} þyn aþel barneȝ + & þy wedded wyf; with þe þ{o}u take + Þe makeȝ of þy myry su{n}eȝ; þis meyny of aȝte + [Sidenote: Noah is told to take into the ark seven pairs of + every clean beast, and one of unclean kind, and to furnish the + ark with proper food.] + I schal saue of mo{n}neȝ sauleȝ, & swelt þose oþ{er}. 332 + Of vche best þat bereȝ lyf busk þe a cupple, + Of vche clene comly kynde enclose seuen makeȝ, + Of vche horwed, i{n} ark halde bot a payre, + For to saue me þe sede of alle ser kyndeȝ; 336 + & ay þ{o}u meng w{i}t{h} þe maleȝ þe mete ho-besteȝ, + Vche payre by payre to plese ayþ{er} oþ{er}; + W{i}t{h} alle þe fode þat may be fou{n}de frette þy cofer, + For sustnau{n}ce to yow self & also þose oþ{er}.” 340 + [Sidenote: Noah fills the ark.] + Ful grayþely gotȝ þis god ma{n} & dos godeȝ hestes, + In dryȝ dred & dau{n}ger, þat durst do non oþer. + Wen hit watȝ fettled & forged & to þe fulle grayþed, + Þe{n}n con dryȝttyn hym dele dryȝly þyse wordeȝ: 344 + + [Sidenote 15: _fained_ (?).] + [Sidenote 16: MS. w{i}t{h}i{n}me] + + +[Headnote: THE RAIN DESCENDS.] + +V. + + [Sidenote: God asks Noah whether all is ready.] + “Now Noe,” q{uod} oure lorde, “art þ{o}u al redy? + Hatȝ þ{o}u closed þy kyst w{i}t{h} clay alle aboute?” + [Sidenote: Noah replies that all is fully prepared.] + “Ȝe lorde w{i}t{h} þy leue,” sayde þe lede þe{n}ne, + “Al is wroȝt at þi worde, as þ{o}u me wyt lanteȝ.” 348 + [Sidenote: He is commanded to enter the ark, for God tells him + that he will send a rain to destroy all flesh.] + “Enter in þe{n}n,” q{uod} he, “& haf þi wyf w{i}t{h} þe, + Þy þre su{n}eȝ w{i}t{h}-outen þrep & her þre wyueȝ; + Besteȝ, as I bedene haue, bosk þ{er}-i{n}ne als, + & when ȝe arn staued, styfly stekeȝ yow þ{er}i{n}ne; 352 + Fro seuen dayeȝ ben seyed I sende out by-lyue, + Such a rowtande ryge þat rayne schal swyþe, + Þat schal wasch alle þe worlde of werkeȝ of fylþe; + Schal no flesch vpon folde by fonden onlyue; 356 + [Sidenote: Noah stows all safely in the ark.] + Out-taken yow aȝt i{n} þis ark staued, + & sed þat I wyl saue of þyse ser besteȝ.” + Now Noe neu{er} stysteȝ[17] (þat niyȝ[t] he bygy{n}neȝ), + Er al wer stawed & stoken, as þe steuen wolde. 360 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 62a.]] + [Sidenote: Seven days are passed.] + The{n}ne sone com þe seuenþe day, when samned wern alle, + & alle woned i{n} þe whichche þe wylde & þe tame. + [Sidenote: The deep begins to swell, banks are broken down, and + the clouds burst.] + Þe{n} bolned þe abyme & bonkeȝ con ryse, + Walt{es} out vch walle-heued, i{n} ful wode stremeȝ, 364 + Watȝ no bry{m}me þat abod vnbrosten bylyue, + Þe mukel lauande logh{e} to þe lyfte rered. + Mony clust{er}ed clowde clef alle i{n} clowteȝ, + To-rent vch a rayn-ryfte & rusched to þe vrþe; 368 + [Sidenote: It rains for forty days, and the flood rises, and + flows over the woods and fields.] + Fon neu{er} i{n} forty dayeȝ, & þe{n} þe flod ryses, + Ou{er}-walteȝ vche a wod & þe wyde feldeȝ; + For when þe wat{er} of þe welkyn w{i}t{h} þe worlde mette, + Alle þat deth moȝt dryȝe drowned þer-i{n}ne; 372 + Þer watȝ moon forto make when meschef was cnowen, + [Sidenote: All must drown.] + Þat noȝt dowed bot þe deth in þe depe stremeȝ. + Wat{er} wylger ay wax, woneȝ þat stryede, + Hurled i{n}-to vch ho{us}, hent þat þer dowelled. 376 + [Sidenote: The water enters the houses.] + Fyrst feng to þe flyȝt alle þat fle myȝt, + Vuche burde w{i}t{h} her barne þe byggy{n}g þay leueȝ, + [Sidenote: Each woman with her bairns flees to the hills.] + & bowed to þe hyȝ bonk þer brentest hit wern, + & het{er}ly to þe hyȝe hylleȝ þay [h]aled on faste; 380 + [Sidenote: The rain never ceases.] + Bot al watȝ nedleȝ her note, for neu{er} cowþe stynt + Þe roȝe raynande ryg [&] þe raykande waweȝ, + [Sidenote: The valleys are filled.] + Er vch boþom watȝ brurd-ful to þe bonkeȝ eggeȝ, + & vche a dale so depe þat de{m}med at þe brynkeȝ. 384 + Þe moste mou{n}tay{n}eȝ on mor þe{n}ne watȝ no more dryȝe, + [Sidenote: People flock to the mountains.] + & þ{er}-on flokked þe folke, for ferde of þe wrake, + Syþen þe wylde of þe wode on þe wat{er} flette; + [Sidenote: Some swim for their lives.] + Su{m}me swy{m}med þ{er}-on þat saue hemself trawed, 388 + Su{m}me styȝe to a stud & stared to þe heuen, + [Sidenote: Others roar for fear.] + Rwly wyth a loud rurd rored for drede. + [Sidenote: Animals of all kinds run to the hills.] + Hareȝ, hertteȝ also, to þe hyȝe ru{n}nen, + Bukkeȝ, bauseneȝ & buleȝ to þe bonkkeȝ hyȝed, 392 + [Sidenote: All pray for mercy.] + & alle cryed for care to þe ky{n}g of heuen, + Re-cou{er}er of þe creator, þay cryed vchone, + [Sidenote: God’s mercy is passed from them.] + Þat amou{n}ted þe masse, þe mase his mercy watȝ passed, + & alle his pyte departed fro peple þat he hated. 396 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 62b.]] + Bi þat þe flod to her fete floȝed & waxed, + [Sidenote: Each sees that he must sink.] + Þen vche a segge seȝ wel þat synk hy{m} byhoued; + Frendeȝ fellen i{n} fere & faþmed togeder + To dryȝ her delful deystyné & dyȝen alle samen; 400 + [Sidenote: Friends take leave of one another.] + Luf lokeȝ to luf & his leue takeȝ, + For to ende alle at oneȝ & for eu{er} twy{n}ne. + [Sidenote: Forty days have gone by, and all are destroyed.] + By forty dayeȝ wern faren, on folde no flesch styryed, + Þat þe flod nade al freten w{i}t{h} feȝtande waȝeȝ[18], 404 + For hit clam vche a clyffe cubit{es} fyftene, + Ou{er} þe hyȝest hylle þat hurkled on erþe. + +[Headnote: ALL ROT IN THE MUD.] + + [Sidenote: All rot in the mud, except Noah and his family, who + are safe in the ark.] + Þe{n}ne mo{ur}kne i{n} þe mudde most ful nede + Alle þat spyrakle i{n}-spranc,[19] no sprawly{n}g awayled, 408 + Saue þe haþel vnder hach & his here strau{n}ge, + Noe þat ofte neuened þe name of oure lorde, + Hy{m} aȝt-su{m} i{n} þat ark as aþel god lyked, + Þer alle ledeȝ i{n} lome lenged druye, 412 + [Sidenote: The ark is lifted as high as the clouds, and is + driven about, without mast, bowline, cables, anchors, or sail to + guide its course.] + Þe arc houen watȝ on hyȝe w{i}t{h} hurlande goteȝ, + Kest to kytheȝ vncouþe þe clowdeȝ ful nere. + Hit walt{er}ed on þe wylde flod, went as hit lyste, + Drof vpon þe depe dam, i{n} dau{n}g{er} hit semed, 416 + With-oute{n} mast, oþ{er} myke, oþ{er} myry bawelyne, + Kable, oþ{er} capstan to clyppe to he{r} ankreȝ, + Hurrok, oþ{er} hande-helme hasped on roþ{er}, + Oþ{er} any sweande sayl to seche aft{er} hauen, 420 + [Sidenote: At the mercy of the winds.] + Bot flote forthe w{i}t{h} þe flyt of þe felle wyndeȝ; + Wheder-warde so þe wat{er} wafte, hit rebou{n}de. + [Sidenote: Oft it rolled around and reared on end.] + Ofte hit roled on-rou{n}de & rered on ende, + Nyf oure lorde hade ben her lodeȝ-mon he{m} had lu{m}pen harde. 424 + [Sidenote: The age of the patriarch Noah.] + Of þe lenþe of noe lyf to lay a lel date, + Þe sex hundreth of his age & none odde ȝereȝ, + Of seco{n}de monyth, þe seue{n}þe day ryȝteȝ, + [Sidenote: Duration of the flood.] + To-walten alle þyse welle-hedeȝ & þe wat{er} flowed, 428 + & þryeȝ fyfty þe flod of folwande dayeȝ, + Vche hille watȝ þer hidde w{i}t{h} yreȝ[20] ful graye; + [Sidenote: The completeness of the destruction.] + Al watȝ wasted þat þer wonyed þe worlde w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, + Þer eu{er} flote, oþ{er} flwe, oþ{er} on fote ȝede, 432 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 63a.]] + That roȝly watȝ þe remnau{n}t þat þe rac dryueȝ, + Þat alle gendreȝ so ioyst wern ioyned wyth-i{n}ne. + [Sidenote: God remembers those in the ark.] + Bot quen þe lorde of þe lyfte lyked hymseluen + For to my{n}ne on his mon his meth þat abydeȝ, 436 + [Sidenote: He causes a wind to blow, and closes the lakes and + wells, and the great deep.] + Þe{n} he wakened a wynde on watt{er}eȝ to blowe; + Þe{n}ne lasned þe llak[21] þat large watȝ are, + Þen he stac vp þe stangeȝ, stoped þo welleȝ, + Bed bly{n}ne of þe rayn, hit batede as fast, 440 + Þe{n}ne lasned þe loȝ lowkande to-geder. + Aft{er} harde dayeȝ wern out an hundreth & fyfté, + As þat lyftande lome luged aboute, + Where þe wynde & þe weder warpen hit wolde, 444 + Hit saȝtled on a softe day synkande to grou{n}de. + +[Headnote: THE ARK RESTS ON MOUNT ARARAT.] + + [Sidenote: The ark settles on Mount Ararat.] + On a rasse of a rok, hit rest at þe laste, + On þe mou{n}te of mararach of armene hilles, + Þat oþ{er}-wayeȝ on ebrv hit hat þe thanes. 448 + Bot þaȝ þe kyste in þe crageȝ wern closed to byde, + Ȝet fyned not þe flod ne fel to þe boþemeȝ, + [Sidenote: Noah beholds the bare earth.] + Bot þe hyȝest of þe eggeȝ vnhuled wern a lyttel, + Þat þe burne by{n}ne borde byhelde þe bare erþe; 452 + [Sidenote: He opens his window and sends out the raven to seek + dry land.] + Þe{n}ne wafte he vpon his wyndowe, & wysed þ{er}-oute + A message fro þat meyny hem moldeȝ to seche, + Þat watȝ þe rauen so ronk þat rebel watȝ eu{er}; + He watȝ colored as þe cole, corbyal vn-trwe. 456 + & he fongeȝ to þe flyȝt, & fa{n}neȝ on þe wyndeȝ, + Houeȝ hyȝe upon hyȝt to herken tyþy{n}ges. + [Sidenote: The raven “croaks for comfort” on finding carrion.] + He croukeȝ for comfort when carayne he fyndeȝ; + Kast vp on a clyffe þer costese lay drye, 460 + He hade þe smelle of þe smach & smolt{es} þeder sone, + [Sidenote: He fills his belly with the foul flesh.] + Falleȝ on þe foule flesch & fylleȝ his wombe, + & sone ȝederly for-ȝete ȝister-day steuen, + How þe cheuetayn hy{m} charged þ{a}t þe kyst ȝemed. 464 + Þe rauen raykeȝ hy{m} forth þat reches ful lyttel + How alle fodeȝ þer fare, elleȝ he fynde mete; + +[Headnote: NOAH SENDS FORTH A DOVE.] + + [Sidenote: The lord of the ark curses the raven, and sends out + the dove.] + Bot þe burne by{n}ne borde[22] þat bod to hys come, + Ba{n}ned hy{m} ful bytt{er}ly w{i}t{h} best{es} alle samen, 468 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 63b.]] + He secheȝ an oþ{er} sondeȝmon & setteȝ on þe dou{n}e;[23] + Bry{n}geȝ þat bryȝt vpon borde blessed & sayde, + “Wende worþelych wyȝt v{us} woneȝ to seche, + Dryf ou{er} þis dy{m}me wat{er}; if þ{o}u druye fyndeȝ 472 + Bry{n}g bodworde to bot blysse to v{us} alle; + Þaȝ þat fowle be false, fre be þ{o}u euer.” + [Sidenote: The bird wanders about the whole day.] + Ho wyrl{e} out on þe weder o{n} wy{n}geȝ ful scharpe, + Dreȝly alle a longe day þ{a}t dorst neu{er} lyȝt; 476 + [Sidenote: Finding no rest, she returns about eventide to Noah.] + & when ho fyndeȝ no folde her fote on to pyche, + Ho vmbe-kesteȝ þe coste & þe kyst secheȝ, + Ho hitteȝ on þe euentyde & on þe ark sitteȝ; + Noe ny{m}mes hir anon & naytly hir staueȝ. 480 + [Sidenote: Noah again sends out the dove.] + Noe on anoþ{er} day ny{m}meȝ efte þe dovene, + & byddeȝ hir bowe ou{er} þe borne efte bonkeȝ to seche; + & ho skyrmeȝ vnder skwe & skowteȝ aboute, + Tyl hit watȝ nyȝe at þe naȝt & noe þe{n} secheȝ. 484 + + [Sidenote 17: _stynteȝ_ (?).] + [Sidenote 18: _waweȝ_ (?).] + [Sidenote 19: _in-sprang_ (?).] + [Sidenote 20: _yþeȝ_ (?).] + [Sidenote 21: So in MS.] + [Sidenote 22: MS. _lorde_.] + [Sidenote 23: _douue_ or _douene_ (?).] + + +[Headnote: NOAH LEAVES THE ARK.] + +VI. + + [Sidenote: The dove returns with an olive branch in her beak.] + On ark on an euentyde houeȝ þe downe, + On stamyn ho stod & stylle hy{m} abydeȝ; + What! ho broȝt i{n} hir beke a bronch of olyue, + G{ra}cyo{us}ly vmbe-grouen al w{i}t{h} grene leueȝ; 488 + [Sidenote: This was a token of peace and reconciliation.] + Þat watȝ þe sy{n}gne of sauyté þ{a}t sende he{m} oure lorde, + & þe saȝtly{n}g of hy{m}-self w{i}t{h} þo sely besteȝ. + [Sidenote: Joy reigns in the ark.] + Þe{n} watȝ þer ioy i{n} pat gyn where Iu{m}pred er dryȝed, + & much comfort i{n} þat cofer þat watȝ clay-daubed. 492 + [Sidenote: The people therein laugh and look thereout.] + Myryly on a fayr morn, monyth þe fyrst, + Þat falleȝ formast i{n} þe ȝer, & þe fyrst day, + Ledeȝ loȝen i{n} þat lome & loked þ{er}-oute, + How þat watt{er}eȝ wern woned & þe worlde dryed. 496 + Vchon loued oure lorde, bot lenged ay stylle, + Tyl þay had tyþy{n}g fro þe tolke þat tyned he{m} þ{er}-i{n}ne; + [Sidenote: God permits Noah and his sons to leave the ark.] + Þe{n} godeȝ glam to hem glod þat gladed hem alle, + Bede hem drawe to þe dor, delyu{er} hem he wolde; 500 + Þe{n} went þay to þe wykket, hit walt vpon sone, + Boþe þe burne & his barneȝ bowed þ{er}-oute; + Her wyueȝ walkeȝ hem wyth & þe wylde aft{er}, + Þroly þrublande i{n} þronge, þrowen ful þykke; 504 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 64a.]] + [Sidenote: Noah offers sacrifice to God.] + Bot Noe of vche honest kynde nem out an odde + & heuened vp an auter & halȝed hit fayre, + & sette a sakerfyse þ{er}-on of vch a ser kynde, + Þat watȝ comly & clene, god kepeȝ non oþ{er}. 508 + When bremly brened þose besteȝ, & þe breþe rysed, + [Sidenote: It is pleasing to Him that “all speeds or spoils.”] + Þe sauo{ur} of his sacrafyse soȝt to hym euen + Þat al spedeȝ & spylleȝ; he spek{es} w{i}t{h} þat ilke + I{n} comly comfort ful clos & cortays wordeȝ: 512 + [Sidenote: God declares that He will never destroy the world for + the sin of man.] + “Now noe no more nel I neu{er} wary, + Alle þe mukel mayny [on] molde for no ma{n}neȝ sy{n}neȝ, + For I se wel þat hit is sothe, þat alle ma{n}neȝ wytteȝ + To vn-þryfte arn alle þrawen w{i}t{h} þoȝt of her hertteȝ, 516 + & ay hatȝ ben & wyl be ȝet fro her barnage; + Al is þe mynde of þe man to malyce enclyned, + For-þy schal I neu{er} schende so schortly at ones, + As dysstrye al for maneȝ sy{n}ne [in] dayeȝ of þis erþe. 520 + Bot waxeȝ now & wendeȝ forth & worþeȝ to monye, + Multyplyeȝ on þis molde & menske yow by-tyde. + [Sidenote: That summer and winter shall never cease.] + Sesou{n}eȝ schal yow neu{er} sese of sede ne of heruest, + Ne hete, ne no harde forst, vmbre ne droȝþe, 524 + Ne þe swetnesse of somer, ne þe sadde wynt{er}, + [Sidenote: Nor night nor day, nor the new years.] + Ne þe nyȝt, ne þe day, ne þe newe ȝereȝ, + Bot eu{er} re{n}ne restleȝ rengneȝ ȝe þ{er}-i{n}ne.” + [Sidenote: God blesses every beast.] + Þ{er}wyth he blesseȝ vch a best, & bytaȝt hem þis erþe. 528 + +[Headnote: THE BEASTS ARE DISPERSED.] + + Þe{n} watȝ a skylly skyualde, quen scaped alle þe wylde; + [Sidenote: Each fowl takes its flight.] + Vche fowle to þe flyȝt þat fyþereȝ myȝt serue, + [Sidenote: Each fish goes to the flood.] + Vche fysch to þe flod þat fy{n}ne couþe nayte, + [Sidenote: Each beast makes for the plain.] + Vche beste to þe bent þat[24] byt{es} on erbeȝ; 532 + [Sidenote: Wild worms wriggle to their abodes in the earth.] + Wylde wormeȝ to her won wryþeȝ i{n} þe erþe, + [Sidenote: The fox goes to the woods.] + Þe fox & þe folmarde to þe fryth wyndeȝ, + [Sidenote: Harts to the heath, and hares to the gorse.] + Hertt{es} to hyȝe heþe, hareȝ to gorsteȝ, + [Sidenote: Lions and leopards go to the lakes.] + & lyou{n}eȝ & lebardeȝ to þe lake ryft{es}, 536 + [Sidenote: Eagles and hawks to the high rocks.] + Herneȝ & hauekeȝ to þe hyȝe rocheȝ; + Þe hole-foted fowle to þe flod hyȝeȝ, + & vche best at a brayde þer hy{m} best lykeȝ; + [Sidenote: The four ‘frekes’ take the empire.] + Þe fowre frekeȝ of þe folde fongeȝ þe empyre. 540 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 64b.]] + [Sidenote: Behold what woe God brought on mankind for their + hateful deeds!] + Lo! suche a wrakful wo for wlatsu{m} dedeȝ + Parformed þe hyȝe fader on folke þat he made; + Þat he chysly hade cherisched he chastysed ful hardee, + I{n} de-voydy{n}ge þe vylanye þ{a}t venkquyst his þeweȝ. 544 + For-þy war þe now, wyȝe, þat worschyp desyres, + I{n} his comlych co{ur}te þat ky{n}g is of blysse, + [Sidenote: Beware of the filth of the flesh.] + I{n} þe fylþe of þe flesch þat þ{o}u be fou{n}den neu{er}, + Tyl any wat{er} i{n} þe worlde to wasche þe fayly, 548 + For is no segge vnder su{n}ne so seme of his crafteȝ, + If he be sulped i{n} sy{n}ne, þat [ne] sytteȝ vnclene. + [Sidenote: “One speck of a spot” will ruin us in the sight of + God.] + On spec of a spote may spede to mysse + Of þe syȝte of þe sou{er}ayn þat sytteȝ so hyȝe, 552 + For þat schewe me schale i{n} þo schyre howseȝ, + [Sidenote: The beryl is clean and sound,--it has no seam.] + As þe beryl bornyst byhoueȝ be clene, + Þat is sou{n}de on vche a syde & no sem habes, + W{i}t{h}-outen maskle oþ{er} mote as margerye p{er}le. 556 + + [Sidenote 24: MS. _þat þat_.] + + +[Headnote: GOD’S HATRED OF WICKEDNESS.] + +VII. + + [Sidenote: When God repented that he had made man, he destroyed + all flesh.] + Syþe{n} þe sou{er}ayn i{n} sete so sore for-þoȝt + Þat eu{er} he man vpon molde merked to lyuy, + For he i{n} fylþe watȝ fallen, felly he uenged, + Quen fo{ur}ferde[25] alle þe flesch þat he formed hade, 560 + [Sidenote: But afterwards He was sorry, and made a covenant with + mankind that He would not again destroy all the living.] + Hy{m} rwed þat he hem vp-rerde & raȝt hem lyflode, + & efte þat he he{m} vndyd, hard hit hym þoȝt; + For quen þe swemande sorȝe soȝt to his hert, + He knyt a couenau{n}de cortaysly w{i}t{h} monkynde þ{er}e, 564 + In þe mesure of his mode & meþe of his wylle, + Þat he schulde neu{er} for no syt smyte al at oneȝ, + As to quelle alle quykeȝ for qued þat myȝt falle, + Whyl of þe lenþe of þe londe lasteȝ þe t{er}me. 568 + Þat ilke skyl for no scaþe ascaped hy{m} neu{er}, + Wheder wonderly he wrak on wykked men aft{er}; + [Sidenote: For the filth of the flesh God destroyed a rich city.] + Ful felly for þat ilk faute forferde a kyth ryche, + I{n} þe anger of his ire þat arȝed mony; 572 + & al watȝ for þis ilk euel, þat vn-happen glette, + Þe venym & þe vylanye & þe vycios fylþe, + Þat by-sulpeȝ ma{n}neȝ saule i{n} vnsou{n}de hert, + Þat he his saueour ne see w{i}t{h} syȝt of his yȝen, 576 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 65a.]] + [Sidenote: God hates the wicked as “hell that stinks.”] + Þat alle illeȝ he hates as helle þat stynkkeȝ; + Bot non nuyeȝ hy{m}, on naȝt ne neu{er} vpon dayeȝ, + [Sidenote: Especially harlotry and blasphemy.] + As harlottrye vn-honest, heþy{n}g of seluen; + Þat schameȝ for no schrewedschyp schent mot he worþe! 580 + Bot sauyo{ur} mon i{n} þy self, þaȝ þ{o}u a sotte lyuie, + Þaȝ þ{o}u bere þy self babel, by-þenk þe su{m}-tyme, + Wheþer he þat stykked vche a stare i{n} vche steppe yȝe, + Ȝif hy{m} self[26] be bore blynd{e} hit is a brod wonder; 584 + & he þat fetly i{n} face fettled alle eres + If he[27] hatȝ losed þe lysten hit lyfteȝ meruayle; + [Sidenote: Nothing is hidden from God.] + Trave þ{o}u neu{er} þat tale, vn-trwe þ{o}u hit fyndeȝ, + Þer is no dede so derne þat ditteȝ his yȝen; 588 + Þer is no wyȝe i{n} his werk so war ne so stylle + Þat hit ne þraweȝ to hym þre[28] er he hit þoȝt haue; + [Sidenote: God is the ground of all deeds.] + For he is þe gropande god, þe grou{n}de of alle dedeȝ, + Rypande of vche a ri{n}g[29] þe reynyeȝ & hert; 592 + [Sidenote: He honours the man that is honest and whole.] + & þere he fyndeȝ al fayre a freke wyth-i{n}ne + Þat hert honest & hol, þat haþel he hono{ur}eȝ, + Sendeȝ hy{m} a sad syȝt to se his auen face, + & harde honyseȝ þise oþ{er} & of his erde flemeȝ. 596 + [Sidenote: But for deeds of shame He destroys the mighty ones.] + Bot of þe dome of þe douþe for dedeȝ of schame + He is so skoymos of þat skaþe, he scarreȝ bylyue, + He may not dryȝe to draw allyt, bot drepeȝ i{n} hast + & þat watȝ schewed schortly by a scaþe oneȝ. 600 + + [Sidenote 25: _for-ferde_ (?).] + [Sidenote 26: MS. _sele._] + [Sidenote 27: MS. _he he._] + [Sidenote 28: _þer_ (?).] + [Sidenote 29: _rink_ or _renk_ (?).] + + +[Headnote: ABRAHAM RECEIVES THREE GUESTS, AND ENTERTAINS THEM.] + +VIII. + + [Sidenote: Abraham is sitting before his house-door under a + green oak.] + Olde Abraham i{n} erde oneȝ he sytteȝ + Euen byfore his ho{us}-dore vnder an oke grene; + Bryȝt blykked þe bem of þe brode heuen, + I{n} þe hyȝe hete þ{er}-of Abraham bideȝ, 604 + He watȝ schu{n}t to þe schadow vnder schyre leueȝ; + [Sidenote: He sees three men coming along, and goes toward them.] + Þe{n}ne watȝ he war on þe waye of wlonk wyȝeȝ þry{n}ne. + If þay wer farande & fre & fayre to beholde, + Hit is eþe to leue by þe last ende; 608 + For þe lede þat þer laye þe leueȝ an-vnder, + When he hade of hem syȝt he hyȝeȝ bylyue, + & as to god þe good mon gos hem agayneȝ + & haylsed hem i{n} onhede & sayde, “hende lorde 612 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 65b.]] + Ȝif eu{er} þy mon vpon molde merit disserued, + [Sidenote: He entreats them to rest awhile, that he may wash + their feet, and bring them a morsel of bread.] + Lenge a lyttel with þy lede I loȝly bi-seche; + Passe neu{er} fro þi pou{er}e, ȝif I hit pray durst, + Er þ{o}u haf biden with þi burne & vnder boȝe restted; 616 + & I schal wy{n}ne yow wyȝt of wat{er} a lyttel, + & fast aboute schal I fare yo{ur} fette wer waschene; + Restteȝ here on þis rote & I schal rachche aft{er} + & bry{n}ge a morsel of bred to banne yo{ur} hertte.” 620 + “Fare forthe,” q{uod} þe frekeȝ, “& fech as þ{o}u seggeȝ; + By bole of þis brode tre we byde þe here.” + [Sidenote: Abraham commands Sarah to make some cakes quickly, + and tells his servant to seethe a tender kid.] + Þe{n}ne orppedly i{n}-to his ho{us} he hyȝed to Saré + Comau{n}ded hir to be cof & quyk at þis oneȝ; 624 + “Þre metteȝ of mele menge & ma kakeȝ, + Vnder askeȝ ful hote happe hem byliue; + Quyl I fete su{m}quat fat þ{o}u þe fyr bete, + Prestly at þis ilke poynte su{m} polment to make.” 628 + He cached to his cobho{us}[30] & a calf bry{n}geȝ + Þat watȝ tender & not toȝe; bed tyrne of þe hyde, + & sayde to his seruau{n}t þ{a}t he hit seþe faste + & he deruely at his dome dyȝt hit bylyue. 632 + [Sidenote: Abraham appears bare-headed before his guests.] + Þe burne to be bare-heued buskeȝ hy{m} þe{n}ne, + [Sidenote: He casts a clean cloth on the green, and sets before + them cakes, butter, milk, and pottage.] + Clecheȝ to a clene cloþe & kesteȝ on þe grene, + Þrwe þryftyly þ{er}-on þo þre þerue kakeȝ, + & bry{n}geȝ butt{er} wyth-al, & by þe bred setteȝ 636 + Mete; messeȝ of mylke he merkkeȝ bytwene, + Syþe{n} potage & polment i{n} plater honest; + As sewer i{n} a god assyse he serued hem fayre, + Wyth sadde semblau{n}t & swete of such as he hade, 640 + +[Headnote: GOD DISCLOSES HIS PURPOSE TO ABRAHAM.] + + [Sidenote: God praises his friend’s feast, and after the meat is + removed, He tells Abraham that Sarah shall bear him a son.] + & god as a glad gest mad god chere, + Þat watȝ fayn of his frende & his fest praysed. + Abraham, al hodleȝ w{i}t{h} armeȝ vp-folden, + Mynystred mete byfore þo men þat myȝtes al weldeȝ; 644 + Þe{n}ne þay sayden, as þay sete same{n} alle þry{n}ne, + When þe mete watȝ remued & þay of mensk speken, + “I schal efte here away abram,” þay sayden, + “Ȝet er þy lyueȝ lyȝt leþe vpon erþe, 648 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 66a.]] + & þe{n}ne schal saré consayue & a su{n} bere, + Þat schal be abrahameȝ ayre, & aft{er} hy{m} wy{n}ne + W{i}t{h} wele & wyth worschyp þe worþely peple + Þat schal halde i{n} heritage, þat I haf men ȝark.” 652 + [Sidenote: Sarah, who is behind the door, laughs in unbelief.] + Þe{n}ne þe burde byhynde þe dor for busmar laȝed; + & sayde sothly[31] to hir-self saré þe madde: + “May þ{o}u traw for tykle þat þ{o}u to{n}ne moȝteȝ, + & I so hyȝe out of age & also my lorde,” 656 + For soþely, as says þe wryt, he wern of sadde elde, + Boþe þe wyȝe & his wyf, such werk watȝ hem fayled, + Fro mony a brod day by-fore ho barayn ay byene,[32] + Þat selue saré w{i}t{h}-outen sede i{n}-to þat same tyme. 660 + [Sidenote: God tells Abraham that Sarah laughs at His words.] + Þe{n}ne sayde oure syre þer he sete “se! so saré laȝes, + Not trawande þe tale þat I þe to schewed; + Hopeȝ ho oȝt may be harde my hondeȝ to work? + & ȝet I a-vow v{er}ayly þe avau{n}t þat I made, 664 + I schal ȝeply aȝayn & ȝelde þat I hyȝt, + & sothely sende to saré a soñ & an hayre.” + [Sidenote: Sarah denies that she laughed.] + Þe{n}ne swenged forth saré & swer by hir trawþe, + Þat for lot þat þay lansed[33] ho laȝed neu{er}. 668 + “Now i{n}nogh{e} hit is not so” þe{n}ne n{ur}ned þe dryȝtyn, + “For þ{o}u laȝed aloȝ, bot let we hit one.” + [Sidenote: Abraham’s guests set out towards Sodom, two miles + from Mamre.] + With þat þay ros vp radly as þay rayke schulde, + & setten toward sodamas her syȝt alle at-oneȝ; 672 + For þat Cite þ{er} bysyde watȝ sette i{n} a vale, + No myleȝ fro mambre mo þe{n} tweyne, + Where-so wonyed þis ilke wyȝ þat wendeȝ w{i}t{h} oure lorde, + For to tent hy{m} w{i}t{h} tale & teche hy{m} þe gate, 676 + [Sidenote: The patriarch accompanies them.] + Þen glydeȝ forth god, þe godmo{n} hy{m} folȝeȝ. + Abraham heldeȝ hem wyth, he{m} to co{n}ueye, + I{n} towarde þe Cety of sodamas þat sy{n}ned had þe{n}ne + I{n} þe faute of þis fylþe; þe fader hem þretes, 680 + & sayde þ{us} to þe segg þat sued hy{m} aft{er}: + [Sidenote: God determines to reveal to Abraham his secret + purposes.] + “How myȝt I hyde myn hert fro habraham þe trwe, + Þat I ne dyscou{er}ed to his corse my cou{n}sayl so dere. + Syþen he is chosen to be chef chyldryn fader, 684 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 66b.]] + Þat so folk schal falle fro, to flete alle þe worlde, + & vche blod i{n} þat burne blessed schal worþe. + Me bos telle to þat tolk þe tene of my wylle + & alle myn atly{n}g to abraham vn-haspe bilyue. 688 + + [Sidenote 30: _cov-hous_ = cow-house (?).] + [Sidenote 31: ? _softly_ or _sotly_ = foolishly] + [Sidenote 32: ? _bycame_.] + [Sidenote 33: _laused_ (?).] + + +[Headnote: THE FILTHINESS OF SODOM AND GOMORRAH.] + +IX. + + [Sidenote: He informs him of the destruction about to fall upon + the cities of the plain, for their great wickedness, in abusing + the gifts bestowed upon them.] + “The grete sou{n} of sodamas synkkeȝ i{n} my{n} ereȝ, + & þe gult of gomorre gareȝ me to wrath; + I schal lyȝt i{n}-to þat led & loke my seluen, + If[34] þay haf don as þe dyne dryueȝ on-lofte, 692 + Þay han lerned a lyst þat lykeȝ me ille, + Þat þay han fou{n}den i{n} her flesch of fauteȝ þe werst, + Vch male matȝ his mach a man as hy{m} seluen, + & fylt{er} folyly i{n} fere, on fe{m}maleȝ wyse. 696 + I compast hem a kynde crafte & kende hit hem derne, + [Sidenote: The ordinance of marriage had been made for them, but + they foully set it at nought.] + & amed hit i{n} my{n} ordenau{n}ce oddely dere, + & dyȝt drwry þer-i{n}ne, doole alþ{er}-swettest, + & þe play of paramoreȝ I portrayed my seluen; 700 + & made þer-to a man{er} myriest of oþ{er}, + When two true togeder had tyȝed hem seluen, + By-twene a male & his make such m{er}þe schulde conne;[35] + Wel nyȝe pure paradys moȝt preue no bett{er}, 704 + Elleȝ þay moȝt honestly ayþ{er} oþ{er} welde. + At a stylle stollen steuen, vnstered wyth syȝt, + [Sidenote: The flame of love.] + Luf lowe hem bytwene lasched so hote, + Þat alle þe meschefeȝ on mold moȝt hit not sleke; 708 + Now haf þay skyfted my skyl & scorned natwre, + [Sidenote: Therefore shall they be destroyed as an example to + all men for ever.] + & hentteȝ hem i{n} heþy{n}g an vsage vn-clene; + Hem to smyte for þat smod smartly I þenk + Þat wyȝeȝ schal be by hem war, worlde w{i}t{h}-outen ende.” 712 + +[Headnote: ABRAHAM PLEADS FOR THE CITIES.] + + [Sidenote: Abraham is full of fear, and asks God whether the + “sinful and the sinless” are to suffer together.] + Þe{n}ne arȝed abraham & alle his mod chau{n}ge[d], + For hope of þe harde hate þat hyȝt hatȝ oure lorde; + Al sykande he sayde “s{ir} w{i}t{h} yor leue, + Schal synful & sakleȝ suffer al on payne; 716 + Weþ{er} eu{er} hit lyke my lorde to lyfte such domeȝ, + Þat þe wykked & þe worþy schal on wrake suffer, + & weye vpon þe worre half þat wrathed þe neu{er}? + Þat watȝ neu{er} þy won þat wroȝteȝ v{us} alle. 720 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 67a.]] + [Sidenote: Whether he will spare the cities provided fifty + righteous are found in them?] + Now fyfty fyn frendeȝ wer fou{n}de i{n} ȝonde toune + In þe Cety of Sodamas & also gomorré + Þat neu{er} lakked þy laue, bot loued ay trauþe, + & reȝt-ful wern & resou{n}able & redy þe to serue, 724 + Schal þay falle i{n} þe faute þat oþ{er} frekeȝ wroȝt + & ioyne to her iuggement her iuise to haue? + Þat nas neu{er} þyn note, vnneuened hit worþe, + Þat art so gaynly a god & of goste mylde!” 728 + [Sidenote: For the sake of fifty the cities shall be spared.] + “Nay for fyfty,” q{uod} þe fader, “& þy fayre speche, + &[36] þay be fou{n}den i{n} þat folk of her fylþe clene, + I schal for-gyue alle þe gylt þurȝ my g{ra}ce one, + & let hem smolt al unsmyten smoþely atoneȝ.” 732 + [Sidenote: The patriarch beseeches God to spare the city for the + sake of forty-five righteous.] + “AA! blessed be þow,” q{uod} þe burne, “so boner & þewed, + & al haldeȝ i{n} þy honde, þe heuen & þe erþe, + Bot for I haf þis talke tatȝ to non ille, + Ȝif I mele a lyttel more þat mul am & askeȝ; 736 + What if fyue faylen of fyfty þe nou{m}bre, + & þe remnau{n}t be reken, how restes þy wylle?” + [Sidenote: For the lack of five the cities shall not be + destroyed.] + “And fyue wont of fyfty,” q{uod} god, “I schal forȝete alle + & wyth-halde my honde for horty{n}g on lede.” 740 + “& quat if faurty be fre & fauty þyse oþ{er} + Schalt þow schortly al schende & schape non oþ{er}.” + [Sidenote: For forty the cities shall be spared.] + “Nay þaȝ faurty forfete ȝet fryst I a whyle, + & voyde away my vengau{n}ce, þaȝ me vyl þynk.” 744 + Þe{n} abraham obeched hym & loȝly hi{m} þonkkeȝ, + “Now sayned be þou sauio{ur}, so symple i{n} þy wrath! + I am bot erþe ful euel & vsle so blake, + [Sidenote: Abraham entreats God’s forbearance for his speech.] + Forto mele wyth such a mayst{er} as myȝteȝ hatȝ alle, 748 + Bot I haue by-go{n}nen wyth my god, & he hit gay{n} þynkeȝ, + Ȝif I for-loyne as a fol þy frau{n}chyse may serue; + What if þretty þryuande be þrad i{n} ȝon tou{n}eȝ, + What schal I leue if my lorde, if he hem leþe wolde?” 752 + Þe{n}ne þe godlych god gef hy{m} onsware, + [Sidenote: Thirty righteous, found in the cities, shall save + them from destruction.] + “Ȝet for þretty i{n} þrong I schal my þro steke, + & spare spakly of spyt i{n} space of my þeweȝ, + & my rankor refrayne fo{ur} þy reken wordeȝ.” 756 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 67b.]] + “What for twenty,” q{uod} þe tolke, “vntwyneȝ þ{o}u hem þe{n}ne?” + “Nay, ȝif þ{o}u ȝerneȝ hit, ȝet ȝark I hem g{ra}ce; + [Sidenote: For the sake of twenty guiltless ones God will + release the rest.] + If þat twenty be trwe I tene hem no more, + Bot relece alle þat regiou{n} of her ronk werkkeȝ.” 760 + “Now aþel lorde,” q{uod} Abraham, “oneȝ a speche + & I schal schape no more þo schalkkeȝ to helpe; + If ten trysty i{n} toune be tan i{n} þi werkkeȝ + [Sidenote: Or if ten only should be found pure.] + Wylt þ{o}u mese þy mode & menddy{n}g abyde?” 764 + “I grau{n}t,” q{uod} þe grete god, “grau{n}t mercy,” þ{a}t oþ{er}. + & þe{n}ne arest þe renk & raȝt no fyrre; + & godde glydeȝ his gate by þose grene wayeȝ + & he co{n}ueyen hy{m} con w{i}t{h} cast of his yȝe, 768 + [Sidenote: The patriarch intercedes for Lot.] + & als he loked along þere as oure lorde passed, + Ȝet he cryed hy{m} aft{er} w{i}t{h} careful steuen: + “Meke mayst{er} on þy mon to my{n}ne if þe lyked, + Loth lengeȝ i{n} ȝon leede þat is my lef broþ{er}, 772 + He sytteȝ þer i{n} sodomis, þy seruau{n}t so pou{er}e + Among þo mansed men þat han þe much g{r}eued; + [Sidenote: Beseeches Him to “temper His ire,” and then departs + weeping for sorrow.] + Ȝif þ{o}u tyneȝ þat tou{n}, te{m}pre þyn yre + As þy mersy may malte þy meke to spare.” 776 + Þe{n} he wendeȝ, wendeȝ his way wepande for care + To-warde þe mere of mambre wepande for so[rȝe,][37] + & þere i{n} longy{n}g al nyȝt he lengeȝ i{n} wones, + Whyl þe sou{er}ayn to sodamas sende to spye. 780 + + [Sidenote 34: MS. i{n}f.] + [Sidenote 35: _come_ (?).] + [Sidenote 36: _An_ (?).] + [Sidenote 37: _sorewe_ is written by a late hand over the + original word.] + + +[Headnote: MESSENGERS ARE SENT TO LOT.] + +X. + + [Sidenote: God’s messengers go to Sodom.] + His sondes i{n}-to sodamas watȝ sende i{n} þat tyme, + I{n} þat ilk euentyde, by au{n}gels tweyne, + Meuand meuande[38] mekely togeder as myry me{n} ȝonge, + [Sidenote: Lot is sitting alone at the “door of his lodge.”] + As loot i{n} a loge dor lened hy{m} alone, 784 + I{n} a porche of þat place pyȝt to þe ȝat{es}, + Þat watȝ ryal & ryche, so watȝ þe renk{es} seluen. + [Sidenote: Staring into the street he sees two men.] + As he stared i{n}-to þe strete þ{er} stout men played + He syȝe þer swey i{n} asent swete men tweyne; 788 + [Sidenote: Beardless chins they had, and hair like raw silk.] + Bolde burneȝ wer þay boþe w{i}t{h} berdles chy{n}neȝ, + Royl rollande fax to raw sylk lyke, + Of ble as þe brere flo{ur} where-so þe bare scheweed, + Ful clene watȝ þe cou{n}tenau{n}ce of her cler yȝen; 792 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 68a.]] + [Sidenote: Beautifully white were their weeds.] + Wlonk whit watȝ her wede & wel hit hem semed. + Of alle fetureȝ ful fyn & fautleȝ boþe; + Watȝ non autly i{n} ouþ{er}, for aungels hit wern, + & þat þe ȝep vnder-ȝede þat i{n} þe ȝate sytteȝ. 796 + +[Headnote: LOT ENTERTAINS THE MESSENGERS.] + + [Sidenote: Lot runs to meet them.] + He ros vp ful radly & ran hem to mete + & loȝe he louteȝ hem to, loth, to þe grou{n}de, + & syþen soberly [satȝ] “syreȝ I yow by-seche, + [Sidenote: Invites them to remain awhile in his house, and in + the morning they may take their way.] + Þat ȝe wolde lyȝt at my loge & lenge þ{er}-i{n}ne, 800 + Comeȝ to yo{ur} knaues kote I craue at þis oneȝ; + I schal fette yow a fatte yo{ur} fette forto wasche; + I norne yow bot for on nyȝt neȝe me to lenge, + & i{n} þe myry morny{n}g ȝe may yo{ur} waye take.” 804 + & þay nay þat þay nolde neȝ no howseȝ, + Bot stylly þer i{n} þe strete as þay stadde wern, + Þay wolde lenge þe long naȝt & logge þ{er}-oute; + Hit watȝ ho{us} innoȝe to hem þe heuen vpon lofte. 808 + [Sidenote: Lot invites them so long that at last they comply.] + Loth laþed so longe wyth luflych wordeȝ, + Þat þay hy{m} grau{n}ted to go & gruȝt no leng{er}. + Þe bolde to his byggy{n}g bryngeȝ hem bylyue, + [Sidenote: The wife and daughters of Lot welcome their visitors.] + Þat ryally [watȝ] arayed, for he watȝ ryche eu{er}. 812 + Þe wyȝeȝ wern welcom as þe wyf couþe, + His two dere doȝt{er}eȝ deuoutly he{m} haylsed, + Þat wer maydeneȝ ful meke, maryed not ȝet, + & þay wer semly & swete, & swyþe wel arayed. 816 + [Sidenote: Lot admonishes his men to prepare the meat, and to + serve no salt with it.] + Loth þe{n}ne ful lyȝtly lokeȝ hy{m} aboute, + & his me{n} amonest{es} mete forto dyȝt, + Bot þenkkeȝ on hit be þrefte what þynk[39] so ȝe make, + For wyth no so{ur}[40] ne no salt serueȝ hy{m} neu{er}. 820 + Bot ȝet I wene þat þe wyf hit wroth[41] to dyspyt, + & sayde softely to hir self “þis vn-sau{er}e[42] hyne + Loueȝ no salt i{n} her sauce ȝet hit no skyl were + Þat oþ{er} burne be boute þaȝ boþe be nyse.” 824 + [Sidenote: Lot’s wife disregards the injunction.] + Þe{n}ne ho sau{er}eȝ w{i}t{h} salt her seueȝ vchone + Agayne þe bone of þe burne þat hit forboden hade, + & als ho scelt he{m} i{n} scorne þat wel her skyl knewen. + Why watȝ ho wrech so wod, ho wrathed oure lorde! 828 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 68b.]] + [Sidenote: The guests are well entertained.] + Þe{n}ne seten þay at þe soper, wern serued by-lyue, + Þe gest{es} gay & ful glad, of glam debonere, + Welawy{n}nely wlonk tyl þay waschen hade, + Þe trest{es} tylt to þe woȝe & þe table boþe. 832 + +[Headnote: LOT’S HOUSE IS BESET.] + + [Sidenote: But before they go to rest the city is up in arms.] + Fro þe seggeȝ haden souped & seten bot a whyle, + Er eu{er} þay bosked to bedde þe borȝ watȝ al vp; + Alle þat weppen myȝt welde, þe wakker & þe stronger, + To vmbe-lyȝe lotheȝ ho{us} þe ledeȝ to take, 836 + In grete flokkeȝ of folk, þay fallen to his ȝateȝ, + As a scowte-wach scarred, so þe asscry rysed; + [Sidenote: With “keen clubs” the folk clatter on the walls, and + demand that Lot should deliver up his guests.] + W{i}t{h} kene clobbeȝ of þat clos þay clatȝ on þe woweȝ, + & wyth a schrylle scharp schout þay schewe þyse worde: 840 + “If þ{o}u louyeȝ þy lyf loth i{n} þyse woneȝ + Ȝete v{us} out þose ȝong men þat ȝore-whyle here entred, + Þat we may lere hym[43] of lof, as oure lyst biddeȝ, + As is þe asyse of Sodomas to seggeȝ þ{a}t passen.” 844 + Whatt! þay sputen & speken of so spito{us} fylþe, + What! þay ȝeȝed & ȝolped of ȝestande sorȝe, + [Sidenote: The wind yet stinks with their filthy speech.] + Þat ȝet þe wynd, & þe weder, & þe worlde stynk{es} + Of þe brych þat vp-braydeȝ þose broþelych wordeȝ. 848 + Þe god man glyfte w{i}t{h} þ{a}t glam & gloped for noyse, + So scharpe schame to hy{m} schot, he schrank at þe hert, + For he knew þe costou{m} þat kyþed þose wrecheȝ, + He doted neu{er} for no doel so depe i{n} his my{n}de. 852 + [Sidenote: Lot is in great trouble.] + Allas! sayd hy{m} þe{n}ne loth, & lyȝtly he ryseȝ + & boweȝ forth fro þe bench i{n}-to þe brode ȝat{es}. + What! he wonded no woþe of wekked knaueȝ, + Þat he ne passed þe port þe p{er}il[44] to abide. 856 + [Sidenote: He leaves his guests and addresses the Sodomites.] + He went forthe at þe wyket & waft hit hy{m} aft{er}, + Þat a clyket hit cleȝt clos hy{m} byhynde. + Þe{n}ne he meled to þo men mesurable wordeȝ, + For harloteȝ w{i}t{h} his hendelayk he hoped to chast; 860 + “Oo! my frendeȝ so fre, yo{ur} fare is to strange, + Dotȝ away yo{ur} derf dyn & dereȝ neu{er} my gest{es}, + Avoy! hit is yo{ur} vylaynye, ȝe vylen yo{ur} seluen; + &[45] ȝe ar iolyf gentylmen yo{ur} iapes ar ille. 864 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 69a.]] + Bot I schal ke{n}ne yow by kynde a crafte þat is bett{er}; + [Sidenote: He offers to give up to them his two daughters.] + I haf a tresor i{n} my telde of tow my fayre deȝt{er}, + Þat ar maydeneȝ vnmard for alle men ȝette; + In sodamas, þaȝ I hit say, non semloker burdes, 868 + Hit arn ronk, hit arn rype & redy to ma{n}ne; + To samen wyth þo semly þe solace is bett{er}, + I schal biteche yow þo two þat tayt arn & quoy{n}t, + & laykeȝ wyth hem as yow lyst & leteȝ my gest{es} one.” 872 + [Sidenote: The rebels raise a great noise, and ask who made him + a justice to judge their deeds, who was but a boy when he came + to Sodom.] + Þe{n}ne þe rebaudeȝ so ronk rerd such a noyse, + Þat aȝly hurled i{n} his ereȝ her harloteȝ speche; + “Wost þ{o}u not wel þ{a}t þ{o}u woneȝ here a wyȝe strange, + An out-comly{n}g, a carle, we kylle of þyn heued. 876 + Who Ioyned þe be iostyse oure iapeȝ to blame, + Þat com a boy to þis borȝ, þaȝ þ{o}u be burne ryche?” + Þ{us} þay þrobled & þrong & þrwe vmbe his ereȝ, + & distresed hy{m} wonder strayt, w{i}t{h} strenkþe i{n} þe prece, 880 + +[Headnote: THE MEN OF SODOM SMITTEN WITH BLINDNESS.] + + [Sidenote: The young men bring Lot within doors, and smite those + outside with blindness.] + Bot þat þe ȝonge me{n}, so ȝepe, ȝornen þ{er}-oute, + Wapped vpon þe wyket & wo{n}nen hem tylle, + & by þe hondeȝ hy{m} hent & horyed hy{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, + & steken þe ȝat{es} ston-harde wyth stalworth barreȝ. 884 + Þay blwe a boffet i{n} blande þat ba{n}ned peple, + Þat þay blust{er}ed as blynde as bayard watȝ eu{er}; + [Sidenote: In vain they try to find the door of Lot’s house.] + Þay lest of loteȝ loggi{n}g any lysou{n} to fynde, + Bot nyteled þ{er} alle þe nyȝt for noȝt at þe last; 888 + Þe{n}ne vch tolke tyȝt hem þat hade of tayt fayled, + & vchon roþeled to þe rest þat he reche moȝt; + Bot þay wern wakned al wrank[46] þat þ{er} i{n} won lenged, + Of on þe vglokest vnhap þat eu{er} on erd suffred. 892 + + [Sidenote 38: So in MS.] + [Sidenote 39: _þyng_ (?).] + [Sidenote 40: savo{ur} (?).] + [Sidenote 41: _wroȝt_ (?).] + [Sidenote 42: MS. vnfau{er}e.] + [Sidenote 43: _hem_ (?).] + [Sidenote 44: MS. _pil_.] + [Sidenote 45: _And_ = _An_ (?).] + [Sidenote 46: _wrang_ (?).] + + +[Headnote: LOT IS SENT OUT OF THE CITY.] + +XI. + + [Sidenote: Early in the morning the angels command Lot to + depart from Sodom, with his wife and two daughters, and to look + straight before him, for Sodom and Gomorrah shall be destroyed.] + Ruddon of þe day-rawe ros vpon vȝten, + When merk of þe mydnyȝt moȝt no more last, + Ful erly þose aungeleȝ þis haþel þay ruþen + & glopnedly on godeȝ halue gart hy{m} vpryse, 896 + Fast þe freke ferkeȝ vp ful ferd at his hert; + Þay comau{n}ded hy{m} cof to cach þat he hade, + “Wyth þy wyf & þy wyȝeȝ & þy wlone deȝtters, + For we laþe þe, s{ir} loth, þat þ{o}u þy lyf haue; 900 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 69b.]] + Cayre tid of þis kythe er combred þ{o}u worþe, + With alle þi here vpon haste, tyl þ{o}u a hil fynde; + Fou{n}deȝ faste on yo{ur} fete, bifore yo{ur} face lokes, + Bot bes neu{er} so bolde to blusch yow bihynde, 904 + & loke ȝe ste{m}me no stepe, bot strecheȝ on faste, + Til ȝe reche to a reset, rest ȝe neu{er}; + For we schal tyne þis tou{n} & trayþely disstrye, + Wyth alle þise wyȝeȝ so wykke wyȝtly de-voyde 908 + & alle þe londe w{i}t{h} þise ledeȝ we losen at oneȝ; + Sodomas schal ful sodenly synk i{n}-to grou{n}de, + & þe grou{n}de of gomorre gorde i{n}-to helle, + & vche a koste of þis kyth{e} clater vpon hepes. 912 + [Sidenote: Lot asks what is best to be done, that he may escape.] + Þe{n} laled loth, “lorde what is best? + If I me fele vpon fote þat I fle moȝt, + Hov schulde I huyde me fro hem þ{a}t hatȝ his hate ky{n}ned, + I{n} þe brath of his breth þat bre{n}neȝ alle þi{n}keȝ,[47] 916 + To crepe fro my creato{ur} & know not wheder, + Ne wheþer his fooschip me folȝeȝ bifore oþ{er} bihynde?” + Þe freke sayde “no foschip oure fader hatȝ þe schewed, + Bot hiȝly heuened þi hele fro hem þat arn combred: 920 + [Sidenote: He is told to choose himself a dwelling which shall + be saved from destruction.] + Nov walle þe a wo{n}ny{n}g þat þe warisch myȝt, + & he schal saue hit for þy sake þat hatȝ v{us} sende hider, + For þ{o}u art oddely þyn one out of þis fylþe, + & als Abraham þyn em[48] hit at hi{m} self asked.” 924 + “Lorde, loued he worþe,” q{uod} loth, “vpon erþe! + [Sidenote: He chooses Zoar.] + Þe{n} is a cite herbisyde þat segor hit hatte, + Here vtt{er} on a rou{n}de hil hit houeȝ hit one, + I wolde, if his wylle wore, to þat won scape.” 928 + [Sidenote: The angels command Lot to depart quickly.] + “Þe{n}n fare forth,” q{uod} þat fre, “& fyne þ{o}u neu{er} + W{i}t{h} þose ilk þat þow wylt þ{a}t þrenge þe aft{er}, + & ay goande on yo{ur} gate, wyth-outen agayn-tote, + For alle þis londe schal be lorne, longe er þe son{n}e rise.” 932 + [Sidenote: He wakes his wife and daughters.] + Þe wyȝe wakened his wyf & his wlonk deȝt{er}es, + & oþ{er} two myri men þo maydeneȝ schulde wedde; + & þay token hit as tyt & tented hit lyttel, + Þaȝ fast laþed hem loth, þay leȝen ful stylle. 936 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 70a.]] + [Sidenote: All four are hastened on by the angels, + who “preach to them the peril” of delay.] + Þe aungeleȝ hasted þise oþ{er} & aȝly hem þratten, + & enforsed alle fawre forth at þe ȝateȝ, + Þo wern loth & his lef, his luflyche deȝt{er}, + Þer soȝt no mo to sauement of cities aþel fyue. 940 + Þise aungeleȝ hade hem by hande out at þe ȝateȝ, + Prechande hem þe perile, & beden hem passe fast. + “Lest ȝe be taken i{n} þe teche of tyrau{n}teȝ here, + Loke ȝe bowe now bi bot, boweȝ fast hence!” 944 + [Sidenote: Before daylight Lot comes to a hill.] + & þay kayre-ne con & kenely flowen; + Erly, er any heuen glem, þay to a hil comen. + +[Headnote: THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CITIES.] + + [Sidenote: God aloft raises a storm.] + Þe grete god i{n} his greme bygy{n}neȝ onlofte; + To wakan wedereȝ so wylde þe wyndeȝ he calleȝ, 948 + & þay wroþely vp-wafte & wrastled togeder, + Fro fawre half of þe folde, flytande loude. + Clowdeȝ clust{er}ed bytwene kesten vp torres, + Þat þe þik þu{n}der þrast þirled hem ofte. 952 + [Sidenote: A rain falls thick of fire and sulphur.] + Þe rayn rueled adou{n}, ridlande þikke, + Of felle flau{n}kes of fyr & flakes of soufre, + Al in smolderande smoke smachande ful ille, + [Sidenote: Upon the four cities it comes, and frightens all + folks therein.] + Swe[49] aboute sodamas & hit sydeȝ alle, 956 + Gorde to gomorra þat þe grou{n}de lansed; + Abdama & syboym, þise ceteis alle faure, + Al birolled wyth þe rayn, rostted & bre{n}ned, + & ferly flayed þat folk þat i{n} þose fees lenged; 960 + For when þat þe helle herde þe hou{n}deȝ of heuen + He watȝ ferlyly fayn, vnfolded bylyue. + [Sidenote: The great bars of the abyss do burst.] + Þe grete barreȝ of þe abyme he barst vp at oneȝ, + Þat alle þe regiou{n} to-rof i{n} riftes ful grete, 964 + [Sidenote: Cliffs cleave asunder.] + & clouen alle i{n} lyttel cloutes þe clyffeȝ aywhere, + As lance leueȝ of þe boke þat lepes i{n} twy{n}ne. + [Sidenote: The cities sink to hell.] + Þe brethe of þe brynston bi þat hit blende were, + Al þo citees & her sydes sunkken to helle. 968 + Rydelles wern þo grete rowtes of renkkes w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, + When þay wern war of þe wrake þ{a}t no wyȝe achaped, + [Sidenote: Such a cry arises that the clouds clatter again.] + Such a ȝom{er}ly ȝarm of ȝelly{n}g þer rysed; + Þer-of clat{er}ed þe cloudes þat kryst myȝt haf rawþe. 972 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 70b.]] + Þe segge herde þat sou{n} to segor þat ȝede, + & þe wenches hy{m} wyth þat by þe way folȝed; + [Sidenote: Lot and his companions are frightened, but continue + to follow their face.] + Ferly ferde watȝ her flesch, þat flowen ay ilyche, + Trynande ay a hyȝe trot þat torne neu{er} dorsten. 976 + Loth & þo luly-whit his lefly two deȝt{er}, + Ay folȝed here face, bifore her boþe yȝen; + Bot þe balleful burde, þat neu{er} bode keped, + +[Headnote: LOT’S WIFE BECOMES A STIFF STONE.] + + [Sidenote: Lot’s wife looks behind her, and is turned to a stiff + stone “as salt as any sea.”] + Blusched by-hynden her bak, þat bale forto herkken; 980 + Hit watȝ lusty lothes wyf þat ou{er} he[r] lyfte schulder. + Ones ho bluschet to þe burȝe, bot bod ho no lenger, + Þat ho nas stadde a stiffe ston, a stalworth image + Al so salt as ani se & so ho ȝet standeȝ. 984 + [Sidenote: Her companions do not miss her till they reach Zoar.] + Þay slypped bi & syȝe hir not þat wern hir samen feres, + Tyl þay i{n} segor wern sette, & sayned our lorde; + Wyth lyȝt loueȝ vplyfte þay loued hy{m} swyþe, + Þat so his seruau{n}tes wolde see & saue of such woþe. 988 + [Sidenote: By this time all were drowned.] + Al watȝ dampped & don, & drowned by þe{n}ne; + [Sidenote: The people of Zoar, for dread, rush into the sea and + are destroyed.] + Þe ledeȝ of þat lyttel tou{n} wern lopen out for drede, + I{n}-to þat malscrande mere, marred bylyue, + Þat noȝt saued watȝ bot segor þat sat on a lawe, 992 + [Sidenote: Only Zoar with three therein (Lot and his daughters) + are saved.] + Þe þre ledeȝ þer-i{n}, loth & his deȝter; + For his make watȝ myst, þat on þe mou{n}t lenged + In a stonen statue þat salt sauor habbes, + [Sidenote: Lot’s wife is an image of salt for two faults: + 1. She served salt before the Lord at supper. + 2. She looked behind her.] + For two fautes þat þe fol watȝ fou{n}de i{n} mistrauþe; 996 + On, ho serued at þe soper salt bifore dryȝtyn + & syþen, ho blusched hir bihynde, þaȝ hir forboden were; + For on ho standes a ston, & salt for þat oþ{er}, + & alle lyst on hir lik þat arn on launde bestes. 1000 + [Sidenote: Abraham is up full early on the morn.] + Abraham ful erly watȝ vp on þe morne, + Þat alle naȝt [so] much niye hade no mon i{n} his hert, + Al i{n} longi{n}g for loth leyen i{n} a wache, + Þer he lafte hade oure lorde, he is on lofte wo{n}nen; 1004 + [Sidenote: He looks towards Sodom, now only a pit filled with + pitch, from which rise smoke, ashes and cinders, as from a + furnace.] + He sende toward sodomas þe syȝt of his yȝen, + Þat eu{er} hade ben an erde of erþe þe swettest + As aparau{n}t to paradis þat plantted þe dryȝtyn, + Nov is hit plu{n}ged i{n} a pit like of pich fylled. 1008 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 71a.]] + Suche a roþu{n} of a reche ros fro þe blake, + Askeȝ vpe i{n} þe ayre & vselleȝ þer flowen, + As a fornes ful of flot þat vpon fyr boyles, + When bryȝt bre{n}nande brondeȝ ar bet þ{er} an-vnder. 1012 + Þis watȝ a uengau{n}ce violent þat voyded þise places, + Þat fou{n}dered hatȝ so fayr a folk & þe folde sonkken. + +[Headnote: THE DEAD SEA COVERS THE FIVE CITIES.] + + [Sidenote: A sea now occupies the place of the four cities.] + Þer faur{e} citees wern set, nov is a see called, + Þat ay is drouy & dym, & ded i{n} hit kynde, 1016 + Blo, blubrande, & blak, vnblyþe to neȝe, + [Sidenote: It is a stinking pool, and is called the Dead Sea.] + As a stynkande stanc þat stryed sy{n}ne, + Þat eu{er} of sy{n}ne & of smach, smart is to fele; + For-þy þe derk dede see hit is demed eu{er} more, 1020 + For hit dedeȝ of deþe duren þere ȝet. + For hit is brod & boþe{m}leȝ, & bitter as þe galle, + [Sidenote: Nothing may live in it.] + & noȝt may lenge i{n} þat lake þat any lyf bereȝ, + & alle þe costeȝ of kynde hit combreȝ vchone; 1024 + [Sidenote: Lead floats on its surface.] + For lay þ{er}-on a lump of led & hit on loft fleteȝ, + [Sidenote: A feather sinks to the bottom of it.] + & folde þ{er}-on a lyȝt fyþ{er} & hit to fou{n}s synkkeȝ. + [Sidenote: Lands, watered by this sea, never bear grass or weed.] + & þ{er} wat{er} may walt{er} to wete any erþe, + Schal neu{er} grene þ{er}-on growe, gresse ne wod nawþ{er}. 1028 + If any schalke to be schent wer schowued þ{er}-i{n}ne, + Þaȝ he bode i{n} þat boþe{m} broþely a monyth, + [Sidenote: A man cannot be drowned in it.] + He most ay lyue i{n} þat loȝe i{n} losy{n}g eu{er}-more, + & neu{er} dryȝe no dethe, to dayes of ende; 1032 + & as hit is corsed of kynde & hit coosteȝ als, + [Sidenote: The clay clinging to it is corrosive, as alum, + alkaran, sulphur, etc., which fret the flesh and fester the + bones.] + Þe clay þat clenges þ{er}-by arn corsyes strong, + As alu{m} & alkaran,[50] þat angré[51] arn boþe, + Soufre so{ur}, & sau{n}dyu{er}, & oþ{er} such mony; 1036 + & þer walteȝ of þat wat{er} i{n} waxlokes grete, + Þe spuniande[52] aspaltou{n} þat spysereȝ sellen; + & suche is alle þe soyle by þat se halues, + Þat fel fretes þe flesch & festred[53] bones. 1040 + [Sidenote: On the shores of this lake grow trees bearing fair + fruits, which, when broken or bitten, taste like ashes.] + & þer ar tres by þat terne of trayto{ur}es; + & þay borgou{n}eȝ & beres blomeȝ ful fayre, + & þe fayrest fryt þat may on folde growe, + As orenge & oþ{er} fryt & apple garnade 1044 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 71b.]] + Also red & so ripe & rychely hwed, + As any dom myȝt deuice of dayntyeȝ oute; + Bot quen hit is brused oþ{er} broken, oþ{er} byten i{n} twy{n}ne, + No worldeȝ goud hit wyth-i{n}ne, bot wydowande[54] askes; 1048 + +[Headnote: IT IS A TOKEN OF WICKEDNESS AND VENGEANCE.] + + [Sidenote: All these are tokens of wickedness and vengeance.] + Alle þyse ar teches & tokenes to trow vpon ȝet, + & wittnesse of þat wykked werk & þe wrake aft{er}, + Þat oure fader forferde for fylþe of þose ledes. + [Sidenote: God loves the pure in heart.] + Þe{n}ne vch wyȝe may wel wyt þat he þe wlonk louies, 1052 + & if he louyes clene layk þat is oure lorde ryche, + [Sidenote: Strive to be clean.] + & to be couþe i{n} his co{ur}te þ{o}u coueytes þe{n}ne + To se þat semly i{n} sete & his swete face, + Clerrer cou{n}seyl, cou{n}sayl con I non, + bot þat þ{o}u clene worþe. 1056 + [Sidenote: Jean de Meun tells how a lady is to be loved.] + For clopy{n}gnel i{n} þe compas of his clene rose, + Þer he expouneȝ a speche, to hy{m} þat spede wolde, + Of a lady to be loued, loke to hir sone, + [Sidenote: By doing what pleases her best.] + Of wich bery{n}g þat ho be, & wych ho best louyes, 1060 + & be ryȝt such i{n} vch a borȝe of body & of dedes, + & folȝ þe fet of þat fere þat þ{o}u fre haldes. + & if þ{o}u wyrkkes on þis wyse, þaȝ ho wyk were, + Hir schal lyke þat layk þat lyknes hir tylle. 1064 + If þ{o}u wyl dele drwrye wyth dryȝtyn þe{n}ne, + [Sidenote: Love thy Lord!] + & lelly louy þy lorde & his leef worþe. + [Sidenote: Conform to Christ, who is polished as a pearl.] + Þe{n}ne co{n}fo{ur}me þe to kryst, & þe clene make, + Þat eu{er} is polyced als playn as þe p{er}le seluen. 1068 + For loke fro fyrst þat he lyȝt w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne þe lel mayden! + [Sidenote: By how comely a contrivance did he enter the womb of + the virgin!] + By how comly a kest he watȝ clos þere, + When venkkyst watȝ no v{er}gynyté, ne vyole{n}ce maked, + Bot much clener watȝ hir corse, god ky{n}ned þeri{n}ne; 1072 + [Sidenote: In what purity did he part from her!] + & efte when he borne watȝ i{n} beþelen þe ryche, + I{n} wych puryté þay dep{ar}ted; þaȝ þay pou{er} were, + Watȝ neu{er} so blysful a bo{ur} as watȝ abos[55] þe{n}ne + [Sidenote: No abode was better than his.] + Ne no schroude ho{us} so schene as a schepon þare, 1076 + Ne non so glad vnder god as ho þat grone schulde; + [Sidenote: The sorrow of childbirth was turned to joy.] + For þer watȝ seknesse al sou{n}de þat sarrest is halden, + & þer watȝ rose reflayr where rote hatȝ ben eu{er}, + & þer watȝ solace & songe wher sorȝ hatȝ ay cryed; 1080 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 72a.]] + [Sidenote: Angels solaced the virgin with organs and pipes.] + For au{n}gelles w{i}t{h} i{n}strumentes of organes & pypes, + & rial ry{n}gande rotes & þe reken fyþel, + & alle hende þat honestly moȝt an hert glade, + Aboutte my lady watȝ lent, quen ho delyu{er} were. 1084 + +[Headnote: CHRIST WAS EVER PURE.] + + [Sidenote: The child Christ was so clean that ox and ass + worshipped him.] + Þe{n}ne watȝ her blyþe barne burnyst so clene, + Þat boþe þe ox & þe asse hym hered at-ones; + Þay knewe hy{m} by his clannes for ky{n}g of nature, + For non so clene of such a clos com neu{er} er þe{n}ne; 1088 + & ȝif clanly he þe{n}ne com, ful cortays þ{er}-aft{er}, + [Sidenote: He hated wickedness, and would never touch ought that + was vile.] + Þat alle þat longed to luþ{er} ful lodly he hated; + By nobleye of his norture he nolde neu{er} towche + Oȝt þat watȝ vngoderly oþ{er} ordure watȝ i{n}ne. 1092 + [Sidenote: Yet there came to him lazars and lepers, lame and + blind.] + Ȝet comen lodly to þat lede, as laȝares monye, + Su{m}me lepre, su{m}me lome, & lom{er}ande blynde, + Poysened & parlatyk & pyned i{n} fyres, + [Sidenote: Dry and dropsical folk.] + Drye folk & ydropike, & dede at þe laste; 1096 + Alle called on þat cortayse & claymed his g{ra}ce. + [Sidenote: He healed all with kind speech.] + He heled hem wyth hynde speche of þat þay ask aft{er}, + For what-so he towched also-tyd to{ur}ned to hele, + Wel cla{n}ner þen any crafte cowþe devyse; 1100 + So clene watȝ his hondely{n}g vche ordure hit schonied, + [Sidenote: His handling was so good, that he needed no knife to + cut or carve with.] + & þe gropy{n}g so goud of god & man boþe, + Þat for fetys of his fyngeres fonded he neu{er} + Nauþ{er} to cout[56] ne to kerue, w{i}t{h} knyf ne wyth egge, 1104 + For-þy brek he þe bred blades wyth-outen; + [Sidenote: The bread he broke more perfectly than could all the + tools of Toulouse.] + For hit ferde freloker i{n} fete i{n} his fayre honde, + Displayed more pryuyly when he hit part schulde, + Þe{n}ne alle þe toles of tolowse moȝt tyȝt hit to kerue, 1108 + [Sidenote: How can we approach his court except we be clean?] + Þ{us} is he kyryo{us} & clene þat þ{o}u his cort askes; + Hov schulde þ{o}u com to his kyth bot if þ{o}u clene were? + Nov ar we sore & synful & sov[_er_]ly[57] vch one, + How schulde we se, þe{n} may we say, þ{a}t syre vpon throne? 1112 + [Sidenote: God is merciful.] + Ȝis, þat mayst{er} is mercyable; þaȝ þ{o}u be man fe{n}ny, + & al to-marred i{n} myre whyl þ{o}u on molde lyuyes, + Þ{o}u may schyne þurȝ schryfte, þaȝ þ{o}u haf schome serued, + +[Headnote: PENANCE MAKES MAN PURE AS A PEARL.] + + [Sidenote: Through penance we may shine as a pearl.] + & pure þe with penau{n}ce tyl þ{o}u a perle worþe. 1116 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 72b.]] + [Sidenote: Why is the pearl so prized?] + Perle praysed is prys, þ{er} perre is schewed, + Þaȝ hy{m} not derrest be demed to dele for penies, + Quat may þe cause be called, bot for hir clene hwes, + Þat wy{n}nes worschyp, abof alle whyte stones? 1120 + For ho schynes so schyr þat is of schap rou{n}de, + Wyth-outen faut oþ{er} fylþe ȝif ho fyn were; + [Sidenote: She becomes none the worse for wear.] + & wax eu{er} i{n} þe worlde i{n} wery{n}g so olde, + Ȝet þe perle payres not whyle ho i{n} pyese lasttes 1124 + [Sidenote: If she should become dim, wash her in wine.] + & if hit cheue þe chau{n}ce vncheryst ho worþe, + Þat ho blyndes of ble i{n} bo{ur} þ{er} ho lygges, + No-bot wasch hir wyth wo{ur}chyp i{n} wyn as ho askes, + [Sidenote: She then becomes clearer than before.] + Ho by kynde schal be-com clerer þen are; 1128 + So if folk be defowled by vnfre chau{n}ce, + [Sidenote: So may the sinner polish him by penance.] + Þat he be sulped i{n} sawle, seche to schryfte + & he may polyce hym at þe prest, by penau{n}ce taken, + Wel bryȝt{er} þen þe beryl oþ{er} browden perles. 1132 + [Sidenote: Beware of returning to sin.] + Bot war þe wel, if þ{o}u be waschen wyth wat{er} of schryfte, + & polysed als playn as parchmen schauen, + Sulp no more þe{n}ne i{n} sy{n}ne þy saule þ{er}-aft{er}, + [Sidenote: For then God is more displeased than ever.] + For þe{n}ne þ{o}u dryȝtyn dyspleses w{i}t{h} dedes ful sore, 1136 + & entyses hy{m} to tene more trayþly þe{n} eu{er} + & wel hatt{er} to hate þe{n} hade þ{o}u not waschen; + [Sidenote: The reconciled soul God holds as His own.] + For when a sawele is saȝtled & sakred to dryȝtyn, + He holly haldes hit his & haue hit he wolde, 1140 + Þe{n}ne efte lastes hit likkes, he loses hit ille, + [Sidenote: Ill deeds rob Him of it.] + As hit were rafte wyth vn-ryȝt & robbed wyth þewes.[58] + War þe þe{n}ne for þe wrake, his wrath is achaufed, + +[Headnote: GOD PUNISHES IMPURITY.] + + [Sidenote: God forbids us to defile any vessels used in His + service.] + For þat þat ones watȝ his schulde efte be vn-clene, 1144 + Þaȝ hit be bot a bassy{n}, a bolle, oþ{er} a scole, + A dysche oþ{er} a dobler þ{a}t dryȝtyn oneȝ serued, + To defowle hit eu{er} vpon folde fast he for-bedes, + So is he scoym{us} of scaþe þat scylful is eu{er}. 1148 + [Sidenote: In Belshazzar’s time, the defiling of God’s vessels + brought wrath upon the king.] + & þat watȝ bared i{n} babyloyn i{n} Baltaȝar tyme, + Hov harde vnhap þer hy{m} hent & hastyly sone, + For he þe vesselles avyled þat vayled i{n} þe temple + I{n} seruyse of þe sou{er}ayn su{m} tyme byfore. 1152 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 73a.]] + Ȝif ȝe wolde tyȝt me a tom telle hit I wolde, + Hov charged more watȝ his chau{n}ce þat he{m} cherych nolde + Þen his fader forloyne þat feched he{m} wyth strenþe, + & robbed þe relygiou{n} of relykes alle. 1156 + + [Sidenote 47: þi{n}geȝ.] + [Sidenote 48: _broþer_ is written over in a later hand.] + [Sidenote 49: _Sweyed_ (?).] + [Sidenote 50: _alkatran_ (?).] + [Sidenote 51: _augre_ = _aigre_ (?).] + [Sidenote 52: _spinnande_ (?).] + [Sidenote 53: _festres_ (?).] + [Sidenote 54: MS. wy{n}dowande.] + [Sidenote 55: _abof_ (?).] + [Sidenote 56: _cut_ (?).] + [Sidenote 57: MS. _sovly_.] + [Sidenote 58: _þeues_. (?).] + + +XII. + + [Sidenote: Daniel in his prophecies tells of the destruction of + the Jews.] + Danyel i{n} his dialokeȝ de-vysed su{m} tyme, + As ȝet is proued ex-presse i{n} his p{ro}fecies, + Hov þe gentryse of Iuise & Ih{e}r{usa}l{e}m þe ryche + Watȝ disstryed wyth distres, & drawen to þe erþe, 1160 + [Sidenote: For their unfaithfulness in following other gods, God + allowed the heathen to destroy them, in the reign of Zedekiah, + who practised idolatry.] + For þat folke i{n} her fayth watȝ fou{n}den vntrwe, + Þat haden hyȝt þe hyȝe god to halde of hy{m} eu{er}; + & he hem halȝed for his & help at her nede + In mukel meschefes mony, þat meruayl [is] to here; 1164 + & þay forloyne her fayth & folȝed oþ{er} goddes, + & þat wakned his wrath & wrast hit so hyȝe, + Þat he fylsened þe faythful i{n} þe falce lawe + To for-fare þe falce i{n} þe faythe trwe; 1168 + Hit watȝ sen i{n} þat syþe þat ȝedechyas[59] re{n}gned, + I{n} Iuda, þat iustised þe iuyne ky{n}ges. + He sete on Salamones solie, on solemne wyse, + Bot of leaute he watȝ lat to his lorde hende; 1172 + He vsed abominaciones of idolatrye, + & lette lyȝt bi þe lawe þat he watȝ lege tylle; + For-þi oure fader vpon folde a foman hy{m} wakned, + +[Headnote: NEBUCHADNEZZAR BESIEGES JERUSALEM.] + + [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar becomes his foe.] + Nabigo-de-noȝar nuyed hy{m} swyþe. 1176 + He pur-sued i{n} to palastyn w{i}t{h} proude men mony, + & þer he wast wyth[60] werre þe wones of þorpes. + He herȝed vp alle isr{ae}l & hent of þe beste, + [Sidenote: He besieges Jerusalem, and surrounds the walls.] + & þe gentylest of Iudee i{n} I{e}r{usa}l{e}m biseged, 1180 + Vmbe-walt alle þe walles wyth wyȝes ful stronge, + At vche a dor a doȝty duk, & dutte hem wyth-i{n}ne; + [Sidenote: The city is stuffed full of men.] + For þe borȝ watȝ so bygge baytayled alofte, + & stoffed wyth-i{n}ne w{i}t{h} stout men + to stalle hem þ{er}-oute. 1184 + Þe{n}ne watȝ þe sege sette þe Cete aboute, + [Sidenote: Brisk is the skirmish.] + Skete skarmoch skelt, much skaþe lached; + At vch brugge a berfray on basteles wyse, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 73b.]] + [Sidenote: Seven times a day are the gates assailed.] + Þat seuen syþe vch a day asayled þe ȝates, 1188 + Trwe tulkkes i{n} to{ur}es teueled wyth-i{n}ne, + In bigge brutage of borde, bulde on þe walles; + [Sidenote: For two years the fight goes on, yet the city is not + taken.] + Þay feȝt & þay fende of, & fylt{er} togeder + Til two ȝer ou{er}-torned, ȝet tok þay hit neu{er}. 1192 + [Sidenote: The folk within are in want of food.] + At þe laste vpon longe, þo ledes wyth-i{n}ne, + Faste fayled hem þe fode, enfaminied monie; + Þe hote hunger wyth-i{n}ne hert hem wel sarre, + Þen any dunt of þat douthe þat dowelled þ{er}-oute. 1196 + Þe{n}ne wern þo rowtes redles i{n} þo ryche wones, + [Sidenote: Meager they become.] + Fro þat mete watȝ myst, megre þay wexen, + [Sidenote: For so shut up are they that escape seems impossible.] + & þay stoken so strayt, þ{a}t þay ne stray myȝt + A fote fro þat forselet to forray no goudes. 1200 + Þe{n}ne þe ky{n}g of þe kyth a cou{n}sayl hy{m} takes, + Wyth þe best of his burnes, a blench forto make; + [Sidenote: But on a quiet night they steal out, and rush through + the host.] + Þay stel out on a stylle nyȝt er any steuen rysed, + & harde hurles þurȝ þe oste, er enmies hit wyste, 1204 + Bot er þay at-wappe ne moȝt þe wach wyth-oute, + [Sidenote: They are discovered by the enemy.] + Hiȝe skelt watȝ þe askry þe skewes an-vnder, + [Sidenote: A loud alarm is given.] + Loude alarom vpon lau{n}de lulted watȝ þe{n}ne; + Ryche, ruþed of her rest, ran to here wedes, 1208 + Hard hattes þay hent & on hors lepes; + Cler claryou{n} crak cryed onlofte. + [Sidenote: They are pursued and overtaken.] + By þat watȝ alle on a hepe hurlande swyþee, + Folȝande þat oþ{er} flote, & fonde hem bilyue, 1212 + Ou{er}-tok hem, as tyd, tult hem of sadeles, + Tyl vche prynce hade his per put to þe grou{n}de; + +[Headnote: THE KING OF JUDAH IS MADE PRISONER.] + + [Sidenote: Their king is made prisoner.] + & þer watȝ þe ky{n}g kaȝt wyth calde pry{n}ces, + & alle hise gentyle for-iusted on ierico playnes, 1216 + [Sidenote: His chief men are presented as prisoners to + Nebuchadnezzar.] + & presented wern as presoneres to þe prynce rychest, + Nabigo-de-noȝar noble i{n} his chayer, + & he þe faynest freke þat he his fo hade, + & speke spito{us}ly hem to & spylt þ{er}aft{er}. 1220 + [Sidenote: His sons are slain.] + Þe ky{n}g{es} su{n}nes i{n} his syȝt he slow eu{er} vch one, + [Sidenote: His own eyes are put out.] + & holkked out his auen yȝen het{er}ly boþe + [Sidenote: He is placed in a dungeon in Babylon.] + & bede þe burne to be broȝt to babyloyn þe ryche, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 74a.]] + & þere i{n} dongou{n} be don to dreȝe þ{er} his wyrdes. 1224 + Now se, so þe sou{er}ay[n] set hatȝ his wrake; + Nas hit not for nabugo ne his noble nauþ{er}, + Þat oþ{er} depryued watȝ of pryde with paynes stronge, + [Sidenote: All for his “bad bearing” against the Lord, who might + otherwise have been his friend.] + Bot for his bery{n}g so badde agayn his blyþe lorde; 1228 + For hade þe fader ben his frende þat hy{m} bifore keped, + Ne neu{er} trespast to him i{n} teche of mysseleue. + To Colde wer alle Calde & kythes of ynde, + Ȝet take torkye hem wyth her tene hade ben little; 1232 + [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar ceased not until he had destroyed + Jerusalem.] + Ȝet nolde neu{er} nabugo þis ilke note leue, + Er he hade tuyred þis tou{n} & torne hit to grou{n}de; + He ioyned vnto I{e}r{usa}l{e}m a gentyle duc þe{n}ne, + [Sidenote: Nebuzaradan was “chief of the chivalry.”] + His name watȝ nabu-ȝardan, to noye þe iues; 1236 + He watȝ mayster of his men & myȝty hi{m} seluen, + Þe chef of his cheualrye his chekkes to make, + He brek þe bareres as bylyue, & þe burȝ aft{er}, + & enteres i{n} ful ernestly, i{n} yre of his hert. 1240 + What! þe maysterry watȝ mene, þe me{n} wern away, + [Sidenote: The best men were taken out of the city.] + Þe best boȝed wyth þe burne þat þe borȝ ȝemed; + & þo þat byden wer so[61] biten with þe bale hunger, + Þat on wyf hade ben worþe þe welgest fo{ur}re; 1244 + [Sidenote: Nevertheless Nebuzaradan spared not those left.] + Nabiȝardan noȝt for-þy nolde not spare, + Bot bede al to þe bronde vnder bare egge. + Þay slowen of swettest semlych burdes, + [Sidenote: Brains of bairns were spilt.] + Baþed barnes i{n} blod & her brayn spylled; 1248 + [Sidenote: Priests pressed to death.] + Prestes & prelates þay presed to deþe, + [Sidenote: Wives and wenches foully killed.] + Wyues & wenches her wombes tocoruen, + Þat her boweles out-borst aboute þe diches, + [Sidenote: All that escaped the sword were taken to Babylon, and + were made to drag the cart or milk the kine.] + & al watȝ carfully kylde þat þay cach myȝt, 1252 + & alle [þat] swypped vnswolȝed of þe sworde kene, + Þay wer cagged & kaȝt on capeles al bare, + Festned fettres to her fete vnder fole wombes, + & broþely broȝt to babyloyn þer bale to suffer, 1256 + To sytte i{n} seruage & syte; þat su{m}tyme wer ge{n}tyle, + Now ar chau{n}ged to chorles & charged wyth werkkes, + Boþe to cayre at þe kart & þe kuy mylke, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 74b.]] + Þat su{m}tyme sete i{n} her sale syres & burdes. 1260 + +[Headnote: NEBUZARDAN PILLAGES THE TEMPLE.] + + [Sidenote: Nebuzaradan burst open the temple, and slew those + therein.] + & ȝet nabuȝardan nyl neu{er} stynt, + Er he to þe tempple tee wyth his tulkkes alle; + Betes on þe barers, brestes vp þe ȝates, + Slouen alle at a slyp þat serued þer-i{n}ne, 1264 + [Sidenote: Priests, pulled by the poll, were slain along with + deacons, clerks, and maidens.] + Pulden prestes bi þe polle & plat of her hedes, + Diȝten dekenes to deþe, dungen dou{n} clerkkes, + & alle þe maydenes of þe mu{n}st{er} maȝtyly hokyllen + Wyth þe swayf of þe sworde þat swolȝed he{m} alle. 1268 + [Sidenote: The enemy pillages the temple of its pillars of brass, + and the golden candlestick from off the altar.] + Þe{n}ne ran þay to þe relykes as robbors wylde, + & pyled alle þe apparement þat pented to þe kyrke, + Þe pure pyleres [o]f bras po{ur}trayd i{n} golde, + & þe chef chau{n}deler charged with þe lyȝt, 1272 + Þat ber þe lamp vpon lofte, þat lemed eu{er} more, + Bifore þ[e] sancta s{an}c{t}or{um} þer selcouth watȝ ofte. + Þay caȝt away þat condelstik, & þe crowne als, + Þat þe aut{er} hade vpon, of aþel golde ryche; 1276 + [Sidenote: Goblets, basins, golden dishes, all are taken by + Nebuzaradan, and hampered together.] + Þe gredirne & þe goblot{es} garnyst of sylu{er}, + Þe bases of þe bryȝt postes & bassynes so schyre; + Dere disches of golde & dubleres fayre, + Þe vyoles & þe vesselment of v{er}tuo{us} stones. 1280 + Now hatȝ nabuȝardan nome{n} alle þyse noble þy{n}ges, + & pyled þat p{re}cio{us} place & pakked þose godes; + Þe golde of þe gaȝafylace to swyþe gret nou{m}bre, + Wyth alle þe vrnmentes of þat ho{us}, he hamppred to-geder. 1284 + Alle he spoyled spito{us}ly i{n} a sped whyle, + [Sidenote: Solomon had made them with much labour.] + Þat salomon so mony a sadde ȝer soȝt to make, + Wyth alle þe coyntyse þat he cowþe clene to wyrke; + De-uised he þe vesselment, þe vestures clene, 1288 + Wyth slyȝt of his ciences, his sou{er}ayn to loue, + Þe ho{us} & þe ano{ur}nementes he hyȝtled to-gedere. + Now hatȝ nabuȝardan nu{m}ne{n}d[62] hit al samen, + [Sidenote: The temple he beats down, and returns to Babylon.] + & syþen bet dou{n} þe burȝ & brend hit i{n} askes; 1292 + Þe{n}ne wyth legiou{n}es of ledes ou{er} londes he rydes, + Herȝeȝ of Israel þe hyrne aboute. + Wyth charged chariotes þe cheftayn he fynde[ȝ], + [Sidenote: [Fol. 75a.]] + [Sidenote: Presents the prisoners to the king, among whom were + Daniel and his three companions.] + Bike{n}nes þe catel to þe ky{n}g, þat he caȝt hade, 1296 + P{re}sented him þe p{r}isoneres i{n} pray þat þay token, + Moni a worþly wyȝe whil her worlde laste, + Moni semly syre son{e}, & swyþe rych maydenes, + Þe pruddest of þe p{ro}uince, & p{ro}phetes childer, 1300 + As Ananie & aȝarie & als Miȝael, + & dere daniel also, þat watȝ deuine noble, + With moni a modey moder chylde mo þe{n} i{n}-noghe. + +[Headnote: NEBUCHADNEZZAR IS PLEASED WITH THE SPOIL.] + + [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar has great joy, because his enemies are + slain.] + & nabugo-de-noȝar makes much ioye, 1304 + Nov he þe ky{n}g hatȝ c{on}quest & þe kyth wu{n}nen, + & dreped alle þe doȝtyest & derrest i{n} armes, + & þe lederes of her lawe layd to þe grou{n}de, + & þe pryce of þe p{ro}fecie p{r}isoners maked; 1308 + +[Headnote: HE PRIZES GREATLY THE SACRED JEWELRY.] + + [Sidenote: Great was his wonder when he saw the sacred jewelry.] + Bot þe ioy of þe iuelrye so gentyle & ryche, + When hit watȝ schewed hy{m} so schene, scharp watȝ his wonder, + Of such vessel auayed þat vayled so huge, + Neu{er} ȝet nas nabugo-de-noȝar er þe{n}ne. 1312 + [Sidenote: He praises the God of Israel.] + He sesed hem w{i}t{h} solemneté, þe sou{er}ayn he praysed, + þat watȝ aþel ou{er} alle, israel dryȝtyn; + [Sidenote: Such vessels never before came to Chaldea.] + Such god, such gomes, such gay vesselles + Comen neu{er} out of kyth, to Caldee reames. 1316 + [Sidenote: They are thrust into the treasury.] + He trussed hem i{n} his tresorye i{n} a tryed place + Rekenly wyth reu{er}ens, as he ryȝt hade; + & þ{er} he wroȝt as þe wyse, as ȝe may wyt here-aft{er}, + For hade he let of hem lyȝt, hy{m} moȝt haf lu{m}pen worse. 1320 + Þat ryche i{n} gret rialté rengned his lyue, + [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar reigns as emperor of all the earth, + through the “doom of Daniel,” who gave him good counsel.] + As {con}quero{ur} of vche a cost he cayser watȝ hatte, + Emp{er}o{ur} of alle þe erþe & also þe saudan, + & als þe god of þe grou{n}de watȝ grauen his name 1324 + & al þurȝ dome of daniel, fro[63] he deuised hade, + Þat alle goudes com of god, & gef hit hy{m} bi samples, + Þat he ful clanly bi-cnv[64] his carp bi þe laste, + & ofte hit mekned his my{n}de, his mayst{er}ful werkkes. 1328 + Bot al drawes to dyȝe w{i}t{h} doel vp[o]n ende; + Bi[65] a haþel neu{er} so hyȝe he heldes to grou{n}de, + [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar dies and is buried.] + & so nabugo-de-noȝar as he nedes moste; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 75b.]] + For alle his empire so hiȝe i{n} erþe is he g{ra}uen. 1332 + [Sidenote: Belshazzar succeeds him.] + Bot þe{n}n þe bolde baltaȝar, þat watȝ his barn aldest, + He watȝ stalled i{n} his stud, & stabled þe rengne; + [Sidenote: He holds himself the biggest in heaven or on earth.] + I{n} þe burȝ of babiloyne þe biggest he trawed, + Þat nauþ{er} i{n} heuen ne no[66] erþe hade no pere; 1336 + For he bigan i{n} alle þe glori þat hy{m} þe gome lafte, + Nabugo-de-Noȝar, þat watȝ his noble fader; + So kene a ky{n}g i{n} Caldee com neu{er} er þe{n}ne. + [Sidenote: He honours not God, but worships false phantoms.] + Bot hono{ur}ed he not hy{m} þat in heuen wonies, 1340 + Bot fals fantu{m}mes of fendes, formed with handes + Wyth tool out of harde tre, & telded on lofte, + & of stokkes & stones, he stoute goddes callȝ + When þay ar gilde al with golde & gered wyth sylu{er}, 1344 + & þere he kneles & calleȝ, & clepes after help. + [Sidenote: He promises them rewards if good fortune befal.] + &[67] þay reden hi{m} ryȝt rewarde he hem hetes, + & if þay gruchen hi{m} his grace to gremen his hert, + [Sidenote: If they vex him he knocks them in pieces.] + He cleches to a gret klubbe & knokkes hem to peces; 1348 + Þ{us} in pryde & oliprau{n}ce his Empyre he haldes, + In lust & i{n} lecherye, & loþelych werkkes; + [Sidenote: He has a wife, and many concubines.] + & hade a wyf forto welde, a worþelych quene, + & mony a le{m}man, neu{er} þe lat{er}, þat ladis wer called. 1352 + In þe clernes of his {con}cubines & curio{us} wedeȝ, + [Sidenote: The mind of the king was fixed upon new meats and + other vain things.] + In noty{n}g of nwe metes & of nice gettes, + Al watȝ þe mynde of þat man, o{n} misschapen þi{n}ges, + Til þe lorde of þe lyfte liste hit abate. 1356 + + [Sidenote 59: MS. _ȝedethyas_.] + [Sidenote 60: MS. _wyth with_.] + [Sidenote 61: The MS. reads _fo._] + [Sidenote 62: _nummen_ (?).] + [Sidenote 63: _for_ (?).] + [Sidenote 64: Looks like bicuv{er} in MS.] + [Sidenote 65: _be_ (?).] + [Sidenote 66: _on_ (?).] + [Sidenote 67: _An_ (?).] + + +[Headnote: BELSHAZZAR PROCLAIMS A FEAST, TO WHICH KINGS AND EMPERORS +ARE INVITED.] + +XIII. + + [Sidenote: Belshazzar, to exhibit his vainglory, proclaims + throughout Babylon, that all the great ones should assemble on a + set day, at the Sultan’s feast.] + The{n}ne þis bolde Baltaȝar biþenkkes hy{m} ones, + To vouche on a vayment of his vayne g[l]orie; + Hit is not i{n}nogh{e} to þe nice al noȝty þi{n}k[68] vse, + Bot if alle þe worlde wyt his wykked dedes. 1360 + Baltaȝar þurȝ babiloyn his ba{n}ne gart crye, + & þurȝ þe cu{n}tre of caldee his cally{n}g con spry{n}g, + Þat alle þe grete vpon grou{n}de schulde geder hem samen + & assemble at a set day at þe saudans fest. 1364 + [Sidenote: Kings, dukes, and lords were commanded to attend the + court.] + Such a mangerie to make þe man watȝ auised, + Þat vche a kythyn ky{n}g schuld com þider; + Vche duk wyth his duthe & oþ{er} dere lordes, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 76a.]] + Schulde com to his co{ur}t to kyþe hy{m} for lege, 1368 + & to reche hy{m} reu{er}ens & his reuel herkken; + [Sidenote: To do the king honour many nobles came to Babylon.] + To loke on his lemanes & ladis hem calle, + To rose hy{m} i{n} his rialty rych me{n} soȝtten, + & mony a barou{n} ful bolde, to babyloyn þe noble. 1372 + Þer bowed toward babiloyn burnes so mony, + Ky{n}ges, Cayseres ful kene, to þe co{ur}t wo{n}nen, + Mony ludisch lordes þat ladies broȝten, + [Sidenote: It would take too long to name the number.] + Þat to neuen þe nou{m}bre to much nye were. 1376 + [Sidenote: The city of Babylon is broad and big.] + For þe bo{ur}ȝ watȝ so brod & so bigge alce, + Stalled i{n} þe fayrest stud þe sterreȝ an-vnder, + [Sidenote: It is situated on a plain, surrounded by seven + streams, a high wall, and towers.] + Prudly on a plat playn, plek alþ{er}-fayrest, + Vmbe-sweyed on vch a syde w{i}t{h} seuen grete wat{er}es, 1380 + W{i}t{h} a wonder wroȝt walle wruxeled ful hiȝe, + W{i}t{h} koy{n}t carneles aboue, coruen ful clene, + Troched toures bitwene twenty spere lenþe, + & þiker þrowen vmbe þo{ur}[69]-w{i}t{h} ou{er}-þwert palle. 1384 + [Sidenote: The palace was long and large, each side being seven + miles in length.] + Þe place, þat plyed þe pursau{n}t wyth-i{n}ne, + Watȝ longe & ful large & eu{er} ilych sware, + & vch a syde vpon soyle helde seuen myle, + & þe saudans sete sette i{n} þe myddes; 1388 + Þat watȝ a palayce of pryde passande alle oþ{er}, + Boþe of werk & of wu{n}der & walle al aboute; + [Sidenote: High houses were within the walls.] + Heȝe houses w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne þe halle to hit med, + So brod bilde i{n} a bay, þ{a}t blonkkes myȝt re{n}ne. 1392 + [Sidenote: The time of the feast has come.] + When þe terme of þe tyde watȝ to vsched of þe feste, + Dere droȝen þ{er}-to & vpon des metten, + [Sidenote: Belshazzar sits upon his throne: the hall floor is + covered with knights.] + & baltaȝar vpon bench was busked to sete, + Stepe stayred stones of his stoute throne. 1396 + Þe{n}ne watȝ alle þe halle flor hiled w{i}t{h} knyȝtes, + & barou{n}es at þe side-bordes bounet ay-where, + For non watȝ dressed vpon dece bot þe dere seluen, + & his clere concubynes i{n} cloþes ful bryȝt. 1400 + [Sidenote: When all are seated, service begins.] + When alle segges were þ{er} set, þe{n} seruyse bygy{n}nes, + [Sidenote: Trumpets sound everywhere.] + Sturnen trumpen strake steuen i{n} halle, + Aywhere by þe wowes wrasten krakkes, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 76b.]] + & brode baneres þer-bi blusnande of gold; 1404 + [Sidenote: Bread is served upon silver dishes.] + Burnes berande þe[70] bredes vpon brode skeles, + Þat were of sylu{er}en syȝt & se{er}ved[71] þ{er}-wyth, + Lyfte logges þer-ou{er} & on lofte coruen, + Pared out of paper & poynted of golde,[72] 1408 + Broþe baboynes abof, besttes an-vnder, + Foles i{n} foler flakerande bi-twene, + & al i{n} asure & ynde enaumayld ryche, + [Sidenote: All sorts of musical instruments are heard in the + hall.] + & al on blonkken bak bere hit on honde. 1412 + & ay þe nakeryn noyse, notes of pipes, + Ty{m}bres & tabornes, tulket amo{n}g, + Sy{m}bales & soneteȝ sware þe noyse, + & bougou{n}ȝ busch bat{er}ed so þikke; 1416 + So watȝ serued fele syþe þe sale alle aboute, + [Sidenote: The king, surrounded by his loves, drinks copiously + of wine.] + W{i}t{h} solace at þe sere course, bifore þe self lorde, + Þer þe lede & alle his loue lenged at þe table. + [Sidenote: It gets into his head and stupifies him.] + So faste þay weȝed to hi{m} wyne, hit warmed his hert 1420 + & breyþed vppe i{n} to his brayn & blemyst his my{n}de, + & al waykned his wyt, & wel neȝe he foles, + For he wayteȝ onwyde, his wenches he byholdes, + & his bolde baronage, aboute bi þe woȝes; 1424 + [Sidenote: A cursed thought takes possession of him.] + Þe{n}ne a dotage ful depe drof to his hert, + & a caytif cou{n}sayl he caȝt bi hy{m} seluen. + +[Headnote: BELSHAZZAR BRINGS OUT THE SACRED VESSELS TO DECK THE +FESTIVE HALL.] + + [Sidenote: He commands his marshal to bring him the vessels + taken from the temple by Nebuchadnezzar, and to fill them with + wine.] + Maynly his marschal þe mayst{er} vpon calles, + & comau{n}des hym cofly coferes to lance, 1428 + & fech forþe vessel þ{a}t his fader broȝt + Nabugo-de-noȝar, noble i{n} his strenþe, + Conquerd with his knyȝtes & of kyrk rafte + I{n} iude, i{n} i{e}r{usa}l{e}m i{n} gentyle wyse: 1432 + “Bry{n}g hem now to my borde, of beu{er}age he{m} fylles, + Let þise ladyes of hem lape, I luf he{m} i{n} hert; + Þat schal I cortaysly kyþe & þay schi{n} knawe sone, + Þer is no bou{n}té i{n} burne lyk baltaȝar þewes.” 1436 + [Sidenote: The marshal opens the chests.] + Þe{n}ne towched to þe treso{ur} þis tale watȝ sone, + & he w{i}t{h} keyes vn-closes kystes ful mony; + Mony burþen ful bryȝt watȝ broȝt i{n}-to halle, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 77a.]] + [Sidenote: Covers the cupboard with vessels.] + & cou{er}ed mony a cupborde with cloþes ful quite. 1440 + Þe iueles out of i{e}r{u}s{a}l{e}m[73] w{i}t{h} ge{m}mes ful bryȝt, + [Sidenote: The Jewels of Jerusalem deck the sides of the hall.] + Bi þe syde of þe sale were semely arayed; + [Sidenote: The altar and crown, blessed by bishop’s hands, and + anointed with the blood of beasts, are set before the bold + Belshazzar.] + Þe aþel auter of brasse watȝ hade i{n}-to place; + Þe gay corou{n} of golde gered on lofte, 1444 + Þat hade ben blessed bifore wyth bischopes hondes + & wyth besten blod busily anoynted, + In þe solempne sacrefyce þat goud sauor hade, + Bifore þe lorde of þe lyfte i{n} louy{n}g hy{m} seluen, 1448 + Now is sette for to serue satanas þe blake, + Bifore þe bolde baltaȝar wyth bost & wyth pryde. + [Sidenote: Upon this altar were noble vessels curiously carved, + basins of gold, cups arrayed like castles with battlements, and + towers with lofty pinnacles.] + Houen vpon þis auter watȝ aþel vessel, + Þat wyth so[74] curio{us} a crafte coruen watȝ wyly; 1452 + Salamon sete him s[eue]n ȝere & a syþe more, + W{i}t{h} alle þe syence þat hy{m} sende þe sou{er}ayn lorde, + For to compas & kest to haf hem clene wroȝt; + For þer wer bassynes ful bryȝt of brende golde clere, 1456 + En-aumaylde w{i}t{h} aȝer & eweres of sute; + Cou{er}ed cowpes foul[75] clene, as casteles arayed, + Enbaned vnder batelment w{i}t{h} bantelles quoy{n}t, + & fyled out of fygures of ferlyle[76] schappes. 1460 + Þe cop{er}ou{n}es of þe canacles þat on þe cuppe reres, + Wer fetysely formed out i{n} fylyoles longe, + [Sidenote: Upon them were pourtrayed branches and leaves, the + flowers of which were white pearls, and the fruit flaming gems.] + Pinacles pyȝt þer apert þat p{ro}fert bitwene, + & al boiled abof w{i}t{h} brau{n}ches & leues, 1464 + Pyes & papeiayes purtrayed with-i{n}ne, + As þay prudly hade piked of pomgarnades; + For alle þe blomes of þe boȝes wer blyknande perles + & alle þe fruyt i{n} þo formes of flau{m}beande ge{m}mes, 1468 + Ande safyres, & sardiners, & semely topace, + Alabau{n}derynes, & amarau{n}ȝ & amaffised stones, + Casydoynes, & crysolytes, & clere rubies, + Penitotes, & pynkardines, ay perles bitwene, 1472 + So trayled & tryfled a trau{er}ce wer alle, + Bi vche bekyrande þe bolde, þe brurdes al vmbe; + Þe gobelotes of golde grauen aboute, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 77b.]] + [Sidenote: The goblets were ornamented with flowers of gold.] + & fyoles fretted w{i}t{h} flores & fleeȝ of golde, 1476 + Vpon þat avter watȝ al aliche dresset. + [Sidenote: The candlestick was brought in, with its pillars of + brass, and ornamental boughs, upon which sat birds of various + hues.] + Þe candelstik bi a cost watȝ cayred þider sone, + [V]pon þe pyleres apyked þat praysed hit mony, + Vpon hit baseȝ of brasse þat ber vp þe werkes, 1480 + Þe boȝes bryȝt þer abof, brayden of golde, + Brau{n}ches bredande þer-on, & bryddes þer seten + Of mony kyndes, of fele-kyn hues, + As þay w{i}t{h} wy{n}ge vpon wynde hade waged her fyþ{er}es, 1484 + [Sidenote: Lights shone bright from the candlestick, which once + stood before the “Holy of Holies.”] + In-mo{n}g þe leues of þe lampes wer grayþed; + & oþ{er} louelych[77] lyȝt þat lemed ful fayre, + As mony mort{er}es of wax merkked w{i}t{h}-oute, + W{i}t{h} mony a borlych best al of brende golde. 1488 + Hit watȝ not wonte i{n} þat wone to wast no serges, + Bot i{n} te{m}ple of þe trauþe trwly to stonde; + Bifore þe s{an}c{t}a, s{an}c{t}or{um} soþefast dryȝtyn, + Expouned his speche sp{irit}ually to special p{ro}phetes. 1492 + [Sidenote: The pollution of the sacred vessels is displeasing + to God.] + Leue þ{o}u wel þat þe lorde þ{a}t þe lyfte ȝemes + Displesed much, at þat play i{n} þat plyt stronge, + Þat his ineles so gent wyth iaueles wer fouled, + Þat p{re}syo{us} i{n} his presens wer proued su{m} whyle. 1496 + Soberly i{n} his sacrafyce su{m}me wer anoynted, + Þurȝ þe somones of him selfe þat syttes so hyȝe; + [Sidenote: For “a boaster on bench” drinks from them till he is + as “drunken as the devil.”] + Now a bost{er} on benche bibbes þerof + Tyl he be dronkken as þe deuel, & dotes þ{er} he syttes; 1500 + [Sidenote: God is very angry.] + So þe worcher of þis worlde wlates þer-wyth, + Þat i{n} þe poynt of her play he poruayes a mynde; + [Sidenote: Before harming the revellers He sends them a warning.] + Bot er harme hem he wolde i{n} haste of his yre, + He wayned hem a warny{n}g þat wonder hem þoȝt. 1504 + Nov is alle þis guere geten glotou{n}es to serue; + Stad i{n} a ryche stal & stared ful bryȝtȝ,[78] + +[Headnote: THE SACRED VESSELS ARE DEFILED.] + + [Sidenote: Belshazzar commands the sacred vessels to be filled + with wine.] + Baltaȝar i{n} a brayd bede v{us} þ{er}-of. + “Weȝe wyn i{n} þis won, wassayl!” he cryes. 1508 + Swyfte swaynes ful swyþe swepen þ{er}-tylle, + [Sidenote: The cups and bowls are soon filled.] + Kyppe kowpes i{n} honde ky{n}geȝ to serue, + I{n} bryȝt bolleȝ, ful bayn birlen þise oþ{er}, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 78a.]] + & vche mon for his mayst{er} machches alone. 1512 + [Sidenote: Music of all kind is heard in the hall.] + Þer watȝ ry{n}gi{n}g, on ryȝt, of ryche metalles, + Quen renkkes i{n} þat ryche rok re{n}nen hit to cache, + Clat{er}i{n}g of conacleȝ þat kesten þo burdes, + As sonet out of sau[t]{er}ay songe als myry. 1516 + Þen þe dotel on dece drank þat he myȝt, + [Sidenote: Dukes, princes, concubines, and knights, all are + merry.] + & þe{n}ne arn dressed dukeȝ & prynces, + Concubines & knyȝtes, bi cause of þat m{er}the; + As vchon hade hy{m} i{n} helde he haled of þe cuppe, 1520 + [Sidenote: Drinking of the sweet liquors they ask favours of + their gods, who, although dumb, are as highly praised “as if + heaven were theirs.”] + So long likked þise lordes þise lykores swete, + & gloryed on her falce goddes & her g{ra}ce calles, + Þat were of stokkes & stones, stille euer more; + Neu{er} steuen hem astel, so stoken is[79] hor tonge, 1524 + Alle þe goude golden goddes þe gauleȝ ȝet neuenen, + Belfagor & belyal & belssabub als, + Heyred hem as hyȝly as heuen wer þayres, + Bot hy{m} þat alle goudes giues, þat god þay for-ȝeten, 1528 + [Sidenote: A marvel befals the feasters.] + For þer a ferly bifel þat fele folk seȝen; + [Sidenote: The king first saw it.] + Fyrst knew hit þe ky{n}g & alle þe cort aft{er}, + +[Headnote: THE HANDWRITING ON THE WALL.] + + [Sidenote: Upon the plain wall, “a palm with pointel in fingers” + is seen writing.] + I{n} þe palays pryncipale vpon þe playn wowe, + I{n} contrary of þe candelstik þat clerest hit schyned. 1532 + Þer apered a paume, w{i}t{h} poyntel i{n} fyngres + Þat watȝ grysly & gret, & grymly he wrytes, + Non oþ{er} forme bot a fust faylande þe wryste, + Pared on þe parget, purtrayed lettres. 1536 + [Sidenote: The bold Belshazzar becomes frightened.] + When þat bolde baltaȝar blusched to þat neue, + Such a dasande drede dusched to his hert, + Þat al falewed his face & fayled þe chere; + Þe stronge strok of þe stonde strayned his ioy{n}tes, 1540 + [Sidenote: His knees knock together.] + His cnes cachches to close & cluchches his ho{m}mes, + & he w{i}t{h} plat-ty{n}g his paumes displayes his lers,[80] + [Sidenote: He roars for dread, still beholding the hand, as it + wrote on the rough wall.] + & romyes as a rad ryth þat roreȝ for drede, + Ay biholdand þe honde til hit hade al g{ra}uen, 1544 + & rasped on þe roȝ woȝe runisch saueȝ. + When hit þe scrypture hade scraped wyth a scrof[81] pe{n}ne, + As a colto{ur} i{n} clay cerues þ{o} forȝes, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 78b.]] + [Sidenote: The hand vanishes but the letters remain.] + Þe{n}ne hit vanist v{er}ayly & voyded of syȝt, 1548 + Bot þe lettres bileued ful large vpon plast{er}. + +[Headnote: THE KING CONSULTS HIS DIVINERS.] + + [Sidenote: The king recovers his speech and sends for the + “book-learned;” but none of the scholars were wise enough to + read it.] + Sone so þe ky{n}ge for his care carpi{n}g myȝt wy{n}ne, + He bede his burnes boȝ to þat wer{e} bok lered, + To wayte þe wryt þat hit wolde & wyt{er} hym to say, 1552 + “For al hit frayes my flesche þe fyngres so gry{m}me.” + Scoleres skelten þeratte þe skyl forto fynde, + Bot þer watȝ neu{er} on so wyse couþe on worde rede, + Ne what ledisch lore ne langage nauþ{er} 1556 + What tyþy{n}g ne tale tokened þo draȝtes. + [Sidenote: Belshazzar is nearly mad.] + Þe{n}ne þe bolde baltaȝar bred ner wode. + [Sidenote: Commands the city to be searched throughout for the + “wise of witchcraft.”] + & ede[82] þe Ceté to seche segges þurȝ-out, + Þat wer wyse of wyche-crafte & warlaȝes oþ{er}, 1560 + Þat con dele wyth dem{er}layk, & deuine lettres: + “Calle hem alle to my cort þo calde clerkkes, + Vn-folde hem alle þis ferly þat is bifallen here, + [Sidenote: He who expounds the strange letters, shall be clothed + in “gowns of purple.”] + & calle wyth a hiȝe cry; ‘he þat þe ky{n}g wysses, 1564 + In expouny{n}g of speche þat spredes i{n} þise lettres, + & make þe mat{er} to malt my mynde wyth-i{n}ne, + Þat I may wyt{er}ly wyt what þat wryt menes, + He schal þe gered ful gaye i{n} gounes of porpre, 1568 + [Sidenote: A collar of gold shall encircle his throat.] + & a coler of cler golde clos vmbe his þrote; + [Sidenote: He shall be the third lord in the realm.] + He schal be prymate & prynce of pure clergye, + & of my þreuenest lordeȝ þe þrydde he schal + & of my reme þe rychest to ryde wyth myseluen, 1572 + Out-taken bare two & þe{n}ne he þe þrydde.’” + [Sidenote: As soon as this cry was upcast, to the hall came + clerks out of Chaldea, witches and diviners, sorcerers and + exorcists.] + Þis cry watȝ vp-caste, & þer comen mony + Clerkes out of caldye þat ke{n}nest wer knauen, + As þe sage sathrapas þat sorsory couþe; 1576 + Wycheȝ & walkyries wo{n}nen to þat sale, + Deuinores of demorlaykes þat dremes cowþe rede, + Sorsers & exorsism{us} & fele such clerkes; + [Sidenote: But after looking on the letters they were as + ignorant as if they had looked into the leather of the left + boot.] + & alle þat loked on þat lett{er} as lewed þay were, 1580 + As þay had loked i{n} þe leþ{er} of my lyft bote. + Þe{n}ne cryes þe ky{n}g & kerues his wedes; + [Sidenote: The king curses them all and calls them churls.] + What! he corsed his clerkes & calde hem chorles, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 79a.]] + [Sidenote: He orders the harlots to be hanged.] + To henge þe harlotes he heȝed ful ofte, 1584 + So watȝ þe wyȝe wytles, he wed wel ner. + [Sidenote: The queen hears the king chide.] + Ho herde hy{m} chyde to þe chambre þat watȝ þe chef quene; + [Sidenote: She inquires the cause.] + When ho watȝ wyt{er}ed bi wyȝes what watȝ þe cause, + Suche a chau{n}gande chau{n}ce i{n} þe chef halle, 1588 + Þe lady to lauce[83] þat los þat þe lorde hade, + [Sidenote: Goes to the king, kneels before him, and asks why he + has rent his robes for grief, when there is one that has the + Spirit of God, the counsellor of Nebuchadnezzar, the interpreter + of his dreams, through the holy Spirit of God.] + Glydes dou{n} by þe grece & gos to þe ky{n}g; + Ho kneles on þe colde erþe & carpes to hy{m} seluen, + Wordes of worchyp wyth a wys speche. 1592 + “Kene ky{n}g,” q{uod} þe quene, “kayser of vrþe, + Eu{er} laste þy lyf i{n} lenþe of dayes; + Why hatȝ þou rended þy robe for redles here-i{n}ne, + Þaȝ þose ledes ben lewed lettres to rede, 1596 + & hatȝ a haþel i{n} þy holde, as I haf herde ofte, + Þat hatȝ þe gostes of god þat gyes alle soþes; + His sawle is ful of syence, saȝes to schawe, + To open vch a hide þy{ng} of aunt{er}es vn-cowþe; 1600 + Þat is he þat ful ofte hatȝ heuened þy fader + Of mony ang{er} ful hote w{i}t{h} his holy speche. + When nabugo-de-noȝar watȝ nyed i{n} stou{n}des, + He de-vysed his dremes to þe dere trawþe, 1604 + He keu{er}ed hy{m} w{i}t{h} his cou{n}sayl of caytyf wyrdes; + Alle þat he spured hym i{n} space he expowned clene, + Þurȝ þe sped of þe spyryt þat sprad hy{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, + Of þe godelest goddeȝ þat gaynes ay-where. 1608 + For his depe diuinité & his dere sawes, + [Sidenote: The name of this man is Daniel, who was brought a + captive from Judæa.] + Þy bolde fader baltaȝar bede by[84] his name, + Þat now is demed danyel of derne coni{n}ges, + Þat caȝt watȝ i{n} þe captyuidé i{n} cu{n}tre of iues; 1612 + Nabuȝardan hy{m} nome & now is he here, + A prophete of þat prouince & pryce of þe worlde. + +[Headnote: DANIEL IS SENT FOR.] + + [Sidenote: The queen tells the king to send for Daniel.] + Sende i{n}-to þe ceté to seche hy{m} bylyue, + & wy{n}ne hy{m} w{i}t{h} þe worchyp to wayne þe bote, 1616 + & þaȝ þe mat{er} be merk þat merked is ȝender, + He schal de-clar hit also, as hit on clay stande.” + [Sidenote: Her counsel is accepted.] + Þat gode cou{n}seyl at þe quene watȝ cached as[85] swyþe, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 79b.]] + Þe burne byfore baltaȝar watȝ broȝt i{n} a whyle, 1620 + [Sidenote: Daniel comes before Belshazzar.] + When he com bifore þe ky{n}g & clanly had halsed, + Baltaȝar vmbe-brayde hy{m} & “leue s{ir},” he sayde, + [Sidenote: The king tells him that he has heard of his wisdom, + and his power to discover hidden things, and that he wants to + know the meaning of the writing on the wall.] + “Hit is tolde me bi tulkes, þat þ{o}u trwe were + Profete of þat prouynce þat prayed my fader, 1624 + Ande þat þ{o}u hatȝ i{n} þy hert holy co{n}ny{n}g, + Of sapyence þi sawle ful soþes to schawe; + Goddes gost is þe geuen þat gyes alle þy{n}g{es}, + & þ{o}u vnhyles vch hidde þat heuen ky{n}g my{n}tes; 1628 + & here is a ferly byfallen, & I fayn wolde + Wyt þe wytte of þe wryt, þat on þe wowe clyues, + For alle calde clerkes han cowwardely fayled; + [Sidenote: Promises him, if he can explain the text of the + letters and their interpretation, to clothe him in purple and + pall, and put a ring about his neck, and to make him “a baron + upon bench.”] + If þ{o}u w{i}t{h} quay{n}tyse co{n}quere hit, + I quyte þe þy mede. 1632 + For if þ{o}u redes hit by ryȝt & hit to resou{n} bry{n}ges, + Fyrst telle me þe tyxte of þe tede lettres, + & syþen þe mat{er} of þe mode, mene me þ{er}-aft{er}, + & I schal halde þe þe hest þat I þe hyȝt haue; 1636 + Apyke þe i{n} porpre cloþe, palle alþer-fynest, + & þe byȝe of bryȝt golde abowte þy{n} nekke, + & þe þryd þryuenest þat þry{n}ges me aft{er}, + Þ{o}u schal be barou{n} vpon benche, bede I þe no lasse.” 1640 + +[Headnote: DANIEL DESCRIBES HOW NEBUCHADNEZZAR WAS PUNISHED FOR +HIS PRIDE.] + + [Sidenote: Daniel addresses the king, and reminds him how that + God supported his father, and gave him power to exalt or abase + whomsoever he pleased.] + Derfly þe{n}ne danyel deles þyse wordes: + “Ryche ky{n}g of þis rengne rede þe oure lorde, + Hit is surely soth, þe sou{er}ayn of heuen + Fylsened eu{er} þy fader & vpon folde cheryched, 1644 + Gart hy{m} grattest to be of gou{er}nores alle, + & alle þe worlde i{n} his wylle welde as hy{m} lykes. + Who-so wolde wel do, wel hy{m} bityde, + & quos deth so he deȝyre he dreped als fast; 1648 + Who-so hy{m} lyked to lyft, on lofte watȝ he sone, + & quo-so hy{m} lyked to lay, watȝ loȝed bylyue. + [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar was established on account of his + faith in God.] + So watȝ noted þe note of nabugo-de-noȝar, + Styfly stabled þe rengne bi þe stronge dryȝty{n}, 1652 + For of þe hyȝest he hade a hope i{n} his hert, + Þat vche pou{er} past out of [þ]at prynce euen; + [Sidenote: So long as he remained true, no man was greater.] + & whyle þat watȝ cleȝt clos i{n} his hert, + Þere watȝ no mon vpon molde of myȝt as hy{m} selue{n}, 1656 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 80a.]] + [Sidenote: But at last pride touches his heart.] + Til hit bitide on a tyme, towched hy{m} pryde + For his lordeschyp so large, & his lyf ryche; + He hade so huge an insyȝt to his aune dedes, + [Sidenote: He forgets the power of God, and blasphemes His name.] + Þat þe power of þe hyȝe prynce he purely forȝetes. 1660 + Þe{n}ne bly{n}nes he not of blasfemyon to blame þe dryȝty{n}, + His myȝt mete to goddes he made w{i}t{h} his wordes: + [Sidenote: He says that he is “god of the ground,” and the + builder of Babylon.] + “I am god of þe grou{n}de, to gye as me lykes, + As he þat hyȝe is i{n} heuen his au{n}geles þ{a}t weldes; 1664 + If he hatȝ formed þe folde & folk þ{er} vpone, + I haf bigged babiloyne, burȝ alþ{er}-rychest, + Stabled þer-i{n}ne vche a ston i{n} strenkþe of my{n} armes, + Moȝt neu{er} myȝt bot myn make such anoþ{er}.” 1668 + [Sidenote: Hardly had Nebuchadnezzar spoken, when God’s voice is + heard, saying, “Thy principality is departed.] + Watȝ not þis ilke worde wo{n}nen of his mowþe one, + Er þe{n}ne þe sou{er}ayn saȝe souned i{n} his eres, + “Now nabugo-de-noȝar i{n}noȝe hatȝ spoken, + Now is alle þy pryncipalté past at ones, 1672 + [Sidenote: Thou, removed from men, must abide on the moor, and + walk with wild beasts, eat herbs, and dwell with wolves and + asses.”] + & þ{o}u, remued fro mo{n}nes su{n}es, on mor most abide, + & in wast{ur}ne walk & wyth þe wylde dowelle, + As best, byte on þe bent of braken & erbes, + W{i}t{h} wroþe wolfes to won & wyth wylde asses.” 1676 + In mydde þe poynt of his pryde de-parted he þere, + Fro þe soly of his solempneté, his solace he leues, + [Sidenote: For his pride he becomes an outcast.] + & carfully is out-kast to contré vnknawen, + Fer i{n}-to a fyr fryth þere frekes neu{er} comen. 1680 + [Sidenote: He believes himself to be a bull or an ox.] + His hert heldet vnhole, he hoped non oþ{er} + Bot a best þat he be, a bol oþ{er} an oxe. + [Sidenote: Goes “on all fours,” like a cow, for seven summers.] + He fares forth on alle faure, fogge watȝ his mete, + & ete ay as a horce when erbes were fallen, 1684 + Þus he cou{n}tes hy{m} a kow, þat watȝ a ky{n}g ryche, + Quyle seuen syþeȝ were ou{er}-seyed som{er}es I trawe. + [Sidenote: His thighs grew thick.] + By þat, mony þik thyȝe þryȝt vmbe his lyre, + Þat alle watȝ dubbed & dyȝt i{n} þe dew of heuen; 1688 + [Sidenote: His hair became matted and thick, from the shoulders + to the toes.] + Faxe fylt{er}ed, & felt flosed hy{m} vmbe, + Þat schad fro his schulderes to his schyre wykes, + & twenty-folde twyna{n}de hit to his tos raȝt + Þer mony clyuy as clyde hit clyȝt to-geder. 1692 + [Sidenote: His beard touched the earth.] + His berde I-brad alle his brest to þe bare vrþe, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 80b.]] + [Sidenote: His brows were like briars.] + His browes bresed as breres aboute his brode chekes; + [Sidenote: His eyes were hollow, and grey as the kite’s.] + Holȝe were his yȝen & vnder campe hores, + & al watȝ gray as þe glede, w{i}t{h} ful gry{m}me clawres 1696 + Þat were croked & kene as þe kyte paune;[86] + [Sidenote: Eagle-hued he was.] + Erne-hwed he watȝ & al ou{er}-brawden, + Til he wyst ful wel who wroȝt alle myȝtes, + & cowþe vche kyndam tokerue & keu{er} when hy{m} lyked; 1700 + [Sidenote: At last he recovered his “wit,” and believed in God.] + Þe{n}ne he wayned hy{m} his wyt þat hade wo soffered, + Þat he com to knawlach & ke{n}ned hy{m} seluen, + Þe{n}ne he laued[87] þat lorde & leued i{n} trawþe, + Hit watȝ non oþ{er} þen he þat hade al i{n} honde. 1704 + [Sidenote: Then soon was he restored to his seat.] + Þe{n}ne sone watȝ he sende agayn, his sete restored; + His barou{n}es boȝed hy{m} to, blyþe of his come, + Haȝerly i{n} his aune hwe his heued watȝ cou{er}ed, + & so ȝeply watȝ ȝarked & ȝolden his state. 1708 + [Sidenote: But thou, Belshazzar, hast disregarded these signs, + and hast blasphemed the Lord, defiled his vessels, filling them + with wine for thy wenches, and praising thy lifeless gods.] + Bot þ{o}u baltaȝar his barne & his bolde ayre, + Seȝ þese sy{n}gnes w{i}t{h} syȝt & set hem at lyttel, + Bot ay hatȝ hofen þy hert agaynes þe hyȝe dryȝt[y]n, + W{i}t{h} bobau{n}ce & w{i}t{h} blasfamye bost at hy{m} kest, 1712 + & now his vessayles avyled i{n} vanyté vnclene, + Þat i{n} his hows hy{m} to hono{ur} were heue{n}ed of fyrst; + Bifore þe barou{n}ȝ hatȝ hom broȝt, & byrled þ{er}i{n}ne + Wale wyne to þy wenches i{n} waryed stou{n}des; 1716 + Bifore þy borde hatȝ þ{o}u broȝt beu{er}age i{n} þede, + Þat blyþely were fyrst blest w{i}t{h} bischopes hondes, + Louande þeron lese goddeȝ, þat lyf haden neu{er}, + Made of stokkes & stoneȝ þat neu{er} styry moȝt. 1720 + [Sidenote: For this sin God has sent thee this strange sight, + the fist with the fingers writing on the wall.] + & for þat froþande fylþe, þe fader of heuen + Hatȝ sende[88] i{n}-to þis sale þise syȝtes vncowþe, + Þe fyste w{i}t{h} þe fy{n}g{er}es þat flayed þi hert, + Þat rasped renyschly þe woȝe w{i}t{h} þe roȝ pe{n}ne. 1724 + +[Headnote: THE INTERPRETATION OF THE HANDWRITING.] + + [Sidenote: These are the words: “Mene, Tekel, Peres.] + Þise ar þe wordes here wryten w{i}t{h}-oute werk more, + By vch fygure, as I fynde, as oure fader lykes. + “Mane, techal, phares, merked i{n} þry{n}ne, + Þat þretes þe of þy{n} vnþryfte vpon þre wyse; 1728 + Now expowne þe þis speche spedly I þenk. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 81a.]] + [Sidenote: Mene.-- God has counted thy kingdom and finished it.] + Mane menes als much as, maynful gode + Hatȝ cou{n}ted þy kyndam bi a clene nou{m}bre, + & ful-fylled hit i{n} fayth to þe fyrre ende. 1732 + [Sidenote: Tekel.-- Thy reign is weighed and is found wanting in + deeds of faith.] + To teche þe of techal, þat terme þ{us} menes, + Þy wale rengne is walt i{n} weȝtes to heng, + & is fu{n}de ful fewe of hit fayth dedes. + & phares folȝes for þose fawtes to frayst þe trawþe, 1736 + [Sidenote: Peres.-- Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the + Persians.] + In phares fynde I forsoþe þise felle saȝes; + De-parted is þy pryncipalté, depryued þ{o}u worþes, + Þy rengne rafte is þe fro, & raȝt is þe perses, + [Sidenote: The Medes shall be masters here.”] + Þe medes schal be mayst{er}es here, & þ{o}u of menske schowued.” 1740 + [Sidenote: The king commands Daniel to be clothed in a frock of + fine cloth.] + Þe ky{n}g comau{n}ded anon to cleþe þ{a}t wyse, + In frokkes of fyn cloþ, as forward hit asked; + [Sidenote: Soon is he arrayed in purple, with a chain about his + neck.] + Þe{n}ne sone watȝ danyel dubbed i{n} ful dere porpor + & a coler[89] of cler golde kest vmbe his swyre. 1744 + Þe{n} watȝ demed a de-cre bi þe duk seluen, + [Sidenote: A decree is made, that all should bow to him, as the + third lord that followed Belshazzar.] + Bolde baltaȝa[r] bed þat hy{m} bowe schulde + Þe comynes a lof calde þat to þe ky{n}g lo{n}ged, + As to þe prynce pryuyest preued þe þrydde, 1748 + Heȝest of alle oþ{er}, saf onelych tweyne, + To boȝ aft{er} baltaȝar i{n} borȝe & i{n} felde. + [Sidenote: The decree was made known, and all were glad.] + Þys watȝ cryed & knawen i{n} cort als fast, + & alle þe folk þer-of fayn þat folȝed hy{m} tylle; 1752 + [Sidenote: The day, however, past.] + Bot how-so danyel watȝ dyȝt, þat day ou{er}-ȝede, + [Sidenote: Night came on.] + Nyȝt neȝed ryȝt now w{i}t{h} nyes fol mony, + [Sidenote: Before another day dawned, Daniel’s words were + fulfilled.] + For daȝed neu{er} an oþ{er} day þat ilk derk aft{er}, + Er dalt were þat ilk dome þat danyel deuysed, 1756 + [Sidenote: The feast lasts till the sun falls.] + Þe solace of þe solempneté i{n} þat sale dured + Of þat farand fest, tyl fayled þe su{n}ne; + [Sidenote: The skies become dark.] + Þe{n}ne blykned[90] þe ble of þe bryȝt skwes, + Mo{ur}kenes þe mery weder, & þe myst dryues 1760 + Þorȝ þe lyst of þe lyfte, bi þe loȝ medoes; + [Sidenote: Each noble hies home to his supper.] + Vche haþel to his home hyȝes ful fast, + Seten at her sop{er} & songen þ{er}-aft{er}, + Þen fou{n}deȝ vch a felaȝschyp fyrre at forþ naȝtes. 1764 + [Sidenote: Belshazzar is carried to bed, but never rises from it, + for his foes are seeking to destroy his land, and are assembled + suddenly.] + Baltaȝar to his bedd with blysse watȝ caryed, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 81b.]] + Reche þe rest as hy{m} lyst, he ros neu{er} þer-aft{er}; + For his foes i{n} þe felde i{n} flokkes ful grete + Þat longe hade layted þat lede his londes to strye, 1768 + Now ar þay sodenly assembled at þe self tyme, + Of hem wyst no wyȝe þat i{n} þat won dowelled. + +[Headnote: DARIUS LAYS SIEGE TO BABYLON.] + + [Sidenote: The enemy is Darius, leader of the Medes.] + Hit watȝ þe dere daryus þe duk of þise medes, + Þe prowde prynce of perce & porros of ynde, 1772 + [Sidenote: He has legions of armed men.] + W{i}t{h} mony a legiou{n} ful large, w{i}t{h} ledes of armes, + Þat now hatȝ spyed a space to spoyle caldeeȝ. + [Sidenote: Under cover of the darkness, they cross the river.] + Þay þrongen þeder i{n} þe þest{er} on þrawen hepes, + Asscaped ou{er} þe skyre watt{er}es & scaþed þe walles, 1776 + [Sidenote: By means of ladders they get upon the walls, and + within an hour enter the city, without disturbing any of the + watch.] + Lyfte laddres ful longe & vpon lofte wonen, + Stelen stylly þe tou{n} er any steue{n} rysed, + W{i}t{h}-i{n}ne an oure of þe nyȝt[91] an entré þay hade; + Ȝet afrayed þay no freke, fyrre þay passen, 1780 + & to þe palays pry{n}cipal þay aproched ful stylle; + [Sidenote: They run into the palace, and raise a great cry.] + Þe{n}ne ran þay i{n} on a res, on rowtes ful grete, + Blastes out of bryȝt brasse brestes so hyȝe, + Ascry scarred on þe scue þat scomfyted mony. 1784 + [Sidenote: Men are slain in their beds.] + Segges slepande were slayne er þay slyppe myȝt, + Vche ho{us} heyred watȝ, w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne a honde-whyle; + +[Headnote: BELSHAZZAR IS BEATEN TO DEATH.] + + [Sidenote: Belshazzar is beaten to death, and caught by the + heels, is foully cast into a ditch.] + Baltaȝar i{n} his bed watȝ beten to deþe, + Þat boþe his blod & his brayn blende on þe cloþes; 1788 + The ky{n}g i{n} his cortyn watȝ kaȝt bi þe heles, + Feryed out bi þe fete & fowle dispysed; + Þat watȝ so doȝty þat day & drank of þe vessayl, + Now is a dogge al so dere þat in a dych lygges; 1792 + [Sidenote: Darius is crowned king, and makes peace with the + barons.] + For þe mayst{er} of þyse medes on þe morne ryses, + Dere daryo{us} þat day dyȝt vpon trone, + Þat ceté seses ful sou{n}de, & saȝtly{n}g makes + Wyth alle þe barou{n}ȝ þ{er}-aboute, þat bowed hy{m} aft{er}. 1796 + [Sidenote: Thus the land was lost for the king’s sin.] + & þ{us} watȝ þat londe lost for þe lordes sy{n}ne, + & þe fylþe of þe freke þat defowled hade + Þe orne-mentes of goddeȝ ho{us} þat holy were maked; + [Sidenote: He was cursed for his uncleanness, and deprived of + his honour, as well as of the joys of heaven.] + He watȝ corsed for his vn-cla{n}nes, & cached þ{er}-i{n}ne, 1800 + Done dou{n} of his dy{n}gneté for dedeȝ vnfayre, + & of þyse worldes worchyp wrast out for eu{er}, + & ȝet of lyky{n}ges on lofte letted, I trowe, + [Sidenote: Thus in three ways has it been shown, that + uncleanness makes God angry.] + To loke on oure lofly lorde late bitydes. 1804 + Þus vpon þry{n}ne wyses I haf yow þro schewed, + Þat vn-cla{n}nes to-cleues i{n} corage dere + Of þat wy{n}nelych lorde þat wonyes i{n} heuen, + Entyses hy{m} to be tene, telled[92] vp his wrake; 1808 + [Sidenote: Cleanness is His comfort.] + Ande cla{n}nes is his comfort, & coyntyse he louyes, + [Sidenote: The seemly shall see his face.] + & þose þat seme arn & swete schy{n} se his face. + [Sidenote: God give us grace to serve in His sight!] + Þat we gon gay i{n} oure gere þat g{ra}ce he v{us} sende, + Þat we may serue i{n} his syȝt, þ{er} solace neu{er} bly{n}neȝ. + Amen. + + [Sidenote 68: _þing_ (?).] + [Sidenote 69: _þore_ (?).] + [Sidenote 70: MS. þe þe.] + [Sidenote 71: MS. sev{er}ed.] + [Sidenote 72: MS. _glolde_ (?).] + [Sidenote 73: MS. i{e}s{u}r{a}l{e}m.] + [Sidenote 74: MS. _fo_.] + [Sidenote 75: _ful_ (?).] + [Sidenote 76: _ferlyke_ (?).] + [Sidenote 77: Looks like _louflych_.] + [Sidenote 78: ? _bryȝte_.] + [Sidenote 79: MS. īs.] + [Sidenote 80: MS. ler{n}s.] + [Sidenote 81: MS. _strof_.] + [Sidenote 82: _bede_ (?).] + [Sidenote 83: _lance_ (?).] + [Sidenote 84: _be_ (?).] + [Sidenote 85: MS. _as as_.] + [Sidenote 86: ? _panne_.] + [Sidenote 87: _loued_ (?).] + [Sidenote 88: MS. _hatȝ sende hatȝ sende_.] + [Sidenote 89: MS. _cloler_.] + [Sidenote 90: _blaykned_ (?)] + [Sidenote 91: MS. _myȝt_.] + [Sidenote 92: _telles_ (?).] + + + + +NOTES: _Cleanness_. + + +P. 37. + + l. 3 _forering_ = _for-bering_. (?) + 10 _reken_, reverently, solemnly. + 12 _cleche gret mede_, take great reward. + 16 _& hym to greme cachen_, and him to wrath drive. + 18 _hagherlych_, fitly, decently. + 21 _scoymous & skyg_, scrupulous and particular; _skyg_ implies + dread, fear, shyness. + 23 _in a carp_, in a discourse. + 24 _heuened aȝt happeȝ_, exhibited eight blessings. + 25 _me myneȝ_, I remember. + +P. 38. + + l. 27 _hapeneȝ_, is happy, blessed. + 29 _as so saytȝ_, as one says. + 32 _May not byde þat burne_ (? _burre_) _þat hit his body neȝen_, + May not abide (suffer) that man (? blow), that it (? he) should + approach his body. + 39 _helded_, approached. + 41 _toteȝ_ = _totȝ_ = toes. + 49 _worþlych_, worshipful (? _worldlych_, worldly). + 50 _in her_ (? _herin_). + 52 _here dere_, beloved heir. + 54 _comly quoyntis_, comely attire. + 56 _with sclaȝt_, against (for) slaughter. + 59 _roþeled_, ready prepared, literally hastened. + 62 _skyly_, device, excuse. + +P. 39. + + l. 65 _nayed_, refused; _nurned_, uttered. + 71 _a-dreȝ_, aback, aside. + 76 + _More to wyte is her wrange, þen any wylle gentyl_, + More to blame is their fault, than any forlorn gentile. + _Wylle_ has the significations of wandering, astray; as “_wyl + dremes_,” wandering dreams, “_wylle of wone_,” astray from human + habitations, having lost one’s way; and hence _wylle_ is often + used to denote uncertainty, bewilderment. + 81 _laþeȝ_, invite. + 90 _styȝtled_, established, placed. + 91 _þe marchal_, i.e. the marshal of the hall, whose duty it was, + at public festivals, to place every person according to his rank + and station. + 95 _at þi banne_, at thy command. + 96 _renischche renkeȝ_, strange men. + 97 _layteȝ ȝet ferre_, search yet farther. + +P. 40. + + l. 99 _wayteȝ_, watch. + 103 _balterande cruppeleȝ_, limping cripples. _Balter_ signifies to + jump, skip, hop, etc. + 110 _demed_, decreed. + 112 + _Hit weren not alle on wyueȝ suneȝ, wonen with on fader_, + They were not all one wife’s sons, begotten with one father. + 127 + _& rehayte rekenly þe riche & þe poueren_, + And cheer, prince-like (nobly), the rich and the poor. + _Rehete_ is the most common form of the word: + “Him would I comforte and _rehete_.” --Rom. Rose, l. 6509. + 131 _syled fyrre_, proceeded farther. + 132 _Tron fro table to table_, went from table to table. _Tron_ is + the pret. of the verb _tryne_, to go, walk. + +P. 41. + + l. 134 _Hit watȝ not_, there was one (who) was not. + 135 _þryȝt_, thrust; _unþryuandely_, badly. + 144 _ratted_, rent, torn. + 145 _goun febele_. Cf. _feble wede_, bad or poor clothing. + --Havelok the Dane, l. 418. + 149 _broþe wordeȝ_, angry (fierce) words. + 150 _Hurkele_, cower, hang. _Hurkele_ signifies, literally, to squat, + nestle, rest. + 153 _laled_, spoke (quickly). + 164 _fulȝed_, baptised. + 166 _harme lache_, take hurt. + +P. 42. + + l. 179 _As_, also; _bolnande priyde_, swelling pride. + 180 + _Þroly in-to þe deueleȝ þrote man þryngeȝ bylyue_, + Roughly into the devil’s throat man is thrust soon. + 181 _colwarde_, deceitful, treacherous. I have not been able to meet + with the word _colle_ used as noun or verb in any writer of the + 14th or 15th century. _Col_ occurs, however, as a prefix, in + _Col-prophet_ (false prophet), _Col-fox_ (crafty fox), used by + Chaucer; _Col-knyfe_ (treacherous knife), which occurs in the + “Townley Mysteries.” + 200 _hatel of his wylle_, anger of his will. + +P. 43. + + l. 207 _attled_, endowed. + 215 _metȝ_ = _mess_ (?), pity. + 216 _tynt þe tyþe dool_, lost the tenth part. + 222 _weued_, cut off. _swap_, blow. + 230 _þe wrech saȝtled_, appeased the vengeance. + 231 _wylnesful_, wilfulness. + 233 + _For-þy þaȝ þe rape were rank, þe rawþe watȝ lyttel_, + Wherefore, though the blow were smart, the sorrow was little. + 237 _in obedyent_ = _in-obedyent_ (?), disobedient. + +P. 44. + + l. 246 _drepe_, destroy (slay). + 257 _forme-foster_ should be _forme-fostereȝ_, being in apposition + with _auncetereȝ_. + 261 For _lede_ read _ledeȝ_ (?). + 270 _deȝter of þe douþe_, the daughters of the mighty (doughty) ones. + 271 _on folken wyse_, after the manner of men. + +P. 45. + + l. 273 _meþeleȝ_, immoderate, intemperate. + 274 _alosed_, (? noted). + 298 _þryuen_, grown up, adult. + 306 _nwyed_ = annoyed, _i.e._ displeased. + +P. 46. + + l. 320 _dutande_, shutting. + 321 _halkeȝ_, recesses. + 331 _þis meyny of aȝte_, this company (household) of eight. + 335 _horwed_, unclean. + +P. 47. + + l. 350 _with-outen þrep_, without contradiction, gainsaying. + 354 _a rowtande ryge_, a rattling shower. + 359 _stysteȝ_ = _stynteȝ_ stops, ceases. + 362 _& alle woned in þe whichche_, and all abode in the ark. + _Whichche_ is another (and genuine) form of _hutch_. + 364 + _Waltes out vch walle-heued, in ful wode stremeȝ_, + Bursts out each well-head (spring, fountain) in full wild streams. + 365 _brymme_, stream. + 366 _þe mukel lauande loghe_, the great flowing deep. + 369 _fon_, ceased. + 373 _moon_, moan, sorrow. + 374 _dowed_, availed. + 375 _wylger_, wilder, fiercer. + 376 _dowelled_ = _dwelled_. + 377 _feng to þe flyȝt_, took to flight. + 378 _Vuche burde with her barne_, each woman with her child (bairn). + +P. 48. + + l. 379 _bowed_, hastened; _brentest_, highest, steepest. + 380 _heterly_, quickly, (hotly); _haled_, rushed. + 381 _Bot al watȝ nedleȝ her note_, but their device was altogether + in vain. + 382 _þe roȝe raynande ryg_, the rough raining shower; _raykande + waweȝ_, flowing waves. + 383 _boþom_, a _bottom_ or valley. + 384 _demmed_, collected, accumulated. + 391 _þe hyȝe_, the heights, high grounds. + 392 _bauseneȝ_, badgers. + 394 _re-coverer_, succour, refuge. + 395 _Þat amounted_, etc., read _Þat amounted þe mase_, etc., that + the astonishment increased. (Professor Child). + 397 _Bi þat_, by that time. This phrase is still preserved in the + North of England. + 399 + _Frendeȝ, fellen in fere, faþmed to-geder_. + Friends, fallen in company, _embraced_ (fathomed) together. + The verb _faþme_ in Early English also signifies to _grope_. + 400 _dryȝ_, suffer; _delful_, doleful. + 404 _freten_, devoured; _waȝeȝ_, waves. + 406 _hurkled_, rested. This word is still preserved in the local + dialects of the North of England, with the sense of “to cower,” + “squat.” + 407 _mourkne_, rotten. + 409 _here_, company. + 411 _aȝt-sum_, in care, sorrowful. + 413 _hurlande goteȝ_, rushing streams. + 414 _kytheȝ vncouþe_, unknown regions. + +P. 49. + + l. 421 _flyt_, current, flitting. + 424 _lumpen_, the passive participle of _lympen_, to befal, happen. + 430 _yreȝ_ is evidently an error for _yþeȝ_, waves. + 433 _Rac_, moving clouds, mists. Still in provincial use. + 436 _meth_, pity, mercy. + 438 _lasned_, lessened, became smaller. + 439 _stac vp þe stangeȝ_, closed up the pools. _Stang_ = _stanc_, + _stank_, a word still used in the North of England. + 441 _loȝ_ = _logh_, deep. + 443 _lome_ = _loom_, i.e., the ark. + 446 _rasse_ = the provincial _raise_, a mound. + 449 _kyste_ = chest (ark); _wern_ = _were_ (?). + +P. 50. + + l. 451 _eggeȝ_, _edges_, banks, hills; _vnhuled_, uncovered. + 452 _bynne_, within. Cf. _boute_, without. + 461 _smach_ smack, scent; _smoltes_ (? _smolte_, i.e. smelt). + 463 _ȝederly_, quickly, soon; _steuen_, command, literally voice. + 466 _fodeȝ_, persons; _elleȝ_, provided that. + 469 _doune_ = _dovene_, a female dove (see line 481). + 476 _dreȝly_, drearily, sorrowfully. + 480 _naytly_, dexterously (neatly). + 482 _borne_ = _burne_, stream. + 483 _skwe_, sky, cloud; _skowteȝ_, looks. + +P. 51. + + l. 485 _downe_ = _dovene_ (see ll. 469, 481). + 487 _What!_ lo! + 490 _saȝtlyng_, reconciliation. + 496 _woned_ = _waned_, decreased, gone down. + 498 _tyned_, enclosed. + 499 _godeȝ glam_, God’s message (word); _glod_, came, literally + glided. + 501 _walt_ _wafte_ (?) (see B. l. 857). + 504 _þroly þrublande in þronge_, quickly pressing in throng (crowd), + _i.e._, huddling together. + 509 _breþe_, steam, savour. + 511 _spedeȝ & spylleȝ_, prospers (speeds) and spoils. + 517 _barnage_, childhood. + +P. 52. + + l. 525 _sadde_, sharp, bitter. + 529 _þen watȝ a skylly skyualde_, then was a design (purpose) + manifested (ordered). + 531 _nayte_, use, employ. + 533 _wryþeȝ_, crawl, creep. + 534 _folmarde_, polecat. + 536 _lake ryftes_, fissures of the lake. + 537 _Herneȝ_ = _erneȝ_, eagles. + 539 _at a brayde_, in a moment. + +P. 53. + + l. 558 _merked_, ordained. + 561 _raȝt_, extended to, gave. + 566 _syt_, fault. + 567 _quykeȝ_, living (things); _qued_, wickedness. + 573 _vnhappen glette_, unfortunate filth, unhappy sin. + 579 _heþyng of seluen_, contempt of [God’s] self. + 583 _steppe yȝe_, bright eye; _steppe_ = _stepe_ is often explained + by steep, deep set; but we often meet with such phrases as + “_stepe_ stones,” bright stones, “_stepe_ starres,” bright stars. + 586 _losed þe listen_, lost the hearing; _lysten_, in O.E. has + frequently the meaning of _to hear_. + 587 _trave_ = _trawe_, trow, believe. + 588 + _þer is no dede so derne þat ditteȝ his yȝen_. + There is no deed so secret that closes His eyes + (_i.e._ that He does not see). + +P. 54. + + l. 591 _gropande_, searching, examining. + 592 + _Rypande of vche a ring þe reynyeȝ & hert_ + Trying (probing) the reins and heart of every man. + _Rype_ is still used in the North of England in the sense of to + plunder. Cf. our modern use of the word _ransack_ with its + earlier meanings of to try, probe, search. + 596 _honyseȝ_, disgraces, ruins, destroys. + 598 _scarreȝ_, literally _scares_, is frightened, startled. + 599 _to drawe allyt_ = _to draw a lyte_ = to draw back a little. + 603 _blykked_, shone, glared. + 605 _schunt_, aside, from _schunt_, to slip away, retreat. + +P. 55. + + l. 623 _orppedly_, quickly, hastily. + 626 _happe_, cover, still in use in the north provincial dialects. + 627 _som quat fat_, some sort of a vessel; _þe fyr bete_, make up the + fire; _bete_ signifies, literally, to mend. + 632 _deruely_ = _derfely_, quickly. + 635 _þerue kakeȝ_ = _therfe_ or _tharfe_ cakes, _i.e._, cakes made + without leaven. + 646 _mensk_, thanks. + 648 _leþe_, cease. + 652 _ȝark_, select, chosen. + 653 _for busmar_, in scorn. + 655 + _May þou traw for tykel þat þou tonne moȝteȝ_, + Mayst thou trow (believe) for the uncertainty (of such a thing) + that thou mightest conceive; + _for tykel_, on account of the uncertainty. + 654 _sothly_ = truly (? _sotly_, foolishly or _softly_). + +P. 56. + + l. 659 _byene_ = _ben_, been or _bycame_. The sense would require + _hade_ before _byene_, if _byene_ = _ben_. + 668 + _Þat for lot þat þay lansed ho laȝed neuer_, + That for (any) sound that they uttered, she never laughed; + _lot_ = late, in the sense of _sound_, is not very common in Old + English authors. + 670 _a-loȝ_ = lowly, softly. + 686 _blod_, child. + 687 _bos_, behoves. + 688 _atlyng_, intention, purpose; _vn-haspe_, disclose. + +P. 57. + + l. 696 _fylter_, join. + 698 _amed_, placed; _oddely dere_, singularly dear. _Oddely_ occurs + in some northern works with the sense of illustriously, nobly. + 699 _drwry_, love; _doole alþer-swettest_, the sweetest of all gifts; + gift the sweetest of all. + 703 _conne_ is probably an error for _come_, but it may signify, be + kindled, produced, begotten. + 706 _stollen_, stealthy, secret. + 711 _smod_ = the Scotch _smot_, _smad_, stain, filth. + 719 _þe worre half_, the weaker portion, literally, the worse half. + 723 _laue_, law. + +P. 58. + + l. 732 _smolt_, be at peace. + 740 _for hortyng_, for hurting = for fear of hurting. This sense of + _for_ is very common in writers of the 16th and 17th centuries. + 743 _fryst_, delay, put off. + 747 _vsle_, ashes, cinders. + 752 _leþe_, destroy. + 754 _I schal my þro steke_, I shall moderate (literally, shut up) my + anger. + 756 _reken_, wise. + +P. 59. + + l. 764 _mese þy mode_, temper thy wrath. + 778 _mere_, boundary, _meer_. + 784 _lened_ = leaned, reclined; but we may read _leued_ = _beleued_, + remained. + +P. 60. + + l. 796 _vnder-ȝede_ = _vnder-ȝete_, understood. + 801 _knaueȝ kote_, servant’s house. It looks at first sight like + _kuchieȝ kote_. + 802 _fatte_ = _vat_, vessel. + 803 _norne_ = _nurne_, request. + 810 _gruȝt_, gruched = begrudged. + 813 _couþe_, knew. + 814 _haylsed_, saluted. + 824 _boute_, without. + 830 _of glam debonere_, of pleasant, courteous conversation. + 831 _wela-wynnely_, very joyfully. + +P. 61. + + l. 832 _woȝe_ = _wowe_, wall. + 835 _wakker_ comp. _wayk_, weak. + 836 _vmbe-lyȝe_, surround. + 838 _scowte-wach_, sentinel; _asscry_, cry, shout, noise. + 846 _ȝeȝed_ = chattered, gaggled; _ȝestande sorȝe_, afflicting (or + frothing) sorrow. + 848 _brych_ = what is low, vile, filthy (? _bryth_, breath); + _vpbraydeȝ_, raises. + 849 _glyfte with þat glam_, was frightened at that speech. + 855 _wonded no woþe_, avoided no danger (hurt). + 859 _meled_, spoke. + 860 _hendelayk_, courtesy, civility. + +P. 62. + + l. 871 _tayt_ = lively. + 874 _aȝly_ = _awly_, fearfully. + 876 _out-comlyng_, a stranger. In this form it is still known in the + North of England. _Comlyng_ is the more usual form of the word in + our early literature; _carle = churl_. + 881 _ȝornen_, ran. + 882 _wapped_, beat. + 885 _in blande_ = together (?); _banned_, cursed. + 888 _nyteled_, laboured, toiled. + 889 _of tayt_, from fear. _Teyt_, fear, alarm, occurs in the northern + romance of Alexander. + 890 _roþeled_, hastened. + 892 _vglokest vnhap_, the most dreadful misfortune. + 893 + _Ruddon of þe day-rawe ros vpon vȝten_. + The light of the day-break rose on the morn. + 894 _merk_, darkness. + 895 _ruþen_, rouse. + 901 _cayre tid of þis kythe_, depart quickly from this land. + +P. 63. + + l. 905 _stemme no stepe_, stop (keep back), no step. Cf. our modern + phrase “_stem_ the tide.” + 909 _losen_, destroy. + 911 _gorde_, rush. + 912 _clater_, shatter. + 915 _kynned_, kindled. + 916 _þe brath of his breth_, the fierceness of his wrath. + 918 _foo-schip_, enmity. + 921 _walle_ = _wale_, choose; _wonnyng_, dwelling, abode. + 927 _vtter_, without. + 928 _wore_ = _ware_ = were. Cf. _thore_ = _thare_ = there. + 931 _agayn-tote_, looking back; _tote_ (toot) occurs frequently with + the sense of “to peep,” “look,” in Early English. + +P. 64. + + l. 944 _Loke ȝe bowe now bi bot_, Look ye go now by (according to) + command. + 947 _greme_, wrath. + 948 _wakan_, arouse, stir up. + 950 _flytande_, chiding, murmuring. + 955 _smachande_, savouring, smelling. + 964 _riftes_, fissures. + 965 _cloutes_, pieces. + 969 _Rydelles_ = _redeless_ = without counsel, helpless; _rowtes_, + companies. + 971 + _Such a ȝomerly ȝarm of ȝellyng þer rysed_, + Such a mournful (pitiful) outcry of yelling there rose. + +P. 65. + + l. 976 _Trynande ay a hyȝe trot_, going ever (at) a great pace. + 987 _loueȝ_, not _loaves_, but = the provincial _looves_ = hands. + 989 _dampped_ = _dumped_, beaten down. + 991 _malscrande mere_, accursed lake. + 992 _on a lawe_, on a hill. + 1000 _& alle lyste on hir lik_ (i.e. _lick_) _þat arn on launde + bestes._ + “Als so sco loked hir behind, + A stan sco standes bi þat way + And sua sal do to domesday; + In a salt stan men seis hir stand + Þat best likes o þat land; + Þat anes o þe wok day, + Þan is sco liked al away + And þan þai find hir on þe morn, + Hale als sco was ar beforn.” + (Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 17b.) + 1002 _niye_, anguish. + +P. 66. + + l. 1009 _a roþun of a reche_, a rush of smoke, a mass of vapour; + _blake_, the black (pit). + 1011 _flot_, fat, grease. + 1016 _drouy_, turbid, from _droue_, to trouble. + 1024 _costeȝ of kynde_ = natural properties. + 1030 _boþem broþely_, filthy pit. + 1031 _losyng_, perdition. + 1033 _coosteȝ_ = properties. + 1035 _alkaran_, Mandeville employs the term _alkatran_; + _angré_ = poisonous or grievous, or _augre_ = _aigre_, sharp. + 1036 _saundyuer_ = _sandiver_, glass-gall. + 1037 _waxlokes_, waves. + 1038 _spuniande_, cleaving, sticky. + 1039 _se halues_, sea coasts. + 1041 _terne_ = _tarne_, lake. + 1044 _apple garnade_ = pomegranate. + +P. 67. + + l. 1072 _kynned_, conceived. + 1076 _a schepon_ = a stable. + +P. 68. + + l. 1079 _reflayr_, smell, odour; _rote_, decay. + 1082 _þe reken fyþel_, the merry fiddle. + 1094 _lomerande blynde_, the hesitating (slow, creeping), blind. + The primitive meaning of _lomerande_ seems to be that of _slow_, + sluggish. + 1108 _tyȝt_, endeavour. + +P. 69. + + l. 1113 _fenny_, dirty, filthy, and hence sinful. + 1118 _to dele_, to exchange. + 1123 For “_& wax euer_,” etc., the sense seems to require that we + should read “_& wax ho euer_,” etc. + 1124 _in pyese_ = whole. + 1126 _blyndes of ble_, becomes dull of hue, loses its colour. + 1127 _No-bot_, only. + 1141 _lastes_, vices. + 1142 _þewes_ = _þeues_ (?), thieves, or _unþewes_, vices (?) + +P. 70. + + l. 1153 _tyȝt me a tom_ = give me an opportunity; _tom_ has the sense + of _leisure_ and not of _time_. + 1167 _fylsened_, helped, aided. + 1172 _lat_, late, slow. + 1178 _þorpes_, cities. + +P. 71. + + l. 1186 _skete skarmoch_, _skelt_, brisk skirmish, hastened (came on + quickly). + 1190 _brutage_ = _bretage_, parapets of a wall. + 1202 _blench_, stratagem. + 1205 _at-wappe_, escape. + 1206 _skelt_, spread. + 1208 _ruþed_, roused. + 1209 _hard hattes_, (?) hats made of tow; _herd_, _hard_ (_harden_, + _hards_), in O. English signify cloth made of tow. + +P. 72. + + l. 1219 _faynest_, gladdest. + 1224 _dreȝe þer his wyrdes_, endure there his destiny. + 1246 _to þe bronde_, to the sword. + +P. 73. + + l. 1254 _on capeles_, on horses. + 1255 _fole wombes_, bellies of foals. + 1259 _to cayre at þe kart & þe kuy mylke_, to drag at the cart and + milk the cows. + 1265 _plat of_, strike off. + 1284 _hamppred_ = _hampered_, packed up for removal. + +P. 74. + + l. 1290 _hyȝtled_, ornamented. + 1303 _modey_ = _moody_, proud. + 1313 _sesed_, took possession of. + +P. 75. + + l. 1327 _bi-cnv_ = _bicneu_, acknowledged. + 1330 _heldes_, descends. + 1332 _grauen_, buried. + 1334 _stalled in his stud_, placed in his stead (position). + 1342 _tre_, wood; _telded_, raised. + 1344 _gered_, covered, decked. + 1346 _reden_, advise. + 1354 _notyng_, devising, contriving; _gettes_, devices. + +P. 76. + + l. 1358 _avayment_, exhibition. + 1361 _banne_, proclamation. + 1362 _callyng_, decree. + 1366 _vche a kythyn kyng_, every king of countries. + 1375 _ludisch lordes_, lords of nations. + 1379 _plek_, spot (plot of ground). + +P. 77. + + l. 1396 + _Stepe stayred_ [_þe_] _stones of his stoute throne_, + Bright shone the stones of his firm throne. + 1397 _hiled_ = covered. + 1398 _bounet_, went about. + 1402 _strake steuen_ = struck up sound. + 1403 _wrasten krakkes_, sounds (notes) are raised. + 1410 _foles_, fowls, birds. _flakerande_, flickering, fluttering. + 1412 _on blonkken bak_, on the back of horses. In lines 1407-1412 we + have evidently an allusion to the “table subtilties” of the + fourteenth century. + 1420 _weȝed_, served. + 1425 _dotage_, folly. + +P. 78. + + l. 1435 _schin_, shall. + 1446 _besten blod_, blood of beasts; _busily_, laboriously. + 1462 _fylyoles_, round towers. + +P. 79. + + l. 1472 Penitotes. So in MS., but read _Peritotes_. + 1478 _cost_, contrivance. + 1495 _iaueles_ = worthless wretches, used by Hall and Spenser. + +P. 80. + + l. 1501 _wlates_, is disgusted. + 1504 _wayned_, granted. + 1505 _glotoun_, a general term of reproach. + 1507 _vus_ = _use_, drink. + 1510 _kyppe_, take, seize, catch up. + 1511 _birlen_, pour out. + 1517 _dotel_, fool. + 1520 as each one was disposed so tossed he off the cup. + +P. 81. + + l. 1537 _neue_, fist. + 1542 _lers_, features, but (?) _fers_, fears. + 1543 _as a rad ryth_, as a frightened hound (literally mastiff). + 1545 _runisch saueȝ_, strange words. + 1554 _skelten_, hasten. + 1557 _þo draȝtes_, the characters. + 1559 _ede_ = went, but _bede_, bade, commanded. + 1560 _warlaȝes_, wizards. + 1566 _malt_, to soothe. + 1568 _gered_, clothed. + +P. 82. + + l. 1585 _he wed wel ner_, he became nearly mad. + 1603 _in stoundes_, at times. + +P. 83. + + l. 1606 _spured_, asked, enquired of. + 1634 _tede_ = _tene_, ten (?) + 1637 _apyke_, adorn, clothe. + +P. 84. + + l. 1650 _loȝed_, made low. + 1654 _pouer_, power. + 1674 _wasterne_, wilderness; _dowelle_, dwelle. + 1675 _braken_, fern. + +P. 85. + + l. 1678 _soly_, seat. + 1684 _ay_ (?) = hay. + 1686 _ouer-seyed_, passed over. + 1690 _wykes_, members. + 1692 _clyde_, plaister (?). + 1694 _bresed_, rough, bristly; Sir F. Madden interprets it _broken_. + 1695 _campe hores_, shaggy hairs. + 1697 _glede_, kite. + 1701 _wayned_, recovered. + 1707 _haȝerly_, properly. + +P. 86. + + l. 1713 _auyled_, defiled. + 1716 _wale wyne_, choice wine; _in waryed stoundes_, in accursed + moments. + +P. 87. + + l. 1755 _daȝed_, dawned. + 1759 _blykned_ = _blaykned_, became dark, blackened. + 1760 _Mourkenes_, becomes murky. + 1761 _lyst_, path. + 1768 _layted_, sought. + 1773 _ledes of armes_, men of arms. + 1775 _þester_, darkness. + +P. 88. + + l. 1785 _slyppe_, escape. + 1786 _honde-whyle_, a moment. + 1788 _blende_, mingled. + 1792 _now is a dogge also dere_, now is as valuable as a dog. + 1808 _telled_ = raised (?) _telles_ = raises. + 1811 _gere_, clothing. + + + + + Errata (noted by transcriber) + + Line 91 text: w{i}t{h} marchal + Note to line 91: þe marchal + [_Each line printed as shown_] + +Minor spelling variations-- such as added or missing final “e”-- between +the main text and endnotes were left as printed. + + [Sidenote 9] _fowle_ (?). [_fowle_ (?),] + [65 Sidenote] ... “pull in the plough.” [plough,”] + [263 Sidenote] No law was laid upon them.] [them,] + [320 Sidenote] ... door in the side, together with ... + [side. together] + [349 Sidenote] ... to destroy all flesh. [flesh,] + [577 Sidenote] [Fol. 65a.] [Fol. 65.] + [614 Sidenote] ... wash their feet, and bring ... [feet. and] + [667] Þe{n}ne swenged forth saré & swer by hir trawþe, + [swer hy hir _but 1864 edition has “by”_] + [721 Sidenote] [Fol. 67a.] [Fol, 67a] + [937 Sidenote] [Fol. 70a.] [Fol. 70a,] + [937 Sidenote] ... “preach to them the peril” of delay. + [“preach to them the peril” of delay.”] + [1674] & in wast{er}ne walk + [wast{ur}ne _corrected from Notes and 1864 edition_] + [1737 Sidenote] ... divided, and given ... [divided. and] + + ORPHANED QUOTATION MARKS + [211] “I schal telde vp my trone i{n} þe tra mou{n}tayne + [682] “How myȝt I hyde myn hert fro habraham þe trwe, + [899] “Wyth þy wyf & þy wyȝeȝ & þy wlone deȝtters, + [1642] “Ryche ky{n}g of þis rengne rede þe oure lorde, + + NOTES + 365 [364] + 414 kytheȝ vncouþe [kytheȝ, vncouþe] + 449 ... _wern_ = _were_ (?). + [_second note numbered 448 and printed on previous line_] + 461 _smach_ smack, scent [_definition printed in italics_] + 501 ... (see B. l. 857). [_Printed as shown, with superfluous “B.”_] + 654 _sothly_ = truly (? _sotly_, foolishly or _softly_). + [_Note is numbered 655 and printed after longer note for 655. The + word “sothely” also occurs in 657, but the text note (“sotly...”) + refers to 654._] + 1358 _avayment_, exhibition. [_body text has two words “a vayment”_] + 1696 [1697] + 1792 _Now is a dogge also dere_ [_body text has two words “al so”_] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +PATIENCE. + + + [Headnotes: + PATIENCE IS TO BE COMMENDED. + JONAH IS SENT TO NINEVEH. + HE SAILS FOR TARSHISH. + HE IS OVERTAKEN BY A TEMPEST. + JONAH IS CONDEMNED TO DEATH, AND IS CAST OVERBOARD. + A WILD WHALE SWALLOWS JONAH. + THE WHALE WANDERS ABOUT. + JONAH PRAYS FOR HIS DELIVERANCE. + THE WHALE VOMITS UP JONAH. + THE PROPHET PREACHES AGAINST NINEVEH. + GOD’S MERCY DISPLEASES JONAH. + JONAH IS SHELTERED BY A WOODBINE. + HE LAMENTS ITS DESTRUCTION. + GOD JUSTIFIES HIS MERCY AND FORBEARANCE.] + + +[Headnote: PATIENCE IS TO BE COMMENDED.] + +I. + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 83a.]] + [Sidenote: Patience is often displeasing, but it assuages heavy + hearts, and quenches malice.] + Pacience is a poynt, þaȝ hit displese ofte, + When heuy herttes ben hurt wyth heþy{n}g oþ{er} elles, + Suffrau{n}ce may aswage{n}[1] hem & þe swelme leþe, + For ho quelles vche a qued, & quenches malyce; 4 + For quo-so suffer cowþe syt, sele wolde folȝe, + [Sidenote: Happiness follows sorrow.] + & quo for þro may noȝt þole, þe þikker he sufferes; + [Sidenote: It is better to suffer than to be angry.] + Þe{n} is bett{er} to abyde þe bur vmbe-stou{n}des, + Þen ay þrow forth my þro, þaȝ me þynk ylle. 8 + I herde on a halyday at a hyȝe masse, + [Sidenote: Matthew tells us of the promises made by Christ: + Blessed are the poor, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.] + How mathew melede, þat his mayst{er} his meyny con teche, + Aȝt happes he hem hyȝt & vche on a mede, + Su{n}derlupes for hit dissert vpon a ser wyse: 12 + Thay arn happen þat han i{n} hert pouerté, + For hores is þe heuen-ryche to holde for eu{er}; + [Sidenote: Blessed are the meek, for they shall “wield the + world.”] + Þay ar happen also þat hau{n}te mekenesse, + For þay schal welde þis worlde & alle her wylle haue; 16 + [Sidenote: Blessed are the mourners, for they shall be comforted.] + Thay ar happen also þat for her harme wepes, + For þay schal comfort encroche i{n} kythes ful mony; + [Sidenote: Blessed are the hungry, for they shall be filled.] + Þay ar happen also þat hungeres aft{er} ryȝt, + For þay schal frely be refete ful of alle gode; 20 + [Sidenote: Blessed are the merciful, for mercy shall be their + reward.] + Thay ar happen also þat han i{n} hert rauþe, + For mercy i{n} alle man{er}es her mede schal worþe; + [Sidenote: Blessed are the clean of heart, for they shall see + the Saviour.] + Þay ar happen also þat arn of hert clene, + For þay her sauyo{ur} in sete schal se w{i}t{h} her yȝen; 24 + [Sidenote: Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall be + called God’s sons.] + Thay ar happen also þat halden her pese, + For þay þe g{ra}cio{us} godes su{n}es schal godly be called; + [Sidenote: Blessed are they that live aright, for theirs is the + kingdom of heaven.] + Þay ar happen also þat con her hert stere, + For hores is þe heuen-ryche, as I er sayde. 28 + [Sidenote: These blessings are promised to those who follow + poverty, pity, penance, meekness, mercy, chastity, peace and + patience.] + These arn þe happes alle aȝt þat v{us} bihyȝt weren, + If we þyse ladyes wolde lof i{n} lykny{n}g of þewes; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 83b.]] + Dame pouert, Dame pitee, Dame penau{n}ce þe þrydde, + Dame Mekenesse, Dame mercy & Miry cla{n}nesse, 32 + & þe{n}ne Dame pes & pacyence put i{n} þ{er}-aft{er}. + He were happen þat hade one, alle were þe bett{er}, + Bot syn[2] I am put to a poy{n}t þat pou{er}te hatte, + [Sidenote: Poverty and patience are to be treated together.] + I schal me poruay pacyence, & play me w{i}t{h} boþe; 36 + For in þe tyxte, þere þyse two arn i{n} teme layde, + [Sidenote: They are “fettled in one form,” and have one meed.] + Hit arn fettled in on forme, þe forme & þe laste, + & by quest of her quoyntyse enquylen on mede, + & als i{n} myn vpynyou{n} hit arn of on kynde; 40 + [Sidenote: Poverty will dwell where she lists, and man must + needs suffer.] + For þer as pouert hir proferes ho nyl be put vtt{er}, + Bot lenge where-so-eu{er} hir lyst, lyke oþ{er} greme, + & þere as pouert enpresses, þaȝ mon pyne þynk, + Much maugre his mun,[3] he mot nede suffer, 44 + [Sidenote: Poverty and patience are play-fellows.] + Thus pou{er}te & pacyence arn nedes play-feres. + Syþen I am sette w{i}t{h} he{m} samen, suffer me by-houes, + Þe{n}ne is me lyȝtloker hit lyke & her lotes prayse, + Þe{n}ne wyþ{er} wyth & be wroth & þe wers haue. 48 + [Sidenote: What avails impatience, if God send affliction?] + Ȝif me be dyȝt a destyné due to haue, + What dowes me þe dedayn, oþ{er} dispit make? + Oþ{er} ȝif my lege lorde lyst on lyue me to bidde, + Oþ{er} to ryde, oþ{er} to re{n}ne, to rome i{n} his ernde, 52 + What grayþed me þe grychchy{n}g bot grame more seche? + Much ȝif he me ne made, maugref my chekes, + [Sidenote: Patience is best.] + & þe{n}ne þrat moste I þole, & vnþonk to mede, + Þe[t] had bowed to his bode, bongre my hyure. 56 + [Sidenote: Did not Jonah incur danger by his folly?] + Did not Ionas i{n} Iude suche Iape su{m}-whyle, + To sette hy{m} to sewrte, vnsou{n}de he hy{m} feches? + Wyl ȝe tary a lyttel tyme[4] & tent me a whyle, + I schal wysse yow þer-wyth as holy wryt telles. 60 + + [Sidenote 1: MS. _aswagend_.] + [Sidenote 2: MS. _fyn_.] + [Sidenote 3: _mon_ (?).] + [Sidenote 4: MS. _tyne_.] + + +[Headnote: JONAH IS SENT TO NINEVEH.] + +II. + + [Sidenote: Jonah was a prophet of the gentiles.] + Hit bi-tydde su{m}-tyme i{n} þe termes of Iude, + Ionas ioyned watȝ þ{er}-i{n}ne ientyle p{ro}phete; + [Sidenote: God’s word came to him, saying, “Rise quickly, take + the way to Nineveh.] + Goddes glam to hy{m} glod, þat hy{m} vnglad made, + W{i}t{h} a roghlych rurd rowned i{n} his ere; 64 + “Rys radly,” he says, “& rayke forth euen, + Nym þe way to nynyue, wyth-outen oþ{er} speche, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 84a.]] + & in þat cete my saȝes sogh{e} alle aboute, + [Sidenote: Say that which I shall put in thine heart.] + Þat, i{n} þat place at þe poy{n}t, I put i{n} þi hert; 68 + For Iwysse hit arn so wykke þat i{n} þat won dowelleȝ, + [Sidenote: Wickedness dwells in that city.] + & her malys is so much I may not abide, + Bot venge me on her vilanye & venym bilyue; + [Sidenote: Go swiftly and carry my message.”] + Now sweȝe me þider swyftly & say me þis arende.” 72 + When þat steuen watȝ stynt, þat stowned his my{n}de, + [Sidenote: Jonah is full of wrath.] + Al he wrathed i{n} his wyt & wyþ{er}ly he þoȝt, + If I bowe to his bode & bry{n}g he{m} þis tale, + [Sidenote: He is afraid that the shrews will put him in the + stocks, or put out his eyes.] + & I be Nu{m}men in Nuniue, my nyes begy{n}es; 76 + He telles me þose trayto{ur}es arn typped schrewes, + I com wyth þose tyþy{n}ges, þay ta me bylyue, + Pyneȝ me i{n} a prysou{n}, put me i{n} stokkes, + Wryþe me i{n} a warlok, wrast out myn yȝen. 80 + Þis is a m{er}uayl message a man for to preche, + Amonge enmyes so mony & mansed fendes; + [Sidenote: He thinks that God desires his death.] + Bot if my gaynlych god such gref to me wolde, + For[5] desert of su{m} sake þat I slayn were, 84 + +[Headnote: HE SAILS FOR TARSHISH.] + + [Sidenote: He determines not to go near the city, but fly to + Tarshish.] + At alle peryles, q{uod} þe p{ro}phete, I aproche hit no nerre, + I wyl me su{m} oþ{er} waye, þat he ne wayte aft{er}; + I schal tee i{n}-to tarce, & tary þere a whyle, + & lyȝtly, when I am lest, he letes me alone. 88 + [Sidenote: Grumbling, he goes to port Joppa.] + Þe{n}ne he ryses radly, & raykes bilyue + Ionas toward port Iaph, ay Ianglande for tene, + Þat he nolde þole, for no-þy{n}g, non of þose pynes, + [Sidenote: He says that God will not be able to protect him.] + Þaȝ þe fader þat hy{m} formed were fale of his hele. 92 + “Oure syre syttes,” he says, “on sege so hyȝe + I{n} his g[l]wande glorye, & glou{m}bes ful lyttel, + Þaȝ I be nu{m}men i{n} nuniue & naked dispoyled, + On rode rwly to-rent, w{i}t{h} rybaudes mony.” 96 + [Sidenote: Jonah reaches the port, finds a ship ready to sail.] + Þ{us} he passes to þat port, his passage to seche, + Fyndes he a fayr schyp to þe fare redy; + Maches hy{m} w{i}t{h} þe maryneres, makes her paye, + For to towe hy{m} i{n}-to tarce, as tyd as þay myȝt. 100 + [Sidenote: The seamen catch up the cross-sail, fasten the cables, + weigh their anchors, and spread sail.] + Then he tron on þo tres & þay her tra{m}me ruchen, + Cachen vp þe crossayl, cables þay fasten, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 84b.]] + Wiȝt at þe wyndlas weȝen her ankres, + Sprude spak to þe sprete þe spare bawe-lyne, 104 + Gederen to þe gyde ropes, þe grete cloþ falles; + Þay layden i{n} on ladde-borde & þe lofe wy{n}nes. + [Sidenote: A gentle wind wafts the ship along.] + Þe blyþe breþe at her bak þe bosum he fyndes, + He swenges me þys swete schip swefte fro þe hauen. 108 + [Sidenote: Was never a Jew so joyful as was Jonah then.] + Watȝ neu{er} so Ioyful a Iue, as Ionas watȝ þe{n}ne, + Þat þe daunger of dryȝtyn so derfly ascaped; + He wende wel þat þat wyȝ þ{a}t al þe world planted, + Hade no maȝt i{n} þat mere no man forto greue. 112 + [Sidenote: He has, however, put himself in peril, in fleeing + from God.] + Lo! þe wytles wrechche, for he wolde noȝt suffer, + Now hatȝ he put hy{m} i{n} plyt of p{er}il wel more; + Hit watȝ a weny{n}g vn-war þat welt i{n} his mynde, + Þaȝ he were soȝt fro samarye þat god seȝ no fyrre, 116 + Ȝise he blusched ful brode, þat burde hy{m} by sure, + [Sidenote: The words of David.] + Þat ofte kyd hy{m} þe carpe þat ky{n}g sayde, + Dy{n}gne dauid on des, þat demed þis speche, + I{n} a psalme þat he set þe saut{er} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne; 120 + O Foleȝ i{n} folk feleȝ oþ{er} whyle, + [Sidenote: Does He not hear, who made all ears?] + & vnderstondes vmbe-stou{n}de, þaȝ he be stape fole, + Hope ȝe þat he heres not þat eres alle made? + [Sidenote: He is not blind that formed each eye.] + Hit may not be þat he is blynde þ{a}t bigged vche yȝe. 124 + [Sidenote: Jonah is now in no dread.] + Bot he dredes no dynt þat dotes for elde, + For he watȝ fer i{n} þe flod fou{n}dande to tarce; + [Sidenote: He is, however, soon overtaken.] + Bot, I trow, ful tyd, ou{er}-tan þat he were, + So þat schomely to schort he schote of his ame. 128 + [Sidenote: The wielder of all things has devices at will.] + For þe welder of wyt, þat wot alle þy{n}ges, + Þat ay wakes & waytes, at wylle hatȝ he slyȝtes; + He calde on þat ilk crafte he carf w{i}t{h} his hondes, + Þay wakened wel þe wroþeloker, for wroþely he cleped: 132 + +[Headnote: HE IS OVERTAKEN BY A TEMPEST.] + + [Sidenote: He commands Eurus and Aquilo to blow.] + “Ewr{us} & aq{u}ilou{n}, þat on est sittes, + Blowes boþe at my bode vpon blo watt{er}es.” + [Sidenote: The winds blow obedient to His word.] + Þe{n}ne watȝ no tom þer bytwene his tale & her dede, + So bayn wer þay boþe two, his bone for to wyrk. 136 + [Sidenote: Out of the north-east the noise begins.] + An-on out of þe norþ est þe noys bigynes, + When boþe breþes con blowe vpon blo watteres; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 85a.]] + Roȝ rakkes þer ros w{i}t{h} rudny{n}g an-vnder, + [Sidenote: Storms arose, winds wrestled together, the waves + rolled high, and never rested.] + Þe see souȝed ful sore, gret selly to here; 140 + Þe wyndes on þe wo{n}ne wat{er} so wrastel to-geder, + Þat þe wawes ful wode walt{er}ed so hiȝe, + & efte busched to þe abyme þat breed fysches; + Durst nowhere for roȝ arest at þe bothem. 144 + When þe breth & þe brok & þe bote metten, + [Sidenote: Then was Jonah joyless.] + Hit watȝ a ioyles gyn þat Ionas watȝ i{n}ne, + [Sidenote: The boat reeled around.] + For hit reled on rou{n}[d] vpon þe roȝe yþes. + [Sidenote: The gear became out of order.] + Þe bur ber to hit baft þat braste alle her gere, 148 + Þen hurled on a hepe þe helme & þe sterne, + [Sidenote: Ropes and mast were broken.] + Furst to murte mony rop & þe mast aft{er}. + Þe sayl sweyed on þe see, þe{n}ne suppe bihoued + [Sidenote: A loud cry is raised, Many a lad labours to lighten + the ship.] + Þe coge of þe colde[6] wat{er}, & þe{n}ne þe cry ryses; 152 + Ȝet coruen þay þe cordes & kest al þ{er}-oute. + Mony ladde þer forth-lep to laue & to kest, + Scopen out þe scaþel wat{er}, þat fayn scape wolde; + For be mo{n}nes lode[7] neu{er} so luþ{er}, þe lyf is ay swete. 156 + [Sidenote: They throw overboard their bags and feather beds.] + Þer watȝ busy ou{er}-borde bal{e} to kest + Her bagges, & her feþ{er} beddes, & her bryȝt wedes, + Her kysttes, & her coferes, her caraldes alle, + & al to lyȝten þat lome, ȝif leþe wolde schape; 160 + [Sidenote: But still the wind rages, and the waves become wilder.] + Bot eu{er} watȝ ilyche loud þe lot of þe wy{n}des, + & eu{er} wroþ{er} þe wat{er}, & wodder þe stremes. + Þe{n} þo wery for-wroȝt wyst no bote, + [Sidenote: Each man calls upon his god.] + Bot vchon glewed on his god þat gayned hy{m} beste; 164 + [Sidenote: Some called upon Vernagu, Diana, and Neptune, to the + sun and to the moon.] + Summe to vernagu þ{er} vouched a-vowes solemne, + Summe to diana deuout, & derf nepturne, + To mahou{n} & to mergot, þe mone & þe su{n}ne, + & vche lede as he loued & layde had his hert. 168 + [Sidenote: Then said one of the sailors: “Some lawless wretch, + that has grieved his God, is in the ship.] + Þe{n}ne bispeke þe spakest dispayred wel nere: + I leue here be su{m} losynger, su{m} lawles wrech, + Þat hatȝ greued his god & gotȝ here amonge v{us}; + Lo al synkes i{n} his sy{n}ne & for his sake marres! 172 + [Sidenote: I advise that we lay lots upon each man.] + I lovne þat we lay lotes on ledes vchone, + & who-so ly{m}pes þe losse, lay hy{m} þ{er}-oute; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 85b.]] + [Sidenote: When the guilty is gone the tempest may cease.”] + & quen þe gulty is gon what may gome trawe, + Bot he þat rules þe rak may rwe on þose oþ{er}? 176 + [Sidenote: This is agreed to.] + Þis watȝ sette i{n} asent, & sembled þay were, + [Sidenote: All are assembled, from all corners of the ship, save + Jonah the Jew, who had fled into the bottom of the boat.] + Herȝed out of vche hyrne to hent þat falles. + A lodes-mon lyȝtly lep vnder hachches, + For to layte mo ledes & hem to lote bry{n}g, 180 + Bot hy{m} fayled no freke þat he fynde myȝt, + Saf Ionas þe Iwe þat Iowked i{n} derne. + He watȝ flowen for ferde of þe flode lotes + I{n}-to þe boþem of þe bot, & on a brede lyggede, 184 + On helde by þe hurrok, for þe heuen wrache, + [Sidenote: There he falls asleep.] + Slypped vpon a slou{m}be, selepe, & sloberande he routes. + [Sidenote: Soon he is aroused, and brought on board.] + Þe freke hy{m} fru{n}t w{i}t{h} his fot & bede hy{m} ferk vp, + Þer ragnel i{n} his rakentes hy{m} rere of his dremes; 188 + Bi þe haspede he hentes hy{m} þe{n}ne, + & broȝt hy{m} vp by þe brest & vpon borde sette, + [Sidenote: Full roughly is he questioned.] + Arayned hy{m} ful runyschly what raysou{n} he hade + I{n} such slaȝtes of sorȝe to slepe so faste; 192 + Sone haf þay her sortes sette & serelych deled, + +[Headnote: JONAH IS CONDEMNED TO DEATH, AND IS CAST OVERBOARD.] + + [Sidenote: The lot falls upon Jonah.] + & ay þe[8] lote, vpon laste, lymped on Ionas. + [Sidenote: Then quickly they said: “What the devil hast thou + done, doted wretch?] + Þe{n}ne ascryed þay hy{m} sckete, & asked ful loude, + “What þe deuel hatȝ þ{o}u don, doted wrech? 196 + [Sidenote: What seekest thou on the sea?] + What seches þ{o}u on see, sy{n}ful schrewe, + W{i}t{h} þy lastes so luþ{er} to lose v{us} vchone? + [Sidenote: Hast thou no God to call upon?] + Hatȝ þ{o}u, gome, no gou{er}no{ur} ne god on to calle, + Þat þ{o}u þ{us} slydes on slepe when þ{o}u slayn worþes? 200 + [Sidenote: Of what land art thou?] + Of what londe art þ{o}u lent, what laytes þ{o}u here + Whyder i{n} worlde þat þ{o}u wylt, & what is þyn arnde? + [Sidenote: Thou art doomed for thy ill deeds.”] + Lo þy dom is þe dyȝt, for þy dedes ille! + Do gyf glory to þy godde, er þ{o}u glyde hens.” 204 + [Sidenote: Jonah says: “I am a Hebrew, a worshipper of the + world’s Creator.] + “I am an Ebru,” q{uod} he, “of Israyl borne; + Þat wyȝe I worchyp, Iwysse, þat wroȝt alle þy{n}ges, + Alle þe worlde w{i}t{h} þe welkyn, þe wynde & þe sternes, + & alle þat woneȝ þer w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, at a worde one. 208 + [Sidenote: All this mischief is caused by me, therefore cast me + overboard.”] + Alle þis meschef for me is made at þys tyme, + For I haf greued my god & gulty am fou{n}den; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 86a.]] + For-þy bereȝ me to þe borde, & baþeþes[9] me þ{er}-oute, + Er gete ȝe no happe, I hope forsoþe.” 212 + He ossed hy{m}[10] by vnny{n}ges þat þay vnder-nomen, + [Sidenote: He proves to them that he was guilty.] + Þat he watȝ flawen fro þe face of frelych dryȝtyn; + [Sidenote: The mariners are exceedingly frightened.] + Þe{n}ne such a ferde on hem fel & flayed he{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, + Þat þay ruyt hy{m} to rowwe & letten þe ry{n}k one. 216 + [Sidenote: They try to make way with their oars, but their + endeavours are useless.] + Haþeles hyȝed i{n} haste w{i}t{h} ores ful longe, + Sy{n} her sayl watȝ hem aslypped on sydeȝ to rowe; + Hef & hale vpon hyȝt to helpen hym seluen, + Bot al watȝ nedles note, þat nolde not bityde: 220 + In bluber of þe blo flod bursten her ores, + [Sidenote: Jonah must be doomed to death.] + Þe{n}ne hade þay noȝt i{n} her honde þat hem help myȝt; + Þe{n}ne nas no cou{m}fort to keu{er}, ne cou{n}sel non oþer, + Bot ionas i{n}-to his Iuis Iugge bylyue. 224 + [Sidenote: They pray to God, that they may not shed innocent + blood.] + Fyrst þay prayen to þe prynce þ{a}t p{ro}phetes seruen, + Þat he gef hem þe g{ra}ce to greuen hy{m} neu{er}, + Þat þay i{n} baleleȝ blod þer blenden her handeȝ, + Þaȝ þat haþel wer his, þ{a}t þay here quelled. 228 + [Sidenote: Jonah is cast overboard.] + Tyd by top & bi to þay token hy{m} sy{n}ne, + I{n}-to þat lodlych loȝe þay luche hy{m} sone; + [Sidenote: The tempest ceases and the sea settles.] + He watȝ no tytter out-tulde[11] þat tempest ne sessed, + Þe se saȝtled þ{er}-w{i}t{h}, as sone as ho moȝt. 232 + Þe{n}ne þaȝ her takel were torne, þ{a}t tot{er}ed on yþeȝ, + [Sidenote: The stiff streams drive the ship about.] + Styffe stremes & streȝt hem strayned a whyle, + Þat drof hem dryȝlych adou{n} þe depe to serue,[12] + [Sidenote: At last they reach a bank.] + Tyl a swetter ful swyþe he{m} sweȝed to bonk. 236 + [Sidenote: The seamen thank God, and perform solemn vows.] + Þer watȝ louy{n}g on lofte, when þay þe londe wo{n}nen, + To oure mercyable god, on moyses wyse, + W{i}t{h} sacrafyse vp-set, & solempne vowes, + & grau{n}ted hy{m} vn-to be god & graythly non oþ{er}; 240 + [Sidenote: Jonah is in great dread.] + Þaȝ þay be Iolef for Ioye, Ionas ȝet dredes, + Þaȝ he nolde suffer no sore, his seele is on ant{er}; + For what-so worþed of þat wyȝe, fro he i{n} wat{er} dipped, + Hit were a wonder to wene, ȝif holy wryt nere. 244 + + [Sidenote 5: MS. _fof_.] + [Sidenote 6: MS. _clolde_.] + [Sidenote 7: _lote_ (?).] + [Sidenote 8: MS. _þe þe_.] + [Sidenote 9: _baþes_ (?).] + [Sidenote 10: _hem_ (?).] + [Sidenote 11: _out-tulte_ (?).] + [Sidenote 12: _sterue_ (?).] + + +[Headnote: A WILD WHALE SWALLOWS JONAH.] + +III. + + [Sidenote: Jonah is shoved from the ship.] + Now is ionas þe Iwe Iugged to[13] drowne; + Of þat schended schyp men schowued hy{m} sone. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 86b.]] + [Sidenote: A wild whale swims by the boat.] + A wylde walt{er}ande whal, as wyrde þe{n} schaped, + Þat watȝ beten fro þe abyme, bi þat bot flotte, 248 + & watȝ war of þat wyȝe þat þe wat{er} soȝte, + [Sidenote: He opens his swallow, and seizes the prophet.] + & swyftely swenged hy{m} to swepe & his swolȝ opened; + Þe folk ȝet haldande his fete þe fysch hy{m} tyd hentes, + W{i}t{h}-outen towche of any tothe he tult i{n} his þrote. 252 + The{n}ne he swengeȝ & swayues[14] to þe se boþem, + Bi mony rokkeȝ ful roȝe & rydelande strondes, + Wyth þe mo{n} i{n} his mawe, malskred i{n} drede. + [Sidenote: It is not to be wondered at that Jonah suffered woe.] + As lyttel wonder hit watȝ ȝif he wo dreȝed, 256 + For nade þe hyȝe heuen ky{n}g, þurȝ his honde myȝt, + Warded þis wrech man i{n} warlowes gutteȝ, + What lede moȝt lyue bi lawe of any kynde, + Þat any lyf myȝt be lent so longe hy{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne? 260 + Bot he watȝ sokored by þat syre þat syttes so hiȝe, + [Sidenote: The prophet is without hope.] + Þaȝ were wauleȝ[15] of wele, i{n} wombe of þat fissche, + & also dryuen þurȝ þe depe, & in derk walt{er}eȝ. + [Sidenote: Cold was his comfort.] + Lorde! colde watȝ his cu{m}fort & his care huge, 264 + For he knew vche a cace & kark þat hy{m} lymped; + How fro þe bot i{n}-to þe blober watȝ w{i}t{h} a best lachched, + & þrwe[16] i{n} at hit þrote, w{i}t{h}-outen þret more, + [Sidenote: Jonah was only a mote in the whale’s jaws.] + As mote i{n} at a mu{n}ster dor, so mukel wern his chawleȝ, 268 + [Sidenote: He entered in by the gills, and by means of one of + the intestines of the fish, came into a space as large as a + hall.] + He glydes i{n} by þe giles, þurȝ glaymande glette, + Relande i{n} by a rop, a rode þat hy{m} þoȝt, + Ay hele ou{er} hed, ho{ur}lande aboute, + Til he blu{n}t i{n} a blok as brod as a halle; 272 + [Sidenote: The prophet fixes his feet firmly in the belly of the + whale.] + & þer he festnes þe fete & fathmeȝ aboute, + & stod vp i{n} his stomak, þat stank as þe deuel; + Þ{er} in saym & i{n} sorȝe þat sauo{ur}ed as helle, + Þ{er} watȝ bylded his bour, þat wyl no bale suffer; 276 + & þe{n}ne he lurkkes & laytes where watȝ le best, + [Sidenote: He searches into every nook of its navel.] + In vche a nok of his nauel, bot nowhere he fyndeȝ + No rest ne recou{er}er, bot ramelande myre, + In wych gut so eu{er} he gotȝ; bot eu{er} is god swete; 280 + [Sidenote: The prophet calls upon God.] + & þer he lenged at þe last & to þe lede called. + “Now prynce, of þy p{ro}phete pité þ{o}u haue! + [Sidenote: [Fol. 87a.]] + Þaȝ I be fol, & fykel, & falce of my hert, + [Sidenote: He cries for mercy.] + De-woyde now þy vengau{n}ce, þurȝ v{er}tu of rauthe; 284 + Thaȝ I be gulty of gyle as gaule of p{ro}phet{es}, + Þ{o}u art god, & alle gowdeȝ ar grayþely þyn owen; + Haf now m{er}cy of þy man & his mys-dedes, + & preue þe lyȝtly a lorde, i{n} londe & i{n} wat{er}.” 288 + [Sidenote: He sits safely in a recess, in a bowel of the beast, + for three days and three nights.] + With þat he hitte to a hyrne & helde hy{m} þ{er}-i{n}ne, + Þ{er} no de-foule of no fylþe watȝ fest hy{m} abute; + Þer he sete also sou{n}de, saf for merk one, + As i{n} þe bulk of þe bote, þer he by-fore sleped. 292 + So in a bouel of þat best he bideȝ on lyue, + Þre dayes & þ[r]e nyȝt ay þenkande on dryȝtyn, + His myȝt & his m{er}ci, his mesure þe{n}ne; + Now he knaweȝ hy{m} i{n} care þat couþe not i{n} sele. 296 + +[Headnote: THE WHALE WANDERS ABOUT.] + + [Sidenote: The whale passes through many a rough region.] + Ande eu{er} walt{er}es þis whal bi wyldren depe, + Þurȝ mony a regiou{n} ful roȝe, þurȝ ronk of his wylle, + [Sidenote: Jonah makes the whale feel sick.] + For þat mote i{n} his mawe mad hy{m}, I trowe, + Þaȝ hit lyttel were, hy{m} wyth to wamel at his hert, 300 + Ande assayled þe segge; ay sykerly he herde + Þe bygge borne on his bak & bete on his sydes; + [Sidenote: The prophet prays to God in this wise:] + Þen a prayer ful prest þe p{ro}phete þ{er} maked + On þis wyse, as I wene, his wordeȝ were mony: 304 + + [Sidenote 13: MS. to to.] + [Sidenote 14: _swaynes_ (?).] + [Sidenote 15: _wanleȝ_ (?).] + [Sidenote 16: _þrwen_ (?).] + + +[Headnote: JONAH PRAYS FOR HIS DELIVERANCE.] + +IV. + + [Sidenote: “Lord! to thee have I cried out of hell’s womb.] + “Lorde to þe haf I cleped, i{n} careȝ ful stronge, + Out of þe hole þ{o}u me herde, of hellen wombe + I calde, & þ{o}u knew myn vncler steuen; + [Sidenote: Thou dippedst me in the sea.] + Þ{o}u dipteȝ me of þe depe se, i{n}-to þe dy{m}me hert, 308 + [Sidenote: Thy great floods passed over me.] + Þe grete flem of þy flod folded me vmbe; + Alle þe goteȝ of þy guferes, & grou{n}deleȝ powleȝ, + [Sidenote: The streams drive over me.] + & þy stryuande stremeȝ of stryndeȝ so mony, + I{n} on daschande dam, dryueȝ me ou{er}; 312 + [Sidenote: I am cast out from thy sight.] + & ȝet I say, as I seet i{n} þe se boþem, + ‘Care-ful am I kest out fro þy cler yȝen + & deseu{er}ed fro þy syȝt; ȝet surely I hope, + Efte to trede on þy temple & teme to þy seluen.’ 316 + I am wrapped i{n} wat{er} to my wo stou{n}deȝ, + [Sidenote: The abyss binds me.] + Þe abyme byndes þe body þat I byde i{n}ne; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 87b.]] + [Sidenote: The rushing waves play on my head.] + Þe pure poplande ho{ur}le playes on my heued, + To laste mere of vche a mou{n}t man am I fallen; 320 + Þe barreȝ of vche a bonk ful bigly me haldes, + [Sidenote: Thou possessest my life.] + Þat I may lachche no lont[17] & þ{o}u my lyf weldes; + Þ{o}u schal releue me renk, whil þy ryȝt slepeȝ, + Þurȝ myȝt of þy m{er}cy þ{a}t mukel is to tryste. 324 + [Sidenote: In my anguish I remembered my God, and besought His + pity.] + For when þacces of anguych watȝ hid i{n} my sawle, + Þe{n}ne I remembred me ryȝt of my rych lorde, + Prayande hi{m} for peté his prophete to here, + Þat in-to his holy ho{us} myn orisou{n} moȝt entre. 328 + I haf meled w{i}t{h} þy maystres mony longe day, + Bot now I wot wyt{er}ly, þat þose vnwyse ledes + Þat affyen hy{m}[18] i{n} vanyté & i{n} vayne þy{n}ges, + For þi{n}k[19] þat mou{n}tes to noȝt, her mercy forsaken; 332 + [Sidenote: When I am delivered from this danger, I will obey thy + commands.”] + Bot I dewoutly awowe þat v{er}ray betȝ halden, + Soberly to do þe sacrafyse when I schal saue worþe, + & offer þe for my hele a ful hol gyfte, + & halde goud þat þ{o}u me hetes; haf here my trauthe.” 336 + +[Headnote: THE WHALE VOMITS UP JONAH.] + + [Sidenote: God speaks fiercely to the whale, and he vomits out + the prophet on a dry space.] + The{n}ne oure fader to þe fysch ferslych biddeȝ, + Þat he hy{m} sput spakly vpon spare drye; + Þe whal wendeȝ at his wylle & a warþe fyndeȝ, + & þ{er} he brakeȝ vp þe buyrne, as bede hy{m} oure lorde. 340 + [Sidenote: Jonah has need to wash his clothes.] + Þe{n}ne he swepe to þe sonde i{n} sluchched cloþes, + Hit may wel be þat mest{er} were his mantyle to wasche; + Þe bonk þat he blosched to & bode hy{m} bisyde, + Wern of þe regiou{n}es ryȝt þat he renayed hade; 344 + [Sidenote: God’s word comes to the prophet.] + Þe{n}ne a wynde of goddeȝ worde efte þe wyȝe bruxleȝ, + “Nylt þ{o}u neu{er} to nuniue bi no-ky{n}neȝ wayeȝ?” + “Ȝisse lorde,” q{uod} þe lede, “lene me þy g{ra}ce + [Sidenote: He is told to preach in Nineveh.] + For to go at þi gre, me gayneȝ non[20] oþ{er}.” 348 + “Ris, aproche þe{n} to prech, lo þe place here! + Lo! my lore is i{n} þe loke,[21] lance hit þer-{in}ne.” + Þe{n}ne þe renk radly ros as he myȝt, + [Sidenote: By night Jonah reaches the city.] + & to niniue þat naȝt he neȝed ful euen; 352 + [Sidenote: Nineveh was a very great city.] + Hit watȝ a ceté ful syde & selly of brede, + On to þrenge þ{er}-þurȝe watȝ þre dayes dede. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 88a.]] + Þat on Io{ur}nay ful Ioynt Ionas hy{m} ȝede, + Er eu{er} he warpped any worde to wyȝe þ{a}t he mette, 356 + +[Headnote: THE PROPHET PREACHES AGAINST NINEVEH.] + + [Sidenote: Jonah delivers his message; “Yet forty days and + Nineveh shall come to an end.] + & þe{n}ne he cryed so cler, þat ke{n}ne myȝt alle; + Þe trwe tenor of his teme he tolde on þis wyse: + “Ȝet schal forty dayeȝ fully fare to an ende, + & þe{n}ne schal Niniue be nomen & to noȝt worþe; 360 + Truly þis ilk tou{n} schal tylte to grou{n}de, + [Sidenote: It shall be turned upside down, and swallowed quickly + by the black earth.”] + Vp-so-dou{n} schal ȝe du{m}pe depe to þe abyme, + To be swolȝed swyftly wyth þe swart erþe, + & alle þat lyuyes here-i{n}ne lose þe swete.” 364 + [Sidenote: This speech spreads throughout the city.] + Þis speche sprang i{n} þat space & spradde alle aboute, + To borges & to bacheleres, þat i{n} þat burȝ lenged; + [Sidenote: Great fear seizes all.] + Such a hidor hem bent & a hatel drede, + Þat al chau{n}ged her chere & chylled at þe hert. 368 + Þe segge sesed not ȝet, bot sayde eu{er} ilyche + “Þe verray vengau{n}ce of god schal voyde þis place.” + [Sidenote: The people mourn secretly, clothe themselves in + sackcloth, and cast ashes upon their heads.] + Þe{n}ne þe peple pitosly pleyned ful stylle, + & for þe drede of dryȝtyn doured i{n} hert; 372 + Het{er} hayreȝ þay hent þat asperly bited, + & þose þay bou{n}den to her bak & to her bare sydeȝ, + Dropped dust on her hede & dy{m}ly bisoȝten, + Þat þat penau{n}ce plesed hi{m} þ{a}t playneȝ on her wronge. 376 + [Sidenote: The message reaches the ears of the king.] + & ay he cryes i{n} þ{a}t kyth tyl þe ky{n}g herde; + & he radly vp-ros & ran fro his chayer, + [Sidenote: He rends his robes, clothes himself in sackloth, and + mourns in the dust.] + His ryche robe he to-rof of his rigge naked, + & of a hep of askes he hitte i{n} þe myddeȝ; 380 + He askeȝ heterly a hayre & hasped hy{m} vmbe, + Sewed a sekke þer abof, & syked ful colde; + Þer he dased i{n} þat duste, w{i}t{h} droppande teres, + Wepande ful wonderly alle his wrange dedes. 384 + [Sidenote: He issues a decree, that all in the city, men, + beasts, women and children, prince, priest, and prelates, + should fast for their sins.] + Þe{n}ne sayde he to his seriau{n}tes, “samnes yow bilyue, + Do dryue out a decre demed of my seluen, + Þat alle þe bodyes þat ben w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne þis borȝ quyk, + Boþe burnes & bestes, burdeȝ & childer, 388 + Vch prynce, vche prest & prelates alle, + Alle faste frely for her falce werkes; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 88b.]] + [Sidenote: Children are to be weaned from the breast.] + Seseȝ childer of her sok, sogh{e} hem so neu{er}, + Ne best bite on no brom, ne no bent nauþ{er}, 392 + Passe to no pasture, ne pike non erbes, + [Sidenote: The ox is to have no hay, nor the horse any water.] + Ne non oxe to no hay, ne no horse to wat{er}; + Al schal crye for-cle{m}med, w{i}t{h} alle oure clere strenþe, + Þe rurd schal ryse to hy{m} þat rawþe schal haue; 396 + [Sidenote: Who can tell if God will have mercy?] + What wote oþer wyte may ȝif þe wyȝe lykes, + Þat is hende i{n} þe hyȝt of his gentryse? + [Sidenote: Though He is mighty, He is merciful, + and may forgive us our guilt.] + I wot his myȝt is so much, þaȝ he be mysse-payed, + Þat i{n} his mylde amesy{n}g he m{er}cy may fynde; 400 + & if we leuen þe layk of oure layth sy{n}nes, + & stylle steppen i{n} þe styȝe he styȝtleȝ hy{m} seluen, + He wyl wende of his wodschip, & his wrath leue, + & for-gif v{us} þis gult ȝif we hy{m} god leuen.” 404 + [Sidenote: All believed and repented.] + Þe{n}ne al leued on his lawe & laften her sy{n}nes, + Par-formed alle þe penau{n}ce þat þe prynce radde; + [Sidenote: God forgave them through his goodness.] + & god þurȝ his godnesse forgef as he sayde, + Þaȝ he oþ{er} bihyȝt, [&] w{i}t{h}-helde his vengau{n}ce. 408 + + [Sidenote 17: _lond_ (?).] + [Sidenote 18: _hem_ (?).] + [Sidenote 19: _þing_ (?).] + [Sidenote 20: MS. _mon_.] + [Sidenote 21: _loken_ (?).] + + +[Headnote: GOD’S MERCY DISPLEASES JONAH.] + +V. + + [Sidenote: Much sorrow settles upon Jonah.] + Muche sorȝe þe{n}ne satteled vpon segge Ionas, + He wex as wroth as þe wynde towarde oure lorde, + [Sidenote: He becomes very angry.] + So hatȝ ang{er} onhit his hert; he calleȝ + [Sidenote: He prays to God and says: “Was not this my saying, + when Thy message reached me in my own country?] + A prayer to þe hyȝe prynce, for pyne, on þys wyse: 412 + “I biseche þe syre now þ{o}u self iugge, + Watȝ not þis ilk my worde þat worþen is nouþe, + Þat I kest i{n} my cu{n}tre, when þ{o}u þy carp sendeȝ, + Þat I schulde tee to þys tou{n}, þi talent to preche? 416 + [Sidenote: I knew Thy great goodness, Thy long-suffering, + and Thy mercy.] + Wel knew I þi cortaysye, þy quoy{n}t soffrau{n}ce. + Þy bou{n}té of debonerté & þy bene g{ra}ce, + Þy longe abydy{n}g wyth lur, þy late vengau{n}ce, + & ay þy mercy is mete, be mysse neu{er} so huge. 420 + I wyst wel when I hade worded quatsoeu{er} I cowþe, + [Sidenote: I knew these men might make their peace with Thee, + therefore I fled unto Tarshish.] + To manace alle þise mody men þat i{n} þis mote dowelleȝ, + Wyth a prayer & a pyne þay myȝt her pese gete, + & þer-fore I wolde haf flowen fer i{n}-to tarce. 424 + [Sidenote: Take my life from me, O Lord!] + Now lorde lach out my lyf, hit lastes to longe, + Bed me bilyue my bale sto{ur}, & bry{n}g me on ende, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 89a.]] + [Sidenote: It is better for me to die than live.”] + For me were swett{er} to swelt, as swyþe as me þynk, + Þe{n} lede lenger þi lore, þat þ{us} me les makeȝ.” 428 + [Sidenote: God upbraids Jonah, saying: “Is this right to be so + wroth?”] + Þe sou{n} of oure sou{er}ayn þen swey i{n} his ere, + Þat vpbraydes þis burne vpon a breme wyse: + “Herk renk! is þis ryȝt so ronkly to wrath, + For any dede þat I haf don oþ{er} demed þe ȝet?” 432 + [Sidenote: Jonah, jangling, uprises, and makes himself a bower, + of hay and ever-fern, to shield him from the sun.] + Ionas al Ioyles & Ianglande vp-ryses + & haldeȝ out on est half of þe hyȝe place, + & farandely on a felde he fetteleȝ hy{m} to bide, + For to wayte on þat won what schulde worþe aft{er}. 436 + Þer he busked hy{m} a bo{ur}, þe best þat he myȝt, + Of hay & of eu{er}-ferne & erbeȝ a fewe, + For hit watȝ playn i{n} þat place for plyande greueȝ, + For to schylde fro þe schene, oþ{er} any schade keste. 440 + He bowed vnder his lyttel boþe, his bak to þe su{n}ne, + +[Headnote: JONAH IS SHELTERED BY A WOODBINE.] + + [Sidenote: He slept heavily all night.] + & þer he swowed & slept sadly al nyȝt, + [Sidenote: God prepared a woodbine.] + Þe whyle god of his grace ded growe of þat soyle, + Þe fayrest bynde hy{m} abof þat eu{er} burne wyste. 444 + When þe dawande day dryȝtyn con sende, + [Sidenote: Jonah awakes, and is exceedingly glad of the bower.] + Þe{n}ne wakened þe wyȝ vnder wodbynde, + Loked alofte on þe lef þat lylled grene; + Such a lefsel of lof neu{er} lede hade, 448 + For hit watȝ brod at þe boþem, boȝted onlofte, + Happed vpon ayþ{er} half a ho{us} as hit were, + A nos on þe norþ syde & nowhere non elleȝ, + Bot al schet i{n} a schaȝe þat schaded ful cole. 452 + [Sidenote: The prophet, under its gracious leaves, is protected + from the sun’s rays.] + Þe gome glyȝt on þe grene g{ra}ciouse leues, + Þat eu{er} wayued a wynde so wyþe & so cole; + Þe schyre su{n}ne hit vmbe-schon, þaȝ no schafte myȝt + Þe mou{n}tau{n}ce of a lyttel mote, vpon þat man schyne, 456 + Þe{n}ne watȝ þe gome so glad of his gay logge, + Lys loltrande þer-i{n}ne, lokande to toune, + So blyþe of his wodbynde he balt{er}es þer vnde[r], + Þat of no diete þat day þe[22] deuel haf, he roȝt; 460 + & eu{er} he laȝed as he loked þe loge alle aboute, + [Sidenote: Jonah wishes he had such a lodge in his own country.] + & wysched hit were i{n} his kyth, þer he wony schulde, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 89b.]] + On heȝe vpon Effraym oþ{er} ermo{n}nes hilleȝ, + “I-wysse a worþloker won to welde I neu{er} keped.” 464 + & quen hit neȝed to naȝt nappe hy{m} bihoued; + He slydeȝ on a slou{m}be, slep slogh{e} vnder leues, + [Sidenote: God prepared a worm, that made the woodbine wither.] + Whil god wayned a worme þat wrot vpe þe rote, + & wyddered watȝ þe wodbynde bi þat þe wyȝe wakned; 468 + & syþen he warneȝ þe west to waken ful softe, + & sayeȝ vnte[23] ȝefer{us} þat he syfle warme, + Þat þer quikken no cloude bi-fore þe cler su{n}ne, + & ho schal busch vp ful brode & bre{n}ne as a candel. 472 + [Sidenote: Jonah awakes and finds his woodbine destroyed.] + Þen wakened þe wyȝe of his wyl dremes, + & blusched to his wodbynde þat broþely watȝ marred, + [Sidenote: The leaves were all faded.] + Al welwed & wasted þo worþelych leues; + Þe schyre su{n}ne hade hem schent, er eu{er} þe schalk wyst, 476 + [Sidenote: The sun beat upon the head of Jonah.] + & þe{n} hef vp þe hete & het{er}ly bre{n}ned; + Þe warm wynde of þe weste wert{es} he swyþeȝ. + Þe man marred on þe molde þat moȝt hy{m} not hyde, + His wodbynde watȝ away, he weped for sorȝe, 480 + +[Headnote: HE LAMENTS ITS DESTRUCTION.] + + [Sidenote: He is exceedingly angry, and prays God that he may + die.] + “With hatel ang{er} & hot, het{er}ly he calleȝ: + A! þ{o}u maker of man, what mayst{er}y þe þynkeȝ + Þ{us} þy freke to forfare forbi alle oþ{er}, + W{i}t{h} alle meschef þat þ{o}u may, neu{er} þ{o}u me spareȝ? 484 + I keu{er}ed me a cu{m}fort þat now is caȝt fro me, + My wod-bynde so wlonk þat wered my heued, + Bot now I se þ{o}u art sette my solace to reue; + Why ne dyȝtteȝ þ{o}u me to diȝe; I dure to longe?” 488 + [Sidenote: God rebukes the prophet.] + Ȝet oure lorde to þe lede lansed a speche: + [Sidenote: “Dost thou well,” He says, “to be angry for the + gourd?”] + “Is þis ryȝt-wys þ{o}u renk, alle þy ronk noyse, + So wroth for a wodbynde to wax so sone, + Why art þ{o}u so waymot wyȝe for so lyttel?” 492 + [Sidenote: Jonah replies, “I would I were dead.”] + “Hit is not lyttel,” q{uod} þe lede, “bot lykker to ryȝt, + I wolde I were of þis worlde wrapped i{n} moldeȝ.” + [Sidenote: God asks if it is to be wondered at that He should + help His handy work.] + “Þe{n}ne byþenk þe mon, if þe for-þynk sore, + If I wolde help my honde werk, haf þ{o}u no wonder; 496 + [Sidenote: Is not Jonah angry that his woodbine is destroyed, + which cost him no labour?] + Þ{o}u art waxen so wroth for þy wod-bynde, + & trauayledeȝ neu{er} to tent hit þe tyme of an howre, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 89a.]] + Bot at a wap hit here wax & away at an oþ{er}, + & ȝet lykeȝ þe so luþ{er}, þi lyf woldeȝ þ{o}u tyne; 500 + [Sidenote: God is not to be blamed for taking pity upon people + that He made.] + Þe{n}ne wyte not me for þe werk þat I hit wolde help, + & rwe on þo redles þat remen for sy{n}ne. + Fyrst I made he{m} myself of mat{er}es my{n} one, + & syþen I loked he{m} ful longe & hem on lode hade; 504 + & if I my trauayl schulde tyne of t{er}mes so longe, + [Sidenote: Should He destroy Nineveh the sorrow of such a sweet + place would sink to His heart.] + & type dou{n} ȝonder tou{n} when hit turned were, + Þe sor of such a swete place burde synk to my hert, + So mony malicio{us} mon as mo{ur}neȝ þ{er}-i{n}ne; 508 + [Sidenote: In the city there are little bairns who have done no + wrong.] + & of þat sou{m}me ȝet arn su{m}me such sotteȝ for madde, + As lyttel barneȝ on barme þat neuer bale wroȝt, + & wy{m}men vnwytté þat wale ne couþe + Þat on hande fro þat oþ{er} for[24] alle þis hyȝe worlde, 512 + [Sidenote: And there are others who cannot discern between their + right hand and their left hand.] + Bitwene þe stele & þe stayre disserne noȝt cu{n}en, + What rule renes i{n} rou{n} bitwene þe ryȝt hande + & his lyfte, þaȝ his lyf schulde lost be þer-for; + [Sidenote: There are also dumb beasts in the city incapable of + sinning.] + & als þer ben dou{m}be besteȝ i{n} þe burȝ mony, 516 + Þat may not sy{n}ne i{n} no syt hem seluen to greue, + Why schulde I wrath wyth hem, syþe{n} wyȝeȝ wyl torne, + & cu{m}[25] & cnawe me for ky{n}g, & my carpe leue? + Wer I as hastif a[s] þ{o}u, heere were harme lu{m}pen, 520 + Couþe I not þole bot as þ{o}u þer þryued ful fewe; + I may not be so mal[i]cio{us} & mylde be halden, + +[Headnote: GOD JUSTIFIES HIS MERCY AND FORBEARANCE.] + + [Sidenote: Judgment must be tempered with mercy.] + For malyse is noȝ[t] to may{n}tyne boute mercy w{i}t{h}i{n}ne; + Be noȝt so gryndel god man, bot go forth þy wayes.” 524 + [Sidenote: He that is too hasty to rend his clothes must + afterwards sit with worse ones to sew them together.] + Be preue & be pacient, i{n} payne & i{n} Ioye, + For he þat is to rakel to renden his cloþeȝ, + Mot efte sitte w{i}t{h} more vn-sou{n}de to sewe he{m} togeder. + [Sidenote: Poverty and pain must be endured.] + For-þy when pou{er}té me enpreceȝ & payneȝ i{n}-noȝe, 528 + Ful softly w{i}t{h} suffrau{n}ce saȝttel me bihoueȝ, + [Sidenote: Patience is a noble point, though it displeases oft.] + For þe penau{n}ce & payne to preue hit i{n} syȝt, + Þat pacience is a nobel poy{n}t, þaȝ hit displese ofte. Amen. + + [Sidenote 22: _de_ altered to þe.] + [Sidenote 23: _vnto_ (?).] + [Sidenote 24: MS. _fol_.] + [Sidenote 25: _Or_ cu{n}.] + + + + +NOTES: _Patience_. + + +P. 89. + + l. 3 _þe swelme leþe_, lessen the heat. + 4 _qued_, evil. + 5 _syt_, sorrow; _sele_, happiness. + 6 _þro_, anger. + 7 + _þen is better to abyde þe bur vmbe-stoundes_, + Then is it better to abide the blow sometimes. + 10 _melede_, related. + 11 _aȝt_, eight. + 12 _sunder-lupes_, severally. + 13 _happen_, blessed. + +P. 90. + + l. 30 _lyknyng_, likeness; _þewes_, virtues. + 42 _lyke oþer greme_, pleasing or displeasing. + 47 _lyȝtloker_, more easily; _lotes_, forms. + 50 _what dowes me þe dedayn_, what avails me anger. + 53 _grayþed_, availed. + 56 _þe(t) had bowed_, etc., That should have been obedient. + +P. 91. + + l. 63 _Goddes glam to hym glod_, God’s message came to him. + 66 _wythouten oþer speche_, without contradiction, without more words. + 67 _my saȝes soghe_, etc., my saws (words) sow, etc. + 77 _typped schrewes_, great sinners; literally, extreme, tip-top, + schrews. + 78 _ta me_, take me, seize me. + 82 _mansed_, cursed. + 94 _glwande_, glowing, bright; _gloumbes_, sees (indistinctly). + +P. 92. + + l. 98 _to the fare_, to the voyage. + 101 _tramme_, gear. + 104 + _Sprude spak to þe sprete þe spare bawlyne_, + Spread quickly to the sprit the spar bowline (?). + 106 _ladde-borde_, larboard. + 107 _blyþe breþe_, gentle wind; _bosum_, tide. + 108 _He_ refers to _breþe_. + 112 _maȝt_, might; _mere_, sea. + 115 _wenyng_, supposition. + 117 _burde_, behoved. + 119 _demed_, uttered. + 122 _stapefole_ = _stapeful_ = high (?) + +P. 93. + + l. 131 _crafte_, power. + 135 _tom_, interval. + 140 _souȝed_, sobbed, moaned; _selly_, marvel. + 141 _wonne_, pale. + 143 _busched_ = _busked_, went. + 144 _for roȝ_ = for roughness. + 148 _bur_ = wave. + 150 _to murte_, (?) _to-marte_, crushed, broken in pieces. + 152 _coge_, boat. + 155 _scaþel_, hurtful, dangerous. + 156 _lode_ = _lote_, lot. + 160 _leþe_, calm, quiet. + 161 _lot_, noise, roar. + +P. 94. + + l. 173 _I lovne_, I offer (this advice), propose. + 183 _flode lotes_, the noises of the flood. + 184 _brede_, board. + 185 _hurrok_, oar. + 191 _runyschly_, fiercely. + 192 _slaȝte_, strokes. + 198 _lastes_, crimes. + +P. 95. + + l. 208 _at a worde one_, at a word alone. + 213 _ossed_, showed, proved; _vnnynges_, signs. + 216 _ruyt_, rush, hasten. + 227 _baleleȝ_, innocent. + 229 _synne_, after. + +P. 96. + + l. 247 _as wyrde þen schaped_, as fate then devised. + 255 _malskred_, entranced, bewildered. + 258 _warlowes_, monster’s. + 259 _lyue_ = _leue_, believe. + 262 _wauleȝ_ = shelterless, destitute, but _wanleȝ_ = _wonleȝ_ + = hopeless, is perhaps a better reading. + 268 _chawleȝ_, jaws. + 269 _glaymande glette_, slimy mud. + 270 _rop_, gut, intestine. + +P. 97. + + l. 273 _faþmeȝ_, gropes. + 275 _saym_, fat, grease. + 277 _le_, shelter. + 291 _merk_, darkness. + 292 _bulk_, stern. + 302 _borne_ = _burne_, man. + +P. 98. + + l. 309 _flem_ = _flum_, stream. + 317 _to my wo stoundeȝ_ = ? until my woe over-powers (confounds) me. + 320 _to laste_ ? to the last; _mere_, boundary. + 325 _þacces_, blows. + 329 _meled_, conversed. + 338 _spare drye_ dry _spar_ (rafter) but ? _spare_ = _space_. + 339 _a warthe_, a ford. + 341 _sluchched_ = _sluched_, dirty, muddy. + 342 _mester_, need. + +P. 99. + + l. 345 _bruxleȝ_, reproaches, upbraids, + 350 _loke_ = _loken_, fastened. + 362 _dumpe_, be thrust. + 364 _swete_, life; _to lose þe swete_ = to lose the (sweet) life. + 372 _doured_, mourned, grieved. Cf. Sc. _dour_. + 373 _Heter hayreȝ þay hent_, etc., rough hair shirts they took, etc. + +P. 100. + + l. 395 _for-clemmed_, very hungry, starved. + 396 _rurd_, cry. + 400 _amesyng_ = _mesyng_ = _mese_, pity, mercy. + 403 _wodschip_, wrath. + 411 _on-hit_, struck or inflamed (?); _calleȝ_, addresses. + +P. 101. + + l. 418 _bene_, bountiful, kind. + 419 _lur_, loss. + 426 _bale-stour_, death-pang; _bale_ in the sense of death is not + very common. + 447 _lylled_, flourished. + 448 _lefsel_ = _leaf-bower_. See Glossary. + +P. 102. + + l. 449 _boȝted_, curved. + 450 _happed_, covered. + 451 _a nos_ = a projection, opening (?) or is it a clerical error + for _abof_ = _above_. + 452 _schaȝe_ = wood, shaw. + 453 _glyȝt_, glanced. + 460 _þe deuel_ ? _ded euel_, did evil. + 470 _syfle_, blow. + 473 _wyl_, wandering. + 478 _wertes he swyþeȝ_, herbs he scorches. + +P. 103. + + l. 486 _wered_, protected. + 489 _lansed_, uttered. + 492 _waymot_ = angry, passionate. + 502 _remen_, mourn, lament. + 509 _soumme_, company. + +P. 104. + + l. 524 _gryndel_, angry. + 526 _rakel_, hasty. + + + + + Errata (noted by transcriber) + +Minor spelling variations-- such as added or missing final “e”-- between +the main text and endnotes were left as printed. + + [33 Sidenote] ... peace and patience. [patience,] + [237 Sidenote] ... thank God, and perform ... [God. and] + [391 Sidenote] [Fol. 88b.] + [_missing folio number supplied from 1864 edition_] + [463 Sidenote] [Fol. 89b.] + [499 Sidenote] [Fol. 89a.] + [_text unchanged: 1864 edition has same error_] + + NOTES + + 273 _faþmeȝ_, gropes. + [_body text and glossary have “fathme(ȝ)”_] + 317 [316] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +GLOSSARIAL INDEX + + + Abate, lessen, put an end to, A. 123; B. 1356. + Abate, abode, A. 617. + Abayst, downcast, abashed, B. 149, pret. of _abaisse_ or _abash_, Fr. + _esbahir_. + Able, A. 599. + Abof, above, A. 1023. + Abominacione, B. 1173. + Abroched, commenced, A. 1123. + Abyde, (_a_) await, B. 436, 486; (_b_) endure, C. 7. A.S. _abidan_. + Abydyng, _sb._ C. 419. + Abyme, abyss, B. 363; C. 143. + Abyt, habit, dress, B. 141. + {Accorde, Acorde,} agreement, A. 509, Fr. _accorder_, to agree with. + Achaped, escaped, B. 970. + Achaufe, kindle, B. 1143. + Acheue, accomplish, A. 475. + Acroche, encroach, A. 1069, Fr. _accrocher_, to hook on; from _croc_, + a hook. + Adaunt = daunt, A. 157. + Adoun, down, A. 988; B. 953. + Adreȝ, aside, aback, B. 71. The word is used by Gower under the form + _adrigh_. _O-dreghe_, _one-dreghe_, are other forms of the word. Sc. + _on-dreich_. + “The tother withdrewe, _one-dreghe_ + And durste do none other.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 352.) + “The tother droȝhe him _o-dreghe_ for drede of the knyȝte.” + --(Anturs of Arther, xliv. 3.) + “He with drogh hym _a draght_ & a dyn made.” --(T. B. 1224.) + {Adubbement, Adubmente,} adornment, A. 84, 85, O.Fr. _adoubement_; + _dober_, _douber_, garnish, deck; Fr. _douber_, to rig or trim a + ship; Prov. Fr. _adobar_, to arrange, prepare. + Adyte, A. 349. + Affraye, _sb._ fear, A. 1174; _vb._ frighten, B. 1780; Fr. _effrayer_, + to scare, affright; _effroi_, terror. Cf. _fray_, to scare birds. + Affyen, trust, C. 331. + {Agayn, Agayne, Agaynes,} against, B. 266, 826, 1711. + Agayneȝ, towards, B. 611. + Agayn-tote, _sb._ a looking back, B. 931. _Tote_, look, peep, as a + verb or a noun, is common in Old English writers. + “She went up wightly by a wall syde, + To the toppe of a tower, & _tot_ ouer the water.” --(T. B. 862.) + Age, A. 412, B. 426. + Aglyȝte, slipped from, A. 245. _Glyȝt_, as a verb, signifies not only + to slip but to _glance_, look. Cf. _leme_ = gleam, glance, slip. + Alabaunderynes, B. 1470. + Alarom, alarm, B. 1207. + Al-bare, clearly, A. 1025. + Alce = als, also, B. 1377. + Alder = elder, A. 621, _Aldest_, A. 1042, B. 1333. + Alder-men, elders, A. 887. + Alegge, alledge, A. 703. + Aliche, alike, B. 1477. + Alkaran = alkatran, B. 1035. + Alle-kynneȝ, all kinds of, A. 1028. + Allyt = a lyt = ? a little, B. 599. + Almyȝt, almighty, A. 498. + Alofte, on high, B. 1183. + Al-one, A. 933. + Al-only, except, A. 779. + Alosed, destroyed, B. 274. See _lose_. + Alow, approve, praise, reward, A. 634. O.Fr. _louer_. Lat. _laudare_. + Aloynte, removed, far from (from O.E. _aloigne_, _alogne_, to remove, + carry off. O.Fr. _aloigner_). + Aloȝ, alow, softly, B. 670. + Als, also, B. 253, 827, C. 516. + Also, as, B. 984, 1045, 1792. + {Also-tyd, Als-tyd, As-tyd,} at once, immediately, B. 64. See _tyd_. + Al-þaȝ, although, A. 759. + Alþer-fayrest, fairest of all, B. 1379. + Alþer-fynest, finest of all, B. 1637. + Alþer-rychest, richest of all, B. 1666. + Alþer-swettest, sweetest of all, B. 699. + Alum, B. 1035. + Amaffised, B. 1470. + Amaraunȝ, B. 1470. + Amatyst, amethyst, A. 1016. + Ame, (1) _vb._ place, B. 698; (2) _sb._ purpose, C. 128. Germ. + _ahmen_. Bavarian, _amen_, _hämen_, to guage a cask, fathom, + measure. + Amended, B. 248. + Amesyng, _sb._ moderation, C. 400. See _mese_. + Amoneste, admonish, B. 818. + Amounted, B. 395. + Amoynt, company, A. 895. + And = an, if, B. 864. + An-ende (on-ende), lastly, finally, A. 186. + An-ende = anente, opposite, A. 1136; respecting, A. 697. + An-endeȝ = anentes, opposite, A. 975. Sc. _anens_. + Anger, A. 343, B. 572. + Angré, bitter, B. 1035. + Anguych, anguish, C. 325. + Ankreȝ, anchors, B. 418, C. 103. + Anon, at once (= anane, onane, in one moment), A. 584. + Anournement, ornament, B. 1290. + Anoynted, B. 1446. + Answar, answer, A. 518. + Anter, peril, C. 242. To _aunter_, put a thyng in daunger, or + adventure, _adventurer_ (Palsgrave). + An-vnder, under, A. 1081. Sc. _anonder_. Cf. _down_ and _adown_, _low_ + and _alow_. + Aparaunt, B. 1007. + Apassed, past, A. 540. + Apert, openly, A. 589. + Apparaylmente, ornaments, A. 1052. + Apparement, ornaments, B. 1270. Fr. _appareiller_, to fit, suit. + Appose, _vb._ question, A. 902. Fr. _apposer_, to lay or set on, or + near to. + Aproche, A. 686, B. 8, 167. Fr. _approcher_, draw near. Lat. _prope_, + near. + Apyke, adorn, B. 1479, 1637. + Aquyle, demand, ask, obtain, A. 690, 966. O.Fr. _aquillir_, to gather. + {Aray, Araye,} A. 719, 1166; B. 816, 1442. O.Fr. _arroyer_, _arréer_, + dispose, set in order. + Arayned, arraigned, C. 191. O.Fr. _arraisonner_, _arraigner_. + Are, before, previously, B. 438, 1128. + Arende, errand, message, C. 72, A.S. _aerend_, _aerende_. + Arest, _sb._ abode, resting place, B. 906. + Areset, _vb._ stop, cease, B. 766, remain, C. 144. Fr. _arrester_. + Lat. _arestare_. + Arewarde, apostate, B. 208. Sc. _areird_, backward. + {Arn, Arne,} are, A. 458, 628, B. 8, 1810. + Aryue, A. 447. + Aryȝt, aright, A. 112. + Arȝe, terrify, frighten, fear, B. 572, 713. Provincial _arfe_, + _arghe_, afraid. Cf. “_Arwe_ or ferefulle (_arwhe_, K. arowe or + ferdfulle P.). Timidus, pavidus, formidolus.” (Prompt. Parv.) The + original notion is that of laziness, inertness, and hence timidity, + fear, etc. A.S. _earg_, inert, timid, weak. Ger. _arg_, bad. Du. + _erg_. Icel. _argr_, lazy, cowardly. Sc. _argh_, _arch_, to + hesitate, be reluctant. + “Antenor _arghet_ with austerne wordes.” --(T. B. 1977.) + “Antenor, _arghly_ auntrid of ship.” --(T. B. 1831.) + “A! Anec. quoth the qwene + me _arȝes_ of my selfe, + I am all in aunter, sa + akis me the wame.” --(K. Alex. p. 29.) + “Sir Alexander and his ost was _arȝed_ unfaire.” + --(_Ibid._ p. 132.) + Ar, are, B. 1725. + Are ? ane, one, A. 711. + As, also, B. 179. + As-bare, ? _al bare_, clearly, openly, A. 836. + Asayl, B. 1188. + Ascape, escape, B. 569. + Ascry, _sb._ cry, outcry, B. 1784. _vb_. C. 195. Swed. _anskri_, + outcry, scream. O.N. _skri_, cry. + {Asent, Asente,} A. 391, “in _asent_,” B. 788. + Askeȝ, ashes, B. 626. + Askry, shout, cry, B. 1206. See _ascry_. + Aslypped, escaped, lost, C. 218. + Aspaltoun, asphalt, B. 1038. + Asperly, sharply, C. 373. + Assayl, C. 301. + Asscaped, escaped, B. 1776. + Asscry, cry, shout. See _ascry_. + Assemble, B. 1364, 1769. + Assemblé, A. 760. + Asspye, espy, see, A. 704, 1035. + {Assyse, Asyse,} form, fashion, A. 97, B. 844, service, B. 639. + Astate, state, A. 393. + Astraye, A. 1162. + Astel, stole from, B. 1524. + As-tyt, immediately, at once, A. 645, B. 935. + Asure, B. 1411. + Aswage, C. 3. + At, that, A. 672. + Atlyng, purpose, B. 688. Sc. _ettle_, to endeavour. N.Prov.E. _ettle_, + _attle_, intend. Icel. _aetla_. + “Armur & all thing _atlet_ before.” --(T. B. 855.) + Aþel, noble, B. 258, 411, 940, gracious, B. 761, fine, B. 1276, A.S. + aeþele, noble, excellent. + Atount, so much (?), A. 179. + At-slyke, slip away, A. 575. + Atteny, attain, reach, A. 548. + Attled, endeavoured. See _atlyng_. + Attled, endowed, B. 207. It sometimes occurs under the form _aghteld_. + N.Prov.E. _ettle_, to deal out, distribute. A.S. _aeht_, possession. + “She was eldist & heire _etlit_ to his londes.” --(T. B. 394.) + At-wappe, escape, B. 1205. See _Wap_. + Atyre, B. 114. + Augoste, august, A. 39. + Auncetereȝ, auncestors, B. 258. + {Aven, Aune,} own, B. 11, 1222. + Aunte, A. 233. + Aunter, adventure, marvel, B. 1600. See T. B. 1899. + Auter, altar, B. 10. + Autly, noble, B. 795. A.S. _áhtlíce_, courageously, manfully. + Avaunt, _sb._ promise, B. 664. + Avayment, show, B. 1358. F. _avoier_. + Auaye, show, B. 1311. + Auenture, adventure, A. 64. O.Fr. _aventure_. + Auise, advise, B. 1365. + Avow, B. 664. + Avoy, away! B. 863. + Avyle, defile, B. 1151, 1713. + Avysyoun, vision, A. 1184. + Awayed, shown, A. 710. + Awayle, avail, B. 408. + Awowe, avow, C. 333. + Ay, always, ever, A. 33, 720. A.S. _áva_, _a_, all, ever. O.Fris. _a_. + Germ. _je_, ever. + Ayre, heir, B. 650, 1709. + Ayþer, each, A. 831. + Aywhere, everywhere, B. 228. + Aȝer = asure, B. 1457. + Aȝly = awly, fearfully, B. 874, 937. Dan. _ave_, fear. Eng. _awe_. + O.Eng. _agh_. Cf. A.S. _aglác_, misery, grief. + {Aȝt, Aȝte,} ought, _pret._ of _aȝe_, _agh_, or _awe_, B. 122. + Aȝt, eight, B. 357, C. 11, 29. + Aȝt-sum, sorrowful, B. 411. + Aȝtþe, eighth, A. 1011. + + Baboyne, baboon, B. 1409. + Babtem, A. 627. See _Baptem_. + Bachlereȝ, batchelors, young men not yet raised to the order of + knighthood, B. 86. + Baft, abaft, C. 148. A.S. _baefta_, the hinder part. + Bagge, baggage. C. 158. + Bale, bales, C. 157. Sw. _bal_. Fr. _balle_, _bal_, a ball or pack. + Bale, sorrow, woe; also misery, calamity, A. 18, 373; B. 1243, 1256; + _baleȝ_, A. 123, 807. O.Fris. _bale_. A.S. _bealu_, torment, + destruction. Icel. _böl_. Phrases: “bodyly _bale_” (pain), A. 478; + “_bale_ (torment) of helle,” A. 651, “_bale_-stour,” death pang, + C. 426. + Baleleȝ = baleless, innocent, C. 227. + Balke, ridge of land, balk, A. 62. Icel. _balkr_, the division between + the stalls in a cow-house. Sw. _balka_, to partition off. + “To my shepe wylle I stalk, and herkyn anone, + Ther abyde on a _balk_, or sytt on a stone.” + --(Town. Myst. p. 99.) + Balleful = baleful, wretched, wicked, B. 979. + Balter, hop, jump, skip, C. 459. + Balterande, halting, limping, B. 103. Sc. _balter_, to dance. + “He baltyrde, he bleryde.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 66.) + Etymologically it is connected with _palter_ and _falter_, and is + applicable either to the unsteady gait of the lame or faltering + steps of the blind. + Baly = bayly, authority, jurisdiction, dominion, A. 1083. + Baneres, B. 1404. + Banne, proclamation, decree, B. 95, 1361. + Banne, curse, B. 468, 885. Sw. _bann_, excommunication; _banna_, to + reprove, chide, curse. + “_Bannet_ worthe the bale tyme þat ho borne was.” + T. B. 1388. + Banne, comfort, strengthen, B. 620. O.Sc. _bawne_. + Bantel, A. 991, 1017; B. 1459, posts, pillars. + Baptem, baptism, A. 627, 653. + Baptysed, A. 818. + Barayn, barren, B. 659. + Bare, _adj._ naked, B. 452; _sb._ 791. + Bare, only, B. 1573. Sw. _bara_. + Bared, disclosed, B. 1149. + Bare-heued, bare-headed, B. 633. + {Bareres, Barreȝ,} bars, barriers, B. 963, 1239; C. 321. W. _bar_, + rail, shaft. Fr. _barre_; _barrière_, a barrier. Cf. Sw. _s-parre_. + Eng. _s-par_. + Barme, bosom, C. 510. A.S. _bearm_. “_Barme_ gremium.” (Prompt. Parv.) + “He fond Horn in arme + On Rymenhilde _barme_.” --(K. Horn, p. 294.) + Barnage, childhood, B. 517. + Barne, child, son, A. 426; _barneȝ_, A. 1040; B. 1085. Sc. _bairn_. + A.S. _bearn_. + Baronage, nobility, B. 1424. See T. B. 211. + Barouneȝ, barons, B. 82, 1398. + {Barreȝ, Barers,} bars, B. 884, 1263. + Barst, burst, B. 963. + {Base, Basse,} base, foundation, A. 1000, B. 1278. See T. B. 1652. + Bassyn, basin, B. 1145, 1278. + Bastele, B. 1187. “_Bastyle_ of a castelle or cytye. Fascennia.” + (Prompt. Parv.) + Basyng, base, A. 992. + Bated, abated, B. 440. + Bater, B. 1416. + Batelment, B. 1459. + Baþe, dip, plunge, B. 1248. + Bausen, badger, B. 392. “_Bawstone_ or _bawsone_, or a gray, Taxus, + melota.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Bawelyne, bow-line, B. 417. + Bay, recess, B. 1392. The original meaning seems to be _opening_ of + any kind. Cf. _bay_, space in a building between two main beams + (Forby). + Bayly, dominion, A. 315, 442. + Bayn, _adv._ readily, willingly, A. 807, B. 1511; ready, C. 136. + N.Prov.E. _bane_, near, convenient. “_Beyn_ or plyaunte. + Flexibilis.” (Prompt. Parv.) _Bainly_, readily, T. B. 135. + Baysment, abasement, A. 174. + Bayte, B. 55. O.N. _beita_. + Baytayled, fortified, B. 1183. + Beauté, A. 749. + {Bed, Bede,} bid, command, invite; _p.p._ _beden_, A. 715, B. 95, 440. + See T. B. 389. + Beke, beak, B. 487. + Bekyrande, _sb._ bikering, fighting, B. 1474. “_Bekyryn_ or fyghtyn + (_bikkeringe_), Pugno, dimico.” (Prompt. Parv.) + “Bolde men to batell and _biker_ with hond.” + T. B. 2944. + Bele, _vb._ boil, A. 18. N.Prov.E. _bele_. + Bem, beam, ray, “_bem_ of þe brode heuen,” B. 603. + Bem, tree, A. 814. + {Ben, Bene,} are, _3rd pers. pl._ A. 572. + Bench, seat, B. 130, 854. + Bene, fair, A. 198. + Bene, _adj._ kind, merciful, C. 418. + Bent, field, plain, B. 532, 1675. See T. B. 1192. + Ber, bore, _pret._ of _bere_, to bear, A. 426, B. 1480. + Berdles, beardless, B. 789. + Bereste, breast, A. 854. + Berfray, watch tower, B. 1187. O.F. _berfroi_, _beffroit_. Fr. + _beffroir_. M.Lat. _belfredum_. The modern English _belfry_ is a + corruption of _berfray_. + Beryl, A. 110, 1011. + Beryng, condition, state, behaviour, B. 1060, 1228. + Best, beast, B. 288, 351. + Beste, _sb._ best (one), A. 279. + Besten, of beasts, B. 1446. + Bete, (the fire) mend, repair, kindle, B. 627, _p.p._ _bet_, B. 1012. + Prov.E. _beat_, to mend, repair. A.S. _bétan_, (1) to improve, + repair; (2) joined with _fyr_ to mend a fire, to light or make a + fire, to kindle. + Bete, save, A. 757. A.S. _bétan_, to remedy. Du. _boeten_, mend, fine, + expiate. + Betȝ = bes, shall be, A. 611. Present tense with future signification. + Beuerage, drink, liquor, B. 1433, 1717. Fr. _beuvrage_, from Lat. + _bibere_. + Bewar, beware, B. 292. + Bewté, A. 765. + Beyng, _sb._ being, existence, A. 446. + Bibbe, sip, drink, B. 1499. Prov.E. _beb_. Du. _biberen_, to drink + much. + “Bacus he was brayne-wode for _bebbing_ of wynes.” + --(K. Alex. p. 154.) + Bicalt, becalled, called from, A. 1163. + “The kyng was full curteus, _calt_ on a maiden.” --(T. B. 388.) + Bi-cnv, acknowledged, B. 1327. + Bidde, bide, abide. C. 51. + Biden, _p.p._ of _bide_ = _abide_, B. 616. + {Bifalle, Byfalle,} befal, A. 186. + Bifore, before, A. 49. + {Bigge, Bygge,} great, B. 43, _bygger_, A. 374. + Bigge, build, B. 1666. A.Sax. _byggan_. Icel. _byggia_. O.Sw. _bygga_, + build, also inhabit. + Bigly, strongly, C. 321. See T. B. 904. + Bigonne, began, B. 123. + Bihynde, behind, B. 918. + Biholde, behold, B. 150. + Bihyȝt, promised, C. 29. + Bikenne, give, hand over, B. 1296. + Bilde, built, B. 1392. + Bileue, remain, B. 1549. + Bilooghe, below, B. 116. + Birle, pour out, B. 1511. Prov.E. _burl_. A.S. _byrelian_, to give to + drink. + “And seruanz war at this bridale + That _birled_ win in cupp and schal.” --(Met. Hom. p. 120.) + Birolled, berolled, B. 959. + Biseche, beseech, B. 614. + Bisoȝten, besought, C. 375. + Bispeke, speak, C. 169. + Bisyde, beside, B. 926. + Bi-talt, aroused, A. 1161. A.S. _tealtian_, _tealtrian_; (1) to + _tilt_, shake; (2) to be in danger. William of Shoreham uses one + form of this word: + “For ȝef that water his kende lest + That cristninge stant _te-tealte_.” --(Poems, p. 9.) + “For if that water its kind loseth, + That christening standeth tottery, insecure” (_i.e._ not binding). + Biteche, give up to, entrust to, B. 871; pret. _bitaȝt_. + Bited, bit, C. 373. + {Biþenkke, Biþenke,} bethink, B. 1357. + Biþoȝt, bethought, B. 125. + Bityde, betide; _pret._ bitydde, C. 61. + Bityde, befall, B. 1804. + Blade, B. 1105. + Blake, black, A. 945; B. 747, 1449. + Blame, _vb._ A. 275; B. 877, 1661; _sb._ B. 43. + Blande, “in blande,” together, B. 885. See _blende_. + {Blasfamye, Blasfemyon,} B. 1661, 1712. + Blayke, yellow, A. 27. Brockett has _blayke_ with the sense of yellow, + of a golden colour. “_Bleyke_ of coloure.” Pallidus, subalbus. + (Prompt. Parv.) + “Ther (in paradyse) were floures bothe blew and _blake_, + Of alle frutes thei myth ther take.” --(Cov. Myst. p. 2.) + Blaȝt, white, A. 212, _p.p._ of _bleach_, just as _raȝt_ is of + _reach_. Sc. _blaucht_. + “As _blaȝt_ ere thaire wedis + As any snyppand snawe.” --(K. Alex. p. 54.) + Ble, colour, complexion, A. 76, 212; B. 791, 1759. Prov.E. _ble_, + _bly_. A.S. _bleo_. + Bleaunt, a robe of fine linen, A. 163. O.Eng. _bliant_, fine linen, + W. _llian_, linen. The _bl_ is merely an imitation of the Celtic + _ll_. + “A blewe _bleaunt_ obofe brade him al ovir.” --(K. Alex. p. 167.) + Blench, stratagem, device, B. 1202. O.N. _blekkia_. + Blemyst, blemished, B. 1421. O.Fr. _blesmir_. + {Blende, Blente,} blended, mingled, mixt. A. 385, 1016; B. 967, 1788. + A.S. _blendian_. Icel. _blanda_, to mix. + Blo = bla, blue, livid, pale. B. 1017; C. 134. O.H.G. _blao_, N.Fris. + _bla_. O.Sc. _bla_. + {Blober, Bluber,} = blubber, waves, C. 221, 266. Prov.E. _blubber_, + bubble; _blob_, _bleb_, a bubble. “_Blobure_ (blobyre, P.) + Burbulium.” (Prompt. Parv.) “_Blober_ upon water (or bubble) + bouteillis.” (Palsg.) “The water _blubbers_ up.” (Baker, + Northamptonshire Glossary.) + Blod, a child, B. 686. Supposing the _bl_ to represent _ll_ we might + refer it to the W. _llawd_, a youth, _lad_. O.Sw. _g-lott_. Cf. + _bliant_, _bleant_, from W. _llian_. + “þis Abel was a blissid _blod_, + Bot Caim was the findes (devil’s) fode (offspring).” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7b.) + Blod, blood, A. 650. + Blok, space, C. 272. + {Blom, Blome,} flower, bloom, A. 578, B. 1467. Sw. _bloma_, a flower. + Du. _bloeme_. Ger. _blume_. “_Blome_ flowre. Flos.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Blomeȝ, blooms, flowers, A. 27. + Blonk, horse, _pl._ _blonkeȝ_, B. 87, 1392. See T. B. 2371. + Blonkken, _gen. pl._ of horses, B. 1412. + Blosched, looked, C. 343. See _Blusch_. + Blose = blese, blaze, flame. A. 911. Icel. _blossi_, a flame. A.S. + _blaese_, a torch. Dan. _blus_. + Blot, spot, blemish, defilement, A. 782. + “Ye ben worthy, he saide, to be _blottede_ and _spottede_, foulede + and defoulede with fenne (mire) and with drit of water (_luto + inquinari_), and of blode, that in tyme of werre ne were nat be + bespreynt, ne be wette with ennemyes blode.” (Quoted by Way, from + Roy. MS. 18, A. xii. B. iii. c. 10.) + Blubrande = blubbering, bubbling, foaming, B. 1017. See _blobber_. + Blunt, rushed, C. 272. + Blunt, faint, A. 176. Icel. _blunda_, to sleep. Sw. _blunda_, to close + the eyes. Dan. _blende_, to dazzle. Cf. “Blunt of wytte. Hebes.” + (Prompt. Parv.) + {Blusch, Blusche,} look, glance, A. 980, 1083, B. 904, 998, 1537. + N.Prov.E. _blush_, resemblance. Cf. “At the first _blush_,” at the + first appearance, at first sight. Dan. _blusse_, to blaze, flame, + glow. There seems to be an etymological connection with words + signifying to look, glow, blaze, shine, etc. + “The kyng _blyschit_ on the beryne (man) with his brode eghne.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 10.) + “He _blusshed_ ouer backeward to þe brodesee.” --(See T. B. 1316.) + {Blusnande, Blysnande,} shining, B. 1404. Icel. _blys_. Dan. _blus_, + a torch. Du. _blos_, redness. Dan. _blusse_, to glow. Icel. _lysa_, + to shine. Pl. D. _bleistern_, to glisten. + Bluster, B. 886, to wander or stray about. + “Ac there was wight noon so wys + The wey thider kouthe, + But _blustreden_ forth as beestes + Over bankes and hilles.” --(Piers Ploughman, p. 108.) + Blwe, blue, A. 423. + Blwe, blew, B. 885. + Blykked, shone, B. 603. A.S. _blican_, glitter, dazzle. Ger. + _blicken_, shine, glance, look. Du. _blicken_, glitter; _blick_, + a flash. + “Hire bleo _blyketh_ so bryht + So feyr heo is ant fyn.” --(Lyric Poems, p. 52.) + Blyknande, shining, B. 1467. + Blykned = blaykned, became black, B. 1759. + Blynde, to become faded, dull, B. 1126. + Blynne, cease, A. 729, B. 440, 1661, 1812. A.S. _blinnan_ (for + _be-linnan_). + {Blysfol, Blysful,} blissful, A. 279, 409. + Blysnande, shining, A. 163. See _blusnande_. + Blysned, shone, A. 1048. + Blyþe, joy, A. 354. Blythe is still used as a noun in the North of + England. + Blyþely, joyfully, A. 385. + Bobaunce, boasting, Fr. _bobance_, B. 179, 1712. + {Bod, Bode,} command, B. 979; C. 56. A.S. _bod_, _gebod_, command, + precept, message. “_Bode_ or massage (_boode_, H.) nuncium.” + (Prompt. Parv.) + Bod = abode, _pret._ of _bide_ = abide, A. 62; B. 982; wait for, + B. 467. + Bodworde, message, B. 473. See T. B. 6262. + Bodyly, A. 478. + Boffet, blast, B. 885. + Boffeteȝ, buffets, blows, A. 809; _boffet_, B. 43. + Bok-lered, book-learned, B. 1551. + Bold, bad, A. 806. A.S. _báld_, audacious. Sw. _båld_, proud, haughty, + warlike. In early English writers the term was applied indifferently + to men and women of bad character. + “Þou do me bote again þis _bald_ (bad one) + For al þe soth I haf þe tald.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 48b.) + Bol, bull, B. 1682; _pl._ _boleȝ_, B. 55. + Bole, the round stem of a tree, B. 622. It enters also into + composition in the word _throte_-bolle. _Pl._ _bolleȝ_, A. 76. + Icel. _bolr_. Dan. _bul_. Sw. _bål_, trunk of a man’s body. See + T. B. 4960. + Bolle, bowl, B. 1145, 1511. A.S. _bolla_. Icel. _bolli_. + Bolled, embossed, B. 1464. + Bolnande, swelling, B. 179. + Bolne, swell, A. 18; B. 363. Icel. _bolgna_. Sw. _bulna_, to swell. In + some early English works we find _bollen_ (ibolȝe) the _p.p._ of a + verb _bolȝe_ = bulge, swell. “Bolnyn, Tumeo, turgeo, tumesco.” + (Prompt. Parv.) + Bonc, bank, A. 907. + Bone, prayer, petition, command (= boon). A. 912, 916; B. 826. A.S. + _ben_. S.Sax. _bone_. O.N. _bón_ rogatio. “_Bone_ or graunte of + prayer (_boone_ P.) Precarium, peticio.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Bone, good, B. 28. + {Boner, Bonere,} good, B. 733. + Bonerté, goodness, A. 762. + Bongre, willingly, agreeably to, C. 56. See _Gre_. + Bonk, bank, hill, A. 931, B. 379. Ger. _bank_, bench, bank of a river, + etc. + Bor, bower, chamber, dwelling, A. 964. A.S. _bur_, a chamber. Icel. + _bur_. N.Prov.E. _boor_, a parlour. + Bore, born, A. 239, B. 584. + Borde, table, B. 1433, 1717. + Borde, board of a vessel, B. 470; C. 211. + Boreȝ, boars, B. 55. + Borges, burgess; sometimes written _burgeise_, C. 366. O.Fr. + _bourgeois_, from Lat. _burgensis_. + Borgoun, to burgeon, bud forth, B. 1042. Fr. _bourgeon_, _bourjon_, + young bud or sprig. Prov. Fr. _boure_, bud. Fr. _abourioner_, to bud + or sprout forth. See T. B. 4964. + Borlych, burly, B. 1488. + Borne = burne, stream, water, B. 482; _borneȝ heued_, head of the + stream, source, A. 974. A.S. _burne_. Goth. _brunna_. Icel. + _brunnr_. G. _born_, _brunnen_, well, spring. + Bornyst, burnished, A. 77, 220, B. 554. Fr. _brunir_, to polish. + Boroȝt = broȝt, brought, A. 628. + {Borȝ, Borȝe,} city, town, A. 957, 989, B. 45, 834, 1750. A.S. _burg_, + _burh_. Goth. _baurgs_. Icel. _borg_. + Bos = bus = behoves, B. 687. + Bosk, take, B. 351; _boske_ to, go to, B. 834. See _Busk_. + Boskeȝ, bushes, B. 322. Icel. _buskr_. + Bosum, bay, C. 107. Cf. N.Prov.E. _bosom_, the eddy. + “Eneas and his feris on the strand + Wery and forwrocht, sped thame to the nerrest land, + And at the cost of Lyby arryvit he. + Ane havyn place with a lang hals or entre + Thar is, with an ile enveronyt on ather part, + To brek the wallis and storm of every art, + Within, the water in a _bosum_ gays.” --(G. Doug. vol. i. p. 33.) + Bost, boast, arrogance. B. 179, 1450. + Boster, boaster, B. 1499. + Bostwys = busteous, boisterous, rough, fierce, A. 814. Pl. Du. + _büster_, wild, fearful, savage. Cf. “_Boystows_, rudis.” (Prompt. + Parv.) _Bustus_, rudis, rigidus, to be _bustus_, rudere. (Cath. + Angl.) The form _bostwys_ would seem to point to _bost_, boast, as + the probable root. + Bot, “to bot,” to boot, B. 473. + Bot, command, B. 944. A.S. _beot_, threat, promise. + Bot, only, A. 18, 382, except, A. 972; _bot-if_, unless, B. 1110. + Bote, saviour, A. 275, 645; remedy, safety, C. 163. A.S. _bót_, + amends, atonement; _gebétan_, to make amends. Du. _boet_, remedy; + _boeten_, to mend. + Boþe, booth, tent, C. 441. + {Boþem, Boþom,} valley, dale, B. 383, 450; pit, sea, B. 1030. + _Bottom_, a valley, is still used in many of our provincial + dialects, and is a frequent element in local names. A.S. _botm_, + lowest point, depth, abyss. Du. _bodem_. Germ. _boden_. Icel. + _botn_. + Bothem, bottom, C. 144. + Boþemleȝ, bottomless, B. 1022. + {Bouel, Bowel,} bowel, gut, B. 1251; C. 293. + Bougoun (?) B. 1416. + Boun, (1) ready; (2) finished, A. 534, 992, 1103. See T. B. 827. + N.Prov.E. _boun_. Icel. _bua_, to prepare, p.p. _buinn_, prepared, + ready. + Bounden, fastened, B. 322; bound (_p.p._ of _binde_), A. 1103. + Bounet, went, _pret._ of _boun_ or _bown_, to go, B. 1398. See _boun_. + See T. B. 827, 5230. + “And (he) _bownnes_ over a brode mede + With breth (anger) at his herte.” --(M. Arthure, p. 290.) + Bounté, goodness, B. 1436. + Boureȝ (bowers), chambers. B. 322. See _Bor_. + Bourne = burne, man, A. 617. + Bourȝ = borȝ, city, B. 1377. See _Borȝ_. + Boute, without, B. 260, 824; C. 523. + {Bow, Bowe,} to go, walk, literally, to bend (one’s steps). A. 126, + 974; B. 45, 379, 482. + “Forth heo gunnen _bugen_ + In to Bruttaine.” --(Laȝ. 2, 410.) + “The burd _bowet_ from þe bede.” --(T. B. 775.) + A.S. _búgan_, to _bow_, _bend_, avoid, flee. + Bowe, obey (bend to), C. 56, 75. + Boy, a boy, youth, B. 878. + Boyeȝ, boys, men of low position, servants; generally used in a bad + sense, “_boyeȝ bolde_,” A. 806. + “---- bot a _boye_ one (alone) + Hoves by hym on a blonke (horse) and his spere holdes.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 211.) + “I wende no Bretones walde bee basschede for so lyttille + And fore bare-legyde _boyes_ that one the bente houys.” + --(_Ibid._ p. 178.) + Boȝ = bow, go, A. 196; B. 1242, 1551. See _Bow_. + Boȝe, bough, B. 616, 1467. + Boȝt, bought, A. 651. + Boȝted, curved, C. 449. A.S. _bugan_, to bend. Dan. _bugt_, bend, + turn. Sc. _bought_, to fold, bend. + Brade, broad, A. 138. + Brake vp = break up, throw up, spew, C. 340. Ger. _sich brechen_. Du. + _braeken_, to vomit. “_Brakyn_, or castyn or spewe. Vomo.” (Prompt. + Parv.) + Braken (_brake_, _bracken_), fern, B. 1675, Sw. _bräken_, Dan. + _bregne_, Icel. _brok_, sedge. “A _brakane_ filix, a _brakan_, + _buske_ filicarium.” (Cath. Angl.) + Braste, burst, C. 148. + Brathe = breþe, anger, ire, also fierceness. A. 1170; B. 916. O.N. + _braedi_, anger. It sometimes signifies angry. + “Bade hom blyn of hor _brathe_.” --(T. B. 5075.) + “For this word was Saul wrath, + For oft-sith was he bremli brath.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 42b.) + Braþeȝ, _pl._ of braþe, A. 346. + Braunches, B. 1464. + Braundysch, display, A. 346. + Bray, utter (aloud), roar, A. 346. Sw. _bräka_. + Brayde, brought, A. 712; aroused, awakened, A. 1170; “at a _brayde_,” + at a start (Icel. at _bragdi_), at once, B. 539; “in a _brayd_,” in + a moment, B. 1507. O.N. _bregtha_, weave, move, brandish, seize, + awake, to leap, start. _Bragth_, quick motion. + “Þe Philistienes wituten les + Ran on Sampson in a res, + Bot Sampson þat selcuth smert, + Ute o þair handes son he stert + And gave a _braid_ sa fers and fast, + Þat alle þe bandes of him brast.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 40b.) + Brayden, ornamented, _p.p._ of _braid_, B. 1481. + Bred, bread, B. 636. + {Brede, Bred,} = breed, become, B. 1558; replenish, A. 415, 814; + B. 257. + Brede, board, C. 184. “_Brede_ or lytylle borde. Mensula, tabula, + tabella, asserulus.” (Prompt. Parv.) A.S. _bred_, plank, board, etc. + Brede, breadth, A. 1030. + Brede, stretch out, A. 814. + Breed, bred, C. 143. + Bref, short, brief, A. 268. + Brek, broke, B. 1105, 1239. + Breme, full, complete, A. 863. A.S. _breme_, famous, glorious. + Breme, fierce, A. 346; B. 229; C. 430. Du. _bremen_, to burn with + desire. Fris. _brimme_, to rage. + “A _brem_ lowe.” (T. B. 860.) + Bremly, vigorously, B. 509. + {Brend, Brende,} = brente, burnt, bright, A. 989; B. 1292. + Brennande, burning, B. 1012. + Brenne, burn, B. 509, 916. + Brent, burnt, bright, A. 106. + Brent, steep; _superl._ _brentest_, highest, B. 379. N.Prov.E. + _brant_, steep. Sw. _brant_, steep, a precipice. + “A man may syt on a _brante_ hyll syde.” + --(Ascham’s Toxoph. p. 58, ed. Arber.) + “Apon the bald Bucifelon _brant_ up he sittes.” + --(K. Alex. p. 124.) + “Thane come thai blesnande till a barme of a _brent_ lawe (hill).” + --(_Ibid._ p. 164.) + Brere, briar, B. 791, 1694. N.Prov.E. _brere_, _breer_. A.S. _brér_. + Bresed, rough, like bristles, shaggy (?), B. 1694. Cf. Sc. _birs_, + _birse_, bristle. + Brest, attack, outburst, B. 229. N.Prov.E. _birst_, attack (Brockett). + O.E. _burst_ = injury, A.S. _byrst_. + Breste, to burst, B. 1783. + {Breth, Brethe,} wind, C. 107, 138; smell, vapour, B. 509, 967. Cf. + “_brethe_ of smoke.” (Hampole’s Pricke of Conscience, l. 4727.) Sc. + _broth_. Ger. _brodem_, _broden_, steam, vapour. A.S. _bræth_, an + odour, scent, breath. “_Brethe_ at his wille.” (T. B. 1945.) + Breth, wrath, B. 916. See _Brath_. + Breue, tell, A. 755. + “_Breve_ us thi name.” (K. Alex. p. 78.) + Breued, related, written, B. 197. O.N. _brefa_. + Breyþed, rushed, B. 1421. See _Braid_. + Brod, great; “_brod_ wonder,” B. 584. + Brode, broad, A. 650. + {Brok, Broke,} brook, river, stream, A. 981; _pl._ _brokeȝ_. A. 1074, + sea; C. 145. A.S. _broca_. + Brom (broom), heath, C. 392. A.S. _bróm_. + Bronch, branch, B. 487. + Bronde, sword, B. 1246. O.N. _brandr_. + Brond, brand, B. 1012. + Broþe, angry, fierce, rough, B. 149, 1409. The original form in O.E. + is _brathe_. It is connected with _brethe_, _brathe_, anger, wrath. + “Wreth it es a _brath_ on-fall (outburst) + Menging o mode that cums o galle.” + --(The Deadly Sins, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.) + {Broþely, Broþlych,} fierce, rough, and hence vile, bad, B. 848, 1030; + vilely, B. 1256; C. 474. The original form is _braþly_, fiercely, + vigorously. + “Thoner o-loft fal sal he (Antichrist) gar, + And tres _brathli_ blomes bere; + _Brathli_ to do the see be reth (stormy) + And _brathli_ to do it be smeth.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 124a.) + Broun, brown, A. 537, 990. + Browden, clustered, B. 1132. + Broȝt, brought, A. 286. + Brugge = brigge, bridge, B. 1187. A.S. _bricge_. + Brunt, blow, A. 174. + “All þat was bitten of the best (beast) + was at a brunt dede.” --(K. Alex. p. 134.) + Brurd, border, edge, B. 1474. Sc. _breard_. A.S. _brerd_, _breard_, + _briord_, _breord_, brim, margin, rim, shore, brink. + Brurd-ful, brimful, full up to the brim, B. 383. Chaucer uses + _bret-ful_ in the same sense. + Brutage = bretage, parapets of a wall, ramparts, B. 1190. Fr. + _breteche_. + Bruxle, upbraid, reprove, C. 345. O.N. _bríxla_, to reprove, reproach. + Brych, filth, uncleanness, B. 848. The meaning here assigned to + _brych_ is conjectural. Cf. Du. _brack_, refuse, damaged. Ger. + _brechen_, to vomit, _Bryche_ as an adjective occurs in Robt. + Brunne’s “Handlyng Synne,” p. 182, where it is glossed low (loghe) + _i.e._ vile. + “Now ys Pers bycome _bryche_ + That er was bothe stoute and ryche.” + In the Romance of Alexander, ed. Stevenson, we find the form + _bicchid_ = _briched_ (?). Cf. _shille_ and _shrille_, etc. + “And on the aȝtent day, eftire the prime + A basilisk in a browe, breis (annoys) thaim unfaire, + A straȝtill and a stithe worme _stinkande_ of elde, + And es so bitter, and so breme, and _bicchid_ (foul) in himselfe, + That with the _stinke_ and the strenth he stroyes noȝt allane, + Bot quat he settes on his siȝt, he slaes in a stonde.” --(p. 165.) + Bryd, lady, A. 769. A.S. _bryd_, a bride, a wife, woman. + Brydde, bird, B. 288, 1482. + Brydale, wedding, marriage, B. 142. + {Brym, Brymme,} bank, shore, A. 232, 1074. Dan. _bremme_. + Brymme, stream, water, B. 365. A.S. _brym_, the sea. In this sense + _brymme_ seems to have been unknown to the Southern dialect. + “O þis water þat sua stanc + Wa was þam þat it nedings dranc, + Þat toþer oncom þat him felle, + Was frosse þat na tung moght telle, + Þat ute o _brim_ and brokes bred, + And siþen over al Egypte spred.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 32b.) + Brynkeȝ, brinks, banks, B. 384. + Brynston, brimstone, B. 967. + Bryȝt, _adj._ bright, A. 110; _sb._ bright one, A. 755. + Bukkeȝ, bucks, B. 392. + Bulde, built, B. 1190. + Buleȝ, bulls, B. 392. + Bulk, stern of a ship. A.S. _bolca_, O.H.G. _pl._ _balkun_. Agiavia, + loca per quæ ad remiges acceditur. (Graff. iii. p. 108.) + {Bur, Burre,} blow, assault, A. 176; C. 7. O.Sc. _byr_, a blow. + N.Prov. _birre_, _burr_. W. _bur_, violence, rage. See Wicliffe, St. + Luke, viii. 33. + “---- no buerne might ffor the _birre_ it abide.” + --(T. B. 170. Cf. T. B. 571, 1902.) + Bur, wave, C. 148. Prov.E. _bore_. Icel. _bara_. O.Ger. _bare_. Du. + _baar_, wave, billow. In Laȝamon, vol. iii. p. 121, _Þe beares_ + occurs in the latter version for _þa vðen_ of the older copy. + Burde, behoved, A. 316; C. 117, 507. O.N. _byrjar_. Dan. _bör_. + Burde, a woman, lady. B. 80, 653. See _Bryd_. See T. B. 3984. + {Burghe, Burȝ, Burȝe,} city, town, A. 980; B. 982; C. 366. + Burne, man, A. 397, 712; B. 1202; “_burneȝ & burdeȝ_,” men and women, + B. 80. A.S. _beorn_, warrior, hero. + {Burnist, Burnyst,} burnished, B. 1085. + Burre, blow, A. 176. See _bur_. + Burþen, burden, B. 1439. + Butter, B. 636. + Burȝ, city, town, B. 1666. See _burghe_. + {Busch, Busche,} = buske, to go, B. 1416; C. 143, 472. + “& he (she) wist it as wel or bet as ȝif it were hire owne, + Til hit big was & bold to _buschen_, on felde.” + --(William and the Werwolf, p. 7.) + Busily, laboriously, B. 1446. + Busk, prepare, made ready, dress, to direct one’s steps towards a + place, to go, hasten. B. 142, 333, 351, 633, 1395; C. 437. Icel. _at + buast_ (for _at buasc_) = _at bua sig_, to bend one’s steps, to + prepare, etc. See T. B. 1186. + Busmar, scorn, mockery, B. 653. A.S. _bismer_, reproach, blasphemy. + Bustwys, impetuous, fiery, A. 911. See _bostwys_. + Busyeȝ = busies, troubles, A. 268. + Buyrne = burne, man, C. 340. See _Burne_. + Bycalle, call, A. 913. + Bycalt, aroused, called, A. 1163. + Bycom, became, A. 537. + Byde, abide, A. 399; suffer, A. 664; B. 32; remain, B. 449, 622. + Bydene, quickly, A. 196. + Bye, buy, A. 732. + Byfallen, befallen, B. 1629. + Byfore, before, A. 530. + {Bigge, Byge,} great, B. 229. + {Byggyng, Bygyng,} building, A. 932; dwelling, B. 378. A.S. _byggan_, + to build, Icel. _byggia_. See T. B. 1379. + Bygly, great, strong; “_bygly bylde_,” great building, A. 963. See + T. B. 5216. + {Bygonne, Bygonnen,} begun, _p.p._ of _byginne_, A. 33; B. 749; began, + A. 549. + Bygyn, begin, A. 547. + Bygynner, beginner, A. 436. + Byhelde, beheld, B. 452. + Byhod, behoved, A. 928. Cf. _bud_, behoved; _bus_, behoves. + Byholde, behold, A. 810; B. 64. + {Byhynde, Byhynden,} behind, B. 653, 980. + {Byld, Bylded,} built, See _Bulde_. + Bylde, building, A. 727, 963. + Bylyue, immediately, at once, quickly, B. 353, 610. + Bynde, bine, woodbine, C. 444. Sw. _binda_. Ger. _winde_. Eng. + _bind_-weed. + Bynne, within, B. 452, 467. + Byrled, poured out, B. 1715. See _Birle_. + {Bysech, Byseche,} beseech, A. 390. + Byseme, beseem, A. 310. + Bysulpe, defile, B. 575. See _Sulpe_. + Byswyke, defraud, A. 568. A.S. _swícan_, deceive. + Bysyde, beside, B. 673. + {Bytaȝt, Bytaȝte,} = betaught, entrusted, confided; _pret._ of + _biteche_, A. 1207; B. 528. + Byte, fierce, A. 355. + Byþenk, repent, B. 582. + Bytterly, _adv._ B. 468. + Bytwene, between, A. 140, 658. + Bytwyste, betwixt, A. 464. + Bytyde, betide, happen, A. 397; B. 522. + Byye, buy, A. 478. + Byȝe, crown, A. 466; ring, collar, B. 1638. A.S. _beáh_, _beág_, ring, + collar, diadem. + Byȝonde, beyond, A. 141, 146, 158, 981. + + Cable, C. 102. + Cace, case, chance, C. 265. + {Cache, Cachche,} = catch, drive away, take away. (1) “_cache_ to,” + run to, B. 629; (2) take, B. 898, 1252. _Cachche_, to knock + together, B. 1541. _Cached_, caught, B. 1800. Prov. Fr. _cacher_. + Fr. _chasser_. It. _cacciare_. + Cachen (_3d pers. pl._ of _cache_), B. 16. + Cagged, drawn along (?), B. 1254. + Caggen (_3d pers. pl. pres._ of _cagge_), draw (?), A. 512. + “Cables were _caget_ togedur.” --(T. B. 3703.) + “He plyes ovir the pavement with pallene webis. + Mas on hiȝt ovir his hede for hete of the sone, + Sylours of sendale to sele ovire the gatis, + And sammes thaim on aither side with silken rapis, + And then he _caggis_ up one + Cordis, as curteyns it ware.” --(K. Alex. p. 52.) + Cal, _sb._ call, invitation, B. 61. + Calder, colder, A. 320. + Calleȝ, addresses, C. 411. + Callyng, _sb._ proclamation, B. 1362. N.Prov.E. calling, notice. + “_Callynge_, or clepyng to mete: Invitacio.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Calsydoyne, chalcedony, A. 1003. + Cambe, came, A. 775. + Canacle, B. 1461. M.Lat. _canicellus_, a little box, chest. + Candel, C. 472. + Candelstik, B. 1478. + Capeles, horses, B. 1254. _Capul_ or _caple_, horse. Caballus. + (Prompt. Parv.) + Capstan, B. 418. + Captyuidé, captivity, B. 1612. + Caraldes, C. 159. + Carayne, carrion, B. 459. + Care, sorrow, A. 50, 371; B. 777. A.S. _cáru_. Goth. _kara_. + Careful, sorrowful, B. 770. + Carf, carved, formed, C. 131. + Carfully, sorrowfully, B. 1252. + Carle, a low fellow, a churl, B. 876. A.S. _ceorl_, a man, countryman. + Du. _kaerle_. Ger. _kerl_. + Carneles, battlements, embrasures, B. 1382. + Carpe, _sb._ discourse, A. 883; parable, B. 23; speech, B. 1327. + Carpe, _vb._ to discourse, talk, speak, A. 381; B. 74; of carpe, + discourse of, A. 752. “_Carpyn_ or talkyn, fabulor, confabulor, + garrulo.” (Prompt. Parv.) Port. _carpire_, cry. + Carping, discourse, speech, B. 1550. + Cas, case, A. 673. + {Cast, Caste, Kest,} condition, A. 1163. + Cast, look, B. 768. + Casydoyne, B. 1471. See _Calsydoyne_. + Catel, wealth, B. 1296. + Cawse, reason, B. 65. + Cause, A. 702. + Cayre, to turn one’s steps to a place, to go, A. 1031; B. 85, 901, + 1259. “Kaire to þi londe,” T. B. 836. A.S. _cérran_. Ger. _kehren_. + Du. _keeren_, to turn. + Cayser, emperor, B. 1322. + Caytif, wretched, B. 1426. + {Caȝt, Caȝte,} caught, A. 50; caȝte of, took off, A. 237; caȝt away, + B. 1275; C. 485. See _Cache_. + Certeȝ, truly, B. 105. + Cerue, cut, dig, B. 1547. + Ceté, city, A. 927. + Ceuer, recover, reach, A. 319. + Chace, drive, A. 443. + Chambre, A. 904; B. 1586. + Chapel, A. 1062. + Charde, turned, A. 608. A.S. _cérran_, to turn, avert. Cf. _ajar_, + older form a-_char_, on-_char_. + Charged, commanded, B. 464. + Charged, loaded, B. 1154, 1295. + Chariote, B. 1295. + Charyté, A. 470. + Chast, chasten, B. 860. + Chastyse, B. 543. + Chaufen, heat, increase, B. 128. + Chaunce, chance, B. 1125. + Chaundeler, candlestick, B. 1272. + Chaunge, change, B. 1588. + Chawleȝ, jaws, C. 268. N.Prov.E. _chavel_. A.S. _ceafl_. S.Sax. + _cheuele_. Cp. the vulgar phrase “cheek by _jowl_.” + {Chayer, Chayere,} chair, seat, A. 885; B. 1218. + Chef, chief, B. 684, 1238. + Cheftayn, chieftain, B. 1295. + Chekke, B. 1238. + Chere, cheer, A. 407; countenance, A. 887. Prov. Sp. _cara_, O.Fr. + _chiere_, countenance, favour, look. + {Cheryche, Cherisch,} cherish, B. 128, 543, 1154, 1644. + Ches, chose (_pret._ of _chese_), A. 759. + Cheualrye, chivalry, B. 1238. + Cheue, achieve, accomplish, B. 1125. Fr. _achever_, to bring to a + head, accomplish. Fr. _chevir_, to compass. + {Cheuetayn, Cheuentayn,} chieftain, A. 605; B. 464. O.Fr. + _chevetaine_. + {Childer, Chylder,} children, A. 718; B. 1300. + Chorles, churl, B. 1258. See _Carle_. + Chos, went. See “chosen,” T. B. 490. + Chyche, niggard, A. 605. Fr. _chice_, avarice. _Chynche_ and _kynche_ + are other forms of the same word. + Chyde, A. 403. + Chyldryn, (_gen. pl._) of children, B. 684. + Chylled = chilled, shivered, became cold, C. 368. + Chysly = choysly, aptly, well, B. 543. + Ciences, sciences, knowledge, B. 1289. + Clam (_pret._), climbed, B. 405. + Clambe (_2 sing. pret._), climbedst, A. 773. + Clanner, cleaner, B. 1100. + {Clanly, Clanlych,} cleanly, purely, A. 2; B. 264, 1089, 1327; neatly, + B. 310. T. B. 53. + Clannes, clannesse, cleanness, purity, B. 1, 12, 1809. + Claryoun, clarion, B. 1210. + {Clater, Clatter,} shatter, B. 912. + “So hard was she beseged soth for to telle, + And so harde sautes to the cite were ȝeuen, + That the komli kerneles were to-_clatered_ with engines.” + --(William and the Werwolf, p. 103.) + Clatering, clattering, B. 1515. Du. _klateren_, to rattle. + Clatȝ, clash, clatter, B. 839. Ger. _klatschen_, to clap; _klatsch_, + slap, clash. + Clawres, claws, B. 1696. _Clawres_ is perhaps an error for _clawes_. + It may, however, be another form of O.E. _clever_, _claver_, a claw. + Du. _klaveren_, _kleveren_. N.Prov.E. _claiver_, to claw oneself up, + to scramble. + Clay, B. 312. _Clay_-daubed, B. 492. + Clayme, call for, cry for, B. 1096. + Cleche, receive, take, B. 12. “_Cleches_ to,” takes, lays hold of, + B. 634. Sc. _cleik_, _clek_, _cluke_, claw, hook; _cleke_, _cleik_, + catch, snatch. O.Sw. _klaencka_, to snatch, seize. + Clef, cleft, split (_pret._ of _cleve_), B. 367. + Clem, claim, A. 826. + Cleme, daub, plaster with clay, B. 312. N.Prov.E. _cleam_. _Clam_, to + daub, glue. S.Prov.E. _cloam_, earthenware; _clomer_, a potter. A.S. + _clem_, _clám_, clay; _clæmian_, to _clam_, smear. + “I stoppe thys ouyn wythowtyn dowte, + With clay I _clome_ yt uppe ryght fast, + That non heat cum [ther] owte.” + --(The Play of the Sacrament, p. 132.) + Clene, perfect, whole, B. 1731. + Clenge, cling, stick, B. 1034. Dan. _klynge_, to cluster, crowd. + S.Prov.E. _clunge_, to crowd, squeeze; _clungy_, sticky. + Clente, clenched, fastened, A. 259. Cf. _queynte_ = quenched, + _dreynte_ = drenched. + Clepe, to call, B. 1345. A.S. _clypian_. + {Cler, Clere,} clear, A. 2, 207; bright, A. 620, 735; plain, B. 26. + Clergye, learning, B. 1570. + Clerkeȝ, clerks, scholars, B. 193. + Clernes, clearness, beauty, B. 1353. + Cleþe, clothe, B. 1741. + {Cleȝt, Clyȝt,} = clutched, fastened, (_p.p._ of _cleche_), B. 858; + fixed, B. 1655. + Clobbeȝ, clubs, B. 839. + Clos, enclosure, house, B. 839. + Clos, closed, A. 183; B. 12. + Closed, enclosed, B. 310. + Clot, mount, hill, A. 789. In the “Owl and Nightingale,” 999, we find + _clude_, a hill. A.S. _clúd_. Low Ger. _kloot_, a hill. + Clot, soil, earth, A. 22, 320. Du. _klot_, _klotte_, clod, clot. + Clotteȝ, clods, A. 857. + Cloþ, sail, C. 105. + {Cloutes, Clowteȝ,} pieces, B. 367, 965. + Cloystor, cloister, A. 969. + Cluchche, clutch, B. 1541. + Clustered, B. 367, 951. See T. B. 1647. + Clutte, clouted, patched (?), B. 40. A.S. _clút_, a clout. + Clyde, plaister (?), B. 1692. A.S. _clitha_. Cf. “_Clyte_, _clete_, or + vegge (_clete_ or wegge, K.) cuneus.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Clyffe, cliff, A. 159; B. 405, 965. + Clyket, clicket, latch, B. 858. Prov. Fr. _cliche_, a latch, bolt. + _Clyket_ of a dore, _clicquette_. (Palsgrave.) + Clynge, wither, decay, A. 857. A.S. _clingan_. + Clyppe, fasten, B. 418. A.S. _clyppan_, to embrace. + “I wold yonder worthy weddit me hade, + So comly, so cleane to _clippe_ uppon nightes.” --(T. B. 474.) + Clypper, shearer, A. 802. + {Clyue, Clyuy,} cleave, cling to, B. 1630, 1692. Du. _kleeven_, + _klijven_, to fasten. A.S. _clífan_. + Clyuen, cleave, A. 1196. + Clyȝt, clutched, stuck, B. 1692. + Cnawe, know, acknowledge, C. 519. + Cnawyng, _sb._ knowledge, A. 859. + Cnoken, knock, A. 727. + Cob-hous = cov (cow)-house (?), B. 629. _Cob_ may be another form of + Prov. Ger. _colb_, a heifer. + Cof, quickly, B. 60, 898; quick, B. 624. A.S. _cáf_, quick, expert. + {Cofer, Cofere,} coffer, chest, coffin, A. 259; ship, ark, B. 310, + 339; jewel box, 1428. Fr. _coffre_. + Cofly, quickly, B. 1428. + Coge, boat, C. 152. _Cogges_ with cablis cachyn to londe, T. B. 1077. + Cokreȝ, cockers, a kind of rustic high shoes or half boots fastened + with laces or buttons, B. 40. “_Cocur_ boote. Ocrea. coturnus.” + (Prompt. Parv.) The term is still used in the north of England = + gaiters, leggings. + Cole, coal, B. 456. + Cole, cool, C. 452. + Colde, great, severe, A. 50; “_careȝ_ colde,” great sorrow, A. 808. + Coler, collar, B. 1569, 1744. + Colored, B. 456. + Colour, A. 753. + Coltour = coulter, (of a plough), B. 1547. Fr. _coultre_. Lat. + _culter_. + Colwarde, deceitful, B. 181. See note on this word. Cf. _kolsipe_ + (col-ship), deceit. + Comaunde, B. 1428. + Combre, to trouble, destroy, B. 901, 1024. Du. _kommer_, _kombre_, + loss, adversity, care, grief. + Combraunce, trouble, B. 4. See T. B. 726. + Come, _sb._ coming, arrival, A. 1116; B. 467 + “Of his _come_ fayne.” --(T. B. 975.) + Comende, B. 1. + {Comfort, Comforte,} _sb._ A. 55, 357. + {Comly, Comlych,} comely, A. 259; B. 546. + Commune, common, A. 739. + Comparisune, _vb._ compare, B. 161. + Compas, A. 1072, B. 319, 1455. + Compast, B. 697. + Compaynye, company, B. 119. + Comyne, B. . See T. B. 12863. + Con = can, did (used as an auxiliary of the past tense), A. 453; + B. 1561; _coneȝ_, didst, A. 482. + Conacle = canacle, cup, B. 1515. + Conciens, conscience, A. 1089. + Concubine, B. 1353. + Condelstik, candlestick, B. 1275. + Confourme, conform, B. 1067. + {Coninge, Connyng,} wisdom, science, B. 1611, 1625. + Conquere, B. 1431, 1632. + Conquerour, B. 1322. + Conquest, conquered, B. 1305. + Consayue, conceive, B. 649. + Conterfete, counterfeit, feign, B. 13. + Contraré, contrary, B. 4, 266; in _contrary_, opposite, B. 1532. + Controeued, contrived, B. 266. + Contryssyoun, contrition, A. 669. + Conueye, guide, B. 678, 768. + Coosteȝ, properties, B. 1033. + Coperounes, tops, B. 1461. “_Coporne_ or _coporoun_ of a thyng + (_coperone_, K. H. _coperun_, P.), capitellum.” (Prompt. Parv.) “The + Catholicon explains _capitellum_ as signifying merely the capital of + a column, but in the Medulla it is rendered ‘_summa pars capitis_.’” + (A. Way, in Prompt. Parv.) + Coppe, top; “hyl _coppe_,” A. 791. A.S. _copp_, head, top, apex. + “Now bowis forth this baratour and bidis na langir, + Up at a martene mountane, he myns with his ost, + And viii daies bedene the driȝe was and mare, + Or he miȝt covir to the _copp_, fra the cave undire.” + --(K. Alex. p. 163.) + Corage, heart, B. 1806. + Corbyal, raven, B. 456. + Cordes, C. 153. + Coroun, _sb._ A. 237; _vb._ A. 415, 767. + Cors, course, B. 264. + Corse, corpse, A. 320. + Corse, to curse, B. 1032, 1583. + Corsye, corrosive, B. 1034. + {Cortays, Cortayse,} courteous, A. 433; B. 512; pure, B. 1089. + Cortaysye, courtesy, A. 468, 480; good conduct, B. 13. + Cortaysly, courteously, A. 381; kindly, B. 564, 1435. + Corte, court, A. 701. + Cortel, kirtle, A. 203. A.S._cyrtel_. Dan. _kjortel_, a garment either + for a man or woman. + Corteȝ, courteous, A. 754. + Corupte, B. 281. + Coruen (_p.p._ of _kerue_), cut, reaped. A. 40; B. 1407. + Cost, contrivance, B. 1478. A.S. _costian_. O.Sw. _kosta_. Du. + _koste_, to try, attempt. This word is sometimes written _cast_. + See “William and the Werwolf,” p. 167. + Cost, coost, property, B. 1024, 1033. + Cost, coast, border, side, B. 85. + Costoum, custom, B. 851. + Coumforde, comfort, A. 369. + {Counseyl, Counsayl,} counsel, A. 319; B. 683, 1201. + Counte, B. 1685, 1731. + Countenaunce, appearance, B. 792. + Counterfete, defraud, A. 556. + Countes, countess, A. 489. + Courtaysye, courtesy, A. 457. + Cout, cut, B. 1104. + Couthe, knew, known, B. 813, 1054. + Coueyte, covet, desire, B. 1054. + {Couenaunde, Couenaunt,} covenant, A. 562, 563. + Couetyse, covetousness, B. 181. + Cowpe, cup, B. 1458. + Cowþe, could; cowþeȝ, couldst, A. 484. + Cowwardely, cowardly, B. 1631. + Coyntyse, skill, craft, B. 1287. _Coint_, skilful, occurs in + T. B. 125. + “hir _coint_ artys.” + Cf. _Coyntly_, T. B. 164. + Crafte, power, wisdom; _pl._ crafteȝ, A. 356; contrivance, A. 890; + power, C. 131. + Crageȝ, crags, B. 449. + Crak, sound, B. 1210. + Craue, ask, pray for, A. 663; beg, B. 801. + Crede, creed, A. 485. + Cresse, cress, A. 343. + Creste, A. 856. + Croked, bad, B. 181. + Crokeȝ, reapinghooks, sickles, A. 40. + Croneȝ, cranes, B. 58. + Crossayl, cross-sail, C. 102. + Croukeȝ, croaks, B. 459. + Cruppeleȝ, cripples, B. 103. + Cry, proclamation, B. 1574. + {Crysolite, Crysolyt,} chrysolite, A. 1009. + Crysopase, chrysoprasus, A. 1013. + Crystal, A. 159. + Cumly, A. 929. See _Comly_. + Cupborde, B. 1440. + {Cupyde, Cubit,} B. 315, 319, 405. + Cumfort, C. 485. + Cupple, pair, B. 333. + Cure, care, A. 1091. + Curious, B. 1353. + {Cyté, Ceté,} city, A. 927, 939. + + Dale, B. 384 (phrase: “doun and _daleȝ_,” hill and dale), A. 121. + Dalt, dealt, fulfilled, B. 1756. + Dam, stream, A. 324; the deep, B. 416. Icel. _dammr_. Dan. _dam_, + a fish pond. + Dampned, damned, condemned, A. 641. + Dampped, quelled, B. 989. Ger. _dampfen_, to suffocate, choke. Du. + _dempen_. Sw. _dåmpa_, to extinguish, repress, damp. + Damysel, damsel, A. 489. + Dare, to tremble, be afraid, A. 839. Sw. _darra_, to tremble, shake. + Dard = dured, endured, A. 609. + Daschande, dashing, C. 312. + Dasande, stupefying, B. 1538. + Dase, lie hid, cower, C. 383. Cf. _dare_, to lie hid, cower. For the + interchange of _r_ and _s_ compare O.E. _gaure_, to gaze. + Dased, stupid, frightened, A. 1085. Sc. _dozen_, _dosen_, to stupefy, + benumb. Du. _daesen_, to lose one’s wits; _daes_, _dwaes_, foolish, + mad. (Kil.) Prov. Ger. _dasen_, to be still. + “For he was _dased_ of the dint and half dede him semyd.” + --(K. Alex. p. 136.) + Date, A. 492; limit, A. 493; time, A. 504, 516; age, A. 1040. + Daube, daub, plaister, B. 313, 492. Prov.E. _daub_, clay. “_Dawber_ or + cleyman; _dawbyn_, lino, muro.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Daunce, dance, A. 345. + Daunger, power, A. 11; insolence, B. 71. + Dawande, dawning, C. 445. A.S. _dagian_, to become day. Icel. _dagan_, + dawn. + Daweȝ, days; “don out of _daweȝ_,” deprived of life, dead, A. 282. + Dayly, A. 313. + Daynty, B. 38, 1046. + Day-rawe, daybreak, B. 893; _rawe_ or _rewe_ signifies a _streak_. Cf. + _day-rim_, in “Owl and Nightingale,” l. 328. + “Qwen the _day-rawe_ rase, he rysis belyfe.” --(K. Alex. p. 14.) + Daȝed, dawned, became day, B. 1755. See _Dawande_. + Debate, strife, contest, A. 390. + Debonere, gracious, courteous, kind, A. 162; B. 830. + Debonerté, goodness, A. 798; C. 418. + Dece = dese, seat of honour, B. 38, 1399. See _Dese_. + Declar, explain, B. 1618. + Declyne, A. 333. + Decre, decree, B. 1745; C. 386. + Dedayn, disdain, displeasure, B. 74; C. 50. + Defence, prohibition, B. 243, 245. + Defoule, defilement, C. 290. + Defowle, to defile, B. 1129, 1147. + Degre, degree, condition, B. 92. + Degres, steps, A. 1022. + Dekenes, deacons, B. 1266. + Dele, deal, distribute, give, A. 606; exchange, B. 1118. + Dele, utter, B. 344. + Dele (dole), sorrow, A. 51. + Deled, dealt, C. 193. + Delful, doleful, sorrowful, B. 400. + Delfully, dolefully, sorrowfully, A. 706. + Delyt, delight, A. 642, 1116. + Delyuer, delivered, B. 1084. + Delyuer, deliver, A. 652; B. 500. + Deme, deem, judge, A. 312, 313; B. 1118; utter, decree, B. 1745; + C. 119; call, name, B. 1020, 1611. A.S. _déman_. + {Demerlayk, Demorlayk,} magic, glamour, B. 1561, 1578. S.Sax. + _dweomer-lake_, magic. A.S. _dweomere_, a juggler. + “And all this _demerlayke_ he did bot be the devylle craftes.” + --(K. Alex. p. 15.) + Demme, _vb._ become faded, lost, A. 223. A.S. _dem_, damage, hurt, + loss. + Demmed = dammed, collected (?), B. 384. A.S. _demman_, to dam, stop + water. Carr gives _demin_, a term applied to clouds when collected + in masses. Sw. _dämma_. O.Fris. _demma_, to stop, obstruct. + Dene, vale, dale, A. 295. A.S. _dene_, _denu_. + Denely, loud, A. 51. + Denned, resounded. If it does not signify _dinned_, it must mean + settled, took up its abode. A. 51. + Denounce, renounce, forsake, B. 106. + Departe, separate, part, A. 378; B. 396, 1677. + Depaynt, painted, adorned, A. 1102. + {Dep, Depe,} profound, A. 406; B. 1609. + Depres, depress, A. 778. + Depryue, A. 449; take away, B. 185. + Dere, _vb._ to harm, injure, A. 1157; B. 862. See T. B. 1260. A.S. + _derian_, to hurt, damage, injure. + Dere, precious, A. 400; valuable, B. 1792. A.S. _deóre_, dear, + precious. + Dere, dear ones, A. 777. + {Derelych, Derely,} = dearly, beautifully, excellently, A. 995; very, + B. 270. + Dereȝ, _sb._ harms, injuries, A. 102. See T. B. 920. A.S. _dar_, + _daru_, hurt, harm. + “Thai dreȝe him up to the drye (land), and he na _dere_ sufird.” + --(K. Alex. p. 189.) + Derf, great, bold, B. 862. O.N. _diafr_. Sw. _djerf_, strong, bold. “A + _derfe_ dragon,” T. B. 166. “Dang him _derffly_ don in a ded hate.” + _Ib._ 1339. + Derfly, quickly, B. 1641; C. 110. + Derk, dark, B. 1020; C. 263; night, B. 1755. A.S. _deorc_. + Derne, _adj._ secret, hidden, B. 588, 1611; _adv._ secretly, B. 697. + See T. B. 1962. A.S. _dearn_, dark, secret, hidden. + Derrest, dearest, B. 115, 1306. + Derþe = dearth, preciousness, value, worth, A. 99. See _Dere_. + Deruely = derfely, quickly, B. 632. + Derworth, precious, beautiful, A. 109. See _Dere_. + {Des, Dese,} dais, seat of honour, A. 766; B. 115, 1394. + Desert, C. 84. + Desserte, desert, A. 595. + Deseuered, severed, C. 315. + Dessypele, disciple, A. 715. + Destyné, A. 758; C. 49. + Desyre, B. 545. + Determynable, A. 594. + Deuine, _sb._ divine, B. 1302; _vb._ B. 1561. + Deuinores, diviner, B. 1578. + Deuote, devout, A. 406. + Deuoutly, B. 814. + Deuoyde, do away with, destroy, A. 15; B. 908. + {Deuyce, Deuyse, Deuice,} devise, imagine, B. 1046, 1100; describe, + A. 99, 984; order, B. 110, 238. + Deuyse, _sb._ device, A. 139. + Deuysement, description, A. 1019. + Devoydynge, putting away, _sb._ B. 544. + Dewoutly, devoutly, C. 333. + Dewoyde = devoyde, C. 284. + Dewyne = dwine, pine, A. 11. + Deystyné, destiny, B. 400. + {Deȝter, Deȝteres, Deȝtters,} daughters, B. 270, 866, 899, 933, 939. + See T. B. 1489. + Dialoke, discourse, B. 1157. + Dispayred, in despair, C. 169. + Display, B. 1107. + Displese, C. 1. + Dispit, spite, C. 50. + Dispoyled, stripped, C. 95. + Disserued, B. 613. + Disstrye, destroy, B. 907, 1160. + Disserne, discern, C. 513. + Dissert, desert, C. 12. + Distres, B. 880, 1160. + Diuinité, B. 1609. + Ditteȝ, stops up, closes, B. 588. N.Prov.E. _ditt_, to stop up. A.S. + _dyttan_. + Diȝe, die, C. 488. + Diȝte, order, arrange, B. 1266. A.S. _dihtan_, to set in order, + dispose, arrange, direct, etc. + Do, doe, “_daunce as any do_,” A. 345. + Dobler, dish, B. 1146. O.Fr. _doublier_. + Doc, duke, A. 211. + {Doel, Dol,} sorrow, A. 326, 339, 642; B. 852. + Dole, part, A. 136. + {Dom, Dome,} doom, judgment, purpose, A. 157, 580, 667; B. 597; + command, B. 632; doom, C. 203. + Dongoun, dungeon, B. 1224. + Dool, part, B. 216. + Dool (dole), sorrow. See _Doel_. + Doole, gift, B. 699. + Dor, door, B. 320. + Dotage, folly, B. 1425. + Dote, act foolishly, B. 286, 1500; C. 125; be astonished, frightened, + B. 852. Sc. _doit_. Icel. _dotta_, to slumber. Du. _doten_, + _dutten_, delirare, desipere. (Kilian.) “Maddyn, or _dotyn_, + desipio.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Doted, foolish, wicked, C. 196. N.Prov.E. _doited_, stupid. + Dotel, a fool, B. 1517. + Doun, down, A. 230. + Doun, down, hill, A. 121. + Doungoun, dungeon, A. 1187. + Doured, grieved, mourned, C. 372. Sc. _dour_. + Dousour, sweetness, A. 429. + Doute, doubt, A. 928. + {Douth, Douþe,} brave, noble, A. 839, B. 270, 597, A.S. _duguth_, the + nobility, senate, etc. _Dugeth_, good, virtuous. _Dugan_, to profit, + avail, be good, etc. + {Doune, Dovene,} a female dove, B. 469, 481. Cf. O.E. _wulvene_, a + female wolf, and E. _vixen_, a female fox. + Dowe, avail, profit, B. 374; C. 50. See T. B. 5001. See _Douth_. + Dowelle, dwell, B. 376, 1770; C. 69. + Downe, dove, B. 485. + Downeȝ, downs, hills, A. 73, 85. + Dowyne, dwine, pine, A. 326. + Dowrie, B. 185. + Doȝter, daughter, B. 814. + Doȝty, doughty, valiant, B. 1182, 1791. See _Douthe_. + Doȝtyest, bravest, B. 1306. + Draȝ, draw, A. 699. + Draȝt = draught, character, B. 1557. + Drede, doubt, A. 1047. + Drepe, to kill, slay, B. 246; destroy, B. 599, 1306. + “This stone with his stremys stroyed all the venym, + And _drepit_ the dragon to the dethe negh.” --(T. B. 929.) + A.S. _drepan_. O.N. _drepa_. + Dresse, order, direct, prepare, A. 495, 860; B. 92; _pret._ _dressed_, + _drest_. + Dreue, drive, A. 323. + Dreued, drove, went, A. 980. + Dreȝe = dreghe, suffer, endure, B. 1224. Sc. _dree_. A.S. _dreógan_, + to bear, suffer, endure. Cf. “dyntes full _dregh_.” T. B. 935. + Dreȝly, sorrowfully, B. 476. See T. B. 2379. + Drof, drove, A. 30, 1153. + Drouy, turbid, B. 1016. A.S. _dréfe_, muddy, foul; _dréfan_, to + trouble, make turbid. O.E. _drove_, to trouble. Goth. _drobjan_, to + trouble. Du. _droeven_. “_Drovy_ turbidus, turbulentus.” (Cath. + Ang.) + “He (the fool-large) is like to an hors that seketh rather to + drynke _drovy_ watir and trouble, than for to drinke water of the + welle that is cleer.” (The Persones Tale: _Remedium contra + avariciam_.) + Drowned, was drowned, B. 372. + Droȝ, drew, A. 1116; B. 71; _pl._ _droȝen_, B. 1394. + Droȝthe = drouthe, drought. A.S. _druguth_. Du. _drooghte_. Sc. + _drouth_, from A.S. _dryg_. Du. _droogh_, dry. + Druye, dry, B. 412; dry land, B. 472. + Drwry, dreary (?), A. 323. + Drwry = drury, love, B. 699, 1065. O.Fr. _druerie_, _drurie_. + {Dryȝ, Dryȝe,} dry, B. 385. + {Dryȝ, Dryȝe,} heavy, sorrowful, A. 823; B. 342. + Dryȝe, suffer, B. 372, 400, 1032. See _Dreȝe_. + {Dryȝly, Dryȝlych,} strongly, rapidly, A. 125; wrathfully, angrily, + B. 74, 344; C. 235. + Dryȝtyn, Lord, A. 349; B. 1065. A.S. _drihten_. + {Dubbed, Dubbet,} decked, A. 73, 97, 202; adorned, B. 115. See T. B. + 1683. + Dubbement, adornment, A. 121. + Dublere, a dish, B. 1279. See _Dobler_. + Due, A. 894; C. 49. + Duk, duke, B. 38, 1182; leader, B. 1771. + Dumpe, be dashed, fall, C. 362. + “_Dumpe_ in þe depe.” --(T. B. 1996.) + “Þan sal þe rainbow descend, + In hu o galle it sal be kend; + Wit þe wind sal it melle, + And drive þam dun alle until helle; + And _dump_ the devels þider in, + In þair bale alle for to brin.” + --(_Signa Ante Judicium_, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.) + Dungen, _3d pers. pl. pret._ of _ding_, to beat, B. 1266. Sw. _dänga_. + “So _dang_ he þat dog with dynt of his wappon.” --(T. B. 302.) + Dunne, dun, A. 30. See T. B. 925. + Dunt, blow. See _Dynt_. + Durande, lasting, during, A. 336. + Dure, last, B. 1021; C. 488. + Dusched, struck, B. 1538. Sc. _dusche_, to smite; _dusch_, a blow. + “All _dusshet_ into the diche.” --(T. B. 4776.) + Dan. _daske_, to slap. Icel. _dust_ a blow. + Dutande, shutting, closing (from _dutte_, to shut), B. 320. See + _Ditteȝ_. + Dutte, fasten, close, B. 1182. Prov.E. _dyt_, stop up. O.N. _ditta_. + Dych, ditch, A. 607; B. 1792. + Dyd, caused, A. 306. + Dylle = dull, slow, sluggish, foolish, A. 680. N.Prov.E. _dull_, hard + of hearing. O.N. _dilla_, lallare. + Dym, black, B. 1016. + Dymly, secretly, C. 375. + Dymme, dark, B. 472. + Dyn, noise, B. 862. + “All _dynnet_ the _dyn_ the dales aboute.” --(T. B. 1197.) + Dyngne, worthy, C. 119. + Dyngneté, dignity, B. 1801. + Dynt, blow, C. 125. + Dyscreuen, describe, A. 68. + Dyscouere, reveal, make known, B. 683. + Dysheriete, disinherit, B. 185. + Dysplese, to be displeased, A. 422; to displease, A. 455; B. 1136. + Dyspyt, spite, B. 821. + Dyssente, descend, A. 627. + Dysstrye, destroy, B. 520. + Dystresse, distress, A. 280, 337. + Dystryed, destroyed, A. 124. + Dyt, doeth, A. 681. + Dyȝe, die, A. 306. + Dyȝt, decked, A. 202, 987; ordered, prepared, B. 243, 632; ordained, + C. 49; placed, seated, A. 920; B. 1794. + Dyȝtteȝ, causest, C. 488. + + Efte, again, A. 328; afterwards, A. 332; B. 562. + Egge = _edge_, hill, B. 451. + Egge, edge (of a knife), B. 1104; of a hill, B. 383. A.S. _ecge_. O.N. + _egg_, edge. Du. _egghe_, an angle, corner, angle. Ger. _ecke_, + a corner. + Eggyng, instigation, B. 241. Prov.E. “egg on.” O.N. _egg_, an edge; + _eggia_, to sharpen, and hence instigate. + Elde, age, B. 657; C. 125. A.S. _eld_, _yld_, age. + Elleȝ, else, otherwise, A. 32; 724; so that, B. 466. + {Emerad, Emerade,} emerald, A. 118, 1005. + Emperise, empress, A. 441. + {Empire, Empyre,} A. 454; B. 540, 1332. + {Enaumayld, Enaumaylde,} enamelled, B. 1411, 1457. + Enbaned, supported (?), B. 1459. Sir F. Madden renders it + _ornamented_. + Enclose, B. 334. + Enclynande, inclining, bowing, A. 236. + Enclyned, prone, B. 518. + {Enclyin, Enclyne,} incline, A. 630, 1206. + Encres, increase, A. 959. + Encroche, approach, A. 1117; receive, C. 18. + Ende, die, B. 402; _on ende_, to death, C. 426. Cf. _ender-day_, and + _ending_ day = the day of one’s death. + Endeleȝ, endless, A. 738. + Endente, A. 639, 1012. + Endentur, crevices, holes, B. 313. O.Fr. _endenter_, to notch, jag. + Endorde, adored, A. 368. + {Endure, Endeure,} A. 476, 1082. + Endyte, indite, A. 1126. + Ene, once; _at ene_, at once, A. 291; _at ene_, at one, A. 953. A.S. + _æne_, once. + Enfaminied, famished, B. 1194. + Enforsed, forced, B. 938. + Engendered, begat, B. 272. + Enherite, inherit, B. 240. + Enle = enely (? _onlepi_), alone, singly, A. 849. + Enleuenþe, eleventh, A. 1014. + {Enmie, Enmye,} enemy, B. 1204. + Enourled, encircled, surrounded, B. 18. Fr. _ourler_, to hem. _Orle_ + in Heraldry = border. Ital. Orlo = hem, edge. Spanish and Portug. + Orla = selvedge, border. + {Enprece, Enpresse,} press, C. 43, 528. + Enpresse, impress, A. 1097. + Enpoysened, poisoned, B. 242. + Enprysonment, imprisonment, B. 46. + Enquylen, obtain, C. 39. See _Aquyle_. + Ensens, incense, A. 1122. + Entent, intent, A. 1191. + Entre, enter, A. 38, 1067. + Entré, entrance, B. 1779. + Entyse, to provoke, B. 1137, 1808. + Enurned, adorned, decked, A. 1027. + Er, ere, before, A. 324, 328; B. 648. + {Erber, Erbere,} arbour, A. 9, 38, 1171. + Erbes, herbs, B. 1684. + Erde, land, abode, A. 248; B. 596, 601, 1006. A.S. _eard_, native + soil, country, region; _eardian_, to dwell, inhabit. + “Eson afterward _erdand_ on lyffe, + Endured his dayes drowpyaite (? _drowpande_) on age.” + --(T. B. 121.) + Erigant, arrogance, B. 148. + Erly, early, A. 392. + Ernde, errand, message, C. 52. See _Arende_. + Erne, eagle, B. 1698. A.S. _earn_, eagle. + Ernestly, quickly, rapidly, B. 277, 1240. A.S. _eornostlíce_. + Errour, A. 422. + Erytage, heritage, A. 443. + Eþe, easy, A. 1202; B. 608. A.S. _eáth_. + Euen (wyth), _vb._ to be equal to, A. 1073. + Euen-songe, vespers, A. 529. + Euentyde, A. 582; B. 479. + Euer-ferne, ever-fern, C. 438. A.S. _eforfearn_, polypodium vulgare. + See Gloss. to Saxon Leechdoms, ii. 381. + Ewere, ewer, B. 1457. + Excuse, A. 281. + {Expoun, Expoune, Expowne,} expound, A. 37; B. 1058, 1729. + Expounyng, _sb._ expounding, B. 1565. + Expresse, A. 910; B. 1158. + + Fable, A. 592. + Face, B. 1539. + Fader, father, A. 872. + {Falce, False,} B. 205, 474. + Falewed, became pale, faded, B. 1539. Ger. _falb_, pale, faded. A.S. + _fealo_, pale, reddish or yellowish; _fealwian_, to grow yellow. + Fale, good, C. 92. A.S. _fæl_, clean, good, true. + Falleȝ, falls, happens, B. 494. + Falure, A. 1084. + Famacion, defamation, B. 188. + Famed, celebrated, B. 275. + Fande, found, A. 871. + Fanneȝ, fans, flaps, B. 457. + Fantumme, phantom, B. 1341. + Farande, pleasing, A. 865; handsome, B. 607; joyous, B. 1758. + N.Prov.E. _farant_, decent, pleasant, nice. Gael, _farranta_, stout, + brave. + Farandely, pleasantly, C. 435. N.Prov.E. _farantly_. + Fare, _vb._ go, A. 129, 147; B. 100, 621, 929; fare, B. 466. A.S. + _faran_. O.N. _fara_. + Fare, _sb._ voyage, course, C. 98. A.S. _faru_, _fær_. + “Þe caf he cast o corn sum quile, + In þe flum þat hatt þe Nile; + For-qui þat flum þat rennes þar, + Til Joseph hus it has þe _fare_.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.) + Fare, conduct, A. 832; B. 861. + Faren, gone, passed, B. 403. + Fasor, form, A. 431. See T. B. 3956. + Fasoun, fashion, A. 983, 1101. + Fat, B. 627. + Fateȝ, fades, A. 1038. + Fathme, (_a_) embrace, B. 399; (_b_) grope, C. 273. + (_a_) “Als I sat upon that lawe, + I bigan Denemark for to awe, + The borwes, and the castles stronge, + And mine armes weren so longe, + That I _fadmede_, al at ones, + Denemark with mine longe bones.” --(Havelok the Dane, l. 1291.) + O.N. _fadma_. Dan. _fadme_. A.S. _fæthmian_, to embrace. + Fatte, vessel, B. 802. A.S. _fæt_. + Fatted, fattened, B. 56. + Faunt, child, maiden, A. 161. + Faure, four, B. 958. + Faurty, forty, B. 741, 743. + {Faut, Faute,} fault, B. 177, 236, 571. + Fautleȝ, faultless, B. 794. + Fauty, faulty, sinful, B. 741. + {Fauor, Fauour,} A. 428; “gret fauor,” A. 968. + Fawre, four, B. 938. + Fawte, fault, B. 1736. + {Fax, Faxe,} hair, B. 790, 1689. A.S. _feax_. + Fay, _in faye_, in faith, indeed, A. 263; _par ma fay_, by my faith, + A. 489. + Faylande, failing, lacking, B. 1535. + Fayle, be wanting, B. 737. Set (of the sun), B. 1758. + Fayly, fail, A. 34; B. 548. + Fayn, glad, A. 393; _fayn of_, B. 642; _faynest_, B. 1219. + Fayned, false, B. 188. + Fayth, “in _fayth_” indeed, B. 1732; gen. sing, B. 1735. + Faȝte, fought, A. 54. + {Febele, Feble,} poor, bad, B. 47, 101, 145. + {Fech, Feche,} fetch, A. 847, 1158; B. 621. + Fede, A. 29. + Fees, cities, B. 960. Fr. _fief_. Prov. Fr. _feu_, _fieu_. M.Lat. + _feudum_. Eng. _fee_. The origin of this term is to be found in + Goth. _faihu_, possessions. O.H.G. _fihu_, _fehu_, cattle. O.N. + _fe_. A.S. _feoh_, cattle, money. + Fel, bitterly, B. 1040. A.S. _fell_, cruel, severe. + Felaȝschyp, fellowship, B. 271. + Felde, field, B. 1750. + Fele, (?) hide, B. 914. + Fele, many, A. 21, 927. A.S. _féla_. + Fele (feel), taste, B. 107. + Fele-kyn, many kinds of, B. 1483. + Felle, cruel, severe; _felle chere_, stern countenance, B. 139; sharp, + A. 367; B. 156, 1737; boisterous, rough, B. 421; bitter, B. 954. + Felly, fiercely, bitterly, B. 559, 571. + Felonye, crime, sin, A. 800; B. 205. + Feloun, sinner, criminal, B. 217. + Felt, hair, B. 1689. A.S. _felt_. Du. _velt_, felt, cloth. Cf. W. + _gwallt_, Gael. _falt_, hair of the head. + Femmale, female, B. 696. + Fende, fiend, devil, B. 205, 1341. + Fende, fend, B. 1191. Fr. _defendre_. + Fenden, of fiends, B. 224. + Feng, took (_pret._ of fonge), B. 377. + Fenny, dirty, vile, B. 1113. Cf. S.Prov.E. _venny_, mouldy. A.S. + _fenn_, mud, dirt. Goth. _fani_. + Fenyx, phenix, A. 430. + Fer, far, A. 334. + Ferd, Ferde, frightened, B. 897, 975. + Ferde, fear, B. 386; C. 215. A.S. _forhtian_, to fear; _forht_, fear. + Ferde, went, _pret._ of _fare_, B. 1106. + Fere, a companion; _in fere_, in company, together, A. 89, 884; + B. 985, 1062. A.S. _fera_, _gefera_, a companion. + Fereȝ, carries, A. 98. A.S. _férian_. + Fereȝ, companions, A. 1150. See _fere_. + Ferke up, get up, B. 897; ferke over, go, walk over, B. 133. + “The freike upon faire + wise _ferke_ out of lyne.” --(T. B. 145.) + “He salle _ferkke_ before + And I salle come aftyre.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 347.) + “Now _ferkes_ to the fyrthe, + thees fresche mene of armes.” --(_Ibid._ p. 209.) + “The kyng _ferkes_ furthe + on a faire stede.” --(_Ibid._ p. 202.) + In T. B. 185, it is used transitively. The verb _to ferk_ seems + to be related to the Eng. _firk_, a quick movement, jerk, etc. + A.S. _frician_, to dance. + Ferly, _adj._ wondrous, A. 1084; _adv._ wonderfully, B. 269, 960; + _sb._ wonder, astonishment, A. 1086; marvel, B. 1529. A.S. _fær_, + _færlice_, sudden. + Ferlyly, exceedingly, B. 962. + Ferre, farther, _comp._ of _fer_, B. 97, 98. + Fers, fierce, B. 101. + Ferslych, fiercely, C. 337. + Feryed, ferried, A. 946. O.N. _feria_ (from _fara_, to go), + to transport; set over. + Fest, fast, C. 290. + Fest, Feste, feast, A. 283; B. 642, 1758. + Festen, fasten, establish, B. 156, 327, 1255; C. 273. + Fester, B. 1040. + Festiual, festive, B. 136. + Fete, _in fete_, indeed, B. 1106. O.Fr. _faict_. Fr. _fait_, a deed, + feat. + Feþer-beddes, C. 158. + Fetly = featly, aptly, fitly, B. 585. See _fete_. + Fette, fetch, B. 802. + Fettle, set in order, provide, make, B. 343, 585; C. 38, 435. + Prov.E. _fettle_, set in order, etc. O.Fris. _fitia_, to adorn. + Goth. _fetjan_. Norse, _fitla_, to labour at a thing in order to get + it right. Pl.D. _fisseln_, to bustle about. + Fettre, fetter, B. 1255. + Feture, feature, B. 794. + {Fetys, Fetyse,} neat, well made, B. 174; dexterity, B. 1103. O.Fr. + _faictis_. Lat. _factitius_, well made, neat, handsome. + Fetysely, handsomely, beautifully, B. 1462. + Feȝt, fight, B. 275, 1191. A.S. _feoht_. Ger. _fecht_, fight. See + T. B. 1751. + Feȝtande, fighting, struggling, B. 404. + Filed, defiled. See _Fyled_. + Flake, flake; _flake of soufre_, B. 954. O.N. _flak_, plank, slice. + Flake = fleck, spot, blemish, A. 947. O.N. _fleckr_. Ger. _fleck_, + spot, blot, stain. + Flakerande, flickering, fluttering, B. 1410. Ger. _flackern_, to + flare, blaze, flutter. + Flambe, flame, A. 769. + Flaumbande, flaming, A. 90; shining, B. 1468. + Flaunke, spark, B. 954. Prov.E. _flanker_, a flying spark. Pl. D. + _flunkern_, to flicker, sparkle. Ger. _flunke_, spark. + Flauore, flavour, A. 87. + Flawen, fled, C. 214. + Flay, terrify, B. 960, 1723; C. 215. See T. B. 4593. N.Prov.E. _flay_, + _flee_. + Flayn, flayed, A. 809. + Flaȝt, plot of ground, a flat, A. 57. + Fleeȝ, fleece (of golde), B. 1476. + {Flem, Fleme,} banish, A. 334; B. 31, 596. A.S. _flyman_. + Flem, stream, C. 309. Cf. Prov.E. _flume_, _flem_, _fleme_, + a mill-stream. Norse, _flom_, _flaum_, flood, overflow of water; + _flauma_, to overflow. + {Fleschlych, Fleschly,} fleshly, carnal, B. 265; A. 1082. + Flet, _pret._ of flete, to flow, A. 1058. + {Flete, Flet,} flow, B. 1025; to people, B. 685. See T. B. 278, 4715. + A.S. _fleotan_. Sw. _flyta_, flow, float. O.N. _fliota_. Prov.E. + _fleet_. + Flette, floated, _pret._ of _flete_, to float, B. 387. + “Childer,” he said, “yee list and lete, + I sagh caf on þe water _flete_.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.) + Fleȝe, flew, A. 431. + {Flod, Flode,} flood, A. 874, 1058; B. 369. + Flokke, flock, company, B. 386, 1767. + Flonc = flong = flung, A. 1165. + Flor, flower, A. 29, 962; _pl._ _flores_. + Flor, floor, B. 133. + Flosed, flossed, B. 1689. Cf. _floss_-silk. Ital. _floscio flosso_, + drooping, flaccid. + Flot, grease, fat, B. 1011. A.S. _flótan_, to float; _flót-smere_, + scum of a pot, floating fat. O.N. _flót_, the act of floating, the + grease swimming on the surface of broth. Prov.E. _fleet_. + {Flot, Flote,} company, A. 786, 946; army, B. 1212. O.Fr. _flote_, + a crowd. + {Flot, Flote, Flotte,} flowed, floated, A. 46; B. 421, 432; C. 248. + Floty (? _flotery_), waving, A. 127. + Flour-de-lys, lily, A. 753. + Floury, flowery, A. 57. + Flowen, flew, fled, A. 89; B. 945. + Flowred, flowered, A. 270. + Floȝed, flowed, B. 397. + Flurted, flowered, figured, A. 208. + Flyt, force, literally chiding, B. 421. O.S. _flit_, contention. + Flyte, to quarrel, strive, A. 353. Prov.E. _flite_, scold. A.S. + _flitan_. + Flytande, chiding, B. 950. + Flyȝe, flay (?), A. 813. + Flyȝt, flight, B. 377. + Fo, enemy, B. 1219. + Fode, person, people, B. 466; _fode_, a child (King Horn, 1384); + _fodder_, producer, mother (King Alys. 645); A.S. _fedan_, _afedan_, + to bring forth, give birth to, rear. O.N._fæda_. Dan. _föde_. + Fogge, dry grass, B. 1683. W. _fwg_. + Fol, full, B. 1754. + Fol, fool, B. 750, 996. + Fol, foolish, C. 283. + Folde, folded, A. 434. + Folde, earth, A. 334; B. 403, 950. + Folde, to beat, buffet, A. 813. + Fole, fowl, B. 1410. + Fole, fool, B. 202. + Fole, foal, B. 1255. + Foler, B. 1410. + Foles, acts foolishly, B. 1422. + {Folewande, Folwande,} following, A. 1040, B. 429, 1212. + {Folk, Folke,} people, B. 100, 542, 960. + Folken, of people, B. 271. + Folmarde. Properly the beech-martin, but commonly applied to the + pole-cat. O.Fr. _foine_, _faine_ (Lat. _fagina_), beechmast. + Folyly, foolishly, B. 696. See T. B. 575. + Folȝe, follow, A. 127; B. 6, 677, 918, 1752. A.S. _folgian_. + Folȝed, baptized, A. 654. A.S. _fullian_, _fulwian_, to baptize. + Foman, enemy, B. 1175. + Fon, ceased, _pret._, of _fyne_, A. 1030; B. 369. The northern form is + _fan_. + “Bot ai þe quils he ne _fan_ + To behald þe leve maidan.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii, fol. 20a.) + Fonde, to found, establish, A. 939; B. 173. + Fonde, to go, proceed, A. 150. + Fonde, try, B. 1103. A.S. _fandian_. + Fonden, found, B. 356. + Fonge, take, receive, A. 439, 479; B. 540; _fongeȝ to the flyȝt_, + takes to flight, B. 457. A.S. _fon_. Ger. _fangen_, take, seize. + Goth. _fahan_. + Font, B. 164. + Fonte = _fond_, examined, A. 170, 327. + {Fooschyp, Foschip,} enmity, B. 918, 919. + For, from, B. 740; because, B. 323. + Forbede, forbid, A. 379; B. 1147. + Forbi, beyond, C. 483. + Forboden, forbidden, B. 826, 998. + Forbrent, burnt, A. 1139. + For-clemmed, starved, C. 395. Prov.E. _clem_, to starve, pinch with + hunger. Du. _klemmen_, to pinch, compress. + For-didden, did away with, A. 124. + For-dolked, severely wounded, A. 11. A.S. _dolc_, _dolh_, _dolg_, + a wound; _dilgian_, to destroy. + Forering, B. 3. See Note. + Forfare, destroy; also to perish, B. 1168; C. 483; _forferde_, + (_pret._), B. 571, 1051. + Forfete, A. 619, 639; B. 743. + Forfyne, lastly. + {Forgart, Forgarte,} = for-did, lost, _pret._ of for-gar, ruin, + destroy, lose, A. 321; B. 240. See _Gar_. + Forged, made, B. 343. + Forhede, forehead, A. 871. + Foriusted, overthrown, defeated, B. 1216. Fr. _jouster_, to tilt. + “So mony groundes he _for-justede_ & of joy broght.” + --(T. B. 296.) + Forlete, lost, A. 327. + For long, very long, A. 586. + Forlonge, furlong, A. 1030. + Forloteȝ = forleteȝ, forsake, B. 101. + “Þe laghes bath he (Adam) þan _forlete_ + Bath naturel and positif.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 52b.) + Forloyne, forsake, depart, go astray, err, A. 368; B. 282, 750, 1155, + 1165. Fr. _loin_, far. + For-madde, very mad (foolish), C. 509. + Formast, first, foremost, B. 494. + Forme, first, C. 38. + {Forme-fader, Forme-foster,} first-father, progenitor, A. 639; B. 257. + Fornes, furnace, B. 1011. + For-payned, severely troubled, A. 246. + Forray, forage, B. 1200. Fr. _fourrager_, to fodder, forrage, prey. + O.Fr. _fourrer_. Mid. Lat. _foderare_, _forrare_, from A.S. _foder_. + Ger. _futter_, food, victuals. + Forselet, a fortified place, B. 1200. “_Forcelet_, stronge place + (_forslet_, H. P.) Fortalicium.” (Prompt. Parv.) O.Fr. _forcier_. + It. _forciere_. Mid. Lat. _forsarius_, a strong box, safe, coffer. + Forser = forcer, forcet, A. 263. See preceding word. + Forsette, compass, B. 78. + Forsothe, forsooth, indeed, C. 212. + Forst, frost, B. 524. A.S. _forst_. + Forþe, way, passage, A. 150. See T. B. 4094, 4166. Welsh, _ffordd_, + a way. + “The kyng fraystez [seeks] a _furth_ over the fresche strandez, + One a strenghe by a streme in thas straytt landez.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 103.) + Forth-lep, forth-leapt, C. 154. + Forþoȝt, repented, B. 557. + Forþrast, for-thrust, B. 249. + Forþy, therefore, wherefore, A. 234; B. 545, 1020. + Forþynke, repent, B. 285. + Fortune, A. 306. + Forwarde = forward, covenant, promise, B. 327, 1742. A.S. + _fore-weard_. “_Forwarde_, or cuuinawnt, convencio, pactum.” + (Prompt. Parv.) + Forwroȝt, over-worked, weary, C. 163. + Forȝes, furrows, B. 1547. A.S. _furh_. Ger. _furche_, a furrow. + Forȝete, forgat, B. 203. + Fote, foot, A. 970. + Foted, footed, B. 538. + Founce, bottom, A. 113. See _Founs_. + Foundande, going, C. 126. + Founde, to go, B. 903. + “Quen we suppose in our sele + to sit alther heist, + Than _fondis_ furth dame fortoun + to the flode ȝates, + Draȝes up the damme borde + and drenchis us evir.” --(K. Alex. p. 64.) + “Fflorent and Floridas with fyve + score knyghttez, + ffollowede in the foreste, and on the + way _foundys_, + Fflyngande a faste trott, + and on the folke dryffes.” + (Morte Arthure, p. 231.) + Foundemente, foundation, A. 993. + Founden, found, B. 547. + Foundered, destroyed, perished, B. 1014. + {Founs, Founce,} bottom, B. 1026. + “Onone as thai on Alexander + and on his ost waites, + Thai flee as fast into flode, + and to the _founce_ plungid.” + (K. Alex. p. 141.) + Fourferde, perished, _pret._ of _forfare_, B. 560. + Fowle, foully, B. 1790. + Fowled, became defiled, foul. B. 269. + Fowre, four, A. 886. + Foysoun, abundant, A. 1058. Fr. _foison_. O.Fr. _fuson_, from Lat. + _fusio_, pouring out. + Fraunchyse, liberality, A. 609; B. 750. + Fray, terrify, B. 1553. See _Afray_. + Frayneȝ, demands, asks, desires, A. 129. A.S. _fregnan_, to ask. Goth. + _fraihnan_. + Frayste (_a_), sought, A. 169; (_b_) literally, to try, prove, + B. 1736. O.N. _fresta_. + (_a_) + “Bot wete thou wele this iwis, within a wale time, + Fra that I _fraist_ have that faire (faice?) of my faire lady, + I sall the seke with a sowme of seggis enarmed.” + --(K. Alex. p. 69.) + {Frek, Freke,} man, B. 6, 79, 540. This word is used by Skelton. A.S. + _freca_, a daring warrior, from _frec_, _freca_, bold, daring, + eager. The adjective _freke_ (_frek_, _frike_), was not unknown to + O.E. writers of the 14th century. + “Israel wit þis uplepp, + Þat moght noght forwit strid a step, + Witouten asking help of sun; + Þat quak wit ilk lim was won, + Þat first for eild moght noght spek, + To bidd hast now es nan sa frek.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 29b.) + Freles, blameless, A. 431. O.N. _fryja_, to blame. _Frie_, to blame, + occurs in the romance of _Havelok the Dane_, 1998. + Freloker, more freely, B. 1106. + Frely, lordly, B. 162; beautiful, B. 173; freely, C. 20. + Frelych, lordly, B. 162; bountiful, C. 214. + French, an error for _frech_ (_fresh_) or _frelich_, A. 1086. + Frete, gnaw, eat, devour, B. 1040. A.S. _fretan_. + Freten, devoured, B. 404. + Frette, furnish, B. 339; ornament, B. 1476. A.S. _frætu_, ornament; + _frætewian_, _frætwian_, trim, deck, adorn. + Fro, from, A. 427; B. 396. This is another form of the Northumbrian + _fra_. O.N. _frá_; “_to ne fro_,” A. 347. + {Frok, Frokke,} dress, garment, frock, B. 136, 1742. + Froþande, frothing, frothy, filthy, B. 1721. + Frunt, kicked, C. 187. See T. B. 5968. + Frym, beautiful, fresh, vigorous, A. 1079. Prov.E. _frim_; _frum_, + tender, fresh. A.S. _freme_, advantageous, good. Drayton uses the + phrase “_frim_ pastures,” _i.e._ luxuriant pastures. + Fryst, delay, put off, B. 743. A.S. _fyrstan_, to give respite; + _fyrst_, a space of time, interval. Icel. _frest_, delay; “_to + frist_, to trust for a time” (Ray); to delay (Jam.). + {Fryt, Fryte,} fruit, A. 29; B. 1044. + Fryth, wood, A. 89; B. 534, 1680. Gael, _frith_, a heath, deer park, + forest. + Ful, foul, B. 231. + Fulfille, accomplish, B. 264, 1732. + Fulȝed, baptized, B. 164. See _Folȝed_. + Fundament, foundation, A. 1010. + Funde, found, B. 1735. + Fust, fist, B. 1535. + Fyf, five, A. 849. + Fygure, A. 170, 747. + Fykel, treacherous, deceitful, C. 283. + Fyldor, gold thread, A. 106. Fr. _fil d’or_. + Fyled, defiled, dirty, B. 136. + Fyled, formed, B. 1460. + Fylsened, strengthened, aided, supported, B. 1167, 1644. A.S. _fylst_, + help, assistance; _fylstan_, to help, aid. + Fylter, huddle together, B. 224; join, B. 696; meet together in + battle, B. 1191; become ragged, entangled. Prov.E. _felter_, + entangle, clot. Fairfax uses the phrase “_feltred_ locks.” Cf. the + phrase a “_filtered_ fole,” a shaggy foal. Baker says that the term + _felt_ is applied to a matted growth of grass. + “His fax and his foretoppe was _filterede_ togeder.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 91.) + Fylyoles (= _fyells_, _phiolls_), round towers, B. 1462. Cf. _Fala_, + a tour of tre. Med. Gram. + Fyne, _vb._ end, die, A. 328; cease, A. 353; B. 450; delay, B. 929. + Fyne, _sb._ cessation, A. 635. + Fynne, fin, B. 531. + Fyole, B. 1476. + Fyrmament, B. 221. + Fyrre, _adv._ farther, comp. of _fer_, A. 103, 127; B. 766; C. 116; + _adj._ distant, A. 148. A.S. _fyrre_. + Fyrte, fearful, trembling, A. 54. A.S. _fyrhto_; _fyrhtu_, fear, + fright, trembling; _forht_, fearful, timid. + Fyþel, fiddle, B. 1082. + Fyþere, feather, B. 530, 1026. + + Galle, gall, stain, filth, A. 1060; B. 1022. Cf. to _gall_, fret. Fr. + _galler_. W. _gwall_. O.N. _galli_, fault, imperfection. Dan. _gal_, + wrong, ill. + Gain, against, A. 138. + Gardyn, A. 260. + Gare, cause, make, drive, A. 331; B. 690. N.Prov.E. _gar_. O.N. + _göra_, _gera_. + Garlande, A. 1186. + Garnyst, garnished, ornamented, B. 1277. + Gart, forced, made, A. 1151. See _gare_; _garten_, _3d pers. pl._ + A. 86. + Gate, way, A. 395, 526; B. 676, 931. See T. B. 6292. O.N. _gata_. + {Gaule, Gawle,} A. 463; C. 285. See _galle_. + {Gay, Gaye,} A. 260; B. 830, 1315. + Gayn, _vb._ avail, A. 343; C. 164; prevail, B. 1608. Sc. _gane_; + _gain_, to be fit or suitable. + {Gayn, Gayne,} useful, available, good, B. 259, 749. + {Gaynly, Gaynlych,} gainly, gracious, B. 728; C. 83. Cf. ungainly = + awkward. O.N. _gegn_, convenient, suitable; _gegna_, to meet. + Gaȝafylace, royal treasury, B. 1283. + Geder, gather, C. 105. + Gef, gave, A. 174. + Gele, spy, see, A. 931. + Gemme, A. 253. + Gendered, engendered, B. 300. + Gendreȝ, genders, kinds, B. 434. + Generacyoun, A. 827. + {Gent, Gente,} gentle, noble, gracious, A. 118, 253, 265; B. 1495. + Gentryse, nobleness, B. 1159, 1216. + Gentyl, noble, A. 278; _gentyleste_, A. 1015; B. 1180. + Gentylmen, B. 864. + Gere, gear, B. 16; C. 148. + Gere, clothing, attire, B. 1811. + Gered, covered, clothed, ornamented, B. 1344, 1568. O.N. _gerfi_. A.S. + _gearwa_, habiliments. O.H.G. _garawi_, ornament, dress. A.S. + _gearwan_; _gearwian_, make ready, prepare, supply. + Gesse, tell, A. 499. Norse, _gissa_. + Geste, tale, saying, A. 277. + {Geste, Gest,} guest, B. 98, 640. + Gettes, devices, B. 1354. O.N. _geta_, to conceive. A.S. + “and-_gitan_,” get, know, understand. + Geuen, given, A. 1190. + Gilde, gilt, B. 1344. + Giles, gills, C. 269. + Gilofre, gilly flower, A. 43. Fr. _giroflée_. Lat. _caryophyllus_, + a clove. + Glace = glance, A. 171. Fr. _glacer_, _glacier_, slide, slip. Cf. O.E. + _glace_, to polish, glance as an arrow turned aside. + Glade, _vb._ to gladden, A. 861. + Glam, word, message, B. 499; C. 63; talk, speech, B. 830; noise, + B. 849. Obsolete Swedish, _glamm_, talk, chatter; _glamma_, to talk, + chatter. Gael. _glam_, outcry. O.N. _glam_, clash; _glamra_, to + rattle. Sc. _glamer_, noise, clatter. + “Alle thire he closis in that cliffe, and cairis on forthire, + To the occyann at the erthes ende, and, ther in an ilee, he heres + A grete _glaver_ and a _glaam_ of grekin tongis.” + --(K. Alex. p. 188.) + {Glas, Glasse,} A. 990, 1025. + Glauere, to deceive, A. 688. Cf. N.Prov.E. _glaver_, _glaiver_, to + talk foolishly; _glauver_, flattery. W. _glafr_. Irish _glafaire_, + a babbler. + “Sir,” sais syr Gawayne, + “So me gode helpe, + Siche _glaverande_ gomes + greves me bot lyttille.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 212.) + See extract under word _glam_. + Glaymande, slimy, C. 269. Cf. “gleyme or rewme, reuma;” “gleymyn or + _yngleymyn_, visco, invisco.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Glayre, glare, amber, A. 1026. A.S. _glære_, amber. O.N. _gler_. Dan. + _glar_, glass. + Glayue, a sword, A. 654. Fr. _glaive_. Lat. _gladius_. + Gle, joy, glee, A. 95, 1123. + Glede, kite, B. 1696. A.S. _glída_. + {Glem, Gleme,} gleam, light, A. 79; brightness, B. 218; _day-glem_, + daylight, A. 1094; _heven-glem_, heaven light, B. 946. + Glemande, gleaming, shining, A. 70, 990. + Glene, glean, gather, A. 955. + {Glent, Glente,} shone, A. 70, 114, 1026; B. 218. Sc. _glent_, + _glint_, to gleam. Dan. _glindse_, to glisten; _glindre_, to + glitter. + “The schaftes of the schire sone schirkind the cloudis, + And gods glorious gleme _glent_ tham emannge.” + --(K. Alex. p. 164.) + {Glent, Glente,} slipped, fell, A. 671. Sc. _glint_, _glent_, not only + signifies to gleam, shine, but also to glide, slide. W. _ysglentio_, + to slide. + “Glissonand as the glemes þat _glenttes_ of þe snaw.” + --(T. B. 3067.) + Glenteȝ, _sb._ looks, A. 1144. + {Glet, Glette,} dirt, mud, slime, and hence filth, sin, A. 1060; + B. 306, 573; C. 269. Pl. D. _glett_, slippery. Sc. _glít_, pus. O.N. + _glæta_, wet. + Glewed, called, prayed, C. 164. Fr. _glay_, cry. + Glodeȝ, glades, A. 79. + Gloped, was terrified, frightened, amazed, B. 849. O.N. _glapa_, + stare, gaze, gape. O.Fris. _glupa_, to look, peep. Dan. _glippe_, + to wink. N.Prov.E. _glop_, _gloppen_, to be amazed, to frighten. + “Bees not _aglopened_ madame ne greved at my fadire.” + --(K. Alex. p. 30.) + “Thane _glopned_ the glotone and glorede unfaire.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 90.) + “O, my hart is rysand in a _glope_! + For this nobylle tythand thou shalle have a droppe.” + --(Town. Myst. p. 146.) + Glopnedly, fearfully, B. 896. + Glory, A. 934; B. 1522. + {Gloryous, Glorious, Gloryus,} A. 799, 915. + Glotoun, a wicked wretch, a loose fellow, a ribald, B. 1505. + Gloumb, look, observe, C. 94. Chaucer uses _glombe_ in the sense of + looking gloomy, sullen, frowning. It seems to be connected with O.N. + _glampa_, to glitter, shine. Cf. O.E. _glent_, to shine, and + _glent_, to look. So also _stare_ signifies not only to look + steadfastly at, but to shine, glitter. + Glowed, shone, A. 114. O.N. _gloá_, to glow, burn, shine. + Glwande, glowing, shining, bright, C. 94. + Glydande, going, walking, B. 296. + Glyde, to go, walk, slip along, B. 325, 677, 1590. Pl. D. _gliden_, + _glien_, slip, glide. + Glyfte, became frightened, B. 849. Originally to stare, look + astonished. + “Þys munke stode ande lokede þarto, + And hade þerof so moche drede, + Þat he wende have go to wede: + As he stode so sore _aglyfte_ + Hys ryȝt hande up he lyfte, + Ande blessede hym self stedfastly.” + --(Handlyng Synne, l. 3590.) + _Gliffe_, in O.E. signifies also to look, shine, glow. Sc. _glevin_, + to glow; _gliff_, a glimpse; _gliffin_, to wink. Dan. _glippe_, to + wink. + Glymme, brightness, A. 1088. O.Sw. _glimma_, to shine. + Glysnande, shining, glistening. A. 1018. A.S. _glisnian_. O.N. + _glyssa_, to sparkle, glitter. + Glyȝt, shone, A. 114; looked, C. 453. Du. _glicken_, to shine. Icel. + _glugga_, to peep. _A-glyȝte_, slipped from, in line 245, is + evidently another form of _glyȝt_. Cf. N.Prov.E. _glea_, _aglea_, + crooked, aside; _gledge_, to look asquint. Sc. _gley_, _gly_, to + squint, all of which originally signified simply to look, shine. See + T. B. 3943. + Gnede, niggardly, beggarly, B. 146. The MS. reads nede, but _gnede_ is + the correct form. Dan. _gnide_, to rub. A.S. _gnidan_. Cf. O.E. + _nithing_, a miser. A.S. _gnethen_, moderate, sparing. + “Sua lang has thir tua boght þair sede, + Þat þair moné wex al _gnede_.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 31a.) + “Bot fra þair store bigan to sprede + The pastur þam bigan to _knede_.” --(_Ibid._ fol. 15a.) + “Bot al he tok in godds nam, + And thold luveli al þat scam; + For al to _gnede_ him thoght þe gram + Þat he moght thol on his licam” --(_Ibid._ fol. 51a.) + Goande, going, B. 931. + Goblote, goblet, B. 1277. + {God, Gode,} good, wealth. See _Goud_. + Godhede, godhead, A. 413. + Godlych, good, B. 753. + Golf, deep, abyss, A. 608. + Gome, man, A. 231; B. 1315. + Gorde = _girde_, rush, go headlong, B. 911, 957. See T. B. 169. + Gore, filth, B. 306. A.S. _gor_, wet, filth, mud. N. _gor_. + Gorste, gorse, B. 99, 534. W. _gores_, _gorest_, waste, open. + {Gost, Goste,} spirit, A. 86; B. 325, 1598. + Gostly, spiritual, ghostly, A. 790. + Gote, stream, A. 934; B. 413; C. 310; _pl._ goteȝ, A. 608. Prov.E. + _gote_, _goit_, _gowt_, ditch, sluice, mill-stream. Du. _gote_, + kennel, conduit. A.S. _geotan_, to pour. + “As _gotes_ out of _guttars_ in golanand, (glomand ?) wedors, + So voidis doun the venom be vermyns schaftes.” + --(K. Alex. p. 163.) + {Goud, Goude, God,} _adj._ good, A. 33, 568; _sb._ wealth, riches, + A. 731, 734; B. 1326. + {Goun, Goune,} gown, dress, B. 145, 1568. + Governor, B. 1645; C. 199. + Gowdeȝ, goods, C. 286. + Grace, A. 436. + {Gracios, Gracious,} A. 95, 260, 934; C. 26. + Gracyously, B. 488. + Grame, wrath, vengeance, C. 53. A.S. _grama_. Ger. _gram_, anger, + displeasure. + Graunt, _sb._ leave, permission, A. 317; _vb._ grant, B. 765; C. 240. + Grauayl, gravel, pebbles, A. 81. + Grauen, graven, B. 1324. + Grauen, buried, B. 1332. + Grayneȝ, grains, A. 31. + Grayþed, prepared, B. 343, placed, B. 1485; availed, C. 53. See T. B. + 229. O.N. _greitha_, to make ready. N.Prov.E. _graid_. + Grayþely, quickly, readily, B. 341; truly, A. 499; C. 240. N.Prov.E. + _gradely_. See T. B. 54. + “On Gydo, a gome þat _graidly_ had soght, + And wist all þe werks by weghes he hade.” --(T. B. 229.) + Cf. _Graiþe_ = ready. + Gre, will, desire, C. 348; hence _bongre_, _malgre_, etc. O.Fr. + _gret_. Fr. _gré_, will, pleasure. Lat. _gratus_, pleasing. + Grece, step, B. 1590. + Gredirne, gridiron, B. 1277. + Greffe, grief, A. 86. + Greme, _adj._ displeasing, C. 42; wrath, B. 16, 947; _vb._ to make + angry, displease, B. 138, 1347. A.S. _gremian_, to displease. + Greme, spot, blemish, A. 465. Norse _grima_, a spot. + Gresse, grass, A. 10, 245; B. 1028. + Grete, the whole, A. 637, ? altogether A. 851; a _grete_, in the + gross--a head, A. 560. + Grete, weep, A. 331. A.S. _grætan_, Prov.E. _greet_. + Gretyng, _sb._ weeping, B. 159. + Greue, grieve, A. 471; B. 138, 302, 306. + Greue, grove, A. 321; B. 99. + Greuing, _sb._ sorrowing, grief, B. 159. + Gromylyoun, the herb _gromwell_, grey millet, (Lithospermum + officinale), A. 43. “_Gromaly_ herbe. Milium solis.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Grone, groan, B. 1077. + Gropande, searching, trying, B. 591. A.S. _grápian_, to touch, feel, + seize, grope. O.N. _greipa_. + Gropyng, _sb._ handling, B. 1102. + Grounde, ground, sharpened, A. 654. + Groundeleȝ, bottomless, C. 310. + Grouelyng, on the face, A. 1120. O.N. _grufa_; _grufa nidr_, to stoop + down. _Liggia á grufu_, to lie face downwards, to lie groveling. + Gruche, begrudge, B. 1347. + Gruȝt, _pret._ of _gruche_, B. 810. + Grychchyng, _sb._ murmuring, repining, C. 53. + Grym, black, A. 1070. + Grymly, sharply, A. 654; roughly, B. 1534. + Grymme, horrible, B. 1553; sharp, B. 1696. A.S. _grim_; _grimm_, fury, + rage; sharp, bitter; “a _grym_ toole,” T. B. 938. + Grynde, A. 81. + Gryndel, angry, C. 524. Norse _grina_, wry the mouth; _grinall_, sour + looking. Du. _grinnen_, _grinden_, to grin, snarl. + Grysly, horrible, B. 1534. A.S. _grislíc_, horrible; _a-grísan_, to + dread, fear greatly. + Gryspyng, _sb._ gnashing of the teeth. A.S. _grist-bítung_. + Gryste, dirt (?), A. 465. + Guere, gear, B. 1505. + Guferes, evidently an error for _guteres_, C. 310. See T. B. 3072. See + extract under word _gote_. + {Gult, Gulte,} guilt, A. 942; B. 690. + Gulty, guilty, C. 210, 285. + Gut, C. 280. + Gyde-ropes, C. 105. + Gye, govern, B. 1598. Fr. _guider_; _guier_, direct, guide. + Gyle, guile, A. 671, 688; C. 285. + Gylt, guilt, B. 731. + Gylteȝ, A. 655. + Gyltleȝ, guiltless, A. 668. + Gyltyf, guilty, A. 669. + Gyn, machine; applied to the ark, B. 491; to a boat, C. 146. + Gyng, company, A. 455. A.S. _genge_. See T. B. 1225. + “Þan was Jacob busked yare, + Wit al þe _gynge_ þat wit him ware.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 30a.) + Gyngure, ginger, A. 43. + Gyse, guise, A. 1099. + Gyternere, A. 91. Fr. _guiterre_; _guiterne_, a gittern. (Cot.) Lat. + _cithara_, a harp. + + Habbe, have, B. 75; _habes_, _habbes_, has, B. 555, 995. + {Hach, Hachche,} hatch (of a ship), B. 409; C. 179. + Hafyng. See _Hauyng_. + Hagherlych, fitly, B. 18. See _Haȝerly_. + Haldande, holding, C. 251. + Halde, hold, A. 454, 490; B. 652. + Halden, held, A. 1191; B. 42. + Hale, flow, A. 125. The original meaning is to drag along. Ger. + _holen_. O.N. _hala_. Fr. _haler_. Cf. T. B. 1782. + Hale, toss, B. 1520; C. 219. + Half, side, quarter, B. 950. O.N. _halfa_. + Halke, recess, B. 104, 321. A.S. _hylca_, hooks, turnings. “_Halke_ or + hyrne. Angulus, latibulum.” (Prompt. Parv.) See Canterbury Tales, + 11433. + Halse, salute, wish one health, B. 1621. O.N. _heilsa_. Sw. _halsa_, + to salute. O.N. _heilsa_, health. See T. B. 367. + Halt, lame, B. 102. O.N. _halltr_, lame; _haltra_, _halta_, to limp. + Halue, behalf, B. 896. + Halue, side, border, B. 1039. + Halyday, holy day, B. 134; C. 9. + Halȝed, hallowed, sanctified, B. 506, 1163. + Hampre, to pack up for removal, B. 1284. + Han (_3d pers. pl. pres._), have, A. 776. + Hande-helme, B. 419. + Hapeneȝ, is blessed, B. 27. + Happe, joy, A. 16, 1195; _happeȝ_, blessings, B. 24; C. 11. O.N. + _happ_. + Happe, cover, B. 626; C. 450. Prov.E. _hap_, to cover; _happing_, + covering. + “Lord, what (lo) these weders ar cold, and I am ylle _happyd_.” + --(Town. Myst. p. 98.) + “_Happyn_ or _whappyn’_ yn cloþys.” “_Lappyn’_, or _whappyn’_ yn + cloþys (_happyn_ to-gedyr, S.; _wrap_ to-geder in clothes, P.) + Involvo.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Happen, _adj._ happy, blessed, C. 13, 17, 19, 21. + Hard, coarse cloth made of tow, “_hard_ hattes,” B. 1209. A.S. + _heordan_, _heordas_, hards, refuse of tow. + “Sum araies thaim in ringes, and sum in row breuys, + With _hard hattes_ on thaire hedis hied to thaire horsis.” + --(K. Alex. p. 102.) + Hardy, bold, B. 143. + Hardyly, boldly, A. 3. + Hare, B. 391. + Harlot, underling, B. 39; servant, profane jester, B. 860, 1584; + _harloteȝ_, harlot’s, B. 34; harlots, B. 860. This term was not + originally confined to females, nor even to persons of bad + character. W. _herlawd_, _herlod_, a youth; _herlodes_, a damsel. + Cf. “_harlotte_ scurrus.” “Gerro a tryfelour or a harlott.” Med. MS. + Cant. “An _harlott_, balator, rusticus, gerror, mima, joculator, + nugatur, scurrulus, manducus. An _harlottry_, lecacitas, + inurbanitas,” etc. To “do _harlottry_, scurrari.” Cath. Ang. in + Prompt. Parv. + “Ffore _harlottez_ and _hause-mene_ (house-men) salle helpe bott + littille.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 229.) + Harlottrye, profane speaking, B. 579. + Harme, _sb._ wrong, sin, C. 17; _pl._ _harmeȝ_, harms, A. 388. + Harmleȝ, guiltless, A. 676, 725. + Harpe, A. 881. + Harpen (_3d pers. pl. pres._), play on the harp, A. 881. + Harporeȝ, harpers, A. 881. + Haspe, fasten, B. 419; clothe, cover, C. 381. O.N. _hespa_, a clasp, + buckle. Cf. “_haspyng_ in armys.” T. B. 367. + Haspede, hook, C. 189. Cf. Dan. _haspe_, windlass, reel; _haspevinde_ + capstan of a ship. + {Hastif, Hastyf,} hasty, C. 520. + {Hastyfly, Hastyly,} hastily, quickly, B. 200, 1150. + Hat, call, B. 448. A.S. _hátan_, to call. + {Hatel, Hattel,} anger, B. 200; fierce, B. 227; keen, sharp, C. 367, + 481. S.Saxon _hatel_, _hetel_, keen, sharp, bitter. A.S. _hétel_, + fierce. O.Sax. _hatol_. A.S. _atol_, dire, cruel. + Hatere, clothing, garments, B. 33. A.S. _hætern_, _hæter_, clothing, + apparel. + Haþel, man, literally noble, A. 676; B. 27, 409, 1597. A.S. _æthele_, + noble; _ætheling_, a ruler, man. + “Homer was holden _haithill_ of dedis.” --(T. B. 38.) + Hatte, is called, B. 926; C. 35. + Haunte, practise, C. 15. Fr. _hanter_, frequent, haunt, literally, to + follow a certain course. + Haueke, hawk, B. 537. + Hauen, haven, port, B. 420. + Hauyng, condition, behaviour, A. 450, 754. + Haylsed, saluted, A. 238; B. 612, 814. See _Halse_. See T. B. 1792. + Hayre, heir, B. 666. + Hayreȝ, shirts of horse-hair, hair-cloth, sack-cloth, C. 373. A.S. + _héra_. + Haȝerly, fitly, properly, B. 18. This word occurs in the Ormulum under + _haȝherrlike_. O.N. _hægr_, dexter, facilis. Dan. _haage_, to + please; _haagelig_, agreeable, acceptable. + Hede, notice, A. 1051. + Hef, heaved, raised, C. 219. + Heke = eke, also, A. 210. + Helde, bend to, come to, B. 1330. A.S. _healdan_; _hyldan_, incline, + lean to. Dan. _helde_. + Helde, _adv._ willingly, A. 1193; _in helde_, in mind, in purpose, + disposed, B. 1520. + Helded, approached, B. 39. + Heldeȝ, goes, walks, B. 678. + “Þir brether _helid_ ai forth þair wai + Þat to þair fader ful suith com þai.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 29b.) + Hele, safety, C. 335; health, B. 1099; pleasure, A. 16. A.S. _hél_. + Helle-hole, B. 223. + Hellen, of hell, C. 306. + Helme, C. 149. + Hem, them, C. 180. + Hemme, border, A. 1001. + Hende, gracious, B. 612; C. 398; pleasant, B. 1083. Norse _hendt_, + adapted; _hendug_. Dan. _hændig_, handy, dextrous. Cf. _hendly_, + T. B. 1792. + Hendelayk, mildness, civility, B. 860. Hard-_laike_ occurs in T. B. + 2213. + {Heng, Henge,} hang, B. 1584, 1734. + Hens, hence, C. 204. + {Hent, Hente,} take, seize, receive, A. 388, 669; B. 151, 376, 883, + 1150. O.N. _henda_. A.S. _hentan_. + Hepe, heap, company. B. 1775. + Her, their, A. 888. + Here, heir, B. 52. + “Bede his doughter come downe and his _dere heire_.” (T. B. 389.) + Here, hair, A. 210. + Here, company, B. 409, 902. T. B. 6253. A.S. _here_, an army, host, + etc. + Hered, honoured, B. 1086. A.S. _hérian_, to praise, commend. + {Herken, Herkne,} hearken, B. 193, 458. + Herneȝ, brains, A. 58. O.N. _hjarni_. Sw. _hjerna_. + Herneȝ = erneȝ, eagles, B. 537. + Hert, heart, B. 1723. + Hertte, hart, B. 391, 535. + Heruest, harvest, B. 523. + Hery, honour, praise, B. 1527. See _hered_. + {Herytage, Heritage,} A. 417; B. 652. + Herȝe, harry, B. 1179, 1294; drag out, C. 178. Sc. _herry_; _harry_, + rob, spoil, pillage. A.S. _hergian_, _herian_, to plunder, afflict, + vex. Fr. _harrier_, provoke, molest. O.N. _heria_, to make an inroad + on. + {Hest, Heste,} command, A. 633; B. 94, 341; promise, B. 1636. + Hete, promise, vow, A. 402; B. 1346; C. 336. O.N. _haeta_, to + threaten. T. B. 240. + Heter, rough, C. 373. See T. B. 5254. N.Prov. _hetter_, _hitter_, + eager, earnest. + Heterly, quickly, greatly, fiercely, A. 402; B. 380, 1222; C. 381, + 477. See T. B. 3499. + Heþe, heath, B. 535. + Heþen, hence, A. 231. O.N. _hëthan_. See T. B. 5115. + Heþyng, scorn, contempt, B. 579, 710; C. 2. O.N. _háthung_. See T. B. + 1753, 1818. + Heue, heave, raise, A. 314, 473. O.N. _hefia_. + Heued, head, A. 459, 465. + Heuen, raise, exalt, A. 16; B. 24, 506; increase, “_heuen þi hele_.” + B. 920. We also meet with the phrase to “_heuen harm_.” + “Qua folus lang wit uten turn, + Oft his fote sal find a spurn; + Reu his res þan sal he sare, + Or _heuen_ his harme with foli mare.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 25a.) + Heuen-ryche, the kingdom of heaven, A. 719; C. 14. + Heuy, sorrowful, A. 1180; C. 2. + Heyred, harried, dragged, pulled, B. 1786. See _Herȝe_. “_Harryn’_ or + _drawyn’_ trahicio, pertraho” (Prompt. Parv.) + Heyred = heryed, honoured, B. 1527. See _Hered_. + Heȝe, high, lofty, B. 1391, 1749. + Heȝe, hasten, B. 1584. See _Hyȝe_. + {Heȝt, Heȝþe,} height, A. 1031; B. 317. + {Hide, Hidde,} hid, hidden, B. 1600, 1628. + Hidor, fear, C. 367. O.Fr. _hisdour_; _hidour_, dread. + Hiled, covered, B. 1397. A.S. _hélan_, _hélian_. Prov.E. _hele_, + _hill_, _hile_, to cover. O.N. _hylia_, to hide. + Hitte, to make for, C. 289; come, B. 479; C. 380. O.N. _hitta_, to + light on, find. + “Þai turne into Tessaile withouten tale more, + _Hit_ up into a havyn all the hepe samyn.” --(T. B. 991.) + Hiȝe = high, loud, B. 1564. + Hiȝly, greatly, B. 920. + Ho, she, A. 232, 233; B. 659. A.S. _heo_. Prov.E. _hoo_. + Ho-besteȝ, she-heasts, B. 337. + Hod, hood, B. 34. + Hodleȝ, hoodless, B. 643. + Hofen, (_p.p._ of _heve_), exalted, raised, B. 1711. + Hokyllen, beat, B. 1267. Is this an error for _hollkyen_? See + _Holkke_. + Hol, whole, B. 102, 594. + Hole-foted, B. 538. + Holde, dominion, B. 1597. + Holkke, thrust out, B. 1222. The original meaning seems to be “to make + hollow, dig out, pierce.” A.S. _holian_, to hollow; _hol_, _holh_, + a hole. Cf. O.Sc. and O.E. _holket_, hollow; _holk_, dig out. + Prov.E. _hulk_, to take out entrails of rabbits and hares (Baker). + Sw. _holka_, _hulka_, to hollow. + Holly, wholly, B. 104, 1140. + Holteȝ, woods, A. 921. A.S. _holt_, wood, grove; “_holte woddes_,” + T. B. 1351. + Holȝe, hollow, B. 1695. A.S. _holh_. + Homly, familiar, domestic, A. 1211. + Hommes, hams, thighs, B. 1541. O.N. _höm_, the back of the thigh. + Honde, hand, A. 49, 706; B. 174. + Hondel, handle, B. 11. + Hondelyng, _sb._ handling, B. 1101. + Hondelynge, _adv._ with hands, A. 681. + Honde-werk, handwork, C. 496. + Honde-whyle, a moment, B. 1786. A.S. _hand-hwíl_; “in a _hond-while_,” + T. B. 406. + Hone, to delay, abide, A. 921. See Met. Hom., p. 129. + Honest, B. 14, 18. + Honestly, B. 134, 705. + Honour, A. 852; B. 594. + Honyseȝ, destroys, ruins, B. 596. O.Fr. _honeison_, shame; _honnir_, + to shame, blame, borrowed from Goth, _haunjan_. Ger. _höhnen_. + “And Alexander alle that quile asperly rydis + To the grete flode of Granton, and it one a glance fyndes, + Or he was soȝt to the side ȝit sondird the qweryns, + His hors it _hunyschist_ for evir, and he with hard schapid.” + --(K. Alex. p. 102.) + Hope, expect, think, suppose, A. 142; B. 663. + Hores, theirs, C. 14. + Hores (?), B. 1695. + Hortyng, _sb._ hurting, harm, B. 740. + Horwed, unclean, B. 335. A.S. _horwa_, _hóru_, dirt; _hyrwian_, to + defile. + Horyed, hurried, B. 883. + {Hot, Hote,} angry, B. 200. + Hourlande, rolling, rushing, hurling, C. 271. + Hourle, wave, C. 319. + Household, B. 18. + Houe, abide, B. 927. W. _hofian_; _hofio_, to fluctuate, hover, + suspend. + Houeȝ, hovers, B. 458, 485. + Houen, exalted, raised, B. 206, 413, 1451. + Hue, cry, voice, A. 873. + {Hue, Huee,} hue, complexion, A. 842; B. 1483. + Huge, great, B. 4, 1659. + Hunger, _vb._ C. 19. + Hurkele, hang, B. 150; rest, 406. The original meaning is to nestle, + crouch, squat. N.Prov.E. _hurkle_, to squat, crouch, nestle. Du. + _hurken_, to squat. O.N. _hruka_. + “Then come ther in a litill brid into his arme fleȝe, + And ther _hurkils_ and hydis as sche were hande tame, + Fast scho flekirs about his fete, and fleȝtirs aboute.” + --(K. Alex. p. 18.) + Hurlande, hurling, rushing, B. 413, 1211. + Hurle, rush, B. 44, 223, 376, 874, 1204; “_hurlet_ out of houses,” + T. B. 1365. + Hurrok, oar, B. 419; C. 185. Prov.E. _orruck_. “_Orruck_-holes, + oar-drawing holes, as distinct from thole-pins, which are less used + in our boats: _rykke_, to draw (Dan.). Compare English _rullocks_.” + Norfolk Words: Miss A. Gurney in Transactions of Philological + Society for 1855, p. 34. + Huyde, hide, B. 915. + Huyle, while, A. 41. + Hwe, hue, A. 896; _hwes_, B. 1119. + Hwed, coloured, B. 1045. + Hyde, skin, A. 1136. + Hyl-coppe, hill-top, A. 791. See _Coppe_. + Hynde = hende, courteous, A. 909; B. 1098. + Hyne, servants; _hinds_, A. 505, 632, 1211. A.S. _hina_, _hine_ (for + _higna_, _higne_), a domestic. O.N. _hion_, family. + Hyre, _sb._ hire, wages, A. 534, 539. + Hyre, _vb._ A. 507, 560. + Hyrne, corner, B. 1294; C. 178. A.S. _hyrne_. “Hyd hom in houles and + _hyrnys_ aboute,” T. B. 1362. + Hytteȝ, strives, seeks, A. 132. + Hyue, hive, B. 223. + Hyure, hire, C. 56. + Hyȝe, high grounds, heights, B. 391. + {Hyȝe, Hyȝ,} high, A. 39, 395; B. 380; “on _hyȝe_,” B. 413; “_hyȝe_ + trot,” quick pace, B. 976. + Hyȝe, hie, hasten, B. 33, 392, 538; C. 217. A.S. _higan_, _higian_. + Hyȝe, labourer, servant, B. 67. A.S. _higo_, a servant. See _Hine_. + Hyȝly, greatly, B. 1527. + Hyȝt, named, called, promised, A. 305, 950; B. 24, 665, 1162. + Hyȝt, height, B. 458; C. 398. + Hyȝtled, ornamented, decorated, B. 1290. + “He had a hatt on his hede _hiȝtild_ o floures.” + --(K. Alex. p. 155.) + + I-brad, extended, reached, B. 1693. See _Brayde_. + Ichose, chosen, A. 904. + Idolatrye, B. 1173. + Ilk, same, B. 1755. + Ille, bad, evil, B. 577. + Ilyche = alike, B. 228, 975; C. 161. A.S. _gelíc_. + Image, B. 983. + In-blande, together, B. 885. Dan. _iblandt_. See _Bland_. + Inflokke, flock in, B. 1767. + Inlyche, alike, A. 546, 603. + In-melle, among, A 1127. This word is usually written _i-melle_. Icel. + _á-milli_. + {In-monge, In-mongeȝ,} among, amidst, B. 278, 1485. + {In-mydde, In-myddeȝ,} amidst, B. 125, 1677. + Innocens, innocence, A. 708. + {Innoghe, Innoȝe,} enough, sufficiently, A. 612, 625, 637; abundant, + C. 528. + In-nome, taken in, A. 703. + {Innossent, Inoscente,} innocent, A. 666, 672, 684. + Inobedyent, disobedient, B. 237. Fr. _inobedient_. + In-seme, together, A. 838. A.S. _gesome_. O.E. _ysome_. + In-stoundes, at times, B. 1603. + Instrumente, B. 1081. + Insyȝt, opinion, B. 1659. + Ire, wrath, B. 572. + Iwysse, truly, indeed, B. 84. A.S. _gewis_. + In-wyth, within, A. 970. + + Jacynth, A. 1014. + Janglande, muttering, C. 90. O.Fr. _jangler_, to chatter. + Jape, device, sin, B. 272, 864; C. 57. Fr. _japper_, to yelp, chatter. + The original meaning of _jape_ is in O.E. to deceive, to lie. + Jasper, A. 999. + Jauele, a wicked wretch, a base fellow, B. 1495. “_Javel_, Joppus, + gerro.” (Prompt. Parv.) + “The Lieutenant of the Tower advising Sir Thomas Moor to put on + worse cloaths at his execution, gives this reason, because he that + is to have them is but a _javel_; to which Sir Thomas replied, + shall I count him a _javel_ who is to doe me so great a benefit.” + --(MS. Lansd. 1033, in Hall.) + Jeaunte, giant, B. 272. + {Jolef, Jolyf, Joly,} handsome, happy, true, A. 842, 929; B. 300, 864; + C. 241. + Joparde, jeopardy, A. 602. + Jostyse, justice, judge, B. 877. + Journay, C. 355. + Jowked, slept, C. 182. + {Joy, Joye,} A. 266. + Joyfol, A. 288. + Joyleȝ, joyless, sorrowful, A. 252; C. 146. + Joyne, B. 726. + Joyned, A. 1009; B. 434. + Joyned, enjoined, B. 877; C. 62, 355. + Joynte, B. 1540. + Joyst, B. 434. + {Juel, Juele,} jewel, A. 249, 253, 278. + {Jueler, Juelere,} jeweller, A. 252, 264. + Juelrye, jewelry, B. 1309. + Jugge, judge, A. 7, 804; C. 224. + Juggement, judgment, B. 726. + {Juis, Juise,} judgment, doom, B. 726; C. 224. + Jumpred (? _Jumpre_ from A.S. _geomer_, miserable, sad), trouble, + B. 491. + Justyfyet, justified, A. 700. + + Kable, B. 418. + Kake, B. 625, 635. + Kark, sorrow, C. 265. W. and Gael. _carc_, care. + Karle, churl, B. 208. See _Chorle_. + Kart, B. 1259. + Kayrene, to go, B. 945. See _Cayre_. + Kayser, emperor, B. 1593. + Kaȝt, caught, B. 1215. + Kene, great, noble, B. 839, 1593; sharp, B. 1697. + Kenely, quickly, B. 945. + Kenne, to know, make known, show, A. 55; B. 865, 1707; C. 357. O.N. + _kenna_. Norse _kjenna_, to perceive by sense, recognise, observe. + Kennest, keenest, B. 1575. + Kepe, care for, regard, B. 508. + Kerve, dig, A. 512; cut, B. 1104; rend, B. 1582. + {Kest, Keste,} contrive, B. 1070, 1455; cast, A. 66; B. 414. + Keue, depart, A. 320. + Keued, separated, A. 981. + Keuer, recover, restore, B. 1605, 1700. + Keye, key, B. 1438. + Klubbe, club, B. 1348. + Klyffeȝ, cliffs, A. 66, 74. + Knaue, knave, B. 855; servant, B. 801. + {Knaue, Knaw, Knawe,} know; _knawen_, known, A. 637; B. 1435, 1575. + Knawlach, knowledge, B. 1702; See T. B. 1083. + Knot, crowd, company, A. 788. + Knyt, knit, unite, establish, B. 564. + Kost, coast, border, B. 912. + Kote, house, B. 801. + Koynt = quaint, curious, crafty, B. 1382. + Krakke, sound, B. 1403. + Kuy, kine, cows, B. 1259. + {Kyd, Kydde,} showed, proved, (_pret._ of _kythe_), B. 23, 208. + _Kyde_, as an _adj._ = renowned. + “This kyde realme.” --(T. B. 213.) + Kylle, to strike, B. 876. See T. B. 1211, 1213. + Kyndam, kingdom, B. 1700. + Kynde, nature, species, B. 266, 505, 507. + {Kyndely, Kyndly,} naturally, properly, B. 1, 319. + Kynne, conceive, B. 1072. A.S. _cennan_, to conceive, beget. + Kynned, kindled, B. 915. O.N. _kynda_. + Kynneȝ, “alle kynneȝ = of every kind,” A. 1028. + Kyntly = kyndly, naturally, A. 690. + Kyppe, take up, seize, B. 1510. Prov.E. _kep_. O.N. _kippa_. A.S. + _cépan_. See Robt. of Glouc. 125. Havelok the Dane, 2407. “_Kyppyn’_ + idem quod _Hynton_;” “_Kyppynge_ or _hyntynge_ (_hentynge_, K. P.), + Raptus.” (Prompt. Parv.) + {Kyrk, Kyrke,} church, temple, A. 1061; B. 1270. + Kyryous = curious, careful, particular, B. 1109. + {Kyst, Kyste,} chest, ark, B. 449, 1438; C. 159. + Kyþe, show, exhibit, A. 356; B. 851, acknowledge, B. 1368. A.S. + _cíthan_, to make known. + “Ye _kyþe_ me suche kyndnes,” --(T. B. 557.) + {Kyþ, Kyþe,} city, land, region, A. 1198; B. 414, 571, 901, 912; + C. 18. A.S. _cyth_, a region, home, native place. + “Ther was a kyng in þat coste þat þe _kithe_ ought.” + --(T. B. 103.) + Kyþyn (_gen. pl._ of _kyþe_), of cities, B. 1366. + + Labour, _sb._ A. 634; _vb._ A. 504. + {Lache, Lachche,} = latch, take, receive, B. 166; _lached_, received, + B. 1186; taken, C. 266; reach, C. 322; “_lach_ out,” take away, + C. 425. A.S. _læccan_. + Lad, led, A. 801. + Ladde = lad, man (of inferior station), B. 36; C. 154. O.H.G. _laz_, + libertinus. Ger. _lasse_. Du. _laete_, a peasant. + Ladde-borde, larboard, C. 106. + Laddres, ladders, B. 1777. + Lade, led, A. 1146. + Ladyly, A. 774. + Ladyschyp, A. 578. + Lafte, left, B. 1004. + Laften, (_3d pers. pl. pret._) left, A. 622; C. 405. + {Lake, Llak,} lake, deep, B. 438, 536. + Lakke, sin against, abuse, B. 723. Dan. and Sw. _lak_, fault, vice. + Dan. _lakke_, decay, decline. + {Lalled, Laled,} spoke, B. 153, 913. Dan. _lalle_, to prattle. + Bavarian _lallen_, to speak thick, talk. Gr. λαλειν, to + talk. + Lance, take, C. 350. + Langage, language, B. 1556. + Langour, sorrow, A. 357. + Lansed (? _laused_), uttered, B. 668; C. 489. _Launch_, in the dialect + of Worcestershire, signifies to cry out, groan. + Lansed, ? quaked, B. 957. + Lanteȝ (? _lanceȝ_), lentest, gavest, B. 348. + Lantyrne, A. 1047. + Lape, lap, taste, B. 1434. _Lape_, lape, taste (Baker’s Northampton + Glossary). + Lappe, _sb._ A. 201. A.S. _læppa_, border, hem. “_Lappe_, skyrte + (_lappe_, barme, K.). Gremium.” (Prompt. Parv.) + “The word _lap_, according to many ancient writers, signified the + skirt of a garment. Thus G. de Bibelsworth says, + ‘Car par deuant avez eskours (_lappes_), + Et d’en costé sont vos girouns (sidgoren).’ + It denoted, likewise, the hinder skirt.” (Way in Prompt. Parv.) + Lapped, folded, clothed, B. 175. See T. B. 236. + Lasched, B. 707. ? became hot, lascivious. + Lasned = lessened, made smaller, B. 438, 441. + Lasse, less, A. 599, 600; B. 1640. + Laste, follow, A. 1146; C. 320. A.S. _last_, footstep. Goth, + _laistjan_, to follow after. + Laste, fault, crime, C. 198. + Lastes, becomes faulty, B. 1141. Dan. _last_, vice, fault. O.N. + _löstr_. S.Sax. _last_, calumny, blame. Icel. _last_. Ger. + _lästerung_, slander. + Lat, slow, late, B. 1172. A.S. _læt_, slow, late. Cf. _“lat_-a foot, + slow in moving.” (Wilbraham’s Cheshire Glossary.) + Laþe, to invite, B. 81. A.S. _lathian_. O.Sax. _lathian_. O.N. _lada_. + Prov.E. _lathe_, to invite. A.S. _lathu_, invitation. N.Prov.E. + _lathing_, invitation. + Lauce, loosen, do away with (?), B. 1589. + Laue, law, B. 723. + Lauande, pouring, flowing, B. 366. + Laue, pour out, A. 607; C. 154. A.S. _lafian_. + Launceȝ, branches (of trees), A. 978. + Launde, an open space between woods, a park; _lawn_, B. 1000, 1207. + “_Saltus_ a lawnd.” (Nominale MS.) Welsh _llan_. “_Lawnde_ of a + wode. Saltus.” (Prompt. Parv.) “_Indago_, a parke, a huntynge place, + or a _launde_.” (Ortus.) “_Lande_, a _land_ or _launde_, a wild + untilled shrubbie or bushy plaine.” (Cotg.) O.Fr. _lande_, saltus. + “Sythyne [he] wente into Wales wyth his wyes alle; + Sweys into Swaldye with his snelle houndes, + For to hunt at the hartes in thas hye _laundes_.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 6.) + Lawe, hill, B. 992. Sc. _law_. A.S. _hlæw_, mound, mount. Goth. + _hlaiw_. + Lawles, C. 170. + Lay, put down, B. 1650. + Layke, _sb._ sport, play, amusement, B. 122, 1053. + Layke, _vb._ to play, B. 872. A.S. _lác_, play; _lácan_, to play. + Layke, device, B. 274; C. 401. + Layned, kept secret, A. 244. N.Prov.E. _lane_, to hide. O.N. _leyna_. + Layth, vile, evil, C. 401. A.S. _láth_, evil, harm; _láth_, hateful, + evil; “_laithe_ hurtes,” T. B. 1351. + Layte, seek, search, B. 97, 1768. N.Prov.E. _late_. Icel. _leita_. Sw. + _leta_, to look for; “_laytyng_ aboute,” T. B. 2348. + Laȝares, lepers, B. 1093. + Laȝe, laugh, B. 653, 661. + {Laȝte, Laȝt,} = laught, took, A. 1128, 1205. See _Lache_. + Le, shelter, C. 277. A.S. _hleo_, shade, shelter. Cf. T. B. 2806. O.N. + _hlja_, to protect. Cf. _Leeside_ = the sheltered side of a ship. + “---- thar I the tell + Is the richt place and sted for ȝour cite, + And of ȝour travell ferm hald to rest in _le_.” + --(G. Doug. vol. i. p. 152.) + “Þe wicked alsua þe gode sal se, + Wit-in þair gamen stad and gle, + Þat þai þe sorfuller sal be, + Þat losen folili has þat _le_.” (_i.e._, heaven). + --(“De Penis,” quoted in “Hampole’s Pricke of Conscience,” l. 4, + p. xii.) + Leauty, loyalty, B. 1172. + Lebarde, leopard, B. 536. + Lecherye, B. 1350. + {Led, Lede,} man, person, A. 542; B. 412. A.S. _leód_, man. + {Led, Leede,} people, nation, B. 691, 772, 909. A.S. _leóde_, people, + folk. + Ledden = leden, sound, A. 878. Chaucer uses the word _leden_ in the + sense of _speech_, _language_. A.S. _hlyd_. O.N. _hliod_, a sound. + Ledisch, national, pertaining to a people or country, B. 1556. S.Sax. + _leodisce_. See _Lede_. + {Leef, Lef,} _adj._ dear, precious; _sb._ dear one, wife, A. 266, 418; + B. 772, 939, 1066. A.S. _leóf_. + Lefly, dear, beloved, B. 977. A.S. _leóflíc_. + Lefsel, bower, house formed of leaves, C. 448. + “By a lauryel ho (Dame Gaynour) lay, vndur a _lefe-sale_, + Of box and of barberè, byggyt ful bene.” + --(The Anturs of Arther in Robson’s Met. Rom. p. 3, vi. 5.) + “With _lefsales_ uppon lofte lustie and faire.” (T. B. 337.) + A.S. _leaf_, a leaf, and _sel_, dwelling, hall. Sw. _löfsal_, a hut + built of green boughs. _Levesel_ (another form of _lefsel_) is used + by Chaucer (Reve’s Tale, 4059), but is left unexplained in the + glossary to Wright’s edition. Tyrwhitt’s derivation of this term + from A.S. _lefe_, folium, and _setl_, sedes, is certainly very near + the mark. Cf. “_levecel_ beforne a wyndowe, or other place. + Umbraculum.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Lege, liege, subject, B. 94, 1174. + Legioune, A. 1121, B. 1293. + Lel, true, B. 425. “Leve this for _lell_.” T. B. 239. + Lelly, truly, faithfully, A. 305; B. 1066. See T. B. 420. + Leme, glide away, A. 358. + Leme, shine, gleam, A. 119, 1043; B. 1273. A.S. _leóma_, a ray of + light; _leóman_, to shine. See T. B. 699. + Lemman = leof-man, beloved one, mistress, A. 763, 796, 805; B. 1352. + A.S. _leóf_, dear, and _man_. O.E. _leofmon_, a lover. + Lene, grant, C. 347. A.S. _lænian._ + Lenge, dwell, abide, A. 261, 933; B. 81, 412, 497, 994; C. 42. See + T. B. 1937. + Lenger, longer, A. 600, 977; B. 810; _lengest_, B. 256. + Lenghe, length, A. 416. + Lent (_pret._ of _lend_), abode, dwelt, B. 256; _watȝ lent_, had + dwelt, B. 1084. + Lent, arrived, C. 201. A.S. _gelandian_, to land, arrive. + “Langour _lent_ is in land, all lychtnes is lost.” + --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 447.) + Lenþe, length, A. 1031; B. 425, 1594. + Lep, leaped, C. 179. + Lere, to teach, B. 843. A.S. _læran_ + Lere, reward, ? _here_, A. 616. + {Ler, Lere,} countenance, A. 398; _pl._ _lers_, features, B. 1542 A.S. + _hleor_. See T. B. 480. + Lese, false, A. 865. See _Lese_. + Lesande, loosening, opening, A. 837. O.E. _lese_, _les_, to loose. + Goth. _lausjan_. + Lese, false, B. 1719. A.S. _leas_. + {Lest, Leste,} lost, A. 9; B. 887. + Lesyng, _sb._ lie, A. 897. A.S. _leasung_. + Leþe, assuage, lessen, cease, bate, cool. A. 377; B. 648; C. 3. A.S. + _leothian_, to release, slacken. See Met. Hom. p. 135. + Leþe, _sb._ calm, C. 160. N.Prov.E. _leath_, rest, quiet. Stratmann + compares O.Du. _lede_, ease, _leath_. + Lether, leather, B. 1581. + Lette, hinder, prevent, A. 1050; B. 1803. + Letter, B. 1580. + Lettrure, letters, learning, A. 751. + Leue, “_aske leue_,” A. 316; “_take leue_,” B. 401. + Leue, forsake, C. 401. + Leue, believe, A. 69, 865, 876; B. 1493. + Leued, leaved, A. 978. + Lewed, ignorant, B. 1580. A.S. _leóde_, _leúd_, the people. + Lik, to lick, B. 1000. + Likke, sip, drink, B. 1521. + Liureȝ, dresses, garments, A. 1108. O.Fr. _livree_. + Lode, lot, C. 156. + Lode, course, conduct, guidance, C. 504. A.S. _lád_, _ládu_, way. O.N. + _leid_, course. Cf. _lode_, a way for water. + Lodesmon, conductor, pilot, B. 424; C. 179. A.S. _ládman_, a leader. + {Lodly, Lodlych,} loathsome, hateful, vile, B. 274, 1090, 1093. + N.Prov.E. _laidly_, ugly, foul. A.S. _láthlíc_, odious, detestable. + “He laid on þat _loodly_, lettyd he noght.” (T. B. 934.) + Lofly, dear, lovely, B. 1804. + Lofte, “_upon lofte_,” on high, B. 206, 318, 808. O.N. _lopt_, sky, + air. + {Loge, Logge,} tent, lodge, B. 784, 807, 1407; C. 457. Fr. _loge_, + a hut. See T. B. 1140, 1369. + Logging, lodging, B. 887. + {Loghe, Loȝ,} = low, lau, pit, deep, abyss, B. 366. O.N. _lagr_. Sw. + _låg_, low. + Lokande, looking, C. 458. + Loke = loken, enclosed, C. 350. + Loke, guard, watch over, C. 504. + Lokyng, _sb._ sight, looking, A. 1049. + Loltrande, ? _loitrande_, lolling, loitering, C. 458. Du. _loteren_, + to loiter. O.N. _lotra_, to go lazily. + Lombe, lamb, A. 841, 1047. + Lome, lame, B. 1094. + Lome, vessel, instrument of any kind; (1) ark; (2) boat, B. 314, 412, + 443; C. 160. A.S. _gelóma_, _lóma_. + Lomerande, hesitating, creeping, B. 1094. This term seems to be + connected with _lumber_. O.E. _lumer_, _lomer_, to move heavily. + O.Du. _lammer_, _lemmer_, impedimentum, molestia. (Kil.) Dan. + _belemre_. Du. _belemmern_, to encumber, impede. + Lompe, lamp, A. 1046. + Londe, land, A. 148, 937. + Lone, path, lane, A. 1066. N.Prov.E. _lone_, _lannin_. Fris. _lona_, + _lana_, a narrow way between gardens and houses. Is it connected + with O.N. _leyna_, to hide, conceal? + Longande, belonging, A. 462. + Longed, belonged, B. 1090, 1747. + Lont, land, C. 322. + Lopen (_p.p._ of _lepe_, to leap), leapt, B. 990. + Lore, wisdom, learning, B. 1556. A.S. _lár_. + Lore, mode, wise, A. 236. + Lorn, lost, destroyed, B. 932. + Los, loss, B. 1589. + Lose, destroy, B. 909; C. 198; depart, be lost, A. 908. + Losed, lost, B. 586. + Losyng, perdition, B. 1031. + Losynger, _sb._ liar, deceiver. O.Fr. _losengier_. + {Lot, Lote,} sound, noise, roar, A. 876; C. 161, 183; word, B. 668. + Sw. _låta_, to sound; _låt_, sound; _låte_, cry, voice. A.S. + _hleóthor_, a sound, noise. O.E. _lud_, voice. The original form of + the word is _late_. + “Than have we liking to lithe (listen to) the _lates_ of the + foules.” --(K. Alex. p. 149.) + “(He) _late_ so lathely a _late_ and sa loude cried + That all the fest was aferd and othire folke bathe.” + --(K. Alex. p. 17.) + “He gaped, he groned faste, with grucchande _latez_.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 90.) + Lote = late, countenance, feature, form, manner, A. 899; C. 47. This + word occurs in Laȝamon under the form _late_, looks, glances. + Glossarial remarks to Laȝamon, p. 449. _Lete_, countenance, is found + in the Owl and Nightingale, 35, 403. A.S. _wlite_. O.N. _læti_. + Lote, lot, A. 1205; C. 173. + Lote = lout, bow, A. 238. A.S. _lútan_, to bend, bow, stoop. Sw. + _luta_. See T. B. 1900. + Loþe, _sb._ sorrow, A. 377. A.S. _láth_, evil, harm. + Loþelych, wicked, bad, B. 1350. + Loute, abide, sit, A. 933. + Loute, bow, make obeisance. B. 798. See _Lote_. + Louande, praising, B. 1719. + Loue, praise, A. 285, 1124, 1127; B. 497, 987. A.S. _lofian_. + Loueȝ, hands, B. 987. N.Prov.E. _leuf_, palm of the hand, and hence + used for the hand itself. _Palm_ is used for the hand in early + English authors. O.N. _lofi_. Sc. _loof_. + “(He) held the letter in his _love_.” --(K. Alex. p. 71.) + “----he takis + The licor in his awen (one) _loove_, + the letter in the tothire.” --(_Ibid._ l. 2569.) + Loueloker, more lovely, A. 148. + Lovne, offer (advice), propose, C. 173. N.Prov.E. _loave_, _loff_, to + offer. O.N. _lofa_, promise, praise. Du. _looven_. Flem. _loven_, + estimate. Cf. “_Lovon_ and bedyn as chapmen, Licitor.” (Prompt. + Parv.) + Louy, love, B. 841, 1053. + {Louely, Louyely, Louyly, Louelych,} lovely, A. 565, 693; B. 1486. + Lowe, flame; “_luf lowe_,” flame of love, B. 707. O.E. _logh_ (see + T. B. 168) “the _lowe hot_,” T. B. 494. + Lowkande, locking, shutting, B. 441. + {Loȝ, Loȝe,} the deep, pit, sea, A. 119; B. 441, 1031; C. 230. See + _Loghe_. + Loȝ, Loȝe, low, B. 798, 1761. + Loȝed, made low, abased, B. 1650. + Loȝen, laughed (_3rd pers. pl. pret._ of _laȝe_, B. 495. + Loȝly, humbly, B. 614, 745. + Luche, pitch, throw, C. 230. N.Prov.E. _lutch_, to pulsate strongly. + W. _lluchio_, to fling, throw violently. Stratmann suggests A.S. + _lyccan_, pull, lutch. + {Ludych, Ludisch,} national, B. 73, 1375. See _Ledisch_. + Luf, _gen. sing._, of love, B. 707. + {Lufly, Luflych, Luflyly,} lovely, A. 880; B. 81; 939; C. 419. + Lufsoum, _sb._ lovesome, beloved one, A. 398. + Luged, was pulled, B. 443. O.N. _lugga_. + Lulted, sounded, B. 1207. O.N. _lulla_, to lull, sing to sleep. Cf. + “_lullit_ on slepe,” T. B. 648. Ger. _lallen_, to sing without + words, only repeating the syllable _la_. N.Prov.E. _lilt_, to sing + with a loud voice; _lilt_, a song. + Luly-whit, lilly-white, B. 977. + Lumpen, befallen, B. 424, 1320. See _Lympe_. + Lur, loss, C. 419. + “What _lure_ is of my lyfe & I lyffe here.” --(T. B. 582.) + Lureȝ, losses, A. 339, 358. A.S. _lyre_, _lor_. + {Lurke, Lurkke,} A. 978; C. 277. See T. B. 1140. + Lusty, B. 981. + Luther, bad, wicked, B. 163, 1090; C. 156. A.S. _lyther_. + Luuy, love. See _Louy_. + Lyf, life, B. 1719. + Lyflode, sustenance in life, B. 561. A.S. _lif-láde_, from _lád_, + a way. + {Lyft, Lyfte,} heavens, firmament, sky, B. 212, 366, 1356, 1448. A.S. + _lyft_. + Lyftande, lifting, rising, B. 443. + Lyfte, raised, A. 567. + Lyfte, left, B. 981, 1581. + Lygge, lie, B. 1126, 1792. A.S. _licgan_. + Lyke, _vb. impers._ please, A. 566; B. 36, 411, 693, 1646. + Lyke, _adj._ pleasing, C. 42. + Lykker, more like, C. 493. + Lykneȝ, likens, compares, A. 500; is like, B. 1064. + Lyknyng, _sb._ likeness, C. 30. + Lykoreȝ, liquors, drinks, B. 1521. + Lykyng, _sb._ pleasure, A. 247; B. 172, 1803. See T. B. 2912. + Lylled, flourished, shone, C. 447. N.Prov.E. _lilli-lo_, a bright + flame. Cf. Mod. Gr. λουλούδι, a blossom; λουλουδιαζω, to flourish, + bloom. Is _lylle_, to flourish, connected with the word _lilly_? + Lympe, befall, happen, C. 174, 194. See T. B. 36. A.S. _limpan_, to + happen, concern. + Lyne, lineage, A. 626. + Lynne, linen, A. 731. + Lyre, flesh, B. 1687. A.S. _lira_. + Lysoun, trace, B. 887. + {Lyst, Lyste,} _sb._ pleasure, A. 467, 908; B. 843; lust, B. 693; + _vb._ desire, please, A. 146; B. 415, 1766. + Lyst, path, border, B. 1761. Du. _lijst_, edge, border. + Lysten, to hear, A. 880. + Lysten, hearing, B. 586. A.S. _hlist_, hearing; _hlistan_, to hear, + listen. O.N. _hlust_, an ear. + Lyte, little, B. 119. + Lyth, limb, A. 398. A.S. _lith_. + Lyþe, assuage, lessen, A. 357. See _Leþe_. + Lyþe, grant, A. 369. + Lyþer, evil, wickedly, A. 567. See _Luþer_. + Lyþerly, badly, negligently, B. 36. + {Lyuie, Lyuy,} live, B. 558, 581; C. 364. + Lyuyande, living, A. 700. + Lyȝe, lie, A. 304. + Lyȝt, light, A. 69, 1043; bright, A. 500; innocent, guiltless, pure, + A. 682; B. 987; _lette_ _lyȝt_, esteem, treat lightly, B. 1174, + 1320. + {Lyȝt, Lyȝte,} _vb._ to light, fall upon, A. 247, 943, 988; B. 213, + 1069. + Lyȝten, to lighten, C. 160. + Lyȝtly, easily, A. 358; soon, quickly, B. 817, 853; C. 88. Comp. + _lyȝtloker_, C. 47. + + Ma, make, A. 283; B. 625. + Ma, man (?), A. 323. + {Mach, Machche,} = make, fellow, companion, B. 124, 695, 1512. See + _Make_. + Mache, to make familiar with, C. 99. + {Mad, Madde,} foolish, A. 267, 290, 1166; B. 654. Prov. Ger. _maden_, + to tattle; _madeln_, to mutter. + “Thi momlyng and thi _mad_ wordes.” --(See T. B. 1864.) + Madde, _vb._ to render foolish, A. 359. + Maddyng, folly, A. 1154. + “_Madding_ marrid has thi mode, and thi mynd changid.” + --(K. Alex. p. 121.) + {Mak, Make,} = mach, match, equal, fellow, wife, A. 759; B. 248, 331, + 994. A.S. _maca_, a mate; _mace_, a wife. + “Þe king him (Joseph) did a wiif to tak, + Hight Assener, a doghti _mak_.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27a.) + Makeleȝ, matchless, A. 435, 733, 757, 780. + Male, B. 337, 695. + Malicious, C. 508. + Malscrande, accursed, B. 991. + Malskred, bewildered, C. 255. Bosworth quotes “_malscra_, a + bewitching,” upon the authority of Somner. + {Malt, Malte,} ease, assuage, soothe, B. 776, 1566. O.N. _melta_, to + dissolve. + Malte, discourse, speak, A. 224, 1154. A.S. _mælan_, to speak, + converse; _mathelian_, _mæthlan_, to discourse. + {Malyce, Malys,} B. 250, 518; C. 4. + Man = maken (_3d pers. pl. pres._), make, A. 512. + Manace, threaten, C. 422. + Manayre, manor, A. 1029. + Mancioun, mansion, B. 309. + Maner, manner, B. 701. + Maner, manor, A. 918. + Manerly, properly, decently, B. 91. + Mangerie, feast, B. 52, 1365. Fr. _manger_, to eat, from Lat. + _manducare_. + Mankyn, mankind, A. 637. + Mansed, cursed, B. 774; C. 82. A.S. _a-mánsumian_, to excommunicate. + Mantyle, mantle, C. 342. + Marchal, marshal, B. 91, 118. + Mare, more, A. 145. + {Margary, Margyrye,} pearl, A. 199, 1037; B. 556. + Marie, marry, B. 52. + Marked, market, A. 513. + Marre, corrupt, spoil, destroy, perish, A. 23; B. 279, 991; C. 172, + 474. O.H.G. _marrjan_, to hinder, make void. A.S. _merran_, + _myrran_, to hinder. Du. _merren_, to obstruct. + Marereȝ = marreȝ (?). A. 382. + {Maryag, Maryage,} A. 414, 778; B. 186. + Maryed, married, B. 815. + Marryng, _sb._ spoiling, preventing, B. 186. + Marschal, B. 1427. + Maryners, C. 99. + Mas, mass, A. 1115. + Mascelleȝ, spotless, A. 732. + Mascle, spot, A. 726. Du. _maese_, _masche_, _maschel_, a spot, stain; + _maschelen_, to stain. + Mase (masse), astonishment, alarm, B. 395. + {Maskeleȝ, Maskelles, Maskelleȝ,} spotless, A. 744, 745, 756, 768. + Maskle, spot, stain, B. 556. See _Mascle_. + Masporye (?), A. 1018. + Mate, dejected, downcast, subdued, A. 386. Fr. _mat_. + Mate, to overcome, A. 613. Fr. _mater_. O.Fr. _amater_. Cf. Du. _mat_, + exhausted, overcome. Ger. _matt_, feeble, faint. + Mater, subject, B. 1617. + Matere, matter, C. 503. + {Maugre, Maugref, Mawgre,} C. 44, 54. Fr. _malgré_, in spite of, + against the will of; _mal_, ill; _gré_, will, pleasure. In B. 250 + _mawgre_ is used as a _sb._ = displeasure. + Mawe, stomach, C. 255. Ger. _magen_. Du. _maag_. + May, maid. A. 435, 780. A.S. _mæg_. + Maynful, great, powerful, A. 1093; B. 1730. A.S. _mægen_, power, + force, strength. O.N. _megin_, strength; _mega_, to be able. + Maynly, loudly, B. 1427. + Mayntnaunce, maintenance, B. 186. + Mayntyne, maintain, C. 523. + Mayster, master, lord, A. 462, 900; B. 1793. + Maysterful, powerful, A. 401; B. 1328. + Maystery, mastery, C. 482. + Maȝt, power, C. 112. Goth. _mahts_. Ger. _macht_, might, power. + Maȝty, mighty, B. 273, 279. + Maȝtyly, mightily, B. 1267. + Mede = meed, reward, B. 1632. + Medoes, meadows, B. 1761. + Megre, meagre, lean, B. 1198. Fr. _maigre_. Lat. _macer_, lean. + Mekne, make meek, B. 1328. + Mele, meal, B. 625. + Mele, _sb._ discourse, A. 23. + Mele, _vb._ to talk, relate, say, A. 497, 589; B. 736; C. 10. + “To _mele_ of this mater.” (T. B. 209.) + Melle, speak, A. 797. See _Malte_. + Membreȝ, members, A. 458. + Mendes, amends, A. 351. + Mendyng, _sb._ improvement, repentance, A. 452; B. 764. + Mene, general, common, B. 1241. A.S. _gemæne_. Ger. _gemein_. + Mene, mean, A. 293. + Mene, tell, explain, B. 1635. A.S. _mænan_, to tell. + {Meng, Menge,} mix, join, B. 337, 625. A.S. _mengan_. + {Mensk, Menske,} _sb._ honour, A. 162, 783; B. 121, 522; thanks, + B. 646; _vb._ to honour, B. 141, 1740. A.S. _mennisc_, human. + N.Prov.E. _mense_, to grace, deck; _mense_, decency, good manners. + Mensked, honoured, B. 118. + Menteene, maintain, A. 783. + Mercy, A. 576, 623. + Mercyable, merciful, B. 1113; C. 238. + Mercyles, B. 250. + Mere = meer, boundary, B. 778; C. 320. Du. _meere_. O.N. _mæri_, + boundary. + Mere, sea, lake, stream, A. 140, 158, 1166; B. 991; C. 112. A.S. + _mere_. O.Sax. _meri_. O.N. _mar_. + Merit, B. 613. + Merk, _adj._ dark, obscure, B. 1617. + Merk, _sb._ darkness, B. 894; C. 291. A.S. _myrc_, dark. O.N. _myrkr_, + darkness; _myrka_, to darken, grow dark. + Merke, make, devise, order, place, B. 558, 637, 1487, 1617. A.S. + _mearcian_. O.N. _merkia_, to mark, perceive, signify. + Mersy, A. 383; B. 776. + {Meruayle, Merwayle,} _adj._ marvellous, C. 81; _sb._ a marvel, + A. 1081, 1130; B. 586. + Meruelous, A. 1166. + Mery, pleasant, B. 1760. + Mes, A. 862. See _Messe_. + Message, B. 454; C. 81. + Meschef, evil, misfortune, A. 275; B. 373, 1164. + Mese, moderate, temper, assuage, B. 764. See _Methe_. + “Sir Pylate mefe you now no more, + But _mese_ youre hart, and mend youre mode.” + --(Town. Myst. p. 175.) + “Kyng Eolus set hie apon his chare, + With ceptoure in hand, thar muyd (mood) to _meys_ and stille.” + --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 27.) + “The blastis _mesit_.” --(_Ibid._ p. 130.) + “A _mes_ you of malice, + but a mene qwile.” --(T. B. 12842.) + Messe, mass, service, A. 497. + Messeȝ, messes (of meat), B. 637. + Mester, need, B. 67; C. 342. + Mesure, measure, moderation, A. 224; B. 215, 247, 565; C. 295. + Mesurable, mild, temperate, B. 859. + Metalles, B. 1513. + Mete, meat, food, applied to an apple, A. 641. + Meten, to measure, A. 1032. + {Meth, Meþe,} moderation, mildness, pity, B. 247, 436, 565. + “And Mari ledd hir life with _methe_ + In a toun that hiht Nazarethe.” --(Met. Hom. p. 107.) + A.S. _mæthian_, to measure, estimate, use gently; _mæth_, measure, + degree; _mæthlic_, kind, courteous. N.Prov.E. _meedless_, without + measure, immoderate. + Meþeleȝ, immoderate, B. 273. + Mette, measure, B. 625. + Metȝ = mese (?), pity, B. 215. + Meuande, moving, B. 783. + Meue, move, A. 156; B. 303. + Meuen (_3rd pers. pl. pres._), move, A. 64. See T. B. 384. + Meyny, labourers, servants, A. 542; household, B. 331; company, + A. 892, 899, 925; B. 454; C. 10. + Miry, pleasant, C. 32. + Misschapen (monstrous), wicked, B. 1355. + Mistrauthe, unbelief, B. 996. + Mo, more, A. 870, 1194; B. 674. + {Mod, Mode,} = mood, pride, A. 401, 738; B. 565, 764. + Moder, mother, A. 435. + {Modey, Mody,} = proud, haughty, B. 1303; C. 422. + Mokke, muck, dirt, A. 905. + Mol = mul, dust, A. 382. Flem. _mul_, _gemul_, dust. Du. _mullen_, to + crumble. Pl. D. _mull_, loose earth, dust. Cf. “peat-_mull_,” the + dust and fragments of peat. (Brockett.) + Molde, earth, B. 279; _moldeȝ_, lands, B. 454; “_on molde_,” on earth, + B. 514, 1114; “_in moldeȝ_,” in earth, C. 494. A.S. _molde_, mould, + earth. Goth. _mulda_. O.H.G. _molta_. Dan. _muld_. + “Loo! here the duchez dere to daye was cho takyne, + Depe dolvene and dede, dyked _in moldez_.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 82.) + Mon, man, A. 310. + Mon, moan, sorrow, A. 374. + Mone, moon, A. 923. + Monkynd, mankind, B. 564. + Mon-sworne, perjury, B. 182. Other forms of this word are + _main-sworn_, _man-sworn_. O.H.Ger. _meinsweridi_, perjury, from + _main_, _mein_, spot, stain, injury, impure, bad. O.N. _mein_, sore, + crime. + Mony, many, A. 572; B. 1164. + Monyth, month, B. 493, 1030. + Moon, moan, sorrow, B. 373. + Moote = mote, spot, blemish, A. 948. + Mor, moor, B. 385, 1673. A.S. _mór_, a moor, heath. + Morehond, more, A. 475. Cf. _nerehande_, near; _betuixande_, betwixt. + {Morn, Morne,} morning, B. 493; morrow, B. 1001. + Mornyf, mournful, A. 386. + Mornyng, _sb._ mourning, A. 262. + Morteres, mortars, B. 1487. + {Most, Moste,} greatest, B. 254, 385. + Mot, must, may, A. 397, 663. + {Mot, Mote,} spot, blemish, sin, A. 764, 843, 855. Du. _mot_, dust. + Mote, _vb._ speak to, A. 613. A.S. _mótian_, to moot, debate. Then + Medea with mowthe _motys_ thus agayne. T. B. 610. + Mote, building, dwelling, abode, A. 142, 936, 937, 948, 949; city, + C. 422. _Mote_ signifies a hill, mound, moat, and hence a city on + a hill (?). Mid. Lat. _mota_, hill or mound. O.Fr. _mote_. + “Þe bryght ceté of heven is large and brade, + Of whilk may na comparyson be made + Tille na ceté þat on erth may stand, + Ffor it was never made with mans hand. + Bot yhit, als I ymagyn in my thoght, + I lyken it tylle a ceté þat war wroght + Of gold, of precyouse stones sere, + Opon a _mote_, sett of berylle clere, + With walles, and wardes, and turrettes, + And entré, and yhates, and garrettes.” + --(Hampole’s Pricke of Conscience, p. 239, l. 8896.) + MS. Lansd. 348, reads _mount_ for _mote_. + {Moteles, Moteleȝ,} spotless, A. 899. + Moul = mould, earth, A. 23. + Moun (_3rd pers. pl._ of _mowe_, to be able), are able, A. 536. + Mount, A. 868; B. 447. + Mountaunce, amount, C. 456. + Mountayne, B. 385. + {Mountes, Mounteȝ,} = amounts, avails, A. 351; C. 332. + Mourkenes, _mirkens_, becomes dark, B. 1760. O.N. _myrka_, to darken, + Dan. _mörkne_. + Mourkne, to rot, become rotten, B. 407. From this verb is derived the + O.E. _morkin_, a dead beast, carrion, a scarecrow. O.N. _morkinn_, + rotten; _morkna_, to rot. + Mourne, to mourn, C. 508. + Moȝt, might, could, B. 1108, 1668. + Mudde, B. 407. + Mukel, great, B. 52, 366, 1164. O.N. _mikill_. + Mul, dust, dirt, A. 905; B. 736. See _Mol_. + Multyplyed, B. 278. + Mun, C. 44. This may be another form of _mon_ = moan. But the phrase + “_maugre his mun_,” leads us to reject this interpretation. _Maugre_ + is generally used with some part of the body, as “_mawgre his + tethe_,” “_maugre his chekes_,” etc. _Mun_ may therefore signify the + mouth. (Sw. _mun_, a mouth.) The term is still retained in the north + of England. Halliwell quotes the following: + “A common cry at Coventry on Good Friday is-- + ‘One a penny, two a penny, hot cross buns, + Butter them and sugar them and put them in your _muns_.’” + Munster = minster, church, cathedral, temple, B. 1267; C. 268. + Munt, purpose, A. 1161. N.Prov.E. _munt_, a hint. See _Mynt_. + Murte, break, crush, C. 150. Pl. D. _murten_, to crush. See + _to-murte_. In T. B. 4312 we have _myrte_ = to crush. Bothe + mawhownus & maumettes _myrtild_ in peces. + Myddeȝ, midst, A. 740. See _In-myddeȝ_. + Mydnyȝt, midnight, B. 894. + Myke, _sb._ B. 417. Cf. Du. _mik_. The crutches of a boat, which + sustain the main boom or mast and sail when they are lowered for the + convenience of rowing. + Mykeȝ, free labourers (?), A. 572. A.S. _mecg_, a man. In the _Cursor + Mundi_, Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 17, the angels are represented + as speaking to Lot as follows: + “‘Has þou her,’ þai said, ‘ani man, + Sun or doghter, _mik_ or mau, + To þe langand, or hei or lau + Þou lede þam suith out o þis tun + Ar þat hit be sunken don.’” + But ? _be mykeȝ_ = he _mykeȝ_, he chooses. + Myneȝ, “_me myneȝ_,” I remember, B. 25. A.S. _mynan_, to remember. + O.N. _minna_. + Mynge, record, mention, A. 855. A.S. _myngian_, to remind. + Mynne, recollect, remember, A. 583; B. 436, 771. See T. B. 1434. See + _Myneȝ_. + Mynte, devise, purpose, B. 1628. A.S. _myntan_, _myntian_ to dispose, + settle, appoint. “_Myntyn’_ or _amyn’_ towarde for to assayen. + Attempto.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Mynstralsy, B. 121. + Mynyster, minster, temple, A. 1063. + Mynystre, _vb._ B. 644. + Myre, B. 1114. + Myrþeȝ, joys, A. 140. + Myrþeȝ, gladdens, A. 862. + {Myri, Myry,} = merry, pleasant, A. 23, 158; B. 417, 804; _myryer_, + A. 850; _myryest_, A. 435. + Myryly, pleasantly, joyously, B. 493. + {Mys, Mysse,} wrong, sin, A. 262; C. 420. + Myserecorde, mercy, A. 366. + Myse-tente, misunderstood, A. 257. + Mysse, to lose, A. 329; B. 189. O.N. _missa_, to lose. Du. _missen_, + to fail, miss. + Mysse, loss, grief, A. 364. + Mysseleue, unbelief, B. 1230. + Mysse-payed, displeased, C. 399. + Mysse-ȝeme, mis-use, A. 322. + Myst, B. 1760. + Myste, mysteries, secrets, (?), A. 462. + Mysterys, A. 1194. + Myþe, to trouble, weary (?), A. 359. A.S. _méthe_, wearied; _méth_, + feeble. + Myȝt, might, A. 630. + Myȝtes = mights, powers, B. 644, 1699. + + Nadde = ne hadde, had not, B. 404. + Nakeryne (_gen. pl._ of _naker_), B. 1413; _naker_, _nacaire_, seems + to signify a kettle-drum. + Nas = ne was, was not, B. 727, 983. + Nature, A. 749. + Nauel, C. 278. + Naule, nail, A. 459. + {Nauþeleȝ, Nawþeles,} nevertheless, A. 877, 950. + {Nauþer, Nawþer,} neither, A. 1087; B. 1226. + Nawhere, nowhere, A. 534. + Nay, refuse, deny, B. 805. + Nayed, refused, B. 65. + Nayt, use, employ, B. 531. See T. B. 1038. A.S. _neotan_. O.N. _nyta_. + Naytly, neatly, dexterously, B. 480. See T. B. 2427. Nestor, a noble + man, _naitest_ in werre. T. B. 1038. N.Prov.E. _nately_, neatly. + Naȝte, night, A. 1203; B. 484, 807, 1002. + Ne, nor, B. 1226. + Nece, niece, A. 233. + Nedde, needed, A. 1044; hem nedde = they needed. + {Nede, Nedeȝ,} of necessity, A. 344. + Nedleȝ, needless, useless, B. 381; C. 220. + Nee = ne, nor, A. 262. + Nel, ne wille, will not, B. 513. + Nem, took (_pret._ of _nimme_), A. 802; B. 505. + Nemme, name, A. 997. See T. B. 152. + Nente, ninth, A. 1012. + Nere, _ne were_, were not, B. 21. + {Nere, Ner,} near, nigh, A. 286, 404; _wel ner_, nearly, B. 1585. + Nerre, nearer, A. 233; C. 85. + Nesch, gently, A. 606. A.S. _hnesc_, soft, tender. + Neue, fist, hand, B. 1537. N.Prov.E. _neve_, _neif_, a fist. O.N. + _hnefi_. + Neuen, name, B. 410, 1376, 1525. O.N. _nafn_, a name; _nefna_, to + name. + {Neȝ, Neȝe,} nigh, near, A. 528; B. 803. + {Neȝ, Neȝe, Neȝen,} approach, B. 32, 143, 805, 1017, 1754. + Nice, _adj._ foolish, B. 1354; _sb._ B. 1359. Fr. _nice_, foolish, + simple. + Nif, ne-if, if not, B. 30. + Niye, trouble, B. 1002. + Noble, A. 1097. + Nobley, nobleness, B. 1091. + No-bot, only, B. 1127. N.Prov.E. _no-bot_. + Nok, nook, C. 278. + Nolde, ne wolde, would not, B. 805, 1091. + {Nom, Nome,} took, A. 587; B. 1613; _pret._ of _nimme_, to take. + Nome, name, A. 872. + Nomen, seized, taken; _p.p._ of _nimme_, B. 1281; C. 360. + Norne, entreat, ask, B. 803. A.S. _gnornian_, to complain, murmur. + Norture, nurture, B. 1091. + Note, city, A. 922; B. 1233. + Note, devise, ordain, B. 1651; C. 220. + Note, device, purpose, A. 155; B. 381, 727. A.S. _nota_, use, duty, + employment; _notian_, to employ, use. + “The Bibel telles us openlye + Of Nembrot and his maistri, + Hou the fole that was wit him + Bigan to mak a tour that tim, + That suld reche to the lifte; + Bot Godd that skilfulli kan skift. + Mad them alle serely spekand, + That nan moht other understand, + And gert them lef thair wilgern werk, + Bot of thair _not_ yet standes merk, + In Babilony the tour ȝet standes, + That that folk mad wit thair handes.” --(Met. Hom. p. 61.) + “Mony noble for þe nonest to þe _note_ gode.” --(T. B. 284.) + Note, A. 879, 883. + Notyng, device, devising, B. 1354. See _Note_. + Noumbre, number, B. 1283, 1376. + Nouþe, now, C. 414. + Nowþelese, nevertheless, A. 889. + Noye, trouble, annoy, B. 1236. + {Noys, Noyse,} B. 849; C. 490. + Noȝt, naught, nothing, A. 520; B. 888; not, B. 106. + Noȝty, bad, B. 1359. + Nummen (_p.p._ _nimme_), taken, B. 1291; C. 76. + Nurne, speak, say, B. 669. + Nuye, displease, B. 578. + Nuyed, troubled, B. 1176. + {Nw, Nwe,} new, A. 527; anew, A. 1079. + Nwy, wrath, B. 301. + Nwyed, displeased, B. 306. + Nye, trouble, B. 1376; _nyes_, troubles, B. 1754; C. 76. + Nyed, troubled, B. 1603. + Nyf = ne if, if not, B. 424. + Nyl, ne wyl, will not, B. 1261; C. 41. + Nylt, ne wylt, wilt not, C. 346. + {Nym, Nymme,} take, B. 481. A.S. _niman_. + Nys, ne ys, is not, A. 951. + Nyse, nice, dainty, B. 824. + Nyteled, laboured, toiled, B. 888. Prov.E. _nattle_, to endeavour, to + be busy about trifles. O.E. _nyte_, to use, employ, enjoy. O.N. + _nyta_. + Nyȝe, nigh, B. 484; _wel nyȝe_, B. 704. + {Nyȝt, Nyȝte,} night, A. 243; B. 526. + + Obeche, reverence, B. 745. Prov. Fr. _obezir_. + Obes, obey, A. 886. + Odde, (1) not even, B. 426; (2) spotless, faultless, B. 505. See T. B. + 4401, 6157, 6172, 6179, 6189, 6194, 6198. + Oddely, (_a_) alone, B. 923; (_b_) nobly, B. 698. + (_b_) + “I Alexandre the aire and eldest childe hattene, + Of kyng Philip the fers, that fest am in Grece, + And of the quene Olimpades, the _oddest_ under heven, + To all ȝow of Athenes, thus I etill my saȝes.” --(K. Alex. p. 79.) + “For thai the mesure and the mett of alle the mulde couthe, + The sise of alle the grete see and of the gryme wawys, + Of the ordere of that _odde_ home [heaven] that overe the aire + hingis.” --(_Ibid._ p. 2.) + Oke, oak, B. 602. + Olipraunce, vanity, fondness for gay apparel, B. 1349. Prov.E. + _olypraunce_, a merry making. + “Of tournamentys y preue thereynne + Seven poyntes of dedly synne; + Fyrst ys pryde, as þou wel wost + Avauntement, bobaunce and bost; + Of rych atyre ys here avaunce, + Prykyng here hors wyth _olypraunce_.” + --(Robt. of Brunne’s Handlyng Synne, p. 145.) + On, an, A. 9. + One, alone, self, B. 872, 923, 1669. + Onelych, only, B. 1749. + Oneȝ, once, B. 801. + Onhede, unity, concord, B. 612. + On-hit, struck, inflamed with anger (?), C. 411. A.S. _onhætan_ to + inflame, heat. + On-lofte, aloft, on high, B. 692; 947. + On-ryȝt, aright, B. 1513. + On-sydeȝ, aside, C. 219. + On-wyde, about, B. 1423. + On-yȝed, one-eyed, B. 102. + Ordaynt, ordained, B. 237. + Ordenaunce, ordinance, B. 698. + Ordure, filth, B. 1092. + Ore, oar, C. 218. + Orenge, orange, B. 1044. + Organe, B. 1081. + Orisoun, prayer, C. 328. + Ornemente, ornament, B. 1799. + Orppedly, quickly, B. 623. N.Prov.E. _orput_, quick (at learning). + Orped is generally derived from O.N. _verpa_, to throw; _p.p._ + _orpinn_. But this etymology is very doubtful. Cf. “_Orpud_, audax, + bellipotens.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Ossed, showed, C. 213. N.Prov.E. _awse_, _oss_, to attempt, offer. W. + _osi_. + “Quat and has thou _ossed_ to Alexander + this _ayndain_ (angry) wirdes.” --(K. Alex., p. 79.) + Oste, host, army, B. 1204. + Oþer, or, A. 141. + Ouer-borde, C. 157. + Ouer-brawden, covered over, B. 1698. + Ouer-seyed, passed over, gone, B. 1686. + Ouer-tan, overtaken, C. 127. + Ouer-þwert, across, B. 316, 1384. + Ouer-tok, B. 1213. + Ouer-torne, past, B. 1192. + Ouer-walte, overflowed, B. 370. + Ouer-ȝede, past, went, B. 1753. + Ouerte, open, clear, A. 593. + Ouerture, opening, A. 218. + Oure, prayer, A. 690. + Out-borst, _vb._ outburst, B. 1251. + Out-comlyng, a stranger, B. 876. N.Prov.E. _out-cumling_, a foreigner, + stranger. The more usual form in early English is _comling_. + Out-dryf, drive out, A. 777. + Out-fleme, banished, A. 1177. See _Fleme_. + Out-kast, B. 1679. + Out-sprent, outburst, A. 1137. + Out-taken, excepted, B. 1573. + Out-tulde, thrown out, C. 231. + Oȝe = owe, ought, A. 552. + {Oȝt, Oȝte,} _vb._ ought, A. 341. + {Oȝt, Oȝte,} _pr._ aught, A. 274; B. 663. + + Pace, passage, A. 677. + {Pacience, Pacyence,} C. 1, 36. + Pakke, pack, B. 1282. + Pakke, company, A. 929. + {Palayce, Palays,} B. 83, 1389, 1531. + Pale, A. 1004. + Palle = pall, fine cloth, B. 1384, 1637. + Pane, a side, division of a building, A. 1034. Lat. _pagina_, a leaf, + any flat expanse. “A _pane_, piece or pannel of a wall, of wainscot, + of a glasse window.” (Cotg.) “_Pane_ of a wall, _pan de + mur_.” (Palsg.) + Panne, head, but we may read _paune_, paws, claws, B. 1697. + Papeiay = a popinjay, a parrot, B. 1465. It. _papagallo_. O.Fr. + _papegau_, _papegay_. Sp. _papagayo_, parrot. + Parage, kindred, rank, nobleness, A. 419; B. 167. O.Fr. _parage_. + Paramoreȝ, paramours, lovers, B. 700. Fr. _par amour_, by way of love. + Paraunter, peradventure, A. 588. + Parchmen, parchment, B. 1134. + Pare, cut, B. 1408, 1536. + Parform, perform, B. 542; C. 406. + Parfyt, perfect, A. 638. + Parget, plaister of a wall, B. 1536. “_Pariette_ for walles, + blanchissure.” (Palsg.) + Parlatyk, paralytic, B. 1095. + Partleȝ, partless, portionless, A. 335. + Partrykes, partridges, B. 57. + Pass, surpass, A. 428. + Passage, journey, C. 97. + Passande, passing, B. 1389. + Pasture, C. 393. + Pater, paternoster, A. 485. + Paume, palm, hand, B. 1533, 1542. + {Pay, Paye,} pleasure, A. 1, 1164, 1176; C. 99. + Pay, please, A. 1165, 1177. + Payment, A. 598. + Paynt, A. 750. + Payre, pair, B. 335. + Payre = appayre, become worse, fade, B. 1124. Lat. _pejor_, worse. + “To _appayre_ to waxe worse.” (Palsg.) + Payred, impaired, A. 246. + Pechche, sin, fault, A. 841. Fr. _péché_. + {Penance, Penaunce,} A. 477. + Peneȝ, pens, folds (for cattle), B. 322. + Penitotes, (? _Peritotes_), a kind of stone (the _peritot_ or + _peridot_ Marsh), B. 1472. + Penne, B. 1724. + Penne-fed, B. 57. + Pensyf, pensive, A. 246. + Pented, appertained, belonged to, B. 1270. + Peraunter, peradventure, B. 43. + {Pere, Per,} equal, peer, A. 4; B. 1214, 1336. + Pereȝ, pears, A. 104. + Perile, B. 856, 942. + Perré, precious stones, jewelry, A. 730; B. 1117. + Pertly = apertly, openly, B. 244. See T. B. 1130. Cf. “_pert_ wordes,” + T. B. 977. + Peryle, A. 695; C. 85. + Pes, peace, A. 952. + Pich, pitch, B. 1008. + Pike = pick, pluck, B. 1464. + Pinnacle, B. 1463. + Pité, pity, B. 232. + {Pitously, Pytosly,} A. 370, 798. + Planed, B. 310. + Planete, A. 1075. + Plaster, B. 1549. + Plat, flat, B. 1379. + Plat, struck (_pret._ of _plette_, to strike), B. 1265. A.S. + _plættian_. + “Hwan he hauede him so schamed, + His hand (he) of _plat_, and yvele lamed.” + --(Havelok the Dane, 2755.) + Plater, plate, platter, B. 638. + Plateȝ, A. 1036. + Plat-ful, brimful, B. 83. + Plattyng, _sb._ striking (or folding?), B. 1542. + Play, A. 261. + Play-fere, play-fellow, companion, C. 45. + Playn, _adj._ even, clear, A. 178, 689; B. 1068; C. 439. + Playn, _sb._ A. 104, 122; B. 1216. + Playned, lamented, A. 53, 242. + Playneȝ, complains, C. 376. + Playnt, complaint, A. 815. + Plek, place, plot of ground, B. 1379. “_Pleckke_ or plott, + porculetum.” (Prompt. Parv.) N.Prov.E. _pleck_. A.S. _plæc_. + “Se that the hare hathe be at pasture in grene corne, or in eny + other _plek_.” --(Quoted by Way from MS. Harl. 5086, fol. 47.) + Pleny, to complain, A. 549. + Plete, demand, plead for, A. 563. + Pleyn, mourn, C. 371. + Plontte, plant, A. 104. + Plow, plough, B. 68. + Plyande, pliant, C. 439. + Plye, A. 1039; B. 196, 1385. + Plyt, danger, fault, A. 647; B. 1494; C. 114. A.S. _pliht_. + Plyȝt, condition, A. 1075; B. 111. + Pobbel, pebble, A. 117. + Pole, pool, stream, A. 117. + Polle, poll, head, B. 1265. Du. _polle_, _pol_, head, top, crown. + Polmente, a kind of pottage, B. 628. O.Fr. _polment_. Lat. + _pulmentum_. “_Pulmentarium_ a _pulment_.” Nominale, MS. + “His brother (Jacob) he fand give--and his tent + To grayth a riche _pulment_.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 21a.) + {Polyce, Polyse,} polish, B. 1068, 1131, 1134. + Polyle, poultry, B. 57. Fr. _poule_, a hen; _poulet_, a chicken. Lat. + _pullus_. “_Polayle_, bryddys or fowlys, Altilis.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Pomgarnade, pomegranate, B. 1466. Cf. Lat. _malum granatum_. It. + _granata_. Sp. _granada_. + Poplande, rushing, foaming, C. 319. N.Prov.E. _popple_, to tumble + about with a quick motion. O.Sc. _pople_, to flow, rush. + “The wawis of the wild see apone the wallis betes, + The pure _populand_ hurle passis it umby.” --(K. Alex. p. 40.) + “And on the stanys owt thar harnys [he] dang, + Quhil brayn and eyn and blude al _poplit_ owt.” + --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 167.) + Porchase, purchase, A. 439. + Porche, B. 785. + Pore, poor, A. 873. + Porfyl, hem, A. 216. Fr. _pourfiler_, to work upon the edge, + embroider; _fil_, a thread. O.E. _purfle_, to overlay with gems or + gold. “_Purfyll_ or hemme of a gowne, bort.” (Palsg.) + Porpre, purple, B. 1568. + Porros, B. 1772. + Port, gate, B. 856; harbour, C. 90. + Portale, A. 1036. + Portray, B. 700. + {Poruay, Poruaye,} to provide, B. 1502; C. 36. + Possyble, A. 452. + Potage, B. 638. + Poursent, course, A. 1035. + Pourtray, B. 1271. Fr. _pourtraire_. + Pouer, power, B. 1654. + {Pouer, Pouere,} poor, B. 615, 1074. + Poueren (_pl._ of _pouer_), poor, B. 127. + Pouert, poverty, C. 43. + Pouerté, C. 13. + Powdered, A. 44. + Powleȝ, pools, C. 310. + Poyned, trimmed, ornamented, A. 217. + Poynt, _sb._ particle, A. 891. + Poysened, B. 1095. + Poyntel, a style, B. 1533. + Pray, _sb._ prey, B. 1297; _vb._ to plunder, B. 1624. + Prayse, A. 301. + Prece, press, B. 880. + Prechande, preaching, B. 942. + {Precios, Precious,} A. 4, 216; B. 1282. + Prelate, B. 1249; C. 389. + Pres, press, A. 730; to press, A. 957. + Prese, praise, honour; “his _prese_, his _prys_,” A. 419. Sp. _prez_, + honour, glory. Fr. _prix_, value, worth, price. + “Fra þan forth heild Sir Moyses + Þis wandes bath in _pris_ and _pres_.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 36a.) + {Prese, Pres,} _sb._ press, A. 1114; _vb._ B. 1249. + {Presens, Presente,} presence, A. 389; B. 8, 1496. + Present, _vb._ B. 1217. + Presonere, prisoner, B. 1217. + Prest, ready, B. 147; C. 303. Ital. _presto_. + Prestly, quickly, B. 628. + Presyous, B. 1496. + Pretermynable, A. 596. + Preue, prove, A. 983; B. 704, 1748. + Prisoner, B. 1297. + Profecie, B. 1158, 1308. + Profere, A. 235, 1200. + Profert, B. 1463. + Professye, A. 821. + Profete, prophet, A. 797. + Proper, A. 686. + Propertéȝ, properties, A. 752. + Property, A. 446. + Prophete, A. 831; B. 1300. + Prosessyoun, procession, A. 1096. + Prouince, B. 1300. + Pruddest, proudest, B. 1300. + Prudly, proudly, B. 1379, 1466. See T. B. 857. + Pryce, chief, B. 1308. + Prymate, B. 1570. + Pryncipale, B. 1531, 1781. + Pryncipalté, dominion, B. 1672, 1738. + {Priys, Prys,} value, worth, A. 272, 419, 755; B. 1117. See _Prese_. + Prysoun, C. 79. + Pryuely, B. 238. + Pryuy, A. 12; _pryuyest_, B. 1748. + Pulde, pulled, B. 1265. + Pulle, draw, B. 68. + Pure, _adj._ A. 227; B. 704; _vb._ B. 1116. + {Purely, Purly,} A. 1004; B. 1660. + Purpre, purple, A. 1016. + Pursaunt, a sergeant, B. 1385. O.Fr. _pursuivant_. + Pursue, B. 1177. + Purtraye, B. 1465, 1536. + Puryté, B. 1074. + Pyche, pitch, fix, B. 477. + Pye, B. 1465. + Pyked, adorned, A. 1036. + Pykeȝ, pick, choose, A. 573. + Pyle, building, A. 686. + Pyle, to rob, B. 1270, 1282. Fr. _piller_, to rob. + Pylere, pillar, B. 1271. + Pyne, _vb._ to torment, B. 1095; _sb._ pain, A. 330. Du. _pijnen_, to + torture. + Pyne = pynd, fasten, C. 79. A.S. _pyndan_, to shut in. + Pynkardine, ? _perre carnadine_, carnelian stone (Marsh), B. 1472. + Pyony, A. 44. + Pytosly, pitifully, A. 370. + Pyty, A. 1206. + Pyȝt, fixed, placed (_pret._ of _pyche_), A. 117, 228, 742; B. 785. + + Quat, what, A. 293. + Quat-kyn, what kind of, A. 771. + Quauende, flowing, waving, B. 324. + Quayle, _sb._ quail, A. 1085. + Quayntyse, wisdom, craft, B. 1632. O.Fr. _accointer_, to make known; + _coint_, informed, acquainted with. Lat. _cognitus_. + Qued, _sb._ evil, crime, ill, B. 567; C. 4. Du. _kwaad_, bad. Pl. D. + _quat_. + Quelle, kill, A. 799; B. 324; subdue, C. 4. A.S. _cwellan_. + Queme, _adj._ pleasing, A. 1179. A.S. _cweman_, to please. Your + _qweme_ spouse, T. B. 634. + Quen, when, A. 40, 93, 232, 804. + Quenche, C. 4. + Quere, where, A. 65. + Query, A. 803. + Quest, C. 39. + Queþer-so-euer, whether-so-ever, A. 606. + Quikken, C. 471. + Quo, who, A. 747. + Quo-so, who-so, B. 1647; C. 5. + Quos, whose, B. 1648. + Quoynt, wise, A. 889; B. 160, 871; curious, B. 1459. See _Quayntyse_. + Quoyntis, clothing, B. 54. “_Quoyntyse_, yn gay floryschynge, or other + lyke. Virilia.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Quoyntyse, device, C. 39. See _Quayntyse_. + {Quyk, Quik,} quick, living (_pl._ _quykeȝ_, A. 1179; B. 567), B. 324. + Quyl, while, B. 627. + Quyte, requite, reward, A. 595; B. 1632. + Quyte, white, A. 220, 842, 844. + + Raas = rase, rese, way, course, A. 1167. A.S. _ræs_, way, course, + race. Sw. _resa_. + Rac, storm, vapour, B. 433. N.Prov.E. _rack_, driving clouds, clouds + driven along by the wind. + “A _rak_ and a royde wynde rose in her saile.” --(T. B. 1984) + Rachche, proceed, go, B. 619. A.S. _ræcan_, to reach, extend. O.H.G. + _rechen_. N.Prov.E. _ratch_, stretch. Perhaps _rachche_ is a + softened form of _rayke_ (Icel. _reika_, to go), to go. S.Sax. + _ruchen_. + Rad, frightened, B. 1543. Sw. _raedd_, afraid. N.Prov.E. _rade_. + “In a _rad_ haste.” --(T. B. 917.) + “Vn-to the gryselyche gost Syr Gauane is gone, + And rayket to hit in a res, for he was neuyr _radde_; + _Rad_ was he neuyr ȝette, quoso ryȝte redus.” + --(The Anturs of Arther, p. 5; ix. 8, 9.) + Radde, advised, C. 406 (_pret._ of _rede_, to advise). See _Rede_. + Radly, readily, quickly. A.S. _rád_, ready, quick; _rádlice_, + speedily. + “The sight of þat semely sanke in hir herte, + And rauysshed hir _radly_ þe rest of hir sawle.” --(T. B. 462) + Raft, bereft, took, (_pret._ of _reve_), B. 1142, 1431; taken, + B. 1739. See _Reue_. + Rak, C. 176. See _Rac_. + Rakel, hasty, rash, C. 526. N.Prov.E. _rackle_. + Rakente, chain (?), C. 188. A.S. _raccenta_. + Rakke, C. 139. See _Rac_. + Ramelande, fetid, filthy, C. 279. Prov.E. _ram_, fetid; _rammely_, + tall, rank; _ramel_, rubbish, dirt. + Randeȝ, paths, borders, A. 105. A.S. _rand_, _rond_, a border, rim, + edge. + Rank, strong, severe, B. 233. Fris. _rank_, long-grown, rank. Dan. + _rank_, upright. See T. B. 1392, 1879. + Ranker, rancour, B. 756. + Rape, blow, B. 233. Sw. _rapp_. + Rapely, quickly, A. 363, 1168. O.E. _rape_, haste. O.N. _rápa_, + cursitare. In T. B. rape = to hasten (818). + Rasch, A. 1167. + Rasp, B. 1545, 1724. + Rasse, summit, top, B. 446. N.Prov.E. _raise_, a mound, cairn. O.N. + _reysa_. + Ratted, rent, ragged, B. 144; from O.E. _ratte_, to tear, rend. + N.Prov.E. _rats_, pieces, fragments. Fris. _rite_, tear, pull. + “Thane the Romayns relevyde that are ware rebuykkyde, + And alle _to-rattys_ oure mene with theire risté horsses.” + --(Morte Arthure, E. E. T. S. 2235.) + {Rauþe, Rawþe,} = ruth, pity, sorrow, A. 858; B. 233, 972; mercy, + C. 21. + Raue, A. 363, 665. + Rauen, B. 455. + Rauyste, ravished, A. 1088. + Rawe, row, “vpon a _rawe_,” in a row, in order, A. 545. + Raweȝ, rows, borders, A. 105. + Raw-sylk, B. 790. + Raxled, roused up, A. 1174. A.S. _ræscian_, to shake, rustle. O.N. + _ruska_. Sc. _rax_, to stretch. + Ray, A. 160. + Raykande, going, flowing, A. 112; B. 382. + Rayke, go, B. 465, 671; C. 89. O.N. _reka_. N.Prov.E. _rake_, to go + about. + Raynande, raining, B. 382. + Rayn-ryfte, rain-fissure, B. 368. + Raysoun, reason, cause, A. 268; C. 191. + {Raȝt, Raȝte,} afforded, extended (_pret._ of _rache_), B. 561, 766, + 1691. See _Rachche_. + Reame, realm, B. 1316. + Rebaude, ribald, B. 873. Fr. _ribald_, from O.H.G. _hrúpa_, + a prostitute. (Burguy.) + Rebel, B. 455. + Rebounde, B. 422. + Rebuke, A. 367. + Recen, tell, A. 827. A.S. _recan_. + Reche, reach, extend, B. 10, 1369. + {Rech, Reche,} reck, care, A. 333; B. 465. A.S. _récan_. + Reche = reke, smoke, B. 1009. A.S. _reác_. + Recorde, _sb._ A. 831; _vb._ B. 25. + Recoverer, recovery, B. 394. + Rede, _vb._ to counsel, advise, B. 1346; explain, B. 1578. A.S. + _rædan_. + {Redles, Redeles,} without counsel, uncertain, fearful, B. 1197; + C. 502. + Refete, feed, refresh, A. 88; C. 20. + Reflayr, smell, A. 46; odour, B. 1079. Fr. _flairer_, to smell. Prov. + Fr. _flairar_, to smell, sniff. + Refrayne, B. 756. + Reget, A. 1064. + Regretted, A. 243. + Regioun, A. 1178; B. 760, 964. + Rehayte, cheer, B. 127. O.Fr. _rehaiter._ + Reiatéȝ, kingdoms, royalties, A. 769. O.Fr. _reiauté_ = _reialté_, + royalty. + Reken, beautiful, A. 5, 906; joyous, A. 92; merry, B. 1082; pious, + B. 10, 738; wise, B. 756. See Wright’s Lyrical Poems, p. 27. A.S. + _recan_. O.S. _recon_, to order, direct. Pl. D. _reken_, right, + straight, orderly. + Rekenly, nobly, princely, B. 127, 1318. + Rekken up, B. 2. + Relande, reeling, C. 270. + Rele, reel, roll, C. 147. + {Reles, Relece,} cessation, A. 956; B. 760. + Releue, C. 323. + Relusaunt, shining, A. 159. O.Fr. _reluire_, to shine. + Relygioun, B. 7, 1156. + Relyke, B. 1156, 1269. + Reme, realm, A. 448, 735. + Reme, lament, cry, A. 858, 1181; C. 502. A.S. _hreman_. + Remembre, C. 326. + Remnaunt, remainder, A. 1160; B. 433. + Remorde, grieved, A. 364. + {Remue, Remwe,} remove, A. 427, 899; B. 646, 1673. + Renay, reject, forsake, B. 105; C. 344. + {Renge, Rengne,} reign, B. 328, 1321. + Rengneȝ, courses, B. 527. A.S. _ryne_, course. + Renischche, foreign, strange, B. 96. See _Runische_. + {Renk, Renke,} a man, originally a warrior, B. 7, 96, 766, 969. A.S. + _rinc_. O.N. _reckr_. + Renne, run, B. 527, 1392. + Renoun, A. 986, 1182. + Renowleȝ, renews, A. 1080. + Renyschly, fiercely, B. 1724. See _Runische_. + Reparde, kept back, A. 611. + Repayre, _vb._ A. 1028. + Repente, A. 662. + Repreue, reprove, A. 544. + Requeste, A. 281. + Rere, rise, B. 366, 423; C. 188; raise, B. 873; proceed, A. 160. + Rert, if not _rered_, raised = _ert_, powerful, A. 591. Cf. _ertid_. + T. B. 2641, 4841. + Res, onset, assault, B. 1782. See _Raas_. + Reset, resting place, seat, abode, A. 1067. + {Resonabele, Resounable,} A. 523; B. 724. + Resoun, A. 665, 716; B. 1633. + Respecte, “in respecte of,” A. 84. + Respyt, A. 644. + Resse, “on resse,” in course, A. 874. See _Raas_. + Restay, keep back, restrain, A. 716, 1168. + Restleȝ = restless, unceasing, B. 527. + Restore, A. 659; B. 1705. + Retrete, treat of, A. 92. + Reue, bereave, C. 487. A.S. _refian_, _reafian_. O.Fris. _râva_. + Reuel, B. 1369. + Reuer, river, A. 105. + {Reuerence, Reverens,} B. 10, 1318. + Rewarde, A. 604. + Rewfully, sorrowfully, A. 1181. + Rewled, ruled, ordered, B. 294. + Reynyeȝ, reins, B. 592. + Reȝtful, rightful, B. 724. + Rial, royal, B. 1082. + Rialté, royalty, B. 1321. + Ridlande, dropping (as out of a sieve), oozing, B. 953. A.S. + _hriddel_, a sieve; _hridrian_, to sift. + Riboudrye, ribaldry, B. 184. + Rigge, back, C. 379. A.S. _hrycg_. + Rifteȝ, pieces, fragments, B. 964. + Ring = rink, man, B. 592. See _Renk_. + Robbor, B. 1269. + Roborrye, B. 184. + Roche, rock, B. 537. + Rode, cross, A. 705; C. 96. + Rok, crowd, throng, B. 1514. Sc. _rok_. O.Sw. _rok_, cumulus. + Rollande, curly, waving, B. 790. + Rome = roam, go, C. 52. + Romy, roar, howl, B. 1543. A.S. _reomian_, to cry out. O.E. _rome_. + Sc. _rame_. Sw. _raama_. + Ronk = rank, fine, A. 844; bold, A. 1167; C. 490; bad, B. 455, 760; + full grown, B. 869; _sb._ boldness, C. 298. + Ronkly, fiercely, C. 431. + Rop, rope, C. 150. + Rop, gut, intestine, C. 270. N.Prov.E. _ropps_, the guts. A.S. + _roppas_, the bowels, entrails, the _raps_. Cf. A.S. _rop_-weorc, + the colic. + “Huervore he (the liar) is ase the gamelos (chameleon), thet + leveth by the eyr, and naȝt ne heth ine his _roppes_ bote wynd, + and heth ech manere colour, thet ne heth non (of) his oȝen.” + --(The Ayenbite of Inwyt, E. E. T. S. p. 62.) + Rore, roar, cry, B. 390, 1543. + Rose, praise, B. 1371. Sc. _ruse_. Sw. _rosa_. Dan. _rose_, to praise. + {Rot, Rote,} root, A. 26. + Rote, _sb._ rot, decay, B. 1079. + Rote, lyre of seven strings, B. 1082. O.H.G. _hrotta_. M.H.G. _rotte_. + W. _crwth_. Eng. _crowd_. + Roþeled, prepared, B. 59; rushed, hastened, B. 890. A.S. _hrathian_, + to be quick. Or from Welsh _rhuthr_, a sudden gust, onset, assault. + Lanc. _rhute_, passion. Sc. _ruther_, uproar. + Roþer, rudder, B. 419. + Roþun, rush, B. 1009. See _Roþeled_. + Roum, room, B. 96. + Roun = rune, discourse, C. 514. A.S. _rún_, a letter, character, + mystery, council, conversation. + Rourde, sound, A. 112. A.S. _reord_, _reard_, speech, language. + Route, snore, C. 186. Fr. _router_. O.N. _rauta_, to roar, bellow. + “Dormiendo sonare, Anglice to _rowtyn_.” + --(MS. Bibl. Reg. 12 B. i. f. 88.) + Rownande, murmuring, A. 112. + Rowned, sounded, C. 64. A.S. _rúnian_, to whisper. + Rowtande, rushing, B. 354. “A _routond_ rayn,” T. B. 1986. + Rowte, company, band, host, B. 969, 1197, 1782. + Rowwe, row, C. 216. + Royl, royal, B. 790. + {Roȝ, Roȝe,} rough, B. 382, 1724; C. 139, 147; roughness, B. 1545; + C. 144. + Roȝly, roughly, B. 433. Is it an error for _rwly_, sorrowful? + Roȝt, cared for (_pret._ of _reche_), C. 460. + Ruchen, fettle, set in order, C. 101. M.H.G. _rechen_. O.S. _recon_. + A.S. _recan_, to order, direct. + “(He) _riches_ him radly to ride and remowis his ost.” + --(K. Alex. p. 172.) + “[The king] Ricchis his reynys.” --(T. B. 1231.) + Ruddon, light, literally redness, B. 893. O.N. _rodna_, rubescere, + erubescere; _rodi_, rubor, rubigo. Prov.E. _roaded_, _rody_, + streaked. + Rudnyng, ? lightning, C. 139. See _Ruddon_. + Rueled, rushed, B. 953. O.N. _hrolla_. Dan. _rulle_. + Ruful, sorrowful, pitiful, A. 916. + Runnen (_p.p._ of _rinne_), run, A. 26, 874. + Runisch, strange, B. 1545. A.S. _rénisc_, hidden; from _rún_, + a mystery. + Runyschly, fiercely, roughly, C. 191. _Renisch_ or _runisch_, + signifies not only strange but fierce, rough. N.Prov.E. _rennish_, + _rinnish_, furious. + “Than has sire Dary dedeyne and derfely he lokes; + Rysys him up _renysche_ and reȝt in his sete.” + --(K. Alex. p. 100.) + Rurd, cry, noise, B. 390; C. 64. A.S. _reord_. + Ruþe, arouse, B. 895, 1208. See _Roþeled_. + Ruyt, hasten, endeavour, C. 216. Fris. _rite_, to pull. + Rwe, to pity, C. 176, 502; _vb. impers._ _rwe_, repent, B. 290, 561. + A.S. _hreówan_, to rue, repent, grieve; _hreówian_, to be sorry for. + Rwly = ruly, sorrowfully, piteously, B. 390; C. 96. + Ryal, royal, A. 160; B. 786. + Ryally, royally, A. 987; B. 812. + Rybaude, ribald, C. 96. + Rybe, ruby, A. 1007. + Ryche, kingdom, A. 601, 722. A.S. _ríce_. + Ryche, rich, A. 770. + Rydelande, drifting, C. 254. See _Ridlande_. + Rydelles, without counsel, uncertain, B. 969. See _Redeles_. + Ryf = rife, abundant, plentiful, A. 770, 844. A.S. _ryf_, frequent. + O.N. _rifr_. + “Forþi he hight (promised) þam giftes _riif_, + Þat suld bring David of his liif; + In feild and tun, in frith and felle, + Saul soght David for to quelle.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43a.) + {Ryg, Ryge,} rain, torrent, shower, B. 354, 382. O.N. _hregg_. A.S. + _racu_. N.Prov.E. _rag_. + Ryngande, ringing, B. 1082. + Rynk, man, C. 216. See _Renk_. + Rypande, searching, trying, B. 592. O.E. _rype_, to probe, plunder. + A.S. _rypan_; N.Prov.E. to investigate. + “Now if ye have suspowse to Gille or to me, + Com and _rype_ oure howse, and then may ye se who had hir.” + --(Town. Myst. p. 112.) + See State Papers, i. 295. + Rysed, rose, B. 1778. + Ryth, a hound, mastiff, B. 1543. A.S. _riththa_, a mastiff. + Ryȝt, right, A. 622. + Ryȝtwys, righteous, right, A. 675; C. 490. + Ryȝtwysly, aright, A. 709. + + {Sacrafyce, Sacrefyce,} B. 510, 1447; C. 239. + {Sad, Sade, Sadde,} sad, staid, solemn, A. 211, 887; B. 595; long, + B. 1286; bitter, B. 525. + Sadele, saddle, B. 1213. + Sadly, soundly, heavily, C. 442. + Saf, safe, secure, A. 672. + Saf, save, except, B. 1749. + {Saffer, Safyre,} sapphire, A. 1002; B. 1469. + Sage, B. 1576. + Saghe = saw, word, A. 226. See _Saw_. + Sake, fault, A. 800; C. 84. A.S. _sacu_. + Sakerfyse, sacrifice, A. 1064; B. 507. + Sakleȝ = sakeless, innocent, faultless, B. 716. Sc. _sackless_. O.N. + _saklaus_, innocent. See _Sake_. + Sakred, hallowed, B. 1139. + Sale, hall, palace, B. 120, 1260, 1722. A.S. _sal_. T. B. 1657. + Samen, _adv._ together, at once, A. 518; B. 400, 468; _adj._ B. 985. + O.N. _saman_. + Samen, to consort with, B. 870. A.S. _samnian_, to assemble, collect. + Samne, assemble, B. 53. + Samned, assembled, B. 126, 361. + Samnes (_imp._ of _samne_), C. 385. + Sample, example, A. 499; B. 1326. + Sapyence, wisdom, B. 1626. + Sardiner, sardine stone, B. 1469. + Sardonyse, sardonyx, A. 1006. + Sarre (_comp._ of _sare_), sorer, more painful, B. 1195; _superl._ + _sarrest_, B. 1078. + Sattle, settle, C. 409. N.Prov.E. _sattle_. + {Sau, Saue,} = saw, word, B. 1545. + Sauce, B. 823. + Saudan, sultan, B. 1323. + {Saule, Sawle,} soul, A. 461; B. 290; C. 325. + Saundyuer, sandever, glass-gall, B. 1036. + Sauter, psalter, A. 677. + Sauteray, psaltery, B. 1516. + Saue, A. 666. + Sauer, _vb._ savour, B. 825. + Sauerly, savourly, sweet, A. 226. + {Sauor, Savour,} B. 510, 995, 1447; C. 275. + Sauyté, safety, B. 489. + {Saw, Sawe,} word, A. 278; B. 109. A.S. _sagu_. + Sayde = sadde, stedfast, B. 470. + Saym, fat, grease, C. 275. Prov.E. _saim_, seam, lard. W. _saim_. + Sayned, blessed, B. 746. A.S. _senian_. Ger. _segnen_, to bless. + “Swa sal I _saine_ þe in lif mine, + Sic benedicam te in vita mea, + And sal lift mi handes in name thine, + Et in nomine tuo levabo manus meas.” --(Psalm lxii. 5.) + Saynt, A. 835. + {Saȝ, Saȝe,} word, B. 1599, 1737. See _Saw_. + Saȝ, saw, A. 1021. + {Saȝt, Saȝte,} reconciliation, A. 1201; _adj._ at peace, A. 52. A.S. + _saht_, peace; _saht_, reconciled; _sahtlian_, to reconcile. + Saȝtled, appeased, reconciled, B. 230, 1139. + Saȝtled, settled, restored, B. 445; became calm, C. 232. + Saȝtlyng, reconciliation, peace, B. 490, 1795. + Saȝttel, to be calm, patient, C. 529. + Scale, A. 1005. + Scape, escape, B. 62, 529, 928; C. 155. + Scarre = scare, _vb._ be frightened, B. 598, 838; scatter, B. 1784. + N.Prov.E. _skair_, wild, timid. S.Sax. _skerren_, to terrify. + Scaþe, harm, ruin, wrong, sin, B. 21, 196, 569, 600, 1148. + Scaþe, to break, destroy, B. 1776. A.S. _scethan_, to injure, hurt, + harm. _Sceththe_, injury, loss, guilt. + Scaþel, dangerous, C. 155. Goth. _skathuls_. O.H.G. _scadhal_, + hurtful. + “Lokez the contree be clere the corners are large: + Discoveres now sekerly skrogges and other, + That no _skathelle_ (hurtful thing) in the skroggez skorne us + here-aftyre; + Loke ȝe skyfte it so that no _skathe_ lympe.” + --(Morte Arthure, pp. 137-8.) + Ascalphus, a _skathel_ duke, T. B. 4067. + Scelt, spread, served (?), B. 827. + Schad, descended, B. 1690. + Schadowed, shaded, A. 42. + Schaftes, beams, rays, A. 982; C. 455. A.S. _sceaft_, dart, arrow. + “(He) had on a mitre + Was forged all of fyne gold, and fret fulle of perrils, + Stiȝt staffulle of stanes that straȝt out bemes + As it ware schemerand _schaftis_ of the schire sonne.” + --(K. Alex. p. 53.) + {Schalk, Schalkke,} man, fellow, B. 762, 1029; C. 476. A.S. _scealc_, + a warrior, serving man. Goth. _skalks_. O.S. _scalc_. O.N. _skálkr_. + Schape, devise, form, C. 247; endeavour, B. 762; happen, C. 160. A.S. + _scapan_, to appoint, shape, create. O.N. _skapa_. + Schauen, shaven, scraped, B. 1134. + Schawe, show, B. 1599. + {Schawe, Schaȝe,} grove, thicket, wood, A. 284; C. 452. Prov.E. + _scow_, _shaw_. O.N. _skógr_, Dan. _skov_, a wood. + Schede, depart, A. 411. + Scheldeȝ, shields (of a boar), B. 58. + Schende, ruin, destroy, B. 519. A.S. _scendan_, to confound, shame, + destroy. + Schended, accursed, C. 246. + Schene = sheen, _sb._ bright, beautiful, A. 166, 965; brightness, + C. 440; _adj._ A. 203, 1145; B. 1076, 1310. A.S. _sceone_, + beautiful; _scine_, splendour. + {Schent, Schente,} destroyed, A. 668; B. 1029; ruined, B. 47, 580. + Schep, sheep, A. 801. + Schepon, stall, stable, B. 1076. A.S. _scypen_. + Schere, divide, separate, A. 107; purify, A. 165. A.S. _scéran_, to + divide. + Schet, shut, C. 452. + Schin, shall, B. 1435. See “Liber Cure Cocorum,” p. 29, l. 29. + “For in a slac thou shalle be slayn, + Seche ferlès _schyn_ falle!” + --(The Anturs of Arther, p. 12, xxiii. 13.) + Schome, shame, B. 1115. + Schomely, shamefully, C. 128. + Schonied, shunned, B. 1101. + Schor, shower, B. 227. + Schore, shore, A. 230. + Schorne (gold), purified, refined, A. 213. See _Schere_. + Schortly, quickly, hastily, B. 519, 600. + Schowte, shout, A. 877. + Schowue, shove, B. 44, 1029, 1740. + Schrewe, a wicked person, a wretch, B. 186; C. 77. + Schrewedschyp, wickedness, B. 580. + Schrowde, clothing, B. 47, 170. A.S. _scrúd_, garment, shroud. + Schrylle = shrill, clear, A. 80. + Schulder, shoulder, B. 981, 1690. + Schunt = aside, aslant, B. 605. O.E. _shunt_, to slip aside, withdraw. + A.S. _scunian_, to shun. Du. _schuins_, slope, slant. + “He schodirde and schrenkys and _shontes_ bott lyttille.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 354.) + “ȝa werpes tham up (the ȝates) quoth + the wee, and wide open settes, + If at ȝe schap ȝow to _schount_ unschent + of oure handes.” --(K. Alex. p. 73.) + Schylde, to shield, A. 965; C. 440. + Schyldere, shoulder, A. 214. + Schym, bright, A. 1077. A.S. _scima_, a brightness. M.H.G. _schîm_. + A.S. _sciman_, to glitter, shine. See T. B. 4974. + Schymeryng, _sb._ brightness, A. 80. A.S. _scimrian_, to shine. Du. + _schémeren_, to dazzle. Sw. _skimra_, to glitter. + Schyn, shall, B. 1810. See _Schin_. + Schynde, shone, A. 80. + {Schyr, Schyre,} brightly, A. 28; bright, beautiful, A. 42, 284; + B. 553, 605, 1278; bare, B. 1690. Comp. _schyrrer_, A. 982. A.S. + _scír_, _sheer_, pure, clear, bright. See T. B. 1269. + Sclade = slade, valley, green plain, A. 1148. A.S. _slæd_. + Sclaȝt, slaughter, B. 56. + Scoghe, scoff, or perhaps perverseness, backsliding, A. 610. A.S. + _sceoh_, askew, perverse. + Scole, cup, B. 1145. O.N. _skál_. Dan. _skaal_. + Scolere, scholar, B. 1554. + Scomfyt, to discomfit, B. 1784. + Scope, scoop, C. 155. + {Scorn, Scorne,} _vb._ B. 709; _sb._ B. 827. + Scoumfit, discomfited, B. 151. + Scowte-wach, sentinel, guard, B. 838. + “Thane the price mene prekes and proves theire horsez, + Satilles to the cete appone sere halfes; + Enserches the subbarbes sadly thare-aftyre, + And skyrmys a lyttille; + Skayres thaire skottefers + And theire _skowtte-waches_.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 206.) + Scoymous, particular, scrupulous, fearful, B. 21, 1148. + Scrof, rough, B. 1546. + Scrypture, writing, B. 1546. + Scue. See _Skewe_. + Scylle, wit, B. 151. It signifies also reason, cause. O.N. _skil_. + Scylful, wise, B. 1148. + {Sech, Seche,} seek, A. 354; B. 29, 420. + Seele, joy, happiness, C. 242. A.S. _sél_, good, excellent. Cf. + _unsell_, T. B. 1961. + Sege, seat, C. 93. Fr. _siége_. + Sege, siege, B. 1185. + {Segg, Segge,} a man, servant, B. 93, 398, 549, 681. A.S. _secg_, + a man, literally a messenger, speaker; from _secgan_, to say. + Segge, say, B. 621. + Segh, saw, A. 790. + Sekke, sack, C. 382. + Selconth, a marvel, B. 1274. A.S. _sel-cúth_ = _seld-cúth_, rare, + seldom known. + Selden, seldom, A. 380. A.S. _seldan_. + Sele, happiness, bliss, C. 5. See _Seele_. + Selepe = slep, slept, C. 186. + Self, very, A. 1046; same, B. 1769. + Selly, a marvel, C. 140; wonderfully, C. 353. A.S. _séllíc_, _síllíc_, + worthy, wonderful; _séllíce_, wonderfully. + “For thou has samned, as men sais, a _selly_ noimbre + Of wrichis and wirlinges out of the west endis, + Of laddis and of losengers and of litille thevys.” + --(K. Alex. p. 59.) + See T. B. 1544. + Sely, fortunate, blessed, happy, A. 659; B. 490. See _Seele_. + Sem, seam, B. 555. + Semblaunt, appearance, cheer, A. 211, 1143; B. 131, 640. + Semblé, assembly, B. 126. + Sembled, assembled, C. 177. + Seme, seemly, A. 190; B. 549, 1810. O.Sw. _sæma_. Dan. _sömme_, to be + fitting, bear one’s self becomingly. O.N. _sæmr_, seemly. + Seme, to be fitting, become, B. 793. + Semed, A. 760. + {Semely, Semly, Semlych,} seemly, beautiful, A. 34, 789; B. 209, 1442. + Comp. _sem-loker_, B. 868. + Sengeley, ever, constantly, A. 8. A.S. _singallíce_, perpetually. + {Ser, Sere,} diverse, various, separate, B. 358; _ser kynde_, B. 507; + _sere course_, B. 1418; _ser wyse_, C. 12. + Serelych, severally, separately, C. 193. + Sergaunt, a royal servant, a squire, B. 109. + Serges, wax tapers, B. 1489. Lat. _cerea_. + Seriaunte, sergeant, C. 385. See _Sergaunt_. + Serkyndeȝ, diverse kinds, B. 336. + Serlypeȝ, diverse, different, separate, A. 994. + Sermoun, discourse, speech, A. 1185. + Sertain, certainly, A. 685. + Seruage, bondage, B. 1257. + Seruaunt, A. 699; B. 631. + Serue, avail, A. 331. + Serue, deserve, A. 553; B. 1115. + Seruyse, B. 1152, 1401. + Sese, cease, B. 523; _seseȝ_, let cease, C. 391. + Sesoune, season, B. 523. + {Sessed, Sesed,} took possession of, A. 417; B. 1313. + {Sete, Seete,} sat, A. 161; B. 1171. _pl._ _seten_, B. 1763. + Sete, seat, C. 24. + Seþe = seethe, boil, B. 631. + {Seue, Seve,} = sewe, sew, a kind of pottage, B. 108, 825. + Sewer, the officer who set and removed the dishes, tasted them, etc., + B. 639. + Sewrté, surety, C. 58. + Sexte, sixth, A. 1007. + Seyed, passed, B. 353. + “_Seyet_ furth with sory chere.” --(T. B. 2512.) + Seysoun, season, A. 39. + Seȝ, saw, A. 158, 531, 698; B. 209. + Side-borde, B. 1398. + Siue, sieve, B. 226. + Skarmoch, fight, skirmish, B. 1186. + Skaþe, harm, danger, sin, B. 151, 598, 1186. See _Scaþe_. + Skele, dish, B. 1405. + Skelt, scattered, spread, B. 1186, 1206. O.E. _skale_, to scatter. + N.Prov.E. _scale_, to spread. See Hall, Richard III. f. 15. A.S. + _scylan_, to separate, divide; _pret._ _scel_. + “Skairen out skoute wacche for _skeltyng_ of harme.” + --(T. B. 1089, 6042.) + Skelt, hasten, run, B. 1554. Sw. _skala_, to scamper, scour. + Skete, quick, sudden, B. 1186; quickly, C. 195. See T. B. 13672. O.N. + _skjótt_. + Skewe, sky, cloud, B. 1206, 1759. Sw. _sky_, a cloud. A.S. _scúa_, + a shadow. + Skowte, look, search, B. 483. See T. B. 1089. + Skoymous, B. 598. See _Scoymous_. + Skwe, sky, B. 483. + Skyfte, devise, order, ordain, A. 569. A.S. _scyftan_. + Skyfte, shift, change, B. 709. Sw. _skifta_. + Skyg, scrupulous, careful, B. 21. Sw. _skygg_, shy. N.Prov.E. _sky_, + to shun. + {Skyl, Skyle,} reason, wit, A. 312; _by skylle_, rightly, reasonably, + A. 674; ordinance, B. 709; meaning, B. 1554. See _Scylle_. + Skylleȝ, doubts, A. 54. + Skylly, device, purpose, B. 529. + Skyly, excuse, B. 62. + Skyre = shire = sheer, clear, B. 1776. See _Schyre_. + Skyrme, screams (?), B. 483. + “Scho gaffe _skirmande_ skrikes at all the skowis range.” + --(K. Alex. p. 176.) + Or does it here signify to look about, like Prov.E. skime? O.N. + _Skima_, to look about. + Skyualde, ordained, manifested, B. 529. Prof. Child suggests Somerset, + _scaffle_, scramble, scuffle. See _Skyfte_. + Slade, valley, A. 141. + Slake, absolve (lit. to loosen), A. 942. A.S. _sleacian_, to slacken. + Slauþe, sloth, B. 178. + Slaȝt, slaughter, A. 801. + Slaȝte, stroke, A. 59; C. 192. A.S. _slagan_, to strike, beat, kill. + Sleke, assuage, lessen, B. 708. See _Slake_. + Slente = slant, a slope, declivity, A. 141. Sw. _slinta_, to slip. + Slep, slept, C. 466. + Sloberande, slobbering, drivelling, C. 186. _Slobber_ is evidently + formed from _slob_, _slab_, in the same way as _blubber_ is formed + from _blob_, _blab_, a drop. Cf. “_Slobur_ or _blobur_, of fysshe + and other like Burbulum.” (Prompt. Parv.) O.E. _slab_. Prov.E. + _slob_, thick, slimy. Ir. _slaib_, mud, ooze. O.N. _sluppra_. Dan. + _slubbre_, to sip, sup. Du. _slubberen_, to hang loose and slack. + Slode, slid, A. 59. + Sloghe, slow, C. 466. + Sloue, slew, B. 1264. + Sloumbe, slumber, C. 186, 466. N.Prov.E. _sloomy_, dronish, slow; + _sloum_, _sloom_, slumber. O.E. _slome_, _sleme_, to sleep. A.S. + _sluma_, a slumber. O.N. _slæmi_. Cf. the modern phrase, “to slumber + and sleep.” + “(Sire Telomew) cairys into a cabayne, quare the kyng ligges, + Fand him _slomande_ and on slepe, and sleely him rayses.” + --(K. Alex. p. 176.) + Slow, slew, B. 1221. + Sluchched, muddy, dirty, C. 341. Prov.E. _slutch_, mud; _slotch_, + a sloven; _slotching_, slovenly. + Slyde, fall, C. 466. + “And _slydyn_ uppon slepe by slomeryng of age.” --(T. B. 6.) + Slyke, slide, slip. O.N. _slikja_, to make smooth. See _Atslyke_. + Slyp, stroke, blow, B. 1264. + Slyppe, go, glide, make off, slip away, B. 985; fall, C. 186. A.S. + _slipan_. + Slyppe, escape, B. 1785. Sw. _slippa_, to escape. + Slyȝt, slight, A. 190. + Slyȝt, wisdom, B. 1289; device, C. 130. O.E. _sleghe_, _sleȝe_, wise. + O.N. _slægr_. + Smach, scent, smell, B. 461, 1019. A.S. _smæc_. Prov.E. _smatch_, + flavour. + Smachande, smelling, savouring, B. 955. + Smartly, quickly, B. 711. + Smod, stain, filth, B. 711. Sc. _smot_, _smad_. O.Sw. _smuts_, spot, + stain. Dan. _smuds_, dirty. Pl. D. _smuddern_, to dirty. + Smolderande, smouldering, smothering, B. 955. + Smolt, be at peace, quiet, B. 732. A.S. _smolt_, serene, clear. + Prov.E. _molt_-water, clear exudation; _smolt_, smooth, clear. + See _Smelt_, T. B. 1669. + Smolt{es}; so in MS., but ? an error for smolt{e} = smelt, B. 461. + “A smoke _smulte_ through his nase.” --(T. B. 911.) + Smoþe, smooth, A. 6. + Smoþely, quietly, B. 732. + Smylt, decayed (?), B. 226. Sw. _multna_, to moulder. Dan. _smuldre_, + to crumble, moulder. + Snaw, snow, B. 222. + Soberly, quietly, A. 256; courteously, decently, B. 117, 799, 1497. + See T. B. 248. + Sobre, gentle, A. 532. + Sodanly, suddenly, A. 1098; B. 1769. + Soerly, an error for _Soberly_, B. 117. + Soffer, suffer, A. 940. + Soffraunce, forbearance, C. 417. + Soghe, sow, C. 67. + Soghe, moan, C. 391. A.S. _swógan_, _swégan_, to make a noise, howl. + O.S. _suôgan_. + Sok, _sb._ suck, C. 391. + Sokored, succoured, C. 261. + Solace, A. 130; B. 870, 1080. + Solased, B. 131. + {Solemne, Solempne,} B. 1171, 1447; C. 239. + Solempnely, B. 37. + {Solemneté, Solempneté,} B. 1313, 1678, 1757. + {Solie, Soly,} throne, B. 1171, 1678. A.S. _sylla_, a chair; _salo_, + a hall, palace. + Somere, B. 1686. + {Sommoun, Somone,} _vb._ B. 1498; _sb._ summons, A. 1098. + Sonde, sand, C. 341. + Sonde = sande, message, word, A. 943; messenger, B. 53, 781. A.S. + _sánd_. + Sondeȝ-mon, messenger, B. 469. + Sone, soon, B. 461. + {Sonet, Sonete,} B. 1415, 1516. + Songen, _pl._ sang, B. 1763. + Sope, sup, B. 108. + Soper, supper, B. 107, 829, 997, 1763. + {Sor, Sore,} sorrow, A. 130; C. 242, 507; _adv._ sorely, A. 550; + B. 290. + Sorewe, sorrow, B. 778. + Sorquydryȝe = surquedrie, presumption, arrogance, conceit, A. 309. + Sorsers, sorcerers, B. 1579. + Sorsory, sorcery, B. 1576. + Sorte, lot, C. 193. + {Sorȝ, Sorȝe,} sorrow, A. 352; B. 75, 563, 1080. + {Soth, Soþe,} true, truth, A. 482, 653; B. 515; _soþes_, truths, + B. 1598. A.S. _sóth_. + Soþefast, faithful, B. 1491. + Sothfol, truthful, A. 498. + {Soþly, Soþely,} truly, B. 299, 654, 657. + Sotte, fool, sot, B. 581; C. 501. A.S. _sot_. See T. B. 1961. + Sotyle, subtle, A. 1050. + Soufre, sulphur, B. 954. + Soumme, company, C. 509. + Soun, sound, word, A. 532; C. 429; to sound, B. 973, 1670. + Sounande, sounding, A. 883. + Souped, supped, B. 833. + Sour, bad, vile, B. 192. Cf. “Soory or defowlyd yn _sowr_ or filth. + Cenosus.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Souȝed, sobbed, sighed, C. 140. See T. B. 342. Prov.E. _sugh_, _sow_, + _suff_, to murmur. O.Sc. _swouch_, a noise, sound. A.S. _swoeg_, + a noise; _swógan_, to sound, howl. Du. _zwoegen_, to pant, puff. + Souerayn, B. 93, 552. + Soyle, soil, earth, B. 1039, 1387; C. 443. + Soȝt, sought, A. 518, 730; _soȝt to_, reached, B. 510, 563; made for, + C. 249; endeavoured, B. 1286. + Spak, quickly, C. 104; _spakest_, boldest, C. 169. + Spakk, spake, A. 938. + Spakly, certainly, surely, quickly, B. 755; C. 338. + Spare, spar, C. 104, 338. Sw. _sparre_. O.H.G. _sparro_. + Sparred, spurred, rushed, A. 1169. + Spec, speck, B. 551. + {Special, Specyal,} A. 235, 938; B. 1492. + Sped, help, B. 1607. + Spede, prosper, B. 511; hasten, B. 551. + Spedly, quickly, B. 1729. + Sped-whyle, a short space of time, a moment, B. 1285. + Speke, spoke, B. 1220. + Spelle, tell, relate, A. 793. + Spelle, speech, A. 363. A.S. _spell_. + Spenned, folded, A. 49. O.N. _spenna_. A.S. _spannan_. + Spenned, allured, enticed away, A. 53. A.S. _spanan_. N.Prov.E. + _span_, to wean from. + Spiritually, B. 1492. + Spitous, fell, abominable, B. 845. + Spitously, fiercely, angrily, B. 1220. + Sponne = spun, grew, A. 35. + Spornande, rushing, dashing, A. 363. O.E. _sporn_, _spurn_, to dash. + A.S. _spurnan_. + “Now aithir stoure on ther stedis, + _Spurnes_ out spakly with speris in hand.” --(K. Alex. p. 27.) + Spot, blemish, A. 12, 764. + Spote, place, spot, A. 13; B. 551. + Spotleȝ, spotless, pure, A. 856. + Spotty, to defile, A. 1070. + Spoyle, B. 1285, 1774. + {Sprad, Spradde,} spread (_pret._ of _sprede_), B. 1607; C. 365. + Sprange, sprung, A. 13. + Sprawlyng, B. 408. + Sprete = sprit (as in bow-sprit), C. 104. A.S. _sprit_. + Sprude = spread, fasten, C. 104. + Spryngande, springing, A. 35. + Spuniande = spinnande, sticky, cleaving, B. 1038. _Pynnand_ occurs in + this sense in the Northern Romance of Alexander, p. 142. + “Than vmbyclappis thaim a cloude and covirs all ovir, + As any _pynnand_ pik (pitch) the planets it hidis.” + Spure = spere, ask, inquire of, B. 1606. Sc. _speer_. A.S. _spirian_. + See T. B. 823. + Sputen = spouted, uttered, B. 845. + Sput = spat, vomited, C. 338. + {Spyce, Spyse,} A. 235, 938; _pl._ _spyseȝ_, A. 25, 35. + Spye, B. 780, 1774. + Spylt, destroyed, B. 1220. + Spyrakle, breath, spirit, B. 408. + Spysereȝ, spice-mongers, B. 1038. + Spyt, cruelty, A. 1138; vengeance, B. 755. + Spytously, B. 1285. See _Spitously_. + Stable, _adj._ A. 597; _vb._ B. 1334, 1652. + Stac (_pret._ of _steke_), closed, fastened, B. 439. See _Steke_. + {Stad, Stadde,} placed, fixed (_pret._ of _stede_), B. 806, 983, 1506. + Stage, state, A. 410. + Stal, seat, B. 1506. A.S. _stal_, _steal_. + Stale, step, degree, place, A. 1002. + Stalke, A. 152. + Stalle, place, fix, B. 1334. A.S. _stælan_. + Stalle, _vb._ bring, place, A. 188; B. 1184. + “Lia he (Jacob) _stalle_ until his bedd.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 22b.) + Stalworth, strong, B. 884; great, B. 983. + Stalworþest, bravest, B. 255. + Stamyn, threshold, B. 486. + Stanc, pool, B. 1018. N.Prov.E. _stank_. Gael. _stang_, a pool. + “_Stagnum_, a pounde, a _stanke_, a dam.” + --(MS. Harl. 2270, f. 181.) + Standen (_p.p._), stood, A. 519, 1148. + Stange, pool, B. 439. See _Stanc_. + Stape-fole, high, C. 122. + Stare, _vb._ A. 149; B. 389. + Stare, star, B. 583. + Stared, shone, B. 1506. + Staren (_3rd pers. pl. pres._), shine, A. 116. “_Staring_ stone,” + T. B. 3037. Cf. “_Staryng_, or schynyng as gaye thyngys. Rutilans.” + “_Staryñ_ or schynyñ and glyderyñ, niteo.” (Prompt. Parv.) + “Many _starand_ stanes strikes of thair helmes.” + --(K. Alex. p. 28.) + “As ai stremande sternes _stared_ alle thaire wedes.” + --(_Ibid._, p. 129.) + Start, A. 1159. + Statue, B. 995. + {Staue, Staw,} = stow, place, B. 352, 360, 480. + Stayre, shine, B. 1396. See _Staren_. + Stayre, ladder, C. 513. + Stayre, steep, high, A. 1022. A.S. _stígan_, to ascend; _stæger_, + a stair. O.E. _staire_, to ascend. + “A hundreth daies and a halfe he held be tha playnes, + Till he was comen till a cliffe, at to the cloudis semed, + That was so _staire_ and so stepe, the storé me tellis, + Miȝt ther no wee, bot with wynges, winne to the topp.” + --(K. Alex. p. 164, l. 4828.) + “With that _stairis_ he forth the stye that streȝt to the est.” + --(_Ibid._, 4834.) + Steke, fasten, shut up, close, B. 157, 352, 754, 884. N.Prov.E. + _steek_. A.S. _stician_, to stick in. O.N. _steckr_, a fold. + Stel, stole, B. 1203. + Stele, approach stealthily, B. 1778. A.S. _stélan_. + Stele, a step (of a ladder), C. 513. See _Stale_. + “This ilke laddre (that may to hevene leste) is charite, + The _stales_ gode theawis.” --(Poems of Wm. of Shoreham, p. 3.) + Stemme = stem, to stop, delay, B. 905. The same root occurs in + _stammer_, stumble, etc. Sw. _stämma_, to dam. + Stepe, step, B. 905. + {Stepe, Steppe,} bright, B. 583, 1396. S.Sax. _steap_, bright, + brilliant. “Stepe ene.” T. B. 3101. Cf. “eyen _stepe_.” Chaucer. + C. T. Prologue, l. 201. + Stere, direct, A. 623; rule, C. 27. + Sterne, star, A. 115; C. 207. O.N. _stjarna_. + Sterne (of a boat), C. 149. + Sterre, star, B. 1378. + Stewarde, B. 90. + Steuen, voice, A. 188; sound, A. 1125; B. 1203, 1402; noise, B. 1778; + command, B. 360, 463. A.S. _stefen_. + Stiffe, B. 983. + Stifly, firmly, B. 157. + Stik, fix, fasten, B. 157. See _Steke_. + Stille, dumb, B. 1523. + Stoffe, fill, B. 1184. See T. B. 2748. + Stoken, fastened, enclosed, shut (_p.p._ of _steke_), A. 1065; B. 360, + 1199, 1524. + “Sothe stories ben _stoken_ up & straught out of mind.” + --(T. B. 11.) + {Stokke, Stoke,} stocks, B. 46, 157. + Stonde, stand, B. 1490. + Stonde, blow, B. 1540. A.S. _stunian_, to beat, strike. O.E. _stund_, + to strike. + “Quat! wyns (wenis) þou I am a hund, + Wit þi stans me for to _stund_.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 42b.) + Stonen, _adj._ of stone, B. 995. + Ston-harde, fast, B. 884. + Store, a great (number), A. 847. + “A _store_ man of strength and of stuerne will.” --(T. B. 538.) + Stote, stand, stop still, A. 149. Dan. _stötte_, stay, support. + S.Sax. _stuten_, to stop. Sc. _stoit_, stumble. “_Stotyng_, + Titubatus.” (Prompt. Parv.) + “Anone to the forest they found (go), + There they _stoted_ a stound.” --(Sir Degrevant, 225.) + “Ffurth he stalkis a stye, by tha stille euys, + _Stotays_ at a hey strette, studyande hym one.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 290.) + “Than he _stotays_ for made, and alle his strenghe faylez.” + --(_Ibid._, p. 357.) + Stound, Stounde, a space of time, moment, A. 659; B. 1716; _in + stoundes_, at times, B. 1603. A.S. _stund_. + Stounde, blow, and hence sorrow, A. 20. See _Stonde_. + Stour, conflict; _bale-stour_, death pang, C. 426. Cf. _dede-stoure_, + death conflict. Hampole’s Pricke of Conscience, 1820, 5812. O.N. + _styr_. + “Son efter-ward, it was not lang, + Gain Saul þai gaf batail strang; + Þaa sarȝins þan þe king umsett, + In hard _stur_ þai samen mett; + Ful snaip it was þair, _stur_ and snelle, + The folk al fled of Israel.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43b.) + Stout, firm, stable, A. 779, 935; brave, B. 1184. + Stowed, placed, B. 113. + Stowned, troubled, astonished, C. 73. A.S. _stunian_. + Strake, struck up, sounded, B. 1402. + Strate, street, A. 1043. + Straunge, strange, B. 409. + Stray, A. 1173; B. 1199. See T. B. 6258. + Strayne, strain, A. 128; labour, A. 691; pain, B. 1540; trouble, + C. 234. + Strayt, B. 880, 1199. + {Strech, Streche,} stretch, A. 843, 971; B. 905. + Stremande, shining, A. 115. See extract under the word _Staren_. + Strenkle, scatter, B. 307. + Strenþe, strength, B. 1155, 1430. + Streny, strain, toil, labour, A. 551. + Streȝt, strait, A. 691; C. 234. Cf. streght, T. B. 351. + Stronde = strand, stream, river, A. 152; C. 254, 311. + “Midward þat land a wel springes, + Þat rennes out wit four _strandes_, + Fflummes farand in fer landes.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7b.) + “Quen thai war passed over _strand_, + And raght apon þe toiþer land, + Witte yee þat þai war ful gladd.” --(_Ibid._, fol. 46a.) + Strot = strut, contest, chiding, A. 353, 848. + “O pride bicums unbuxumnes, + Strif and _strutt_ and frawardnes.” + --(The Seven Deadly Sins, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.) + Stroþe, bold, fierce (?), A. 115. + Strye, destroy, B. 307, 1768; _stryed_, B. 1018. + Stryf, A. 248. + Stryke, pass, go, A. 1125. A.S. _strican_. + Strynde = strond, stream, C. 311. + Stryuande, striving, C. 311. + Stud = stede, place, B. 389, 1334. + Sturnen, strong, B. 1402. + {Styf, Styffe,} strong, A. 779; C. 234; _styfest_, strongest, B. 255. + Styfly, fast, firmly, B. 352, 1652. + Styke = stryke, walk, go (?), A. 1186. + Stykked, fixed, placed, B. 583. See _Steke_. + Stylle, secret, A. 20; B. 589, 706; quiet, B. 1203; quietly, B. 486. + See T. B. 1778. + “State from þe slyth kyng _styllé_ by night.” --(T. B. 988.) + Stylle, secretly, B. 806, 1778. + Styngande, stinging, B. 225. + Stynkande, stinking, B. 1018. + Stynst, a mistake for stynt, stop, A. 353. + Stynt, stop, B. 225, 381, 1261; stopped, C. 73. A.S. _stintan_. + Styry, stir, move, B. 403, 1720. + Stysteȝ = stynteȝ, stops, B. 359. + Styȝe, path, C. 402. A.S. _stíg_. + Styȝe, ascend, climb, B. 389. A.S. _stígan_, to ascend. + Styȝtle, place, order, fix, B. 90; C. 402. A.S. _stihtan_, to arrange, + dispose. See T. B. 1997. + “Unstithe for to stire or _stightill_ the Realme.” --(T. B. 117.) + Sued, followed, B. 681. + {Suffer, Suffre,} A. 554. + Suffraunce, endurance, patience, C. 3, 529. + Suffyse, A. 135. + {Sulp, Sulpe,} defile, pollute, B. 15, 550, 1130, 1135. O.E. _sulwe_, + to defile, soil. M.H.D. _be-sulwen_. O.N. _söla_, to pollute. Prov. + Ger. _sulpern_, unclean, to defile. The word _sulp_ (_solp_) occurs + in the Romance of K. Alexander, ed. Stevenson, but the editor + renders it “_to swallow_”! + “Oure inward enmys ilkane we inwardly drepis, + That is to say alle the sin, at _solp_ may ȝe (the ?) saule.” + --(K. Alex. p. 146.) + Sulpande, defiling, A. 726. + Sumkyn, of some kind, A. 619. + Sumoun, to summon, A. 539. + Sum quat, some sort of, B. 627. + Sum-while, formerly, C. 57. + Sunderlupes, severally, C. 12. + Suppe, B. 108; C. 151. + Supplantor, A. 440. + Sure, A. 1089. + Sum, one, “_al & sum_,” one and all, A. 584. + Surely, B. 1643; C. 315. + Sustnaunce, B. 340. + Sute (?) A. 203, 1108. + Sve = sue, follow, go after, A. 976. + Swalt, died, A. 816, 1160. See T. B. 1200, 4687. See _Swelt_. + Swaneȝ, swans, B. 58. + Swange (_pret._ of _swenge_ or _swinge_), toiled, worked, A. 586. A.S. + _swingan_, to dash, to labour. + Swange, flowed, A. 1059. + Swangeande, flowing, rushing, A. 111. See T. B. 13024. + Swap, blow, B. 222. A.S. _swipian_. O.N. _svipa_, to shake. O.E. + _swepe_, _swappe_, to beat. See T. B. 1889. + “He swynges out with a swerd and _swappis_ him to dethe.” + --(K. Alex. p. 38.) + “With a swinge of his sworde _swappit_ hym in þe fase.” + --(T. B. 1271.) + Sware, square, A. 837; B. 1386. + Sware, answer, A. 240; B. 1415. O.N. _svara_. See T. B. 1200. + Swarme, B. 223. + Swart, black, C. 363. + {Swat, Swatte,} sweated (_pret._ of _swete_), A. 586, 829. + Swayf, blow, literally, a sudden movement. See _Swayue_. + “Than Alexander . . . . . + Swythe swyngis out his swerde and his _swayfe_ feches, + The nolle of Nicollas, the kyng, he fra the nebb partis.” + --(K. Alex. p. 28.) + Swayne, swain, servant, B. 1509. + Swayue, swims. T. B. 2358. Dan. _swæve_, to wave, move, flutter. + Swe, follow, A. 892; ran, B. 956. + Sweande, flowing, B. 420. + Sweft, swift, C. 108. + Swelme, heat, C. 3. A.S. _swell_, a burning; _swélan_, to burn, + _sweal_. + “[He] lete asauage, or he sware (spoke), the _swelme_ of his + angirs.” --(K. Alex. p. 21.) + Swelt, die, perish, B. 108; C. 427; destroy, B. 332. A.S. _sweltan_. + O.N. _svelta_. + Swemande (_pres. part._ of _sweme_), afflicting, B. 563. A.S. _swima_, + a stupor. S.Sax. _sweamen_, to grieve, vex. + “Whan this was seide, his hert began to melt + For veray _sweme_ of this _swemeful_ tale.” + --(Lydgate’s Minor Poems, p. 38.) + “Sum swalt in a _swym_ with outen sware more.” --(T. B. 1200.) + Sweng, _sb._ toil, labour, A. 575. A.S. _sweng_, a stroke, blow. See + _Swange_. See T. B. 1271. + Swenge, hasten, rush, dash out, B. 109, 667; C. 108, 250, 253. + “He _swynges_ out with a swerd and swappis him to dethe.” + --(K. Alex. p. 33.) + A.S. _swingan_, to swing, dash. + Swepe, glide, A. 111; hasten, B. 1509. See T. B. 342. O.E. _swippe_, + to pass quickly. O.N. _svip_, a rapid movement; _svipa_, to whip, do + quickly, turn. + Swepe, to seize, C. 341. A.S. _swipian_, to take by violence. + Swer, swore, B. 69, 667. + Swete, life; _to lose the swete_ = to die, C. 364. _Swete_ may here + signify _sweet_, the word _life_ being understood. + “And alle at lent ware on loft loste ther the _swete_.” + --(K. Alex. p. 105.) + “---- the brande es myne awene + Many swayne, with the swynge [struck], has the _swete_ levede.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 281.) + “All the kene mene of kampe, knyghtes and other, + Killyd are colde dede and castyne over burdez + Theire swyers sweyftly has the _swete_ levyde.” + --(_Ibid._ p. 309.) + Swetter, sweeter, C. 236. + Sweuen, dream, A. 62. A.S. _swefen_. + Swey, go, walk, B. 788; came, C. 429. See T. B. 2512. O.N. _sweigia_. + Dan. _sveje_, to bend. N.Prov.E. _swey_, to swing; _sweigh_, to + press. See _Sve_. + Sweyed, swayed, C. 151. + Sweȝe, go, C. 72; drove, C. 236. + Swolȝe, swallow, C. 250, 363; kill, B. 1268. + Swone, swoon, A. 1180. A.S. _aswunan_. + Swowed, swooned, C. 442. S.Sax. _swowen_, to swoon. + Swyed = sweyed, followed, B. 87. + Swyere, squire, B. 87, + Swypped, escaped, B. 1253. See _Swepe_. + Swyre, neck, B. 1744. A.S. _sweora_. + Swyþe, firm, strong, A. 354; C. 236; great, B. 1283; very, B. 816; + many, B. 1299; quickly, A. 1059; B. 354; greatly, B. 987. A.S. + _swíth_, strong, great; _swíthe_, very, greatly. + Swyþe, burn, scorch, C. 478 (_pret._ _swath_). N.Prov.E. _swither_, to + singe; _swidden_, to scorch. O.N. _svítha_. + “Mi Gode, als whele set þam, + Als stubble bi-fore wind lickam + Als fire that brennes wode swa; + Als lowe _swiþand_ hilles ma.” --(Ps. lxxxii. 15.) + Syence, B. 1454, 1599. + Syfle, blow, C. 470. _Syfle_ sometimes signifies to _whistle_. It may + he connected with the Prov.E. _suffe_, to pant, blow. A.S. + _siofian_, mourn, lament. + Sykande, sighing, B. 715. A.S. _sycan_, to sigh. + Syked, sighed, C. 382. + Sykerly, surely, C. 301. O.Fris. _sikur_. Ger. _sicher_, sure. + Syle, to glide, go, proceed, B. 131. See T. B. 364, 1307. Prov.E. + _sile_, to go. O.N. _síla_. + “With that the segge all himselfe _silis_ to his chambre.” + --(K. Alex. p. 5.) + See T. B. 364. + Sylueren, silver, B. 1406. + Symbale, B. 1415. + Symple, A. 1134; B. 746. + Sympelnesse, A. 909. + Syn, since, C. 218. + Syngne, sign, B. 489, 1710. + Synglerty, singularity, singleness, A. 429. + Synglure, uniqueness, A. 8. + Syngnetteȝ, signets, A. 838. + Synne, after, B. 229. + Syre, lord, B. 1260. + {Syt, Syte,} sorrow, sin, B. 566, 1257; C. 5, 517. O.N. _sút_. + “Jacob wen he was mast in _siit_, + God lighted him witouten _liit_.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.) + “This tre in forbot haf I laid, + If þou sa bald be it to bite, + Þou sal be ded in sorou and _site_, + And if þou haldes mi forbot, + Þou sal be laverd ouer ilk crot.” --(_Ibid._ fol. 52b.) + Syþe, time, A. 1079; B. 1169, 1417, 1686. A.S. _sith_. + Syþen, afterwards, A. 13, 643, 1207; B. 998; since, A. 245. + Sytole, citole, guitar, A. 91. + {Syȝ, Syȝe,} saw, A. 308, 788, 985; B. 985. + {Syȝt, Syȝte,} sight, A. 226; B. 552, 1710. + + Ta, take, arrest, C. 78. “Ta me,” take, arrest me. Tatȝ, take, B. 735. + (Cf. O.E. _ma_ = make.) + Tabarde, coat. It sometimes signifies a short coat or mantle, B. 41. + Fr. _tabar_. Ital. _tabaro_. + Tabelment, A. 994. + Taborne, tabour, B. 1414. + Tached, fixed, fastened, A. 464. + Takel, C. 233. + Tale, tale, message, B. 1437. + Talent, will, pleasure, C. 416. See T. B. 464. + Talle = tuly (?), B. 48. + Tan, taken, B. 763. + Tatȝ, take, B. 735. See _Ta_. + Tayt, agreeable, lively, B. 871. O.N. _teitr_. + “The laddes were kaske and _teyte_.” --(Havelok the Dane, 1841.) + “Ther mouhte men se the boles beyte, + And the bores with hundes _teyte_.” --(_Ibid._ 2331.) + Tayt, fear, B. 889. + “Brynges furthe, [as] sayd the boke, bestes out of noumbre, + And trottes on toward Tyre with _taite_ at thaire hertes.” + --(K. Alex. p. 42.) + Teche, teach, B. 160. + Teche, mark, sign, B. 1049. + Teche, fault, B. 1230; device, B. 943. Fr. _tache_. + Tede, an error for _tene_ = ten (?), B. 1634. + Tee, go, B. 9, 1262; C. 87. + “Let hym _tegh_ to þe tempull.” + --(T. B. 2541.) + A.S. _teon_. Cf. _teght_, T. B. 1786. + Telde, tent, B. 866. A.S. _teld_. + Telded, raised, B. 1342. See T. B. 6075. + Telle, raise, excite, B. 1808. Du. _tillen_, to lift up. + Teme, approach, A. 460; B. 9; C. 316. See T. B. 3306. It seems to be + connected with the A.S. _geteman_, to bear witness; _teama_, to + cite, summon. In Laȝamon _teman_ signifies to go, proceed, approach, + vol. i. p. 53, l. 1245. + “Albion hatte that lond; + Ah leode ne beoth thar nane, + Ther to thu scalt _teman_ [wende] + & ane neowe Troye thar makian.” + Teme, team, C. 37. + Teme, theme, C. 358. + Tempest, C. 231. + Temple, A. 1062. + Tempre, moderate, B. 775. + Temptande, tempting, B. 283. + Tender, A. 412; B. 630. + Tene, _sb._ anger, sorrow, A. 332; B. 283, 687, 1137; C. 90; _adj._ + angry, B. 1808; _vb._ punish, B. 759. A.S. _teonan_, _tynan_, to + anger; _teona_, wrong, mischief. + Tenfully, sorrowfully, bitterly, B. 160. + Tenor, C. 358. + Tenoun, A. 993. + {Tent, Tente,} attend, care for, B. 676, 935; C. 59, 498; heed, + A. 387. + Terme, term, A. 1053; B. 1393. + Terne, lake, B. 1041. N.Prov.E. _tarn_. O.N. _tjörn_. + Teuel (or _tenel_ ?), enclose, or ? _undermine_, B. 1189. + Þacce, blow, C. 325. A.S. _thaccian_, to stroke. + Þayreȝ, theirs, B. 1527. + Þaȝ, though, A. 134. + Þede, country, A. 711. A.S. _theód_. + “I sett ȝowe ane ensample ȝe se it alle day, + In thorps and in many _thede_ ther ȝe thurȝe ride, + At ilka cote a kene curr, as he the chache walde, + Bot as bremely as he baies, he bitis never the faster.” + --(K. Alex. p. 62.) + Þede, vessel, B. 1717. Prov.E. _thead_, a strainer used in brewing. + “_Thede_, bruares instrument, qualus.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Þeder, thither, B. 461. + Þef, thief, A. 273. + Theme, A. 944; C. 358. + {Þen, Þenne,} than, A. 134. + Þenkande, thinking, C. 294. + Þerue, unleavened, B. 635. Prov.E. _therf_, _tharf_, _thar_. A.S. + _theorf_, _therf_. + Þester, darkness, B. 1775. A.S. _theostru_. See T. B. 2362. + Þewe, virtue, B. 1436; C. 30; ordinances, B. 544, 755. + Þewed, virtuous, B. 733. + Þewes, thieves, B. 1142. + Þikker, oftener, C. 6. + Þirled, pierced, B. 952. + Þo, the (_pl._), B. 635; those, A. 557. + Þole, suffer, A. 344; B. 190; C. 6. A.S. _thólian_, to suffer, endure. + Þonc, _sb._ thank, A. 901. + Þonkke, _vb._ thank, B. 745. + Þore, there, A. 562. + Þorpe, city, B. 1178. O.N. _thorp_. + Þorȝ, through. See _Þurȝ_. + Þoȝ, though, A. 345. + Þoȝt, seemed, A. 153; B. 562. + Þoȝt, imagination, B. 516. + Þrad, reproached, tormented, B. 751. A.S. _threagan_ (_pret. threáde_, + _p.p._ _thread_), to blame, vex, torment. + Þrange, pierce, A. 17. See _Þrenge_. + Þrast, stroke, thrust, B. 952. + Þrat, vexation, torment, C. 55. A.S. _threat_, threat; _threatian_, to + vex, distress. + Þratten (_3d pers. pl. pret._) threatened, B. 937. + Þrawe, to reach, B. 590. + Þrawen, close, thick, B. 1775. + Þrenge, press, crowd after, follow, B. 930; pass, C. 354. A.S. + _thringan_, to press, crowd, throng. O.N. _threnga_. + Þrep, contradiction, B. 350. N.Prov.E. _threap_, _threpe_, to dispute. + A.S. _threapian_, to reprove, chide. + “_Withoutyn threp_ more.” --(T. B. 1127.) + Þrepyng, _sb._ strife, B. 183. A.S. _threapung_. + {Þret, Þrete,} threaten, A. 561; B. 680, 1728. + Þretty, thirty, B. 751. + Þreuenest, wisest, noblest, B. 1571. + Þro, anger, B. 754; C. 6; angry, A. 344. N.Prov.E. _thro_, keen, + eager. O.N. _thrá_. + “Be þou noght in þi hert so _thra_.” --(MS. Harl. 4196. fol. 94.) + Cf. “his _throo_ hert,” T. B. 147. “A _throo_ (bold) knight.” + _Ib._ 1482. + Þro, good, A. 868. + Þro, sharply, quickly, B. 220. A.S. _threá_. + Þro, thoroughly, B. 1805. + Þroble, press, B. 879. + Þroly, fiercely, quickly, B. 180, 514. + “_Throly_ he thoght in his hert.” --(T. B. 209.) + {Þrong, Þronge,} _sb._ crowd, B. 135, 504, 754. + Þrongen (_3d pers. pl. pret._ of _thringe_), crowded, pressed, + B. 1775. + “Mony thoughtes full thro _thronge_ in hir brest.” --(T. B. 470.) + Þrublande, pressing, B. 504. See _Þroble_. + {Þrwen, Þrowen,} thrown, B. 220, 504. + Þrych, through, A. 17. O.Sc. _throuch_. + {Þryd, Þryde, Þrydde,} third, A. 833; B. 249, 300, 1639. + Þryeȝ, thrice, B. 429. + Þrynge, press, B. 180; follow, B. 1639. See _Þrenge_. + Þrynne, three, B. 606, 1727. + Þryuande, good, pure, B. 751. See T. B. 1482. + Þryue, prosper, thrive, B. 249; C. 521. + Þryuen, prudent, wise, A. 868, 1192; grown up, adult, B. 298; + _þryuenest_, wisest, noblest, B. 1639. + Þryȝt, thrust, pressed, thronged, A. 670, 706, 926; B. 135; Cf. + _thriccing_ of hondys. T. B. 1522. A.S. _thryccan_ (_pret._ + _thrycte_), to thrust, press, tread on. + Þurȝ, through, A. 670. + Þykke, closely, B. 504. + Þyȝe, thigh, B. 1687. + To, toe, C. 229. + To-cleues, separate, B. 1806. + To-corue (_3d pers. pl. pret._), slit, ript up, B. 1250. + Token, betoken, B. 1557. + To-kerue, divide, B. 1700. + {Tole, Tool,} tool, B. 1108, 1342. + {Tolk, Tolkke, Tulkke,} man, B. 687, 757. _Tolk_, like _segge_, + signified originally a speaker, an interpreter. O.N. _túlka_, to + explain, interpret; _túlkr_, an interpreter, a mediator. See + T. B. 63. + Tom, (1) leisure, A. 134; opportunity, B. 1153; interval, C. 135; + (2) time, A. 585. O.Sw. and O.N. _tóm_. “_Toom_ oportunitas.” + (Prompt. Parv.) + “Tharfore þis _tyme_ I may noght cum + Telle þi lord I haue no _tome_.” + --(MS. Harl, 4196, fol. 105.) + In T. B. 1088, we have _tomly_. + To-marred, spoilt, B. 1114. + To-murte, crushed to pieces, C. 150. See _murte_, T. B. 6128. + Tonne (or toune?), conceive, B. 655. + Top, head, C. 229. + Topace, topaz, B. 1469. + Tor, tower, A. 966. + Tor, hard, A. 1109. O.N. _tor_. Sans. _dus_, hard, difficult. Cf. O.E. + _torfer_, hardship, T. B. 81. + “But this tyme is so _tore_.” --(T. B. 645.) + {To-rente, To-rent,} rent asunder, A. 1136; B. 368; C. 96. + To-riuen, torn away, A. 1197. + Tormenttour, B. 154. + To-rof (_pret._ of _to-riue_), burst, B. 964; C. 379. + Torreȝ, towers, A. 875, + Toter, totter, C. 233. + Toteȝ = totȝ, toes; Cf. _gotȝ_ = goes, etc., B. 41. + To-torne, torn, B. 41. + Totȝ, goes, A. 513. Sw. _tota_. + Tour, tower, B. 216. + Tourneȝ = turns, devices, B. 192. + Tow, two, B. 866. + “_Two_ pyllers he pight in a place low.” --(T. B. 310.) + To-walten, overflowed (_3d pers. pl._), B. 428. + Towche, to relate, deliver a message, speak, A. 898; B. 1437. + “Litille kyngis there come . . . . . + _Touches_ titly thair tale and tribute him askis.” + --(K. Alex. p. 31.) + Towche, _sb._ touch, C. 252. + Towe, C. 100. + Towen, drawn, A. 251. + Toȝe, tough, B. 630. + Toȝt, firm, binding, A. 522. + Tra, high (?), B. 211, or (?) _tor_, great, difficult of access. + “This castel es o luve and grace, + Bath o socur and o solace, + Apon the mathe it standes traist; + O fede ne dredes it na fraist; + It is hei sett upon þe crag, + _Trai_ and hard wituten hag.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 55a.) + Tramme, tackle, gear? C. 101. In the northern Romance of Alexander, + p. 5, _tramme_ signifies an instrument (optical). + “He toke _trammes_ him with to tute (look) in the sternes.” + Tras = trace, path, course, A. 1113. “_Trace_, a streyght way, + _trace_.” (Palsg.) + Trasches = trauses or trossers, drawers or trousers? B. 40. + Trauayle, _sb._ labour, C. 505; _vb._ A. 550; C. 498. + Trave = trawe, believe, B. 587. + Trauerce = traverse, B. 1473. + {Traw, Trawe,} = trow, believe, suppose, A. 282, 295; B. 655, 1335, + 1686. See T. B. 298. + Trawande, believing, B. 662. + {Trawþe, Trauþe,} truth, A. 495; B. 63, 667; belief, 1490, 1703. + Trayled, B. 1473. + Traysoun, treason, B. 187. + {Trayþly, Trayþely,} certainly, surely? B. 907, 1137. If _trayþly_ be + derived from _trauth_, _truth_, the meaning here assigned to it may + be correct; but the sense of _fiercely_, _fearfully_, would suit the + context better. + Traytoure, B. 1041; C. 77. + Tre, wood, B. 1342. + Trendel, roll, A. 41. + Tres, yards (of a ship), C. 101. + {Tresor, Tresore,} treasure, A. 237, 331, B. 866. + Tresorye, treasury, B. 1317. + Trespas, B. 48. + Trespast, B. 1230. + Trestes, trestles, B. 832. + Trichcherye, treachery, B. 187. + Troched, ornamented? An architectural term of uncertain meaning, + B. 1383. + {Tron, Trone,} went (_pret._ of _tryne_), A. 1113; B. 132; C. 101. See + _Trynande_. + Trone, throne, A. 1055. + Trot, _sb._ pace, step, B. 976. + Trow, believe, B. 1049. + Trumpen, trumpets, B. 1402. + Trussed, deposited, B. 1317. See T. B. 1819. + Trwe, true, A. 460. + Tryed, select, trusty, B. 1317. O.E. _trie_, choice. See T. B. 695. + Tryfled = trayfoled, ornamented with knots, B. 1473. Fr. _treffilier_, + a chain maker. + Trynande, going, walking, B. 976. Dan. _trine_, to go. + “Than the traytoure treunted the Tyesday thar aftyre, + _Trynnys_ in with a trayne tresone to wirke.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 326.) + “The trays (path) of the traytoure he _trynys_ fulle evenne, + And turnys in be Treynte, the traytoure to seche.” + --(_Ibid._ p. 339.) + “They _tryne_ unto a tente whare tables whare raysede.” + --(_Ibid._ p. 267.) + Tryste, trusty, A. 460; _vb._ to trust, C. 324. + Trysty, trusty, B. 763. + Tryȝe, to trust in, rely upon, A. 311. N.Prov.E. _trigg_, firm, + faithful. Sw. _trygg_, safe, sure. + Tuch, cloth, B. 48. Ger. _tuch_. Cf. Eng. _tuck_ and _tucker_. + Tulkke, man, soldier, B. 1189, 1262. See _Tolk_. + “The Tothyr was a _Tulke_ out of Troy selfe.” --(T. B. 63.) + Tulket = tulked, sounded, B. 1414. The original meaning of _tulk_ is + to speak, explain (O.N. _túlka_), hence to utter, sound. + “The Tebies _tulked_ (addressed) us with tene (anger).” + --(K. Alex. p. 83.) + Tult, threw, pitched. B. 1213; C. 252. See _Tilt_, in T. B. 914, 3704. + A.S. _tealtian_, to tilt, shake. + Tuyred, destroyed, B. 1234. + Twayned, separated, A. 251. + Tweyne, two, B. 674, 1749. + Twynande, entwining, B. 1691. Sw. _twinna_, to twine. + Twynne, two, A. 251; B. 1047. + Twynne, separate, B. 402. + Tyd, quickly, B. 64, 1213; C. 100, 229. A.S. _tíd_, _tídlíce_. Sw. + _tida_, frequently. + Tyde, time, B. 1393. + Tykel, uncertain, B. 655. + Tylle, to, B. 1064. + Tymbre, B. 1414. “Tymbyr a lytyl taboure, timpanellum.” (Prompt. + Parv.) + Tylte, overturn, B. 832; tumble, C. 361. + “_Tylude_ ouer borde.” --(T. B. 3704.) + Tynde, branch, A. 78. A.S. _tine_. O.E. _tind_, a tine, tooth, prong, + fork. + Tyne, lose, A. 332; destroy, B. 775, 907. O.N. _tyna_. + Tynt, lost, B. 216. See T. B. 1208. + Type, overturn, C. 506. + Typped, extreme, C. 77. + Tyraunte, B. 943. + Tyrauntyré, tyranny, B. 187. + Tyrne, flay, B. 630. Du. _tornen_, to rend, rip up. + “And so thai did al bidene and sum oure douth sloȝe, + Tuke out the tuskis and the tethe, and _ternen_ of the skinnes.” + --(K. Alex. p. 140.) + Tyt, quickly, A. 728. N.Prov.E. _tite_, soon. Cf. _tytly_, T. B. 1094. + See _Tyd_. + Tyþe, tenth, B. 216. + Tyþynge, tiding, B. 458, 498; C. 78. + Tytter, sooner, C. 231. N.Prov.E. _titter_. See _Tyt_. + Tyxt, text, B. 1634; C. 37. + Tyȝed, tied, A. 464; B. 702. + {Tyȝt, Tyȝte,} described, A. 1053; give, B. 1153; endeavour, B. 1108; + near, A. 503. See T. B. 1358. A.S. _tihtan_, to draw. + + U = o = of, A. 792. + + {Vch, Vche, Vcha,} = ilk, ilka, each, every. A. 33, 117. + Vchon, each one, A. 546. + Vglokest (_superl._ of _vgly_), most horrid, dreadful, B. 892. See + _vgsome_, horrible, T. B. 877. + Vmbe, about, B. 879, 1384; C. 309. A.S. _ymbe_. + “Grete toures full toure all þe toune _vmbe_.” --(T. B. 320.) + Vmbe-brayde, accost, B. 1622. See _Brayde_. + Vmbe-grouen, overgrown, B. 488. + Vmbe-kest, look about, B. 478. + Vmbe-lyȝe, compass, surround, B. 836. + Vmbe-pyȝte, surrounded, A. 1052. + Vmbre, rain, B. 524. Cf. _ymur_, in T. B. 897. Lat. _imber_. + Vmbe-schon, shone about, C. 455. + {Vmbe-stounde, Vmbe-stoundes,} at times, sometimes, C. 7, 122. + Vmbe-sweyed, encircled, B. 1380. + Vmbe-walt, surrounded, B. 1181. + Vnavysed, unadvised, thoughtless, A. 292. + Vnblemyst, unblemished, A. 782. + Vn-brosten, unburst, B. 365. + Vnblyþe, dismal, B. 1017. + Vncheryst, uncherished, uncared for, B. 1125. + Vnclannesse, uncleanness. B. 30, 1800, 1806. + Vnclene, B. 550, 1713. + Vncler, indistinct, C. 307. + Vnclose, disclose, B. 26, 1438. + Vncortoyse, uncourteous, A. 303. + {Vncouþe, Vncowþe,} unknown, B. 414, 1600, 1722. + Vnder, the third hour of the day, A. 513. A.S. _undern_. Goth. + _undaurns_. + Vnder-nomen, understood, perceived, C. 213. + Vnder-stonde, understand, A. 941; C. 122. + Vnder-ȝede = under-ȝete, understood, B. 796. A.S. _undergitan_, to + perceive. + Vndyd, destroyed, B. 562. + Vnfayre, bad, B. 1801. + Vnfolde, B. 1563. + Vnfre, unfortunate, B. 1129. + Vngarnyst, unadorned, B. 137. + Vnglad, sorry, C. 63. + Vngoderly, bad, wicked, B. 145, 1092. + Vnhap, misfortune, B. 143, 1150; misery, B. 892. See T. B. 1402. + Vnhappen, unfortunate; and hence bad, B. 573. + Vnhaspe, disclose, B. 688. + Vnhole, badly, B. 1681. + Vnhonest, vile, B. 579. + Vnhuled, uncovered, B. 451. See _Hile_. + Vnhyde, disclose, A. 973. + Vnhyle, disclose, B. 1628. See _Hile_. + Vnknawen, unknown, B. 1679. + Vnkyndely, wickedly, B. 208. + Vnmard, undefiled, B. 867. + Vnmete, unmeet, unfit, A. 759. + Vnneuened, unnamed, B. 727. See _Neuen_. + Vnnynges, signs, C. 213. A.S. _unnan_, to give, grant, permit. + Vnpynne, to unpin, unfasten, A. 728. + Vnresounable, unreasonable, A. 590. + Vnryȝt, wrong, B. 1142. + Vnsmyten, B. 732. + Vnsounde, wicked, evil, bad, B. 575; C. 527; misfortune, wretched + state, C. 58. See T. B. 495. + Vnsoundely, badly, B. 201. See T. B. 1826. + Vnstered, unmoved, B. 706. + Vnstrayned, untroubled, A. 248. + Vnswolȝed, unhurt, B. 1253. See _Swolȝe_. + {Vnþank, Vnþonk,} wrath, displeasure, B. 183; C. 55. + Vnþewe, fault, vice, B. 190. See _Thewe_. + Vnþryfte, folly, wickedness, B. 516, 1728. + Vnþryftyly, unwisely, badly, B. 267. + Vnþryuandly = unthrivingly, badly, B. 135. See T. B. 4893. + Vntrwe, untrue, A. 897; B. 456; unfaithful, B. 1160. + Vntwynne, separate; and hence, destroy, B. 757. + Vnwar, foolish, C. 115. + Vnwaschen, unwashed, B. 34. + Vnwelcum, B. 49. + Vnworþelych, unworthy, B. 305. + Vnwytté, unwise, foolish, simple, C. 511. + Vpbrayde, literally to raise; and hence to utter loudly, rebuke, + C. 430. See _Brayde_. In the sense of to utter, speak, we find + _upbrayde_ used in the following passage. + “Again my brether haue I bene + Oft-sith lightly for to tene, + Wit flitt, wit brixil, strive and strut; + Myn euen cristen haue I hurt, + And oft unsaght o him I said, + And of his lastes (faults) gane upbraid.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 156.) + Vp-caste, spoken, B. 1574. + Vp-folden, up-folded, B. 643. + Vp-lyfte, uplifted, B. 987. + Vpon, open, B. 453. + Vp-rerde, upreared, B. 561. + Vp-ros, uprose, C. 378. + Vpryse, C. 433. + Vp-set, raised, C. 239. + Vp-so-doun, upside down, C. 362. + Vp-wafte, uprose, B. 949. + Vpynyoun, opinion, C. 40. + Vrnementes, ornaments, B. 1284. + Vrþe, earth, A. 442. + Vrþely, earthly, A. 135; B. 35. + Vsage, B. 710. + Vsched, B. 1393, _to vsched_ = ? _tousched_ = _towched_, approached. + See B. 1437. + Vse, B. 11. + {Vsle, Vslle,} ashes, cinders, B. 747, 1010. A.S. _ysle_, ashes. O.N. + _usli_, fire. “Isyl, of fyre. Favilla.” (Prompt. Parv.) Prov.E. + _isle_, _easle_, embers; _eizle_, ashes. + Vtter, out, B. 42; without, B. 927. + Vt-wyth, without, outside, A. 969. + Vus, us, B. 842. + Vȝten, the morning, dawn, B. 893. A.S. _uhta_. + “Hi sloȝen and fuȝten + Þe niȝt and þe _uȝten_.” --(K. Horn, 1424.) + + Vale, A. 127; B. 673. + Vanyté, B. 1713; C. 331. + Vanyste, vanished, B. 1548. + Vayle, avail, A. 912; B. 1151, 1311. + Vayment, exhibition, show, B. 1358. + Vayn, A. 811; B. 1358. + Vayned, brought, A. 249. See _Wayned_. + Venge, avenge, B. 199, 559; C. 71. + Vengeaunce, B. 247, 1013. + {Venkkyst, Venquyst,} vanquished, B. 544, 1071. + Venym, venom, filth, B. 574; C. 71. + {Veray, Verray,} true, A. 1184, 1185; truly, C. 333; very, C. 370. + Verayly, verily, B. 664, 1548. + Vered, veered, raised, A. 254. + Vergyne, virgin, A. 1099. + {Vergynté, Vergynyté,} virginity, A. 767; B. 1071. + Vertue, A. 1126. + Vertuous, precious, B. 1280. + Vessayl, vessel, B. 1713. + Vesselment, vessels, B. 1280, 1288. + Vesture, B. 1288. + Veued = weued, passed, A. 976. See _Weue_. + Vilanye, C. 71. + Vilté, filth, vileness, B. 199. O.Fr. _vilté_. + Violent, B. 1013. + Voched, prayed, A. 1121. Fr. _voucher_. + Vouche, resolve, B. 1358. + Vouched, vowed, C. 165. + Vowe, C. 239. + Voyde, do away with; B. 744; destroy, B. 1013; C. 370; depart, + B. 1548. + Vus, use, or ? drink, B. 1507. We may, however read, and thus preserve + the alliteration, _bus_ = _bous_ = _bouse_, to drink deeply. Du. + _buysen_. + Vycios, vicious, B. 574. + Vyf, wife, A. 772. + Vygour, 971. + Vyl, vile, evil, B. 744. + Vylanye, crime, sin, B. 544, 574. + Vyle, defile, B. 863. + Vyole, vial, B. 1280. + Vyolence, B. 1071. + Vyrgyn, A. 426. + {Vys, Vyse,} face, A. 254. O.Fr. _vis_. + Vyueȝ, wives, A. 785. + + Wach, watch, B. 1205. + Wade, A. 143, 1151. + Waft, closed, B. 857. A.S. _wefan_, _wæfan_, to cover. O.N. _vefa_. + Wafte, move, lift up, raise, B. 453 O.N. _veifa_, to raise, move, + swing. _Waft_, B. 857, in the sense of _closed_ may be of the same + origin with _wafte_. + Wage, endure, A. 416. + Wage, wave, B. 1484. A.S. _wágian_. + Wake, watch, B. 85; C. 130. A.S. _wæccan_. O.N. _vaka_. + Waken, raise, arouse, awake, A. 1171; B. 323, 437, 891, 933, 948; + C. 132; O.N. _vakna_. + “Wyndis at hir wille to _wakyn_ in the aire.” --(T. B. 404.) + Wakker (_comp._ of _wayke_), weaker B. 835. + {Wale, Walle,} _vb._ discern, A. 1000; choose, select, B. 921; C. 511; + _adj._ noble, choice, B. 1734. Sc. _wale_. See T. 386, 4716. Ger. + _wählen_, to choose, select. O.N. _val_, electio, optio, delectus. + “O mister was ther wimmen tuin, + Þat ledd þar liif wit sike and sin, + Ffor þai had husing nan to _wale_, + Þai lended in a littel scale.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 48a.) + “Of choys men syne, _walit_ by cut (lot), thai tuke + A gret numbyr, and hyd in bylgis dern.” + --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 72.) + “Awai þan drou him son Davi, + Bot Saul dred him mo forþi, + And of a thusand men o _wal_ (worth) + He made him ledder and marscal.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43a.) + “That worthy had a wyfe _walit_ hym seluon.” --(T. B. 105.) + Walkyries, witches, fate-readers, B. 1577. O.N. _valkyriur_; _f. pl._ + _Parcæ_. Dan. _valkyrier_. + Wallande, boiling, bubbling up, A. 365. A.S. _weallan_, to boil up. + Walle-heued = well-head, spring, B. 364. + {Walt, Walte,} rolled, turned, B. 501, 1734. Prov.E. _walt_, _welt_. + A.S. _wealtian_, to roll. O.N. _vella_. + “Hit _walt_ up the wilde se.” --(T. B. 4633.) + Walter, roll, flow, B. 415, 1027; C. 142. O.Sc. _welter_, _walter_. + Dan. _vælte_, to roll. See _Walt_. + Waltereȝ, an error for watterez = waters? C. 263. + Walterande, swimming, C. 247. + Walteȝ, pours, rushes, flows, B. 364, 1037. See _Walte_, T. B. 3699, + 4632. + Wame, belly. See _Wombe_. + Wamel, to wamble, C. 300. O.N. _vambla_. Dan. _vamle_, to wamble, to + create or cause a squeamishness or loathing. “_Wamelyn’_ in the + stomake. Nauseo.” “_Wamelynge_ of the stomake, Nausia.” (Prompt. + Parv.) + Wan (_pret._ of _wynne_), got, reached, A. 107; B. 140. + Wap, a step, C. 449. O.N. _vapp_. It is generally explained by a blow, + stroke, which was probably its original meaning. + “The werld wannes at a _wappe_ and the wedire gloumes.” + --(K. Alex. p. 141.) + “It (worldly wealth) wites away at a _wapp_, as the wynd turnes.” + --(_Ibid._ p. 181.) + See T. B. 207, 6405. + Wappe, to strike, knock, B. 882. + War, aware, A. 1096; crafty, B. 589. A.S. _wær_, wary. O.N. _var_. + {War, Ware,} guard, beware, B. 165, 545, 1133. A.S. _wárian_. + Warded, guarded, C. 258. A.S. _weardian_, to guard. + Ware, were, A. 151. + Warisch, protect, B. 921. + Warlaȝe, wizard, B. 1560. See _Warlow_. + Warlok, prison, C. 80. + Warlow, a monster, C. 258. A.S. _wér-loga_, a liar, a faith-breaker. + “Þe warlaȝ was wete of his wan atter.” --(T. B. 303.) + Warne, bid, C. 469. + Warnyng, _sb._ B. 1504. + {Warpe, Warpen,} cast, hurl, B. 444; ejaculate, utter, A. 879; B. 152, + 213. O.N. _varpa_. A.S. _weorpan_, to throw, cast. + Warþe, a water-ford, C. 339. A.S. _warth_, _waroth_, the shore. + Wary, curse, B. 513. A.S. _wærgian_, to curse. + Waryed, accursed, B. 1716. + Wassayl, B. 1508. + {Wast, Waste,} destroy, B. 326, 431, 1178. A.S. _wéstan_. + Wasturne, a wilderness, B. 1674. _Wasterne_ signifies a desert place, + from the A.S. _wéste_, desert, barren, and _ærn_, a place. + “Methoughte I was in a wode willed myne one, + That I ne wiste no waye whedire that I scholde, + Ffore wolueȝ and whilde swynne, swykkyde bestez, + Walkede in that _wasterne_ wathes to seche.” + --(Morte Arthure, p. 270.) + Wate = wot, know, A. 502. A.S. _witan_ (_Ic wát_, _þu wást_, _he + wát_). + Water, stream, A. 107, 139; river, B. 1380. + Wauleȝ, shelterless, from the A.S. _wáh_, a wall (?), C. 262. We + should perhaps read wanleȝ = wonleȝ, hopeless, from the A.S. _wén_. + O.N. _von_. O.E. _wone_, hope. + Wawe, wave, A. 287; B. 382; C. 142. A.S. _wæg_. + Wax, increase, B. 521. + Waxlokes, waves (?), B. 1037. + Wayferand, wayfaring, B. 79. + Waykned, weakened, B. 1422. O.N. _veikr_. A.S. _wác_, weak; _wácan_, + to become weak. + Wayle, select, choice, B. 1716. See _Wale_. + Waymot, passionate, C. 492. A.S. _weamod_. + Wayne, give, B. 1504; gain, recover, 1616, 1701. The original meaning + seems to be that of gaining, getting. O.Fr. _gaagnier_. In some O.E. + works _wayne_ is used like our word _get_. + “Than past up the proude quene into prevé chambre, + _Waynes_ (_i.e._ puts out her head) out at wyndow and waytes + aboute.” --(K. Alex. p. 33.) + Wayte, look into, search, B. 99; be careful, B. 292; look about, + B. 1423; inquire, B. 1552. See T. B. 876. “_Waytyn_ or _aspyyn_, + observo.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Waȝeȝes, _waȝes_, waves, B. 404. + “Girdon ouer the grym _waghes_.” --(T. B. 1410.) + See _Wawe_. + Webbe, cloth, A. 71. + Wedde, A. 772; B. 69. + Wedded wyf, B. 330. + Weddyng, A. 791. + {Wed, Wede,} garments, weeds, A. 748, 766; B. 793. A.S. _wæd_. + {Wed, Wede,} become mad, B. 1585. A.S. _wédan_, to rave, be mad. + Weder, storm, B. 444, 948. + Weder, weather, B. 1760. + Wela-wynnely, very joyfully, B. 831. A.S. _welig_, rich, bountiful; + _wyn_, pleasure, joy. + {Welcom, Welcum,} B. 813. + Welde, govern, rule, wield, B. 195, 835; use, employ, possess, B. 705, + 1351; C. 16. A.S. _wealdan_, rule, exercise, possess. + Welder, ruler, C. 129. + Wele, joy (_pl._ _weleȝ_), A. 14, 154, 394; B. 651; C. 262. A.S. + _wela_. + Welgest, worthiest, B. 1244. A.S. _welig_ (_welga_), rich, wealthy. + Welke, walked, A. 101. + Welkyn, welkin, the sky. A.S. _welcn_, _wolcen_. O.Sc. _walk_, + a cloud. + Welle-hedeȝ, springs, B. 428. + Welt, revolved, C. 115. See _Walter_. + Welwed, faded, C. 475. A.S. _wealwian_. + “The grond stud burrant, widderit dosk or gray, + Herbis, flowris and gersis _wallowyt_ away.” + --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 378.) + Wely, joyous, happy, A. 101. A.S. _welig_. + “_Welli_ make, Laverd, and noght ille, + To Syon in þi gode wille.” --(Ps. i. 20.) + “Þan was þar never suilk a hald, + Ne nan in _welier_ in werld to wald.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 55b.) + {Wem, Wemme,} spot, blemish, A. 1003. A.S. _wem_. + Wemleȝ, spotless, without blemish. + Wenche, woman, B. 974, 1250; concubine, B. 1716. A.S. _wencle_, a + maid. S.Sax. _wenchell_, a child. + Wende = wened, thought, A. 1148; C. 111. + Wene = ween, believe, A. 47; B. 821; C. 244. A.S. _wénan_. + Wene, doubt, A. 1141. + Weng, avenge, B. 201. + Wenyng, supposition, C. 115. + Wepande, weeping, C. 384. + Weppen, weapon, B. 835. + Wered, guarded, protected, C. 486. A.S. _weren_. Ger. _wehren_, + defend. + Werkeȝ, labours, B. 136. + Werp (_pret._ of _warp_), threw, B. 284. + Werre, war, B. 1178. + Wers, worse, B. 80. + Werte, root, herb, C. 478. A.S. _wyrt_. + Weryng, wearing, age, B. 1123. “_Weryn_ or wax olde, febyl, + veterasco.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Wesch, washed, A. 766. + Westernays, wrongly, A. 307. See Note on this word, p. 106. ? + wiþer-ways, wrong-wise. + Wete, wet, A. 761. + Weue, pass, A. 318. + Weued, cut off (?), B. 222. + Wex (_pret._ of _wax_), became, A. 538; B. 204. + Weȝe, weigh (anchor), C. 103; carry round, B. 1420, 1508. A.S. + _wegan_, to weigh, carry. + Weȝte, weight, B. 1734. + Wham, whom, A. 131. + Whateȝ = watȝ, was, A. 1041. + What-kyn, what kind of, B. 100. + Whichche = hutch, ark, B. 362. “_Hutche_ or _whyche_, cista, archa.” + (Prompt. Parv.) A.S. _hwæcca_. + Whyle, moment, B. 1620. + Wite, blame. See _Wyte_. + With-droȝ, withdrew, A. 658. + With-nay, refuse, deny, A. 916. + Wiȝt = wight, quickly, C. 103. See _Wyȝt_. + Wlate, to abhor, hate, detest, B. 305; to be disgusted at, B. 1501. + A.S. _wlættian_. + Wlatsum, hateful, abominable, B. 541. + {Wlonc, Wlonk,} beautiful, A. 122, 1171; B. 606, 793, 933; C. 486; + good, A. 903. A.S. _wlanc_. + {Wod, Wode,} mad, enraged, B. 204, 1558; foolish, B. 828; fierce, + strong, B. 364; C. 142. A.S. _wód_. + Wodbynde, woodbine, C. 446. + Wodder (_comp._ of _wode_), fiercer, rougher, C. 162. + Woghe, wrong, sin, A. 622. A.S. _woh_. + Wolde = walde, perform, do, A. 812. See _Welde_. + Wolde, would, A. 772. + Wolen, woollen, A. 731. + Wolle, wool, A. 844. + Wombe, belly, B. 462, 1250. + {Won, Wone,} _sb._ dwelling, abode, A. 32, 1049; B. 140, 928; woneȝ, + A. 917, 924; _vb._ to dwell, A. 404, 298; B. 875. A.S. _wunian_. + O.Fris. _wona_. + Won = wone, custom, usage, B. 720. A.S. _wune_. + Wonde, fear, hesitate, B. 855. A.S. _wandian_. + Wonde = wande, delay, cease, A. 153. + “[I wole] for no dethe _wonde_.” --(T. B. 591.) + “I wille noghte _wonde_ for no werre, + To wende whare me likes.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 292.) + “Sua did þis wiif I yow of redd, + Sco folud Joseph ai þar he fledd, + And for sco foluand fand a spurn, + Sco waited him wit a werr turn, + Hirself in godds gram and gilt, + And almast did him to be spilt; + How sco broght him to the fand (trial), + Fforth to telle wil I noght _waand_.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 25a.) + Wonder, _adj._ wonderful, A. 1095; B. 153. + Wonderly, wonderfully, B. 570; C. 384. + Woned = waned, decreased, B. 496. A.S. _wanian_, to decrease. + Wonen (_pret. pl._) got, B. 1777. + Wonne, pale, wan, C. 141. A.S. _wonn_, wan. + Wonne, got, A. 32. + Wonnen, begotten, B. 112. + Wonnyng, dwelling, B. 921. See _Won_. + Wont, be wanting, B. 739. + Wony, dwell, abide, live, A. 284; B. 431; C. 462. See _Won_. + Wonyande, dwelling, living, B. 293. + Wonys, dwells, A. 47. + Worche, _vb._ work, labour, A. 511. + Worcher = worker, maker, B. 1501. + Worchyp, honour, B. 1802. + Worded, spoken, uttered, C. 421. + Wore, were, A. 142, 232; B. 928. + Worme, reptile, B. 533. + Worre, weaker, literally, worse, B. 719. O.N. _verr_. Sw. _värre_. + O.Sc. _war_. O.E. _werr_, worse. + Worschyp, honour, A. 394. + Worteȝ, herbs, A. 42. See _Werte_. + Worþe, to be, C. 22. + {Worþely, Worþelych, Worþly, Worþlych, Worþyly,} worthy, A. 47, 846, + 1073; B. 471, 651, 1298, 1351; beautiful, C. 475. + Worþloker, more worthy (_comp._ of _worþelych_), C. 464. + {Wost, Woste,} knowest, A. 293, 411; B. 875. See _Wot_. + Wot, know, A. 47, 1107; C. 129. + Wote, knows, C. 397. + Woþe, hurt, harm, B. 855. This word occurs under the forms _quathe_, + _wathe_, and seems to be related to O.E. _qued_. Low Ger. _quat_, + bad. O.E. _wathe_, bad; _wathely_, badly. + “Ffor _woþe_ of þe worse.” --(T. B. 1223.) + Woþe, path, A. 151, 375. A.S. _wáth_, _wáthu_. O.E. _wathe_, a way, + path. See extract under the word _Wasturne_. + {Wowe, Woȝe,} wall, A. 1049; B. 832, 839, 1403, 1531. A.S. _wáh_. + “_Wowe_ or wal, murus.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Wrache, vengeance, B. 204, 229; C. 185. A.S. _wrec_, _wracu_. + Wrak (_pret._ of _wreke_), avenged, B. 570. + Wrake, vengeance, B. 213, 235, 718, 970, 1225. + Wrakful, angry, bitter, B. 302, 541. + Wrang, wrong, A. 15; B. 76; wrongly, A. 488, 631; bad, C. 384. + Wraste (_pret._ of _wreste_), raised, uplifted, B. 1166, 1403; thrust, + 1802; C. 80. + {Wrastel, Wrastle,} wrestle, B. 949; C. 141. + Wraþe, become angry, B. 230; C. 74; make angry, B. 719. + Wraȝte, wrought, A. 56. + Wrech = wrache, vengeance, B. 230. + {Wrech, Wreche, Wrechche,} wretch, B. 84, 828; C. 113. + Wrech, wretched, C. 258. A.S. _wrec_, wretched. With _wrech_ and + _wretched_, cf. _wik_ and _wikked_. + {Wrek, Wreke,} avenged, B. 198. + Wrenche, device, B. 292. A.S. _wrence_. + Wro, passage; literally, corner, A. 866. O.Sw. _wraa_. Dan. _vraa_. + Wroken, (_pret._ of _wreke_), banished, exiled, A. 375. A.S. _wrecan_, + to exile, banish. + Wrot (_pret._ of _wrote_), grubbed up, C. 467. A.S. _wrótan_, to turn + up with the snout; _wrót_, a snout. + “With wrathe he begynnus to _wrote_, + He ruskes vppe mony a rote + With tusshes of iij. fote.” --(Avowynge of Arthur, xii. 13.) + Wroþe, fierce, B. 1676. A.S. _wráth_, wroth, enraged. + Wroþeloker (_comp._ of _wroþely_), more fiercely, angrily, C. 132. + {Wroþely, Wroþly,} angrily, fiercely, B. 280, 949; C. 132. + Wroþer (_comp._ of _wroþe_), fiercer, C. 162. + {Wroȝt, Wroȝte,} wrought, worked, A. 525, 748. + Wruxeled, raised, B. 1381. _Wrixle_ = change, turn, occurs in T. B. + 445. + “Þis unwarnes of wit _wrixlis_ hys mynd.” + Wryst, B. 1535. + Wryt, B. 1552. + Wryþe, turn, A. 350, 488; wriggle, B. 533; toil, A. 511; bind, thrust, + C. 80. A.S. _writhan_, to writhe, bind, twist. “_Writhen_ like a + wilde eddur.” T. B. 4432. + Wunder, B. 1390. + Wunnen, won, B. 1305. + Wyche, B. 1577. + Wyche-crafte, B. 1560. + Wyddere, wither, C. 468. + Wydowande (_wyndowande_), withering, dry, B. 1048; _wyndowand_ = burnt + up. N.Prov.E. _winny_, to dry, burn up. + Wyke, member, part, B. 1690. O.N. _vik_. + {Wykke, Wyk,} wicked, B. 908, 1063. A.S. _wícan_, to become weak, to + yield. O.N. _víkia_. + {Wykket, Wyket,} wicket, gate, door, B. 501, 857. + {Wyl, Wylle,} wandering, C. 473; forlorn, B. 76. O.N. _villa_, error; + _villa_, to lead astray, beguile. Phrase, _wille o wan_, astray from + abode, uncertain where to go; _wil-sum_, _wil-ful_, lonely, + solitary, desert. + “So I _wilt_ in the wod.” --(T. B. 2359.) + “Adam went out ful _wille_ o wan.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7a.) + “All wery I wex and _wyle_ of my _gate_.” --(T. B. 2369.) + “Sone ware thay _willid_ fra the way the wod was so thick.” + --(K. Alex. p. 102.) + “Sorful bicom þat fals file (the devil) + And thoght how he moght man _bi-wille_; + Agains God wex he sa gril, + Þat alle his werk he wend to spil.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 5b.) + “His suns þat (we) of forwit melt, + Al þe werld bituix þam delt; + Asie to Sem, to Cham Affrik, + To Japhet Europ þat _wilful_ wike: + Al þer þre þai war ful rike.” --(_Ibid._ fol. 13a.) + Wyldren = wyldern (?), waste, wilderness, C. 297. A.S. _wild_, wild, + and _ærn_, a place (?). See _Wasturne_. + “In _wildrin_ land and in wastin, + I wil tham (the Israelites) bring of þair nocin; + Bot wel I wat he (Pharaoh) is ful thra, + Lath sal him think to let þam ga.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 33a.) + Wylsfully, wilfully, B. 268. + Wylger, wild, fierce, B. 375. See extract under the word _Note_. + Wylle, forlorn, B. 76. See _Wyl_. + Wylnes, apostacy, B. 231. + Wylneȝ, desirest (_2d pers. sing_ of _wylne_), A. 318. A.S. _wilnian_. + Wyly, curiously, craftily, B. 1452. A.S. _wile_, a device. + Wyndas, windlass, C. 103. + Wyndowe, B. 453. + Wynne, joyful, A. 154. A.S. _wyn_, pleasure, delight. + Wynne, obtain, get, A. 579; B. 617. A.S. _winnan_. See T. B. 1165. + Wynnelych, gracious, B. 1807, Cp. _wynly_ = dexterously, 1165. + Wyrde, fate, destiny, A. 249, 273; B. 1224. Sc. _wird_. A.S. _wyrd_. + Wyrle, flew, B. 475. + Wyschande, hoping for, wishing, A. 14. + Wyse, manner, A. 1095; _wyses_, B. 1805. + {Wyse, Wysse,} show, appear, A. 1135, B. 1564; direct, send out, + B. 453; instruct, C. 60. A.S. _wissian_. + {Wyst, Wyste,} knew, A. 376; B. 152. + Wyt, wisdom, B. 348; C. 129. + Wyt, know, learn, B. 1319, 1360. A.S. _witan_. + Wyte, blame, B. 76; C. 501. A.S. _wítian_. + Wyte, pass away (?), C. 397. A.S. _wítan_. + Wyter, true, truly, B. 1552. O.N. _vitr_, wise, prudent. + “& her ice wile shæwenn ȝaw + Summ þing to _witter_ tákenn.” --(Ormulum, vol. i. p. 115.) + “Ne þe nedder was noght bitter + Þan, þowf he was ever _witter_; + Ffor of alle, als sheus þe boke, + Mast he cuth o crafte and crok.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 5b.) + Wytered, informed, B. 1587. + Wyterly, truly, B. 171, 1567. Dan. _vitterlig_, known, manifest. + Wyþe, gentle, soft, C. 454. A.S. _wéthe_, soft, pleasant. + Wyþer, contrary, opposite, A. 230; adverse, hostile, C. 48. S.Sax. + _witherr_, adverse, evil. A.S. _witherian_, to oppose, resist. + Cf. _wetheruns_ = _wetherings_, enemies, T. B. 5048. + “Ga, _witherr_ gast, o bacch fra me.” --(Ormulum, vol. ii. p. 41.) + Wyþerly, fiercely, angrily, B. 198; C. 74. + Wyth-halde, withhold, B. 740. + Wythouten, without, A. 390. + Wytles, foolish, B. 1585; C. 113. + Wytte, meaning, B. 1630; wit, A. 294; _wytteȝ_, devices, B. 515. + {Wyȝ, Wyȝe,} person, being, A. 131, 579; B. 545. A.S. _wiga_, + a warrior, soldier; _wig_, war. + Wyȝt, quick, quickly, B. 617; C. 103. O.E. _wight_. Sw. _vig_, active. + Wyȝtly, quickly, B. 908. + “He waites vmbe hym _wightly_.” --(T. B. 876.) + + Ydropike, dropsical, B. 1096. + Yle, isle, A. 693. + Ylle, bad, evil, C. 8. + Ynde, blue, A. 1016; B. 1411. + “Þe toiþer heu neist (to grennes) for to find, + Es al o _bleu_, men cals it _ynd_.” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 53a.) + Yow, you, A. 287. + Yor, your, A. 761. + Yre, anger, B. 775, 1240. + Yþe, wave, B. 430; C. 147. A.S. _ythu_, a wave, flood. S.Sax. _uthe_. + “Þe roghe _yþes_.” --T. B. 1045. + Yȝe, eye (_pl._ _yȝen_), A. 254, 302. + + Ȝare = yare, plainly, accurately, A. 834. A.S. _gearo_, ready, + prepared, accurate. + Ȝark, _adj._ select, B. 652; prepare, B. 1708; _vb._ to grant, B. 758. + A.S. _gearcian_, to prepare, make ready. See T. B. 414. + Ȝarm, cry, B. 971. As the character ȝ in these poems always represents + _g_ or _gh_, _ȝarm_ is evidently not derived from the A.S. _cyrm_, + noise, retained in O.E. _charm_, a humming noise, the cry of birds, + etc., but is from the Welsh _garm_, shout, outcry; _garmio_, to set + up a cry, from which the A.S. _cyrm_, is itself derived. + Ȝate, gate, A. 1034. + Ȝe, ye, A. 381. + Ȝede (_pret._ of _go_), went, A. 526, 1049; B. 432. + Ȝederly, quickly, soon, B. 463. O.N. _gedugr_, exceedingly. The + adjective _ȝeder_ does not occur in the poems, but was not unknown + to O.E. literature. It occurs in the glossary to the Romance of King + Alexander, ed. Stevenson, but is left unexplained by the editor. + “Then bownes agayn the bald kyng, baldly he wepis, + That he so skitly suld skifte and fo his skars terme; + So did his princes, sais the profe, for pete of himselfe, + With _ȝedire_ ȝoskinges and ȝerre ȝette out to grete.” + (p. 172.) + “_Ȝedire ȝoskinges_ = great (frequent) sobbings.” + Ȝelde, yield, perform, B. 665. + Ȝellyng = yelling, outcry, B. 971. A.S. _geallian_, to yell. + “_Ȝellyn’_ or hydowsly cryin’, Vociferor.” (Prompt. Parv.) + Ȝeme, protect, guard, B. 1242, 1493. A.S. _géman_, to care for, take + care of. + Ȝemen, yeomen, A. 535. + Ȝender, yonder, B. 1617. + {Ȝep, Ȝepe,} quick, active, bold, B. 796, 881. A.S. _gæp_. + “So yonge & so _ȝepe_.” T. B. 357. + Ȝeply, quickly, B. 665, 1708. See T. B. 414. + {Ȝer, Ȝere,} year, A. 483, 588. + Ȝerne = yearn, desire, A. 1190; B. 66, 758. + Ȝestande, B. 846. If from the A.S. _gæston_, “afflicted,” we may + render this term “afflicting,” but if, as is more probable, it is + from the A.S. _gist_, froth, yeast, we may explain it as “frothing,” + “overflowing.” Cf. the phrase, “the _yesty_ waves.” + Ȝete, offer, give, A. 558. O.E. _yate_ (_pret._ _yatte_). O.N. _géta_. + “He _yatte_ hir freli al hir bone (prayer).” + --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 47a.) + _Gate_, in T. B. 979, seems to mean a request. + “And he hir graunted þat _gate_ with a good wille.” + Ȝete, yet, A. 1061. + Ȝeȝed, spoke, B. 846. Prov. Ger. _gaggen_, to stutter, gabble. + Ȝif, if, B. 758. + Ȝise, truly, yes, C. 117. + Ȝisterday, yesterday, B. 463. + Ȝokke, yoke, B. 66. + Ȝolden, restored, B. 1708. + Ȝolpe, _vb._ boast, B. 846. A.S. _gilpan_. + Ȝomerly, sorrowful, lamentable, B. 971. A.S. _geomor_, sad; + _geomorlíc_, doleful. Cf. _ȝomeryng_, T. B. 1722. + Ȝon, yon, A. 693; B. 772. + Ȝonde, yonder, B. 721. + {Ȝong, Ȝonge,} young, A. 412, 474; B. 783. + Ȝore, before, A. 586. A.S. _geara_. + Ȝore-fader, forefather, A. 322. + Ȝore-whyle, ere-while, B. 842. + Ȝornen (_3rd pers. pl. pret._), ran, B. 881. A.S. _ge-yrnan_, to run. + Ȝyrd, go, hasten, A. 635. The original meaning of _ȝyrd_ is perhaps a + sudden sting, blow, hence to strike, then to start forward. Goth. + _gazd_, a sting, goad. Lat. _hasta_. O.E. _gird_, to strike. + “_Gird_ out the grete teth of the grym best.” --(T. B. 177.) + + + + +Errata (noted by transcriber) + +Typographical Errors + + “Bacus he was brayne-wode for _bebbing_ of wynes.” [ofwynes] + Comyne, B. . See T. B. 12863. + [_printed as shown: the word “comynes” appears at B. 1747_] + [_The only number that fits the space is 111. This entry is not in + the 1864 edition; the editor may have left a space, intending to + come back and fill in the correct line number._] + {Endure, Endeure,} A. 476, 1082. + [_“Eudeure” but body text and 1864 edition both have “Endeure”_] + Harlot, underling ... To “do _harlottry_, scurrari.” + [_open quote conjectural: also missing in 1864 edition_] + Soerly, an error for _Soberly_, B. 117. + [_“on error” but 1864 edition has “an error“_] + {Sulp, Sulpe,} ... M.H.D. _be-sulwen_. + [_printed as shown: error for “M.H.G.”?_] + Styȝtle ... _stightill_ the Realme.” + [_“the / the” at line break_] + + +Punctuation and Mechanics + + Abate, lessen, put an end to, A. 123; B. 1356. [end to.] + Atlyng ... (T. B. 855.) [(T. B., 855).] + Attled ... (T. B. 394.) [T. B.,] + Aunter, adventure, marvel, B. 1600. See T. B. 1899. [T. B.,] + Bagge, baggage. C. 158. [C. 158,] + Babtem, A. 627. See _Baptem_. [_cross-reference not italicized_] + Baronage, nobility, B. 1424. See T. B. 211. [T. B.,] + {Ben, Bene,} are _3rd. pers. pl._ A. 572. [A 572.] + “The kyng was full curteus, _calt_ on a maiden.” [_” missing_] + Bityde, betide; _pret._ bitydde, C. 61. [_. missing_] + Brych ... B. 848. ... Ger. _brechen_ [B. 848, ... Gr.] + Byde, abide ... B. 449, 622. [B. 449, 622,] + Bysyde, beside, B. 673. [B. 673,] + {Cheuetayn, Cheuentayn,} ... O.Fr. _chevetaine_. [_chevetaine_,] + {Childer, Chylder,} children, A. 718; B. 1300. [A. 718:] + Enquylen, obtain, C. 39. See _Aquyle_. [_Aquyle_..] + Fest, Feste, feast, A. 283; B. 642, 1758. [1758..] + Flyte, to quarrel, strive ... _flitan_. [_flitan_,] + Founce ... See _Founs_. [_cross-reference not italicized_] + Grymme, horrible ... _grimm_, fury, rage; [rage,;] + Haspe, fasten, B. 419 ... Cf. “_haspyng_ in armys” [_” missing_] + {Hatel, Hattel,} ... S.Saxon _hatel_, _hetel_ [S.Saxon,] + Heuen ... Or _heuen_ his harme with foli mare.” [_” missing_] + Hyre, _sb._ hire, wages, A. 534, 539. [wages.,] + Jauele ... --missing (MS. Lansd. 1033, in Hall.) [_open ( missing_] + {Kyþ, Kyþe,} ... (T. B. 103.) [T. B.,] + Lefsel ... Sw. _löfsal_ [_ö printed as small e over o_] + Lote ... See T. B. 1900. [T. B.,] + {Neȝ, Neȝe, Neȝen,} approach, B. 32, 143, 805, 1017, 1754. + [805 1017, 1754,] + Pray, _sb._ prey, B. 1297; _vb._ to plunder, B. 1624. [Pray.] + Rowtande, rushing, B. 354. “A _routond_ rayn,” T. B. 1986. + [_” missing_] + Ruchen ... “[The king] Ricchis his reynys.” [_. invisible_] + Rwe, to pity, C. 176, 502 [C, 176,] + Ryche, kingdom, A. 601, 722. A.S. _ríce_. [A, 601,] + Schauen, shaven, scraped, B. 1134. [B, 1134.] + Soberly, quietly ... B. 117, 799, 1497. [799.] + Stalle ... “Lia he (Jacob) _stalle_ until his bedd.” [_. invisible_] + Stour, conflict ... The folk al fled of Israel.” [_. invisible_] + Strot ... (... Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.) [_final . missing_] + Swap ... “He swynges out with a swerd and _swappis_ him to dethe.” + [_” missing_] + Tenfully, sorrowfully, bitterly, B. 160. [B. B.] + Towche ... A. 898; B. 1437. [_. missing_] + Vglokest ... T. B. 877. [T. B.,] + Wafte ... same origin with _wafte_. [_wafte_,] + Waken ... (T. B. 404.) [(T. B. 404).] + {Wale, Walle,} ... T. 386, 4716 [_text unchanged_] + {Walt, Walte,} ... Prov.E. _walt_, _welt_. [_walt_.] + {Wast, Waste,} destroy, B. 326, 431 [326, .431] + {Worþely ... Worþyly,} ... beautiful, C. 475. [beautiful;] + Wyldren ... (Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 33a.) + [_a in “33a” not italicized_] + Wyȝtly ... (T. B. 876.) [(T. B. 876).] + Ȝete, offer, give ... O.N. _géta_. [O.N,] + Ȝyrd ... (T. B. 177.) [(T. B. 177).] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +The Pearl: Sidenotes + +I. +Description of a lost pearl (_i.e._ a beloved child). +The father laments the loss of his pearl. +He often visits the spot where his pearl disappeared, and hears a +sweet song. +Where the pearl was buried there he found lovely flowers. +Each blade of grass springs from a dead grain. +In the high season of August the parent visits the grave of his lost +child. +Beautiful flowers covered the grave. +From them came a delicious odour. +The bereaved father wrings his hands for sorrow, falls asleep upon the +flowery plot, and dreams. + +II. +In spirit he is carried to an unknown region, where the rocks and cliffs +gleamed gloriously. +The hill sides were decked with crystal cliffs. +The leaves of the trees were like burnished silver. +The gravel consisted of precious pearls. +The father forgets his sorrow. +He sees birds of the most beautiful hues, and hears their sweet melody. +No tongue could describe the beauty of the forest. +All shone like gold. +The dreamer arrives at the bank of a river, which gave forth sweet +sounds. +In it, stones glittered like stars in the welkin on a winter night. + +III. +His grief abates, and he follows the course of the stream. +No one could describe his great joy. +He thought that Paradise was on the opposite bank. +The stream was not fordable. +More and more he desires to see what is beyond the brook. +But the way seemed difficult. +The dreamer finds new marvels. +He sees a crystal cliff, at the foot of which, sits a maiden clothed in +glistening white. +He knows that he has seen her before. +He desires to call her but is afraid, at finding her in such a strange +place. + +IV. +So he stands still, like a well trained hawk. +He fears lest she should escape before he could speak to her. +His long lost one is dressed in royal array--decked with precious +pearls. +She comes along the stream towards him. +Her kirtle is composed of ‘sute,’ ornamented with pearls. +She wore a crown of pearls. +Her hair hung down about her. +Her colour was whiter than whalebone. +Her hair shone as gold. +The trimming of her robe consisted of precious pearls. +A wonderful pearl was set in her breast. +No man from here to Greece, was so glad as the father, when he saw his +pearl on the bank of the stream. +The maiden salutes him. + +V. +The father enquires of the maiden whether she is his long-lost pearl, +and longs to know who has deprived him of his treasure. +The maiden tells him that his pearl is not really lost. +She is in a garden of delight, where sin and mourning are unknown. +The rose that he had lost is become a pearl of price. +The pearl blames his rash speech. +The father begs the maiden to excuse his speech, for he really thought +his pearl was wholly lost to him. +The maiden tells her father that he has spoken three words without +knowing the meaning of one. +The first word. The second. The third. + +VI. +He is little to be praised who loves what he sees. +To love nothing but what one sees is great presumption. +To live in this kingdom (_i.e._ heaven) leave must be asked. +This stream must be passed over by death. +The father asks his pearl whether she is about to doom him to sorrow +again. +If he loses his pearl he does not care what happens to him. +The maiden tells her father to suffer patiently. +Though he may dance as any doe, yet he must abide God’s doom. +He must cease to strive. +All lies in God’s power to make men joyful or sad. + +VII. +The father beseeches the pearl to have pity upon him. +He says that she has been both his bale and bliss. +And when he lost her, he knew not what had become of her. +And now that he sees her in bliss, she takes little heed of his sorrow. +He desires to know what life she leads. +The maiden tells him that he may walk and abide with her, now that he is +humble. +All are meek that dwell in the abode of bliss. +All lead a blissful life. +She reminds her father that she was very young when she died. +Now she is crowned a queen in heaven. + +VIII. +The father of the maiden does not fully understand her. +Mary, he says, is the queen of heaven. +No one is able to remove the crown from her. +The maiden addresses the Virgin. +She then explains to her father that each has his place in heaven. +The court of God has a property in its own being. +Each one in it is a king or queen. +The mother of Christ holds the chief place. +We are all members of Christ’s body. +Look that each limb be perfect. +The father replies that he cannot understand how his pearl can be a +queen. +He desires to know what greater honour she can have. + +IX. +She was only two years old when she died, and could do nothing to +please God. +She might be a countess or some great lady but not a queen. +The maiden informs her father that there is no limit to God’s power. +The parable of the labourers in the vineyard. +The lord of the vineyard hires workmen for a penny a day. +At noon the lord hires other men standing idle in the market place. +He commands them to go into his vineyard, and he will give them what is +right. +At an hour before the sun went down the lord sees other men +standing idle. +Tells them to go into the vineyard. + +X. +As soon as the sun was gone down the “reeve” was told to pay the +workmen. +To give each a penny. +The first began to complain. +Having borne the heat of the day he thinks that he deserves more. +The lord tells him that he agreed only to give him a penny. +The last shall be first, and the first last. +The maiden applies the parable to herself. +She came to the vine in eventide, and yet received more than others who +had lived longer. +The father says that his daughter’s tale is unreasonable. + +XI. +In heaven, the maiden says, each man is paid alike. +God is no niggard. +The grace of God is sufficient for all. +Those who live long on the earth often forfeit heaven by sinning. +Innocents are saved by baptism. +Why should not God allow their labour. +Our first father lost heaven by eating an apple. +And all are damned for the sin of Adam. +But there came one who paid the penalty of our sins. +The water that came from the pierced side of Christ was baptism. + +XII. +Repentance must be sought by prayer with sorrow and affliction. +The guilty may be saved by contrition. +Two sorts of people are saved, the _righteous_ and the _innocent_. +The words of David. +The innocent is saved by right. +The words of Solomon. +David says no man living is justified. +Pray to be saved by innocence and not by right. +When Jesus was on earth, little children were brought unto him. +The disciples rebuked the parents. +Christ said, “Suffer little children to come unto me,” etc. + +XIII. +No one can win heaven except he be meek as a child. +The pearl of price is like the kingdom of heaven, pure and clean. +Forsake the mad world and purchase the spotless pearl. +The father of the maiden desires to know who formed her figure and +wrought her garments. +Her beauty, he says, is not natural. +Her colour passes the fleur-de-lis. +The maiden explains to her father that she is a bride of Christ. +She is without spot or blemish. +Her weeds are washed in the blood of Christ. +The father asks the nature of the Lamb that has chosen his daughter, and +why she is selected as a bride. + +XIV. +The Lamb has one hundred and forty thousand brides. +St. John saw them on the hill of Sion in a dream, in the new city of +Jerusalem. +Isaiah speaks of Christ or the Lamb. +He says that He was led as a lamb to the slaughter. +In Jerusalem was Christ slain. +With buffets was His face flayed. +He endured all patiently as a lamb. +For us He died in Jerusalem. +The declaration of St. John, “Behold the Lamb of God,” etc. +Who can reckon His generation, that died in Jerusalem? +In the New Jerusalem St. John saw the Lamb sitting upon the throne. + +XV. +The Lamb is without blemish. +Every spotless soul is a worthy bride for the Lamb. +No strife or envy among the brides. +None can have less bliss than another. +Our death leads us to bliss. +What St. John saw upon the Mount of Sion. +About the Lamb he saw one hundred and forty thousand maidens. +He heard a voice from heaven, like many floods. +He heard the maiden sing a new song. +So did the four beasts and the elders “so sad of cheer.” +This assembly was like the Lamb, spotless and pure. +The father replies to the maiden. +He says he is but dust and ashes. +He wishes to ask one question, whether the brides have their abode in +castle-walls or in manor. + +XVI. +Jerusalem, he says, in Judea. +But the dwelling of the brides should be perfect. +For such “a comely pack” a great castle would be required. +The city in Judæa, answers the maiden, is where Christ suffered, and is +the Old Jerusalem. +The New Jerusalem is where the Lamb has assembled his brides. +Jerusalem means the city of God. +In the Old city our peace was made at one. +In the New city is eternal peace. + +XVII. +The father prays his daughter to bring him to the blissful bower. +His daughter tells him that he shall see the outside, but not a foot may +he put in the city. + +XVIII. +The maiden then tells her father to go along the bank till he comes to +a hill. +He reaches the hill, and beholds the heavenly city. +As St. John saw it, so he beheld it. +The city was of burnished gold. +Pitched upon gems, the foundation composed of twelve stones. +The names of the precious stones. +i. Jasper. ii. Sapphire. iii. Chalcedony. iv. Emerald. +v. Sardonyx. vi. Ruby. vii. Chrysolite. viii. Beryl. +ix. Topaz. x. Chrysoprasus. xi. Jacinth. xii. Amethyst. +The city was square. +The wall was of jasper. +Twelve thousand furlongs in length and breadth. + +XIX. +Each “pane” had three gates. +Each gate adorned with a pearl. +Such light gleamed in all the streets, that there was no need of the sun +or moon. +God was the light of those in the city. +The high throne might be seen, upon which the “high God” sat. +A river ran out of the throne; it flowed through each street. +No church was seen. +God was the church; Christ the sacrifice. +The gates were ever open. +There is no night in the city. +The planets, and the sun itself, are dim compared to the divine light. +Trees there renew their fruit every month. +The beholder of this fair city stood still as a “dased quail.” + +XX. +As the moon began to rise he was aware of a procession of virgins +crowned with pearls, in white robes, with a pearl in their breast. +As they went along they shone as glass. +The Lamb went before them. +There was no pressing. +The “alder men” fell groveling at the feet of the Lamb. +All sang in praise of the Lamb. +The Lamb wore white weeds. +A wide wound was seen near his breast. +Joy was in his looks. +The father perceives his little queen. + +XIX. +Great delight takes possession of his mind. +He attempts to cross the stream. +It was not pleasing to the Lord. +The dreamer awakes, and is in great sorrow. +He addresses his pearl; laments his rash curiosity. +Men desire more than they have any right to expect. +The good Christian knows how to make peace with God. +God give us grace to be his servants! + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Cleanness: Sidenotes + +I. +Cleanness discloses fair forms. +God is angry with the unclean worshipper, and with false priests. +The pure worshipper receives great reward. +The impure will bring upon them the anger of God, Who is pure and holy. +It would be a marvel if God did not hate evil. +Christ showed us that himself. +St. Matthew records the discourse. +The clean of heart shall look on our Lord. +What earthly noble, when seated at table above dukes, would like to see +a lad badly attired approach the table with “rent cockers,” his coat +torn and his toes out? +For any one of these he would be turned out with a “big buffet,” and be +forbidden to re-enter, and thus be ruined through his vile clothes. +The parable of the “Marriage of the King’s Son.” +The king’s invitation. +Those invited begin to make excuses. +One had bought an estate and must go to see it. +Another had purchased some oxen and wished to see them “pull in the +plough.” +A third had married a wife and could not come. +The Lord was greatly displeased, and commanded his servants to invite +the wayfaring, both men and women, the better and the worse, that his +palace might be full. +The servants brought in bachelors and squires. +When they came to the court they were well entertained. +The servants tell their lord that they have done his behest, and there +is still room for more guests. +The Lord commands them to go out into the fields, and bring in the halt, +blind, and “one-eyed.” +For those who denied shall not taste “one sup” to save them from death. +The palace soon became full of “people of all plights.” +They were not all one wife’s sons, nor had they all one father. +The “brightest attired” had the best place. +Below sat those with “poor weeds.” +All are well entertained “with meat and minstrelsy.” +Each with his “mate” made him at ease. + +II. +The lord of the feast goes among his guests. +Bids them be merry. +On the floor he finds one not arrayed for a holyday. +Asks him how he obtained entrance, and how he was so bold as to appear +in such rags. +Does he take him to be a harlot? +The man becomes discomfited. +He is unable to reply. +The lord commands him to be bound, and cast into a deep dungeon. +This feast is likened to the kingdom of heaven, to which all are +invited. +See that thy weeds are clean. +Thy weeds are thy works that thou hast wrought. +For many faults may a man forfeit bliss. +For sloth and pride he is thrust into the devil’s throat. +He is ruined by covetousness, perjury, murder, theft, and strife. +For robbery and ribaldry, for preventing marriages, and supporting the +wicked, for treason, treachery, and tyranny, man may lose eternal bliss. + +III. +The high Prince of all is displeased with those who work wickedly. +For the first fault the devil committed, he felt God’s vengeance. +He, the fairest of all angels, forsook his sovereign, and boasted that +his throne should be as high as God’s. +For these words he was cast down to hell. +The fiends fell from heaven, like the thick snow, for forty days. +From heaven to hell the shower lasted. +The devil would not make peace with God. +Affliction makes him none the better. +For the fault of one, vengeance alighted upon all men. +Adam was ordained to live in bliss. +Through Eve he ate an apple. +Thus all his descendants became poisoned. +A maiden brought a remedy for mankind. + +IV. +Malice was merciless. +A race of men came into the world, the fairest, the merriest, and the +strongest that ever were created. +They were sons of Adam. +No law was laid upon them. +Nevertheless they acted unnaturally. +The “_fiends_” beheld how fair were the daughters of these mighty men, +and made fellowship with them and begat a race of giants. +The greatest fighter was reckoned the most famous. +The Creater of all becomes exceedingly wroth. +Fell anger touches His heart. +It repents Him that He has made man. +He declares that all flesh shall be destroyed, both man and beast. +There was at this time living on the earth a very righteous man: Noah +was his name. +Three bold sons he had. +God in great anger speaks to Noah. +Declares that He will destroy all “that life has.” +Commands him to make “a mansion” with dwellings for wild and tame. +To let the ark be three hundred cubits in length, and fifty in breadth, +and thirty in height, and a window in it a cubit square. +Also a good shutting door in the side, together with halls, recesses, +bushes, and bowers, and well-formed pens. +For all flesh shall be destroyed, except Noah and his family. +Noah is told to take into the ark seven pairs of every clean beast, and +one of unclean kind, and to furnish the ark with proper food. +Noah fills the ark. + +V. +God asks Noah whether all is ready. +Noah replies that all is fully prepared. +He is commanded to enter the ark, for God tells him that he will send a +rain to destroy all flesh. +Noah stows all safely in the ark. +Seven days are passed. +The deep begins to swell, banks are broken down, and the clouds burst. +It rains for forty days, and the flood rises, and flows over the woods +and fields. +All must drown. +The water enters the houses. +Each woman with her bairns flees to the hills. +The rain never ceases. +The valleys are filled. +People flock to the mountains. +Some swim for their lives. +Others roar for fear. +Animals of all kinds run to the hills. +All pray for mercy. +God’s mercy is passed from them. +Each sees that he must sink. +Friends take leave of one another. +Forty days have gone by, and all are destroyed. +All rot in the mud, except Noah and his family, who are safe in the ark. +The ark is lifted as high as the clouds, and is driven about, without +mast, bowline, cables, anchors, or sail to guide its course. +At the mercy of the winds. +Oft it rolled around and reared on end. +The age of the patriarch Noah. +Duration of the flood. +The completeness of the destruction. +God remembers those in the ark. +He causes a wind to blow, and closes the lakes and wells, and the +great deep. +The ark settles on Mount Ararat. +Noah beholds the bare earth. +He opens his window and sends out the raven to seek dry land. +The raven “croaks for comfort” on finding carrion. +He fills his belly with the foul flesh. +The lord of the ark curses the raven, and sends out the dove. +The bird wanders about the whole day. +Finding no rest, she returns about eventide to Noah. +Noah again sends out the dove. + +VI. +The dove returns with an olive branch in her beak. +This was a token of peace and reconciliation. +Joy reigns in the ark. +The people therein laugh and look thereout. +God permits Noah and his sons to leave the ark. +Noah offers sacrifice to God. +It is pleasing to Him that “all speeds or spoils.” +God declares that He will never destroy the world for the sin of man. +That summer and winter shall never cease. +Nor night nor day, nor the new years. +God blesses every beast. +Each fowl takes its flight. +Each fish goes to the flood. +Each beast makes for the plain. +Wild worms wriggle to their abodes in the earth. +The fox goes to the woods. +Harts to the heath, and hares to the gorse. +Lions and leopards go to the lakes. +Eagles and hawks to the high rocks. +The four ‘frekes’ take the empire. +Behold what woe God brought on mankind for their hateful deeds! +Beware of the filth of the flesh. +“One speck of a spot” will ruin us in the sight of God. +The beryl is clean and sound,--it has no seam. + +VII. +When God repented that he had made man, he destroyed all flesh. +But afterwards He was sorry, and made a covenant with mankind that He +would not again destroy all the living. +For the filth of the flesh God destroyed a rich city. +God hates the wicked as “hell that stinks.” +Especially harlotry and blasphemy. +Nothing is hidden from God. +God is the ground of all deeds. +He honours the man that is honest and whole. +But for deeds of shame He destroys the mighty ones. + +VIII. +Abraham is sitting before his house-door under a green oak. +He sees three men coming along, and goes toward them. +He entreats them to rest awhile, that he may wash their feet, and bring +them a morsel of bread. +Abraham commands Sarah to make some cakes quickly, and tells his servant +to seethe a tender kid. +Abraham appears bare-headed before his guests. +He casts a clean cloth on the green, and sets before them cakes, butter, +milk, and pottage. +God praises his friend’s feast, and after the meat is removed, He tells +Abraham that Sarah shall bear him a son. +Sarah, who is behind the door, laughs in unbelief. +God tells Abraham that Sarah laughs at His words. +Sarah denies that she laughed. +Abraham’s guests set out towards Sodom, two miles from Mamre. +The patriarch accompanies them. +God determines to reveal to Abraham his secret purposes. + +IX. +He informs him of the destruction about to fall upon the cities of +the plain, for their great wickedness, in abusing the gifts bestowed +upon them. +The ordinance of marriage had been made for them, but they foully set it +at nought. +The flame of love. +Therefore shall they be destroyed as an example to all men for ever. +Abraham is full of fear, and asks God whether the “sinful and the +sinless” are to suffer together. +Whether he will spare the cities provided fifty righteous are found +in them? +For the sake of fifty the cities shall be spared. +The patriarch beseeches God to spare the city for the sake of forty-five +righteous. +For the lack of five the cities shall not be destroyed. +For forty the cities shall be spared. +Abraham entreats God’s forbearance for his speech. +Thirty righteous, found in the cities, shall save them from destruction. +For the sake of twenty guiltless ones God will release the rest. +Or if ten only should be found pure. +The patriarch intercedes for Lot. +Beseeches Him to “temper His ire,” and then departs weeping for sorrow. + +X. +God’s messengers go to Sodom. +Lot is sitting alone at the “door of his lodge.” +Staring into the street he sees two men. +Beardless chins they had, and hair like raw silk. +Beautifully white were their weeds. +Lot runs to meet them. +Invites them to remain awhile in his house, and in the morning they may +take their way. +Lot invites them so long that at last they comply. +The wife and daughters of Lot welcome their visitors. +Lot admonishes his men to prepare the meat, and to serve no salt +with it. +Lot’s wife disregards the injunction. +The guests are well entertained. +But before they go to rest the city is up in arms. +With “keen clubs” the folk clatter on the walls, and demand that Lot +should deliver up his guests. +The wind yet stinks with their filthy speech. +Lot is in great trouble. +He leaves his guests and addresses the Sodomites. +He offers to give up to them his two daughters. +The rebels raise a great noise, and ask who made him a justice to judge +their deeds, who was but a boy when he came to Sodom. +The young men bring Lot within doors, and smite those outside with +blindness. +In vain they try to find the door of Lot’s house. + +XI. +Early in the morning the angels command Lot to depart from Sodom, with +his wife and two daughters, and to look straight before him, for Sodom +and Gomorrah shall be destroyed. +Lot asks what is best to be done, that he may escape. +He is told to choose himself a dwelling which shall be saved from +destruction. +He chooses Zoar. +The angels command Lot to depart quickly. +He wakes his wife and daughters. +All four are hastened on by the angels, who “preach to them the peril” +of delay. +Before daylight Lot comes to a hill. +God aloft raises a storm. +A rain falls thick of fire and sulphur. +Upon the four cities it comes, and frightens all folks therein. +The great bars of the abyss do burst. +Cliffs cleave asunder. +The cities sink to hell. +Such a cry arises that the clouds clatter again. +Lot and his companions are frightened, but continue to follow +their face. +Lot’s wife looks behind her, and is turned to a stiff stone “as salt as +any sea.” +Her companions do not miss her till they reach Zoar. +By this time all were drowned. +The people of Zoar, for dread, rush into the sea and are destroyed. +Only Zoar with three therein (Lot and his daughters) are saved. +Lot’s wife is an image of salt for two faults: +1. She served salt before the Lord at supper. +2. She looked behind her. +Abraham is up full early on the morn. +He looks towards Sodom, now only a pit filled with pitch, from which +rise smoke, ashes and cinders, as from a furnace. +A sea now occupies the place of the four cities. +It is a stinking pool, and is called the Dead Sea. +Nothing may live in it. +Lead floats on its surface. +A feather sinks to the bottom of it. +Lands, watered by this sea, never bear grass or weed. +A man cannot be drowned in it. +The clay clinging to it is corrosive, as alum, alkaran, sulphur, etc., +which fret the flesh and fester the bones. +On the shores of this lake grow trees bearing fair fruits, which, when +broken or bitten, taste like ashes. +All these are tokens of wickedness and vengeance. +God loves the pure in heart. +Strive to be clean. +Jean de Meun tells how a lady is to be loved. +By doing what pleases her best. +Love thy Lord! +Conform to Christ, who is polished as a pearl. +By how comely a contrivance did he enter the womb of the virgin! +In what purity did he part from her! +No abode was better than his. +The sorrow of childbirth was turned to joy. +Angels solaced the virgin with organs and pipes. +The child Christ was so clean that ox and ass worshipped him. +He hated wickedness, and would never touch ought that was vile. +Yet there came to him lazars and lepers, lame and blind. +Dry and dropsical folk. +He healed all with kind speech. +His handling was so good, that he needed no knife to cut or carve with. +The bread he broke more perfectly than could all the tools of Toulouse. +How can we approach his court except we be clean? +God is merciful. +Through penance we may shine as a pearl. +Why is the pearl so prized? +She becomes none the worse for wear. +If she should become dim, wash her in wine. +She then becomes clearer than before. +So may the sinner polish him by penance. +Beware of returning to sin. +For then God is more displeased than ever. +The reconciled soul God holds as His own. +Ill deeds rob Him of it. +God forbids us to defile any vessels used in His service. +In Belshazzar’s time, the defiling of God’s vessels brought wrath upon +the king. + +XII. +Daniel in his prophecies tells of the destruction of the Jews. +For their unfaithfulness in following other gods, God allowed the +heathen to destroy them, in the reign of Zedekiah, who practised +idolatry. +Nebuchadnezzar becomes his foe. +He besieges Jerusalem, and surrounds the walls. +The city is stuffed full of men. +Brisk is the skirmish. +Seven times a day are the gates assailed. +For two years the fight goes on, yet the city is not taken. +The folk within are in want of food. +Meager they become. +For so shut up are they that escape seems impossible. +But on a quiet night they steal out, and rush through the host. +They are discovered by the enemy. +A loud alarm is given. +They are pursued and overtaken. +Their king is made prisoner. +His chief men are presented as prisoners to Nebuchadnezzar. +His sons are slain. +His own eyes are put out. +He is placed in a dungeon in Babylon. +All for his “bad bearing” against the Lord, who might otherwise have +been his friend. +Nebuchadnezzar ceased not until he had destroyed Jerusalem. +Nebuzaradan was “chief of the chivalry.” +The best men were taken out of the city. +Nevertheless Nebuzaradan spared not those left. +Brains of bairns were spilt. +Priests pressed to death. +Wives and wenches foully killed. +All that escaped the sword were taken to Babylon, and were made to drag +the cart or milk the kine. +Nebuzaradan burst open the temple, and slew those therein. +Priests, pulled by the poll, were slain along with deacons, clerks, and +maidens. +The enemy pillages the temple of its pillars of brass, and the golden +candlestick from off the altar. +Goblets, basins, golden dishes, all are taken by Nebuzaradan, and +hampered together. +Solomon had made them with much labour. +The temple he beats down, and returns to Babylon. +Presents the prisoners to the king, among whom were Daniel and his three +companions. +Nebuchadnezzar has great joy, because his enemies are slain. +Great was his wonder when he saw the sacred jewelry. +He praises the God of Israel. +Such vessels never before came to Chaldea. +They are thrust into the treasury. +Nebuchadnezzar reigns as emperor of all the earth, through the “doom of +Daniel,” who gave him good counsel. +Nebuchadnezzar dies and is buried. +Belshazzar succeeds him. +He holds himself the biggest in heaven or on earth. +He honours not God, but worships false phantoms. +He promises them rewards if good fortune befal. +If they vex him he knocks them in pieces. +He has a wife, and many concubines. +The mind of the king was fixed upon new meats and other vain things. + +XIII. +Belshazzar, to exhibit his vainglory, proclaims throughout Babylon, that +all the great ones should assemble on a set day, at the Sultan’s feast. +Kings, dukes, and lords were commanded to attend the court. +To do the king honour many nobles came to Babylon. +It would take too long to name the number. +The city of Babylon is broad and big. +It is situated on a plain, surrounded by seven streams, a high wall, and +towers. +The palace was long and large, each side being seven miles in length. +High houses were within the walls. +The time of the feast has come. +Belshazzar sits upon his throne: the hall floor is covered with knights. +When all are seated, service begins. +Trumpets sound everywhere. +Bread is served upon silver dishes. +All sorts of musical instruments are heard in the hall. +The king, surrounded by his loves, drinks copiously of wine. +It gets into his head and stupifies him. +A cursed thought takes possession of him. +He commands his marshal to bring him the vessels taken from the temple +by Nebuchadnezzar, and to fill them with wine. +The marshal opens the chests. +Covers the cupboard with vessels. +The Jewels of Jerusalem deck the sides of the hall. +The altar and crown, blessed by bishop’s hands, and anointed with the +blood of beasts, are set before the bold Belshazzar. +Upon this altar were noble vessels curiously carved, basins of gold, +cups arrayed like castles with battlements, and towers with lofty +pinnacles. +Upon them were pourtrayed branches and leaves, the flowers of which were +white pearls, and the fruit flaming gems. +The goblets were ornamented with flowers of gold. +The candlestick was brought in, with its pillars of brass, and +ornamental boughs, upon which sat birds of various hues. +Lights shone bright from the candlestick, which once stood before the +“Holy of Holies.” +The pollution of the sacred vessels is displeasing to God. +For “a boaster on bench” drinks from them till he is as “drunken as the +devil.” +God is very angry. +Before harming the revellers He sends them a warning. +Belshazzar commands the sacred vessels to be filled with wine. +The cups and bowls are soon filled. +Music of all kind is heard in the hall. +Dukes, princes, concubines, and knights, all are merry. +Drinking of the sweet liquors they ask favours of their gods, who, +although dumb, are as highly praised “as if heaven were theirs.” +A marvel befals the feasters. +The king first saw it. +Upon the plain wall, “a palm with pointel in fingers” is seen writing. +The bold Belshazzar becomes frightened. +His knees knock together. +He roars for dread, still beholding the hand, as it wrote on the +rough wall. +The hand vanishes but the letters remain. +The king recovers his speech and sends for the “book-learned;” but none +of the scholars were wise enough to read it. +Belshazzar is nearly mad. +Commands the city to be searched throughout for the “wise of +witchcraft.” +He who expounds the strange letters, shall be clothed in “gowns of +purple.” +A collar of gold shall encircle his throat. +He shall be the third lord in the realm. +As soon as this cry was upcast, to the hall came clerks out of Chaldea, +witches and diviners, sorcerers and exorcists. +But after looking on the letters they were as ignorant as if they had +looked into the leather of the left boot. +The king curses them all and calls them churls. +He orders the harlots to be hanged. +The queen hears the king chide. +She inquires the cause. +Goes to the king, kneels before him, and asks why he has rent his robes +for grief, when there is one that has the Spirit of God, the counsellor +of Nebuchadnezzar, the interpreter of his dreams, through the holy +Spirit of God. +The name of this man is Daniel, who was brought a captive from Judæa. +The queen tells the king to send for Daniel. +Her counsel is accepted. +Daniel comes before Belshazzar. +The king tells him that he has heard of his wisdom, and his power to +discover hidden things, and that he wants to know the meaning of the +writing on the wall. +Promises him, if he can explain the text of the letters and their +interpretation, to clothe him in purple and pall, and put a ring about +his neck, and to make him “a baron upon bench.” +Daniel addresses the king, and reminds him how that God supported his +father, and gave him power to exalt or abase whomsoever he pleased. +Nebuchadnezzar was established on account of his faith in God. +So long as he remained true, no man was greater. +But at last pride touches his heart. +He forgets the power of God, and blasphemes His name. +He says that he is “god of the ground,” and the builder of Babylon. +Hardly had Nebuchadnezzar spoken, when God’s voice is heard, saying, +“Thy principality is departed. +Thou, removed from men, must abide on the moor, and walk with wild +beasts, eat herbs, and dwell with wolves and asses.” +For his pride he becomes an outcast. +He believes himself to be a bull or an ox. +Goes “on all fours,” like a cow, for seven summers. +His thighs grew thick. +His hair became matted and thick, from the shoulders to the toes. +His beard touched the earth. +His brows were like briars. +His eyes were hollow, and grey as the kite’s. +Eagle-hued he was. +At last he recovered his “wit,” and believed in God. +Then soon was he restored to his seat. +But thou, Belshazzar, hast disregarded these signs, and hast blasphemed +the Lord, defiled his vessels, filling them with wine for thy wenches, +and praising thy lifeless gods. +For this sin God has sent thee this strange sight, the fist with the +fingers writing on the wall. +These are the words: “Mene, Tekel, Peres. +Mene.-- God has counted thy kingdom and finished it. +Tekel.-- Thy reign is weighed and is found wanting in deeds of faith. +Peres.-- Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Persians. +The Medes shall be masters here.” +The king commands Daniel to be clothed in a frock of fine cloth. +Soon is he arrayed in purple, with a chain about his neck. +A decree is made, that all should bow to him, as the third lord that +followed Belshazzar. +The decree was made known, and all were glad. +The day, however, past. +Night came on. +Before another day dawned, Daniel’s words were fulfilled. +The feast lasts till the sun falls. +The skies become dark. +Each noble hies home to his supper. +Belshazzar is carried to bed, but never rises from it, for his foes are +seeking to destroy his land, and are assembled suddenly. +The enemy is Darius, leader of the Medes. +He has legions of armed men. +Under cover of the darkness, they cross the river. +By means of ladders they get upon the walls, and within an hour enter +the city, without disturbing any of the watch. +They run into the palace, and raise a great cry. +Men are slain in their beds. +Belshazzar is beaten to death, and caught by the heels, is foully cast +into a ditch. +Darius is crowned king, and makes peace with the barons. +Thus the land was lost for the king’s sin. +He was cursed for his uncleanness, and deprived of his honour, as well +as of the joys of heaven. +Thus in three ways has it been shown, that uncleanness makes God angry. +Cleanness is His comfort. +The seemly shall see his face. +God give us grace to serve in His sight! + + * * * * + * * * * * + +Patience: Sidenotes + +I. +Patience is often displeasing, but it assuages heavy hearts, and +quenches malice. +Happiness follows sorrow. +It is better to suffer than to be angry. +Matthew tells us of the promises made by Christ: Blessed are the poor, +for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. +Blessed are the meek, for they shall “wield the world.” +Blessed are the mourners, for they shall be comforted. +Blessed are the hungry, for they shall be filled. +Blessed are the merciful, for mercy shall be their reward. +Blessed are the clean of heart, for they shall see the Saviour. +Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall be called God’s sons. +Blessed are they that live aright, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. +These blessings are promised to those who follow poverty, pity, penance, +meekness, mercy, chastity, peace and patience. +Poverty and patience are to be treated together. +They are “fettled in one form,” and have one meed. +Poverty will dwell where she lists, and man must needs suffer. +Poverty and patience are play-fellows. +What avails impatience, if God send affliction? +Patience is best. +Did not Jonah incur danger by his folly? + +II. +Jonah was a prophet of the gentiles. +God’s word came to him, saying, “Rise quickly, take the way to Nineveh. +Say that which I shall put in thine heart. +Wickedness dwells in that city. +Go swiftly and carry my message.” +Jonah is full of wrath. +He is afraid that the shrews will put him in the stocks, or put out +his eyes. +He thinks that God desires his death. +He determines not to go near the city, but fly to Tarshish. +Grumbling, he goes to port Joppa. +He says that God will not be able to protect him. +Jonah reaches the port, finds a ship ready to sail. +The seamen catch up the cross-sail, fasten the cables, weigh their +anchors, and spread sail. +A gentle wind wafts the ship along. +Was never a Jew so joyful as was Jonah then. +He has, however, put himself in peril, in fleeing from God. +The words of David. +Does He not hear, who made all ears? +He is not blind that formed each eye. +Jonah is now in no dread. +He is, however, soon overtaken. +The wielder of all things has devices at will. +He commands Eurus and Aquilo to blow. +The winds blow obedient to His word. +Out of the north-east the noise begins. +Storms arose, winds wrestled together, the waves rolled high, and never +rested. +Then was Jonah joyless. +The boat reeled around. +The gear became out of order. +Ropes and mast were broken. +A loud cry is raised, Many a lad labours to lighten the ship. +They throw overboard their bags and feather beds. +But still the wind rages, and the waves become wilder. +Each man calls upon his god. +Some called upon Vernagu, Diana, and Neptune, to the sun and to +the moon. +Then said one of the sailors: “Some lawless wretch, that has grieved his +God, is in the ship. +I advise that we lay lots upon each man. +When the guilty is gone the tempest may cease.” +This is agreed to. +All are assembled, from all corners of the ship, save Jonah the Jew, who +had fled into the bottom of the boat. +There he falls asleep. +Soon he is aroused, and brought on board. +Full roughly is he questioned. +The lot falls upon Jonah. +Then quickly they said: “What the devil hast thou done, doted wretch? +What seekest thou on the sea? +Hast thou no God to call upon? +Of what land art thou? +Thou art doomed for thy ill deeds.” +Jonah says: “I am a Hebrew, a worshipper of the world’s Creator. +All this mischief is caused by me, therefore cast me overboard.” +He proves to them that he was guilty. +The mariners are exceedingly frightened. +They try to make way with their oars, but their endeavours are useless. +Jonah must be doomed to death. +They pray to God, that they may not shed innocent blood. +Jonah is cast overboard. +The tempest ceases and the sea settles. +The stiff streams drive the ship about. +At last they reach a bank. +The seamen thank God, and perform solemn vows. +Jonah is in great dread. + +III. +Jonah is shoved from the ship. +A wild whale swims by the boat. +He opens his swallow, and seizes the prophet. +It is not to be wondered at that Jonah suffered woe. +The prophet is without hope. +Cold was his comfort. +Jonah was only a mote in the whale’s jaws. +He entered in by the gills, and by means of one of the intestines of the +fish, came into a space as large as a hall. +The prophet fixes his feet firmly in the belly of the whale. +He searches into every nook of its navel. +The prophet calls upon God. +He cries for mercy. +He sits safely in a recess, in a bowel of the beast, for three days and +three nights. +The whale passes through many a rough region. +Jonah makes the whale feel sick. +The prophet prays to God in this wise: + +IV. +“Lord! to thee have I cried out of hell’s womb. +Thou dippedst me in the sea. +Thy great floods passed over me. +The streams drive over me. +I am cast out from thy sight. +The abyss binds me. +The rushing waves play on my head. +Thou possessest my life. +In my anguish I remembered my God, and besought His pity. +When I am delivered from this danger, I will obey thy commands.” +God speaks fiercely to the whale, and he vomits out the prophet on a dry +space. +Jonah has need to wash his clothes. +God’s word comes to the prophet. +He is told to preach in Nineveh. +By night Jonah reaches the city. +Nineveh was a very great city. +Jonah delivers his message; “Yet forty days and Nineveh shall come to +an end. +It shall be turned upside down, and swallowed quickly by the black +earth.” +This speech spreads throughout the city. +Great fear seizes all. +The people mourn secretly, clothe themselves in sackcloth, and cast +ashes upon their heads. +The message reaches the ears of the king. +He rends his robes, clothes himself in sackloth, and mourns in the dust. +He issues a decree, that all in the city, men, beasts, women and +children, prince, priest, and prelates, should fast for their sins. +Children are to be weaned from the breast. +The ox is to have no hay, nor the horse any water. +Who can tell if God will have mercy? +Though He is mighty, He is merciful, and may forgive us our guilt. +All believed and repented. +God forgave them through his goodness. + +V. +Much sorrow settles upon Jonah. +He becomes very angry. +He prays to God and says: “Was not this my saying, when Thy message +reached me in my own country? +I knew Thy great goodness, Thy long-suffering, and Thy mercy. +I knew these men might make their peace with Thee, therefore I fled unto +Tarshish. +Take my life from me, O Lord! +It is better for me to die than live.” +God upbraids Jonah, saying: “Is this right to be so wroth?” +Jonah, jangling, uprises, and makes himself a bower, of hay and +ever-fern, to shield him from the sun. +He slept heavily all night. +God prepared a woodbine. +Jonah awakes, and is exceedingly glad of the bower. +The prophet, under its gracious leaves, is protected from the +sun’s rays. +Jonah wishes he had such a lodge in his own country. +God prepared a worm, that made the woodbine wither. +Jonah awakes and finds his woodbine destroyed. +The leaves were all faded. +The sun beat upon the head of Jonah. +He is exceedingly angry, and prays God that he may die. +God rebukes the prophet. +“Dost thou well,” He says, “to be angry for the gourd?” +Jonah replies, “I would I were dead.” +God asks if it is to be wondered at that He should help His handy work. +Is not Jonah angry that his woodbine is destroyed, which cost him no +labour? +God is not to be blamed for taking pity upon people that He made. +Should He destroy Nineveh the sorrow of such a sweet place would sink to +His heart. +In the city there are little bairns who have done no wrong. +And there are others who cannot discern between their right hand and +their left hand. +There are also dumb beasts in the city incapable of sinning. +Judgment must be tempered with mercy. +He that is too hasty to rend his clothes must afterwards sit with worse +ones to sew them together. +Poverty and pain must be endured. +Patience is a noble point, though it displeases oft. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Early English Alliterative Poems, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY ENGLISH ALLITERATIVE POEMS *** + +***** This file should be named 30282-0.txt or 30282-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/2/8/30282/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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