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+Project Gutenberg's Samuel Butler: A Sketch by Henry Festing Jones
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+Title:  Samuel Butler: A Sketch
+
+Author:  Henry Festing Jones
+
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+
+SAMUEL BUTLER: A SKETCH
+
+by Henry Festing Jones
+
+
+
+
+Samuel Butler was born on the 4th December, 1835, at the Rectory,
+Langar, near Bingham, in Nottinghamshire.  His father was the Rev.
+Thomas Butler, then Rector of Langar, afterwards one of the canons of
+Lincoln Cathedral, and his mother was Fanny Worsley, daughter of John
+Philip Worsley of Arno's Vale, Bristol, sugar-refiner.  His
+grandfather was Dr. Samuel Butler, the famous headmaster of
+Shrewsbury School, afterwards Bishop of Lichfield.  The Butlers are
+not related either to the author of 'Hudibras', or to the author of
+the 'Analogy', or to the present Master of Trinity College,
+Cambridge.
+
+Butler's father, after being at school at Shrewsbury under Dr.
+Butler, went up to St. John's College, Cambridge; he took his degree
+in 1829, being seventh classic and twentieth senior optime; he was
+ordained and returned to Shrewsbury, where he was for some time
+assistant master at the school under Dr. Butler.  He married in 1832
+and left 1 Shrewsbury for Langar.  He was a learned botanist, and
+made a collection of dried plants which he gave to the Town Museum of
+Shrewsbury.
+
+Butler's childhood and early life were spent at Langar among the
+surroundings of an English country rectory, and his education was
+begun by his father.  In 1843, when he was only eight years old, the
+first great event in his life occurred; the family, consisting of his
+father and mother, his two sisters, his brother and himself, went to
+Italy.  The South-Eastern Railway stopped at Ashford, whence they
+travelled to Dover in their own carriage; the carnage was put on
+board the steamboat, they crossed the Channel, and proceeded to
+Cologne, up the Rhine to Basle and on through Switzerland into Italy,
+through Parma, where Napoleon's widow was still reigning, Modena,
+Bologna, Florence, and so to Rome.  They had to drive where there was
+no railway, and there was then none in all Italy except between
+Naples and Castellamare.  They seemed to pass a fresh custom-house
+every day, but, by tipping the searchers, generally got through
+without inconvenience.  The bread was sour and the Italian butter
+rank and cheesy--often uneatable.  Beggars ran after the carriage all
+day long, and when they got nothing jeered at the travellers and
+called them heretics.  They spent half the winter in Rome, and the
+children were taken up to the top of St. Peter's as a treat to
+celebrate their father's birthday.  In the Sistine Chapel they saw
+the cardinals kiss the toe of Pope Gregory XVI., and in the Corso, in
+broad daylight, they saw a monk come rolling down a staircase like a
+sack of potatoes, bundled into the street by a man and his wife.  The
+second half of the winter was spent in Naples.  This early
+introduction to the land which he always thought of and often
+referred to as his second country made an ineffaceable impression
+upon him.
+
+In January, 1846, he went to school at Allesley, near Coventry, under
+the Rev. E. Gibson.  He seldom referred to his life there, though
+sometimes he would say something that showed he had not forgotten all
+about it.  For instance, in 1900, Mr. Sydney C. Cockerell, now the
+Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, showed him a medieval
+missal, laboriously illuminated.  He found that it fatigued him to
+look at it, and said that such books ought never to be made.
+Cockerell replied that such books relieved the tedium of divine
+service, on which Butler made a note ending thus:
+
+
+Give me rather a robin or a peripatetic cat like the one whose loss
+the parishioners of St. Clement Danes are still deploring.  When I
+was at school at Allesley the boy who knelt opposite me at morning
+prayers, with his face not more than a yard away from mine, used to
+blow pretty little bubbles with his saliva which he would send
+sailing off the tip of his tongue like miniature soap bubbles; they
+very soon broke, but they had a career of a foot or two.  I never saw
+anyone else able to get saliva bubbles right away from him and,
+though I have endeavoured for some fifty years and more to acquire
+the art, I never yet could start the bubble off my tongue without its
+bursting.  Now things like this really do relieve the tedium of
+church, but no missal that I have ever seen will do anything except
+increase it.
+
+
+In 1848 he left Allesley and went to Shrewsbury under the Rev. B. H.
+Kennedy.  Many of the recollections of his school life at Shrewsbury
+are reproduced for the school life of Ernest Pontifex at Roughborough
+in 'The Way of All Flesh', Dr. Skinner being Dr. Kennedy.
+
+During these years he first heard the music of Handel; it went
+straight to his heart and satisfied a longing which the music of
+other composers had only awakened and intensified.  He became as one
+of the listening brethren who stood around "when Jubal struck the
+chorded shell" in the 'Song for Saint Cecilia's Day':
+
+
+Less than a god, they thought, there could not dwell
+Within the hollow of that shell
+That spoke so sweetly and so well.
+
+
+This was the second great event in his life, and henceforward Italy
+and Handel were always present at the bottom of his mind as a kind of
+double pedal to every thought, word, and deed.  Almost the last thing
+he ever asked me to do for him, within a few days of his death, was
+to bring 'Solomon' that he might refresh his memory as to the
+harmonies of "With thee th' unsheltered moor I'd trace."  He often
+tried to like the music of Bach and Beethoven, but found himself
+compelled to give them up--they bored him too much.  Nor was he more
+successful with the other great composers; Haydn, for instance, was a
+sort of Horace, an agreeable, facile man of the world, while Mozart,
+who must have loved Handel, for he wrote additional accompaniments to
+the 'Messiah', failed to move him.  It was not that he disputed the
+greatness of these composers, but he was out of sympathy with them,
+and never could forgive the last two for having led music astray from
+the Handel tradition, and paved the road from Bach to Beethoven.
+Everything connected with Handel interested him.  He remembered old
+Mr. Brooke, Rector of Gamston, North Notts, who had been present at
+the Handel Commemoration in 1784, and his great-aunt, Miss Susannah
+Apthorp, of Cambridge, had known a lady who had sat upon Handel's
+knee.  He often regretted that these were his only links with "the
+greatest of all composers.
+
+Besides his love for Handel he had a strong liking for drawing, and,
+during the winter of 1853-4, his family again took him to Italy,
+where, being now eighteen, he looked on the works of the old masters
+with intelligence.
+
+In October, 1854, he went into residence at St. John's College,
+Cambridge.  He showed no aptitude for any particular branch of
+academic study, nevertheless he impressed his friends as being likely
+to make his mark.  Just as he used reminiscences of his own
+schooldays at Shrewsbury for Ernest's life at Roughborough, so he
+used reminiscences of his own Cambridge days for those of Ernest.
+When the Simeonites, in 'The Way of All Flesh', "distributed tracts,
+dropping them at night in good men's letter boxes while they slept,
+their tracts got burnt or met with even worse contumely."  Ernest
+Pontifex went so far as to parody one of these tracts and to get a
+copy of the parody "dropped into each of the Simeonites' boxes."
+Ernest did this in the novel because Butler had done it in real life.
+Mr. A. T. Bartholomew, of the University Library, has found, among
+the Cambridge papers of the late J. Willis Clark's collection, three
+printed pieces belonging to the year 1855 bearing on the subject.  He
+speaks of them in an article headed "Samuel Butler and the
+Simeonites," and signed A. T. B. in the 'Cambridge Magazine', 1st
+March, 1913; the first is "a genuine Simeonite tract; the other two
+are parodies.  All three are anonymous.  At the top of the second
+parody is written 'By S. Butler, March 31.'"  The article gives
+extracts from the genuine tract and the whole of Butler's parody.
+
+Besides parodying Simeonite tracts, Butler wrote various other papers
+during his undergraduate days, some of which, preserved by one of his
+contemporaries, who remained a lifelong friend, the Rev. Canon Joseph
+M'Cormick, now Rector of St. James's, Piccadilly, are reproduced in
+'The Note-Books of Samuel Butler' (1912).
+
+He also steered the Lady Margaret first boat, and Canon M'Cormick
+told me of a mishap that occurred on the last night of the races in
+1857.  Lady Margaret had been head of the river since 1854, Canon
+M'Cormick was rowing 5, Philip Pennant Pearson (afterwards P.
+Pennant) was 7, Canon Kynaston, of Durham (whose name formerly was
+Snow), was stroke, and Butler was cox.  When the cox let go of the
+bung at starting, the rope caught in his rudder lines, and Lady
+Margaret was nearly bumped by Second Trinity.  They escaped, however,
+and their pursuers were so much exhausted by their efforts to catch
+them that they were themselves bumped by First Trinity at the next
+corner.  Butler wrote home about it:
+
+
+11 March, 1857.  Dear Mamma:  My foreboding about steering was on the
+last day nearly verified by an accident which was more deplorable
+than culpable the effects of which would have been ruinous had not
+the presence of mind of No. 7 in the boat rescued us from the very
+jaws of defeat.  The scene is one which never can fade from my
+remembrance and will be connected always with the gentlemanly conduct
+of the crew in neither using opprobrious language nor gesture towards
+your unfortunate son but treating him with the most graceful
+forbearance; for in most cases when an accident happens which in
+itself is but slight, but is visited with serious consequences, most
+people get carried away with the impression created by the last so as
+to entirely forget the accidental nature of the cause and if we had
+been quite bumped I should have been ruined, as it is I get praise
+for coolness and good steering as much as and more than blame for my
+accident and the crew are so delighted at having rowed a race such as
+never was seen before that they are satisfied completely.  All the
+spectators saw the race and were delighted; another inch and I should
+never have held up my head again.  One thing is safe, it will never
+happen again.
+
+
+The 'Eagle', "a magazine supported by members of St. John's College,"
+issued its first number in the Lent term of 1858; it contains an
+article by Butler "On English Composition and Other Matters," signed
+"Cellarius":
+
+
+Most readers will have anticipated me in admitting that a man should
+be clear of his meaning before he endeavours to give it any kind of
+utterance, and that, having made up his mind what to say, the less
+thought he takes how to say it, more than briefly, pointedly and
+plainly, the better.
+
+
+From this it appears that, when only just over twenty-two, Butler had
+already discovered and adopted those principles of writing from which
+he never departed.
+
+In the fifth number of the 'Eagle' is an article, "Our Tour," also
+signed "Cellarius"; it is an account of a tour made in June, 1857,
+with a friend whose name he Italianized into Giuseppe Verdi, through
+France into North Italy, and was written, so he says, to show how
+they got so much into three weeks and spent only 25 pounds; they did
+not, however, spend quite so much, for the article goes on, after
+bringing them back to England, "Next day came safely home to dear old
+St. John's, cash in hand 7d." {1}
+
+Butler worked hard with Shilleto, an old pupil of his grandfather,
+and was bracketed 12th in the Classical Tripos of 1858.  Canon
+M'Cormick told me that he would no doubt have been higher but for the
+fact that he at first intended to go out in mathematics; it was only
+during the last year of his time that he returned to the classics,
+and his being so high as he was spoke well for the classical
+education of Shrewsbury.
+
+It had always been an understood thing that he was to follow in the
+footsteps of his father and grandfather and become a clergyman;
+accordingly, after taking his degree, he went to London and began to
+prepare for ordination, living and working among the poor as lay
+assistant under the Rev.  Philip Perring, Curate of St. James's,
+Piccadilly, an old pupil of Dr. Butler at Shrewsbury. {2}  Placed
+among such surroundings, he felt bound to think out for himself many
+theological questions which at this time were first presented to him,
+and, the conclusion being forced upon him that he could not believe
+in the efficacy of infant baptism, he declined to be ordained.
+
+It was now his desire to become an artist; this, however, did not
+meet with the approval of his family, and he returned to Cambridge to
+try for pupils and, if possible, to get a fellowship.  He liked being
+at Cambridge, but there were few pupils and, as there seemed to be
+little chance of a fellowship, his father wished him to come down and
+adopt some profession.  A long correspondence took place in the
+course of which many alternatives were considered.  There are letters
+about his becoming a farmer in England, a tutor, a homoepathic
+doctor, an artist, or a publisher, and the possibilities of the army,
+the bar, and diplomacy.  Finally it was decided that he should
+emigrate to New Zealand.  His passage was paid, and he was to sail in
+the 'Burmah', but a cousin of his received information about this
+vessel which caused him, much against his will, to get back his
+passage money and take a berth in the 'Roman Emperor', which sailed
+from Gravesend on one of the last days of September, 1859.  On that
+night, for the first time in his life, he did not say his prayers.
+"I suppose the sense of change was so great that it shook them
+quietly off.  I was not then a sceptic; I had got as far as disbelief
+in infant baptism, but no further.  I felt no compunction of
+conscience, however, about leaving off my morning and evening
+prayers--simply I could no longer say them."
+
+The 'Roman Emperor', after a voyage every incident of which
+interested him deeply, arrived outside Port Lyttelton.  The captain
+shouted to the pilot who came to take them in:
+
+"Has the 'Robert Small' arrived?"
+
+"No," replied the pilot, "nor yet the 'Burmah'."
+
+And Butler, writing home to his people, adds the comment:  "You may
+imagine what I felt."
+
+The 'Burmah' was never heard of again.
+
+He spent some time looking round, considering what to do and how to
+employ the money with which his father was ready to supply him, and
+determined upon sheep-farming.  He made several excursions looking
+for country, and ultimately took up a run which is still called
+Mesopotamia, the name he gave it because it is situated among the
+head-waters of the Rangitata.
+
+It was necessary to have a horse, and he bought one for 55 pounds,
+which was not considered dear.  He wrote home that the horse's name
+was "Doctor":  "I hope he is a Homoeopathist."  From this, and from
+the fact that he had already contemplated becoming a homoeopathic
+doctor himself, I conclude that he had made the acquaintance of Dr.
+Robert Ellis Dudgeon, the eminent homoeopathist, while he was doing
+parish work in London.  After his return to England Dr. Dudgeon was
+his medical adviser, and remained one of his most intimate friends
+until the end of his life.  Doctor, the horse, is introduced into
+'Erewhon Revisited'; the shepherd in Chapter XXVI tells John Hicks
+that Doctor "would pick fords better than that gentleman could, I
+know, and if the gentleman fell off him he would just stay stock
+still."
+
+Butler carried on his run for about four and a half years, and the
+open-air life agreed with him; he ascribed to this the good health he
+afterwards enjoyed.  The following, taken from a notebook he kept in
+the colony and destroyed, gives a glimpse of one side of his life
+there; he preserved the note because it recalled New Zealand so
+vividly.
+
+
+April, 1861.  It is Sunday.  We rose later than usual.  There are
+five of us sleeping in the hut.  I sleep in a bunk on one side of the
+fire; Mr. Haast, {3} a German who is making a geological survey of
+the province, sleeps upon the opposite one; my bullock-driver and
+hut-keeper have two bunks at the far end of the hut, along the wall,
+while my shepherd lies in the loft among the tea and sugar and flour.
+It was a fine morning, and we turned out about seven o'clock.
+
+The usual mutton and bread for breakfast with a pudding made of flour
+and water baked in the camp oven after a joint of meat--Yorkshire
+pudding, but without eggs.  While we were at breakfast a robin
+perched on the table and sat there a good while pecking at the sugar.
+We went on breakfasting with little heed to the robin, and the robin
+went on pecking with little heed to us.  After breakfast Pey, my
+bullock-driver, went to fetch the horses up from a spot about two
+miles down the river, where they often run; we wanted to go pig-
+hunting.
+
+I go into the garden and gather a few peascods for seed till the
+horses should come up.  Then Cook, the shepherd, says that a fire has
+sprung up on the other side of the river.  Who could have lit it?
+Probably someone who had intended coming to my place on the preceding
+evening and has missed his way, for there is no track of any sort
+between here and Phillips's.  In a quarter of an hour he lit another
+fire lower down, and by that time, the horses having come up, Haast
+and myself--remembering how Dr. Sinclair had just been drowned so
+near the same spot--think it safer to ride over to him and put him
+across the river.  The river was very low and so clear that we could
+see every stone.  On getting to the river-bed we lit a fire and did
+the same on leaving it; our tracks would guide anyone over the
+intervening ground.
+
+
+Besides his occupation with the sheep, he found time to play the
+piano, to read and to write.  In the library of St. John's College,
+Cambridge, are two copies of the Greek Testament, very fully
+annotated by him at the University and in the colony.  He also read
+the 'Origin of Species', which, as everyone knows, was published in
+1859.  He became "one of Mr. Darwin's many enthusiastic admirers, and
+wrote a philosophic dialogue (the most offensive form, except poetry
+and books of travel into supposed unknown countries, that even
+literature can assume) upon the 'Origin of Species'" ('Unconscious
+Memory', close of Chapter I).  This dialogue, unsigned, was printed
+in the 'Press', Canterbury, New Zealand, on 20th December, 1862.  A
+copy of the paper was sent to Charles Darwin, who forwarded it to a,
+presumably, English editor with a letter, now in the Canterbury
+Museum, New Zealand, speaking of the dialogue as "remarkable from its
+spirit and from giving so clear and accurate an account of Mr. D's
+theory."  It is possible that Butler himself sent the newspaper
+containing his dialogue to Mr. Darwin; if so he did not disclose his
+name, for Darwin says in his letter that he does not know who the
+author was.  Butler was closely connected with the 'Press', which was
+founded by James Edward FitzGerald, the first Superintendent of the
+Province, in May, 1861; he frequently contributed to its pages, and
+once, during FitzGerald's absence, had charge of it for a short time,
+though he was never its actual editor.  The 'Press' reprinted the
+dialogue and the correspondence which followed its original
+appearance on 8th June, 1912.
+
+On 13th June, 1863, the 'Press' printed a letter by Butler signed
+"Cellarius" and headed "Darwin among the Machines," reprinted in 'The
+Note-Books of Samuel Butler' (1912).  The letter begins:
+
+"Sir:  There are few things of which the present generation is more
+justly proud than of the wonderful improvements which are daily
+taking place in all sorts of mechanical appliances"; and goes on to
+say that, as the vegetable kingdom was developed from the mineral,
+and as the animal kingdom supervened upon the vegetable, "so now, in
+the last few ages, an entirely new kingdom has sprung up of which we
+as yet have only seen what will one day be considered the
+antediluvian types of the race."  He then speaks of the minute
+members which compose the beautiful and intelligent little animal
+which we call the watch, and of how it has gradually been evolved
+from the clumsy brass clocks of the thirteenth century.  Then comes
+the question:  Who will be man's successor?  To which the answer is:
+We are ourselves creating our own successors.  Man will become to the
+machine what the horse and the dog are to man; the conclusion being
+that machines are, or are becoming, animate.
+
+In 1863 Butler's family published in his name 'A First Year in
+Canterbury Settlement', which, as the preface states, was compiled
+from his letters home, his journal and extracts from two papers
+contributed to the 'Eagle'.  These two papers had appeared in the
+'Eagle' as three articles entitled "Our Emigrant" and signed
+"Cellarius."  The proof-sheets of the book went out to New Zealand
+for correction and were sent back in the Colombo, which was as
+unfortunate as the 'Burmah', for she was wrecked.  The proofs,
+however, were fished up, though so nearly washed out as to be almost
+undecipherable.  Butler would have been just as well pleased if they
+had remained at the bottom of the Indian Ocean, for he never liked
+the book and always spoke of it as being full of youthful
+priggishness; but I think he was a little hard upon it.  Years
+afterwards, in one of his later books, after quoting two passages
+from Mr. Grant Allen and pointing out why he considered the second to
+be a recantation of the first, he wrote:  "When Mr. Allen does make
+stepping-stones of his dead selves he jumps upon them to some tune."
+And he was perhaps a little inclined to treat his own dead self too
+much in the same spirit.
+
+Butler did very well with the sheep, sold out in 1864, and returned
+via Callao to England.  He travelled with three friends whose
+acquaintance he had made in the colony; one was Charles Paine Pauli,
+to whom he dedicated 'Life and Habit'.  He arrived in August, 1864,
+in London, where he took chambers consisting of a sitting-room, a
+bedroom, a painting-room and a pantry, at 15, Clifford's Inn, second
+floor (north).  The net financial result of the sheep-farming and the
+selling out was that he practically doubled his capital, that is to
+say he had about 8,000 pounds.  This he left in New Zealand, invested
+on mortgage at 10 per cent., the then current rate in the colony; it
+produced more than enough for him to live upon in the very simple way
+that suited him best, and life in the Inns of Court resembles life at
+Cambridge in that it reduces the cares of housekeeping to a minimum;
+it suited him so well that he never changed his rooms, remaining
+there thirty-eight years till his death.
+
+He was now his own master and able at last to turn to painting.  He
+studied at the art school in Streatham Street, Bloomsbury, which had
+formerly been managed by Henry Sass, but, in Butler's time, was being
+carried on by Francis Stephen Cary, son of the Rev. Henry Francis
+Cary, who had been a school-fellow of Dr. Butler at Rugby, and is
+well known as the translator of Dante and the friend of Charles Lamb.
+Among his fellow-students was Mr. H. R. Robertson, who told me that
+the young artists got hold of the legend, which is in some of the
+books about Lamb, that when Francis Stephen Cary was a boy and there
+was a talk at his father's house as to what profession he should take
+up, Lamb, who was present, said:
+
+"I should make him an apo-po-pothe-Cary."
+
+They used to repeat this story freely among themselves, being, no
+doubt, amused by the Lamb-like pun, but also enjoying the malicious
+pleasure of hinting that it might have been as well for their art
+education if the advice of the gentle humorist had been followed.
+Anyone who wants to know what kind of an artist F. S. Cary was can
+see his picture of Charles and Mary Lamb in the National Portrait
+Gallery.
+
+In 1865 Butler sent from London to New Zealand an article entitled
+"Lucubratio Ebria," which was published in the 'Press' of 29th July,
+1865.  It treated machines from a point of view different from that
+adopted in "Darwin among the Machines," and was one of the steps that
+led to 'Erewhon' and ultimately to 'Life and Habit'.  The article is
+reproduced in 'The Note-Books of Samuel Butler' (1912).
+
+Butler also studied art at South Kensington, but by 1867 he had begun
+to go to Heatherley's School of Art in Newman Street, where he
+continued going for many years.  He made a number of friends at
+Heatherley's, and among them Miss Eliza Mary Anne Savage.  There also
+he first met Charles Gogin, who, in 1896, painted the portrait of
+Butler which is now in the National Portrait Gallery.  He described
+himself as an artist in the Post Office Directory, and between 1868
+and 1876 exhibited at the Royal Academy about a dozen pictures, of
+which the most important was "Mr. Heatherley's Holiday," hung on the
+line in 1874.  He left it by his will to his college friend Jason
+Smith, whose representatives, after his death, in 1910, gave it to
+the nation, and it is now in the National Gallery of British Art.
+Mr. Heatherley never went away for a holiday; he once had to go out
+of town on business and did not return till the next day; one of the
+students asked him how he had got on, saying no doubt he had enjoyed
+the change and that he must have found it refreshing to sleep for
+once out of London.
+
+"No," said Heatherley, "I did not like it.  Country air has no body."
+
+The consequence was that, whenever there was a holiday and the school
+was shut, Heatherley employed the time in mending the skeleton;
+Butler's picture represents him so engaged in a corner of the studio.
+In this way he got his model for nothing.  Sometimes he hung up a
+looking-glass near one of his windows and painted his own portrait.
+Many of these he painted out, but after his death we found a little
+store of them in his rooms, some of the early ones very curious.  Of
+the best of them one is now at Canterbury, New Zealand, one at St.
+John's College, Cambridge, and one at the Schools, Shrewsbury.
+
+This is Butler's own account of himself, taken from a letter to Sir
+Julius von Haast; although written in 1865 it is true of his mode of
+life for many years:
+
+
+I have been taking lessons in painting ever since I arrived.  I was
+always very fond of it and mean to stick to it; it suits me and I am
+not without hopes that I shall do well at it.  I live almost the life
+of a recluse, seeing very few people and going nowhere that I can
+help--I mean in the way of parties and so forth; if my friends had
+their way they would fritter away my time without any remorse; but I
+made a regular stand against it from the beginning and so, having my
+time pretty much in my own hands, work hard; I find, as I am sure you
+must find, that it is next to impossible to combine what is commonly
+called society and work.
+
+
+But the time saved from society was not all devoted to painting.  He
+modified his letter to the 'Press' about "Darwin among the Machines"
+and, so modified, it appeared in 1865 as "The Mechanical Creation" in
+the 'Reasoner', a paper then published in London by Mr. G. J.
+Holyoake.  And his mind returned to the considerations which had
+determined him to decline to be ordained.  In 1865 he printed
+anonymously a pamphlet which he had begun in New Zealand, the result
+of his study of the Greek Testament, entitled 'The Evidence for the
+Resurrection of Jesus Christ as given by the Four Evangelists
+critically examined'.  After weighing this evidence and comparing one
+account with another, he came to the conclusion that Jesus Christ did
+not die upon the cross.  It is improbable that a man officially
+executed should escape death, but the alternative, that a man
+actually dead should return to life, seemed to Butler more improbable
+still and unsupported by such evidence as he found in the gospels.
+From this evidence he concluded that Christ swooned and recovered
+consciousness after his body had passed into the keeping of Joseph of
+Arimathaea.  He did not suppose fraud on the part of the first
+preachers of Christianity; they sincerely believed that Christ died
+and rose again.  Joseph and Nicodemus probably knew the truth but
+kept silence.  The idea of what might follow from belief in one
+single supposed miracle was never hereafter absent from Butler's
+mind.
+
+In 1869, having been working too hard, he went abroad for a long
+change.  On his way back, at the Albergo La Luna, in Venice, he met
+an elderly Russian lady in whose company he spent most of his time
+there.  She was no doubt impressed by his versatility and charmed, as
+everyone always was, by his conversation and original views on the
+many subjects that interested him.  We may be sure he told her all
+about himself and what he had done and was intending to do.  At the
+end of his stay, when he was taking leave of her, she said:
+
+"Et maintenant, Monsieur, vous allez creer," meaning, as he
+understood her, that he had been looking long enough at the work of
+others and should now do something of his own.
+
+This sank into him and pained him.  He was nearly thirty-five, and
+hitherto all had been admiration, vague aspiration and despair; he
+had produced in painting nothing but a few sketches and studies, and
+in literature only a few ephemeral articles, a collection of youthful
+letters and a pamphlet on the Resurrection; moreover, to none of his
+work had anyone paid the slightest attention.  This was a poor return
+for all the money which had been spent upon his education, as
+Theobald would have said in 'The Way of All Flesh'.  He returned home
+dejected, but resolved that things should be different in the future.
+While in this frame of mind he received a visit from one of his New
+Zealand friends, the late Sir F. Napier Broome, afterwards Governor
+of Western Australia, who incidentally suggested his rewriting his
+New Zealand articles.  The idea pleased him; it might not be
+creating, but at least it would be doing something.  So he set to
+work on Sundays and in the evenings, as relaxation from his
+profession of painting, and, taking his New Zealand article, "Darwin
+among the Machines," and another, "The World of the Unborn," as a
+starting-point and helping himself with a few sentences from 'A First
+Year in Canterbury Settlement', he gradually formed 'Erewhon'.  He
+sent the MS. bit by bit, as it was written, to Miss Savage for her
+criticism and approval.  He had the usual difficulty about finding a
+publisher.  Chapman and Hall refused the book on the advice of George
+Meredith, who was then their reader, and in the end he published it
+at his own expense through Messrs. Trubner.
+
+Mr. Sydney C. Cockerell told me that in 1912 Mr. Bertram Dobell,
+second-hand bookseller of Charing Cross Road, offered a copy of
+'Erewhon' for 1 pound 10s.; it was thus described in his catalogue:
+"Unique copy with the following note in the author's handwriting on
+the half-title:  'To Miss E. M. A. Savage this first copy of
+'Erewhon' with the author's best thanks for many invaluable
+suggestions and corrections.'"  When Mr. Cockerell inquired for the
+book it was sold.  After Miss Savage's death in 1885 all Butler's
+letters to her were returned to him, including the letter he wrote
+when he sent her this copy of 'Erewhon'.  He gave her the first copy
+issued of all his books that were published in her lifetime, and, no
+doubt, wrote an inscription in each.  If the present possessors of
+any of them should happen to read this sketch I hope they will
+communicate with me, as I should like to see these books.  I should
+also like to see some numbers of the 'Drawing-Room Gazette', which
+about this time belonged to or was edited by a Mrs. Briggs.  Miss
+Savage wrote a review of 'Erewhon', which appeared in the number for
+8th June, 1872, and Butler quoted a sentence from her review among
+the press notices in the second edition.  She persuaded him to write
+for Mrs. Briggs notices of concerts at which Handel's music was
+performed.  In 1901 he made a note on one of his letters that he was
+thankful there were no copies of the 'Drawing-Room Gazette' in the
+British Museum, meaning that he did not want people to read his
+musical criticisms; nevertheless, I hope some day to come across back
+numbers containing his articles.
+
+The opening of 'Erewhon' is based upon Butler's colonial experiences;
+some of the descriptions remind one of passages in 'A First Year in
+Canterbury Settlement', where he speaks of the excursions he made
+with Doctor when looking for sheep-country.  The walk over the range
+as far as the statues is taken from the Upper Rangitata district,
+with some alterations; but the walk down from the statues into
+Erewhon is reminiscent of the Leventina Valley in the Canton Ticino.
+The great chords, which are like the music moaned by the statues are
+from the prelude to the first of Handel's 'Trois Lecons'; he used to
+say:
+
+"One feels them in the diaphragm--they are, as it were, the groaning
+and labouring of all creation travailing together until now."
+
+There is a place in New Zealand named Erewhon, after the book; it is
+marked on the large maps, a township about fifty miles west of Napier
+in the Hawke Bay Province (North Island).  I am told that people in
+New Zealand sometimes call their houses Erewhon and occasionally
+spell the word Erehwon which Butler did not intend; he treated wh as
+a single letter, as one would treat th.  Among other traces of
+Erewhon now existing in real life are Butler's Stones on the Hokitika
+Pass, so called because of a legend that they were in his mind when
+he described the statues.
+
+The book was translated into Dutch in 1873 and into German in 1897.
+
+Butler wrote to Charles Darwin to explain what he meant by the "Book
+of the Machines":  "I am sincerely sorry that some of the critics
+should have thought I was laughing at your theory, a thing which I
+never meant to do and should be shocked at having done."  Soon after
+this Butler was invited to Down and paid two visits to Mr. Darwin
+there; he thus became acquainted with all the family and for some
+years was on intimate terms with Mr. (now Sir) Francis Darwin.
+
+It is easy to see by the light of subsequent events that we should
+probably have had something not unlike 'Erewhon' sooner or later,
+even without the Russian lady and Sir F. N. Broome, to whose
+promptings, owing to a certain diffidence which never left him, he
+was perhaps inclined to attribute too much importance.  But he would
+not have agreed with this view at the time; he looked upon himself as
+a painter and upon 'Erewhon' as an interruption.  It had come, like
+one of those creatures from the Land of the Unborn, pestering him and
+refusing to leave him at peace until he consented to give it bodily
+shape.  It was only a little one, and he saw no likelihood of its
+having any successors.  So he satisfied its demands and then,
+supposing that he had written himself out, looked forward to a future
+in which nothing should interfere with the painting.  Nevertheless,
+when another of the unborn came teasing him he yielded to its
+importunities and allowed himself to become the author of 'The Fair
+Haven', which is his pamphlet on the Resurrection, enlarged and
+preceded by a realistic memoir of the pseudonymous author, John
+Pickard Owen.  In the library of St. John's College, Cambridge, are
+two copies of the pamphlet with pages cut out; he used these pages in
+forming the MS. of 'The Fair Haven'.  To have published this book as
+by the author of 'Erewhon' would have been to give away the irony and
+satire.  And he had another reason for not disclosing his name; he
+remembered that as soon as curiosity about the authorship of
+'Erewhon' was satisfied, the weekly sales fell from fifty down to
+only two or three.  But, as he always talked openly of whatever was
+in his mind, he soon let out the secret of the authorship of 'The
+Fair Haven', and it became advisable to put his name to a second
+edition.
+
+One result of his submitting the MS. of 'Erewhon' to Miss Savage was
+that she thought he ought to write a novel, and urged him to do so.
+I have no doubt that he wrote the memoir of John Pickard Owen with
+the idea of quieting Miss Savage and also as an experiment to
+ascertain whether he was likely to succeed with a novel.  The result
+seems to have satisfied him, for, not long after 'The Fair Haven', he
+began 'The Way of All Flesh', sending the MS. to Miss Savage, as he
+did everything he wrote, for her approval and putting her into the
+book as Ernest's Aunt Alethea.  He continued writing it in the
+intervals of other work until her death in February, 1885, after
+which he did not touch it.  It was published in 1903 by Mr. R. A.
+Streatfeild, his literary executor.
+
+Soon after 'The Fair Haven' Butler began to be aware that his letter
+in the 'Press', "Darwin among the Machines," was descending with
+further modifications and developing in his mind into a theory about
+evolution which took shape as 'Life and Habit'; but the writing of
+this very remarkable and suggestive book was delayed and the painting
+interrupted by absence from England on business in Canada.  He had
+been persuaded by a college friend, a member of one of the great
+banking families, to call in his colonial mortgages and to put the
+money into several new companies.  He was going to make thirty or
+forty per cent, instead of only ten.  One of these companies was a
+Canadian undertaking, of which he became a director; it was necessary
+for someone to go to headquarters and investigate its affairs; he
+went, and was much occupied by the business for two or three years.
+By the beginning of 1876 he had returned finally to London, but most
+of his money was lost and his financial position for the next ten
+years caused him very serious anxiety.  His personal expenditure was
+already so low that it was hardly possible to reduce it, and he set
+to work at his profession more industriously than ever, hoping to
+paint something that he could sell, his spare time being occupied
+with 'Life and Habit', which was the subject that really interested
+him more deeply than any other.
+
+Following his letter in the 'Press', wherein he had seen machines as
+in process of becoming animate, he went on to regard them as living
+organs and limbs which we had made outside ourselves.  What would
+follow if we reversed this and regarded our limbs and organs as
+machines which we had manufactured as parts of our bodies?  In the
+first place, how did we come to make them without knowing anything
+about it?  But then, how comes anybody to do anything unconsciously?
+The answer usually would be:  By habit.  But can a man be said to do
+a thing by habit when he has never done it before?  His ancestors
+have done it, but not he.  Can the habit have been acquired by them
+for his benefit?  Not unless he and his ancestors are the same
+person.  Perhaps, then, they are the same person.
+
+In February, 1876, partly to clear his mind and partly to tell
+someone, he wrote down his thoughts in a letter to his namesake,
+Thomas William Gale Butler, a fellow art-student who was then in New
+Zealand; so much of the letter as concerns the growth of his theory
+is given in 'The Note-Books of Samuel Butler' (1912).
+
+In September, 1877, when 'Life and Habit' was on the eve of
+publication, Mr. Francis Darwin came to lunch with him in Clifford's
+Inn and, in course of conversation, told him that Professor Ray
+Lankester had written something in 'Nature' about a lecture by Dr.
+Ewald Hering of Prague, delivered so long ago as 1870, "On Memory as
+a Universal Function of Organized Matter."  This rather alarmed
+Butler, but he deferred looking up the reference until after
+December, 1877, when his book was out, and then, to his relief, he
+found that Hering's theory was very similar to his own, so that,
+instead of having something sprung upon him which would have caused
+him to want to alter his book, he was supported.  He at once wrote to
+the 'Athenaeum', calling attention to Hering's lecture, and then
+pursued his studies in evolution.
+
+'Life and Habit' was followed in 1879 by 'Evolution Old and New',
+wherein he compared the teleological or purposive view of evolution
+taken by Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, and Lamarck with the view taken
+by Charles Darwin, and came to the conclusion that the old was
+better.  But while agreeing with the earlier writers in thinking that
+the variations whose accumulation results in species were originally
+due to intelligence, he could not take the view that the intelligence
+resided in an external personal God.  He had done with all that when
+he gave up the Resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead.  He
+proposed to place the intelligence inside the creature ("The Deadlock
+in Darwinism," post).
+
+In 1880 he continued the subject by publishing 'Unconscious Memory'.
+Chapter IV of this book is concerned with a personal quarrel between
+himself and Charles Darwin which arose out of the publication by
+Charles Darwin of Dr. Krause's 'Life of Erasmus Darwin'.  We need not
+enter into particulars here, the matter is fully dealt with in a
+pamphlet, 'Charles Darwin and Samuel Butler:  A Step towards
+Reconciliation', which I wrote in 1911, the result of a
+correspondence between Mr. Francis Darwin and myself.  Before this
+correspondence took place Mr. Francis Darwin had made several public
+allusions to 'Life and Habit'; and in September, 1908, in his
+inaugural address to the British Association at Dublin, he did Butler
+the posthumous honour of quoting from his translation of Hering's
+lecture "On Memory," which is in 'Unconscious Memory', and of
+mentioning Butler as having enunciated the theory contained in 'Life
+and Habit'.
+
+In 1886 Butler published his last book on evolution, 'Luck or Cunning
+as the Main Means of Organic Modification'?  His other contributions
+to the subject are some essays, written for the 'Examiner' in 1879,
+"God the Known and God the Unknown," which were republished by Mr.
+Fifield in 1909, and the articles "The Deadlock in Darwinism" which
+appeared in the 'Universal Review' in 1890 and some further notes on
+evolution will be found in 'The Note-Books of Samuel Butler' (1912).
+
+It was while he was writing 'Life and Habit' that I first met him.
+For several years he had been in the habit of spending six or eight
+weeks of the summer in Italy and the Canton Ticino, generally making
+Faido his headquarters.  Many a page of his books was written while
+resting by the fountain of some subalpine village or waiting in the
+shade of the chestnuts till the light came so that he could continue
+a sketch.  Every year he returned home by a different route, and thus
+gradually became acquainted with every part of the Canton and North
+Italy.  There is scarcely a town or village, a point of view, a
+building, statue or picture in all this country with which he was not
+familiar.  In 1878 he happened to be on the Sacro Monte above Varese
+at the time I took my holiday; there I joined him, and nearly every
+year afterwards we were in Italy together.
+
+He was always a delightful companion, and perhaps at his gayest on
+these occasions.  "A man's holiday," he would say, "is his garden,"
+and he set out to enjoy himself and to make everyone about him enjoy
+themselves too.  I told him the old schoolboy muddle about Sir Walter
+Raleigh introducing tobacco and saying:  "We shall this day light up
+such a fire in England as I trust shall never be put out."  He had
+not heard it before and, though amused, appeared preoccupied, and
+perhaps a little jealous, during the rest of the evening.  Next
+morning, while he was pouring out his coffee, his eyes twinkled and
+he said, with assumed carelessness:
+
+"By the by, do you remember?--wasn't it Columbus who bashed the egg
+down on the table and said 'Eppur non si muove'?"
+
+He was welcome wherever he went, full of fun and ready to play while
+doing the honours of the country.  Many of the peasants were old
+friends, and every day we were sure to meet someone who remembered
+him.  Perhaps it would be an old woman labouring along under a
+burden; she would smile and stop, take his hand and tell him how
+happy she was to meet him again and repeat her thanks for the empty
+wine bottle he had given her after an out-of-door luncheon in her
+neighbourhood four or five years before.  There was another who had
+rowed him many times across the Lago di Orta and had never been in a
+train but once in her life, when she went to Novara to her son's
+wedding.  He always remembered all about these people and asked how
+the potatoes were doing this year and whether the grandchildren were
+growing up into fine boys and girls, and he never forgot to inquire
+after the son who had gone to be a waiter in New York.  At Civiasco
+there is a restaurant which used to be kept by a jolly old lady,
+known for miles round as La Martina; we always lunched with her on
+our way over the Colma to and from Varallo-Sesia.  On one occasion we
+were accompanied by two English ladies and, one being a teetotaller,
+Butler maliciously instructed La Martina to make the sabbaglione so
+that it should be forte and abbondante, and to say that the Marsala,
+with which it was more than flavoured, was nothing but vinegar.  La
+Martina never forgot that when she looked in to see how things were
+going, he was pretending to lick the dish clean.  These journeys
+provided the material for a book which he thought of calling "Verdi
+Prati," after one of Handel's most beautiful songs; but he changed
+his mind, and it appeared at the end of 1881 as 'Alps and Sanctuaries
+of Piedmont and the Canton Ticino' with more than eighty
+illustrations, nearly all by Butler.  Charles Gogin made an etching
+for the frontispiece, drew some of the pictures, and put figures into
+others; half a dozen are mine.  They were all redrawn in ink from
+sketches made on the spot, in oil, water-colour, and pencil.  There
+were also many illustrations of another kind--extracts from Handel's
+music, each chosen because Butler thought it suitable to the spirit
+of the scene he wished to bring before the reader.  The introduction
+concludes with these words:  "I have chosen Italy as my second
+country, and would dedicate this book to her as a thank-offering for
+the happiness she has afforded me."
+
+In the spring of 1883 he began to compose music, and in 1885 we
+published together an album of minuets, gavottes, and fugues.  This
+led to our writing 'Narcissus', which is an Oratorio Buffo in the
+Handelian manner--that is as nearly so as we could make it.  It is a
+mistake to suppose that all Handel's oratorios are upon sacred
+subjects; some of them are secular.  And not only so, but, whatever
+the subject, Handel was never at a loss in treating anything that
+came into his words by way of allusion or illustration.  As Butler
+puts it in one of his sonnets:
+
+
+He who gave eyes to ears and showed in sound
+All thoughts and things in earth or heaven above -
+From fire and hailstones running along the ground
+To Galatea grieving for her love -
+He who could show to all unseeing eyes
+Glad shepherds watching o'er their flocks by night,
+Or Iphis angel-wafted to the skies,
+Or Jordan standing as an heap upright -
+
+
+And so on.  But there is one subject which Handel never treated--I
+mean the Money Market.  Perhaps he avoided it intentionally; he was
+twice bankrupt, and Mr. R. A. Streatfeild tells me that the British
+Museum possesses a MS. letter from him giving instructions as to the
+payment of the dividends on 500 pounds South Sea Stock.  Let us hope
+he sold out before the bubble burst; if so, he was more fortunate
+than Butler, who was at this time of his life in great anxiety about
+his own financial affairs.  It seemed a pity that Dr. Morell had
+never offered Handel some such words as these:
+
+
+The steadfast funds maintain their wonted state
+While all the other markets fluctuate.
+
+
+Butler wondered whether Handel would have sent the steadfast funds up
+above par and maintained them on an inverted pedal with all the other
+markets fluctuating iniquitously round them like the sheep that turn
+every one to his own way in the 'Messiah'.  He thought something of
+the kind ought to have been done, and in the absence of Handel and
+Dr. Morell we determined to write an oratorio that should attempt to
+supply the want.  In order to make our libretto as plausible as
+possible, we adopted the dictum of Monsieur Jourdain's Maitre a
+danser:  "Lorsqu'on a des personnes a faire parler en musique, il
+faut bien que, pour la vraisemblance, on donne dans la bergerie."
+Narcissus is accordingly a shepherd in love with Amaryllis; they come
+to London with other shepherds and lose their money in imprudent
+speculations on the Stock Exchange.  In the second part the aunt and
+godmother of Narcissus, having died at an advanced age worth one
+hundred thousand pounds, all of which she has bequeathed to her
+nephew and godson, the obstacle to his union with Amaryllis is
+removed.  The money is invested in consols and all ends happily.
+
+In December, 1886, Butler's father died, and his financial
+difficulties ceased.  He engaged Alfred Emery Cathie as clerk, but
+made no other change, except that he bought a pair of new hair
+brushes and a larger wash-hand basin.  Any change in his mode of life
+was an event.  When in London he got up at 6.30 in the summer and
+7.30 in the winter, went into his sitting-room, lighted the fire, put
+the kettle on and returned to bed.  In half an hour he got up again,
+fetched the kettle of hot water, emptied it into the cold water that
+was already in his bath, refilled the kettle and put it back on the
+fire.  After dressing, he came into his sitting-room, made tea and
+cooked, in his Dutch oven, something he had bought the day before.
+His laundress was an elderly woman, and he could not trouble her to
+come to his rooms so early in the morning; on the other hand, he
+could not stay in bed until he thought it right for her to go out; so
+it ended in his doing a great deal for himself.  He then got his
+breakfast and read the Times.  At 9.30 Alfred came, with whom he
+discussed anything requiring attention, and soon afterwards his
+laundress arrived.  Then he started to walk to the British Museum,
+where he arrived about 10.30, every alternate morning calling at the
+butcher's in Fetter Lane to order his meat.  In the Reading Room at
+the Museum he sat at Block B ("B for Butler") and spent an hour
+"posting his notes"--that is reconsidering, rewriting, amplifying,
+shortening, and indexing the contents of the little note-book he
+always carried in his pocket.  After the notes he went on till 1.30
+with whatever book he happened to be writing.
+
+On three days of the week he dined in a restaurant on his way home,
+and on the other days he dined in his chambers where his laundress
+had cooked his dinner.  At two o'clock Alfred returned (having been
+home to dinner with his wife and children) and got tea ready for him.
+He then wrote letters and attended to his accounts till 3.45, when he
+smoked his first cigarette.  He used to smoke a great deal, but,
+believing it to be bad for him, took to cigarettes instead of pipes,
+and gradually smoked less and less, making it a rule not to begin
+till some particular hour, and pushing this hour later and later in
+the day, till it settled itself at 3.45.  There was no water laid on
+in his rooms, and every day he fetched one can full from the tap in
+the court, Alfred fetching the rest.  When anyone expostulated with
+him about cooking his own breakfast and fetching his own water, he
+replied that it was good for him to have a change of occupation.
+This was partly the fact, but the real reason, which he could not
+tell everyone, was that he shrank from inconveniencing anybody; he
+always paid more than was necessary when anything was done for him,
+and was not happy then unless he did some of the work himself.
+
+At 5.30 he got his evening meal, he called it his tea, and it was
+little more than a facsimile of breakfast.  Alfred left in time to
+post the letters before six.  Butler then wrote music till about 8,
+when he came to see me in Staple Inn, returning to Clifford's Inn by
+about 10.  After a light supper, latterly not more than a piece of
+toast and a glass of milk, he played one game of his own particular
+kind of Patience, prepared his breakfast things and fire ready for
+the next morning, smoked his seventh and last cigarette, and went to
+bed at eleven o'clock.
+
+He was fond of the theatre, but avoided serious pieces.  He preferred
+to take his Shakespeare from the book, finding that the spirit of the
+plays rather evaporated under modern theatrical treatment.  In one of
+his books he brightens up the old illustration of 'Hamlet' without
+the Prince of Denmark by putting it thus:  "If the character of
+Hamlet be entirely omitted, the play must suffer, even though Henry
+Irving himself be cast for the title-role."  Anyone going to the
+theatre in this spirit would be likely to be less disappointed by
+performances that were comic or even frankly farcical.  Latterly,
+when he grew slightly deaf, listening to any kind of piece became too
+much of an effort; nevertheless, he continued to the last the habit
+of going to one pantomime every winter.
+
+There were about twenty houses where he visited, but he seldom
+accepted an invitation to dinner--it upset the regularity of his
+life; besides, he belonged to no club and had no means of returning
+hospitality.  When two colonial friends called unexpectedly about
+noon one day, soon after he settled in London, he went to the nearest
+cook-shop in Fetter Lane and returned carrying a dish of hot roast
+pork and greens.  This was all very well once in a way, but not the
+sort of thing to be repeated indefinitely.
+
+On Thursdays, instead of going to the Museum, he often took a day
+off, going into the country sketching or walking, and on Sundays,
+whatever the weather, he nearly always went into the country walking;
+his map of the district for thirty miles round London is covered all
+over with red lines showing where he had been.  He sometimes went out
+of town from Saturday to Monday, and for over twenty years spent
+Christmas at Boulogne-sur-Mer.
+
+There is a Sacro Monte at Varallo-Sesia with many chapels, each
+containing life-sized statues and frescoes illustrating the life of
+Christ.  Butler had visited this sanctuary repeatedly, and was a
+great favourite with the townspeople, who knew that he was studying
+the statues and frescoes in the chapels, and who remembered that in
+the preface to 'Alps and Sanctuaries' he had declared his intention
+of writing about them.  In August, 1887, the Varallesi brought
+matters to a head by giving him a civic dinner on the Mountain.
+Everyone was present, there were several speeches and, when we were
+coming down the slippery mountain path after it was all over, he said
+to me:
+
+"You know, there's nothing for it now but to write that book about
+the Sacro Monte at once.  It must be the next thing I do."
+
+Accordingly, on returning home, he took up photography and,
+immediately after Christmas, went back to Varallo to photograph the
+statues and collect material.  Much research was necessary and many
+visits to out-of-the-way sanctuaries which might have contained work
+by the sculptor Tabachetti, whom he was rescuing from oblivion and
+identifying with the Flemish Jean de Wespin.  One of these visits,
+made after his book was published, forms the subject of "The
+Sanctuary of Montrigone."  'Ex Voto', the book about Varallo,
+appeared in 1888, and an Italian translation by Cavaliere Angelo
+Rizzetti was published at Novara in 1894.
+
+"Quis Desiderio . . . ?"  ('The Humour of Homer and Other Essays')
+was developed in 1888 from something in a letter from Miss Savage
+nearly ten years earlier.  On the 15th of December, 1878, in
+acknowledging this letter, Butler wrote:
+
+
+I am sure that any tree or flower nursed by Miss Cobbe would be the
+VERY first to fade away and that her gazelles would die long before
+they ever came to know her WELL.  The sight of the brass buttons on
+her pea-jacket would settle them out of hand.
+
+
+There was an enclosure in Miss Savage's letter, but it is
+unfortunately lost; I suppose it must have been a newspaper cutting
+with an allusion to Moore's poem and perhaps a portrait of Miss
+Frances Power Cobbe--pea-jacket, brass buttons, and all.
+
+On the 10th November, 1879, Miss Savage, having been ill, wrote to
+Butler:
+
+
+I have been dipping into the books of Moses, being sometimes at a
+loss for something to read while shut up in my apartment.  You know
+that I have never read the Bible much, consequently there is
+generally something of a novelty that I hit on.  As you do know your
+Bible well, perhaps you can tell me what became of Aaron.  The
+account given of his end in Numbers xx. is extremely ambiguous and
+unsatisfactory.  Evidently he did not come by his death fairly, but
+whether he was murdered secretly for the furtherance of some private
+ends, or publicly in a State sacrifice, I can't make out.  I myself
+rather incline to the former opinion, but I should like to know what
+the experts say about it.  A very nice, exciting little tale might be
+made out of it in the style of the police stories in 'All the rear
+Round' called "The Mystery of Mount Hor or What became of Aaron?"
+Don't forget to write to me.
+
+
+Butler's people had been suggesting that he should try to earn money
+by writing in magazines, and Miss Savage was falling in with the idea
+and offering a practical suggestion.  I do not find that he had
+anything to tell her about the death of Aaron.  On 23rd March, 1880,
+she wrote:
+
+
+Dear Mr. Butler:  Read the subjoined poem of Wordsworth and let me
+know what you understand its meaning to be.  Of course I have my
+opinion, which I think of communicating to the Wordsworth Society.
+You can belong to that Society for the small sum of 2/6 per annum.  I
+think of joining because it is cheap.
+
+
+"The subjoined poem" was the one beginning:  "She dwelt among the
+untrodden ways," and Butler made this note on the letter:
+
+
+To the foregoing letter I answered that I concluded Miss Savage meant
+to imply that Wordsworth had murdered Lucy in order to escape a
+prosecution for breach of promise.
+
+
+Miss Savage to Butler.
+
+2nd April, 1880:  My dear Mr. Butler:  I don't think you see all that
+I do in the poem, and I am afraid that the suggestion of a DARK
+SECRET in the poet's life is not so very obvious after all.  I was
+hoping you would propose to devote yourself for a few months to
+reading the 'Excursion', his letters, &c., with a view to following
+up the clue, and I am disappointed though, to say the truth, the idea
+of a CRIME had not flashed upon me when I wrote to you.  How well the
+works of GREAT men repay attention and study!  But you, who know your
+Bible so well, how was it that you did not detect the plagiarism in
+the last verse?  Just refer to the account of the disappearance of
+Aaron (I have not a Bible at hand, we want one sadly in the club) but
+I am sure that the words are identical [I cannot see what Miss Savage
+meant.  1901. S. B.]  'Cassell's Magazine' have offered a prize for
+setting the poem to music, and I fell to thinking how it could be
+treated musically, and so came to a right comprehension of it.
+
+
+Although Butler, when editing Miss Savage's letters in 1901, could
+not see the resemblance between Wordsworth's poem and Numbers xx., he
+at once saw a strong likeness between Lucy and Moore's heroine whom
+he had been keeping in an accessible pigeon-hole of his memory ever
+since his letter about Miss Frances Power Cobbe.  He now sent Lucy to
+keep her company and often spoke of the pair of them as probably the
+two most disagreeable young women in English literature--an opinion
+which he must have expressed to Miss Savage and with which I have no
+doubt she agreed.
+
+In the spring of 1888, on his return from photographing the statues
+at Varallo, he found, to his disgust, that the authorities of the
+British Museum had removed Frost's 'Lives of Eminent Christians' from
+its accustomed shelf in the Reading Room.  Soon afterwards Harry
+Quilter asked him to write for the 'Universal Review' and he
+responded with "Quis Desiderio . . . ?"  In this essay he compares
+himself to Wordsworth and dwells on the points of resemblance between
+Lucy and the book of whose assistance he had now been deprived in a
+passage which echoes the opening of Chapter V of 'Ex Voto', where he
+points out the resemblances between Varallo and Jerusalem.
+
+Early in 1888 the leading members of the Shrewsbury Archaeological
+Society asked Butler to write a memoir of his grandfather and of his
+father for their Quarterly Journal.  This he undertook to do when he
+should have finished 'Ex Voto'.  In December, 1888, his sisters, with
+the idea of helping him to write the memoir, gave him his
+grandfather's correspondence, which extended from 1790 to 1839.  On
+looking over these very voluminous papers he became penetrated with
+an almost Chinese reverence for his ancestor and, after getting the
+Archaeological Society to absolve him from his promise to write the
+memoir, set about a full life of Dr. Butler, which was not published
+till 1896.  The delay was caused partly by the immense quantity of
+documents he had to sift and digest, the number of people he had to
+consult, and the many letters he had to write, and partly by
+something that arose out of 'Narcissus', which we published in June,
+1888.
+
+Butler was not satisfied with having written only half of this work;
+he wanted it to have a successor, so that by adding his two halves
+together, he could say he had written a whole Handelian oratorio.
+While staying with his sisters at Shrewsbury with this idea in his
+mind, he casually took up a book by Alfred Ainger about Charles Lamb
+and therein stumbled upon something about the 'Odyssey'.  It was
+years since he had looked at the poem, but, from what he remembered,
+he thought it might provide a suitable subject for musical treatment.
+He did not, however, want to put Dr. Butler aside, so I undertook to
+investigate.  It is stated on the title-page of both 'Narcissus' and
+'Ulysses' that the words were written and the music composed by both
+of us.  As to the music, each piece bears the initials of the one who
+actually composed it.  As to the words, it was necessary first to
+settle some general scheme and this, in the case of 'Narcissus', grew
+in the course of conversation.  The scheme of 'Ulysses' was
+constructed in a more formal way and Butler had perhaps rather less
+to do with it.  We were bound by the 'Odyssey', which is, of course,
+too long to be treated fully, and I selected incidents that attracted
+me and settled the order of the songs and choruses.  For this
+purpose, as I out-Shakespeare Shakespeare in the smallness of my
+Greek, I used 'The Adventures of Ulysses' by Charles Lamb, which we
+should have known nothing about but for Ainger's book.  Butler
+acquiesced in my proposals, but, when it came to the words
+themselves, he wrote practically all the libretto, as he had done in
+the case of 'Narcissus'; I did no more than suggest a few phrases and
+a few lines here and there.
+
+We had sent 'Narcissus' for review to the papers, and, as a
+consequence, about this time, made the acquaintance of Mr. J. A.
+Fuller Maitland, then musical critic of the 'Times'; he introduced us
+to that learned musician William Smith Rockstro, under whom we
+studied medieval counterpoint while composing 'Ulysses'.  We had
+already made some progress with it when it occurred to Butler that it
+would not take long and might, perhaps, be safer if he were to look
+at the original poem, just to make sure that Lamb had not misled me.
+Not having forgotten all his Greek, he bought a copy of the 'Odyssey'
+and was so fascinated by it that he could not put it down.  When he
+came to the Phoeacian episode of Ulysses at Scheria he felt he must
+be reading the description of a real place and that something in the
+personality of the author was eluding him.  For months he was
+puzzled, and, to help in clearing up the mystery, set about
+translating the poem.  In August, 1891, he had preceded me to
+Chiavenna, and on a letter I wrote him, telling him when to expect
+me, he made this note:
+
+
+It was during the few days that I was at Chiavenna (at the Hotel
+Grotta Crimee) that I hit upon the feminine authorship of the
+'Odyssey'.  I did not find out its having been written at Trapani
+till January, 1892.
+
+
+He suspected that the authoress in describing both Scheria and Ithaca
+was drawing from her native country and searched on the Admiralty
+charts for the features enumerated in the poem; this led him to the
+conclusion that the country could only be Trapani, Mount Eryx, and
+the AEgadean Islands.  As soon as he could after this discovery he
+went to Sicily to study the locality and found it in all respects
+suitable for his theory; indeed, it was astonishing how things kept
+turning up to support his view.  It is all in his book 'The Authoress
+of the Odyssey', published in 1897 and dedicated to his friend
+Cavaliere Biagio Ingroja of Calatafimi.
+
+His first visit to Sicily was in 1892, in August--a hot time of the
+year, but it was his custom to go abroad in the autumn.  He returned
+to Sicily every year (except one), but latterly went in the spring.
+He made many friends all over the island, and after his death the
+people of Calatafimi called a street by his name, the Via Samuel
+Butler, "thus," as Ingroja wrote when he announced the event to me,
+"honouring a great man's memory, handing down his name to posterity,
+and doing homage to the friendly English nation."  Besides showing
+that the 'Odyssey' was written by a woman in Sicily and translating
+the poem into English prose, he also translated the 'Iliad', and, in
+March, 1895, went to Greece and the Troad to see the country therein
+described, where he found nothing to cause him to disagree with the
+received theories.
+
+It has been said of him in a general way that the fact of an opinion
+being commonly held was enough to make him profess the opposite.  It
+was enough to make him examine the opinion for himself, when it
+affected any of the many subjects which interested him, and if, after
+giving it his best attention, he found it did not hold water, then no
+weight of authority could make him say that it did.  This matter of
+the geography of the 'Iliad' is only one among many commonly received
+opinions which he examined for himself and found no reason to
+dispute; on these he considered it unnecessary to write.
+
+It is characteristic of his passion for doing things thoroughly that
+he learnt nearly the whole of the 'Odyssey' and the 'Iliad' by heart.
+He had a Pickering copy of each poem, which he carried in his pocket
+and referred to in railway trains, both in England and Italy, when
+saying the poems over to himself.  These two little books are now in
+the library of St. John's College, Cambridge.  He was, however,
+disappointed to find that he could not retain more than a book or two
+at a time and that, on learning more, he forgot what he had learnt
+first; but he was about sixty at the time.  Shakespeare's Sonnets, on
+which he published a book in 1899, gave him less trouble in this
+respect; he knew them all by heart, and also their order, and one
+consequence of this was that he wrote some sonnets in the
+Shakespearian form.  He found this intimate knowledge of the poet's
+work more useful for his purpose than reading commentaries by those
+who are less familiar with it.  "A commentary on a poem," he would
+say, "may be useful as material on which to form an estimate of the
+commentator, but the poem itself is the most important document you
+can consult, and it is impossible to know it too intimately if you
+want to form an opinion about it and its author."
+
+It was always the author, the work of God, that interested him more
+than the book--the work of man; the painter more than the picture;
+the composer more than the music.  "If a writer, a painter, or a
+musician makes me feel that he held those things to be lovable which
+I myself hold to be lovable I am satisfied; art is only interesting
+in so far as it reveals the personality of the artist."  Handel was,
+of course, "the greatest of all musicians."  Among the painters he
+chiefly loved Giovanni Bellini, Carpaccio, Gaudenzio Ferrari,
+Rembrandt, Holbein, Velasquez, and De Hooghe; in poetry Shakespeare,
+Homer, and the Authoress of the 'Odyssey'; and in architecture the
+man, whoever he was, who designed the Temple of Neptune at Paestum.
+Life being short, he did not see why he should waste any of it in the
+company of inferior people when he had these.  And he treated those
+he met in daily life in the same spirit:  it was what he found them
+to be that attracted or repelled him; what others thought about them
+was of little or no consequence.
+
+And now, at the end of his life, his thoughts reverted to the two
+subjects which had occupied him more than thirty years previously--
+namely, 'Erewhon' and the evidence for the death and resurrection of
+Jesus Christ.  The idea of what might follow from belief in one
+single supposed miracle had been slumbering during all those years
+and at last rose again in the form of a sequel to 'Erewhon'.  In
+'Erewhon Revisited' Mr. Higgs returns to find that the Erewhonians
+now believe in him as a god in consequence of the supposed miracle of
+his going up in a balloon to induce his heavenly father to send the
+rain.  Mr. Higgs and the reader know that there was no miracle in the
+case, but Butler wanted to show that whether it was a miracle or not
+did not signify provided that the people believed it be one.  And so
+Mr. Higgs is present in the temple which is being dedicated to him
+and his worship.
+
+The existence of his son George was an afterthought and gave occasion
+for the second leading idea of the book--the story of a father trying
+to win the love of a hitherto unknown son by risking his life in
+order to show himself worthy of it--and succeeding.
+
+Butler's health had already begun to fail, and when he started for
+Sicily on Good Friday, 1902, it was for the last time:  he knew he
+was unfit to travel, but was determined to go, and was looking
+forward to meeting Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Fuller Maitland, whom he was to
+accompany over the Odyssean scenes at Trapani and Mount Eryx.  But he
+did not get beyond Palermo; there he was so much worse that he could
+not leave his room.  In a few weeks he was well enough to be removed
+to Naples, and Alfred went out and brought him home to London.  He
+was taken to a nursing home in St. John's Wood where he lay for a
+month, attended by his old friend Dr. Dudgeon, and where he died on
+the 18th June, 1902.
+
+There was a great deal he still wanted to do.  He had intended to
+revise 'The Way of All Flesh', to write a book about Tabachetti, and
+to publish a new edition of 'Ex Voto' with the mistakes corrected.
+Also he wished to reconsider the articles reprinted in 'The Humour of
+Homer', and was looking forward to painting more sketches and
+composing more music.  While lying ill and very feeble within a few
+days of the end, and not knowing whether it was to be the end or not,
+he said to me:
+
+"I am much better to-day.  I don't feel at all as though I were going
+to die.  Of course, it will be all wrong if I do get well, for there
+is my literary position to be considered.  First I write 'Erewhon'--
+that is my opening subject; then, after modulating freely through all
+my other books and the music and so on, I return gracefully to my
+original key and write 'Erewhon Revisited'.  Obviously, now is the
+proper moment to come to a full close, make my bow and retire; but I
+believe I am getting well, after all.  It's very inartistic, but I
+cannot help it."
+
+Some of his readers complain that they often do not know whether he
+is serious or jesting.  He wrote of Lord Beaconsfield:  "Earnestness
+was his greatest danger, but if he did not quite overcome it (as
+indeed who can? it is the last enemy that shall be subdued), he
+managed to veil it with a fair amount of success."  To veil his own
+earnestness he turned most naturally to humour, employing it in a
+spirit of reverence, as all the great humorists have done, to express
+his deepest and most serious convictions.  He was aware that he ran
+the risk of being misunderstood by some, but he also knew that it is
+useless to try to please all, and, like Mozart, he wrote to please
+himself and a few intimate friends.
+
+I cannot speak at length of his kindness, consideration, and
+sympathy; nor of his generosity, the extent of which was very great
+and can never be known--it was sometimes exercised in unexpected
+ways, as when he gave my laundress a shilling because it was "such a
+beastly foggy morning"; nor of his slightly archaic courtliness--
+unless among people he knew well he usually left the room backwards,
+bowing to the company; nor of his punctiliousness, industry, and
+painstaking attention to detail--he kept accurate accounts not only
+of all his property by double entry but also of his daily
+expenditure, which he balanced to a halfpenny every evening, and his
+handwriting, always beautiful and legible, was more so at sixty-six
+than at twenty-six; nor of his patience and cheerfulness during years
+of anxiety when he had few to sympathize with him; nor of the strange
+mixture of simplicity and shrewdness that caused one who knew him
+well to say:  "Il sait tout; il ne sait rien; il est poete."
+
+Epitaphs always fascinated him, and formerly he used to say he should
+like to be buried at Langar and to have on his tombstone the subject
+of the last of Handel's 'Six Great Fugues'.  He called this "The Old
+Man Fugue," and said it was like an epitaph composed for himself by
+one who was very old and tired and sorry for things; and he made
+young Ernest Pontifex in 'The Way of All Flesh' offer it to Edward
+Overton as an epitaph for his Aunt Alethea.  Butler, however, left
+off wanting any tombstone long before he died.  In accordance with
+his wish his body was cremated, and a week later Alfred and I
+returned to Woking and buried his ashes under the shrubs in the
+garden of the crematorium, with nothing to mark the spot.
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+{1}  I am indebted to one of Butler's contemporaries at Cambridge,
+the Rev. Dr. T. G. Bonney, F.R.S., and also to Mr. John F. Harris,
+both of St. John's College, for help in finding and dating Butler's
+youthful contributions to the 'Eagle'.
+
+{2}  This gentleman, on the death of his father in 1866, became the
+Rev. Sir Philip Perring, Bart.
+
+{3}  The late Sir Julius von Haast, K.C.M.G., appointed Provincial
+Geologist in 1860, was ennobled by the Austrian Government and
+knighted by the British.  He died in 1887.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg eText Samuel Butler: A Sketch
+
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