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+Project Gutenberg's With Manchesters in the East, by Gerald B. Hurst
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: With Manchesters in the East
+
+Author: Gerald B. Hurst
+
+Release Date: September 7, 2009 [EBook #29927]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WITH MANCHESTERS IN THE EAST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ WITH MANCHESTERS IN
+
+ THE EAST
+
+
+
+
+ Published by the University of Manchester at
+ THE UNIVERSITY PRESS (H.M. MCKECHNIE, Secretary)
+ 12 LIME GROVE, OXFORD ROAD, MANCHESTER
+
+
+ LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
+ LONDON: 39 Paternoster Row
+ NEW YORK: 443-449 Fourth Avenue and Thirtieth Street
+ CHICAGO: Prairie Avenue and Twenty-fifth Street
+ BOMBAY: 8 Hornby Road
+ CALCUTTA: 6 Old Court House Street
+ MADRAS: 167 Mount Road
+
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTALION OFFICERS ON MOBILIZATION, AUGUST 1914
+
+_Photo: Warwick Brookes_
+
+_Front Row, left to right_--Rev. E.T. Kerby, Chaplain; Capt. C. Norbury;
+Capt. H.G. Davies; Capt. and Adj. P.H. Creagh; Major G.B. Hurst;
+Lieut.-Col. H.E. Gresham; Major J.H. Staveacre; Major J. Scott;
+Capt. J.N. Brown; Capt. H. Smedley.
+
+_Middle Row, left to right_-- ----; Lieut. F. Hayes; Capt. J.F. Farrow
+(R.A.M.C.); Lieut. G. Chadwick; Lieut. W.G. Freemantle;
+Lieut. C.H. Williamson; Capt. A.T. Ward Jones; Lieut. W.F. Creery;
+Capt. C.E. Higham.
+
+_Back Row, left to right_--Capt. T.W. Savatard; Lieut. B. Norbury;
+Capt. D. Nelson; Lieut. D. Norbury; Lieut. E. Townson; Lieut. G.S.
+Lockwood; Lieut. J.H. Thorpe; Lieut. G.C. Hans Hamilton; Lieut. H.D.
+Thewlis; Lieut. A.H. Tinker.
+
+_Absent_--Capt. R.V. Rylands.]
+
+
+
+
+ WITH MANCHESTERS
+ IN THE EAST
+
+
+BY
+
+GERALD B. HURST
+
+
+ MANCHESTER:
+ AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
+ 12 LIME GROVE, OXFORD ROAD
+ LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
+ London, New York, Bombay, etc.
+ 1918
+
+
+
+
+THE RIVERSIDE PRESS LIMITED, EDINBURGH
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHERS' NOTE
+
+
+During the passage of this book through the press, the Author has been
+engaged overseas on active service, and has been unable to devote the
+necessary attention to the correction of the proofs, etc. Due allowance
+must therefore be made for such errors as have crept into the pages.
+
+The Publishers have felt obliged to delete the numbers of the
+Territorial Battalions mentioned in the book, a fact which accounts for
+occasional vagueness in terminology.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                         PAGE
+
+PUBLISHERS' NOTE                                           v
+
+CHAPTER
+
+I. EASTWARD HO!                                            1
+
+II. THE SUDAN                                             12
+
+III. GALLIPOLI                                            23
+
+IV. THE AUGUST BATTLES AT CAPE HELLES                     33
+
+V. TRENCH WARFARE ON GALLIPOLI                            45
+
+VI. THE STRAIN                                            56
+
+VII. THE LIMIT                                            65
+
+VIII. LAST WORDS ON GALLIPOLI                             71
+
+IX. REVIVAL IN EGYPT                                      76
+
+X. ON THE SUEZ CANAL                                      82
+
+XI. SINAI                                                 88
+
+XII. THE TERRITORIAL IDEA                                 95
+
+    APPENDIX--EXTRACT FROM A LETTER
+FROM GENERAL WINGATE                                     100
+
+    INDEX                                                103
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+The Battalion Officers on Mobilization, August
+1914                                               _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                     FACING PAGE
+
+Lieut.-Col. H.E. Gresham                                     2
+
+Arrival at Khartum, 2nd October 1914                        10
+
+General Sir F.R. Wingate, G.C.B., K.C., M.G.                14
+
+Map of Gallipoli                                            24
+
+(a) In Khartum Station  }
+                        }                                   40
+(b) In a Turkish Trench }
+
+C Company, The British Camel Company                        62
+
+Group of Officers, Egypt, 1914                              84
+
+
+
+
+With Manchesters in the East
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+EASTWARD HO!
+
+
+Our Battalion of the Manchesters was typical of the old Territorial
+Force, whose memory has already faded in the glory of the greater Army
+created during the War, but whose services in the period between the
+retreat from Mons and the coming into action of "Kitchener's Men" claim
+national gratitude.
+
+Their earlier history hardly emerges from parochialism. Founded in 1859
+and recruited mainly from the southerly suburbs of Manchester, the
+Battalion lived through the common vicissitudes of the English Volunteer
+unit. It knew the ridicule and disparagement of the hypercritical and
+cosmopolitan, the too easy praise of the hurried inspecting general, the
+enthusiasm of the camp fire, the chill of the wet afternoon on a wintry
+rifle range at Crowden. The South African War gave many a chance of
+active service, and infused more serious and systematic training in the
+routine of the yearly Whitsuntide camps. At that time everything
+depended on the Regular officer who acted as adjutant, and officers and
+men owed much to the inspiring energy of Captain (now Colonel) W.P.E.
+Newbigging, C.M.G., D.S.O., of the Manchesters, whose adjutancy
+(1902-1907) meant a great step in their efficiency. The letter "Q,"
+which signifies success in all examinations required by the War Office,
+figured in the Army List after most of our officers' names during this
+vivid and strenuous phase. For the rest, the pre-War period turned
+mainly on the fortnightly camps and occasional Regimental exercises.
+Salisbury Plain, the Isle of Man, Aldershot and a few North Country
+areas are full of memories of manoeuvre and recreation in a peaceful
+age. Regimental exercises filled weekends in Cheshire or the West
+Riding.
+
+Volunteering served many purposes in England. It kept alive in luxurious
+times a sense of discipline and a cultivation of endurance. Its
+comradeship brought classes together so closely that the easy
+relationship between officers and men in the 1st line Territorial unit
+of 1914-1915 was the despair of the more crusted Regular martinet. Its
+joyous amateurism freed it from every trace of the mental servitude
+which is the curse of militarism, and stimulated initiative and
+individuality. Long before the War, most Territorials believed in
+universal training, not so much on account of the German peril, which to
+too many Englishmen seemed a mere delusion, as on account of its
+social value. It is pleasant to remember how solidly Lord Roberts
+received local Territorial support when he made the most prophetic of
+all his speeches in the Free Trade Hall, Manchester, on the 22nd October
+1912.
+
+[Illustration: _Jerome, Southport._
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel H.E. GRESHAM.]
+
+Lord Haldane's conversion of the Volunteers into the Territorial Force
+of 1907 meant little change in the internal economy or in the personnel
+of this Battalion. Its mounted infantry company, 140 strong, and its
+cyclists were lost in the interest of uniformity. Nevertheless, the
+change made us better fitted for war by incorporating us in the larger
+Divisional organisation essential in European war. Volunteer units
+supplied select companies for South Africa in 1899 and 1900. The East
+Lancashire Territorial Division was ready to take the field _en bloc_
+against the Germans in 1914.
+
+The story to be told in these pages is so largely that of one battalion
+that a word can be said of its leaders in August, 1914, without making
+any claim to special pre-eminence, for our old and honourable rivalries
+with other local battalions faded long ago in mutual confidence.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel H.E. Gresham, who had commanded since 1912, was an
+ideal C.O.--a Territorial of long service and sound judgment, a fine
+shot, and in civil life a distinguished engineer. In Major J.H.
+Staveacre, the junior Major, we had an incomparable enthusiast, with a
+zest for every kind of sport, a happy gift of managing men and an almost
+professional aptitude for arms which had been enriched by his
+experiences in the Boer War. Captain P.H. Creagh of the Leicestershire
+Regiment was a fine adjutant, whose ability and character were to win
+him recognition in wider fields. His management of our mobilisation was
+beyond praise. The quartermaster, Major James Scott, was an old
+Manchester Regiment man, with a record of good work at Ladysmith and
+Elandslaagte. Of the company officers and N.C.O.'s, there is no need to
+add here to the tribute which will be theirs in any detailed history of
+Gallipoli. Nothing was more characteristic than their readiness to
+volunteer for foreign service as soon as we mobilised--long before the
+immensity of the War was understood, and considerably before the day of
+the lurid poster and the recruiting meeting.
+
+The Manchester Territorial Infantry Brigade was embodied on the 4th
+August 1914, and on the 20th marched out through Rochdale to a camp on
+the Littleborough moors near Hollingworth Lake, where they were asked to
+offer themselves for service abroad. Twenty-six officers and 808 men of
+our Battalion (roughly, 90 per cent. of our strength) volunteered. A
+wise pledge, afterwards unavoidably broken, was given by the authorities
+that no man should be transferred from his own unit against his will.
+
+We dropped down the Channel on the evening of the 10th September 1914 in
+a convoy of fourteen transports and one ammunition ship, with H.M.S.
+_Minerva_ as escort--the first Territorial Division that ever left
+England on active service. We sailed in a ship with a few East
+Lancashire details and the Headquarters Staff of the Brigade. General
+Noel Lee, the Brigadier, was an old Manchester Territorial officer, who
+understood the Territorial spirit to a nicety, and his death from wounds
+received in the battle of the 4th June 1915 was our irreparable loss.
+The Brigade Major was a tower of strength when on Gallipoli.
+
+Of our Battalion, who enjoyed during those shining autumn days their
+first vision of Gibraltar "grand and grey," with its covey of German
+prizes in harbour, and of the Mediterranean, then free of the submarine,
+and who half feared that the War would be over while they were still
+buried in the African desert, only a small number survive unscathed.
+Many sleep amid the cliffs and nullahs of Gallipoli.
+
+The virtues and capacities of these my comrades will always haunt my
+imagination. Their psychology was extraordinarily interesting. They were
+unlike the Regulars, who preceded them in the field, and to some extent
+unlike the New Army, which gathered in their wake.
+
+They had very little of the professional soldier. Only 45 among them had
+ever served in the Regular Army. Their homes and callings and the light
+amusements of a great city filled their minds in the same way as the
+Regimental tradition and routine filled those of the old British Regular
+Army. With a few exceptions, the feeling of duty was a far stronger
+motive to their soldiering than any love of adventure. These Manchester
+men had little of the Crusader or Elizabethan but his valour. They were,
+in fact, almost arrogantly civilian, coming from a country which had
+dared ineptly to look down on its defenders. The Northerner is not an
+enthusiast by nature. His politics are usually limited to concrete
+questions of work and wages, prices and tariffs, and he knows no
+history. The Germans in August, 1914, were still "Lancashire's best
+customers"--not a warlike race bent on winning world-empire by blood and
+iron. The social traditions of the middle-class urban population, from
+which the Territorials were drawn, had never fostered the military
+spirit, nor the power to recognise and understand that spirit in others.
+In such circumstances the sober zeal with which middle-aged sergeants
+forsook their families and businesses at the very outset of the War,
+without a moment's hesitation, is a signal proof of their character. No
+men were ever greater lovers of peace. Some philosophers have seen or
+tried to see in the War a judgment on the luxury and frivolity of
+pre-War England, on her neglect of defence, and her absorption in
+opulence. Were this the case, it would be ironical to reflect how the
+North Country homes, first and most cruelly scourged by the War, were
+homes to which the so-called "sins of society" were least known and most
+repugnant, and where military training had been long pursued in the
+teeth of public ridicule and at the sacrifice of leisure. Long
+afterwards the father of a very talented private (Arthur Powell), who
+was killed in Turkey, wrote of his son: "We never intended him for the
+rude alarums of war, but his sense of duty and the horrors of Belgium
+fired his imagination, so that with hundreds of thousands of
+high-spirited young Englishmen, he placed himself in his country's
+service." This cast of thought is uncommon in the ranks of a Regular
+army.
+
+Officers and N.C.O.'s were obviously and admittedly amateurs, and never
+acquired the distinctive dash of the old Army. Soldiering was not their
+profession. Yet Territorials like the Manchesters possessed a range of
+talent in many ways beyond the normal standard of the Army. They had the
+manual arts and crafts of the industrial North. These volunteers were in
+civil life builders and joiners; railwaymen, tramwaymen, engineers;
+clerks, shorthand-writers, draughtsmen, warehousemen, packers; carters
+and fitters; telephonists, chemists. When half of C Company was suddenly
+converted into the British Camel Corps at Khartum it was discovered to
+contain the camel-keeper of Bostock's menagerie. We found piano-tuners
+for the Sirdar's Palace, gardeners for the Barrack plantations, and in
+later days expert mechanics for anti-aircraft gunnery. Skilled clerks
+like Sergeants J.C. Jones and Beaumont were marked out by Nature for the
+orderly room. Many men well qualified to hold commissions served in the
+ranks and died before the nation recognised their quality. Lastly, we
+could turn out more barristers than all the other East Lancashire units
+put together. It would be hard to imagine better officers than our
+three ex-Juniors of the Northern Circuit--N. H.P. Whitley, J.H. Thorpe
+and Hans Hamilton.
+
+With the New Army, that was destined to do so much to save the cause of
+civilisation, our men had more in common than with the Regulars. In
+1914, however, we had inevitably a less thorough training in technique
+than that which fell to their lot in the ensuing years. Only a few of
+our officers had gone the round of "schools of instruction" and
+"courses." We had fewer specialists, and our equipment was probably
+inferior. During all our Eastern experiences we used the long rifle
+only. It was, however, a real advantage to have had nearly sixty years'
+record as a Volunteer unit behind us, with all sorts of Regimental
+traditions, which lie at the roots of comradeship and ensure happy
+relations between officers and men. Another distinctive virtue of the
+Territorial system about Manchester was that all ranks, from
+Brigadier-General to private, came from one neighbourhood, and viewed
+life from much the same angle. They ran to type, and their interest in
+soldiering, obviously spontaneous in the first instance, had been
+fostered by common experiences in time of peace.
+
+We saw Malta in the far distance on the evening of the 21st September,
+and next day, in mid-afternoon, our convoy unexpectedly met an Indian
+Division on its way from Bombay to Marseilles. Their transports, mainly
+British Indian liners, passed ours and exchanged escorts with us,
+thrilling the least imaginative with pride in the Empire and a sense of
+the illimitable issues at stake in Europe. We had left England ringing
+with the legendary passage of the Russians from Archangel, the snow
+still clinging to their furs, just as the British Army in Spain, in
+1812, had been cheered by a similar mirage of Russians streaming to
+their aid through Corunna. The first paper that we read on reaching
+Egypt announced in giant headlines the arrival of 250,000 no less
+shadowy Japanese at Antwerp. But the Indians were real. Their appearance
+was a true touch of the World War and they reached the firing line in
+Flanders on the 19th October.
+
+We eventually arrived at Alexandria on the 25th September 1914. B
+Company, under Captain (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) J.N. Brown, was
+dropped here, half of it under Captain E. Townson going on to Cyprus,
+which they garrisoned until the eve of its annexation. Eventually the
+whole Company, then under Captain (afterwards Major) D. Nelson, was
+reunited to the rest of the Battalion when it left for the Dardanelles.
+The remaining part of the Division also disembarked at Alexandria, in
+order to relieve the Regular garrisons of Alexandria and Cairo. The
+Battalion passed on to Port Said. As we neared the harbour, our men
+hailed watchers on the quay for the latest news. Antwerp was then at its
+last gasp, and the _Aboukir_, _Hague_ and _Cressy_ had been torpedoed in
+the North Sea. The first cry from the ship was "How is City getting
+on?" League football was still the first interest of Young England in
+the second month of the Great War.
+
+We sailed down the Canal on a scorching Sunday morning to Suez and the
+Red Sea. A few Indians guarded its banks. Onward through the misty heat,
+under escort of a destroyer, with a wind blowing hot from Arabia, to
+Port Sudan, where we put in at 11 A.M. on the 30th September. The
+temperature was 105° F. in the shade. Here half of C Company, under
+Captain T.W. Savatard (afterwards killed on Gallipoli) were left to
+garrison and construct defences for the place. Once a desolate coral
+reef, it is now a great harbour with the promise of a greater future.
+This first night of Africa we rowed happily across its starlit lagoon in
+the full glamour of the East to enjoy British hospitality.
+
+Next morning we started, with Major Boyle of the Egyptian Army Staff as
+a "cicerone," on the long railway track from the sea to Atbara and
+Khartum, past scattered villages peopled by staring Fuzzy Wuzzies with
+erect and luxuriant black hair, and across hot stretches of desert and
+rock. At a quarter past eleven on the morning of the 2nd October 1914 we
+arrived at Khartum North, where we detrained and were met by the Sirdar,
+General Sir Reginald Wingate, then Governor-General of the Sudan, and
+his Staff. We marched over the Blue Nile Bridge to the spacious British
+barracks, the only spot in the Sudan where the Union Jack flies
+unaccompanied by the flag of Egypt, and relieved the Suffolk Regiment.
+In the afternoon our band played them out of the cantonment, and we
+cheered them on the first stage of their long journey to the
+blood-stained battle-fields of Flanders.
+
+[Illustration: ARRIVAL AT KHARTUM, 2nd OCTOBER 1914.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE SUDAN
+
+
+The tasks allotted to the Battalion between October, 1914, and April,
+1915, while garrisoning the Sudan were of great variety. With the
+gunners at Khartum Fort, they constituted part of the British force then
+in the country, of which Colonel Gresham was commander. The detachment
+left at Port Sudan organised its defences, ran an armoured train, and
+patrolled the Red Sea in the _Enterprise_. One group, under Captain R.V.
+Rylands (afterwards killed on Gallipoli), guarded the railway works at
+Atbara. Another under Captain B. Norbury occupied the hill station of
+Sinkat. Important censorship work at Wadi Halfa was entrusted to Captain
+J.H. Thorpe, and, when he was invalided, to Lieutenant L. Dudley, who
+fell later in action on Gallipoli. At Khartum a half company, under
+Captain C. Norbury, was on arrival transformed immediately into the
+British Camel Corps.
+
+For some little time after our coming the normal social and sporting
+life of the small British colony at Khartum was hardly ruffled by the
+storm raging in Europe, and we gratefully enjoyed its warm-hearted
+hospitality. At the beginning of November war broke out between Great
+Britain and Turkey, and the loyalty of the Sudanese was put to the test.
+The Germans built upon the probability of a Jihad or Holy War, and never
+dreamed that the handful of young Englishmen who administered the
+country under the Sirdar's guidance could have won its loyalty against
+all comers. When the Sirdar announced in English and Arabic the news of
+the Porte's entry into the War one shining Sunday morning in early
+November, to a large gathering of Egyptian and Sudanese officers and
+dignitaries at the Palace, their zealous unanimity was impressive.
+Hundreds of native notables contributed generously to British Red Cross
+funds. Sheikhs of the Red Sea Province, who had once been dervish
+partisans, showed me with glowing pride when at Port Sudan silver
+medallions with King George's likeness, given by him to them on his
+visit to Sinkat.
+
+Few pages of history are more wonderful than that which records the
+conversion of the chaotic and down-trodden Sudan of 1898 into the
+peaceful and prosperous Sudan of to-day. Scepticism as to the uses of
+Empire, which too often beset the Manchester man at home before the War,
+was dissipated by seeing what Anglo-Egyptian sovereignty and British
+character and industry have achieved in a land so long tormented by
+slave-traders and despots. The happy black boys of Gordon College go to
+school with books under their arms, and play football, coached by Old
+Blues and cheered by enthusiastic comrades. On the 30th October (Kurban
+Bairam day) the Manchesters saw the Sirdar bestow gaily coloured robes
+of honour on deserving chiefs. Everywhere were signs of economic
+progress. The cotton-growing plantations on the Gezira Plain, the
+ginning factory at Wad Medani, the numerous irrigation and public health
+works, the research laboratories of Gordon College, the industries of
+Khartum North and of Atbara, all bore the distinctive hall-mark of
+British Imperialism.
+
+The magic of the British name in the Sudan seemed to us to rest not only
+on the art of government but on the great memories of Gordon and
+Kitchener and the abiding influence of General Wingate's personality.
+The Gordon statue at Khartum is almost a shrine. The Sudan itself is
+Lord Kitchener's monument. During our life there we were daily witnesses
+of General Wingate's tact, power and example. In all Mohammedan areas of
+the Sudan, Great Britain is wisely defender of the faith, and Islam is
+wisely with Britain. On the 19th November we were entertained at the
+Egyptian Army Officers' Club on the occasion of the Mohammedan New Year.
+On the 27th January 1915 the Prophet's birthday was celebrated with
+rapturous pageantry, and the Sirdar and Lady Wingate paid most
+impressive visits to the pavilions set up by the principal sheikhs and
+notables in front of the mosques at Khartum and Omdurman, while huge
+crowds of religious enthusiasts beat tom-toms and sang outside. We saw
+the Sirdar reviewing his Egyptian and Sudanese troops at Khartum,
+formally inspecting the schools, hospitals, barracks and prisons around
+Port Sudan, decorating veterans with medals, and addressing in every
+native dialect the political and religious leaders of the people. We
+found that no men appreciated the care and skill of the Red Sea Province
+hospital more warmly than Arabs from the then Turkish territory of
+Jiddah.
+
+[Illustration: _Elliot & Fry Ltd._
+
+General Sir F.R. WINGATE, G.C.B., G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G., G.B.E., D.S.O.
+
+Honorary Colonel of the Battalion.]
+
+The whole history of the evolution of the Sudan is epitomised in the
+bare, sun-scorched Christian graveyard of Wadi Halfa. The sandy,
+high-walled enclosure is the common resting-place of four successive
+generations of British Empire builders: first, of soldiers who fell in
+the Gordon Relief Expedition; secondly, of men who died while building
+the railway which proved the key to Lord Kitchener's success; thirdly,
+of soldiers who perished in the war of 1898; lastly, of civil servants
+who have died while administering the country since its reconquest.
+
+Staveacre and I touched a much earlier phase of history when we
+discovered and bought derelict French helmets and cuirasses of 1798 that
+must once have been the booty of some Mameluke. Who would wish for more
+romantic trophies?
+
+The Turkish war added gravity to the Battalion's responsibilities in the
+Sudan. The idea at the time was to treat it passively, so long as the
+Turks did not molest British Moslems on pilgrimage to Mecca. The Arabs
+were known to have little sympathy with the Ottoman Turk and his
+pretensions to religious authority; so Jiddah was not to be starved by
+non-intercourse. The Turks themselves made such a policy impossible by
+their raid against the Suez Canal in February, 1915, and the inception
+of the Dardanelles Expedition marked the final victory of the school of
+thought which put its faith in an Eastern offensive. Some sort of
+offensive, whether against Gallipoli or Alexandretta or Haifa, had
+become perhaps a moral necessity.
+
+We learnt in the Sudan how Turco-German machinations were necessitating
+a more active policy towards the Porte. I acted as prosecutor at the
+public trial of a Sudanese by general court martial in the court-house
+of Port Sudan in the second week of December, 1914. He had risen from
+sergeant's rank in a Sudanese regiment to be Captain of the Egyptian
+Coastguard in 1907. Cashiered in 1912, he served Enver Pasha in Tripoli,
+became an officer of Abdul Hamid's bodyguard, and afterwards a Major of
+the Baghdad Gendarmerie. Long before November, 1914, he had busily
+plotted for a rising in Egypt and the diffusion of German propaganda all
+over the Sudan. Under Enver Pasha's personal direction he disguised
+himself in a pilgrim's robe, styled himself Suleiman Effendi, and
+crossed the Red Sea from Jiddah with six pilgrims. One of these was an
+Howrowri Arab from Kordofan. The rest were Falatas or Takruri--_i.e._
+pilgrims from British West Africa to Mecca--a class whose whole
+existence is spent on pilgrimage, brightened by spells of residence and
+family life at centres like Omdurman, and this man planned to pass as a
+pilgrim among pilgrims. The party was asked by the sheikh of the Takurna
+village, near Port Sudan, where they came from. They replied:
+"Omdurman." On the 16th November he, in beggar's clothes, sought an
+interview with a Bimbashi of the Egyptian Army, at Port Sudan. He told
+him and his adjutant that he had come on a secret mission from Enver to
+rouse the Sudan against the British and to ascertain native feeling at
+Port Sudan, Khartum, Sinja, Wad Medani, Kordofan and El Obeid.
+
+"The Porte," he said, "knows that the English treat you badly and
+intends to drive them out of Egypt." The officers whom he tempted were,
+however, staunchly loyal. They handed him over to Colonel Wilson,
+Governor of the Red Sea Province. His red and blue uniform, sword and
+papers were discovered, but he defended himself stoutly against the
+charges of spying and war treason, and his interests were carefully
+watched by Judge Davidson, who acted as Judge Advocate. One Arabic
+letter found among his papers was addressed to the Ministry of War at
+Constantinople, and appears to have been a copy of a report sent off by
+him just before his arrest. It is worth quoting as a footnote to
+history:
+
+   "I arrived at Mecca, where I met the Valy and Commandant, Wahib Bey,
+   and gave him my information. He left Mecca for Jiddah at once for
+   his usual work, and provided me with a boat and six civilians, who
+   accompanied me from Jiddah to Suakin and Port Sudan on a secret
+   mission to induce the natives to favour the presence of the Turkish
+   government, to rise against the existing European government, and to
+   take necessary precautions for upholding the honour of the Turkish
+   government without anyone's knowledge.... I hope when I reach
+   Khartum, in a secret way to encourage a rising against the British
+   troops, if possible. As for my expenses, I took from the Valy
+   Commandant sixteen Turkish pounds and three pounds sterling for the
+   necessary expenses of the journey by steamer and land. I have every
+   wish for the prosperity of the Religion and for the Sultan's victory
+   over the unbelievers."
+
+This man in his defence denied that any Sudanese like himself would
+dream of plotting against the British, who had purified government,
+employed Sudanese in administration, and given their children schools.
+He was convicted and sentenced to death, but that penalty was commuted
+by the Sirdar, in consideration of a tardy confession.
+
+One of the Falatas turned King's evidence against his other companions
+on the charge of war treason. Squatting on the floor of the courthouse,
+their rosaries interlaced with their handcuffs, they assumed the air of
+innocence, but were convicted and condemned to terms of imprisonment.
+Two were called Isa (Jesus) and one was Adam. Arab life has more than a
+touch of the Bible.
+
+The whole episode brought into relief the wide ramifications of
+Turco-German intrigue.
+
+Another singular case of German subtlety was that of an alleged Swiss
+explorer, who arrived on the 10th November at Khartum on his way from
+Abyssinia to undergo the Pasteur treatment at Cairo. He claimed to have
+had his leg bitten by a dog, and was in hot haste to reach Egypt. He
+satisfied our doctors as to the genuineness of his injuries and anxiety,
+wept when Captain Morley, most expert of surgeons, told him of the
+surrender of Antwerp, and was given help and hospitality. He went
+through the Pasteur treatment and disappeared from our ken. A few weeks
+later an Italian newspaper applauded the patriotism of a German reserve
+officer, whose zeal to serve his country had nerved him to brave the
+vigilance of Khartum and the too devoted attentions of the hydrophobia
+experts at Cairo.
+
+At a date when all Britons of military age worth their salt were
+training for war, the actual work of the Manchesters in the Sudan hardly
+calls for description. In the personal supervision of the Sirdar they
+enjoyed a special advantage not shared by the Territorial units left in
+Egypt. What is of more lasting moment is the share they took in
+furthering the cause of peace, order and good government in the Sudan by
+their steady conduct and happy relations with the inhabitants. Our
+officers interchanged visits with the officers of an Egyptian regiment
+quartered at Khartum, enjoying tea, music and speeches. With an Egyptian
+regiment at El Obeid we had a pleasant and symbolic exchange of colours.
+In the ceremonial occasioned by the Sultan's accession, a guard of
+honour under Major J.H. Staveacre represented the British Army in the
+Palace garden, and acclaimed: "Ya-aish Hussein Pasha, Sultan Masr" (Long
+live Hussein Pasha, Sultan of Egypt). The men were scrupulously careful
+of native sensibilities. At Port Sudan, Private J.P. Lyons, our champion
+boxer, who was killed on Gallipoli, was publicly thanked by the
+Governor, Colonel Wilson, for having saved a black policeman from some
+drunken sailors. The Battalion hoped it had really earned the honour
+paid it when the Sirdar accepted its honorary colonelcy.
+
+The knowledge gained during the months in the Sudan will be an asset to
+such Manchester Territorials as survive, and may even exercise an
+influence upon local public opinion. To many, the Sudan seemed entitled
+to rank among the best administered countries in the world. Its civil
+service governs vast areas and vast numbers practically without military
+aid. Its selection from University graduates who best combine brains
+with physique is in the spirit of Cecil Rhodes. Government of blacks by
+whites is a commonplace; of blacks by blues, a stroke of genius.
+
+Looking back after years of soldiering and disillusion, the first
+months of the War no doubt seem brighter than they really were. It is
+easy to forget the illnesses that sent the writer as an invalid to Luxor
+and Cairo, and finally to England; to ignore the heat and dust and
+isolation, the long glare of the African day. We think more readily of
+Gordon's rose-tree blooming in the Palace garden; of the long camel
+treks across the desert; of the wail of the yellow-ribboned Sudanese
+bagpipes; of our visit with Colonel Smyth, V.C., to the stony, sun-baked
+battle-field of Omdurman; of the lusty strains of _Tipperary_ in the
+cool barrack rooms. It is right that this should be so. The men to whom
+these memories would appeal were men who enjoyed life to the full. They
+played the first lacrosse ever seen in the Sudan, engaged in keen boxing
+competitions, rallied to football on the roughest of barrack squares,
+listened cheerfully to weekly concerts and the first of our long series
+of history and military lectures. They hunted for curios in the dusty
+alleys of Omdurman, enjoyed recreation in the library and billiard-room,
+and ran with great spirit the early numbers of the _Manchester Sentry_,
+first published of all active service periodicals. To this paper the
+Sirdar and Lady Wingate contributed welcome and inspiring letters, and
+the Battalion owed its motto: "We never sleep."
+
+In April, 1915, the Battalion left the Sudan for Cairo, where it again
+came in contact with the other units of the East Lancashire Territorial
+Division, thenceforward called the 42nd Division On the 3rd May it
+embarked in company with another battalion of the Manchesters on the
+_Ionian_, and at seven in the evening, on the 7th May, it landed at "V"
+Beach, Cape Helles.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+GALLIPOLI
+
+
+The 42nd Division was soon in the midst of hard fighting, stormy weather
+and much privation. Casualties began early, though the first Battalion
+exploit under fire was happily bloodless. On the 9th May, 80 men were
+told off to fill water-bottles and carry them under fire over
+half-a-mile of broken ground to an Australian unit. They tracked
+cleverly across the moor, and were met by an eager Australian with the
+question: "Have you brought the water, cobbers?" On the 11th, the
+Battalion had a long, weary march to the front line. The trenches were
+full of water, and the gullies became almost impassable. On the 28th,
+Lockwood, our musketry expert, was severely wounded in the chest.
+
+On the same day Lieutenant-Colonel Gresham was forced by ill-health to
+leave us. He was invalided to Malta, and thence to England. A year later
+he relinquished his command, without having been able to rejoin. He had
+served with the Battalion ever since 1890. He was known to suffer from
+chronic illness, but he let nothing interfere with the call of duty, and
+his hard work overseas set a fine example to all ranks. It is, indeed,
+still, in 1917, difficult to think of the Battalion with any other
+Commanding Officer. His departure was widely regretted, and the later
+achievements of his men in the War are the best tribute to the many
+years of labour he had given to their training and organisation.
+
+His immediate successor in command was Major Staveacre. On the night of
+the 28th May the Battalion advanced, and B and D Companies dug
+themselves in under a full moon and in the face of the enemy, a platoon
+of C Company finishing the work on the following evening. In these
+operations fell Captains T.W. Savatard and R.V. Rylands, men of sterling
+character and capacity, and Lieut. T.F. Brown, a gallant boy, who, in
+the happier days of the threatened war in Ulster, had served in the West
+Belfast Loyalist Volunteers.
+
+The advance of the 28th May was preliminary to the historic attack of
+the whole allied line from sea to sea, which had been timed for midday
+on the 4th June 1915. In this attack the Battalion advanced as the
+extreme right unit of our Infantry Brigade. On the left of the
+Manchesters was the 29th Division; on our right was the Royal Naval
+Division, and on their right were the French.
+
+During the previous night the Turks, writes an eyewitness in the
+_Sentry_, gave us "our first taste of bombing. They crawled down a small
+gully and threw eight or nine bombs on to our gun emplacement, hurting
+no one, but putting the gun out for twenty minutes." Meanwhile they
+fired the gorse in front of the 29th Division.
+
+[Illustration: GALLIPOLI.]
+
+At eight in the morning the British guns opened the bombardment. "At
+eleven-twenty our whole line from the sea to the Straits got up and
+waved their bayonets, pretending the attack was to start." At twelve,
+"with wild cheers" the assault was launched. A and C Companies rushed
+the first Turkish trench, and captured the surviving occupants, while
+along a front that stretched far away to the left, similar success was
+won by the whole British line. While A and C Companies consolidated the
+trench they had won, B and D Companies passed over it, in order to take
+the next Turkish line. Captain (afterwards Major) C.E. Higham, always
+resourceful and imperturbable, was shot in the foot while crossing the
+trench, but Captain (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) Fawcus led the
+attack a long way forward, and held a dummy trench in the heart of the
+Turkish position for many hours.
+
+Subsequently the right flank of the Battalion was not only enfiladed but
+exposed to fire from their rear. The officers at this deadly point were
+Lieutenants H.D. Thewlis, W.G. Freemantle and F.C. Palmer. Palmer was
+badly wounded. Thewlis, a keen subaltern and expert in scientific
+agriculture, refused to retire, and was killed. Freemantle was of Quaker
+stock and, like Thewlis, a graduate of Manchester University. He was
+first shot through the right arm, and then through the left. He insisted
+on remaining with his men, though the pain was so intense that he broke
+his teeth while clenching them. He was then shot through the body, and
+died.
+
+C Company on this right flank was in danger. Lieutenant G.C. Hans
+Hamilton, a prince of fighters, had organised a bombing party with
+Corporal Cherry, and did great work, but was now severely wounded.
+Leonard Dudley, an adventurous soul who had fought under Staveacre with
+the Cheshire Yeomanry in South Africa, was killed. Captain Cyril
+Norbury, who commanded the Company, had written to Major Staveacre for
+information, and he received this answer from Captain Creagh: "Regret to
+say Major Staveacre dead; also Thewlis and Freemantle. Do not know
+whereabouts of missing platoons. Fear most lost."
+
+Staveacre had been shot through the back while passing ammunition to the
+firing line. He said to Regimental Sergeant-Major H.C. Franklin (the
+Acting Adjutant of our later days on Gallipoli): "Never mind me. Carry
+on, Sergeant-Major," and died at once.
+
+All day long the Turks counter-attacked the Manchesters without success.
+Private Richardson won the D.C.M. by bombing feats, but the supply of
+bombs ran out early. Their use was in its infancy, and their character
+was primitive. C Company, among whom Sergeant M'Hugh, Corporal Basnett
+and Private (afterwards Lieutenant) J.W. Sutherland were conspicuous,
+was reinforced by some gallant bombers from another battalion of the
+Manchesters under Captain James, who was killed after driving the Turks
+from a trench, and later by some of the Lancashire Fusiliers. They held
+their own, and a last Turkish counter-attack, on the morning of the 5th
+June, was scattered by our machine guns and those of the Lancashire
+Fusiliers, well handled by Captains Hayes and Bedson.
+
+Fawcus brought back about nine survivors from his advanced position
+after great feats of endurance, in which the Manchester units on our
+left had fully shared. Lieutenant T.E. Granger, who had been left behind
+dangerously wounded, was taken prisoner. Lieutenant Ward was killed.
+Lieutenant Bateman was shot through the lungs; Lieutenant G. Norbury on
+the scalp.
+
+On the 4th June the Brigadier, General Noel Lee, was mortally wounded,
+to the intense and universal sorrow of the whole Division. He died in
+Malta. Lieutenant-Colonel Heys, on taking his place, was immediately
+killed. The retreat from the more advanced trenches to the original
+Turkish firing line, necessitated by enfilade fire and by the absence of
+reinforcements, proved far deadlier than the advance. The battle, with
+its preliminary operations, cost us some of our bravest sergeant-majors
+and sergeants--Cookson, Arnott, Marvin, Mundy, Balfe, Webster. Sergeant
+Lindsay lost his leg. Of them and of all the men of the 42nd Division,
+who gave their lives in this action, any praise is superfluous.
+
+A broad strip of land gained securely on a wide frontage, an immense
+number of Turkish dead and prisoners, and a sense of great personal
+ascendancy, were the measure of their success, and General Sir Ian
+Hamilton's dispatch truly estimates its quality.
+
+The survivors of the Battalion rested for a few days on Imbros after the
+battle, and then returned to the Peninsula under the command of Captain
+P.H. Creagh. On the 16th July the command was passed to
+Lieutenant-Colonel A. Canning, a veteran of the Egyptian War of 1882,
+who had previously commanded the Leinster Regiment at Cork. We could
+have had no greater confidence in any possible Commanding Officer, and
+while he acted as Brigadier of the Manchester Territorials his influence
+was no less inspiring. The record of our later campaign on Gallipoli is
+closely associated with his name and work.
+
+All these early scenes of the expedition to the Dardanelles I had
+missed. On the 17th March I had been invalided home on the Indian
+hospital ship, _Glenart Castle_, Alexandria to Southampton, and the only
+public meeting I witnessed during three years of warfare--a recruiting
+rally in the Manchester Hippodrome--was a poor outlet for one's
+activity. An offer of the command of the new 3rd line reserve unit at
+Southport naturally failed to quench my keenness to rejoin the
+Battalion, and after vexatious delays I at last sailed from Devonport
+for the East, on the _Simla_, on the 13th July 1915.
+
+We reached Alexandria on the 25th, and the crowded harbour of Mudros
+early on the 29th. The boat was full of drafts for the 29th
+Division--Essex and Hampshire men, Inniskillings, Munsters, Royal and
+Lancashire Fusiliers, Worcesters--and rumours of the intended Suvla
+expedition were in the air. Our optimism was, however, chastened by the
+opinions of one experienced soldier on board, who insisted that we ought
+never to have landed at Cape Helles, but on the Gulf of Saros behind the
+lines of Bulair, and made straight for Constantinople with a large army,
+without trying to force the Dardanelles. He believed that the Germans
+would still take Warsaw, and thought Holland's co-operation essential to
+any plan of early success. The War was still at a stage when men did not
+mind talking about it, and the general assumption was that it could not
+last long. One sailor told me a story typical of the German's ignorance
+of sportsmanship. A captured naval officer was courteously allowed the
+use of the British captain's cabin. A few moments later a crash
+announced that he had requited chivalry by breaking everything he could
+lay his hands on. Other passengers on the _Simla_ were nursing sisters
+in dainty scarlet and grey, naval airmen who disembarked at Valetta, and
+the whole staff of an Australian General Hospital bound for
+Mudros--expert specialist officers and splendid men, with songs cheery
+and robust:
+
+   "When the beer's on the table, we'll be there."
+
+Perhaps my most vivid memories, however, are of the keen young officers
+conducting drafts, who were so soon to fall in the great attempt at
+Suvla.
+
+The fate of one of these, J.R. Lingard, then in charge of some
+Lancashire Fusiliers, was one of the unsolved mysteries of the
+Dardanelles campaign. A brave and popular officer, he was severely
+wounded on the 21st August. He was carried out of action and placed on a
+stretcher for conveyance across Suvla Beach to a hospital ship. At this
+point all trace of him disappeared. His fate is unknown.
+
+In the late afternoon of the 30th July 1915 we neared Cape Helles and
+heard the thunder of the guns. We landed laboriously about midnight, and
+were led by guides to a rendezvous of the 29th Division at a point some
+three miles along the coast on the northern side of the Peninsula.
+Brilliant moonlight shone upon a sleeping French force close to the
+landing-place on "V" Beach. The country looked unspeakably dry and bare.
+
+At six o'clock the following morning we were divided into details for
+our various units, and sleepless, unshaven and hungry, I was again
+guided to where the 42nd Division had its headquarters--a spot to the
+south of the 29th, and, roughly, in the left centre of the short line of
+the Allies. The narrowness and shallowness of the area of our occupation
+struck all observers at once. The great ridge of Achi Baba, some six
+hundred feet above sea-level, barring our advance upon Turkey,
+confronted us the very moment that we climbed to the top of the cliffs
+that enclosed every landing-place. We were shelled as we struck across
+the moorland, and then I found myself once more in East Lancashire.
+
+A long wait at Divisional Headquarters was followed by a delightful
+welcome at the Quartermaster's dump of the Battalion, where, in blazing
+sunshine, I enjoyed my first food and shave on enemy soil, and abundant
+news of the unit. A friendly sergeant then led me up to the fire
+trenches some two miles forward, where the Manchesters held both sides
+of Krithia nullah, a ravine running up into a sloping heath, where the
+Turks had lain dug in for the last two months. Our way, after passing
+"Clapham Junction," was fringed with the graves of the fallen. I noticed
+Staveacre's.
+
+It was pleasant to reach the cool burrow, which served as our Battalion
+Headquarters. Here I found Colonel Canning, P.H. Creagh and Fawcus
+sitting on the yellow, dusty ground beneath a tarpaulin. It was
+thrilling once again to walk among our Manchester men, now very thin and
+sunburnt, in shirt-sleeves and shorts, making the best of life in narrow
+trenches, and watching day after day the serried Turkish lines and
+broad, brown mass of Achi Baba. Next day (1st August), in mid-afternoon,
+we moved into the most advanced fire trenches, and I became O.C. of our
+Battalion's firing line, with a small dug-out of my own in the centre of
+our sector. This sector was within forty or fifty yards of the Turkish
+position, and in the early morning, as the sun rose over Asia, we heard
+the _muezzin_ calling the faithful to prayer. There was a lull at this
+time in warfare. Casualties were few, and the periscope disclosed little
+beyond the vista (soon too familiar) of arid heath, broken only by
+patches of wild thyme, and of the intricate lacework of sandbagged
+trenches stretching from the tip of Cape Helles behind us to the top of
+Achi Baba. But for the constant booming of the guns and the plague of
+flies, these first days on Gallipoli were days of peace and happiness
+under a quiet, blue sky. Our men were hopeful, and a stray memorandum of
+mine of the 3rd August records that "P.H. Creagh bets Fawcus £1 that the
+Turks will be driven out of the Peninsula within a month." Our faith was
+great in those days.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE AUGUST BATTLES AT CAPE HELLES
+
+
+In the history of the expedition to the Dardanelles, the August battles
+in the area of Cape Helles figure as a pinning or holding attack by the
+British Army, designed to occupy the enemy while the Suvla Bay landing
+was effected. The line of communications that linked the Achi Baba
+position with Maidos and Gallipoli was to be cut by our forces operating
+from Suvla and Anzac, and the Narrows were to be opened to our fleet by
+the capture of Sari-Bair. The epic of the actual Suvla effort has been
+nobly told in both Sir Ian Hamilton's dispatches and Mr Masefield's
+_Gallipoli_.
+
+The Regimental officer at Cape Helles naturally knew very little of the
+strategy underlying these operations, and nothing of events at Suvla or
+Anzac, though Suvla was but thirteen miles and Anzac but five from
+Fusilier Bluff. His could only be the impressions of an eyewitness in an
+orbit limited to his Brigade. During the whole of our Gallipoli
+experiences, we were only conscious of Divisional organisation and
+personnel through the literature and correspondence of the orderly-room,
+or from mere glimpses on the occasion of our rare visits to the base on
+Gully Beach. I am glad to have once seen the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Ian
+Hamilton. He passed our Headquarters on the Western Mule Sap, walking
+briskly towards the trenches. The fine appreciation of the Manchester
+Territorial Brigade's work on the 4th June, which he wrote in his
+dispatches, made his name a name always to conjure with, but to the man
+in the trenches, an Army Commander can at most be but a shining name.
+Consequently, the story of the fighting in August, as we saw it, must
+needs be silent on all vexed questions of high policy, and also on the
+more famous struggle to the north of Achi Baba. Its limitations are true
+to life.
+
+On the 5th August we learnt that our Army was to assault the enemy's
+position simultaneously with the enterprise at Suvla.
+
+Three points were emphasised in our instructions. First, the frontage
+and depth of the sector to be carried by each unit was carefully and
+personally explained to us by General the Hon. H.A. Lawrence, who was at
+that time our Brigadier. Secondly, we had to tell our men that the
+Turkish lines would have been rendered almost untenable before their
+advance, in consequence of the heavy bombardment, which was to precede
+the attack. Thirdly, we were to emphasise to the men that Turkish morale
+was on the wane. Prisoners, whose only words were "English good; Turkey
+finish," were, I fancy, responsible for this last venture in optimism.
+
+We had every reason to anticipate that the attempt was to be a thorough
+onslaught, not a mere demonstration, and would probably lead to success.
+The discovery that the Turks had in reality been massing for an attack
+on our lines within a few hours of our own assault was only made
+afterwards.
+
+At 2.20 P.M. on the 6th August, the British guns opened on the Turkish
+positions in front of the 29th Division, and at 3.50 P.M. we could see
+our infantry advance under a hail of musketry and machine-gun fire. Our
+guns lengthened range, and we saw shells fired by our warships in the
+Gulf of Saros bursting along the crest of Achi Baba. Through the
+periscope we watched the tin back-plates, worn by our men for the
+enlightenment of artillery observers, twinkling under the dust and
+smoke. Some other Manchesters were lending a hand in the battle already,
+and were struggling under heavy shrapnel fire to gain a footing in the
+trenches immediately to the north of the sector to be assaulted by the
+Brigade on the morrow. Then gradually the firing sank. By 4.45 P.M.
+there was a distinct lull. One of our Companies (C Company) under
+Captain G. Chadwick, was sent as reinforcements. A stream of wounded
+(Manchesters, Worcesters, Munsters) began to file past our lines into
+the winding nullah. We knew little as to what had happened. The sky
+above the shell-riddled ridge of Achi Baba was serene and purple in the
+glow of evening, but the fog of war was upon us.
+
+Suddenly, at 6.40 P.M., a message came that two of our Companies were
+required at once to help the Worcester Regiment, who had taken part in
+the assault about a mile to the north of where we were. A Company
+(Captain A.E.F. Fawcus) and D Company (Captain H. Smedley) were ordered
+to comply. The men were resting for the work planned for the next day.
+They got ready hurriedly, and moved in fast-gathering darkness along a
+labyrinth of unfamiliar trenches to a position from which the Worcesters
+had advanced in the afternoon.
+
+Our information was most vague. The Worcesters had gone "over the top"
+many hours earlier and had disappeared. They were believed to be holding
+trenches somewhere beyond, but they were out of touch with our line, and
+it was intended to reinforce them. The night was dark, and the direction
+to be taken after leaving our trenches could only be roughly indicated.
+A Company lined up first, and went over the top like one man. D Company,
+which was to move to the right of A, then lined up along the fire step
+and followed.
+
+Our men passed into a tornado of fire, and drifted forward on a broken
+moor, already littered with dead and wounded. Both Companies eventually
+lined up in shallow depressions of ground, but there was no trench to
+receive them.
+
+Meanwhile, many of our wounded had straggled back to the trench from
+which they started, and numbers of wounded Regulars of the 29th
+Division who had lain out for many hours were brought in by our men
+during the long night. This was the one bright touch in its story. We
+laid down these brave men on the narrow fire-step, and our
+stretcher-bearers worked nobly. Several men went out with stretchers
+under heavy fire, and fetched in as many survivors as they could find.
+One, I remember, was called Corris. At midnight the Colonel and Captain
+P.H. Creagh, our Adjutant, left for Headquarters, where the morrow's
+plan of operations was being partially recast. The hours passed. At last
+two messengers clambered back with reports from Fawcus and Smedley.
+Lance-Corporal H.L. MacCartney brought the former's.
+
+The only sensible course was for our parties to come in. I noticed that
+MacCartney's hand was broken and bleeding, and suggested to him that
+someone else should go back with my message of recall. He insisted on
+his ability to go, and with a companion he climbed over the parapet. A
+few moments later he was shot through the heart. Smedley's messenger was
+Lance-Corporal G.W.F. Franklin, whose services on the field won him a
+commission, and who played a splendid part in the subsequent annals of
+the Battalion. He was given a like message of recall for Captain
+Smedley, and with it he too clambered back over the parapet and passed
+out into the night.
+
+At 3.30 A.M. on the 7th August the two Companies toiled homewards,
+having lost heavily. Davidson, a plucky Australian officer attached to
+us, was among the killed. He had been in charge of a working party which
+wandered in the darkness into the Turkish lines, and was there
+destroyed.
+
+After a couple of hours' sleep, we rose to take our part in the renewed
+offensive. A heavy bombardment was to precede a general advance. As the
+front-line trenches lay within a few yards of the Turks, they were now
+practically cleared of men in order to avoid casualties from our own
+gunfire. The scheme laid down for our Battalion required a north-east
+advance by C and B Companies out of the narrow defile known as Krithia
+nullah. A gap was therefore made overnight in the barrier that had
+hitherto crossed the mouth of the defile and linked our fire trenches
+with those neighbouring. A machine gun was placed at the north-west
+corner of this gap under cover of the end of our fire trench. On the
+south-east side of the gap, a barricade ran up a steep slope to the
+trenches of other Manchesters, whose assault was to be simultaneous with
+ours. Owing to the clearance of the fire trenches, the assaulting
+parties had, unfortunately, to move across the open. The nullah was
+twisted and partly covered by curving banks on either flank; so that it
+was hoped that our men might nevertheless avoid complete exposure. The
+great hope, however, was that the British guns would succeed in wrecking
+the redoubt that commanded the outlet of the nullah before the infantry
+moved.
+
+We waited at the spot where the support line ran down to the nullah and
+from which C Company was to emerge, while our artillery thundered
+against the enemy's position. Then the hour came, and C Company, under
+Chadwick (bravest of the brave), moved in single file into the nullah
+and onward towards the gap in the front-line barricade and the Turkish
+redoubt beyond.
+
+B Company, under Captain J.R. Creagh, followed in their wake.
+
+At the same time a battalion of the Manchesters, commanded by
+Lieut.-Col. Darlington, was launched against the Turkish line on the
+left of the redoubt, and another, under Lieut.-Col. Pilkington, against
+the line on its right. The redoubt itself was at the apex of a broad
+angle of trenches.
+
+It was at once obvious that our guns had been unable to affect the
+strength and resisting power of the enemy's front line. Each advancing
+wave of the Manchesters was swept away by machine-gun fire. A few of
+them gallantly reached the Turkish trenches and fell there. Long
+afterwards, during the last flicker of a British offensive in December,
+some Lowland Scots soldiers of the 52nd Division found in trenches on
+the west of the nullah the bodies of some of the Manchester men, who had
+also this day fought a way to their objective and perished.
+
+We saw shrapnel bursting along the nullah, through which C Company was
+passing, and progress seemed stopped. I ran along the deserted saps
+that connected our support line with the front firing trench, and came
+to the gap. Some twenty yards ahead, a group of about thirty men were
+lying together in the shallow water-course, mostly dead. Another group
+was gathered under cover by the gap. The rest of C and B Companies were
+still running up to the gap from the support line through the long grass
+of the nullah, and dropping in their tracks under the constant fire of
+the redoubt. Chadwick and J.R. Creagh were both in the forefront of the
+advance, and Chadwick signalled back its hopelessness. His subaltern,
+Bacon, had been the first to pass the gap, and had been killed on
+emerging. The whole battle in this sector was really over, and I stopped
+the men under cover from moving out into the open. In the late afternoon
+the survivors of the little group in front crawled back to safety. The
+dead were gathered in by the devoted stretcher-bearers under Sergeant
+Mort, during the evening. One party, under Corporal F. White, had alone
+penetrated to within a few yards of the redoubt. He held his men
+together through the afternoon and brought them in under cover of
+darkness, for which the D.C.M. was his reward. Mort had won the D.C.M.
+earlier in the campaign.
+
+All through that hot afternoon the wounded Manchesters trailed back to
+the busy dressing-stations, pictures of suffering and patience. The
+attack still further reduced the numbers of the original Territorial
+units, already greatly diminished by casualties.
+
+[Illustration: In Khartum Station.
+
+Col. Gresham. General Wingate.]
+
+[Illustration: In the Turkish trench captured on 4th June.]
+
+We wondered to what extent the effort at Cape Helles had eased the great
+task of the armies operating from Anzac and Suvla Bay. The guns used to
+boom all day long from the hidden north until the 22nd August, when the
+attempt was given up. Several weeks passed before we realised that the
+valiant armies there had laboured in vain, and that Sari-Bair had
+remained unconquered.
+
+We were far more conscious of the limited results of the battle on the
+Cape Helles side of Achi Baba.
+
+To the right of the line attacked by the Manchester Brigade and some 200
+yards east of Krithia nullah, the Lancashire Fusiliers succeeded, with
+great gallantry, in capturing a small plot known as the Vineyard, which
+the Turks in six days' hard fighting were unable to regain.
+
+Regarded purely as a holding attack during the main enterprise from
+Suvla, the offensive fully achieved its purpose. It was, however,
+difficult to look upon it in this somewhat narrow light from the point
+of view of a Regiment which took part in the actual adventure.
+
+Of the many personalities that struck one's imagination during this
+August battle, the majority were simply of the rank and file, whose
+pluck and unselfishness were incomparable. Of most I have forgotten the
+very names. There was a postman from Bradford, who was forty-seven years
+old and had thirteen children. I remember his telling me of South
+African experiences. He fell. Most of our men were far younger. Many
+were mere boys, whose days in the Camel Corps at Khartum had been their
+first taste of manhood. Their Company Sergeant-Major, Leigh, was
+mortally wounded by shrapnel while running up the nullah.
+
+Of our officers, Captains Smedley and Chadwick survived to be pillars of
+strength during the whole campaign. About the time when I finally left
+the unit Captain Smedley joined the Egyptian Army as a Bimbashi, and
+Chadwick the Royal Flying Corps. Chadwick received a Serbian decoration.
+
+Fawcus, who distinguished himself by his cool leadership on the night of
+the 6th August, left the Battalion very soon afterwards to conduct a
+newly formed Bombing School on the Peninsula. He was the recipient of
+many well-earned honours, and ultimately, as a battalion commander, won
+wider fame in another theatre of war.
+
+A number of the men received cards from Divisional Headquarters,
+expressing appreciation of their gallantry: Sergeants W. Harrison and
+M'Hugh; Corporal (afterwards Company Sergeant-Major) J. Joyce;
+Lance-Corporal (afterwards Lieutenant) G.W.F. Franklin; Lance-Corporal
+(afterwards Lieutenant) W.T. Thorp; Corporals Hulme and Cherry; Privates
+Anderson, Beckett, Bradbury, Fletcher, Hayes, Hamilton, Maher, Murphy
+and Walsh. Joyce was afterwards awarded the Russian Order of St George.
+
+On the 15th August 1915 we were relieved by a Lowland Scots Brigade of
+the 52nd Division, and moved to what were then called the Scotch
+dug-outs, a bivouac about two and a half miles behind the fire trenches
+upon the central plateau of the Peninsula. It was hot and dusty, but
+five minutes' walk led the weary to the cliff. We used to go down its
+steep side on to the coast road, full of soldiers of the Allied Armies,
+of carts and mules with long tassel fly protectors, and of Indian or
+Zionist muleteers. Across the road a lighter was moored, from which we
+bathed happily in a peaceful sea, with the pale blue contours of Imbros
+and Samothrace cut clearly against the sky, and our trawlers and
+cruisers moving up and down on their ceaseless watch between Cape Helles
+and Anzac. Here and here alone was it possible to forget the brown
+wilderness above the cliff, and all the toil and bloodshed between
+ourselves and the summit of Achi Baba.
+
+Casualties are soon forgotten in war. In the dusty and exposed dug-outs,
+which were now our refuge, men revived. After the recent losses, it was
+good to see our clever Territorials transforming what looked like dog
+biscuits into a palatable porridge, cooking rice and raisins, picking
+lice from their grey woollen shirts, reading papers (all very light and
+very old), grumbling, but ever cheerful. It was in the Scotch dug-outs
+that we heard of the loss of the _Royal Edward_ and of the German entry
+into Warsaw; but already mails and food held the first place in our
+minds. Man readjusts his sense of proportion as he enters a theatre of
+war.
+
+On the 19th August, Colonel Canning became temporary Brigadier. I thus
+became Commanding Officer in his absence. The same day we left our
+bivouac, and after a long, hot, march, through the dusty gorge called
+Gully Ravine, we relieved another unit in the firing line on the
+northerly side of that great artery of British life and traffic.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+TRENCH WARFARE ON GALLIPOLI
+
+
+The routine upon which the Battalion entered at this stage remained
+almost unchanged until the evacuation. Our Headquarters, where I slept
+when in command of the Battalion during Colonel Canning's various short
+spells as acting Brigadier, were usually in some heather-covered gorge,
+opening upon a deep blue sea. Essex Ravine was a frequent site. The side
+of this ravine which faced the north-east protruded beyond the side
+sheltered from the Turkish fire, and was thus forbidden ground. All down
+the slope were spread the dismembered remains of hundreds of Turks, who
+must have been slaughtered in retreat by guns from our warships in the
+Ægean Sea. It was impossible to bury them, owing to the enemy's fire.
+The other side, where we slept on a rocky ledge high above the sea, was
+still a beautiful glen.
+
+An hour before dawn we went round the lines, while the men "stood to."
+We returned for a bathe and breakfast in the open, while the destroyers
+used to pass to and fro between Cape Helles and the Gulf of Saros, and a
+pearly haze brooded over Imbros. Then back to the trenches, which were
+always dusty and fly-pestered, to visit men always under fire, but full
+of bravery and patience. Diarrhoea and dysentery were already sending
+many of them from the Peninsula. The trenches were often noisome. Only
+in the evening, with Imbros growing fainter in the fading day and
+Samothrace rising huge and cloudy behind, while the red and green lights
+of the hospital ships off Helles shone brightly across the water, was
+physical vigour possible. When I acted as Second in Command, as was more
+usual, my nights were spent in the centre of the firing line, with
+excellent telephonists like Hoyle or Clavering close to me, but the
+nights were usually quiet, and indeed it was not until the middle of
+September that the Turks showed any symptoms of the offensive spirit.
+Our casualties were mainly caused by random shots at night, which
+chanced to hit our sentries as they peered into the gloom over the
+parapet.
+
+After a fortnight's spell in the trenches, rest bivouacs were welcome as
+a change, though the name was a mere mockery. Mining and loading
+fatigues were incessant. I admired the humour of a Wigan sergeant, whom
+I heard encouraging a gang of perspiring soldiers, while carrying heavy
+ammunition boxes up a hill-side one sweltering afternoon, with the
+incitement that they must "Remember Belgium."
+
+For a Field Officer one of the most trying experiences of such breaks in
+the common routine was the task of presiding over field general
+courts-martial. Courts-martial under peace conditions are not without
+interest to a lawyer, but these in the field dealt wholly with grave
+charges, such as falling asleep while on sentry duty and other offences
+almost as dangerous and considerably more heinous morally. It was hard
+in many cases to reconcile the exigencies of war with the call of
+humanity, and the sense of responsibility was only partially relieved by
+the knowledge that a higher authority would give due weight to the
+extenuating circumstances that appealed so often to one's compassion.
+The introduction of "suspended sentences" by the Army (Suspension of
+Sentences) Act 1915, with a view to keep a man's rifle in the firing
+line, and to give an offender the chance of retrieving his liberty by
+subsequent devotion to duty, was probably the War's best addition to
+British Military Law. Nevertheless, the duty of acting as President on
+these occasions is found universally distasteful.
+
+There were, however, two great charms in these short intervals in trench
+warfare. First, it was delightful to escape to places where you could
+move erect and see something besides the brown wilderness of saps and
+cuts. A walk to Lancashire Landing along the coast road, between great
+rugged cliffs on one side and the rippling sea on the other, took us
+past the little colony of the Greek Labour Corps, and past terraces of
+new stone huts and sandbag dug-outs, which indicated the presence of
+Staff Officers. Looking seaward, we saw the hull of the sunken
+_Majestic_, a perpetual sign of the limitations of "sea power." We could
+then strike up from the beach and see the A.S.C. stores, admirably
+managed by Major (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) A. England, and pushing
+on to the top of the plateau, the whole area of warfare between
+Lancashire Landing and Achi Baba was at our feet.
+
+Even more delightful was the long series of entertainments which we
+organised in the Battalion, and which eventually drew large numbers from
+the rest of the 42nd Division. These entertainments were opened by
+lectures on history. Our men became familiar with the history and
+conditions of all the belligerent Powers, and were kept well acquainted
+with the developments of the actual military situation in Europe. They
+enjoyed these lectures. Education has its uses, after all. Then followed
+concerts, which were splendidly arranged by Regimental Sergeant-Major M.
+Hartnett, a veteran of Ladysmith and East Africa and a pillar of the
+Battalion, now, alas, dead, and by Quartermaster-Sergeant Mort, himself
+an adept as an entertainer. These "shows" used to start about 6.45 in
+the evening, and the vision of our tired boys scattered in the fast
+fading twilight on the slope of some narrow ravine beneath the serene,
+starry sky of Turkey will be among our most lasting memories of
+Gallipoli. The sentimental song was typical of the Territorial's taste.
+Even now I can hear the refrain sung by Company Sergeant-Major J.W.
+Woods:
+
+   "My heart's far away with the Colleen I adore;
+       Eileen alannah; Angus asthor."
+
+At the finish, before singing the National Anthem and the no less
+popular anthem of the Machine Gun Section, our men always sang: _Keep
+the Home Fires Burning_. The soldiers could have no better vesper hymn.
+
+On the 8th September 1915 we went into a new sector of trenches on
+either side of what was called Border Barricade. The name was, like
+Border Ravine, a relic of the Border Regiment, just as Skinner's Lane,
+Watling Street, Essex Ravine and Inniskilling Inch recalled the
+activities of other units.
+
+I can claim personal responsibility for placing Burlington Street and
+Greenheys Lane upon the map of Gallipoli. They are reminders of our
+Headquarters in Manchester.
+
+Border Barricade barred a moorland track which led upwards to higher
+ground where the Turks were strongly entrenched. Below it were little
+graveyards of Turkish and British dead, and below them the moors
+contracted into the narrow defile of Gully Ravine. Here on the 15th
+September we lost some casualties in a mine explosion, which the Turks
+had carefully timed for our evening's "Stand to." Dense columns of smoke
+and earth shot up high into the air, and the rapidly increasing darkness
+of the evening added greatly to our difficulties. Most gallant work was
+done in digging out buried men, a task of great danger, as the front
+trench was completely destroyed, and the Turks, whose trenches at this
+point were within ten yards of ours, were bombing heavily. Thirteen men
+lost their lives through the explosion. For some days afterwards this
+spot and an open space behind it were constantly sniped, and, as an
+addition to our troubles, one of our own trench mortars, fired by a
+neighbouring unit, landed in error in our lines, killing 3 men and
+wounding 4, including Captain Smedley. Later the Turks exploded further
+mines in the same area when it was occupied by other units.
+
+Our chief losses, however, were through illness. Captain P.H. Creagh,
+whose splendid work was rewarded by a D.S.O., left us at the end of
+August for good, and joined his own regiment in Mesopotamia. Before the
+end of September, Captain C.H. Williamson, the Brigade's excellent
+Signalling Officer (afterwards killed in action); Captain A.H. Tinker,
+at that time Machine Gun Officer, but afterwards most admirable of
+Company Commanders; Captains H.H. Nidd and J.R. Creagh, most careful of
+Company Officers; D. Norbury of the Machine Guns; Pain and Pilgrim,
+invaluable Somerset officers attached to us, all left the Battalion with
+jaundice. Burn and Bryan left it with dysentery; Morten with a poisoned
+hand.
+
+There was little indeed to cheer the men in the trenches. News
+percolated through to us of the failure at Suvla and of the hardships
+endured in that enterprise. Mails from home arrived all too slowly and
+precariously. Death was always present. We regretted the loss of Captain
+H.T. Cawley on the night of the 23rd September. He had given up a soft
+billet as A.D.C. to a Major General in order to share the lot of his
+old regiment, a battalion of the Manchesters, and was killed in a mine
+crater near Border Barricade.
+
+The spell in the trenches admitted of few variations. The journey to
+them was always burdensome. It is easy to recall the trek, on the 1st
+October 1915, of weary, dust-stained, overloaded men some three miles up
+the nullah, inches deep in dirty dust and under a broiling sun, to
+occupy narrow fire trenches, unprotected as ever by head cover, and
+pestilential with smells and flies. Yet once established in the
+trenches, life was tolerable enough. As a Field Officer I was fortunate
+to be able to escape at times to enjoy the intense luxury of
+sea-bathing. Sometimes the evenings were misty, and the fog-horns of our
+destroyers and trawlers carried faintly across the Ægean Sea. More often
+the sunsets were gorgeous. The day always seemed long. Firing was
+frequent but targets were rare. Some men curled themselves up between
+the narrow red walls of the trenches, read, dozed, smoked, talked, one
+or two in each traverse observing in turns through the periscope across
+the arid belt of No Man's Land, where groups of grey-clad Turks, killed
+long ago, still lay bleaching and reeking under the torrid sky. Others
+foraged behind for fuel, which could only be found with great
+difficulty. A little later dozens of fires would be crackling in the
+trenches, with dixies upon them full of stew or tea. Flies hovered in
+myriads over jam-pots. The sky was cloudless. Heat brooded over all. No
+one ever visited the trench except the Battalion Headquarters Staff and
+fatigue parties with water-bottles. Many soldiers stripped to the waist,
+and wore simply their sun helmets and shorts. Sickness alone drew men
+away. The soil was dark red, caked and crumbling. Here and there the
+dead were buried into the parados, with such inscriptions as "Sacred to
+the Memory of an Unknown Comrade. _R.I.P._"
+
+The Mule Sap connected the trenches with Headquarters. We gathered
+curios, Turkish and German, from among its débris. At Headquarters the
+telephone, orderly-room and dressing-station alone denoted the presence
+of war. They were fixed in a beautiful ravine, looking upon a smooth
+sea, warm in the sunlight, with Imbros ten miles across the water. The
+meals were of first importance, but sandbags are uncomfortable seats,
+and the heat was trying. Pleasant it was in the cool of the evening to
+go to sleep with one's Burberry as a pillow. The stars shone kindly
+down, as they had shone long ago upon the heroes of the Iliad on the
+Plains of Troy, seven miles away across the Dardanelles, upon the
+Crusaders and Byzantines. You were asleep in a moment, and hardly
+stirred until 5 A.M., when it was time for "Stand to." Daylight moved
+quickly across the desolate waste, and by six o'clock another day of war
+and waiting had dawned.
+
+The Territorial's thoughts turn to home far more often than do those of
+the Regular, for to him the family has always been more important than
+the regiment. H.C. Franklin, who took P.H. Creagh's place as our
+Adjutant at the end of August, and was an old Regular soldier of the
+Manchester Regiment, often said that the week's mail of a Territorial
+battalion is as large as six months' mails for a unit of the old Army.
+He told, too, a good story, which shows the perceptiveness of Indians.
+He was standing near to some Indian muleteers when the Manchester
+Territorial Brigade disembarked on Gallipoli. He heard them say in
+Hindustani: "Here is another of the regiments of shopkeepers." One
+pointed to Captain P.H. Creagh, our Adjutant and only Regular officer.
+He said: "But he is a soldier." Another said of Staveacre: "A fine, big
+man, but he also is of the shopkeepers."
+
+The story of trench warfare during these months on Gallipoli is
+undramatic. A record of their little episodes is almost trivial. Yet
+this want of movement and initiative is true to life, and was the common
+lot of the three or four British Divisions then responsible for
+operations at Cape Helles. The campaign, in fact, came to a standstill
+on the failure of the great offensive in August. The objects of the Army
+were simply to hold the ground so hardly won in the first two months of
+the expedition, and to contain as large as possible a Turkish force on
+Gallipoli for the benefit of our Russian Allies in the Caucasus and
+elsewhere. The first of these objects was attained in spite of the
+thinness of our line, the universal inferiority of our positions to
+those of the enemy, and the gradual improvement of their guns and
+aircraft. The Nizam--_i.e._ the Regular first-line Turkish troops--had
+been practically destroyed. The remainder lacked the offensive spirit
+after their heavy losses in August, and perhaps their hearts were not
+sufficiently in the struggle to welcome further sacrifice of life, with
+time already running in their favour. We heard of one British officer
+who had acted as a hostage during a short armistice at Anzac. The Turks
+loaded him with presents of fruit, and, pointing to their dead on the
+battle-field, said: "So much for your diplomatists and diplomacy!"
+
+Our second object, also, is believed to have been gained, so far as was
+possible, having regard to our inadequate numbers and to the limitations
+of our technique of the period. Bombing used at this time to be
+practised by small sections in each battalion, who occupied dangerous
+salients called "bird-cages" in the fire trenches. Here in our
+Battalion, G. Ross-Bain and W.H. Barratt among the officers, S. Clough
+and T. Hulme among the N.C.O.'s--all valiant men--won a modest measure
+of fame. On one occasion Hulme picked up a live bomb thrown by the enemy
+and saved his comrades' lives by throwing it over the parapet with
+splendid self-devotion. Our British sappers became more proficient in
+mining, special corps being formed from among the Wigan colliers of the
+Manchesters and the Lowland Scots. The guns were always active, and
+their co-operation with the infantry was perfected. Those who remember
+passing by night along the winding length of Inniskilling Inch will
+recall the red lamp that marked the artillery forward observation
+officer's post at the corner of Burlington Street, and the well-hidden
+gun emplacement, where Greenheys Lane ran out of the Mule Sap. The
+familiar street signs carried men's minds back to Manchester.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE STRAIN
+
+
+In the second week of October, 1915, the Army at Cape Helles was
+reinforced by dismounted Yeomanry from East and West Kent, Surrey and
+Sussex, and by some Royal Fusilier Territorial units from Malta, who
+were lent to the Royal Naval Division. Many West Kent officers and
+N.C.O.'s were for a time attached to the Battalion, and proved admirable
+comrades. The 42nd Division received some scanty drafts on the 23rd
+October. These came from the 3rd line units at Codford on Salisbury
+Plain, and were of excellent quality. Our draft was under Lieutenant
+C.S. Wood, a very able signaller.
+
+I noted on the 21st October that of the 300 men of the Battalion then in
+the field, nearly 100 were on detached jobs--signallers, machine gunners
+and details attached to various headquarters.
+
+The result of the shrinkage in strength was a great strain upon the
+survivors. "We never sleep," the Battalion's motto, was adopted
+grudgingly as a rule of life. The necessities of the firing line
+required vigilance by day and night, and the long frontages allotted to
+the various units of the 42nd Division entailed broken nights and
+laborious days for all. The men's physique became lowered. Septic sores
+were general; bad eyes, not infrequent; jaundice of a type indicating
+para-typhoid was common; amoebic dysentery very prevalent. Loss of
+health meant loss of vigour. Limited to one bottle of water a day for
+all purposes, and perpetually a prey to flies, heat, diarrhoea and
+want of rest, the soldier had a trying time. Rations of a type welcome
+in a northern climate were unpalatable in Turkey. In July and August we
+were liberally supplied with vegetables and raisins, and with
+much-prized golden syrup for our porridge; but the latter luxury then
+disappeared, while for several months our only vegetables were onions,
+which do not appeal to every palate. Jams, even when the pots were
+adorned with pictures of one Sir Joseph Paxton, had very diminishing
+attractions. The only strawberry jam we ever had on the Peninsula came
+to us in tins, from which the labels had been stripped by some kindly
+act of Providence. In the expedition's early days our men had been able
+to exchange English jams for dainties procurable by the French and
+Senegalese, but the monotonous and indefinable "plum and apple" of the
+later summer killed the trade and extinguished all foreign admiration of
+British jam-making. Only the flies were fascinated.
+
+Our East Lancashire Territorials did all that was possible to relieve
+the strain. We had a most able medical officer in Captain J.J. Hummel,
+of Glasgow, who had temporarily succeeded Captain J.F. Farrow (our own
+veteran M.O.) in July, but indeed all the units were happy in their
+doctors, and _emetine_ in dysentery cases was a gift of gold. Nor could
+a Brigade have had a more gallant and untiring padre than Captain E.T.
+Kerby. He and Captain Farrow both won the Military Cross. Kerby must
+have said the burial service over the graves of nearly a thousand
+Manchesters on Gallipoli.
+
+The food difficulty we met by encouraging unofficial imports. The
+kindness of all at home was beyond praise. Consignments of comforts were
+well regulated by Major H.G. Davies, who had charge of the Manchester
+depot, but many came direct from innumerable friends and national and
+local organisations. One mother of two boys of the Battalion who had
+lost their lives wrote to me, while sending parcels for their surviving
+comrades: "I dare say that life is dreary for them, poor lads. God in
+His mercy has been so very merciful in that my Darlings have been spared
+so much. My prayers will follow you throughout, praying for the success
+of the whole of Our Battalion, and that you may all be spared to come
+safely home to the fond hearts waiting."
+
+England need never despair while she has such mothers.
+
+The great glory of the East Lancashire Division during the long-drawn
+days of October and November was, however, the temper of its men. The
+spiritual exaltation, that all races feel at the outbreak of war and in
+the hour of battle, disappears under the pressure of the daily grind.
+Then, in his divine good-nature, the British Tommy comes into his own.
+Nothing dims his cheerfulness and humour. A chorus starting with: "We
+are the M.G." proclaimed the jollity of our Machine Gun Section and the
+ingenuity of Sergeant W. Harrison. A Machine Gun Corps of the larger
+type, organised under the energetic command of Captain Hayes, was a
+thing of the future. A long list of singers and performers--Hartnett,
+Mort, Addison (of ragtime celebrity), Wheelton, Holbrook, Hoyle,
+Clavering, Shields--adorned the programmes of our concerts. Other men
+like Tabbron and F.E.H. Barratt were notably cheery souls in the lines.
+The handful of surviving officers--Higham, Chadwick, Whitley,
+Douglas--with a few excellent attached officers--J. Baker and J.W.
+Barrett of the Somersets, and F.W. Woodward of the Sherwood
+Foresters--were untiring promoters of the men's well-being.
+
+Their wants were so modest. Old magazines and football editions of
+Saturday evening papers, published a month or two earlier in England,
+sufficed for their literary appetites. Lancashire boys are not brought
+up to read; the _Sentry_ writers were exceptional. When I once came upon
+a man reading the _Golden Treasury_, in Hardship Avenue, I knew he could
+not be a Manchester man. He was not. He came from the Isle of Man, and
+had joined our reserves at Southport. I found about half-a-dozen men
+who could enjoy _The Times_ broadsheets. I am afraid _John Bull_ was
+much more popular.
+
+It was pleasant indeed to stroll along the narrow trenches and see how
+staunchly the men forgot their privations. Towards evening little
+parties would go, heavy-laden, into long forward saps that the engineers
+had thrown forward from Inniskilling Inch, to pass the night in cuttings
+called "T-heads," which were ultimately to be connected together and
+form a new trench closer to the enemy. They looked out from these lonely
+places in the midst of No Man's Land upon scattered heaps of corpses,
+and in their front upon the well-built Turkish trenches, substantially
+wired in and full of cleverly disguised loopholes. Two sentries were
+placed in each "T-head." The man on watch was exposed to oblique fire
+from all directions, as both British and Turkish lines curved to right
+and left, while the constant sound of Turkish picks at work suggested
+the proximity of mines. The sap that ran back to the fire trench was
+very narrow, and ended in a low tunnel under our parapet. It was
+therefore hard to bring wounded in from the "T-head." I remember one
+poor fellow in A Company called Renshaw being badly wounded in the head
+one night, and being dragged back through the tunnel with infinite
+difficulty.
+
+The Turks were quick to pick up targets. One morning at our bivouac on
+Geoghegan's Bluff, we noticed half-a-dozen mules stray from Gully Ravine
+to the moor on the summit of its southerly side, perhaps a thousand
+yards from the enemy's front line. We saw them shot, one by one, within
+a minute. As the Turks enjoyed the possession of higher ground
+everywhere from first to last, their power of observation was
+necessarily greater than ours, and no corner of Cape Helles was exempt
+from shell fire. It pursued us even in our bathing places.
+
+The course of life on Gallipoli was, however, so monotonous that men
+became callous to all dangers. They carried on the long day's routine
+and the numberless little jobs included in the term "trench duties," as
+if nothing else mattered. Such tasks are familiar to-day to so many
+millions of Europeans that they need no description. Gas masks,
+sprinklers and gongs were ready for use in every trench, but were
+happily not needed.
+
+Our men represented every Lancashire type, from the master builder to
+the barrister's clerk, from the wheelwright to the calico printer, from
+the railway carter to the commercial traveller. You would find together
+in one traverse Sergeant J.V.H. Hogan, a well-read ex-Socialist devotee
+of Union Chapel debates and old political opponent of my own, and
+another sergeant, whose name I cannot now recall, but who had been the
+petty officer of a South American liner sunk by the _Karlsruhe_ in the
+early days of the War. Then we had famous footballers in Sergeants
+Pearson and Bamber. The Territorial origin of the Battalion was, indeed,
+a never-failing source of strength. Officers and men came from the same
+place, enjoyed the same interests and possessed the same outlook. It
+was pleasant to see in the trenches, faces familiar in my own suburb of
+Fallowfield, and to chat with hundreds of men whose lives had touched
+mine in days of peace.
+
+The worth and capacity of these men were not peculiar to our unit, but
+were common to the Manchester Brigade and the whole Division. One
+battalion contained expert miners. Another battalion, at this time
+commanded by Major (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) C.L. Worthington, had
+lost enormously in their valiant battles. One of their captains--R.H.
+Bedford--helped in our history lectures. Another battalion, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel MacCarthy Morrogh, with Major H.C.F. Mandley as
+Second in Command and Captain E. Horsfall as Adjutant, were our constant
+neighbours and allies. With the Lancashire Fusiliers and East
+Lancashires, and with the admirably run A.S.C. and R.A.M.C. we enjoyed a
+slighter but no less hearty friendship.
+
+The best relief from the long strain of the trenches was a bathe in the
+sea, but any diversion while in rear of the firing line was
+exhilarating. We used to gather on the moors that lay between
+Geoghegan's Bluff and Bruce's Ravine, Turkish cartridge boxes made by
+the Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken at Karlsruhe and labelled with
+inscriptions in German and Turkish, innumerable spent Turkish
+cartridges, abandoned Mäuser rifles, Turkish bandoliers (stamped with
+the English name "Warner's") and all the usual fascinating débris of
+battle.
+
+[Illustration: C COMPANY, THE BRITISH CAMEL COMPANY, KHARTUM.]
+
+On the 19th October I made a special expedition, with Captain C.E.
+Higham, to the southern sector of the area, where the French had held
+the line ever since their move from Kum Kale to the Peninsula. We walked
+to beautiful Morto Bay, with its graceful curve from the headland called
+De Tott's Battery. The ruins on this point, carried by the South Wales
+Borderers on the 25th April, stood out clear-cut against the bright blue
+of the Dardanelles and the fainter grey of the Asiatic coast beyond. We
+went on past French and Senegalese dug-outs to Sedd-el-Bahr, a village
+and fort wrecked by our naval guns in the first days of the campaign.
+The country was open and dotted with the remains of vineyards. North of
+Sedd-el-Bahr was the well-tended French graveyard, more prettily kept
+than our own cemetery above Lancashire Landing. Here sleep many hundred
+soldiers, "morts sur le champs d'honneur," their _képis_ on the crosses,
+and their graves adorned by flowers. The Jews and Senegalese had their
+own separate plots.
+
+Sedd-el-Bahr appeared to be but a collection of outer walls and broken
+pillars, posts and fountains, some of archaic design. On the beach
+below, the _River Clyde_ recalled the glory of the landing of the
+Dublins, Hampshires and Munsters. We struggled back to our bivouac in
+the teeth of a dusty, warm wind, to be inoculated with _emetine_ and to
+rest by the white coast road, while we watched our monitors riding
+between Cape Helles and Imbros, and landing shells in the Turkish
+trenches on the slopes of Achi Baba. On such an occasion Ross Bain would
+arrive from marketing among the Greeks on Tenedos with some greatly
+valued potatoes, and then all our troubles would be forgotten.
+
+When rain came, the joy of living was hard to attain. During all our
+time on Gallipoli I remember but one or two occasions when we were
+fortunate enough to secure timber or some corrugated iron to roof our
+dug-outs. Normally we had only our mackintosh sheets. Rain turned the
+thick dust to a brown morass, and the little mule carts struggling past
+the swampy curve of Geoghegan's Bluff could hardly clamber up the Gully
+Ravine. It was choked with mud.
+
+Then the sun would come out and the flies returned in their myriads to
+plague us. They blackened every jam-pot and clustered thickly round the
+mouths and eyes of sleeping soldiers. The trenches became dry and dusty.
+Detached legs or feet or arms of the dead would protrude from the
+parapet, as the soil around them fell away. Smells became all-pervading.
+We would seek refuge in the dug-outs, that looked out upon a crowded
+graveyard from the sloping incline by Border Barricade. Then would come
+the time for another inoculation with _emetine_, and we would join the
+long line of men waiting, stripped to the waist, for Captain Hummel's
+needle. We prayed that it might be effective, and that we should be
+spared the curse of dysentery and long nights of misery in and about the
+fly-infested latrines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE LIMIT
+
+
+In the balmy days of late October it was still possible to enjoy life on
+Gallipoli. The ceaseless vigil of the trenches was cheered by contact
+with the bravest men I have known. The dirt and drudgery of rest
+bivouacs were assuaged by bathing, and by jolly "missing word
+competitions" and "sing-songs," as well as our courses of lectures and
+discussions on history, politics, the War, and the England to arise
+after the War.
+
+Talk gravitated again and again to the tragedy of the 4th June. I have a
+record of one such symposium, that illuminates the infinite variety of
+human nature. "Franklin says that he and Staveacre could see in the far
+forefront of the battle Sergeant Marvin engage four Turks simultaneously
+with his bayonet till shot dead. But X. boggled at going over the
+parapet. He was told: 'You are a disgrace to the Manchester Regiment.'
+He replied: 'I shall never let that be said of me,' rose to climb over,
+and was blown to bits by a shell. Whitley carried a badly wounded man a
+long way under fire. Creery did splendidly." It may be added that
+Whitley's act was afterwards recognised by an award of the Military
+Cross. He became Staff Captain at Ismailia. W.F. Creery joined the
+Connaught Rangers and was mentioned in dispatches.
+
+Another hero of the men's reminiscences was Captain A.H. Tinker. One
+night during the first month of the campaign a working party had lost
+itself on the moor. It was so dark that they ran great risk of straying
+into the enemy's lines--a fate that befell a number of our men at this
+period in that broken country. In spite of the proximity of the Turks,
+Tinker left the trenches and boldly sought the men himself, calling out
+loudly for them. They heard him and made their way back.
+
+The days of initiative and enterprise had, however, passed. The wind and
+grit gave the strongest of us sore throats and high temperatures, and I
+gradually joined the crowded ranks of sick men "on light duty only." At
+the beginning of November we moved to the northern extremity of the
+Allies' line across the Peninsula, and here I saw the last phase of our
+warfare on Gallipoli. Sir Ian Hamilton had gone. All ideas of a renewed
+offensive had disappeared. After the 24th October the Turks enjoyed
+direct communication with Germany, and at Cape Helles there was no sign
+of revived strategy or rejuvenated tactics. Our work was simply to carry
+on and hold out. Some of the other Divisions took steps to guard their
+men against the menace of a "Crimean winter" by preparing sheltered
+quarters. Great flights of geese used to fly in V-shaped formations high
+over our heads on their way from Russia to Egypt. They were augurs of
+our own eventual migration.
+
+The new position of the Battalion was on Fusilier Bluff, a mile to the
+west of the ruins of Krithia. The left ran straight down to the sea,
+where monitors used to shell the enemy's positions, while destroyers
+watched the flank, and at night played flashlights on the ravine that
+divided us from the next bluff, where the Turks were entrenched. This
+ground had been won in the brilliant British advance of the 28th June.
+The Turkish line was close to ours, and our men were always on the
+strain. Incidents were common. On the 2nd November a Turk crawled along
+the beach with a white flag, and surrendered. At night the Turks built
+up in front of their parapet, and two were shot by Sergeant Stanton. One
+of our men was killed and two were wounded. On the 3rd, another man was
+killed by a bomb, while the daily drain of sickness went on unabated.
+General Elliott, at this period our Brigadier, was an energetic pioneer
+of new methods and more vigorous tactics. He had the Mule Saps improved.
+
+Even, however, in the secluded Headquarters at Bruce's Ravine I could
+not keep my health, and Hummel's art was unavailing.
+
+The average soldier on Gallipoli broke down after a month or two.
+Comparatively few endured more than three months. Of our officers only
+Scott (the Quartermaster) and Fawcus were on the Peninsula from start to
+finish, though Colonel Canning, Higham and Chadwick had almost as fine
+a record. Few of the sick came back to Turkey.
+
+Some, like my first batman Dinsdale, died in hospital at Alexandria or
+in Malta. Many went to England and passed into other units. Others
+rejoined later in Egypt. Somehow, in peace times we had never imagined
+that the Battalion could be so dispersed and broken.
+
+My departure from Gallipoli is perhaps worth a description. Would that
+the wounded heroes of the landing could have received a hundredth part
+of the same care!
+
+I left Border Ravine at six in the evening of the 5th November 1915,
+with a high temperature, and feeling very ill. I walked down to the 1st
+Field Ambulance Dressing Station in "Y" Ravine, where Captain
+Fitzgerald, R.A.M.C., directed me on to the base of that Ambulance in
+Gully Ravine. Here my servant, Hawkins, left me, and two medical
+orderlies carried my traps. Alas, I left behind me a much-prized Turkish
+copper basin and bayonet, spoils of war, which I never saw again. We
+walked two miles along the rough and dusky beach, a full tide washing
+over our feet and throwing many dead mules high upon the pebbles. At the
+station I got a cup of hot milk, and spent the night on a stretcher.
+Next morning my case was diagnosed as one of fever and swollen glands,
+by Captain John Morley, R.A.M.C., most brilliant of surgeons, and at ten
+o'clock (cherishing a label marked "Base") I was swirled off in a motor
+ambulance to No. 17 Stationary Hospital above the beach known as
+Lancashire Landing since its glorious capture by the Lancashire
+Fusiliers on the 25th April. At 4.15 in the afternoon we motored off
+once more and boarded a steam launch, whence we transshipped to an
+uncomfortable lighter. At 6.30, in the dark, we were lifted by a crane
+into the P. & O. hospital ship _Delta_, where 500 sick and wounded were
+being collected. Dinner consisted of bread and milk only for many of us,
+but we revelled in the luxury of bed and bath. Next morning I sat on the
+sunny side of the deck. The shady side, chilly in the November air,
+looked out upon Cape Helles, with Achi Baba rising straight behind it,
+and to the left upon the grey succession of landing-places, enshrined in
+so many English hearts.
+
+We sailed the next morning, and thus avoided the misery of the great
+November blizzard on the Peninsula.
+
+The Division remained on the Peninsula until the 29th December.
+Dysentery abated and the flies vanished, but gale and storm carried on
+the strain, and frostbite was added to the men's trials. The Turks seem
+to have much increased their supply of munitions, and the loss of life
+continued day by day. "Asiatic Annie" and other guns across the straits
+showed renewed activity. A mine explosion on the 4th December killed one
+of our men and injured eight. Two popular privates, Hancock and Lee,
+were killed on Christmas Day. One singular innovation was the Turkish
+practice of shooting steel-headed darts from their aeroplanes. Their
+chance of striking any man was, luckily, very small.
+
+Nothing daunted the spirit of East Lancashire. Our men held concerts to
+the very last, and the football eleven survived three rounds of an Army
+Corps competition, losing their tie in the fourth round on a field in
+which shells burst repeatedly to the discomfort of the players. Captains
+J.F. Farrow, F. Hayes and E. Townson returned to strengthen the small
+band of officers, while R.J.R. Baker, who had been intercepted on his
+way out and sent to Suvla Bay, was released for service with us.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+LAST WORDS ON GALLIPOLI
+
+
+The last I saw of the trenches was the tangled line on Fusilier Bluff.
+The last I saw of Gallipoli was the fading contour of its cliffs as we
+sailed in the _Delta_ for Mudros and Alexandria. When we touched at
+Mudros we heard the first whisper of Lord Kitchener's fateful visit to
+the Eastern Mediterranean.
+
+All questions relating to the initiation and conduct of the expedition
+are fitly left to the judgment of the Dardanelles Commission. Here have
+only been expressed ideas that occurred to a Regimental Officer, whose
+range of vision is always restricted, and whose generalisations are
+inevitably based on a narrow, personal experience. Yet such ideas may
+still have a bearing upon the history of the campaign, as the whole
+theatre of operations at Cape Helles was extraordinarily congested. In a
+tiny area, barely three miles by four, strategy had no elbow-room when
+once the Army was committed to the plan of operations that had been
+adopted. The war with the Turks on the Peninsula became purely a war of
+tactics. If Inkermann was "the soldier's battle," Gallipoli was the
+soldier's campaign.
+
+It is easy to criticise in the light of a later standard. Gallipoli was
+invaded early in 1915, not in 1916 or 1917, when the whole technique of
+assault had been revolutionised. We landed with the methods practised in
+England since the Boer War, methods as out of date in France in 1917 as
+Wellington's methods were in 1815. On later knowledge no one can doubt
+that a vast concentration of gun power, infinitely equipped and
+munitioned, a scientific use of barrage fire, nicely adjusted to the
+movements of a great infantry force, itself organised to develop the
+fullest use of machine guns, Lewis guns, and grenades, would have broken
+the defences of Achi Baba. Our Army knew none of these advantages. The
+artillery was inadequate and was inadequately supplied with high
+explosives to prepare for an attack in the style afterwards perfected on
+the Western Front. It was realised nowhere at this period that the rôle
+of infantry in attack is quite secondary to that of the guns. The
+bombardment that preceded the infantry assaults at Cape Helles in August
+did not last over two hours, and certainly never hit the trenches
+actually in front of the Manchester Territorial Brigade. The gunners
+could do no more than they did. The resources at their disposal were
+quite insufficient to atone for the Army's difficulties in point of
+numbers and in point of ground. It would appear as if we enjoyed no real
+ascendancy over the enemy either in aircraft or mining. Bombing was most
+unfamiliar to us on arrival. It appeals to the English sportsman
+greatly and came to be brilliantly practised, but it was rarely a
+determining element. The Battalion bombers on Gallipoli were officially
+known as Grenadiers. Steel hats were, of course, unknown. They would
+have saved many lives. Visual signalling, on which pains had been
+lavished during training, proved of little use. The telephone, however,
+was a godsend, and in our Battalion was admirably worked by Sergeant
+Stanton.
+
+The one handicap that was above all others a constant and pervading
+thought in the minds of our men was the shortage in numbers. It was a
+common belief that more reinforcements would have carried the great
+advances of June and July over every obstacle. Our drafts were always
+too small and too few, and the want of men infinitely aggravated the
+exhaustion of the survivors. With but a part of its old strength, and
+with no supports whatever between itself and the beaches, a battalion
+was still expected to hold the same length of line as when it was up to
+strength. Some two hundred men, for instance, occupied the long stretch
+of trenches from Skinner's Lane corner to the eastern bird-cage and its
+numerous forward saps, upon which men had once been employed. The task
+involved weeks of scanty and broken sleep, and caused our support and
+reserve lines to be utterly untenanted. Fatigue work was necessary the
+very hour that a unit had straggled down to a bivouac from the fire
+trenches. So precious was man power that the doctors were forced to
+keep unfit men at duty until they dropped. It is impossible to imagine
+men more worn by sleeplessness and sickness than the jaded Manchester
+Territorials at the end of a fortnight in the front line. On a moving
+day Gully Ravine was littered with men who had fallen out of the ranks
+of a dozen regiments as they trudged, heavily laden, along the winding
+and dust-swept track.
+
+Sir Ian Hamilton wrote of our men early in August: "The ---- Manchesters
+are a really good Battalion. Indeed, the whole of that Brigade have
+proved themselves equal to veteran Regulars. The great misfortune has
+been that there are no drafts ready to fill them up quickly. Had they
+been at once filled up, as is the case in France, they would be finer
+than ever. As it is, I fear lest the remnants may form too narrow a
+basis for proper reconstruction when ultimately the drafts do make their
+appearance."
+
+The drafts we received on Gallipoli were the cream of the 2nd and 3rd
+reserve lines, which had been organised at home under Colonels Pollitt
+and Hawkins. They gave up their ease and often their ranks in order to
+serve England better, but their numbers were small. The work of
+reconstruction, to which Sir Ian Hamilton looked forward, came
+afterwards in Egypt.
+
+Sometimes the infantryman wondered whether, even if the essential
+reinforcements arrived, they would ensure victory. On this point it is
+difficult to judge. The home Government had committed itself to the
+project of an offensive on the Western Front in the autumn of 1915, in
+spite of the huge obstacles that confronted the Allies in that theatre
+of war. The tactics of the period did not even organise trench raids.
+
+The memory that dominates all recollections of Gallipoli is that of the
+grandeur of the British soldier. Though he took no part in the miracle
+of the landings, the East Lancashire Territorial proved himself worthy
+of comradeship with even "the incomparable 29th Division." He ranked
+with the Anzac and the Lowland Scot in the great adventure. The original
+1st-line of our Battalion were really destroyed in Turkey with their
+comrades of the same Brigade, but their gallantry in the early assaults
+and their inflexible fortitude in the trenches--pestered by flies,
+enfeebled by dysentery, stinted of water, and worn out by hardships--are
+a lasting title to honour.
+
+Their story, as told in the pages of the _Sentry_, was read by General
+Wingate a few months later "with mixed feelings of joy and
+sorrow--sorrow for the many good friends who have laid down their lives
+for their King and Country, and joy that it has fallen to the lot of the
+gallant Battalion, of which I have the honour to be Colonel, to have
+behaved so gloriously in one of the hardest and most deadly campaigns in
+which British troops have ever been engaged."
+
+It is a source of pride to have known and lived with such men.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+REVIVAL IN EGYPT
+
+
+A large proportion of the sick and wounded invalided from Gallipoli
+became familiar with one or other of the Alexandria hospitals. I spent a
+week at Victoria College, which had become No. 17 General Hospital, with
+Sister Neville, whose devotion to duty the Battalion had learnt when at
+Khartum, as Matron. Thence I went to No. 10 Convalescent Hospital at
+Ibra-himieh, once the stately house of an interned German called
+Lindemann but now converted into a comfortable home under the care of Mr
+and Mrs Scott. British leniency still reserved its tempting orangery for
+the use of local Huns. It is the English way.
+
+When the evacuation of Gallipoli was contemplated, every hospital was
+cleared as far as possible of inmates, and I was one of the many
+officers who in early December were turned adrift either to the hotels
+of Alexandria or the great waiting camps of Mustapha and Sidi Bish.
+
+The mere narrative of a holiday period at Alexandria has no public
+interest. We learnt to know Levantine and Egyptian mentality better than
+ever. When at Khartum an Egyptian _dobey_ (washerman) had amused us by
+soliciting Regimental custom in preference to his competitors, not on
+the ground that he washed clothes better or charged less, but solely, he
+said, because the other _dobeys_ were "terribly wicked men." So at
+Alexandria, every pedlar was the one honest follower of his craft. Yet
+its population is more European than Egyptian. The shops were full of
+the picture post cards of Italy and France, and portraits of Venezelos
+were to be seen everywhere, adorned with the pale blue and white
+national colours of Greece. Probably Mr Lloyd George's fame enjoys even
+wider bounds. I have seen his likeness enshrined in wattle huts at
+Omdurman and Wadi Halfa.
+
+I touched unfamiliar minor issues of the War on the two occasions when I
+sat as a member of the military court, which sits for the purpose of
+enforcing proclamations issued by the supreme British military authority
+in Egypt, and thus tides over the time that has to pass before the
+Capitulations are abolished and a regular system of uniform justice
+established. A day thus spent at the Carracol Attarine gives a fine
+insight into the blessings of British occupation.
+
+Most of the cases that I heard turned on the adulteration and
+falsification of liquors. Egypt has had no licensing laws; and no effort
+to apply elementary principles of fair dealing to the drink trade had
+apparently been made until initiated under military law for the
+protection of the troops. Foreign wine dealers at Alexandria
+consequently flooded the market with spurious liquor, concocted from
+the weirdest raw materials. The only genuine claim they could set up for
+their merchandise was that it was at all events alcoholic. Owing to the
+utilisation of refuse beet and potatoes, alcohol is cheap in Egypt. By
+blending pure alcohol to the extent of anything up to ninety per cent.
+of the whole concoction with any particular paste or colouring matter,
+it is open to wine dealers to pass off any liquid as the most popular of
+wines or spirits. Case after case came before the court, of beer made of
+alcohol and powder; wine of colouring matter, alcohol and paste; brandy
+of "essences"; and bitters of "Chinese elixirs." The falsifying
+appliances came from Europe, but the bogus labels, which described those
+poisons as "specially adapted for invalids and bottled in Glasgow,
+Scotland," or even offered 25,000 francs to any who could prove that
+so-called Greek "Koniak" was not "the pure juice of the grape," were
+amusingly Levantine. British justice is sweeping away these pitfalls for
+the soldier and sailor.
+
+Egypt was at this time a centre of Anzac relaxation. To have explored
+the tombs of the kings with a New Zealander, paced the roof of the Cairo
+Citadel with Australians, and watched the colonial celebrations of
+Christmas in the Alexandria streets is a political education. No
+Englishman after the War will be ignorant of that golden New World,
+where all the labour is well paid, all hours of work are limited, and
+all shops close at noon on Saturdays. In any competition for the glory
+of being God's own country
+
+   "Australia will be there."
+
+We were, however, at war. As a field officer, I had the duty of
+attending the burial of British soldiers in the Christian cemetery at
+Alexandria on Christmas Eve, 1915. Since the outbreak of the War the
+graveyard had extended from its original site, prettily shaded by
+foliage, over an adjacent waste of sand and rubble, where over 2500 of
+our men who died of wounds or disease at this base had already at this
+date been laid to rest. Here sleep many Manchester Territorials. In the
+midst of many graves, identified only by numbers, a black cross recalls
+the memory of Mundy, one of our gallant Company Sergeant-Majors.
+
+On the 30th December 1915 I left Alexandria for the Dardanelles on the
+_Arcadian_, Sir Ian Hamilton's old ship, once most luxurious of steam
+yachts but destined to be torpedoed on the 15th April 1917 in these same
+waters. It carried some details for the various Divisions still believed
+to be holding Cape Helles. We sailed in long zigzags through a rough sea
+to within a few hours' distance from Lemnos. We were then ordered back
+by wireless to Alexandria, landing there, much to our chagrin, on the
+6th January 1916. Two days later Cape Helles was evacuated. It was never
+known whether our departure from Egypt had been a piece of bluff
+designed to cloak the impending move from Gallipoli, or a sheer
+accident arising from ignorance at Alexandria of the true intentions of
+the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Headquarters.
+
+From the date of the _Arcadian's_ return down to the end of January, the
+large waiting drafts at Alexandria remained in tantalising inactivity,
+in spite of the passage of the Gallipoli survivors southward through
+Alexandria. The East Lancashire details forgathered at Mustapha on the
+site of the famous victory of 1801, and near the pretty white obelisk
+that commemorates Sir Ralph Abercromby. The time was filled as best
+could be by route marches, history lectures and various competitions,
+until at last we had orders to rejoin the Division. We moved from Sidi
+Gaber station to Cairo, and thence by trams to Mena, where, with "forty
+centuries" looking down upon us, we found what was left of the
+Manchester Territorial Brigade, then under General Elliott's command.
+The Battalion numbered close on 300 men.
+
+Our stay at Mena was short, for infinite labour was now urgently needed
+on the Sinai Peninsula. In the early stages of the War, the Suez Canal
+had been treated as itself the main obstacle to an attack on Egypt.
+Outlying posts like El Arish had been abandoned, and Sinai left almost
+bare of defences. This policy accounts for the ease with which the Turks
+had actually gained the Canal bank in February, 1915. It was now
+recognised that defensive lines should run on the Asiatic side of the
+Canal in order to make it impossible for any invader to come within
+gunshot of the waterway. Three possible routes were open to the enemy.
+The northerly coast road by El Arish and Katia was the best, and enjoyed
+a Napoleonic tradition, but naval co-operation made its defence easy. A
+central track ran from El Audjo at the end of the main Palestine railway
+embankment to Bir Hassana, and might be used against Ismailia. A
+southerly approach was possible through Akaba and Nekl, and thence by
+the main pilgrims' road, the Darb El Haj, to Suez.
+
+The Division was now to be employed in creating some of the new posts of
+defence, by which all such dreams of attack were to be dispelled. The
+strategy was passive, but it paved the way for the offensive undertaken
+in the ensuing summer.
+
+On the bitterly cold night of the 1st February 1916 we left Mena. Before
+noon on the 2nd we reached Shallufa sidings. In the evening we crossed
+the Canal, and bivouacked in gathering darkness on a desert site known
+later as Shallufa Camp. The days of rest were over.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+ON THE SUEZ CANAL
+
+
+During February of this year the Battalion was engaged upon an inner
+line of works within easy walking distance of the Canal. A semicircular
+outpost line, which covered these works and the Brigade camp, was
+occupied nightly, but there was no real danger of attack. Beyond the
+outpost line a distant screen of posts, whose names recalled Lancashire,
+were in course of construction.
+
+Life under such conditions gave no scope for ideas. The men did set
+tasks as fatigue work. There was no tactical training. Gangs drew a
+chain ferry to and fro across the Canal, while Lieutenant A.N. Kay acted
+as wharfmaster. Several days were given to moving camp a few hundred
+yards north or south within a small area. Two detached posts were held
+at this period. One far out among the rolling sandhills, skilfully laid
+out by Captain A.H. Tinker, was known for a week or two as Ardwick, and
+then abandoned. Another, very ably commanded by Captain C. Norbury, was
+the far more fascinating blockhouse known as Gurkha Post, noted for its
+bathing, fishing and agreeable remoteness from staff officers. It was
+delightful to ride out from Shallufa camp along a track called "the
+pilgrims' way" to so charming a spot for a swim in the Canal and
+pleasures impossible on the dust-swept desert. A few hundred yards to
+the north, a little white tower called Lonesome Post long flaunted in
+red paint the Battalion's name and motto for the edification of passing
+liners. What have become of like devices that were once deep cut on the
+scarped cliff of Bruce's Ravine on Gallipoli?
+
+One amusing experience of this period was to bathe in the Canal while
+the transports were passing with newly trained drafts for Mesopotamia or
+India. "Who are you?" was the invariable cry from the banks. Our
+war-worn men received usually the answering taunt: "Garrison duty only!
+When are you going to do your bit?" To the call: "Who are you?" from a
+transport, a witty diver replied: "A submarine."
+
+The whole Canal zone from Port Said to Suez was in reality a hive of
+workers. A visit to the School and Headquarters of the Royal Flying
+Corps threw a flood of light on that brilliant service. Its observers
+commanded every track and camping ground of the Sinai desert.
+
+While the Canal was being girdled by defence works the Manchester
+Territorial Brigade was regaining the physical vitality lost in Turkey.
+Apart from sandstorms, the climate was good. Sports, football, concerts,
+buried-treasure hunts, competitions "for the singing championship of
+Asia" and other sounding honours, and much bathing helped us to recover
+health and joy. Our numbers remained much below strength. Perhaps 130 of
+the original unit remained, with some 250 who had come to Turkey in
+drafts. To these hardly 100 were added at this period.
+
+Such officers and men, however, as did reach us from the two reserve
+units at home were of the best. They lost temporary rank on re-posting,
+and knew that weaker vessels had succeeded to their place on English
+camping grounds. Those who came from another battalion had been
+specially fortunate in their training, and in having the inspiring
+influence in their midst of Captain J.H. Thorpe, but all alike were
+keen. Their anxiety to learn was palpable whenever we went the round of
+the chilly desert outposts under the starry sky.
+
+Battalion patriotism was kindled anew by the adoption as a flash of the
+old Lincoln green fleur-de-lis of the Manchesters, a cap badge worn by
+us since 1889, and a relic of the conquest of Guadaloupe by the 63rd
+Regiment in 1759. No less inspiring was the revival of the _Sentry_ on
+the 1st March 1917. Of its staff of fifteen when published at Khartum,
+nine had died on Gallipoli. Their places were filled by new enthusiasts,
+and one genuine poet was discovered in T.G. King.
+
+Our one lasting loss while at Shallufa was the departure of nearly all
+the time-expired Territorials to England. Those under forty-one years of
+age were retaken later by the Government under its new powers of
+conscription, but the Battalion saw few of them more. These men--W.
+Jones, Mort, Woods, Stanton, Fielding, Lyth, Bracken, Houghton, Dermody,
+Parkinson, Barber--were the salt of the Regiment. During the long years
+when Territorial service had been irksome and unfashionable, they made
+it succeed. With a few old hands like Regimental Quartermaster-Sergeant
+Ogden, who elected to remain with the unit, they had borne the burden of
+the trenches manfully, and never grumbled as to their status while
+commissions were showered on men at home whose claims, compared with
+theirs, were modest.
+
+[Illustration: _Back Row_--Lieut. T.F. Brown, Lieut. N.H.P. Whitley,
+Lieut. J.H. Thorpe, Lieut. G.S. Lockwood.
+
+_Front Row_--Capt. R.V. Rylands, Capt. H. Smedley.]
+
+On the 24th March 1916 the Brigade left Shallufa, and on the morning of
+the 25th marched into Suez New Camp to undergo training. The move was
+welcome, as it was imagined to lead to a departure for a more active
+theatre of war.
+
+The type of training adopted at Suez derived its inspiration from the
+French Army, whose text-books of 1916 taught that close order drill and
+punctilious discipline, tempered by games and sports, were ideal means
+of reviving the all-important offensive spirit in units.
+
+The four and a half weeks spent by the Battalion at Suez were therefore
+crowded with field days and ceremonial drill. On the 21th May there was
+a striking review of the whole Division, followed by a march past in
+blinding dust. Days of this type, however, even if they mean rising at
+four in the morning and include Brigade bathes in the warm, blue Gulf of
+Suez, followed by breakfast on a sun-baked shore, are the same all the
+world over. They are not worth discussing in writing of the fateful time
+which witnessed the great German attack upon Verdun and Fort Douaumont.
+
+At all events, Suez saw the reconstruction of the Manchester Territorial
+units completed. The sense of vitality, without which no army can take
+the offensive, was fully restored. We had spirited sham fights with
+another battalion of the Manchesters for the possession of "Tower 16," a
+solitary landmark on the caravan track to Cairo, after the manner of the
+pre-War era. The _Sentry_ blossomed as the first English paper of the
+country. Two thousand copies used to be sold at Suez alone. Our men
+competed for Colonel Canning's football cup and played a great match
+with the crew of the _Ben-my-Chree_, the famous seaplane carrier, sunk
+by gunfire, alas, some eight months later in Kastelorizo Harbour. The
+"Flashes" gave notable concerts.
+
+From the 21st April I again enjoyed the command of the Battalion.
+Colonel Canning went on leave to England, and his distinguished services
+were recognised soon afterwards by a C.M.G.
+
+Towards the end of May, 1916, the Division was unexpectedly ordered to
+move from Suez, and broken up in order to supply battalions for digging
+work at various spots on the eastern side of the Canal--mainly on the
+then most advanced screen of detached infantry posts--where the existing
+defence scheme had not progressed with sufficient speed. A more
+combative strategy was obviously contemplated, no doubt provoked by the
+recent action at Katia. In the late afternoon of the 25th May the
+Battalion started on their march into the Sinai Peninsula. The transport
+was left at Suez under Lieutenant M. Norbury and Sergeant A.B. Wells,
+and with Captain A.T. Ward Jones as Brigade Transport Officer.
+
+Among the posts thrown out into the Peninsula, none at that time was
+more desolate or remote than the sandy ridge called Ashton-in-Sinai,
+apparently in honour of Ashton-under-Lyne. It lies many miles to the
+east of the Little Bitter Lake. The trek to this spot by way of Kubri
+and Shallufa was an ordeal even for our seasoned troops in the blazing
+heat of an African summer. At 3 A.M. on the 27th May the Battalion set
+out from their chilly bivouac by the Y.M.C.A. hut at Shallufa along a
+road made by the Egyptian Labour Corps to a site called Railhead, about
+ten miles off, where we rested during the broiling day. At four in the
+afternoon we started on the worst lap of the trek, a final two hours'
+ascent across the softest and heaviest sand imaginable to the high
+rolling dunes of Ashton.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+SINAI
+
+
+The view at Ashton is superb. Looking back on Africa, we saw on the
+horizon the pale contour of the Gebel Ataki beyond the silvery line of
+the Bitter Lakes and the Canal. On its Asiatic side, the detached posts
+of Oldham, Railhead, and Salford, held by other battalions of the
+Manchesters, glittered under a torrid sky amid the great waste of
+desert. Facing our front, the wilderness stretched towards Palestine in
+endless undulation.
+
+The sultry days spent by the Battalion at Ashton were, however, spoiled
+by excessive heat and repeated sandstorms. Double-lined tents were only
+supplied after much delay, and promised wooden dining huts only
+approached completion by the time we left.
+
+This arid outpost of Empire was linked to civilisation by a camel trail
+to Railhead. Its garrison duties were performed by some Essex
+Territorials, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson, afterwards killed
+before Gaza. Yeomanry passed by frequently, scouting far into the waste.
+The Manchesters were occupied exclusively in digging trenches and in
+laying entanglements in the deep soft sand, "according to plan" and on
+a scale sufficient to daunt any invader who could have surmounted the
+huge physical obstacles that already barred all approach to this spot
+from the Wadi Muksheib and the East.
+
+The arms of Britain have by now made these particular defences of the
+Canal of most trifling importance. Her foot is in Palestine. Work done
+at Ashton may well be gradually obliterated. Yet a few words can be said
+of the men who lived and laboured here in June, 1916, in a temperature
+rising often to 120° F. in the shade and rarely falling under 100° F. at
+night. No digging was practicable between 7.30 A.M. and 4.30 P.M. The
+men rose before four in the morning for the day's work. Progress was
+necessarily slow, partly owing to constant silting, partly to the common
+weakness of the authorities for varying the sites and types of the
+trenches. Materials were often wanting. Nevertheless the Manchesters won
+unqualified praise. Their civil life had fitted many for the task of
+reveting trenches with hurdles. The defences of Ashton-in-Sinai were
+improved in a few weeks beyond recognition.
+
+One incident that occurred here illustrates amusingly the contrast
+between the outlooks of the new soldier and the old. Our Manchester
+Territorials were distressed to find that thousands of yards of hurdles
+were being lined with the best tent cloth at 1s. 4d. a yard, instead of
+with cheap cotton at a quarter the price. I repeated their plaint to a
+Regular officer of the old school, expecting sympathetic indignation.
+"Magnificent," was his reply. "It shows the world in what spirit England
+goes to war."
+
+It was at Ashton that we first heard the news of the Jutland Battle from
+Colonel Fremantle, R.A.M.C., who could only give us the version spread
+by German wireless. A few days later we learnt of Lord Kitchener's
+death.
+
+It is clear that this particular phase of soldiering has in itself no
+place in the annals of the Great War. Ashton is already nothing but a
+desert site. The tide of victorious warfare has left it high and dry. It
+always was high and dry. At probably no other period, however, did the
+personality of the Manchester Territorial show to greater advantage, as
+the life was one of peculiar privation. Water was carried up daily by
+camels from Railhead, but was most scanty, and always warm. The sand was
+too soft for any game to be played--too soft even to permit of trotting
+horses. The heat was constant and intense. The men were as cheerful and
+uncomplaining as ever.
+
+To have developed such a spirit in men entirely civilian in habits and
+traditions was the glory of the Territorial system.
+
+All ranks toiled together to make life in this corner of Sinai liveable.
+History hardly looks beyond the Army Corps at the smaller unit. Still
+less does she concern herself with the humble pawn in some unimportant
+corner of the great game. In reality, however, his lot is of moment to
+the race. The tone of an army is the tone of its individual men. An
+unhappy soldiery cannot win wars. "An army moves on its stomach," said
+Napoleon; and the recognition of the soldier's hunger and thirst, his
+desire for rest, amusement and sympathy helps, almost as much as skill
+and self-confidence help, to make the successful leader of men.
+
+It was, therefore, a soldier's job to keep up the hearts of our colony
+at Ashton-in-Sinai. Captain C. Norbury, as acting President of
+Regimental Institutes, and Captain H. Smedley, as stage-manager and
+singer, worked on the only sound lines.
+
+Journalism, theatrical performances, lecture courses, concerts and
+canteen business, as initiated and practised by the officers and men of
+the Battalion at Ashton, were true factors towards efficiency and
+discipline.
+
+After three hours' work and their breakfast, the men would gather in our
+recreation tent with its flaps rolled up, and listen to a lecture on
+some historical or military subject which bore upon the topic of the
+hour. They then slept and smoked and played cards or sang through the
+long midday heat until the time came again for digging. In the evening,
+on a stage cleverly made by Sergeant Taylor, the dramatic company would
+act some play that appealed to their emotions, or a concert party would
+indulge them with a medley of ragtime and sentimental songs, Addison's
+_Stammering Sam_ alternating with Sergeant Shields' _When Irish Eyes
+are Smiling_. The taste of Lancashire is catholic.
+
+On Sundays we often merged "Church and Chapel" in a common service.
+Davey, the Methodist padre, was an ex-gunner of the Royal Navy and a
+great athlete--attributes that enhanced his influence as preacher.
+"Crime," however, did not exist at Ashton-in-Sinai. Nor did temptations.
+The real danger was mental and physical deterioration under the
+depressing influence of the country and the climate, for the intense
+heat sapped every man's vitality. We set ourselves to combat these
+risks, and to give the men the food and recreation without which
+soldiering becomes a burden, and discipline degenerates to servitude.
+
+Towards evening I would ride into the desert and watch from the east our
+men labouring on the great sand ridge in a haze of heat. On this side of
+Ashton there were no tracks at all. The eye could see nothing but
+endless sand hills, broken only by patches of dry scrub and shimmering
+yellow under the burning sun. If nature has changed little in the desert
+since Israel came out of captivity, it is easy to sympathise with their
+regret for the fleshpots of Egypt. So penetrating was the sun that the
+colour of the men's khaki breeches faded into purple.
+
+There was, indeed, a certain charm in our remoteness from the outer
+world. Camping out in the wilderness had more than a touch of the desert
+island of boyish imagination. There was glamour in the extraordinary
+simplicity of a life where the higher command was but a distant name,
+and where men dressed themselves and spent the long, hot day as they
+pleased. The fret and competition of Europe were felt no more. I
+remember our arguing about Irish Home Rule one night till the stars
+paled in the eastern sky, but the episode was unique. In spite of its
+hardships, no manner of life was ever more calculated to banish ancient
+feuds, to strip human nature of envy and uncharitableness, or to mould
+that most perfect of all democracies--a brotherhood in arms.
+
+On the afternoon of the 22nd June 1916 we left the wilderness under
+orders for Kantara. We spent several days near Shallufa sidings, and
+then, having obtained leave for England, I left for Suez with W.H.
+Barratt and W.T. Thorp, two subalterns who had made their mark while in
+the ranks by distinguished service in the field. Early in July we sailed
+from Port Tewfik to Marseilles and watched from its deck the distant
+camp of the Turkish prisoners from Arabia twinkling in the sunlight
+across the most southerly reaches of the Canal.
+
+I need say no word more in praise of the men of our Battalion, whom I
+saw for the last time in my eighteen years of service resting in a dusty
+gorge near Shallufa. Knit together by common ideals and experiences,
+they were, in Nelson's phrase, "a band of brothers."
+
+We crossed France from Marseilles to Boulogne in an atmosphere of war.
+We had glimpses of Lyons and Paris, talked with _poilus_ on leave, heard
+from a French officer (who professed to know) that the War would be over
+in March, 1917, and bought from vivacious street hawkers pretty metal
+souvenirs of Verdun. We saw our own wounded coming back in Red Cross
+trains from the first days of the great push on the Somme. Then, after
+exactly a year's absence, I was once more at home.
+
+Within the ensuing month all but three of the original combatant
+officers still on the strength of the Battalion were seconded for
+service elsewhere. "The old order changeth, giving place to new." ...
+
+A Regiment in war rises like the phoenix from its own ashes and renews
+its immortal youth. The vicissitudes here recorded fill but a few
+shining chapters in what will no doubt prove a long history. They by no
+means necessarily contain its most distinguished pages. The close of the
+second year of the Battalion's active service is, however, a fitting
+point to end this volume. It marked the stage at which the distinctively
+"1st line" unit, composed of officers and men enlisted and trained
+voluntarily in time of peace, had passed into the normal type of British
+Battalion of 1916--a unit born of the War, with its personnel mainly
+recruited and trained after its outbreak.
+
+It is to the memory of the original volunteers of August, 1914, that
+this book is dedicated.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE TERRITORIAL IDEA
+
+
+The experiences of a typical unit of the Territorial Force must throw
+light on the vexed questions that have gathered round it.
+
+Three criticisms of the Territorial system have been made ever since its
+adoption in 1907. First, its establishment of 310,000 men has been
+regarded as totally inadequate, and before the War the country even
+failed to recruit numbers within sixty thousand of this modest standard.
+Secondly, its yearly training, which provided but a fortnight's life in
+camp, has been deemed so paltry as to be almost negligible. Thirdly, the
+Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 provided a legal loophole by
+which the less patriotic could evade service overseas in however great
+an emergency. Section 13 specifically lays down that, apart from purely
+spontaneous offers by officers or men to serve abroad, "no part of the
+Territorial Force shall be carried or ordered to go out of the United
+Kingdom."
+
+In reality, none of the defects which attracted these criticisms was
+inherent in the Territorial idea. They rather belonged to the whole
+military policy of the country before the War. Public opinion held that
+a European War was practically impossible, and that the British Army
+must of necessity be small in numbers and voluntary in character.
+
+On these assumptions the limitations of the Territorial Force were
+simply inevitable. Having regard to the prevailing views on national
+defence and to the general resistance to Lord Roberts' propaganda, the
+Territorial scheme reduced the evils of voluntaryism to the minimum.
+
+The difficulty as to its shortage in men was met as soon as War was
+declared. The Territorial Force was, in fact, capable of infinite
+expansion, and of being the basis of the entire New Army, had the
+Government so willed. Its training, again, was far better than no
+training at all. Later events have proved with what speed wholly
+untrained British conscripts can be moulded into efficient soldiers, and
+that willing men can learn discipline and the use of the rifle within a
+very few months. Territorial training sufficed, at any rate, to enable
+Territorial units to relieve the Regular Army of all garrison duties
+abroad immediately on the outbreak of war, and in many cases themselves
+to take the field on active service before Christmas, 1914. Even with
+regard to the constitutional obstacle to using the Force overseas, fully
+nine-tenths of its men never dreamed of claiming immunity. The small
+margin, which were left for employment in home defence, mainly
+represented the physically unfit or boys under age.
+
+As events turned out, two unexpected disadvantages of the system were
+generally experienced. In times of peace the Territorial Force had been
+able to influence public policy through the County Associations and the
+House of Commons. After embodiment, the Force itself became necessarily
+inarticulate under the conditions that govern all military service. Far
+less influential than the Regulars and far less numerous than the New
+Army, it went abroad early in the War, and was thus not actively in
+touch with Parliament, while the semi-civilian County Associations,
+whose personal and local knowledge might have been invaluable, ceased to
+have any powers over its organisation, and had no means of safeguarding
+its interests on questions of promotion, appointments, commands and pay.
+
+An even more serious flaw arose from the dispersion of the Territorials
+all over the world from Gibraltar to Burmah in the first months of the
+War. An enormous volume of skilled labour was thereby lost to the
+country, and exemption from service, which might well have kept these
+men at home in the national interest, fell later to the lot of many
+younger and less expert workers in their stead. Moreover, a great number
+of men ideally fitted for commissions were killed fighting in the ranks
+or were allowed to serve obscurely in remote corners of the globe. Both
+among Territorial officers and men, a large proportion were qualified,
+by gifts of leadership, technical knowledge or familiarity with foreign
+languages, for special employment in Western Europe. There was indeed a
+demobilisation in this respect of a considerable proportion of the
+country's brain power.
+
+Happily, the East Lancashire Territorials found an outlet for their
+qualities on Gallipoli.
+
+Against all the defects that have no doubt affected the application of
+the Territorial idea, the historian should set its signal virtues. It is
+an asset beyond price in soldiering to have all ranks welded together by
+community of feeling and opinion. Joined by ties of neighbourhood,
+occupation, sport and common interests, men are particularly apt to
+cultivate that intense patriotism of the small unit which is termed
+_esprit de corps_. The history of the War--like the history of all past
+wars--will illustrate its constant military value. It would be idiotic
+to reassert the old fallacy, belied by the experience of centuries, that
+one volunteer is worth ten pressed men. Nevertheless the morale of a
+unit can only be enriched when it is recruited wholly from willing
+applicants familiar with its traditions and with the badges that
+symbolise its past, rather than from conscripts drafted from anywhere in
+Great Britain by the chance action of a Government department. Indeed
+the Territorial idea has counted for much wherever British man power has
+been successfully organised during the War.
+
+Those who have believed in the Territorial Force during its struggles
+against popular apathy and professional distrust have been justified by
+its deeds in the field.
+
+The true greatness, however, of the simple and unambitious Territorial
+soldiers, whose life and work are described in these pages, lies more in
+their spirit than in any actual achievements. All of them came from the
+industrial North, where the business of life is fiercely competitive,
+and where each man is wont to seek his own fortune without much outward
+consideration for his fellows. Yet in the field it would be impossible
+to imagine minds less touched by selfishness or less influenced by any
+notion of personal distinction or reward. They did their best for
+Britain. Honours are but gifts of the capricious gods.
+
+Thus "to put the cause above renown" is a principle of conduct often
+identified with what is called the Public School spirit. Fortunately the
+temper which it expresses extends far beyond the governing class in
+England, and it animated the typical Territorial of the Great War. Like
+all good soldiers, he was far too inarticulate and reserved to think of
+putting it into words. His deeds spoke for him. _The Whitewash on the
+Wall_ and _Hold your Hand out, Naughty Boy_ are not beautiful songs, but
+the lads who have sung them in English lanes and Turkish gullies could
+have shown no greater self-devotion had their songs been as solemn as
+the Russian National Hymn, or as thrilling as the _Marseillaise_.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+_The following is an extract from a letter on the work of the Battalion
+sent by General Sir F.R. Wingate, G.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.S.O., High
+Commissioner for Egypt, to the General-Officer-in-Chief of the Division,
+when the Battalion left the Sudan._
+
+    GOVERNOR-GENERAL'S OFFICE,
+            KHARTUM.
+   _10th April 1915._
+
+... during the few months they [the Battalion] have been in the Sudan
+they have become thoroughly efficient soldiers in the strictest sense of
+the term. Route marches, night operations, field days, hard drilling in
+the Barrack square, digging trenches, gun and maxim drill, and last but
+not least, constant practice on the ranges in addition to ordinary
+garrison duties have transformed them into an alert body of trained
+soldiers capable of taking their place anywhere. You can safely rely on
+them to do--and do well--whatever duty they may be called upon to
+perform against the enemy, and I am confident that they will yield to no
+Battalion in the Division in regard either to training or fighting
+efficiency. Should, by any chance, the Division be sent to the Near
+East, you will find in the Battalion upwards of one hundred men fully
+trained in camel riding and camel management, and this knowledge may
+prove useful under certain conditions, but of course I have no idea
+where the Division is to be sent and whether a knowledge of the numerous
+promiscuous duties required by Battalions garrisoning the Sudan will
+find an outlet.
+
+A sound system of Interior Economy prevails in the Battalion, and the
+good organisation of the Regimental Institutes reflects much credit on
+all concerned with their management. During the time the Battalion has
+been in my Command the behaviour of all ranks has been exemplary--the
+men have made themselves liked by all in Khartum and are very popular
+with the natives.
+
+I have the highest opinion of Colonel Gresham--he has an excellent lot
+of Officers, and both the Adjutant, Captain Creagh, and the
+Quarter-Master, Major Scott, have done particularly well. I am proud to
+be Honorary Colonel of such a fine Territorial Battalion.
+
+We all are heartily sorry to bid them good-bye, and we wish them and the
+gallant Division which you Command every success and good luck wherever
+you may be.
+
+   Yours sincerely,
+           (_Signed_) R. WINGATE.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES
+
+(_Italics signify that the person mentioned has been killed or has died
+of wounds_)
+
+
+_Abercromby, Gen. Sir R._, 80
+Addison, J., 59, 91
+Anderson, C., 42
+_Arnott, M._, 27
+
+
+_Bacon, A.H._, 40
+Baker, J., 59
+Baker, R.J.R., 70
+_Balfe, W._, 27
+Bamber, Sgt., 61
+Barber, W., 85
+Barratt, F.E.H., 59
+Barratt, W.H., 54, 93
+Barrett, J.W., 59
+Basnett, J., 26
+Bateman, M., 27
+Beaumont, T., 7
+_Beckett, J._, 42
+Bedford, R.H., 62
+Bedson, Capt., 27
+Boyle, Major, 10
+Bracken, W., 85
+Bradbury, C.S., 42
+Brown, J.N., 9
+_Brown, T.F._, 24
+Bryan, C.J., 50
+Burn, F.G., 50
+
+
+Canning, Lt.-Col. A., 28, 31, 37, 43, 68, 86
+_Cawley, H.T._, 50
+Chadwick, G., 35, 39, 40, 42, 59, 68
+Cherry, W., 26, 42
+Clavering, H., 46, 59
+Clough, S., 54
+_Cookson, C._, 27
+Corris, J., 37
+Creagh, J.R., 39, 40, 50
+Creagh, P.H., 4, 26, 28, 31, 32, 37, 50, 58, 101
+Creery, W.F., 65, 66
+
+
+Darlington, Lt.-Col., 39
+Davey, Lt.-Col., 92
+Davidson, Judge, 17
+Davidson, J., 38
+Davies, H.G., 58
+Dermody, W., 8
+_Dinsdale, T._, 68
+Douglas, C.B., 59
+_Dudley, C.L._, 12, 26
+
+
+Elliott, Brig. Gen. W., 67, 80
+England, Lt.-Col. A., 48
+Enver Pasha, 16
+
+
+Farrow, J.F., 58, 70
+Fawcus, A.E.F., 25, 31, 32, 36, 37, 42, 67
+Fielding, W., 85
+Fletcher, J., 42
+Franklin, G.W.F., 37, 42
+Franklin, H.C., 26, 53, 65
+_Freemantle, W.G._, 25, 26
+Fremantle, Lt.-Col. F.E. 90
+
+
+George, D. Lloyd, 14
+_Gordon, Gen. G.C._, 14
+Granger, T.S., 27
+Gresham, Lt.-Col. H.E., 3, 12, 23, 101
+
+
+Haldane, Viscount, 3
+Hamilton, A., 42
+Hamilton, G. Hans, 8, 26
+Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian, 28, 33, 34, 66, 79
+_Hancock, L._, 69
+Harrison, W., 42, 59
+Hartnett, M., 48, 59
+Hawkins, Lt.-Col. H., 74
+Hawkins, I., 68
+Hayes, F., 27, 59, 70
+Hayes, Pte., 42
+Heys, Lt.-Col., 27
+Higham, C.E., 25, 59, 63, 68
+Hogan, J.V.H., 61
+Holbrook, J., 59
+Horsfall, E., 62
+Houghton, Pte., 85
+Hoyle, H., 46, 59
+Hulme, T., 42, 54
+Hummel, J.J., 57, 64, 67
+
+
+_James, Capt._, 27
+Jones, J.C., 7
+Jones, W., 85
+Joyce, J., 42
+
+
+Kay, A.N., 82
+Kerby, E.T., 58
+King, T.G., 84
+_Kitchener, Earl_, 14, 71, 90
+
+
+Lawrence, Maj.-Gen. H.A., 34
+_Lee, Brig.-Gen. N._, 5, 27
+_Lee, B._, 69
+_Leigh, A._, 42
+Lindsay, W., 27
+Lingard, J.R., 30
+Lockwood, G.S., 23
+_Lyons, J.P._, 20
+Lyth, J., 85
+
+
+_MacCartney, H.L._, 37
+M'Hugh, S., 26, 42
+Maher, T., 42
+Mandley, H.C.F., 62
+_Marvin, W._, 27, 65
+Masefield, J., 33
+Morley, J., 19, 68
+Morrogh, Lt.-Col. M., 62
+Mort, W., 40, 48, 59, 85
+Morten, J. C, 50
+_Mundy, A._, 27, 79
+Murphy, Pte., 42
+
+
+Nelson, D., 9
+Neville, Sister M., 76
+Newbigging, Col. W.P.E., 2
+Nidd, H.H., 50
+Norbury, B., 12
+Norbury, C., 12, 26, 82, 91
+Norbury, D., 50
+Norbury, G., 27
+Norbury, M., 87
+
+
+Ogden, T., 85
+
+
+Pain, R., 50
+Palmer, F.C., 25
+Parkinson, W., 85
+Pearson, Sgt., 61
+Pilgrim, H., 50
+Pilkington, Lt.-Col. C.R., 39
+Pollitt, Col. J.B., 74
+_Powell, A._, 6
+
+
+Renshaw, C., 60
+Richardson, Pte., 26
+_Roberts, Earl_, 3, 96
+Ross Bain, G., 54, 64
+_Rylands, R.V._, 12, 24
+
+
+_Savatard, T.W._, 10, 24
+Scott, J., 4, 67, 101
+Shields, J., 59, 92
+Smedley, H., 36, 37, 42, 50, 91
+Smyth, Col., 21
+Stanton, J., 67, 85
+_Stanton, W._, 73
+_Staveacre, J.H._, 3, 14, 20, 24, 26, 31, 50, 65
+Sutherland, J.W., 26
+
+
+Tabbron, W., 59
+Taylor, J., 91
+_Thewlis, H.D._, 25, 26
+Thorp, W.T., 42, 93
+Thorpe, J.H., 8, 12, 84
+Tinker, A.H., 50, 66, 82
+Townson, E., 9, 70
+
+
+Venezelos, 77
+
+
+Walsh, Pte., 42
+_Ward, Lt._, 27
+Ward Jones, A.T., 87
+_Webster, Sgt._, 27
+Wells, A.B., 87
+Wheelton, S., 59
+White, F., 40
+Whitley, N.H.P., 8, 59, 65
+_Williamson, C.H._, 50
+Wilson, Col., 17, 20
+Wingate, Gen. Sir F.R., 10, 13, 14, 21, 75, 101
+Wingate, Lady, 14, 21
+Wood, C.S., 56
+Wood, J.W., 48, 85
+Woodward, F.W., 59
+Worthington, Lt.-Col. C.R., 62
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's With Manchesters in the East, by Gerald B. Hurst
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+
+Project Gutenberg's With Manchesters in the East, by Gerald B. Hurst
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
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+
+Title: With Manchesters in the East
+
+Author: Gerald B. Hurst
+
+Release Date: September 7, 2009 [EBook #29927]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WITH MANCHESTERS IN THE EAST ***
+
+
+
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+Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed
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+
+<h1 style="margin-top: 8em;">
+WITH MANCHESTERS IN<br />
+
+THE EAST</h1>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p class='center' style="margin-top: 15em;"><small>
+Published by the University of Manchester at<br />
+THE UNIVERSITY PRESS (<span class="smcap">H.M. McKechnie</span>, Secretary)<br />
+<span class="smcap">12 Lime Grove, Oxford Road</span>, MANCHESTER<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+LONGMANS, GREEN &amp; CO.<br />
+<span class="smcap">London</span>: 39 Paternoster Row<br />
+<span class="smcap">New York</span>: 443-449 Fourth Avenue and Thirtieth Street<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chicago</span>: Prairie Avenue and Twenty-fifth Street<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bombay</span>: 8 Hornby Road<br />
+<span class="smcap">Calcutta</span>: 6 Old Court House Street<br />
+<span class="smcap">Madras</span>: 167 Mount Road</small></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 5em;">
+<img src="images/illus01.jpg" alt="Officers"  />
+<a id="illus01" name="illus01"></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+ <span class="smcap">The Battalion Officers on Mobilization, August 1914</span><br />
+<br />
+<small><i>Photo: Warwick Brookes</i></small><br />
+<br />
+<i>Front Row, left to right</i>&mdash;Rev. E.T. Kerby, Chaplain; Capt. C. Norbury; Capt. H.G. Davies; Capt. and Adj. P.H. Creagh; Major G.B. Hurst;<br />
+Lieut.-Col. H.E. Gresham; Major J.H. Staveacre; Major J. Scott; Capt. J.N. Brown; Capt. H. Smedley.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Middle Row, left to right</i>&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;; Lieut. F. Hayes; Capt. J.F. Farrow (R.A.M.C.); Lieut. G. Chadwick; Lieut. W.G. Freemantle;<br />
+Lieut. C.H. Williamson; Capt. A.T. Ward Jones; Lieut. W.F. Creery; Capt. C.E. Higham.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Back Row, left to right</i>&mdash;Capt. T.W. Savatard; Lieut. B. Norbury; Capt. D. Nelson; Lieut. D. Norbury; Lieut. E. Townson; Lieut. G.S.<br />
+Lockwood; Lieut. J.H. Thorpe; Lieut. G.C. Hans Hamilton; Lieut. H.D. Thewlis; Lieut. A.H. Tinker.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Absent</i>&mdash;Capt. R.V. Rylands.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h1 style="margin-top: 5em;">
+WITH MANCHESTERS<br />
+IN THE EAST</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>GERALD B. HURST</h2>
+
+<p class='center' style="margin-top: 10em;"><small>MANCHESTER:<br />
+AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS<br />
+12 LIME GROVE, OXFORD ROAD<br />
+LONGMANS, GREEN &amp; CO.<br />
+London, New York, Bombay, etc.<br />
+1918</small>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class='center' style="margin-top: 2em;"><small>THE RIVERSIDE PRESS LIMITED, EDINBURGH</small></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PUBLISHERS_NOTE" id="PUBLISHERS_NOTE"></a>PUBLISHERS' NOTE</h2>
+
+
+<p>During the passage of this book through the press, the Author has been
+engaged overseas on active service, and has been unable to devote the
+necessary attention to the correction of the proofs, etc. Due allowance
+must therefore be made for such errors as have crept into the pages.</p>
+
+<p>The Publishers have felt obliged to delete the numbers of the
+Territorial Battalions mentioned in the book, a fact which accounts for
+occasional vagueness in terminology.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+<table summary='TOC' width='80%'>
+
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>
+</td>
+<td class='txt'>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'>PAGE
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href='#PUBLISHERS_NOTE'><span class="smcap">Publishers' Note</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'>v
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right'>CHAPTER
+</td>
+<td class='txt'>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>I.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href='#CHAPTER_I'><span class="smcap">Eastward Ho!</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_1">1</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>II.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href='#CHAPTER_II'><span class="smcap">The Sudan</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_12">12</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>III.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'> <a href='#CHAPTER_III'><span class="smcap">Gallipoli</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_23">23</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>IV.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href='#CHAPTER_IV'><span class="smcap">The August Battles at Cape Helles</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_33">33</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>V.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href='#CHAPTER_V'><span class="smcap">Trench Warfare on Gallipoli</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_45">45</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>VI.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href='#CHAPTER_VI'><span class="smcap">The Strain</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_56">56</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>VII.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href='#CHAPTER_VII'><span class="smcap">The Limit</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_65">65</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>VIII.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href='#CHAPTER_VIII'><span class="smcap">Last Words on Gallipoli</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_71">71</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>IX.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href='#CHAPTER_IX'><span class="smcap">Revival in Egypt</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_76">76</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>X.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'> <a href='#CHAPTER_X'><span class="smcap">On the Suez Canal</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_82">82</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>XI.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href='#CHAPTER_XI'><span class="smcap">Sinai</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_88">88</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>XII.
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href='#CHAPTER_XII'><span class="smcap">The Territorial Idea</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_95">95</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class='ln'>
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href="#APPENDIX"><span class="smcap">Appendix&mdash;Extract from a Letter
+from General Wingate</span> </a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_100">100</a>
+</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td class='ln'>
+</td>
+<td class='txt'><a href="#INDEX_OF_PERSONAL_NAMES"><span class="smcap">Index</span></a>
+</td>
+<td class='pg'><a href="#Page_103">103</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>
+<a href='#illus01'>The Battalion Officers on Mobilization, August
+1914 </a><br />
+
+<br />
+
+<a href='#illus02'>Lieut.-Col. H.E. Gresham</a>                                   <br />
+<br />
+<a href='#illus03'>Arrival at Khartum, 2nd October 1914 </a>                       <br />
+<br />
+<a href='#illus04'>General Sir F.R. Wingate, G.C.B., K.C., M.G. </a>               <br />
+<br />
+<a href='#illus05'>Map of Gallipoli </a>                                           <br />
+<br />
+<a href='#illus06'>(a) In Khartum Station</a>  <br />
+
+<a href='#illus07'>(b) In a Turkish Trench</a> <br />
+<br />
+<a href='#illus08'>C Company, The British Camel Company </a>                       <br />
+<br />
+<a href='#illus09'>Group of Officers, Egypt, 1914</a>                              <br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>With Manchesters in the East</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<p class='center'>EASTWARD HO!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>Our Battalion of the Manchesters was typical of the old Territorial
+Force, whose memory has already faded in the glory of the greater Army
+created during the War, but whose services in the period between the
+retreat from Mons and the coming into action of "Kitchener's Men" claim
+national gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>Their earlier history hardly emerges from parochialism. Founded in 1859
+and recruited mainly from the southerly suburbs of Manchester, the
+Battalion lived through the common vicissitudes of the English Volunteer
+unit. It knew the ridicule and disparagement of the hypercritical and
+cosmopolitan, the too easy praise of the hurried inspecting general, the
+enthusiasm of the camp fire, the chill of the wet afternoon on a wintry
+rifle range at Crowden. The South African War gave many a chance of
+active service, and infused more serious and systematic training in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> the
+routine of the yearly Whitsuntide camps. At that time everything
+depended on the Regular officer who acted as adjutant, and officers and
+men owed much to the inspiring energy of Captain (now Colonel) W.P.E.
+Newbigging, C.M.G., D.S.O., of the Manchesters, whose adjutancy
+(1902-1907) meant a great step in their efficiency. The letter "Q,"
+which signifies success in all examinations required by the War Office,
+figured in the Army List after most of our officers' names during this
+vivid and strenuous phase. For the rest, the pre-War period turned
+mainly on the fortnightly camps and occasional Regimental exercises.
+Salisbury Plain, the Isle of Man, Aldershot and a few North Country
+areas are full of memories of man&oelig;uvre and recreation in a peaceful
+age. Regimental exercises filled weekends in Cheshire or the West
+Riding.</p>
+
+<p>Volunteering served many purposes in England. It kept alive in luxurious
+times a sense of discipline and a cultivation of endurance. Its
+comradeship brought classes together so closely that the easy
+relationship between officers and men in the 1st line Territorial unit
+of 1914-1915 was the despair of the more crusted Regular martinet. Its
+joyous amateurism freed it from every trace of the mental servitude
+which is the curse of militarism, and stimulated initiative and
+individuality. Long before the War, most Territorials believed in
+universal training, not so much on account of the German peril, which to
+too many Englishmen seemed a mere delusion, as on account of its
+social<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> value. It is pleasant to remember how solidly Lord Roberts
+received local Territorial support when he made the most prophetic of
+all his speeches in the Free Trade Hall, Manchester, on the 22nd October
+1912.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus02.jpg" alt="colonel"  />
+<a id="illus02" name="illus02"></a>
+</p>
+<p><small><i>Jerome, Southport.</i></small></p>
+
+<p class='center'>Lieutenant-Colonel H.E. GRESHAM.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Haldane's conversion of the Volunteers into the Territorial Force
+of 1907 meant little change in the internal economy or in the personnel
+of this Battalion. Its mounted infantry company, 140 strong, and its
+cyclists were lost in the interest of uniformity. Nevertheless, the
+change made us better fitted for war by incorporating us in the larger
+Divisional organisation essential in European war. Volunteer units
+supplied select companies for South Africa in 1899 and 1900. The East
+Lancashire Territorial Division was ready to take the field <i>en bloc</i>
+against the Germans in 1914.</p>
+
+<p>The story to be told in these pages is so largely that of one battalion
+that a word can be said of its leaders in August, 1914, without making
+any claim to special pre-eminence, for our old and honourable rivalries
+with other local battalions faded long ago in mutual confidence.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant-Colonel H.E. Gresham, who had commanded since 1912, was an
+ideal C.O.&mdash;a Territorial of long service and sound judgment, a fine
+shot, and in civil life a distinguished engineer. In Major J.H.
+Staveacre, the junior Major, we had an incomparable enthusiast, with a
+zest for every kind of sport, a happy gift of managing men and an almost
+professional aptitude for arms which had been enriched by his
+experiences in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> the Boer War. Captain P.H. Creagh of the Leicestershire
+Regiment was a fine adjutant, whose ability and character were to win
+him recognition in wider fields. His management of our mobilisation was
+beyond praise. The quartermaster, Major James Scott, was an old
+Manchester Regiment man, with a record of good work at Ladysmith and
+Elandslaagte. Of the company officers and N.C.O.'s, there is no need to
+add here to the tribute which will be theirs in any detailed history of
+Gallipoli. Nothing was more characteristic than their readiness to
+volunteer for foreign service as soon as we mobilised&mdash;long before the
+immensity of the War was understood, and considerably before the day of
+the lurid poster and the recruiting meeting.</p>
+
+<p>The Manchester Territorial Infantry Brigade was embodied on the 4th
+August 1914, and on the 20th marched out through Rochdale to a camp on
+the Littleborough moors near Hollingworth Lake, where they were asked to
+offer themselves for service abroad. Twenty-six officers and 808 men of
+our Battalion (roughly, 90 per cent. of our strength) volunteered. A
+wise pledge, afterwards unavoidably broken, was given by the authorities
+that no man should be transferred from his own unit against his will.</p>
+
+<p>We dropped down the Channel on the evening of the 10th September 1914 in
+a convoy of fourteen transports and one ammunition ship, with H.M.S.
+<i>Minerva</i> as escort&mdash;the first Territorial Division that ever left
+England on active service. We<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> sailed in a ship with a few East
+Lancashire details and the Headquarters Staff of the Brigade. General
+Noel Lee, the Brigadier, was an old Manchester Territorial officer, who
+understood the Territorial spirit to a nicety, and his death from wounds
+received in the battle of the 4th June 1915 was our irreparable loss.
+The Brigade Major was a tower of strength when on Gallipoli.</p>
+
+<p>Of our Battalion, who enjoyed during those shining autumn days their
+first vision of Gibraltar "grand and grey," with its covey of German
+prizes in harbour, and of the Mediterranean, then free of the submarine,
+and who half feared that the War would be over while they were still
+buried in the African desert, only a small number survive unscathed.
+Many sleep amid the cliffs and nullahs of Gallipoli.</p>
+
+<p>The virtues and capacities of these my comrades will always haunt my
+imagination. Their psychology was extraordinarily interesting. They were
+unlike the Regulars, who preceded them in the field, and to some extent
+unlike the New Army, which gathered in their wake.</p>
+
+<p>They had very little of the professional soldier. Only 45 among them had
+ever served in the Regular Army. Their homes and callings and the light
+amusements of a great city filled their minds in the same way as the
+Regimental tradition and routine filled those of the old British Regular
+Army. With a few exceptions, the feeling of duty was a far stronger
+motive to their soldiering than any love of adventure. These Manchester<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+men had little of the Crusader or Elizabethan but his valour. They were,
+in fact, almost arrogantly civilian, coming from a country which had
+dared ineptly to look down on its defenders. The Northerner is not an
+enthusiast by nature. His politics are usually limited to concrete
+questions of work and wages, prices and tariffs, and he knows no
+history. The Germans in August, 1914, were still "Lancashire's best
+customers"&mdash;not a warlike race bent on winning world-empire by blood and
+iron. The social traditions of the middle-class urban population, from
+which the Territorials were drawn, had never fostered the military
+spirit, nor the power to recognise and understand that spirit in others.
+In such circumstances the sober zeal with which middle-aged sergeants
+forsook their families and businesses at the very outset of the War,
+without a moment's hesitation, is a signal proof of their character. No
+men were ever greater lovers of peace. Some philosophers have seen or
+tried to see in the War a judgment on the luxury and frivolity of
+pre-War England, on her neglect of defence, and her absorption in
+opulence. Were this the case, it would be ironical to reflect how the
+North Country homes, first and most cruelly scourged by the War, were
+homes to which the so-called "sins of society" were least known and most
+repugnant, and where military training had been long pursued in the
+teeth of public ridicule and at the sacrifice of leisure. Long
+afterwards the father of a very talented private (Arthur Powell), who
+was killed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> in Turkey, wrote of his son: "We never intended him for the
+rude alarums of war, but his sense of duty and the horrors of Belgium
+fired his imagination, so that with hundreds of thousands of
+high-spirited young Englishmen, he placed himself in his country's
+service." This cast of thought is uncommon in the ranks of a Regular
+army.</p>
+
+<p>Officers and N.C.O.'s were obviously and admittedly amateurs, and never
+acquired the distinctive dash of the old Army. Soldiering was not their
+profession. Yet Territorials like the Manchesters possessed a range of
+talent in many ways beyond the normal standard of the Army. They had the
+manual arts and crafts of the industrial North. These volunteers were in
+civil life builders and joiners; railwaymen, tramwaymen, engineers;
+clerks, shorthand-writers, draughtsmen, warehousemen, packers; carters
+and fitters; telephonists, chemists. When half of C Company was suddenly
+converted into the British Camel Corps at Khartum it was discovered to
+contain the camel-keeper of Bostock's menagerie. We found piano-tuners
+for the Sirdar's Palace, gardeners for the Barrack plantations, and in
+later days expert mechanics for anti-aircraft gunnery. Skilled clerks
+like Sergeants J.C. Jones and Beaumont were marked out by Nature for the
+orderly room. Many men well qualified to hold commissions served in the
+ranks and died before the nation recognised their quality. Lastly, we
+could turn out more barristers than all the other East Lancashire units
+put together. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> would be hard to imagine better officers than our
+three ex-Juniors of the Northern Circuit&mdash;N. H.P. Whitley, J.H. Thorpe
+and Hans Hamilton.</p>
+
+<p>With the New Army, that was destined to do so much to save the cause of
+civilisation, our men had more in common than with the Regulars. In
+1914, however, we had inevitably a less thorough training in technique
+than that which fell to their lot in the ensuing years. Only a few of
+our officers had gone the round of "schools of instruction" and
+"courses." We had fewer specialists, and our equipment was probably
+inferior. During all our Eastern experiences we used the long rifle
+only. It was, however, a real advantage to have had nearly sixty years'
+record as a Volunteer unit behind us, with all sorts of Regimental
+traditions, which lie at the roots of comradeship and ensure happy
+relations between officers and men. Another distinctive virtue of the
+Territorial system about Manchester was that all ranks, from
+Brigadier-General to private, came from one neighbourhood, and viewed
+life from much the same angle. They ran to type, and their interest in
+soldiering, obviously spontaneous in the first instance, had been
+fostered by common experiences in time of peace.</p>
+
+<p>We saw Malta in the far distance on the evening of the 21st September,
+and next day, in mid-afternoon, our convoy unexpectedly met an Indian
+Division on its way from Bombay to Marseilles. Their transports, mainly
+British<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> Indian liners, passed ours and exchanged escorts with us,
+thrilling the least imaginative with pride in the Empire and a sense of
+the illimitable issues at stake in Europe. We had left England ringing
+with the legendary passage of the Russians from Archangel, the snow
+still clinging to their furs, just as the British Army in Spain, in
+1812, had been cheered by a similar mirage of Russians streaming to
+their aid through Corunna. The first paper that we read on reaching
+Egypt announced in giant headlines the arrival of 250,000 no less
+shadowy Japanese at Antwerp. But the Indians were real. Their appearance
+was a true touch of the World War and they reached the firing line in
+Flanders on the 19th October.</p>
+
+<p>We eventually arrived at Alexandria on the 25th September 1914. B
+Company, under Captain (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) J.N. Brown, was
+dropped here, half of it under Captain E. Townson going on to Cyprus,
+which they garrisoned until the eve of its annexation. Eventually the
+whole Company, then under Captain (afterwards Major) D. Nelson, was
+reunited to the rest of the Battalion when it left for the Dardanelles.
+The remaining part of the Division also disembarked at Alexandria, in
+order to relieve the Regular garrisons of Alexandria and Cairo. The
+Battalion passed on to Port Said. As we neared the harbour, our men
+hailed watchers on the quay for the latest news. Antwerp was then at its
+last gasp, and the <i>Aboukir</i>, <i>Hague</i> and <i>Cressy</i> had been torpedoed in
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> North Sea. The first cry from the ship was "How is City getting
+on?" League football was still the first interest of Young England in
+the second month of the Great War.</p>
+
+<p>We sailed down the Canal on a scorching Sunday morning to Suez and the
+Red Sea. A few Indians guarded its banks. Onward through the misty heat,
+under escort of a destroyer, with a wind blowing hot from Arabia, to
+Port Sudan, where we put in at 11 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> on the 30th September.
+The temperature was 105&deg; F. in the shade. Here half of C Company, under
+Captain T.W. Savatard (afterwards killed on Gallipoli) were left to
+garrison and construct defences for the place. Once a desolate coral
+reef, it is now a great harbour with the promise of a greater future.
+This first night of Africa we rowed happily across its starlit lagoon in
+the full glamour of the East to enjoy British hospitality.</p>
+
+<p>Next morning we started, with Major Boyle of the Egyptian Army Staff as
+a "cicerone," on the long railway track from the sea to Atbara and
+Khartum, past scattered villages peopled by staring Fuzzy Wuzzies with
+erect and luxuriant black hair, and across hot stretches of desert and
+rock. At a quarter past eleven on the morning of the 2nd October 1914 we
+arrived at Khartum North, where we detrained and were met by the Sirdar,
+General Sir Reginald Wingate, then Governor-General of the Sudan, and
+his Staff. We marched over the Blue Nile Bridge to the spacious British
+barracks, the only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> spot in the Sudan where the Union Jack flies
+unaccompanied by the flag of Egypt, and relieved the Suffolk Regiment.
+In the afternoon our band played them out of the cantonment, and we
+cheered them on the first stage of their long journey to the
+blood-stained battle-fields of Flanders.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus03.jpg" alt="arrival"  />
+<a id="illus03" name="illus03"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> ARRIVAL AT KHARTUM, 2nd OCTOBER 1914.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<p  class='center'>THE SUDAN<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>The tasks allotted to the Battalion between October, 1914, and April,
+1915, while garrisoning the Sudan were of great variety. With the
+gunners at Khartum Fort, they constituted part of the British force then
+in the country, of which Colonel Gresham was commander. The detachment
+left at Port Sudan organised its defences, ran an armoured train, and
+patrolled the Red Sea in the <i>Enterprise</i>. One group, under Captain R.V.
+Rylands (afterwards killed on Gallipoli), guarded the railway works at
+Atbara. Another under Captain B. Norbury occupied the hill station of
+Sinkat. Important censorship work at Wadi Halfa was entrusted to Captain
+J.H. Thorpe, and, when he was invalided, to Lieutenant L. Dudley, who
+fell later in action on Gallipoli. At Khartum a half company, under
+Captain C. Norbury, was on arrival transformed immediately into the
+British Camel Corps.</p>
+
+<p>For some little time after our coming the normal social and sporting
+life of the small British colony at Khartum was hardly ruffled by the
+storm raging in Europe, and we gratefully enjoyed its warm-hearted
+hospitality. At the beginning of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> November war broke out between Great
+Britain and Turkey, and the loyalty of the Sudanese was put to the test.
+The Germans built upon the probability of a Jihad or Holy War, and never
+dreamed that the handful of young Englishmen who administered the
+country under the Sirdar's guidance could have won its loyalty against
+all comers. When the Sirdar announced in English and Arabic the news of
+the Porte's entry into the War one shining Sunday morning in early
+November, to a large gathering of Egyptian and Sudanese officers and
+dignitaries at the Palace, their zealous unanimity was impressive.
+Hundreds of native notables contributed generously to British Red Cross
+funds. Sheikhs of the Red Sea Province, who had once been dervish
+partisans, showed me with glowing pride when at Port Sudan silver
+medallions with King George's likeness, given by him to them on his
+visit to Sinkat.</p>
+
+<p>Few pages of history are more wonderful than that which records the
+conversion of the chaotic and down-trodden Sudan of 1898 into the
+peaceful and prosperous Sudan of to-day. Scepticism as to the uses of
+Empire, which too often beset the Manchester man at home before the War,
+was dissipated by seeing what Anglo-Egyptian sovereignty and British
+character and industry have achieved in a land so long tormented by
+slave-traders and despots. The happy black boys of Gordon College go to
+school with books under their arms, and play football, coached by Old
+Blues and cheered by enthusiastic comrades.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> On the 30th October (Kurban
+Bairam day) the Manchesters saw the Sirdar bestow gaily coloured robes
+of honour on deserving chiefs. Everywhere were signs of economic
+progress. The cotton-growing plantations on the Gezira Plain, the
+ginning factory at Wad Medani, the numerous irrigation and public health
+works, the research laboratories of Gordon College, the industries of
+Khartum North and of Atbara, all bore the distinctive hall-mark of
+British Imperialism.</p>
+
+<p>The magic of the British name in the Sudan seemed to us to rest not only
+on the art of government but on the great memories of Gordon and
+Kitchener and the abiding influence of General Wingate's personality.
+The Gordon statue at Khartum is almost a shrine. The Sudan itself is
+Lord Kitchener's monument. During our life there we were daily witnesses
+of General Wingate's tact, power and example. In all Mohammedan areas of
+the Sudan, Great Britain is wisely defender of the faith, and Islam is
+wisely with Britain. On the 19th November we were entertained at the
+Egyptian Army Officers' Club on the occasion of the Mohammedan New Year.
+On the 27th January 1915 the Prophet's birthday was celebrated with
+rapturous pageantry, and the Sirdar and Lady Wingate paid most
+impressive visits to the pavilions set up by the principal sheikhs and
+notables in front of the mosques at Khartum and Omdurman, while huge
+crowds of religious enthusiasts beat tom-toms and sang outside. We saw
+the Sirdar reviewing his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> Egyptian and Sudanese troops at Khartum,
+formally inspecting the schools, hospitals, barracks and prisons around
+Port Sudan, decorating veterans with medals, and addressing in every
+native dialect the political and religious leaders of the people. We
+found that no men appreciated the care and skill of the Red Sea Province
+hospital more warmly than Arabs from the then Turkish territory of
+Jiddah.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus04.jpg" alt="wingate"  />
+<a id="illus04" name="illus04"></a>
+</p>
+<p><small> <i>Elliot &amp; Fry Ltd.</i></small></p>
+
+<p class='center'>General Sir F.R. WINGATE, G.C.B., G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G., G.B.E., D.S.O.<br />
+
+Honorary Colonel of the Battalion.</p>
+
+<p>The whole history of the evolution of the Sudan is epitomised in the
+bare, sun-scorched Christian graveyard of Wadi Halfa. The sandy,
+high-walled enclosure is the common resting-place of four successive
+generations of British Empire builders: first, of soldiers who fell in
+the Gordon Relief Expedition; secondly, of men who died while building
+the railway which proved the key to Lord Kitchener's success; thirdly,
+of soldiers who perished in the war of 1898; lastly, of civil servants
+who have died while administering the country since its reconquest.</p>
+
+<p>Staveacre and I touched a much earlier phase of history when we
+discovered and bought derelict French helmets and cuirasses of 1798 that
+must once have been the booty of some Mameluke. Who would wish for more
+romantic trophies?</p>
+
+<p>The Turkish war added gravity to the Battalion's responsibilities in the
+Sudan. The idea at the time was to treat it passively, so long as the
+Turks did not molest British Moslems on pilgrimage to Mecca. The Arabs
+were known to have little sympathy with the Ottoman Turk and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> his
+pretensions to religious authority; so Jiddah was not to be starved by
+non-intercourse. The Turks themselves made such a policy impossible by
+their raid against the Suez Canal in February, 1915, and the inception
+of the Dardanelles Expedition marked the final victory of the school of
+thought which put its faith in an Eastern offensive. Some sort of
+offensive, whether against Gallipoli or Alexandretta or Haifa, had
+become perhaps a moral necessity.</p>
+
+<p>We learnt in the Sudan how Turco-German machinations were necessitating
+a more active policy towards the Porte. I acted as prosecutor at the
+public trial of a Sudanese by general court martial in the court-house
+of Port Sudan in the second week of December, 1914. He had risen from
+sergeant's rank in a Sudanese regiment to be Captain of the Egyptian
+Coastguard in 1907. Cashiered in 1912, he served Enver Pasha in Tripoli,
+became an officer of Abdul Hamid's bodyguard, and afterwards a Major of
+the Baghdad Gendarmerie. Long before November, 1914, he had busily
+plotted for a rising in Egypt and the diffusion of German propaganda all
+over the Sudan. Under Enver Pasha's personal direction he disguised
+himself in a pilgrim's robe, styled himself Suleiman Effendi, and
+crossed the Red Sea from Jiddah with six pilgrims. One of these was an
+Howrowri Arab from Kordofan. The rest were Falatas or Takruri&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>
+pilgrims from British West Africa to Mecca&mdash;a class whose whole
+existence is spent on pilgrimage, brightened by spells<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> of residence and
+family life at centres like Omdurman, and this man planned to pass as a
+pilgrim among pilgrims. The party was asked by the sheikh of the Takurna
+village, near Port Sudan, where they came from. They replied:
+"Omdurman." On the 16th November he, in beggar's clothes, sought an
+interview with a Bimbashi of the Egyptian Army, at Port Sudan. He told
+him and his adjutant that he had come on a secret mission from Enver to
+rouse the Sudan against the British and to ascertain native feeling at
+Port Sudan, Khartum, Sinja, Wad Medani, Kordofan and El Obeid.</p>
+
+<p>"The Porte," he said, "knows that the English treat you badly and
+intends to drive them out of Egypt." The officers whom he tempted were,
+however, staunchly loyal. They handed him over to Colonel Wilson,
+Governor of the Red Sea Province. His red and blue uniform, sword and
+papers were discovered, but he defended himself stoutly against the
+charges of spying and war treason, and his interests were carefully
+watched by Judge Davidson, who acted as Judge Advocate. One Arabic
+letter found among his papers was addressed to the Ministry of War at
+Constantinople, and appears to have been a copy of a report sent off by
+him just before his arrest. It is worth quoting as a footnote to
+history:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I arrived at Mecca, where I met the Valy and Commandant, Wahib Bey,
+and gave him my information. He left Mecca for Jiddah at once <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>for
+his usual work, and provided me with a boat and six civilians, who
+accompanied me from Jiddah to Suakin and Port Sudan on a secret
+mission to induce the natives to favour the presence of the Turkish
+government, to rise against the existing European government, and to
+take necessary precautions for upholding the honour of the Turkish
+government without anyone's knowledge.... I hope when I reach
+Khartum, in a secret way to encourage a rising against the British
+troops, if possible. As for my expenses, I took from the Valy
+Commandant sixteen Turkish pounds and three pounds sterling for the
+necessary expenses of the journey by steamer and land. I have every
+wish for the prosperity of the Religion and for the Sultan's victory
+over the unbelievers."</p></div>
+
+<p>This man in his defence denied that any Sudanese like himself would
+dream of plotting against the British, who had purified government,
+employed Sudanese in administration, and given their children schools.
+He was convicted and sentenced to death, but that penalty was commuted
+by the Sirdar, in consideration of a tardy confession.</p>
+
+<p>One of the Falatas turned King's evidence against his other companions
+on the charge of war treason. Squatting on the floor of the courthouse,
+their rosaries interlaced with their handcuffs, they assumed the air of
+innocence, but were convicted and condemned to terms of imprisonment.
+Two were called Isa (Jesus) and one was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> Adam. Arab life has more than a
+touch of the Bible.</p>
+
+<p>The whole episode brought into relief the wide ramifications of
+Turco-German intrigue.</p>
+
+<p>Another singular case of German subtlety was that of an alleged Swiss
+explorer, who arrived on the 10th November at Khartum on his way from
+Abyssinia to undergo the Pasteur treatment at Cairo. He claimed to have
+had his leg bitten by a dog, and was in hot haste to reach Egypt. He
+satisfied our doctors as to the genuineness of his injuries and anxiety,
+wept when Captain Morley, most expert of surgeons, told him of the
+surrender of Antwerp, and was given help and hospitality. He went
+through the Pasteur treatment and disappeared from our ken. A few weeks
+later an Italian newspaper applauded the patriotism of a German reserve
+officer, whose zeal to serve his country had nerved him to brave the
+vigilance of Khartum and the too devoted attentions of the hydrophobia
+experts at Cairo.</p>
+
+<p>At a date when all Britons of military age worth their salt were
+training for war, the actual work of the Manchesters in the Sudan hardly
+calls for description. In the personal supervision of the Sirdar they
+enjoyed a special advantage not shared by the Territorial units left in
+Egypt. What is of more lasting moment is the share they took in
+furthering the cause of peace, order and good government in the Sudan by
+their steady conduct and happy relations with the inhabitants. Our
+officers interchanged visits with the officers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> of an Egyptian regiment
+quartered at Khartum, enjoying tea, music and speeches. With an Egyptian
+regiment at El Obeid we had a pleasant and symbolic exchange of colours.
+In the ceremonial occasioned by the Sultan's accession, a guard of
+honour under Major J.H. Staveacre represented the British Army in the
+Palace garden, and acclaimed: "Ya-aish Hussein Pasha, Sultan Masr" (Long
+live Hussein Pasha, Sultan of Egypt). The men were scrupulously careful
+of native sensibilities. At Port Sudan, Private J.P. Lyons, our champion
+boxer, who was killed on Gallipoli, was publicly thanked by the
+Governor, Colonel Wilson, for having saved a black policeman from some
+drunken sailors. The Battalion hoped it had really earned the honour
+paid it when the Sirdar accepted its honorary colonelcy.</p>
+
+<p>The knowledge gained during the months in the Sudan will be an asset to
+such Manchester Territorials as survive, and may even exercise an
+influence upon local public opinion. To many, the Sudan seemed entitled
+to rank among the best administered countries in the world. Its civil
+service governs vast areas and vast numbers practically without military
+aid. Its selection from University graduates who best combine brains
+with physique is in the spirit of Cecil Rhodes. Government of blacks by
+whites is a commonplace; of blacks by blues, a stroke of genius.</p>
+
+<p>Looking back after years of soldiering and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> disillusion, the first
+months of the War no doubt seem brighter than they really were. It is
+easy to forget the illnesses that sent the writer as an invalid to Luxor
+and Cairo, and finally to England; to ignore the heat and dust and
+isolation, the long glare of the African day. We think more readily of
+Gordon's rose-tree blooming in the Palace garden; of the long camel
+treks across the desert; of the wail of the yellow-ribboned Sudanese
+bagpipes; of our visit with Colonel Smyth, V.C., to the stony, sun-baked
+battle-field of Omdurman; of the lusty strains of <i>Tipperary</i> in the
+cool barrack rooms. It is right that this should be so. The men to whom
+these memories would appeal were men who enjoyed life to the full. They
+played the first lacrosse ever seen in the Sudan, engaged in keen boxing
+competitions, rallied to football on the roughest of barrack squares,
+listened cheerfully to weekly concerts and the first of our long series
+of history and military lectures. They hunted for curios in the dusty
+alleys of Omdurman, enjoyed recreation in the library and billiard-room,
+and ran with great spirit the early numbers of the <i>Manchester Sentry</i>,
+first published of all active service periodicals. To this paper the
+Sirdar and Lady Wingate contributed welcome and inspiring letters, and
+the Battalion owed its motto: "We never sleep."</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1915, the Battalion left the Sudan for Cairo, where it again
+came in contact with the other units of the East Lancashire Territorial
+Division, thenceforward called the 42nd Division<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> On the 3rd May it
+embarked in company with another battalion of the Manchesters on the
+<i>Ionian</i>, and at seven in the evening, on the 7th May, it landed at "V"
+Beach, Cape Helles.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III</h2>
+
+<p  class='center'>GALLIPOLI<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>The 42nd Division was soon in the midst of hard fighting, stormy weather
+and much privation. Casualties began early, though the first Battalion
+exploit under fire was happily bloodless. On the 9th May, 80 men were
+told off to fill water-bottles and carry them under fire over
+half-a-mile of broken ground to an Australian unit. They tracked
+cleverly across the moor, and were met by an eager Australian with the
+question: "Have you brought the water, cobbers?" On the 11th, the
+Battalion had a long, weary march to the front line. The trenches were
+full of water, and the gullies became almost impassable. On the 28th,
+Lockwood, our musketry expert, was severely wounded in the chest.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day Lieutenant-Colonel Gresham was forced by ill-health to
+leave us. He was invalided to Malta, and thence to England. A year later
+he relinquished his command, without having been able to rejoin. He had
+served with the Battalion ever since 1890. He was known to suffer from
+chronic illness, but he let nothing interfere with the call of duty, and
+his hard work overseas set a fine example to all ranks. It is,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> indeed,
+still, in 1917, difficult to think of the Battalion with any other
+Commanding Officer. His departure was widely regretted, and the later
+achievements of his men in the War are the best tribute to the many
+years of labour he had given to their training and organisation.</p>
+
+<p>His immediate successor in command was Major Staveacre. On the night of
+the 28th May the Battalion advanced, and B and D Companies dug
+themselves in under a full moon and in the face of the enemy, a platoon
+of C Company finishing the work on the following evening. In these
+operations fell Captains T.W. Savatard and R.V. Rylands, men of sterling
+character and capacity, and Lieut. T.F. Brown, a gallant boy, who, in
+the happier days of the threatened war in Ulster, had served in the West
+Belfast Loyalist Volunteers.</p>
+
+<p>The advance of the 28th May was preliminary to the historic attack of
+the whole allied line from sea to sea, which had been timed for midday
+on the 4th June 1915. In this attack the Battalion advanced as the
+extreme right unit of our Infantry Brigade. On the left of the
+Manchesters was the 29th Division; on our right was the Royal Naval
+Division, and on their right were the French.</p>
+
+<p>During the previous night the Turks, writes an eyewitness in the
+<i>Sentry</i>, gave us "our first taste of bombing. They crawled down a small
+gully and threw eight or nine bombs on to our gun emplacement, hurting
+no one, but putting the gun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> out for twenty minutes." Meanwhile they
+fired the gorse in front of the 29th Division.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus05.jpg" alt="gallipoli"  />
+<a id="illus05" name="illus05"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> GALLIPOLI.</p>
+
+<p>At eight in the morning the British guns opened the bombardment. "At
+eleven-twenty our whole line from the sea to the Straits got up and
+waved their bayonets, pretending the attack was to start." At twelve,
+"with wild cheers" the assault was launched. A and C Companies rushed
+the first Turkish trench, and captured the surviving occupants, while
+along a front that stretched far away to the left, similar success was
+won by the whole British line. While A and C Companies consolidated the
+trench they had won, B and D Companies passed over it, in order to take
+the next Turkish line. Captain (afterwards Major) C.E. Higham, always
+resourceful and imperturbable, was shot in the foot while crossing the
+trench, but Captain (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) Fawcus led the
+attack a long way forward, and held a dummy trench in the heart of the
+Turkish position for many hours.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently the right flank of the Battalion was not only enfiladed but
+exposed to fire from their rear. The officers at this deadly point were
+Lieutenants H.D. Thewlis, W.G. Freemantle and F.C. Palmer. Palmer was
+badly wounded. Thewlis, a keen subaltern and expert in scientific
+agriculture, refused to retire, and was killed. Freemantle was of Quaker
+stock and, like Thewlis, a graduate of Manchester University. He was
+first shot through the right arm, and then through the left. He insisted
+on remaining with his men,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> though the pain was so intense that he broke
+his teeth while clenching them. He was then shot through the body, and
+died.</p>
+
+<p>C Company on this right flank was in danger. Lieutenant G.C. Hans
+Hamilton, a prince of fighters, had organised a bombing party with
+Corporal Cherry, and did great work, but was now severely wounded.
+Leonard Dudley, an adventurous soul who had fought under Staveacre with
+the Cheshire Yeomanry in South Africa, was killed. Captain Cyril
+Norbury, who commanded the Company, had written to Major Staveacre for
+information, and he received this answer from Captain Creagh: "Regret to
+say Major Staveacre dead; also Thewlis and Freemantle. Do not know
+whereabouts of missing platoons. Fear most lost."</p>
+
+<p>Staveacre had been shot through the back while passing ammunition to the
+firing line. He said to Regimental Sergeant-Major H.C. Franklin (the
+Acting Adjutant of our later days on Gallipoli): "Never mind me. Carry
+on, Sergeant-Major," and died at once.</p>
+
+<p>All day long the Turks counter-attacked the Manchesters without success.
+Private Richardson won the D.C.M. by bombing feats, but the supply of
+bombs ran out early. Their use was in its infancy, and their character
+was primitive. C Company, among whom Sergeant M'Hugh, Corporal Basnett
+and Private (afterwards Lieutenant) J.W. Sutherland were conspicuous,
+was reinforced by some gallant bombers from another battalion of the
+Manchesters under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> Captain James, who was killed after driving the Turks
+from a trench, and later by some of the Lancashire Fusiliers. They held
+their own, and a last Turkish counter-attack, on the morning of the 5th
+June, was scattered by our machine guns and those of the Lancashire
+Fusiliers, well handled by Captains Hayes and Bedson.</p>
+
+<p>Fawcus brought back about nine survivors from his advanced position
+after great feats of endurance, in which the Manchester units on our
+left had fully shared. Lieutenant T.E. Granger, who had been left behind
+dangerously wounded, was taken prisoner. Lieutenant Ward was killed.
+Lieutenant Bateman was shot through the lungs; Lieutenant G. Norbury on
+the scalp.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th June the Brigadier, General Noel Lee, was mortally wounded,
+to the intense and universal sorrow of the whole Division. He died in
+Malta. Lieutenant-Colonel Heys, on taking his place, was immediately
+killed. The retreat from the more advanced trenches to the original
+Turkish firing line, necessitated by enfilade fire and by the absence of
+reinforcements, proved far deadlier than the advance. The battle, with
+its preliminary operations, cost us some of our bravest sergeant-majors
+and sergeants&mdash;Cookson, Arnott, Marvin, Mundy, Balfe, Webster. Sergeant
+Lindsay lost his leg. Of them and of all the men of the 42nd Division,
+who gave their lives in this action, any praise is superfluous.</p>
+
+<p>A broad strip of land gained securely on a wide frontage, an immense
+number of Turkish dead<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> and prisoners, and a sense of great personal
+ascendancy, were the measure of their success, and General Sir Ian
+Hamilton's dispatch truly estimates its quality.</p>
+
+<p>The survivors of the Battalion rested for a few days on Imbros after the
+battle, and then returned to the Peninsula under the command of Captain
+P.H. Creagh. On the 16th July the command was passed to
+Lieutenant-Colonel A. Canning, a veteran of the Egyptian War of 1882,
+who had previously commanded the Leinster Regiment at Cork. We could
+have had no greater confidence in any possible Commanding Officer, and
+while he acted as Brigadier of the Manchester Territorials his influence
+was no less inspiring. The record of our later campaign on Gallipoli is
+closely associated with his name and work.</p>
+
+<p>All these early scenes of the expedition to the Dardanelles I had
+missed. On the 17th March I had been invalided home on the Indian
+hospital ship, <i>Glenart Castle</i>, Alexandria to Southampton, and the only
+public meeting I witnessed during three years of warfare&mdash;a recruiting
+rally in the Manchester Hippodrome&mdash;was a poor outlet for one's
+activity. An offer of the command of the new 3rd line reserve unit at
+Southport naturally failed to quench my keenness to rejoin the
+Battalion, and after vexatious delays I at last sailed from Devonport
+for the East, on the <i>Simla</i>, on the 13th July 1915.</p>
+
+<p>We reached Alexandria on the 25th, and the crowded harbour of Mudros
+early on the 29th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> The boat was full of drafts for the 29th
+Division&mdash;Essex and Hampshire men, Inniskillings, Munsters, Royal and
+Lancashire Fusiliers, Worcesters&mdash;and rumours of the intended Suvla
+expedition were in the air. Our optimism was, however, chastened by the
+opinions of one experienced soldier on board, who insisted that we ought
+never to have landed at Cape Helles, but on the Gulf of Saros behind the
+lines of Bulair, and made straight for Constantinople with a large army,
+without trying to force the Dardanelles. He believed that the Germans
+would still take Warsaw, and thought Holland's co-operation essential to
+any plan of early success. The War was still at a stage when men did not
+mind talking about it, and the general assumption was that it could not
+last long. One sailor told me a story typical of the German's ignorance
+of sportsmanship. A captured naval officer was courteously allowed the
+use of the British captain's cabin. A few moments later a crash
+announced that he had requited chivalry by breaking everything he could
+lay his hands on. Other passengers on the <i>Simla</i> were nursing sisters
+in dainty scarlet and grey, naval airmen who disembarked at Valetta, and
+the whole staff of an Australian General Hospital bound for
+Mudros&mdash;expert specialist officers and splendid men, with songs cheery
+and robust:</p>
+
+<p  class='center'>
+"When the beer's on the table, we'll be there."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps my most vivid memories, however, are of the keen young officers
+conducting drafts, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> were so soon to fall in the great attempt at
+Suvla.</p>
+
+<p>The fate of one of these, J.R. Lingard, then in charge of some
+Lancashire Fusiliers, was one of the unsolved mysteries of the
+Dardanelles campaign. A brave and popular officer, he was severely
+wounded on the 21st August. He was carried out of action and placed on a
+stretcher for conveyance across Suvla Beach to a hospital ship. At this
+point all trace of him disappeared. His fate is unknown.</p>
+
+<p>In the late afternoon of the 30th July 1915 we neared Cape Helles and
+heard the thunder of the guns. We landed laboriously about midnight, and
+were led by guides to a rendezvous of the 29th Division at a point some
+three miles along the coast on the northern side of the Peninsula.
+Brilliant moonlight shone upon a sleeping French force close to the
+landing-place on "V" Beach. The country looked unspeakably dry and bare.</p>
+
+<p>At six o'clock the following morning we were divided into details for
+our various units, and sleepless, unshaven and hungry, I was again
+guided to where the 42nd Division had its headquarters&mdash;a spot to the
+south of the 29th, and, roughly, in the left centre of the short line of
+the Allies. The narrowness and shallowness of the area of our occupation
+struck all observers at once. The great ridge of Achi Baba, some six
+hundred feet above sea-level, barring our advance upon Turkey,
+confronted us the very moment that we climbed to the top of the cliffs
+that enclosed every<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> landing-place. We were shelled as we struck across
+the moorland, and then I found myself once more in East Lancashire.</p>
+
+<p>A long wait at Divisional Headquarters was followed by a delightful
+welcome at the Quartermaster's dump of the Battalion, where, in blazing
+sunshine, I enjoyed my first food and shave on enemy soil, and abundant
+news of the unit. A friendly sergeant then led me up to the fire
+trenches some two miles forward, where the Manchesters held both sides
+of Krithia nullah, a ravine running up into a sloping heath, where the
+Turks had lain dug in for the last two months. Our way, after passing
+"Clapham Junction," was fringed with the graves of the fallen. I noticed
+Staveacre's.</p>
+
+<p>It was pleasant to reach the cool burrow, which served as our Battalion
+Headquarters. Here I found Colonel Canning, P.H. Creagh and Fawcus
+sitting on the yellow, dusty ground beneath a tarpaulin. It was
+thrilling once again to walk among our Manchester men, now very thin and
+sunburnt, in shirt-sleeves and shorts, making the best of life in narrow
+trenches, and watching day after day the serried Turkish lines and
+broad, brown mass of Achi Baba. Next day (1st August), in mid-afternoon,
+we moved into the most advanced fire trenches, and I became O.C. of our
+Battalion's firing line, with a small dug-out of my own in the centre of
+our sector. This sector was within forty or fifty yards of the Turkish
+position, and in the early morning, as the sun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> rose over Asia, we heard
+the <i>muezzin</i> calling the faithful to prayer. There was a lull at this
+time in warfare. Casualties were few, and the periscope disclosed little
+beyond the vista (soon too familiar) of arid heath, broken only by
+patches of wild thyme, and of the intricate lacework of sandbagged
+trenches stretching from the tip of Cape Helles behind us to the top of
+Achi Baba. But for the constant booming of the guns and the plague of
+flies, these first days on Gallipoli were days of peace and happiness
+under a quiet, blue sky. Our men were hopeful, and a stray memorandum of
+mine of the 3rd August records that "P.H. Creagh bets Fawcus &pound;1 that the
+Turks will be driven out of the Peninsula within a month." Our faith was
+great in those days.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<p  class='center'>THE AUGUST BATTLES AT CAPE HELLES<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>In the history of the expedition to the Dardanelles, the August battles
+in the area of Cape Helles figure as a pinning or holding attack by the
+British Army, designed to occupy the enemy while the Suvla Bay landing
+was effected. The line of communications that linked the Achi Baba
+position with Maidos and Gallipoli was to be cut by our forces operating
+from Suvla and Anzac, and the Narrows were to be opened to our fleet by
+the capture of Sari-Bair. The epic of the actual Suvla effort has been
+nobly told in both Sir Ian Hamilton's dispatches and Mr Masefield's
+<i>Gallipoli</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Regimental officer at Cape Helles naturally knew very little of the
+strategy underlying these operations, and nothing of events at Suvla or
+Anzac, though Suvla was but thirteen miles and Anzac but five from
+Fusilier Bluff. His could only be the impressions of an eyewitness in an
+orbit limited to his Brigade. During the whole of our Gallipoli
+experiences, we were only conscious of Divisional organisation and
+personnel through the literature and correspondence of the orderly-room,
+or from mere glimpses on the occa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>sion of our rare visits to the base on
+Gully Beach. I am glad to have once seen the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Ian
+Hamilton. He passed our Headquarters on the Western Mule Sap, walking
+briskly towards the trenches. The fine appreciation of the Manchester
+Territorial Brigade's work on the 4th June, which he wrote in his
+dispatches, made his name a name always to conjure with, but to the man
+in the trenches, an Army Commander can at most be but a shining name.
+Consequently, the story of the fighting in August, as we saw it, must
+needs be silent on all vexed questions of high policy, and also on the
+more famous struggle to the north of Achi Baba. Its limitations are true
+to life.</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th August we learnt that our Army was to assault the enemy's
+position simultaneously with the enterprise at Suvla.</p>
+
+<p>Three points were emphasised in our instructions. First, the frontage
+and depth of the sector to be carried by each unit was carefully and
+personally explained to us by General the Hon. H.A. Lawrence, who was at
+that time our Brigadier. Secondly, we had to tell our men that the
+Turkish lines would have been rendered almost untenable before their
+advance, in consequence of the heavy bombardment, which was to precede
+the attack. Thirdly, we were to emphasise to the men that Turkish morale
+was on the wane. Prisoners, whose only words were "English good; Turkey
+finish," were, I fancy, responsible for this last venture in optimism.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We had every reason to anticipate that the attempt was to be a thorough
+onslaught, not a mere demonstration, and would probably lead to success.
+The discovery that the Turks had in reality been massing for an attack
+on our lines within a few hours of our own assault was only made
+afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>At 2.20 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> on the 6th August, the British guns opened on the
+Turkish positions in front of the 29th Division, and at 3.50
+<span class="smcap">P.M.</span> we could see our infantry advance under a hail of musketry
+and machine-gun fire. Our guns lengthened range, and we saw shells fired
+by our warships in the Gulf of Saros bursting along the crest of Achi
+Baba. Through the periscope we watched the tin back-plates, worn by our
+men for the enlightenment of artillery observers, twinkling under the
+dust and smoke. Some other Manchesters were lending a hand in the battle
+already, and were struggling under heavy shrapnel fire to gain a footing
+in the trenches immediately to the north of the sector to be assaulted
+by the Brigade on the morrow. Then gradually the firing sank. By 4.45
+<span class="smcap">P.M.</span> there was a distinct lull. One of our Companies (C
+Company) under Captain G. Chadwick, was sent as reinforcements. A stream
+of wounded (Manchesters, Worcesters, Munsters) began to file past our
+lines into the winding nullah. We knew little as to what had happened.
+The sky above the shell-riddled ridge of Achi Baba was serene and purple
+in the glow of evening, but the fog of war was upon us.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Suddenly, at 6.40 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, a message came that two of our
+Companies were required at once to help the Worcester Regiment, who had
+taken part in the assault about a mile to the north of where we were. A
+Company (Captain A.E.F. Fawcus) and D Company (Captain H. Smedley) were
+ordered to comply. The men were resting for the work planned for the
+next day. They got ready hurriedly, and moved in fast-gathering darkness
+along a labyrinth of unfamiliar trenches to a position from which the
+Worcesters had advanced in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>Our information was most vague. The Worcesters had gone "over the top"
+many hours earlier and had disappeared. They were believed to be holding
+trenches somewhere beyond, but they were out of touch with our line, and
+it was intended to reinforce them. The night was dark, and the direction
+to be taken after leaving our trenches could only be roughly indicated.
+A Company lined up first, and went over the top like one man. D Company,
+which was to move to the right of A, then lined up along the fire step
+and followed.</p>
+
+<p>Our men passed into a tornado of fire, and drifted forward on a broken
+moor, already littered with dead and wounded. Both Companies eventually
+lined up in shallow depressions of ground, but there was no trench to
+receive them.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, many of our wounded had straggled back to the trench from
+which they started, and numbers of wounded Regulars of the 29th
+Division<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> who had lain out for many hours were brought in by our men
+during the long night. This was the one bright touch in its story. We
+laid down these brave men on the narrow fire-step, and our
+stretcher-bearers worked nobly. Several men went out with stretchers
+under heavy fire, and fetched in as many survivors as they could find.
+One, I remember, was called Corris. At midnight the Colonel and Captain
+P.H. Creagh, our Adjutant, left for Headquarters, where the morrow's
+plan of operations was being partially recast. The hours passed. At last
+two messengers clambered back with reports from Fawcus and Smedley.
+Lance-Corporal H.L. MacCartney brought the former's.</p>
+
+<p>The only sensible course was for our parties to come in. I noticed that
+MacCartney's hand was broken and bleeding, and suggested to him that
+someone else should go back with my message of recall. He insisted on
+his ability to go, and with a companion he climbed over the parapet. A
+few moments later he was shot through the heart. Smedley's messenger was
+Lance-Corporal G.W.F. Franklin, whose services on the field won him a
+commission, and who played a splendid part in the subsequent annals of
+the Battalion. He was given a like message of recall for Captain
+Smedley, and with it he too clambered back over the parapet and passed
+out into the night.</p>
+
+<p>At 3.30 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> on the 7th August the two Companies toiled
+homewards, having lost heavily.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> Davidson, a plucky Australian officer
+attached to us, was among the killed. He had been in charge of a working
+party which wandered in the darkness into the Turkish lines, and was
+there destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>After a couple of hours' sleep, we rose to take our part in the renewed
+offensive. A heavy bombardment was to precede a general advance. As the
+front-line trenches lay within a few yards of the Turks, they were now
+practically cleared of men in order to avoid casualties from our own
+gunfire. The scheme laid down for our Battalion required a north-east
+advance by C and B Companies out of the narrow defile known as Krithia
+nullah. A gap was therefore made overnight in the barrier that had
+hitherto crossed the mouth of the defile and linked our fire trenches
+with those neighbouring. A machine gun was placed at the north-west
+corner of this gap under cover of the end of our fire trench. On the
+south-east side of the gap, a barricade ran up a steep slope to the
+trenches of other Manchesters, whose assault was to be simultaneous with
+ours. Owing to the clearance of the fire trenches, the assaulting
+parties had, unfortunately, to move across the open. The nullah was
+twisted and partly covered by curving banks on either flank; so that it
+was hoped that our men might nevertheless avoid complete exposure. The
+great hope, however, was that the British guns would succeed in wrecking
+the redoubt that commanded the outlet of the nullah before the infantry
+moved.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We waited at the spot where the support line ran down to the nullah and
+from which C Company was to emerge, while our artillery thundered
+against the enemy's position. Then the hour came, and C Company, under
+Chadwick (bravest of the brave), moved in single file into the nullah
+and onward towards the gap in the front-line barricade and the Turkish
+redoubt beyond.</p>
+
+<p>B Company, under Captain J.R. Creagh, followed in their wake.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time a battalion of the Manchesters, commanded by
+Lieut.-Col. Darlington, was launched against the Turkish line on the
+left of the redoubt, and another, under Lieut.-Col. Pilkington, against
+the line on its right. The redoubt itself was at the apex of a broad
+angle of trenches.</p>
+
+<p>It was at once obvious that our guns had been unable to affect the
+strength and resisting power of the enemy's front line. Each advancing
+wave of the Manchesters was swept away by machine-gun fire. A few of
+them gallantly reached the Turkish trenches and fell there. Long
+afterwards, during the last flicker of a British offensive in December,
+some Lowland Scots soldiers of the 52nd Division found in trenches on
+the west of the nullah the bodies of some of the Manchester men, who had
+also this day fought a way to their objective and perished.</p>
+
+<p>We saw shrapnel bursting along the nullah, through which C Company was
+passing, and progress seemed stopped. I ran along the deserted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> saps
+that connected our support line with the front firing trench, and came
+to the gap. Some twenty yards ahead, a group of about thirty men were
+lying together in the shallow water-course, mostly dead. Another group
+was gathered under cover by the gap. The rest of C and B Companies were
+still running up to the gap from the support line through the long grass
+of the nullah, and dropping in their tracks under the constant fire of
+the redoubt. Chadwick and J.R. Creagh were both in the forefront of the
+advance, and Chadwick signalled back its hopelessness. His subaltern,
+Bacon, had been the first to pass the gap, and had been killed on
+emerging. The whole battle in this sector was really over, and I stopped
+the men under cover from moving out into the open. In the late afternoon
+the survivors of the little group in front crawled back to safety. The
+dead were gathered in by the devoted stretcher-bearers under Sergeant
+Mort, during the evening. One party, under Corporal F. White, had alone
+penetrated to within a few yards of the redoubt. He held his men
+together through the afternoon and brought them in under cover of
+darkness, for which the D.C.M. was his reward. Mort had won the D.C.M.
+earlier in the campaign.</p>
+
+<p>All through that hot afternoon the wounded Manchesters trailed back to
+the busy dressing-stations, pictures of suffering and patience. The
+attack still further reduced the numbers of the original Territorial
+units, already greatly diminished by casualties.</p>
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus06.jpg" alt="station"  />
+<a id="illus06" name="illus06"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> In Khartum Station.<br/>
+
+Col. Gresham. General Wingate.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus07.jpg" alt="trench"  />
+<a id="illus07" name="illus07"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'>In the Turkish trench captured on 4th June.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We wondered to what extent the effort at Cape Helles had eased the great
+task of the armies operating from Anzac and Suvla Bay. The guns used to
+boom all day long from the hidden north until the 22nd August, when the
+attempt was given up. Several weeks passed before we realised that the
+valiant armies there had laboured in vain, and that Sari-Bair had
+remained unconquered.</p>
+
+<p>We were far more conscious of the limited results of the battle on the
+Cape Helles side of Achi Baba.</p>
+
+<p>To the right of the line attacked by the Manchester Brigade and some 200
+yards east of Krithia nullah, the Lancashire Fusiliers succeeded, with
+great gallantry, in capturing a small plot known as the Vineyard, which
+the Turks in six days' hard fighting were unable to regain.</p>
+
+<p>Regarded purely as a holding attack during the main enterprise from
+Suvla, the offensive fully achieved its purpose. It was, however,
+difficult to look upon it in this somewhat narrow light from the point
+of view of a Regiment which took part in the actual adventure.</p>
+
+<p>Of the many personalities that struck one's imagination during this
+August battle, the majority were simply of the rank and file, whose
+pluck and unselfishness were incomparable. Of most I have forgotten the
+very names. There was a postman from Bradford, who was forty-seven years
+old and had thirteen children. I remember his telling me of South
+African experiences. He fell. Most of our men were far younger. Many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+were mere boys, whose days in the Camel Corps at Khartum had been their
+first taste of manhood. Their Company Sergeant-Major, Leigh, was
+mortally wounded by shrapnel while running up the nullah.</p>
+
+<p>Of our officers, Captains Smedley and Chadwick survived to be pillars of
+strength during the whole campaign. About the time when I finally left
+the unit Captain Smedley joined the Egyptian Army as a Bimbashi, and
+Chadwick the Royal Flying Corps. Chadwick received a Serbian decoration.</p>
+
+<p>Fawcus, who distinguished himself by his cool leadership on the night of
+the 6th August, left the Battalion very soon afterwards to conduct a
+newly formed Bombing School on the Peninsula. He was the recipient of
+many well-earned honours, and ultimately, as a battalion commander, won
+wider fame in another theatre of war.</p>
+
+<p>A number of the men received cards from Divisional Headquarters,
+expressing appreciation of their gallantry: Sergeants W. Harrison and
+M'Hugh; Corporal (afterwards Company Sergeant-Major) J. Joyce;
+Lance-Corporal (afterwards Lieutenant) G.W.F. Franklin; Lance-Corporal
+(afterwards Lieutenant) W.T. Thorp; Corporals Hulme and Cherry; Privates
+Anderson, Beckett, Bradbury, Fletcher, Hayes, Hamilton, Maher, Murphy
+and Walsh. Joyce was afterwards awarded the Russian Order of St George.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th August 1915 we were relieved by a Lowland Scots Brigade of
+the 52nd Division, and moved to what were then called the Scotch<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+dug-outs, a bivouac about two and a half miles behind the fire trenches
+upon the central plateau of the Peninsula. It was hot and dusty, but
+five minutes' walk led the weary to the cliff. We used to go down its
+steep side on to the coast road, full of soldiers of the Allied Armies,
+of carts and mules with long tassel fly protectors, and of Indian or
+Zionist muleteers. Across the road a lighter was moored, from which we
+bathed happily in a peaceful sea, with the pale blue contours of Imbros
+and Samothrace cut clearly against the sky, and our trawlers and
+cruisers moving up and down on their ceaseless watch between Cape Helles
+and Anzac. Here and here alone was it possible to forget the brown
+wilderness above the cliff, and all the toil and bloodshed between
+ourselves and the summit of Achi Baba.</p>
+
+<p>Casualties are soon forgotten in war. In the dusty and exposed dug-outs,
+which were now our refuge, men revived. After the recent losses, it was
+good to see our clever Territorials transforming what looked like dog
+biscuits into a palatable porridge, cooking rice and raisins, picking
+lice from their grey woollen shirts, reading papers (all very light and
+very old), grumbling, but ever cheerful. It was in the Scotch dug-outs
+that we heard of the loss of the <i>Royal Edward</i> and of the German entry
+into Warsaw; but already mails and food held the first place in our
+minds. Man readjusts his sense of proportion as he enters a theatre of
+war.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th August, Colonel Canning became<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> temporary Brigadier. I thus
+became Commanding Officer in his absence. The same day we left our
+bivouac, and after a long, hot, march, through the dusty gorge called
+Gully Ravine, we relieved another unit in the firing line on the
+northerly side of that great artery of British life and traffic.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<p  class='center'>TRENCH WARFARE ON GALLIPOLI<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>The routine upon which the Battalion entered at this stage remained
+almost unchanged until the evacuation. Our Headquarters, where I slept
+when in command of the Battalion during Colonel Canning's various short
+spells as acting Brigadier, were usually in some heather-covered gorge,
+opening upon a deep blue sea. Essex Ravine was a frequent site. The side
+of this ravine which faced the north-east protruded beyond the side
+sheltered from the Turkish fire, and was thus forbidden ground. All down
+the slope were spread the dismembered remains of hundreds of Turks, who
+must have been slaughtered in retreat by guns from our warships in the
+&AElig;gean Sea. It was impossible to bury them, owing to the enemy's fire.
+The other side, where we slept on a rocky ledge high above the sea, was
+still a beautiful glen.</p>
+
+<p>An hour before dawn we went round the lines, while the men "stood to."
+We returned for a bathe and breakfast in the open, while the destroyers
+used to pass to and fro between Cape Helles and the Gulf of Saros, and a
+pearly haze brooded over Imbros. Then back to the trenches, which were
+always dusty and fly-pestered, to visit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> men always under fire, but full
+of bravery and patience. Diarrh&oelig;a and dysentery were already sending
+many of them from the Peninsula. The trenches were often noisome. Only
+in the evening, with Imbros growing fainter in the fading day and
+Samothrace rising huge and cloudy behind, while the red and green lights
+of the hospital ships off Helles shone brightly across the water, was
+physical vigour possible. When I acted as Second in Command, as was more
+usual, my nights were spent in the centre of the firing line, with
+excellent telephonists like Hoyle or Clavering close to me, but the
+nights were usually quiet, and indeed it was not until the middle of
+September that the Turks showed any symptoms of the offensive spirit.
+Our casualties were mainly caused by random shots at night, which
+chanced to hit our sentries as they peered into the gloom over the
+parapet.</p>
+
+<p>After a fortnight's spell in the trenches, rest bivouacs were welcome as
+a change, though the name was a mere mockery. Mining and loading
+fatigues were incessant. I admired the humour of a Wigan sergeant, whom
+I heard encouraging a gang of perspiring soldiers, while carrying heavy
+ammunition boxes up a hill-side one sweltering afternoon, with the
+incitement that they must "Remember Belgium."</p>
+
+<p>For a Field Officer one of the most trying experiences of such breaks in
+the common routine was the task of presiding over field general
+courts-martial. Courts-martial under peace con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>ditions are not without
+interest to a lawyer, but these in the field dealt wholly with grave
+charges, such as falling asleep while on sentry duty and other offences
+almost as dangerous and considerably more heinous morally. It was hard
+in many cases to reconcile the exigencies of war with the call of
+humanity, and the sense of responsibility was only partially relieved by
+the knowledge that a higher authority would give due weight to the
+extenuating circumstances that appealed so often to one's compassion.
+The introduction of "suspended sentences" by the Army (Suspension of
+Sentences) Act 1915, with a view to keep a man's rifle in the firing
+line, and to give an offender the chance of retrieving his liberty by
+subsequent devotion to duty, was probably the War's best addition to
+British Military Law. Nevertheless, the duty of acting as President on
+these occasions is found universally distasteful.</p>
+
+<p>There were, however, two great charms in these short intervals in trench
+warfare. First, it was delightful to escape to places where you could
+move erect and see something besides the brown wilderness of saps and
+cuts. A walk to Lancashire Landing along the coast road, between great
+rugged cliffs on one side and the rippling sea on the other, took us
+past the little colony of the Greek Labour Corps, and past terraces of
+new stone huts and sandbag dug-outs, which indicated the presence of
+Staff Officers. Looking seaward, we saw the hull of the sunken
+<i>Majestic</i>, a perpetual sign of the limitations of "sea power." We could
+then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> strike up from the beach and see the A.S.C. stores, admirably
+managed by Major (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) A. England, and pushing
+on to the top of the plateau, the whole area of warfare between
+Lancashire Landing and Achi Baba was at our feet.</p>
+
+<p>Even more delightful was the long series of entertainments which we
+organised in the Battalion, and which eventually drew large numbers from
+the rest of the 42nd Division. These entertainments were opened by
+lectures on history. Our men became familiar with the history and
+conditions of all the belligerent Powers, and were kept well acquainted
+with the developments of the actual military situation in Europe. They
+enjoyed these lectures. Education has its uses, after all. Then followed
+concerts, which were splendidly arranged by Regimental Sergeant-Major M.
+Hartnett, a veteran of Ladysmith and East Africa and a pillar of the
+Battalion, now, alas, dead, and by Quartermaster-Sergeant Mort, himself
+an adept as an entertainer. These "shows" used to start about 6.45 in
+the evening, and the vision of our tired boys scattered in the fast
+fading twilight on the slope of some narrow ravine beneath the serene,
+starry sky of Turkey will be among our most lasting memories of
+Gallipoli. The sentimental song was typical of the Territorial's taste.
+Even now I can hear the refrain sung by Company Sergeant-Major J.W.
+Woods:</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+"My heart's far away with the Colleen I adore;<br />
+Eileen alannah; Angus asthor."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>At the finish, before singing the National Anthem and the no less
+popular anthem of the Machine Gun Section, our men always sang: <i>Keep
+the Home Fires Burning</i>. The soldiers could have no better vesper hymn.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th September 1915 we went into a new sector of trenches on
+either side of what was called Border Barricade. The name was, like
+Border Ravine, a relic of the Border Regiment, just as Skinner's Lane,
+Watling Street, Essex Ravine and Inniskilling Inch recalled the
+activities of other units.</p>
+
+<p>I can claim personal responsibility for placing Burlington Street and
+Greenheys Lane upon the map of Gallipoli. They are reminders of our
+Headquarters in Manchester.</p>
+
+<p>Border Barricade barred a moorland track which led upwards to higher
+ground where the Turks were strongly entrenched. Below it were little
+graveyards of Turkish and British dead, and below them the moors
+contracted into the narrow defile of Gully Ravine. Here on the 15th
+September we lost some casualties in a mine explosion, which the Turks
+had carefully timed for our evening's "Stand to." Dense columns of smoke
+and earth shot up high into the air, and the rapidly increasing darkness
+of the evening added greatly to our difficulties. Most gallant work was
+done in digging out buried men, a task of great danger, as the front
+trench was completely destroyed, and the Turks, whose trenches at this
+point were within ten yards of ours, were bombing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> heavily. Thirteen men
+lost their lives through the explosion. For some days afterwards this
+spot and an open space behind it were constantly sniped, and, as an
+addition to our troubles, one of our own trench mortars, fired by a
+neighbouring unit, landed in error in our lines, killing 3 men and
+wounding 4, including Captain Smedley. Later the Turks exploded further
+mines in the same area when it was occupied by other units.</p>
+
+<p>Our chief losses, however, were through illness. Captain P.H. Creagh,
+whose splendid work was rewarded by a D.S.O., left us at the end of
+August for good, and joined his own regiment in Mesopotamia. Before the
+end of September, Captain C.H. Williamson, the Brigade's excellent
+Signalling Officer (afterwards killed in action); Captain A.H. Tinker,
+at that time Machine Gun Officer, but afterwards most admirable of
+Company Commanders; Captains H.H. Nidd and J.R. Creagh, most careful of
+Company Officers; D. Norbury of the Machine Guns; Pain and Pilgrim,
+invaluable Somerset officers attached to us, all left the Battalion with
+jaundice. Burn and Bryan left it with dysentery; Morten with a poisoned
+hand.</p>
+
+<p>There was little indeed to cheer the men in the trenches. News
+percolated through to us of the failure at Suvla and of the hardships
+endured in that enterprise. Mails from home arrived all too slowly and
+precariously. Death was always present. We regretted the loss of Captain
+H.T. Cawley on the night of the 23rd September. He had given up a soft
+billet as A.D.C. to a Major<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> General in order to share the lot of his
+old regiment, a battalion of the Manchesters, and was killed in a mine
+crater near Border Barricade.</p>
+
+<p>The spell in the trenches admitted of few variations. The journey to
+them was always burdensome. It is easy to recall the trek, on the 1st
+October 1915, of weary, dust-stained, overloaded men some three miles up
+the nullah, inches deep in dirty dust and under a broiling sun, to
+occupy narrow fire trenches, unprotected as ever by head cover, and
+pestilential with smells and flies. Yet once established in the
+trenches, life was tolerable enough. As a Field Officer I was fortunate
+to be able to escape at times to enjoy the intense luxury of
+sea-bathing. Sometimes the evenings were misty, and the fog-horns of our
+destroyers and trawlers carried faintly across the &AElig;gean Sea. More often
+the sunsets were gorgeous. The day always seemed long. Firing was
+frequent but targets were rare. Some men curled themselves up between
+the narrow red walls of the trenches, read, dozed, smoked, talked, one
+or two in each traverse observing in turns through the periscope across
+the arid belt of No Man's Land, where groups of grey-clad Turks, killed
+long ago, still lay bleaching and reeking under the torrid sky. Others
+foraged behind for fuel, which could only be found with great
+difficulty. A little later dozens of fires would be crackling in the
+trenches, with dixies upon them full of stew or tea. Flies hovered in
+myriads over jam-pots. The sky was cloudless. Heat brooded over all. No
+one ever<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> visited the trench except the Battalion Headquarters Staff and
+fatigue parties with water-bottles. Many soldiers stripped to the waist,
+and wore simply their sun helmets and shorts. Sickness alone drew men
+away. The soil was dark red, caked and crumbling. Here and there the
+dead were buried into the parados, with such inscriptions as "Sacred to
+the Memory of an Unknown Comrade. <i>R.I.P.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>The Mule Sap connected the trenches with Headquarters. We gathered
+curios, Turkish and German, from among its d&eacute;bris. At Headquarters the
+telephone, orderly-room and dressing-station alone denoted the presence
+of war. They were fixed in a beautiful ravine, looking upon a smooth
+sea, warm in the sunlight, with Imbros ten miles across the water. The
+meals were of first importance, but sandbags are uncomfortable seats,
+and the heat was trying. Pleasant it was in the cool of the evening to
+go to sleep with one's Burberry as a pillow. The stars shone kindly
+down, as they had shone long ago upon the heroes of the Iliad on the
+Plains of Troy, seven miles away across the Dardanelles, upon the
+Crusaders and Byzantines. You were asleep in a moment, and hardly
+stirred until 5 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, when it was time for "Stand to." Daylight
+moved quickly across the desolate waste, and by six o'clock another day
+of war and waiting had dawned.</p>
+
+<p>The Territorial's thoughts turn to home far more often than do those of
+the Regular, for to him the family has always been more important<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> than
+the regiment. H.C. Franklin, who took P.H. Creagh's place as our
+Adjutant at the end of August, and was an old Regular soldier of the
+Manchester Regiment, often said that the week's mail of a Territorial
+battalion is as large as six months' mails for a unit of the old Army.
+He told, too, a good story, which shows the perceptiveness of Indians.
+He was standing near to some Indian muleteers when the Manchester
+Territorial Brigade disembarked on Gallipoli. He heard them say in
+Hindustani: "Here is another of the regiments of shopkeepers." One
+pointed to Captain P.H. Creagh, our Adjutant and only Regular officer.
+He said: "But he is a soldier." Another said of Staveacre: "A fine, big
+man, but he also is of the shopkeepers."</p>
+
+<p>The story of trench warfare during these months on Gallipoli is
+undramatic. A record of their little episodes is almost trivial. Yet
+this want of movement and initiative is true to life, and was the common
+lot of the three or four British Divisions then responsible for
+operations at Cape Helles. The campaign, in fact, came to a standstill
+on the failure of the great offensive in August. The objects of the Army
+were simply to hold the ground so hardly won in the first two months of
+the expedition, and to contain as large as possible a Turkish force on
+Gallipoli for the benefit of our Russian Allies in the Caucasus and
+elsewhere. The first of these objects was attained in spite of the
+thinness of our line, the universal inferiority of our positions to
+those of the enemy, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> gradual improvement of their guns and
+aircraft. The Nizam&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> the Regular first-line Turkish troops&mdash;had
+been practically destroyed. The remainder lacked the offensive spirit
+after their heavy losses in August, and perhaps their hearts were not
+sufficiently in the struggle to welcome further sacrifice of life, with
+time already running in their favour. We heard of one British officer
+who had acted as a hostage during a short armistice at Anzac. The Turks
+loaded him with presents of fruit, and, pointing to their dead on the
+battle-field, said: "So much for your diplomatists and diplomacy!"</p>
+
+<p>Our second object, also, is believed to have been gained, so far as was
+possible, having regard to our inadequate numbers and to the limitations
+of our technique of the period. Bombing used at this time to be
+practised by small sections in each battalion, who occupied dangerous
+salients called "bird-cages" in the fire trenches. Here in our
+Battalion, G. Ross-Bain and W.H. Barratt among the officers, S. Clough
+and T. Hulme among the N.C.O.'s&mdash;all valiant men&mdash;won a modest measure
+of fame. On one occasion Hulme picked up a live bomb thrown by the enemy
+and saved his comrades' lives by throwing it over the parapet with
+splendid self-devotion. Our British sappers became more proficient in
+mining, special corps being formed from among the Wigan colliers of the
+Manchesters and the Lowland Scots. The guns were always active, and
+their co-operation with the infantry was perfected. Those who re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>member
+passing by night along the winding length of Inniskilling Inch will
+recall the red lamp that marked the artillery forward observation
+officer's post at the corner of Burlington Street, and the well-hidden
+gun emplacement, where Greenheys Lane ran out of the Mule Sap. The
+familiar street signs carried men's minds back to Manchester.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<p  class='center'>THE STRAIN<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>In the second week of October, 1915, the Army at Cape Helles was
+reinforced by dismounted Yeomanry from East and West Kent, Surrey and
+Sussex, and by some Royal Fusilier Territorial units from Malta, who
+were lent to the Royal Naval Division. Many West Kent officers and
+N.C.O.'s were for a time attached to the Battalion, and proved admirable
+comrades. The 42nd Division received some scanty drafts on the 23rd
+October. These came from the 3rd line units at Codford on Salisbury
+Plain, and were of excellent quality. Our draft was under Lieutenant
+C.S. Wood, a very able signaller.</p>
+
+<p>I noted on the 21st October that of the 300 men of the Battalion then in
+the field, nearly 100 were on detached jobs&mdash;signallers, machine gunners
+and details attached to various headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>The result of the shrinkage in strength was a great strain upon the
+survivors. "We never sleep," the Battalion's motto, was adopted
+grudgingly as a rule of life. The necessities of the firing line
+required vigilance by day and night, and the long frontages allotted to
+the various units of the 42nd Division entailed broken nights<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> and
+laborious days for all. The men's physique became lowered. Septic sores
+were general; bad eyes, not infrequent; jaundice of a type indicating
+para-typhoid was common; am&oelig;bic dysentery very prevalent. Loss of
+health meant loss of vigour. Limited to one bottle of water a day for
+all purposes, and perpetually a prey to flies, heat, diarrh&oelig;a and
+want of rest, the soldier had a trying time. Rations of a type welcome
+in a northern climate were unpalatable in Turkey. In July and August we
+were liberally supplied with vegetables and raisins, and with
+much-prized golden syrup for our porridge; but the latter luxury then
+disappeared, while for several months our only vegetables were onions,
+which do not appeal to every palate. Jams, even when the pots were
+adorned with pictures of one Sir Joseph Paxton, had very diminishing
+attractions. The only strawberry jam we ever had on the Peninsula came
+to us in tins, from which the labels had been stripped by some kindly
+act of Providence. In the expedition's early days our men had been able
+to exchange English jams for dainties procurable by the French and
+Senegalese, but the monotonous and indefinable "plum and apple" of the
+later summer killed the trade and extinguished all foreign admiration of
+British jam-making. Only the flies were fascinated.</p>
+
+<p>Our East Lancashire Territorials did all that was possible to relieve
+the strain. We had a most able medical officer in Captain J.J. Hummel,
+of Glasgow, who had temporarily succeeded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> Captain J.F. Farrow (our own
+veteran M.O.) in July, but indeed all the units were happy in their
+doctors, and <i>emetine</i> in dysentery cases was a gift of gold. Nor could
+a Brigade have had a more gallant and untiring padre than Captain E.T.
+Kerby. He and Captain Farrow both won the Military Cross. Kerby must
+have said the burial service over the graves of nearly a thousand
+Manchesters on Gallipoli.</p>
+
+<p>The food difficulty we met by encouraging unofficial imports. The
+kindness of all at home was beyond praise. Consignments of comforts were
+well regulated by Major H.G. Davies, who had charge of the Manchester
+depot, but many came direct from innumerable friends and national and
+local organisations. One mother of two boys of the Battalion who had
+lost their lives wrote to me, while sending parcels for their surviving
+comrades: "I dare say that life is dreary for them, poor lads. God in
+His mercy has been so very merciful in that my Darlings have been spared
+so much. My prayers will follow you throughout, praying for the success
+of the whole of Our Battalion, and that you may all be spared to come
+safely home to the fond hearts waiting."</p>
+
+<p>England need never despair while she has such mothers.</p>
+
+<p>The great glory of the East Lancashire Division during the long-drawn
+days of October and November was, however, the temper of its men. The
+spiritual exaltation, that all races feel at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> outbreak of war and in
+the hour of battle, disappears under the pressure of the daily grind.
+Then, in his divine good-nature, the British Tommy comes into his own.
+Nothing dims his cheerfulness and humour. A chorus starting with: "We
+are the M.G." proclaimed the jollity of our Machine Gun Section and the
+ingenuity of Sergeant W. Harrison. A Machine Gun Corps of the larger
+type, organised under the energetic command of Captain Hayes, was a
+thing of the future. A long list of singers and performers&mdash;Hartnett,
+Mort, Addison (of ragtime celebrity), Wheelton, Holbrook, Hoyle,
+Clavering, Shields&mdash;adorned the programmes of our concerts. Other men
+like Tabbron and F.E.H. Barratt were notably cheery souls in the lines.
+The handful of surviving officers&mdash;Higham, Chadwick, Whitley,
+Douglas&mdash;with a few excellent attached officers&mdash;J. Baker and J.W.
+Barrett of the Somersets, and F.W. Woodward of the Sherwood
+Foresters&mdash;were untiring promoters of the men's well-being.</p>
+
+<p>Their wants were so modest. Old magazines and football editions of
+Saturday evening papers, published a month or two earlier in England,
+sufficed for their literary appetites. Lancashire boys are not brought
+up to read; the <i>Sentry</i> writers were exceptional. When I once came upon
+a man reading the <i>Golden Treasury</i>, in Hardship Avenue, I knew he could
+not be a Manchester man. He was not. He came from the Isle of Man, and
+had joined our reserves at Southport. I found about half-a-dozen men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+who could enjoy <i>The Times</i> broadsheets. I am afraid <i>John Bull</i> was
+much more popular.</p>
+
+<p>It was pleasant indeed to stroll along the narrow trenches and see how
+staunchly the men forgot their privations. Towards evening little
+parties would go, heavy-laden, into long forward saps that the engineers
+had thrown forward from Inniskilling Inch, to pass the night in cuttings
+called "T-heads," which were ultimately to be connected together and
+form a new trench closer to the enemy. They looked out from these lonely
+places in the midst of No Man's Land upon scattered heaps of corpses,
+and in their front upon the well-built Turkish trenches, substantially
+wired in and full of cleverly disguised loopholes. Two sentries were
+placed in each "T-head." The man on watch was exposed to oblique fire
+from all directions, as both British and Turkish lines curved to right
+and left, while the constant sound of Turkish picks at work suggested
+the proximity of mines. The sap that ran back to the fire trench was
+very narrow, and ended in a low tunnel under our parapet. It was
+therefore hard to bring wounded in from the "T-head." I remember one
+poor fellow in A Company called Renshaw being badly wounded in the head
+one night, and being dragged back through the tunnel with infinite
+difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>The Turks were quick to pick up targets. One morning at our bivouac on
+Geoghegan's Bluff, we noticed half-a-dozen mules stray from Gully Ravine
+to the moor on the summit of its southerly side, perhaps a thousand
+yards from the enemy's front<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> line. We saw them shot, one by one, within
+a minute. As the Turks enjoyed the possession of higher ground
+everywhere from first to last, their power of observation was
+necessarily greater than ours, and no corner of Cape Helles was exempt
+from shell fire. It pursued us even in our bathing places.</p>
+
+<p>The course of life on Gallipoli was, however, so monotonous that men
+became callous to all dangers. They carried on the long day's routine
+and the numberless little jobs included in the term "trench duties," as
+if nothing else mattered. Such tasks are familiar to-day to so many
+millions of Europeans that they need no description. Gas masks,
+sprinklers and gongs were ready for use in every trench, but were
+happily not needed.</p>
+
+<p>Our men represented every Lancashire type, from the master builder to
+the barrister's clerk, from the wheelwright to the calico printer, from
+the railway carter to the commercial traveller. You would find together
+in one traverse Sergeant J.V.H. Hogan, a well-read ex-Socialist devotee
+of Union Chapel debates and old political opponent of my own, and
+another sergeant, whose name I cannot now recall, but who had been the
+petty officer of a South American liner sunk by the <i>Karlsruhe</i> in the
+early days of the War. Then we had famous footballers in Sergeants
+Pearson and Bamber. The Territorial origin of the Battalion was, indeed,
+a never-failing source of strength. Officers and men came from the same
+place, enjoyed the same interests and possessed the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> outlook. It
+was pleasant to see in the trenches, faces familiar in my own suburb of
+Fallowfield, and to chat with hundreds of men whose lives had touched
+mine in days of peace.</p>
+
+<p>The worth and capacity of these men were not peculiar to our unit, but
+were common to the Manchester Brigade and the whole Division. One
+battalion contained expert miners. Another battalion, at this time
+commanded by Major (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) C.L. Worthington, had
+lost enormously in their valiant battles. One of their captains&mdash;R.H.
+Bedford&mdash;helped in our history lectures. Another battalion, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel MacCarthy Morrogh, with Major H.C.F. Mandley as
+Second in Command and Captain E. Horsfall as Adjutant, were our constant
+neighbours and allies. With the Lancashire Fusiliers and East
+Lancashires, and with the admirably run A.S.C. and R.A.M.C. we enjoyed a
+slighter but no less hearty friendship.</p>
+
+<p>The best relief from the long strain of the trenches was a bathe in the
+sea, but any diversion while in rear of the firing line was
+exhilarating. We used to gather on the moors that lay between
+Geoghegan's Bluff and Bruce's Ravine, Turkish cartridge boxes made by
+the Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken at Karlsruhe and labelled with
+inscriptions in German and Turkish, innumerable spent Turkish
+cartridges, abandoned M&auml;user rifles, Turkish bandoliers (stamped with
+the English name "Warner's") and all the usual fascinating d&eacute;bris of
+battle.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus08.jpg" alt="company"  />
+<a id="illus08" name="illus08"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'>C COMPANY, THE BRITISH CAMEL COMPANY, KHARTUM.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>On the 19th October I made a special expedition, with Captain C.E.
+Higham, to the southern sector of the area, where the French had held
+the line ever since their move from Kum Kale to the Peninsula. We walked
+to beautiful Morto Bay, with its graceful curve from the headland called
+De Tott's Battery. The ruins on this point, carried by the South Wales
+Borderers on the 25th April, stood out clear-cut against the bright blue
+of the Dardanelles and the fainter grey of the Asiatic coast beyond. We
+went on past French and Senegalese dug-outs to Sedd-el-Bahr, a village
+and fort wrecked by our naval guns in the first days of the campaign.
+The country was open and dotted with the remains of vineyards. North of
+Sedd-el-Bahr was the well-tended French graveyard, more prettily kept
+than our own cemetery above Lancashire Landing. Here sleep many hundred
+soldiers, "morts sur le champs d'honneur," their <i>k&eacute;pis</i> on the crosses,
+and their graves adorned by flowers. The Jews and Senegalese had their
+own separate plots.</p>
+
+<p>Sedd-el-Bahr appeared to be but a collection of outer walls and broken
+pillars, posts and fountains, some of archaic design. On the beach
+below, the <i>River Clyde</i> recalled the glory of the landing of the
+Dublins, Hampshires and Munsters. We struggled back to our bivouac in
+the teeth of a dusty, warm wind, to be inoculated with <i>emetine</i> and to
+rest by the white coast road, while we watched our monitors riding
+between Cape Helles and Imbros, and landing shells in the Turkish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+trenches on the slopes of Achi Baba. On such an occasion Ross Bain would
+arrive from marketing among the Greeks on Tenedos with some greatly
+valued potatoes, and then all our troubles would be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>When rain came, the joy of living was hard to attain. During all our
+time on Gallipoli I remember but one or two occasions when we were
+fortunate enough to secure timber or some corrugated iron to roof our
+dug-outs. Normally we had only our mackintosh sheets. Rain turned the
+thick dust to a brown morass, and the little mule carts struggling past
+the swampy curve of Geoghegan's Bluff could hardly clamber up the Gully
+Ravine. It was choked with mud.</p>
+
+<p>Then the sun would come out and the flies returned in their myriads to
+plague us. They blackened every jam-pot and clustered thickly round the
+mouths and eyes of sleeping soldiers. The trenches became dry and dusty.
+Detached legs or feet or arms of the dead would protrude from the
+parapet, as the soil around them fell away. Smells became all-pervading.
+We would seek refuge in the dug-outs, that looked out upon a crowded
+graveyard from the sloping incline by Border Barricade. Then would come
+the time for another inoculation with <i>emetine</i>, and we would join the
+long line of men waiting, stripped to the waist, for Captain Hummel's
+needle. We prayed that it might be effective, and that we should be
+spared the curse of dysentery and long nights of misery in and about the
+fly-infested latrines.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<p  class='center'>THE LIMIT<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>In the balmy days of late October it was still possible to enjoy life on
+Gallipoli. The ceaseless vigil of the trenches was cheered by contact
+with the bravest men I have known. The dirt and drudgery of rest
+bivouacs were assuaged by bathing, and by jolly "missing word
+competitions" and "sing-songs," as well as our courses of lectures and
+discussions on history, politics, the War, and the England to arise
+after the War.</p>
+
+<p>Talk gravitated again and again to the tragedy of the 4th June. I have a
+record of one such symposium, that illuminates the infinite variety of
+human nature. "Franklin says that he and Staveacre could see in the far
+forefront of the battle Sergeant Marvin engage four Turks simultaneously
+with his bayonet till shot dead. But X. boggled at going over the
+parapet. He was told: 'You are a disgrace to the Manchester Regiment.'
+He replied: 'I shall never let that be said of me,' rose to climb over,
+and was blown to bits by a shell. Whitley carried a badly wounded man a
+long way under fire. Creery did splendidly." It may be added that
+Whitley's act was afterwards recognised by an award of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> Military
+Cross. He became Staff Captain at Ismailia. W.F. Creery joined the
+Connaught Rangers and was mentioned in dispatches.</p>
+
+<p>Another hero of the men's reminiscences was Captain A.H. Tinker. One
+night during the first month of the campaign a working party had lost
+itself on the moor. It was so dark that they ran great risk of straying
+into the enemy's lines&mdash;a fate that befell a number of our men at this
+period in that broken country. In spite of the proximity of the Turks,
+Tinker left the trenches and boldly sought the men himself, calling out
+loudly for them. They heard him and made their way back.</p>
+
+<p>The days of initiative and enterprise had, however, passed. The wind and
+grit gave the strongest of us sore throats and high temperatures, and I
+gradually joined the crowded ranks of sick men "on light duty only." At
+the beginning of November we moved to the northern extremity of the
+Allies' line across the Peninsula, and here I saw the last phase of our
+warfare on Gallipoli. Sir Ian Hamilton had gone. All ideas of a renewed
+offensive had disappeared. After the 24th October the Turks enjoyed
+direct communication with Germany, and at Cape Helles there was no sign
+of revived strategy or rejuvenated tactics. Our work was simply to carry
+on and hold out. Some of the other Divisions took steps to guard their
+men against the menace of a "Crimean winter" by preparing sheltered
+quarters. Great flights of geese used to fly in V-shaped formations high
+over our heads on their way from Russia to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> Egypt. They were augurs of
+our own eventual migration.</p>
+
+<p>The new position of the Battalion was on Fusilier Bluff, a mile to the
+west of the ruins of Krithia. The left ran straight down to the sea,
+where monitors used to shell the enemy's positions, while destroyers
+watched the flank, and at night played flashlights on the ravine that
+divided us from the next bluff, where the Turks were entrenched. This
+ground had been won in the brilliant British advance of the 28th June.
+The Turkish line was close to ours, and our men were always on the
+strain. Incidents were common. On the 2nd November a Turk crawled along
+the beach with a white flag, and surrendered. At night the Turks built
+up in front of their parapet, and two were shot by Sergeant Stanton. One
+of our men was killed and two were wounded. On the 3rd, another man was
+killed by a bomb, while the daily drain of sickness went on unabated.
+General Elliott, at this period our Brigadier, was an energetic pioneer
+of new methods and more vigorous tactics. He had the Mule Saps improved.</p>
+
+<p>Even, however, in the secluded Headquarters at Bruce's Ravine I could
+not keep my health, and Hummel's art was unavailing.</p>
+
+<p>The average soldier on Gallipoli broke down after a month or two.
+Comparatively few endured more than three months. Of our officers only
+Scott (the Quartermaster) and Fawcus were on the Peninsula from start to
+finish, though<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> Colonel Canning, Higham and Chadwick had almost as fine
+a record. Few of the sick came back to Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>Some, like my first batman Dinsdale, died in hospital at Alexandria or
+in Malta. Many went to England and passed into other units. Others
+rejoined later in Egypt. Somehow, in peace times we had never imagined
+that the Battalion could be so dispersed and broken.</p>
+
+<p>My departure from Gallipoli is perhaps worth a description. Would that
+the wounded heroes of the landing could have received a hundredth part
+of the same care!</p>
+
+<p>I left Border Ravine at six in the evening of the 5th November 1915,
+with a high temperature, and feeling very ill. I walked down to the 1st
+Field Ambulance Dressing Station in "Y" Ravine, where Captain
+Fitzgerald, R.A.M.C., directed me on to the base of that Ambulance in
+Gully Ravine. Here my servant, Hawkins, left me, and two medical
+orderlies carried my traps. Alas, I left behind me a much-prized Turkish
+copper basin and bayonet, spoils of war, which I never saw again. We
+walked two miles along the rough and dusky beach, a full tide washing
+over our feet and throwing many dead mules high upon the pebbles. At the
+station I got a cup of hot milk, and spent the night on a stretcher.
+Next morning my case was diagnosed as one of fever and swollen glands,
+by Captain John Morley, R.A.M.C., most brilliant of surgeons, and at ten
+o'clock (cherishing a label marked "Base") I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> was swirled off in a motor
+ambulance to No. 17 Stationary Hospital above the beach known as
+Lancashire Landing since its glorious capture by the Lancashire
+Fusiliers on the 25th April. At 4.15 in the afternoon we motored off
+once more and boarded a steam launch, whence we transshipped to an
+uncomfortable lighter. At 6.30, in the dark, we were lifted by a crane
+into the P. &amp; O. hospital ship <i>Delta</i>, where 500 sick and wounded were
+being collected. Dinner consisted of bread and milk only for many of us,
+but we revelled in the luxury of bed and bath. Next morning I sat on the
+sunny side of the deck. The shady side, chilly in the November air,
+looked out upon Cape Helles, with Achi Baba rising straight behind it,
+and to the left upon the grey succession of landing-places, enshrined in
+so many English hearts.</p>
+
+<p>We sailed the next morning, and thus avoided the misery of the great
+November blizzard on the Peninsula.</p>
+
+<p>The Division remained on the Peninsula until the 29th December.
+Dysentery abated and the flies vanished, but gale and storm carried on
+the strain, and frostbite was added to the men's trials. The Turks seem
+to have much increased their supply of munitions, and the loss of life
+continued day by day. "Asiatic Annie" and other guns across the straits
+showed renewed activity. A mine explosion on the 4th December killed one
+of our men and injured eight. Two popular privates, Hancock and Lee,
+were killed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> on Christmas Day. One singular innovation was the Turkish
+practice of shooting steel-headed darts from their aeroplanes. Their
+chance of striking any man was, luckily, very small.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing daunted the spirit of East Lancashire. Our men held concerts to
+the very last, and the football eleven survived three rounds of an Army
+Corps competition, losing their tie in the fourth round on a field in
+which shells burst repeatedly to the discomfort of the players. Captains
+J.F. Farrow, F. Hayes and E. Townson returned to strengthen the small
+band of officers, while R.J.R. Baker, who had been intercepted on his
+way out and sent to Suvla Bay, was released for service with us.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<p  class='center'>LAST WORDS ON GALLIPOLI<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>The last I saw of the trenches was the tangled line on Fusilier Bluff.
+The last I saw of Gallipoli was the fading contour of its cliffs as we
+sailed in the <i>Delta</i> for Mudros and Alexandria. When we touched at
+Mudros we heard the first whisper of Lord Kitchener's fateful visit to
+the Eastern Mediterranean.</p>
+
+<p>All questions relating to the initiation and conduct of the expedition
+are fitly left to the judgment of the Dardanelles Commission. Here have
+only been expressed ideas that occurred to a Regimental Officer, whose
+range of vision is always restricted, and whose generalisations are
+inevitably based on a narrow, personal experience. Yet such ideas may
+still have a bearing upon the history of the campaign, as the whole
+theatre of operations at Cape Helles was extraordinarily congested. In a
+tiny area, barely three miles by four, strategy had no elbow-room when
+once the Army was committed to the plan of operations that had been
+adopted. The war with the Turks on the Peninsula became purely a war of
+tactics. If Inkermann was "the soldier's battle," Gallipoli was the
+soldier's campaign.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is easy to criticise in the light of a later standard. Gallipoli was
+invaded early in 1915, not in 1916 or 1917, when the whole technique of
+assault had been revolutionised. We landed with the methods practised in
+England since the Boer War, methods as out of date in France in 1917 as
+Wellington's methods were in 1815. On later knowledge no one can doubt
+that a vast concentration of gun power, infinitely equipped and
+munitioned, a scientific use of barrage fire, nicely adjusted to the
+movements of a great infantry force, itself organised to develop the
+fullest use of machine guns, Lewis guns, and grenades, would have broken
+the defences of Achi Baba. Our Army knew none of these advantages. The
+artillery was inadequate and was inadequately supplied with high
+explosives to prepare for an attack in the style afterwards perfected on
+the Western Front. It was realised nowhere at this period that the r&ocirc;le
+of infantry in attack is quite secondary to that of the guns. The
+bombardment that preceded the infantry assaults at Cape Helles in August
+did not last over two hours, and certainly never hit the trenches
+actually in front of the Manchester Territorial Brigade. The gunners
+could do no more than they did. The resources at their disposal were
+quite insufficient to atone for the Army's difficulties in point of
+numbers and in point of ground. It would appear as if we enjoyed no real
+ascendancy over the enemy either in aircraft or mining. Bombing was most
+unfamiliar to us on arrival.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> It appeals to the English sportsman
+greatly and came to be brilliantly practised, but it was rarely a
+determining element. The Battalion bombers on Gallipoli were officially
+known as Grenadiers. Steel hats were, of course, unknown. They would
+have saved many lives. Visual signalling, on which pains had been
+lavished during training, proved of little use. The telephone, however,
+was a godsend, and in our Battalion was admirably worked by Sergeant
+Stanton.</p>
+
+<p>The one handicap that was above all others a constant and pervading
+thought in the minds of our men was the shortage in numbers. It was a
+common belief that more reinforcements would have carried the great
+advances of June and July over every obstacle. Our drafts were always
+too small and too few, and the want of men infinitely aggravated the
+exhaustion of the survivors. With but a part of its old strength, and
+with no supports whatever between itself and the beaches, a battalion
+was still expected to hold the same length of line as when it was up to
+strength. Some two hundred men, for instance, occupied the long stretch
+of trenches from Skinner's Lane corner to the eastern bird-cage and its
+numerous forward saps, upon which men had once been employed. The task
+involved weeks of scanty and broken sleep, and caused our support and
+reserve lines to be utterly untenanted. Fatigue work was necessary the
+very hour that a unit had straggled down to a bivouac from the fire
+trenches. So precious was man power that the doctors were forced to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+keep unfit men at duty until they dropped. It is impossible to imagine
+men more worn by sleeplessness and sickness than the jaded Manchester
+Territorials at the end of a fortnight in the front line. On a moving
+day Gully Ravine was littered with men who had fallen out of the ranks
+of a dozen regiments as they trudged, heavily laden, along the winding
+and dust-swept track.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Ian Hamilton wrote of our men early in August: "The &mdash;&mdash; Manchesters
+are a really good Battalion. Indeed, the whole of that Brigade have
+proved themselves equal to veteran Regulars. The great misfortune has
+been that there are no drafts ready to fill them up quickly. Had they
+been at once filled up, as is the case in France, they would be finer
+than ever. As it is, I fear lest the remnants may form too narrow a
+basis for proper reconstruction when ultimately the drafts do make their
+appearance."</p>
+
+<p>The drafts we received on Gallipoli were the cream of the 2nd and 3rd
+reserve lines, which had been organised at home under Colonels Pollitt
+and Hawkins. They gave up their ease and often their ranks in order to
+serve England better, but their numbers were small. The work of
+reconstruction, to which Sir Ian Hamilton looked forward, came
+afterwards in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the infantryman wondered whether, even if the essential
+reinforcements arrived, they would ensure victory. On this point it is
+difficult to judge. The home Government had committed itself to the
+project of an offensive on the Western<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> Front in the autumn of 1915, in
+spite of the huge obstacles that confronted the Allies in that theatre
+of war. The tactics of the period did not even organise trench raids.</p>
+
+<p>The memory that dominates all recollections of Gallipoli is that of the
+grandeur of the British soldier. Though he took no part in the miracle
+of the landings, the East Lancashire Territorial proved himself worthy
+of comradeship with even "the incomparable 29th Division." He ranked
+with the Anzac and the Lowland Scot in the great adventure. The original
+1st-line of our Battalion were really destroyed in Turkey with their
+comrades of the same Brigade, but their gallantry in the early assaults
+and their inflexible fortitude in the trenches&mdash;pestered by flies,
+enfeebled by dysentery, stinted of water, and worn out by hardships&mdash;are
+a lasting title to honour.</p>
+
+<p>Their story, as told in the pages of the <i>Sentry</i>, was read by General
+Wingate a few months later "with mixed feelings of joy and
+sorrow&mdash;sorrow for the many good friends who have laid down their lives
+for their King and Country, and joy that it has fallen to the lot of the
+gallant Battalion, of which I have the honour to be Colonel, to have
+behaved so gloriously in one of the hardest and most deadly campaigns in
+which British troops have ever been engaged."</p>
+
+<p>It is a source of pride to have known and lived with such men.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<p  class='center'>REVIVAL IN EGYPT<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>A large proportion of the sick and wounded invalided from Gallipoli
+became familiar with one or other of the Alexandria hospitals. I spent a
+week at Victoria College, which had become No. 17 General Hospital, with
+Sister Neville, whose devotion to duty the Battalion had learnt when at
+Khartum, as Matron. Thence I went to No. 10 Convalescent Hospital at
+Ibra-himieh, once the stately house of an interned German called
+Lindemann but now converted into a comfortable home under the care of Mr
+and Mrs Scott. British leniency still reserved its tempting orangery for
+the use of local Huns. It is the English way.</p>
+
+<p>When the evacuation of Gallipoli was contemplated, every hospital was
+cleared as far as possible of inmates, and I was one of the many
+officers who in early December were turned adrift either to the hotels
+of Alexandria or the great waiting camps of Mustapha and Sidi Bish.</p>
+
+<p>The mere narrative of a holiday period at Alexandria has no public
+interest. We learnt to know Levantine and Egyptian mentality better than
+ever. When at Khartum an Egyptian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> <i>dobey</i> (washerman) had amused us by
+soliciting Regimental custom in preference to his competitors, not on
+the ground that he washed clothes better or charged less, but solely, he
+said, because the other <i>dobeys</i> were "terribly wicked men." So at
+Alexandria, every pedlar was the one honest follower of his craft. Yet
+its population is more European than Egyptian. The shops were full of
+the picture post cards of Italy and France, and portraits of Venezelos
+were to be seen everywhere, adorned with the pale blue and white
+national colours of Greece. Probably Mr Lloyd George's fame enjoys even
+wider bounds. I have seen his likeness enshrined in wattle huts at
+Omdurman and Wadi Halfa.</p>
+
+<p>I touched unfamiliar minor issues of the War on the two occasions when I
+sat as a member of the military court, which sits for the purpose of
+enforcing proclamations issued by the supreme British military authority
+in Egypt, and thus tides over the time that has to pass before the
+Capitulations are abolished and a regular system of uniform justice
+established. A day thus spent at the Carracol Attarine gives a fine
+insight into the blessings of British occupation.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the cases that I heard turned on the adulteration and
+falsification of liquors. Egypt has had no licensing laws; and no effort
+to apply elementary principles of fair dealing to the drink trade had
+apparently been made until initiated under military law for the
+protection of the troops. Foreign wine dealers at Alexandria
+consequently<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> flooded the market with spurious liquor, concocted from
+the weirdest raw materials. The only genuine claim they could set up for
+their merchandise was that it was at all events alcoholic. Owing to the
+utilisation of refuse beet and potatoes, alcohol is cheap in Egypt. By
+blending pure alcohol to the extent of anything up to ninety per cent.
+of the whole concoction with any particular paste or colouring matter,
+it is open to wine dealers to pass off any liquid as the most popular of
+wines or spirits. Case after case came before the court, of beer made of
+alcohol and powder; wine of colouring matter, alcohol and paste; brandy
+of "essences"; and bitters of "Chinese elixirs." The falsifying
+appliances came from Europe, but the bogus labels, which described those
+poisons as "specially adapted for invalids and bottled in Glasgow,
+Scotland," or even offered 25,000 francs to any who could prove that
+so-called Greek "Koniak" was not "the pure juice of the grape," were
+amusingly Levantine. British justice is sweeping away these pitfalls for
+the soldier and sailor.</p>
+
+<p>Egypt was at this time a centre of Anzac relaxation. To have explored
+the tombs of the kings with a New Zealander, paced the roof of the Cairo
+Citadel with Australians, and watched the colonial celebrations of
+Christmas in the Alexandria streets is a political education. No
+Englishman after the War will be ignorant of that golden New World,
+where all the labour is well paid, all hours of work are limited, and
+all shops<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> close at noon on Saturdays. In any competition for the glory
+of being God's own country</p>
+
+<p  class='center'>
+"Australia will be there."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>We were, however, at war. As a field officer, I had the duty of
+attending the burial of British soldiers in the Christian cemetery at
+Alexandria on Christmas Eve, 1915. Since the outbreak of the War the
+graveyard had extended from its original site, prettily shaded by
+foliage, over an adjacent waste of sand and rubble, where over 2500 of
+our men who died of wounds or disease at this base had already at this
+date been laid to rest. Here sleep many Manchester Territorials. In the
+midst of many graves, identified only by numbers, a black cross recalls
+the memory of Mundy, one of our gallant Company Sergeant-Majors.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th December 1915 I left Alexandria for the Dardanelles on the
+<i>Arcadian</i>, Sir Ian Hamilton's old ship, once most luxurious of steam
+yachts but destined to be torpedoed on the 15th April 1917 in these same
+waters. It carried some details for the various Divisions still believed
+to be holding Cape Helles. We sailed in long zigzags through a rough sea
+to within a few hours' distance from Lemnos. We were then ordered back
+by wireless to Alexandria, landing there, much to our chagrin, on the
+6th January 1916. Two days later Cape Helles was evacuated. It was never
+known whether our departure from Egypt had been a piece of bluff
+designed to cloak<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> the impending move from Gallipoli, or a sheer
+accident arising from ignorance at Alexandria of the true intentions of
+the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>From the date of the <i>Arcadian's</i> return down to the end of January, the
+large waiting drafts at Alexandria remained in tantalising inactivity,
+in spite of the passage of the Gallipoli survivors southward through
+Alexandria. The East Lancashire details forgathered at Mustapha on the
+site of the famous victory of 1801, and near the pretty white obelisk
+that commemorates Sir Ralph Abercromby. The time was filled as best
+could be by route marches, history lectures and various competitions,
+until at last we had orders to rejoin the Division. We moved from Sidi
+Gaber station to Cairo, and thence by trams to Mena, where, with "forty
+centuries" looking down upon us, we found what was left of the
+Manchester Territorial Brigade, then under General Elliott's command.
+The Battalion numbered close on 300 men.</p>
+
+<p>Our stay at Mena was short, for infinite labour was now urgently needed
+on the Sinai Peninsula. In the early stages of the War, the Suez Canal
+had been treated as itself the main obstacle to an attack on Egypt.
+Outlying posts like El Arish had been abandoned, and Sinai left almost
+bare of defences. This policy accounts for the ease with which the Turks
+had actually gained the Canal bank in February, 1915. It was now
+recognised that defensive lines should run on the Asiatic side of the
+Canal in order to make it im<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>possible for any invader to come within
+gunshot of the waterway. Three possible routes were open to the enemy.
+The northerly coast road by El Arish and Katia was the best, and enjoyed
+a Napoleonic tradition, but naval co-operation made its defence easy. A
+central track ran from El Audjo at the end of the main Palestine railway
+embankment to Bir Hassana, and might be used against Ismailia. A
+southerly approach was possible through Akaba and Nekl, and thence by
+the main pilgrims' road, the Darb El Haj, to Suez.</p>
+
+<p>The Division was now to be employed in creating some of the new posts of
+defence, by which all such dreams of attack were to be dispelled. The
+strategy was passive, but it paved the way for the offensive undertaken
+in the ensuing summer.</p>
+
+<p>On the bitterly cold night of the 1st February 1916 we left Mena. Before
+noon on the 2nd we reached Shallufa sidings. In the evening we crossed
+the Canal, and bivouacked in gathering darkness on a desert site known
+later as Shallufa Camp. The days of rest were over.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<p  class='center'>ON THE SUEZ CANAL<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>During February of this year the Battalion was engaged upon an inner
+line of works within easy walking distance of the Canal. A semicircular
+outpost line, which covered these works and the Brigade camp, was
+occupied nightly, but there was no real danger of attack. Beyond the
+outpost line a distant screen of posts, whose names recalled Lancashire,
+were in course of construction.</p>
+
+<p>Life under such conditions gave no scope for ideas. The men did set
+tasks as fatigue work. There was no tactical training. Gangs drew a
+chain ferry to and fro across the Canal, while Lieutenant A.N. Kay acted
+as wharfmaster. Several days were given to moving camp a few hundred
+yards north or south within a small area. Two detached posts were held
+at this period. One far out among the rolling sandhills, skilfully laid
+out by Captain A.H. Tinker, was known for a week or two as Ardwick, and
+then abandoned. Another, very ably commanded by Captain C. Norbury, was
+the far more fascinating blockhouse known as Gurkha Post, noted for its
+bathing, fishing and agreeable remoteness from staff<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> officers. It was
+delightful to ride out from Shallufa camp along a track called "the
+pilgrims' way" to so charming a spot for a swim in the Canal and
+pleasures impossible on the dust-swept desert. A few hundred yards to
+the north, a little white tower called Lonesome Post long flaunted in
+red paint the Battalion's name and motto for the edification of passing
+liners. What have become of like devices that were once deep cut on the
+scarped cliff of Bruce's Ravine on Gallipoli?</p>
+
+<p>One amusing experience of this period was to bathe in the Canal while
+the transports were passing with newly trained drafts for Mesopotamia or
+India. "Who are you?" was the invariable cry from the banks. Our
+war-worn men received usually the answering taunt: "Garrison duty only!
+When are you going to do your bit?" To the call: "Who are you?" from a
+transport, a witty diver replied: "A submarine."</p>
+
+<p>The whole Canal zone from Port Said to Suez was in reality a hive of
+workers. A visit to the School and Headquarters of the Royal Flying
+Corps threw a flood of light on that brilliant service. Its observers
+commanded every track and camping ground of the Sinai desert.</p>
+
+<p>While the Canal was being girdled by defence works the Manchester
+Territorial Brigade was regaining the physical vitality lost in Turkey.
+Apart from sandstorms, the climate was good. Sports, football, concerts,
+buried-treasure hunts, competitions "for the singing championship of
+Asia" and other sounding honours, and much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> bathing helped us to recover
+health and joy. Our numbers remained much below strength. Perhaps 130 of
+the original unit remained, with some 250 who had come to Turkey in
+drafts. To these hardly 100 were added at this period.</p>
+
+<p>Such officers and men, however, as did reach us from the two reserve
+units at home were of the best. They lost temporary rank on re-posting,
+and knew that weaker vessels had succeeded to their place on English
+camping grounds. Those who came from another battalion had been
+specially fortunate in their training, and in having the inspiring
+influence in their midst of Captain J.H. Thorpe, but all alike were
+keen. Their anxiety to learn was palpable whenever we went the round of
+the chilly desert outposts under the starry sky.</p>
+
+<p>Battalion patriotism was kindled anew by the adoption as a flash of the
+old Lincoln green fleur-de-lis of the Manchesters, a cap badge worn by
+us since 1889, and a relic of the conquest of Guadaloupe by the 63rd
+Regiment in 1759. No less inspiring was the revival of the <i>Sentry</i> on
+the 1st March 1917. Of its staff of fifteen when published at Khartum,
+nine had died on Gallipoli. Their places were filled by new enthusiasts,
+and one genuine poet was discovered in T.G. King.</p>
+
+<p>Our one lasting loss while at Shallufa was the departure of nearly all
+the time-expired Territorials to England. Those under forty-one years of
+age were retaken later by the Government under its new powers of
+conscription, but the Battalion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> saw few of them more. These men&mdash;W.
+Jones, Mort, Woods, Stanton, Fielding, Lyth, Bracken, Houghton, Dermody,
+Parkinson, Barber&mdash;were the salt of the Regiment. During the long years
+when Territorial service had been irksome and unfashionable, they made
+it succeed. With a few old hands like Regimental Quartermaster-Sergeant
+Ogden, who elected to remain with the unit, they had borne the burden of
+the trenches manfully, and never grumbled as to their status while
+commissions were showered on men at home whose claims, compared with
+theirs, were modest.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<img src="images/illus09.jpg" alt="officers"  />
+<a id="illus09" name="illus09"></a>
+</p>
+<p class='center'> <i>Back Row</i>&mdash;Lieut. T.F. Brown, Lieut. N.H.P. Whitley,
+Lieut. J.H. Thorpe, Lieut. G.S. Lockwood.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Front Row</i>&mdash;Capt. R.V. Rylands, Capt. H. Smedley.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th March 1916 the Brigade left Shallufa, and on the morning of
+the 25th marched into Suez New Camp to undergo training. The move was
+welcome, as it was imagined to lead to a departure for a more active
+theatre of war.</p>
+
+<p>The type of training adopted at Suez derived its inspiration from the
+French Army, whose text-books of 1916 taught that close order drill and
+punctilious discipline, tempered by games and sports, were ideal means
+of reviving the all-important offensive spirit in units.</p>
+
+<p>The four and a half weeks spent by the Battalion at Suez were therefore
+crowded with field days and ceremonial drill. On the 21th May there was
+a striking review of the whole Division, followed by a march past in
+blinding dust. Days of this type, however, even if they mean rising at
+four in the morning and include Brigade bathes in the warm, blue Gulf of
+Suez, followed by breakfast on a sun-baked shore, are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> the same all the
+world over. They are not worth discussing in writing of the fateful time
+which witnessed the great German attack upon Verdun and Fort Douaumont.</p>
+
+<p>At all events, Suez saw the reconstruction of the Manchester Territorial
+units completed. The sense of vitality, without which no army can take
+the offensive, was fully restored. We had spirited sham fights with
+another battalion of the Manchesters for the possession of "Tower 16," a
+solitary landmark on the caravan track to Cairo, after the manner of the
+pre-War era. The <i>Sentry</i> blossomed as the first English paper of the
+country. Two thousand copies used to be sold at Suez alone. Our men
+competed for Colonel Canning's football cup and played a great match
+with the crew of the <i>Ben-my-Chree</i>, the famous seaplane carrier, sunk
+by gunfire, alas, some eight months later in Kastelorizo Harbour. The
+"Flashes" gave notable concerts.</p>
+
+<p>From the 21st April I again enjoyed the command of the Battalion.
+Colonel Canning went on leave to England, and his distinguished services
+were recognised soon afterwards by a C.M.G.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the end of May, 1916, the Division was unexpectedly ordered to
+move from Suez, and broken up in order to supply battalions for digging
+work at various spots on the eastern side of the Canal&mdash;mainly on the
+then most advanced screen of detached infantry posts&mdash;where the existing
+defence scheme had not progressed with sufficient speed. A more
+combative strategy was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> obviously contemplated, no doubt provoked by the
+recent action at Katia. In the late afternoon of the 25th May the
+Battalion started on their march into the Sinai Peninsula. The transport
+was left at Suez under Lieutenant M. Norbury and Sergeant A.B. Wells,
+and with Captain A.T. Ward Jones as Brigade Transport Officer.</p>
+
+<p>Among the posts thrown out into the Peninsula, none at that time was
+more desolate or remote than the sandy ridge called Ashton-in-Sinai,
+apparently in honour of Ashton-under-Lyne. It lies many miles to the
+east of the Little Bitter Lake. The trek to this spot by way of Kubri
+and Shallufa was an ordeal even for our seasoned troops in the blazing
+heat of an African summer. At 3 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> on the 27th May the
+Battalion set out from their chilly bivouac by the Y.M.C.A. hut at
+Shallufa along a road made by the Egyptian Labour Corps to a site called
+Railhead, about ten miles off, where we rested during the broiling day.
+At four in the afternoon we started on the worst lap of the trek, a
+final two hours' ascent across the softest and heaviest sand imaginable
+to the high rolling dunes of Ashton.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<p  class='center'>SINAI<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>The view at Ashton is superb. Looking back on Africa, we saw on the
+horizon the pale contour of the Gebel Ataki beyond the silvery line of
+the Bitter Lakes and the Canal. On its Asiatic side, the detached posts
+of Oldham, Railhead, and Salford, held by other battalions of the
+Manchesters, glittered under a torrid sky amid the great waste of
+desert. Facing our front, the wilderness stretched towards Palestine in
+endless undulation.</p>
+
+<p>The sultry days spent by the Battalion at Ashton were, however, spoiled
+by excessive heat and repeated sandstorms. Double-lined tents were only
+supplied after much delay, and promised wooden dining huts only
+approached completion by the time we left.</p>
+
+<p>This arid outpost of Empire was linked to civilisation by a camel trail
+to Railhead. Its garrison duties were performed by some Essex
+Territorials, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson, afterwards killed
+before Gaza. Yeomanry passed by frequently, scouting far into the waste.
+The Manchesters were occupied exclusively in digging trenches and in
+laying<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> entanglements in the deep soft sand, "according to plan" and on
+a scale sufficient to daunt any invader who could have surmounted the
+huge physical obstacles that already barred all approach to this spot
+from the Wadi Muksheib and the East.</p>
+
+<p>The arms of Britain have by now made these particular defences of the
+Canal of most trifling importance. Her foot is in Palestine. Work done
+at Ashton may well be gradually obliterated. Yet a few words can be said
+of the men who lived and laboured here in June, 1916, in a temperature
+rising often to 120&deg; F. in the shade and rarely falling under 100&deg; F. at
+night. No digging was practicable between 7.30 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> and 4.30
+<span class="smcap">P.M.</span> The men rose before four in the morning for the day's
+work. Progress was necessarily slow, partly owing to constant silting,
+partly to the common weakness of the authorities for varying the sites
+and types of the trenches. Materials were often wanting. Nevertheless
+the Manchesters won unqualified praise. Their civil life had fitted many
+for the task of reveting trenches with hurdles. The defences of
+Ashton-in-Sinai were improved in a few weeks beyond recognition.</p>
+
+<p>One incident that occurred here illustrates amusingly the contrast
+between the outlooks of the new soldier and the old. Our Manchester
+Territorials were distressed to find that thousands of yards of hurdles
+were being lined with the best tent cloth at 1s. 4d. a yard, instead of
+with cheap cotton at a quarter the price. I repeated their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> plaint to a
+Regular officer of the old school, expecting sympathetic indignation.
+"Magnificent," was his reply. "It shows the world in what spirit England
+goes to war."</p>
+
+<p>It was at Ashton that we first heard the news of the Jutland Battle from
+Colonel Fremantle, R.A.M.C., who could only give us the version spread
+by German wireless. A few days later we learnt of Lord Kitchener's
+death.</p>
+
+<p>It is clear that this particular phase of soldiering has in itself no
+place in the annals of the Great War. Ashton is already nothing but a
+desert site. The tide of victorious warfare has left it high and dry. It
+always was high and dry. At probably no other period, however, did the
+personality of the Manchester Territorial show to greater advantage, as
+the life was one of peculiar privation. Water was carried up daily by
+camels from Railhead, but was most scanty, and always warm. The sand was
+too soft for any game to be played&mdash;too soft even to permit of trotting
+horses. The heat was constant and intense. The men were as cheerful and
+uncomplaining as ever.</p>
+
+<p>To have developed such a spirit in men entirely civilian in habits and
+traditions was the glory of the Territorial system.</p>
+
+<p>All ranks toiled together to make life in this corner of Sinai liveable.
+History hardly looks beyond the Army Corps at the smaller unit. Still
+less does she concern herself with the humble pawn in some unimportant
+corner of the great game. In reality, however, his lot is of moment<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> to
+the race. The tone of an army is the tone of its individual men. An
+unhappy soldiery cannot win wars. "An army moves on its stomach," said
+Napoleon; and the recognition of the soldier's hunger and thirst, his
+desire for rest, amusement and sympathy helps, almost as much as skill
+and self-confidence help, to make the successful leader of men.</p>
+
+<p>It was, therefore, a soldier's job to keep up the hearts of our colony
+at Ashton-in-Sinai. Captain C. Norbury, as acting President of
+Regimental Institutes, and Captain H. Smedley, as stage-manager and
+singer, worked on the only sound lines.</p>
+
+<p>Journalism, theatrical performances, lecture courses, concerts and
+canteen business, as initiated and practised by the officers and men of
+the Battalion at Ashton, were true factors towards efficiency and
+discipline.</p>
+
+<p>After three hours' work and their breakfast, the men would gather in our
+recreation tent with its flaps rolled up, and listen to a lecture on
+some historical or military subject which bore upon the topic of the
+hour. They then slept and smoked and played cards or sang through the
+long midday heat until the time came again for digging. In the evening,
+on a stage cleverly made by Sergeant Taylor, the dramatic company would
+act some play that appealed to their emotions, or a concert party would
+indulge them with a medley of ragtime and sentimental songs, Addison's
+<i>Stammering Sam</i> alternating with Sergeant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> Shields' <i>When Irish Eyes
+are Smiling</i>. The taste of Lancashire is catholic.</p>
+
+<p>On Sundays we often merged "Church and Chapel" in a common service.
+Davey, the Methodist padre, was an ex-gunner of the Royal Navy and a
+great athlete&mdash;attributes that enhanced his influence as preacher.
+"Crime," however, did not exist at Ashton-in-Sinai. Nor did temptations.
+The real danger was mental and physical deterioration under the
+depressing influence of the country and the climate, for the intense
+heat sapped every man's vitality. We set ourselves to combat these
+risks, and to give the men the food and recreation without which
+soldiering becomes a burden, and discipline degenerates to servitude.</p>
+
+<p>Towards evening I would ride into the desert and watch from the east our
+men labouring on the great sand ridge in a haze of heat. On this side of
+Ashton there were no tracks at all. The eye could see nothing but
+endless sand hills, broken only by patches of dry scrub and shimmering
+yellow under the burning sun. If nature has changed little in the desert
+since Israel came out of captivity, it is easy to sympathise with their
+regret for the fleshpots of Egypt. So penetrating was the sun that the
+colour of the men's khaki breeches faded into purple.</p>
+
+<p>There was, indeed, a certain charm in our remoteness from the outer
+world. Camping out in the wilderness had more than a touch of the desert
+island of boyish imagination. There was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> glamour in the extraordinary
+simplicity of a life where the higher command was but a distant name,
+and where men dressed themselves and spent the long, hot day as they
+pleased. The fret and competition of Europe were felt no more. I
+remember our arguing about Irish Home Rule one night till the stars
+paled in the eastern sky, but the episode was unique. In spite of its
+hardships, no manner of life was ever more calculated to banish ancient
+feuds, to strip human nature of envy and uncharitableness, or to mould
+that most perfect of all democracies&mdash;a brotherhood in arms.</p>
+
+<p>On the afternoon of the 22nd June 1916 we left the wilderness under
+orders for Kantara. We spent several days near Shallufa sidings, and
+then, having obtained leave for England, I left for Suez with W.H.
+Barratt and W.T. Thorp, two subalterns who had made their mark while in
+the ranks by distinguished service in the field. Early in July we sailed
+from Port Tewfik to Marseilles and watched from its deck the distant
+camp of the Turkish prisoners from Arabia twinkling in the sunlight
+across the most southerly reaches of the Canal.</p>
+
+<p>I need say no word more in praise of the men of our Battalion, whom I
+saw for the last time in my eighteen years of service resting in a dusty
+gorge near Shallufa. Knit together by common ideals and experiences,
+they were, in Nelson's phrase, "a band of brothers."</p>
+
+<p>We crossed France from Marseilles to Boulogne<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> in an atmosphere of war.
+We had glimpses of Lyons and Paris, talked with <i>poilus</i> on leave, heard
+from a French officer (who professed to know) that the War would be over
+in March, 1917, and bought from vivacious street hawkers pretty metal
+souvenirs of Verdun. We saw our own wounded coming back in Red Cross
+trains from the first days of the great push on the Somme. Then, after
+exactly a year's absence, I was once more at home.</p>
+
+<p>Within the ensuing month all but three of the original combatant
+officers still on the strength of the Battalion were seconded for
+service elsewhere. "The old order changeth, giving place to new." ...</p>
+
+<p>A Regiment in war rises like the ph&oelig;nix from its own ashes and renews
+its immortal youth. The vicissitudes here recorded fill but a few
+shining chapters in what will no doubt prove a long history. They by no
+means necessarily contain its most distinguished pages. The close of the
+second year of the Battalion's active service is, however, a fitting
+point to end this volume. It marked the stage at which the distinctively
+"1st line" unit, composed of officers and men enlisted and trained
+voluntarily in time of peace, had passed into the normal type of British
+Battalion of 1916&mdash;a unit born of the War, with its personnel mainly
+recruited and trained after its outbreak.</p>
+
+<p>It is to the memory of the original volunteers of August, 1914, that
+this book is dedicated.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<p  class='center'>THE TERRITORIAL IDEA<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>The experiences of a typical unit of the Territorial Force must throw
+light on the vexed questions that have gathered round it.</p>
+
+<p>Three criticisms of the Territorial system have been made ever since its
+adoption in 1907. First, its establishment of 310,000 men has been
+regarded as totally inadequate, and before the War the country even
+failed to recruit numbers within sixty thousand of this modest standard.
+Secondly, its yearly training, which provided but a fortnight's life in
+camp, has been deemed so paltry as to be almost negligible. Thirdly, the
+Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 provided a legal loophole by
+which the less patriotic could evade service overseas in however great
+an emergency. Section 13 specifically lays down that, apart from purely
+spontaneous offers by officers or men to serve abroad, "no part of the
+Territorial Force shall be carried or ordered to go out of the United
+Kingdom."</p>
+
+<p>In reality, none of the defects which attracted these criticisms was
+inherent in the Territorial idea. They rather belonged to the whole
+military policy of the country before the War. Public<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> opinion held that
+a European War was practically impossible, and that the British Army
+must of necessity be small in numbers and voluntary in character.</p>
+
+<p>On these assumptions the limitations of the Territorial Force were
+simply inevitable. Having regard to the prevailing views on national
+defence and to the general resistance to Lord Roberts' propaganda, the
+Territorial scheme reduced the evils of voluntaryism to the minimum.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulty as to its shortage in men was met as soon as War was
+declared. The Territorial Force was, in fact, capable of infinite
+expansion, and of being the basis of the entire New Army, had the
+Government so willed. Its training, again, was far better than no
+training at all. Later events have proved with what speed wholly
+untrained British conscripts can be moulded into efficient soldiers, and
+that willing men can learn discipline and the use of the rifle within a
+very few months. Territorial training sufficed, at any rate, to enable
+Territorial units to relieve the Regular Army of all garrison duties
+abroad immediately on the outbreak of war, and in many cases themselves
+to take the field on active service before Christmas, 1914. Even with
+regard to the constitutional obstacle to using the Force overseas, fully
+nine-tenths of its men never dreamed of claiming immunity. The small
+margin, which were left for employment in home defence, mainly
+represented the physically unfit or boys under age.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As events turned out, two unexpected disadvantages of the system were
+generally experienced. In times of peace the Territorial Force had been
+able to influence public policy through the County Associations and the
+House of Commons. After embodiment, the Force itself became necessarily
+inarticulate under the conditions that govern all military service. Far
+less influential than the Regulars and far less numerous than the New
+Army, it went abroad early in the War, and was thus not actively in
+touch with Parliament, while the semi-civilian County Associations,
+whose personal and local knowledge might have been invaluable, ceased to
+have any powers over its organisation, and had no means of safeguarding
+its interests on questions of promotion, appointments, commands and pay.</p>
+
+<p>An even more serious flaw arose from the dispersion of the Territorials
+all over the world from Gibraltar to Burmah in the first months of the
+War. An enormous volume of skilled labour was thereby lost to the
+country, and exemption from service, which might well have kept these
+men at home in the national interest, fell later to the lot of many
+younger and less expert workers in their stead. Moreover, a great number
+of men ideally fitted for commissions were killed fighting in the ranks
+or were allowed to serve obscurely in remote corners of the globe. Both
+among Territorial officers and men, a large proportion were qualified,
+by gifts of leadership, technical knowledge or familiarity with foreign
+languages, for special<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> employment in Western Europe. There was indeed a
+demobilisation in this respect of a considerable proportion of the
+country's brain power.</p>
+
+<p>Happily, the East Lancashire Territorials found an outlet for their
+qualities on Gallipoli.</p>
+
+<p>Against all the defects that have no doubt affected the application of
+the Territorial idea, the historian should set its signal virtues. It is
+an asset beyond price in soldiering to have all ranks welded together by
+community of feeling and opinion. Joined by ties of neighbourhood,
+occupation, sport and common interests, men are particularly apt to
+cultivate that intense patriotism of the small unit which is termed
+<i>esprit de corps</i>. The history of the War&mdash;like the history of all past
+wars&mdash;will illustrate its constant military value. It would be idiotic
+to reassert the old fallacy, belied by the experience of centuries, that
+one volunteer is worth ten pressed men. Nevertheless the morale of a
+unit can only be enriched when it is recruited wholly from willing
+applicants familiar with its traditions and with the badges that
+symbolise its past, rather than from conscripts drafted from anywhere in
+Great Britain by the chance action of a Government department. Indeed
+the Territorial idea has counted for much wherever British man power has
+been successfully organised during the War.</p>
+
+<p>Those who have believed in the Territorial Force during its struggles
+against popular apathy and professional distrust have been justified by
+its deeds in the field.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The true greatness, however, of the simple and unambitious Territorial
+soldiers, whose life and work are described in these pages, lies more in
+their spirit than in any actual achievements. All of them came from the
+industrial North, where the business of life is fiercely competitive,
+and where each man is wont to seek his own fortune without much outward
+consideration for his fellows. Yet in the field it would be impossible
+to imagine minds less touched by selfishness or less influenced by any
+notion of personal distinction or reward. They did their best for
+Britain. Honours are but gifts of the capricious gods.</p>
+
+<p>Thus "to put the cause above renown" is a principle of conduct often
+identified with what is called the Public School spirit. Fortunately the
+temper which it expresses extends far beyond the governing class in
+England, and it animated the typical Territorial of the Great War. Like
+all good soldiers, he was far too inarticulate and reserved to think of
+putting it into words. His deeds spoke for him. <i>The Whitewash on the
+Wall</i> and <i>Hold your Hand out, Naughty Boy</i> are not beautiful songs, but
+the lads who have sung them in English lanes and Turkish gullies could
+have shown no greater self-devotion had their songs been as solemn as
+the Russian National Hymn, or as thrilling as the <i>Marseillaise</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span><i>The following is an extract from a letter on the work of the Battalion
+sent by General Sir F.R. Wingate, G.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.S.O., High
+Commissioner for Egypt, to the General-Officer-in-Chief of the Division,
+when the Battalion left the Sudan.</i></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><span class="smcap">Governor-General's Office,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">Khartum.</span></span><br />
+<i>10th April 1915.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>... during the few months they [the Battalion] have been in the Sudan
+they have become thoroughly efficient soldiers in the strictest sense of
+the term. Route marches, night operations, field days, hard drilling in
+the Barrack square, digging trenches, gun and maxim drill, and last but
+not least, constant practice on the ranges in addition to ordinary
+garrison duties have transformed them into an alert body of trained
+soldiers capable of taking their place anywhere. You can safely rely on
+them to do&mdash;and do well&mdash;whatever duty they may be called upon to
+perform against the enemy, and I am confident that they will yield to no
+Battalion in the Division in regard either to training or fighting
+efficiency. Should, by any chance, the Division be sent to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> the Near
+East, you will find in the Battalion upwards of one hundred men fully
+trained in camel riding and camel management, and this knowledge may
+prove useful under certain conditions, but of course I have no idea
+where the Division is to be sent and whether a knowledge of the numerous
+promiscuous duties required by Battalions garrisoning the Sudan will
+find an outlet.</p>
+
+<p>A sound system of Interior Economy prevails in the Battalion, and the
+good organisation of the Regimental Institutes reflects much credit on
+all concerned with their management. During the time the Battalion has
+been in my Command the behaviour of all ranks has been exemplary&mdash;the
+men have made themselves liked by all in Khartum and are very popular
+with the natives.</p>
+
+<p>I have the highest opinion of Colonel Gresham&mdash;he has an excellent lot
+of Officers, and both the Adjutant, Captain Creagh, and the
+Quarter-Master, Major Scott, have done particularly well. I am proud to
+be Honorary Colonel of such a fine Territorial Battalion.</p>
+
+<p>We all are heartily sorry to bid them good-bye, and we wish them and the
+gallant Division which you Command every success and good luck wherever
+you may be.</p>
+
+<p>
+Yours sincerely,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">(<i>Signed</i>) <span class="smcap">R. Wingate.</span></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX_OF_PERSONAL_NAMES" id="INDEX_OF_PERSONAL_NAMES"></a>INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES</h2>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>(<i>Italics signify that the person mentioned has been killed or has died
+of wounds</i>)</p>
+
+
+<p>
+<i>Abercromby, Gen. Sir R.</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+Addison, J., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br />
+Anderson, C., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+<i>Arnott, M.</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<i>Bacon, A.H.</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+Baker, J., <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+Baker, R.J.R., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+<i>Balfe, W.</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+Bamber, Sgt., <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+Barber, W., <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+Barratt, F.E.H., <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+Barratt, W.H., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br />
+Barrett, J.W., <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+Basnett, J., <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+Bateman, M., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+Beaumont, T., <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<i>Beckett, J.</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+Bedford, R.H., <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+Bedson, Capt., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+Boyle, Major, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+Bracken, W., <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+Bradbury, C.S., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+Brown, J.N., <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+<i>Brown, T.F.</i>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+Bryan, C.J., <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+Burn, F.G., <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Canning, Lt.-Col. A., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+<i>Cawley, H.T.</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+Chadwick, G., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+Cherry, W., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+Clavering, H., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+Clough, S., <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+<i>Cookson, C.</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+Corris, J., <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+Creagh, J.R., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+Creagh, P.H., <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br />
+Creery, W.F., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Darlington, Lt.-Col., <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+Davey, Lt.-Col., <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br />
+Davidson, Judge, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+Davidson, J., <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+Davies, H.G., <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+Dermody, W., <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br />
+<i>Dinsdale, T.</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+Douglas, C.B., <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+<i>Dudley, C.L.</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Elliott, Brig. Gen. W., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+England, Lt.-Col. A., <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+Enver Pasha, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Farrow, J.F., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+Fawcus, A.E.F., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+Fielding, W., <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+Fletcher, J., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+Franklin, G.W.F., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+Franklin, H.C., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+<i>Freemantle, W.G.</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+Fremantle, Lt.-Col. F.E. <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+George, D. Lloyd, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+<i>Gordon, Gen. G.C.</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+Granger, T.S., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+Gresham, Lt.-Col. H.E., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Haldane, Viscount, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+Hamilton, A., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+Hamilton, G. Hans, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+<i>Hancock, L.</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+Harrison, W., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+Hartnett, M., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+Hawkins, Lt.-Col. H., <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+Hawkins, I., <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+Hayes, F., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+Hayes, Pte., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+Heys, Lt.-Col., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+Higham, C.E., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+Hogan, J.V.H., <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+Holbrook, J., <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+Horsfall, E., <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+Houghton, Pte., <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+Hoyle, H., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+Hulme, T., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+Hummel, J.J., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<i>James, Capt.</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+Jones, J.C., <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+Jones, W., <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+Joyce, J., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Kay, A.N., <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br />
+Kerby, E.T., <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+King, T.G., <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+<i>Kitchener, Earl</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lawrence, Maj.-Gen. H.A., <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+<i>Lee, Brig.-Gen. N.</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+<i>Lee, B.</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+<i>Leigh, A.</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+Lindsay, W., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+Lingard, J.R., <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+Lockwood, G.S., <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<i>Lyons, J.P.</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+Lyth, J., <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<i>MacCartney, H.L.</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+M'Hugh, S., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+Maher, T., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+Mandley, H.C.F., <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+<i>Marvin, W.</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+Masefield, J., <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+Morley, J., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+Morrogh, Lt.-Col. M., <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+Mort, W., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+Morten, J. C, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+<i>Mundy, A.</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+Murphy, Pte., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Nelson, D., <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+Neville, Sister M., <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+Newbigging, Col. W.P.E., <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br />
+Nidd, H.H., <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+Norbury, B., <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+Norbury, C., <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br />
+Norbury, D., <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+Norbury, G., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+Norbury, M., <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ogden, T., <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Pain, R., <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+Palmer, F.C., <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+Parkinson, W., <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+Pearson, Sgt., <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+Pilgrim, H., <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+Pilkington, Lt.-Col. C.R., <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+Pollitt, Col. J.B., <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+<i>Powell, A.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Renshaw, C., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+Richardson, Pte., <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<i>Roberts, Earl</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br />
+Ross Bain, G., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+<i>Rylands, R.V.</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<i>Savatard, T.W.</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+Scott, J., <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br />
+Shields, J., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br />
+Smedley, H., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br />
+Smyth, Col., <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+Stanton, J., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+<i>Stanton, W.</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+<i>Staveacre, J.H.</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+Sutherland, J.W., <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Tabbron, W., <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+Taylor, J., <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br />
+<i>Thewlis, H.D.</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+Thorp, W.T., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br />
+Thorpe, J.H., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+Tinker, A.H., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br />
+Townson, E., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Venezelos, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Walsh, Pte., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+<i>Ward, Lt.</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+Ward Jones, A.T., <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<i>Webster, Sgt.</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+Wells, A.B., <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+Wheelton, S., <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+White, F., <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+Whitley, N.H.P., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+<i>Williamson, C.H.</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+Wilson, Col., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+Wingate, Gen. Sir F.R., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br />
+Wingate, Lady, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+Wood, C.S., <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+Wood, J.W., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+Woodward, F.W., <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+Worthington, Lt.-Col. C.R., <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's With Manchesters in the East, by Gerald B. Hurst
+
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+</body>
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+Project Gutenberg's With Manchesters in the East, by Gerald B. Hurst
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: With Manchesters in the East
+
+Author: Gerald B. Hurst
+
+Release Date: September 7, 2009 [EBook #29927]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WITH MANCHESTERS IN THE EAST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ WITH MANCHESTERS IN
+
+ THE EAST
+
+
+
+
+ Published by the University of Manchester at
+ THE UNIVERSITY PRESS (H.M. MCKECHNIE, Secretary)
+ 12 LIME GROVE, OXFORD ROAD, MANCHESTER
+
+
+ LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
+ LONDON: 39 Paternoster Row
+ NEW YORK: 443-449 Fourth Avenue and Thirtieth Street
+ CHICAGO: Prairie Avenue and Twenty-fifth Street
+ BOMBAY: 8 Hornby Road
+ CALCUTTA: 6 Old Court House Street
+ MADRAS: 167 Mount Road
+
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTALION OFFICERS ON MOBILIZATION, AUGUST 1914
+
+_Photo: Warwick Brookes_
+
+_Front Row, left to right_--Rev. E.T. Kerby, Chaplain; Capt. C. Norbury;
+Capt. H.G. Davies; Capt. and Adj. P.H. Creagh; Major G.B. Hurst;
+Lieut.-Col. H.E. Gresham; Major J.H. Staveacre; Major J. Scott;
+Capt. J.N. Brown; Capt. H. Smedley.
+
+_Middle Row, left to right_-- ----; Lieut. F. Hayes; Capt. J.F. Farrow
+(R.A.M.C.); Lieut. G. Chadwick; Lieut. W.G. Freemantle;
+Lieut. C.H. Williamson; Capt. A.T. Ward Jones; Lieut. W.F. Creery;
+Capt. C.E. Higham.
+
+_Back Row, left to right_--Capt. T.W. Savatard; Lieut. B. Norbury;
+Capt. D. Nelson; Lieut. D. Norbury; Lieut. E. Townson; Lieut. G.S.
+Lockwood; Lieut. J.H. Thorpe; Lieut. G.C. Hans Hamilton; Lieut. H.D.
+Thewlis; Lieut. A.H. Tinker.
+
+_Absent_--Capt. R.V. Rylands.]
+
+
+
+
+ WITH MANCHESTERS
+ IN THE EAST
+
+
+BY
+
+GERALD B. HURST
+
+
+ MANCHESTER:
+ AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
+ 12 LIME GROVE, OXFORD ROAD
+ LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.
+ London, New York, Bombay, etc.
+ 1918
+
+
+
+
+THE RIVERSIDE PRESS LIMITED, EDINBURGH
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHERS' NOTE
+
+
+During the passage of this book through the press, the Author has been
+engaged overseas on active service, and has been unable to devote the
+necessary attention to the correction of the proofs, etc. Due allowance
+must therefore be made for such errors as have crept into the pages.
+
+The Publishers have felt obliged to delete the numbers of the
+Territorial Battalions mentioned in the book, a fact which accounts for
+occasional vagueness in terminology.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                         PAGE
+
+PUBLISHERS' NOTE                                           v
+
+CHAPTER
+
+I. EASTWARD HO!                                            1
+
+II. THE SUDAN                                             12
+
+III. GALLIPOLI                                            23
+
+IV. THE AUGUST BATTLES AT CAPE HELLES                     33
+
+V. TRENCH WARFARE ON GALLIPOLI                            45
+
+VI. THE STRAIN                                            56
+
+VII. THE LIMIT                                            65
+
+VIII. LAST WORDS ON GALLIPOLI                             71
+
+IX. REVIVAL IN EGYPT                                      76
+
+X. ON THE SUEZ CANAL                                      82
+
+XI. SINAI                                                 88
+
+XII. THE TERRITORIAL IDEA                                 95
+
+    APPENDIX--EXTRACT FROM A LETTER
+FROM GENERAL WINGATE                                     100
+
+    INDEX                                                103
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+The Battalion Officers on Mobilization, August
+1914                                               _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                     FACING PAGE
+
+Lieut.-Col. H.E. Gresham                                     2
+
+Arrival at Khartum, 2nd October 1914                        10
+
+General Sir F.R. Wingate, G.C.B., K.C., M.G.                14
+
+Map of Gallipoli                                            24
+
+(a) In Khartum Station  }
+                        }                                   40
+(b) In a Turkish Trench }
+
+C Company, The British Camel Company                        62
+
+Group of Officers, Egypt, 1914                              84
+
+
+
+
+With Manchesters in the East
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+EASTWARD HO!
+
+
+Our Battalion of the Manchesters was typical of the old Territorial
+Force, whose memory has already faded in the glory of the greater Army
+created during the War, but whose services in the period between the
+retreat from Mons and the coming into action of "Kitchener's Men" claim
+national gratitude.
+
+Their earlier history hardly emerges from parochialism. Founded in 1859
+and recruited mainly from the southerly suburbs of Manchester, the
+Battalion lived through the common vicissitudes of the English Volunteer
+unit. It knew the ridicule and disparagement of the hypercritical and
+cosmopolitan, the too easy praise of the hurried inspecting general, the
+enthusiasm of the camp fire, the chill of the wet afternoon on a wintry
+rifle range at Crowden. The South African War gave many a chance of
+active service, and infused more serious and systematic training in the
+routine of the yearly Whitsuntide camps. At that time everything
+depended on the Regular officer who acted as adjutant, and officers and
+men owed much to the inspiring energy of Captain (now Colonel) W.P.E.
+Newbigging, C.M.G., D.S.O., of the Manchesters, whose adjutancy
+(1902-1907) meant a great step in their efficiency. The letter "Q,"
+which signifies success in all examinations required by the War Office,
+figured in the Army List after most of our officers' names during this
+vivid and strenuous phase. For the rest, the pre-War period turned
+mainly on the fortnightly camps and occasional Regimental exercises.
+Salisbury Plain, the Isle of Man, Aldershot and a few North Country
+areas are full of memories of manoeuvre and recreation in a peaceful
+age. Regimental exercises filled weekends in Cheshire or the West
+Riding.
+
+Volunteering served many purposes in England. It kept alive in luxurious
+times a sense of discipline and a cultivation of endurance. Its
+comradeship brought classes together so closely that the easy
+relationship between officers and men in the 1st line Territorial unit
+of 1914-1915 was the despair of the more crusted Regular martinet. Its
+joyous amateurism freed it from every trace of the mental servitude
+which is the curse of militarism, and stimulated initiative and
+individuality. Long before the War, most Territorials believed in
+universal training, not so much on account of the German peril, which to
+too many Englishmen seemed a mere delusion, as on account of its
+social value. It is pleasant to remember how solidly Lord Roberts
+received local Territorial support when he made the most prophetic of
+all his speeches in the Free Trade Hall, Manchester, on the 22nd October
+1912.
+
+[Illustration: _Jerome, Southport._
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel H.E. GRESHAM.]
+
+Lord Haldane's conversion of the Volunteers into the Territorial Force
+of 1907 meant little change in the internal economy or in the personnel
+of this Battalion. Its mounted infantry company, 140 strong, and its
+cyclists were lost in the interest of uniformity. Nevertheless, the
+change made us better fitted for war by incorporating us in the larger
+Divisional organisation essential in European war. Volunteer units
+supplied select companies for South Africa in 1899 and 1900. The East
+Lancashire Territorial Division was ready to take the field _en bloc_
+against the Germans in 1914.
+
+The story to be told in these pages is so largely that of one battalion
+that a word can be said of its leaders in August, 1914, without making
+any claim to special pre-eminence, for our old and honourable rivalries
+with other local battalions faded long ago in mutual confidence.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel H.E. Gresham, who had commanded since 1912, was an
+ideal C.O.--a Territorial of long service and sound judgment, a fine
+shot, and in civil life a distinguished engineer. In Major J.H.
+Staveacre, the junior Major, we had an incomparable enthusiast, with a
+zest for every kind of sport, a happy gift of managing men and an almost
+professional aptitude for arms which had been enriched by his
+experiences in the Boer War. Captain P.H. Creagh of the Leicestershire
+Regiment was a fine adjutant, whose ability and character were to win
+him recognition in wider fields. His management of our mobilisation was
+beyond praise. The quartermaster, Major James Scott, was an old
+Manchester Regiment man, with a record of good work at Ladysmith and
+Elandslaagte. Of the company officers and N.C.O.'s, there is no need to
+add here to the tribute which will be theirs in any detailed history of
+Gallipoli. Nothing was more characteristic than their readiness to
+volunteer for foreign service as soon as we mobilised--long before the
+immensity of the War was understood, and considerably before the day of
+the lurid poster and the recruiting meeting.
+
+The Manchester Territorial Infantry Brigade was embodied on the 4th
+August 1914, and on the 20th marched out through Rochdale to a camp on
+the Littleborough moors near Hollingworth Lake, where they were asked to
+offer themselves for service abroad. Twenty-six officers and 808 men of
+our Battalion (roughly, 90 per cent. of our strength) volunteered. A
+wise pledge, afterwards unavoidably broken, was given by the authorities
+that no man should be transferred from his own unit against his will.
+
+We dropped down the Channel on the evening of the 10th September 1914 in
+a convoy of fourteen transports and one ammunition ship, with H.M.S.
+_Minerva_ as escort--the first Territorial Division that ever left
+England on active service. We sailed in a ship with a few East
+Lancashire details and the Headquarters Staff of the Brigade. General
+Noel Lee, the Brigadier, was an old Manchester Territorial officer, who
+understood the Territorial spirit to a nicety, and his death from wounds
+received in the battle of the 4th June 1915 was our irreparable loss.
+The Brigade Major was a tower of strength when on Gallipoli.
+
+Of our Battalion, who enjoyed during those shining autumn days their
+first vision of Gibraltar "grand and grey," with its covey of German
+prizes in harbour, and of the Mediterranean, then free of the submarine,
+and who half feared that the War would be over while they were still
+buried in the African desert, only a small number survive unscathed.
+Many sleep amid the cliffs and nullahs of Gallipoli.
+
+The virtues and capacities of these my comrades will always haunt my
+imagination. Their psychology was extraordinarily interesting. They were
+unlike the Regulars, who preceded them in the field, and to some extent
+unlike the New Army, which gathered in their wake.
+
+They had very little of the professional soldier. Only 45 among them had
+ever served in the Regular Army. Their homes and callings and the light
+amusements of a great city filled their minds in the same way as the
+Regimental tradition and routine filled those of the old British Regular
+Army. With a few exceptions, the feeling of duty was a far stronger
+motive to their soldiering than any love of adventure. These Manchester
+men had little of the Crusader or Elizabethan but his valour. They were,
+in fact, almost arrogantly civilian, coming from a country which had
+dared ineptly to look down on its defenders. The Northerner is not an
+enthusiast by nature. His politics are usually limited to concrete
+questions of work and wages, prices and tariffs, and he knows no
+history. The Germans in August, 1914, were still "Lancashire's best
+customers"--not a warlike race bent on winning world-empire by blood and
+iron. The social traditions of the middle-class urban population, from
+which the Territorials were drawn, had never fostered the military
+spirit, nor the power to recognise and understand that spirit in others.
+In such circumstances the sober zeal with which middle-aged sergeants
+forsook their families and businesses at the very outset of the War,
+without a moment's hesitation, is a signal proof of their character. No
+men were ever greater lovers of peace. Some philosophers have seen or
+tried to see in the War a judgment on the luxury and frivolity of
+pre-War England, on her neglect of defence, and her absorption in
+opulence. Were this the case, it would be ironical to reflect how the
+North Country homes, first and most cruelly scourged by the War, were
+homes to which the so-called "sins of society" were least known and most
+repugnant, and where military training had been long pursued in the
+teeth of public ridicule and at the sacrifice of leisure. Long
+afterwards the father of a very talented private (Arthur Powell), who
+was killed in Turkey, wrote of his son: "We never intended him for the
+rude alarums of war, but his sense of duty and the horrors of Belgium
+fired his imagination, so that with hundreds of thousands of
+high-spirited young Englishmen, he placed himself in his country's
+service." This cast of thought is uncommon in the ranks of a Regular
+army.
+
+Officers and N.C.O.'s were obviously and admittedly amateurs, and never
+acquired the distinctive dash of the old Army. Soldiering was not their
+profession. Yet Territorials like the Manchesters possessed a range of
+talent in many ways beyond the normal standard of the Army. They had the
+manual arts and crafts of the industrial North. These volunteers were in
+civil life builders and joiners; railwaymen, tramwaymen, engineers;
+clerks, shorthand-writers, draughtsmen, warehousemen, packers; carters
+and fitters; telephonists, chemists. When half of C Company was suddenly
+converted into the British Camel Corps at Khartum it was discovered to
+contain the camel-keeper of Bostock's menagerie. We found piano-tuners
+for the Sirdar's Palace, gardeners for the Barrack plantations, and in
+later days expert mechanics for anti-aircraft gunnery. Skilled clerks
+like Sergeants J.C. Jones and Beaumont were marked out by Nature for the
+orderly room. Many men well qualified to hold commissions served in the
+ranks and died before the nation recognised their quality. Lastly, we
+could turn out more barristers than all the other East Lancashire units
+put together. It would be hard to imagine better officers than our
+three ex-Juniors of the Northern Circuit--N. H.P. Whitley, J.H. Thorpe
+and Hans Hamilton.
+
+With the New Army, that was destined to do so much to save the cause of
+civilisation, our men had more in common than with the Regulars. In
+1914, however, we had inevitably a less thorough training in technique
+than that which fell to their lot in the ensuing years. Only a few of
+our officers had gone the round of "schools of instruction" and
+"courses." We had fewer specialists, and our equipment was probably
+inferior. During all our Eastern experiences we used the long rifle
+only. It was, however, a real advantage to have had nearly sixty years'
+record as a Volunteer unit behind us, with all sorts of Regimental
+traditions, which lie at the roots of comradeship and ensure happy
+relations between officers and men. Another distinctive virtue of the
+Territorial system about Manchester was that all ranks, from
+Brigadier-General to private, came from one neighbourhood, and viewed
+life from much the same angle. They ran to type, and their interest in
+soldiering, obviously spontaneous in the first instance, had been
+fostered by common experiences in time of peace.
+
+We saw Malta in the far distance on the evening of the 21st September,
+and next day, in mid-afternoon, our convoy unexpectedly met an Indian
+Division on its way from Bombay to Marseilles. Their transports, mainly
+British Indian liners, passed ours and exchanged escorts with us,
+thrilling the least imaginative with pride in the Empire and a sense of
+the illimitable issues at stake in Europe. We had left England ringing
+with the legendary passage of the Russians from Archangel, the snow
+still clinging to their furs, just as the British Army in Spain, in
+1812, had been cheered by a similar mirage of Russians streaming to
+their aid through Corunna. The first paper that we read on reaching
+Egypt announced in giant headlines the arrival of 250,000 no less
+shadowy Japanese at Antwerp. But the Indians were real. Their appearance
+was a true touch of the World War and they reached the firing line in
+Flanders on the 19th October.
+
+We eventually arrived at Alexandria on the 25th September 1914. B
+Company, under Captain (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) J.N. Brown, was
+dropped here, half of it under Captain E. Townson going on to Cyprus,
+which they garrisoned until the eve of its annexation. Eventually the
+whole Company, then under Captain (afterwards Major) D. Nelson, was
+reunited to the rest of the Battalion when it left for the Dardanelles.
+The remaining part of the Division also disembarked at Alexandria, in
+order to relieve the Regular garrisons of Alexandria and Cairo. The
+Battalion passed on to Port Said. As we neared the harbour, our men
+hailed watchers on the quay for the latest news. Antwerp was then at its
+last gasp, and the _Aboukir_, _Hague_ and _Cressy_ had been torpedoed in
+the North Sea. The first cry from the ship was "How is City getting
+on?" League football was still the first interest of Young England in
+the second month of the Great War.
+
+We sailed down the Canal on a scorching Sunday morning to Suez and the
+Red Sea. A few Indians guarded its banks. Onward through the misty heat,
+under escort of a destroyer, with a wind blowing hot from Arabia, to
+Port Sudan, where we put in at 11 A.M. on the 30th September. The
+temperature was 105 deg. F. in the shade. Here half of C Company, under
+Captain T.W. Savatard (afterwards killed on Gallipoli) were left to
+garrison and construct defences for the place. Once a desolate coral
+reef, it is now a great harbour with the promise of a greater future.
+This first night of Africa we rowed happily across its starlit lagoon in
+the full glamour of the East to enjoy British hospitality.
+
+Next morning we started, with Major Boyle of the Egyptian Army Staff as
+a "cicerone," on the long railway track from the sea to Atbara and
+Khartum, past scattered villages peopled by staring Fuzzy Wuzzies with
+erect and luxuriant black hair, and across hot stretches of desert and
+rock. At a quarter past eleven on the morning of the 2nd October 1914 we
+arrived at Khartum North, where we detrained and were met by the Sirdar,
+General Sir Reginald Wingate, then Governor-General of the Sudan, and
+his Staff. We marched over the Blue Nile Bridge to the spacious British
+barracks, the only spot in the Sudan where the Union Jack flies
+unaccompanied by the flag of Egypt, and relieved the Suffolk Regiment.
+In the afternoon our band played them out of the cantonment, and we
+cheered them on the first stage of their long journey to the
+blood-stained battle-fields of Flanders.
+
+[Illustration: ARRIVAL AT KHARTUM, 2nd OCTOBER 1914.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE SUDAN
+
+
+The tasks allotted to the Battalion between October, 1914, and April,
+1915, while garrisoning the Sudan were of great variety. With the
+gunners at Khartum Fort, they constituted part of the British force then
+in the country, of which Colonel Gresham was commander. The detachment
+left at Port Sudan organised its defences, ran an armoured train, and
+patrolled the Red Sea in the _Enterprise_. One group, under Captain R.V.
+Rylands (afterwards killed on Gallipoli), guarded the railway works at
+Atbara. Another under Captain B. Norbury occupied the hill station of
+Sinkat. Important censorship work at Wadi Halfa was entrusted to Captain
+J.H. Thorpe, and, when he was invalided, to Lieutenant L. Dudley, who
+fell later in action on Gallipoli. At Khartum a half company, under
+Captain C. Norbury, was on arrival transformed immediately into the
+British Camel Corps.
+
+For some little time after our coming the normal social and sporting
+life of the small British colony at Khartum was hardly ruffled by the
+storm raging in Europe, and we gratefully enjoyed its warm-hearted
+hospitality. At the beginning of November war broke out between Great
+Britain and Turkey, and the loyalty of the Sudanese was put to the test.
+The Germans built upon the probability of a Jihad or Holy War, and never
+dreamed that the handful of young Englishmen who administered the
+country under the Sirdar's guidance could have won its loyalty against
+all comers. When the Sirdar announced in English and Arabic the news of
+the Porte's entry into the War one shining Sunday morning in early
+November, to a large gathering of Egyptian and Sudanese officers and
+dignitaries at the Palace, their zealous unanimity was impressive.
+Hundreds of native notables contributed generously to British Red Cross
+funds. Sheikhs of the Red Sea Province, who had once been dervish
+partisans, showed me with glowing pride when at Port Sudan silver
+medallions with King George's likeness, given by him to them on his
+visit to Sinkat.
+
+Few pages of history are more wonderful than that which records the
+conversion of the chaotic and down-trodden Sudan of 1898 into the
+peaceful and prosperous Sudan of to-day. Scepticism as to the uses of
+Empire, which too often beset the Manchester man at home before the War,
+was dissipated by seeing what Anglo-Egyptian sovereignty and British
+character and industry have achieved in a land so long tormented by
+slave-traders and despots. The happy black boys of Gordon College go to
+school with books under their arms, and play football, coached by Old
+Blues and cheered by enthusiastic comrades. On the 30th October (Kurban
+Bairam day) the Manchesters saw the Sirdar bestow gaily coloured robes
+of honour on deserving chiefs. Everywhere were signs of economic
+progress. The cotton-growing plantations on the Gezira Plain, the
+ginning factory at Wad Medani, the numerous irrigation and public health
+works, the research laboratories of Gordon College, the industries of
+Khartum North and of Atbara, all bore the distinctive hall-mark of
+British Imperialism.
+
+The magic of the British name in the Sudan seemed to us to rest not only
+on the art of government but on the great memories of Gordon and
+Kitchener and the abiding influence of General Wingate's personality.
+The Gordon statue at Khartum is almost a shrine. The Sudan itself is
+Lord Kitchener's monument. During our life there we were daily witnesses
+of General Wingate's tact, power and example. In all Mohammedan areas of
+the Sudan, Great Britain is wisely defender of the faith, and Islam is
+wisely with Britain. On the 19th November we were entertained at the
+Egyptian Army Officers' Club on the occasion of the Mohammedan New Year.
+On the 27th January 1915 the Prophet's birthday was celebrated with
+rapturous pageantry, and the Sirdar and Lady Wingate paid most
+impressive visits to the pavilions set up by the principal sheikhs and
+notables in front of the mosques at Khartum and Omdurman, while huge
+crowds of religious enthusiasts beat tom-toms and sang outside. We saw
+the Sirdar reviewing his Egyptian and Sudanese troops at Khartum,
+formally inspecting the schools, hospitals, barracks and prisons around
+Port Sudan, decorating veterans with medals, and addressing in every
+native dialect the political and religious leaders of the people. We
+found that no men appreciated the care and skill of the Red Sea Province
+hospital more warmly than Arabs from the then Turkish territory of
+Jiddah.
+
+[Illustration: _Elliot & Fry Ltd._
+
+General Sir F.R. WINGATE, G.C.B., G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G., G.B.E., D.S.O.
+
+Honorary Colonel of the Battalion.]
+
+The whole history of the evolution of the Sudan is epitomised in the
+bare, sun-scorched Christian graveyard of Wadi Halfa. The sandy,
+high-walled enclosure is the common resting-place of four successive
+generations of British Empire builders: first, of soldiers who fell in
+the Gordon Relief Expedition; secondly, of men who died while building
+the railway which proved the key to Lord Kitchener's success; thirdly,
+of soldiers who perished in the war of 1898; lastly, of civil servants
+who have died while administering the country since its reconquest.
+
+Staveacre and I touched a much earlier phase of history when we
+discovered and bought derelict French helmets and cuirasses of 1798 that
+must once have been the booty of some Mameluke. Who would wish for more
+romantic trophies?
+
+The Turkish war added gravity to the Battalion's responsibilities in the
+Sudan. The idea at the time was to treat it passively, so long as the
+Turks did not molest British Moslems on pilgrimage to Mecca. The Arabs
+were known to have little sympathy with the Ottoman Turk and his
+pretensions to religious authority; so Jiddah was not to be starved by
+non-intercourse. The Turks themselves made such a policy impossible by
+their raid against the Suez Canal in February, 1915, and the inception
+of the Dardanelles Expedition marked the final victory of the school of
+thought which put its faith in an Eastern offensive. Some sort of
+offensive, whether against Gallipoli or Alexandretta or Haifa, had
+become perhaps a moral necessity.
+
+We learnt in the Sudan how Turco-German machinations were necessitating
+a more active policy towards the Porte. I acted as prosecutor at the
+public trial of a Sudanese by general court martial in the court-house
+of Port Sudan in the second week of December, 1914. He had risen from
+sergeant's rank in a Sudanese regiment to be Captain of the Egyptian
+Coastguard in 1907. Cashiered in 1912, he served Enver Pasha in Tripoli,
+became an officer of Abdul Hamid's bodyguard, and afterwards a Major of
+the Baghdad Gendarmerie. Long before November, 1914, he had busily
+plotted for a rising in Egypt and the diffusion of German propaganda all
+over the Sudan. Under Enver Pasha's personal direction he disguised
+himself in a pilgrim's robe, styled himself Suleiman Effendi, and
+crossed the Red Sea from Jiddah with six pilgrims. One of these was an
+Howrowri Arab from Kordofan. The rest were Falatas or Takruri--_i.e._
+pilgrims from British West Africa to Mecca--a class whose whole
+existence is spent on pilgrimage, brightened by spells of residence and
+family life at centres like Omdurman, and this man planned to pass as a
+pilgrim among pilgrims. The party was asked by the sheikh of the Takurna
+village, near Port Sudan, where they came from. They replied:
+"Omdurman." On the 16th November he, in beggar's clothes, sought an
+interview with a Bimbashi of the Egyptian Army, at Port Sudan. He told
+him and his adjutant that he had come on a secret mission from Enver to
+rouse the Sudan against the British and to ascertain native feeling at
+Port Sudan, Khartum, Sinja, Wad Medani, Kordofan and El Obeid.
+
+"The Porte," he said, "knows that the English treat you badly and
+intends to drive them out of Egypt." The officers whom he tempted were,
+however, staunchly loyal. They handed him over to Colonel Wilson,
+Governor of the Red Sea Province. His red and blue uniform, sword and
+papers were discovered, but he defended himself stoutly against the
+charges of spying and war treason, and his interests were carefully
+watched by Judge Davidson, who acted as Judge Advocate. One Arabic
+letter found among his papers was addressed to the Ministry of War at
+Constantinople, and appears to have been a copy of a report sent off by
+him just before his arrest. It is worth quoting as a footnote to
+history:
+
+   "I arrived at Mecca, where I met the Valy and Commandant, Wahib Bey,
+   and gave him my information. He left Mecca for Jiddah at once for
+   his usual work, and provided me with a boat and six civilians, who
+   accompanied me from Jiddah to Suakin and Port Sudan on a secret
+   mission to induce the natives to favour the presence of the Turkish
+   government, to rise against the existing European government, and to
+   take necessary precautions for upholding the honour of the Turkish
+   government without anyone's knowledge.... I hope when I reach
+   Khartum, in a secret way to encourage a rising against the British
+   troops, if possible. As for my expenses, I took from the Valy
+   Commandant sixteen Turkish pounds and three pounds sterling for the
+   necessary expenses of the journey by steamer and land. I have every
+   wish for the prosperity of the Religion and for the Sultan's victory
+   over the unbelievers."
+
+This man in his defence denied that any Sudanese like himself would
+dream of plotting against the British, who had purified government,
+employed Sudanese in administration, and given their children schools.
+He was convicted and sentenced to death, but that penalty was commuted
+by the Sirdar, in consideration of a tardy confession.
+
+One of the Falatas turned King's evidence against his other companions
+on the charge of war treason. Squatting on the floor of the courthouse,
+their rosaries interlaced with their handcuffs, they assumed the air of
+innocence, but were convicted and condemned to terms of imprisonment.
+Two were called Isa (Jesus) and one was Adam. Arab life has more than a
+touch of the Bible.
+
+The whole episode brought into relief the wide ramifications of
+Turco-German intrigue.
+
+Another singular case of German subtlety was that of an alleged Swiss
+explorer, who arrived on the 10th November at Khartum on his way from
+Abyssinia to undergo the Pasteur treatment at Cairo. He claimed to have
+had his leg bitten by a dog, and was in hot haste to reach Egypt. He
+satisfied our doctors as to the genuineness of his injuries and anxiety,
+wept when Captain Morley, most expert of surgeons, told him of the
+surrender of Antwerp, and was given help and hospitality. He went
+through the Pasteur treatment and disappeared from our ken. A few weeks
+later an Italian newspaper applauded the patriotism of a German reserve
+officer, whose zeal to serve his country had nerved him to brave the
+vigilance of Khartum and the too devoted attentions of the hydrophobia
+experts at Cairo.
+
+At a date when all Britons of military age worth their salt were
+training for war, the actual work of the Manchesters in the Sudan hardly
+calls for description. In the personal supervision of the Sirdar they
+enjoyed a special advantage not shared by the Territorial units left in
+Egypt. What is of more lasting moment is the share they took in
+furthering the cause of peace, order and good government in the Sudan by
+their steady conduct and happy relations with the inhabitants. Our
+officers interchanged visits with the officers of an Egyptian regiment
+quartered at Khartum, enjoying tea, music and speeches. With an Egyptian
+regiment at El Obeid we had a pleasant and symbolic exchange of colours.
+In the ceremonial occasioned by the Sultan's accession, a guard of
+honour under Major J.H. Staveacre represented the British Army in the
+Palace garden, and acclaimed: "Ya-aish Hussein Pasha, Sultan Masr" (Long
+live Hussein Pasha, Sultan of Egypt). The men were scrupulously careful
+of native sensibilities. At Port Sudan, Private J.P. Lyons, our champion
+boxer, who was killed on Gallipoli, was publicly thanked by the
+Governor, Colonel Wilson, for having saved a black policeman from some
+drunken sailors. The Battalion hoped it had really earned the honour
+paid it when the Sirdar accepted its honorary colonelcy.
+
+The knowledge gained during the months in the Sudan will be an asset to
+such Manchester Territorials as survive, and may even exercise an
+influence upon local public opinion. To many, the Sudan seemed entitled
+to rank among the best administered countries in the world. Its civil
+service governs vast areas and vast numbers practically without military
+aid. Its selection from University graduates who best combine brains
+with physique is in the spirit of Cecil Rhodes. Government of blacks by
+whites is a commonplace; of blacks by blues, a stroke of genius.
+
+Looking back after years of soldiering and disillusion, the first
+months of the War no doubt seem brighter than they really were. It is
+easy to forget the illnesses that sent the writer as an invalid to Luxor
+and Cairo, and finally to England; to ignore the heat and dust and
+isolation, the long glare of the African day. We think more readily of
+Gordon's rose-tree blooming in the Palace garden; of the long camel
+treks across the desert; of the wail of the yellow-ribboned Sudanese
+bagpipes; of our visit with Colonel Smyth, V.C., to the stony, sun-baked
+battle-field of Omdurman; of the lusty strains of _Tipperary_ in the
+cool barrack rooms. It is right that this should be so. The men to whom
+these memories would appeal were men who enjoyed life to the full. They
+played the first lacrosse ever seen in the Sudan, engaged in keen boxing
+competitions, rallied to football on the roughest of barrack squares,
+listened cheerfully to weekly concerts and the first of our long series
+of history and military lectures. They hunted for curios in the dusty
+alleys of Omdurman, enjoyed recreation in the library and billiard-room,
+and ran with great spirit the early numbers of the _Manchester Sentry_,
+first published of all active service periodicals. To this paper the
+Sirdar and Lady Wingate contributed welcome and inspiring letters, and
+the Battalion owed its motto: "We never sleep."
+
+In April, 1915, the Battalion left the Sudan for Cairo, where it again
+came in contact with the other units of the East Lancashire Territorial
+Division, thenceforward called the 42nd Division On the 3rd May it
+embarked in company with another battalion of the Manchesters on the
+_Ionian_, and at seven in the evening, on the 7th May, it landed at "V"
+Beach, Cape Helles.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+GALLIPOLI
+
+
+The 42nd Division was soon in the midst of hard fighting, stormy weather
+and much privation. Casualties began early, though the first Battalion
+exploit under fire was happily bloodless. On the 9th May, 80 men were
+told off to fill water-bottles and carry them under fire over
+half-a-mile of broken ground to an Australian unit. They tracked
+cleverly across the moor, and were met by an eager Australian with the
+question: "Have you brought the water, cobbers?" On the 11th, the
+Battalion had a long, weary march to the front line. The trenches were
+full of water, and the gullies became almost impassable. On the 28th,
+Lockwood, our musketry expert, was severely wounded in the chest.
+
+On the same day Lieutenant-Colonel Gresham was forced by ill-health to
+leave us. He was invalided to Malta, and thence to England. A year later
+he relinquished his command, without having been able to rejoin. He had
+served with the Battalion ever since 1890. He was known to suffer from
+chronic illness, but he let nothing interfere with the call of duty, and
+his hard work overseas set a fine example to all ranks. It is, indeed,
+still, in 1917, difficult to think of the Battalion with any other
+Commanding Officer. His departure was widely regretted, and the later
+achievements of his men in the War are the best tribute to the many
+years of labour he had given to their training and organisation.
+
+His immediate successor in command was Major Staveacre. On the night of
+the 28th May the Battalion advanced, and B and D Companies dug
+themselves in under a full moon and in the face of the enemy, a platoon
+of C Company finishing the work on the following evening. In these
+operations fell Captains T.W. Savatard and R.V. Rylands, men of sterling
+character and capacity, and Lieut. T.F. Brown, a gallant boy, who, in
+the happier days of the threatened war in Ulster, had served in the West
+Belfast Loyalist Volunteers.
+
+The advance of the 28th May was preliminary to the historic attack of
+the whole allied line from sea to sea, which had been timed for midday
+on the 4th June 1915. In this attack the Battalion advanced as the
+extreme right unit of our Infantry Brigade. On the left of the
+Manchesters was the 29th Division; on our right was the Royal Naval
+Division, and on their right were the French.
+
+During the previous night the Turks, writes an eyewitness in the
+_Sentry_, gave us "our first taste of bombing. They crawled down a small
+gully and threw eight or nine bombs on to our gun emplacement, hurting
+no one, but putting the gun out for twenty minutes." Meanwhile they
+fired the gorse in front of the 29th Division.
+
+[Illustration: GALLIPOLI.]
+
+At eight in the morning the British guns opened the bombardment. "At
+eleven-twenty our whole line from the sea to the Straits got up and
+waved their bayonets, pretending the attack was to start." At twelve,
+"with wild cheers" the assault was launched. A and C Companies rushed
+the first Turkish trench, and captured the surviving occupants, while
+along a front that stretched far away to the left, similar success was
+won by the whole British line. While A and C Companies consolidated the
+trench they had won, B and D Companies passed over it, in order to take
+the next Turkish line. Captain (afterwards Major) C.E. Higham, always
+resourceful and imperturbable, was shot in the foot while crossing the
+trench, but Captain (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) Fawcus led the
+attack a long way forward, and held a dummy trench in the heart of the
+Turkish position for many hours.
+
+Subsequently the right flank of the Battalion was not only enfiladed but
+exposed to fire from their rear. The officers at this deadly point were
+Lieutenants H.D. Thewlis, W.G. Freemantle and F.C. Palmer. Palmer was
+badly wounded. Thewlis, a keen subaltern and expert in scientific
+agriculture, refused to retire, and was killed. Freemantle was of Quaker
+stock and, like Thewlis, a graduate of Manchester University. He was
+first shot through the right arm, and then through the left. He insisted
+on remaining with his men, though the pain was so intense that he broke
+his teeth while clenching them. He was then shot through the body, and
+died.
+
+C Company on this right flank was in danger. Lieutenant G.C. Hans
+Hamilton, a prince of fighters, had organised a bombing party with
+Corporal Cherry, and did great work, but was now severely wounded.
+Leonard Dudley, an adventurous soul who had fought under Staveacre with
+the Cheshire Yeomanry in South Africa, was killed. Captain Cyril
+Norbury, who commanded the Company, had written to Major Staveacre for
+information, and he received this answer from Captain Creagh: "Regret to
+say Major Staveacre dead; also Thewlis and Freemantle. Do not know
+whereabouts of missing platoons. Fear most lost."
+
+Staveacre had been shot through the back while passing ammunition to the
+firing line. He said to Regimental Sergeant-Major H.C. Franklin (the
+Acting Adjutant of our later days on Gallipoli): "Never mind me. Carry
+on, Sergeant-Major," and died at once.
+
+All day long the Turks counter-attacked the Manchesters without success.
+Private Richardson won the D.C.M. by bombing feats, but the supply of
+bombs ran out early. Their use was in its infancy, and their character
+was primitive. C Company, among whom Sergeant M'Hugh, Corporal Basnett
+and Private (afterwards Lieutenant) J.W. Sutherland were conspicuous,
+was reinforced by some gallant bombers from another battalion of the
+Manchesters under Captain James, who was killed after driving the Turks
+from a trench, and later by some of the Lancashire Fusiliers. They held
+their own, and a last Turkish counter-attack, on the morning of the 5th
+June, was scattered by our machine guns and those of the Lancashire
+Fusiliers, well handled by Captains Hayes and Bedson.
+
+Fawcus brought back about nine survivors from his advanced position
+after great feats of endurance, in which the Manchester units on our
+left had fully shared. Lieutenant T.E. Granger, who had been left behind
+dangerously wounded, was taken prisoner. Lieutenant Ward was killed.
+Lieutenant Bateman was shot through the lungs; Lieutenant G. Norbury on
+the scalp.
+
+On the 4th June the Brigadier, General Noel Lee, was mortally wounded,
+to the intense and universal sorrow of the whole Division. He died in
+Malta. Lieutenant-Colonel Heys, on taking his place, was immediately
+killed. The retreat from the more advanced trenches to the original
+Turkish firing line, necessitated by enfilade fire and by the absence of
+reinforcements, proved far deadlier than the advance. The battle, with
+its preliminary operations, cost us some of our bravest sergeant-majors
+and sergeants--Cookson, Arnott, Marvin, Mundy, Balfe, Webster. Sergeant
+Lindsay lost his leg. Of them and of all the men of the 42nd Division,
+who gave their lives in this action, any praise is superfluous.
+
+A broad strip of land gained securely on a wide frontage, an immense
+number of Turkish dead and prisoners, and a sense of great personal
+ascendancy, were the measure of their success, and General Sir Ian
+Hamilton's dispatch truly estimates its quality.
+
+The survivors of the Battalion rested for a few days on Imbros after the
+battle, and then returned to the Peninsula under the command of Captain
+P.H. Creagh. On the 16th July the command was passed to
+Lieutenant-Colonel A. Canning, a veteran of the Egyptian War of 1882,
+who had previously commanded the Leinster Regiment at Cork. We could
+have had no greater confidence in any possible Commanding Officer, and
+while he acted as Brigadier of the Manchester Territorials his influence
+was no less inspiring. The record of our later campaign on Gallipoli is
+closely associated with his name and work.
+
+All these early scenes of the expedition to the Dardanelles I had
+missed. On the 17th March I had been invalided home on the Indian
+hospital ship, _Glenart Castle_, Alexandria to Southampton, and the only
+public meeting I witnessed during three years of warfare--a recruiting
+rally in the Manchester Hippodrome--was a poor outlet for one's
+activity. An offer of the command of the new 3rd line reserve unit at
+Southport naturally failed to quench my keenness to rejoin the
+Battalion, and after vexatious delays I at last sailed from Devonport
+for the East, on the _Simla_, on the 13th July 1915.
+
+We reached Alexandria on the 25th, and the crowded harbour of Mudros
+early on the 29th. The boat was full of drafts for the 29th
+Division--Essex and Hampshire men, Inniskillings, Munsters, Royal and
+Lancashire Fusiliers, Worcesters--and rumours of the intended Suvla
+expedition were in the air. Our optimism was, however, chastened by the
+opinions of one experienced soldier on board, who insisted that we ought
+never to have landed at Cape Helles, but on the Gulf of Saros behind the
+lines of Bulair, and made straight for Constantinople with a large army,
+without trying to force the Dardanelles. He believed that the Germans
+would still take Warsaw, and thought Holland's co-operation essential to
+any plan of early success. The War was still at a stage when men did not
+mind talking about it, and the general assumption was that it could not
+last long. One sailor told me a story typical of the German's ignorance
+of sportsmanship. A captured naval officer was courteously allowed the
+use of the British captain's cabin. A few moments later a crash
+announced that he had requited chivalry by breaking everything he could
+lay his hands on. Other passengers on the _Simla_ were nursing sisters
+in dainty scarlet and grey, naval airmen who disembarked at Valetta, and
+the whole staff of an Australian General Hospital bound for
+Mudros--expert specialist officers and splendid men, with songs cheery
+and robust:
+
+   "When the beer's on the table, we'll be there."
+
+Perhaps my most vivid memories, however, are of the keen young officers
+conducting drafts, who were so soon to fall in the great attempt at
+Suvla.
+
+The fate of one of these, J.R. Lingard, then in charge of some
+Lancashire Fusiliers, was one of the unsolved mysteries of the
+Dardanelles campaign. A brave and popular officer, he was severely
+wounded on the 21st August. He was carried out of action and placed on a
+stretcher for conveyance across Suvla Beach to a hospital ship. At this
+point all trace of him disappeared. His fate is unknown.
+
+In the late afternoon of the 30th July 1915 we neared Cape Helles and
+heard the thunder of the guns. We landed laboriously about midnight, and
+were led by guides to a rendezvous of the 29th Division at a point some
+three miles along the coast on the northern side of the Peninsula.
+Brilliant moonlight shone upon a sleeping French force close to the
+landing-place on "V" Beach. The country looked unspeakably dry and bare.
+
+At six o'clock the following morning we were divided into details for
+our various units, and sleepless, unshaven and hungry, I was again
+guided to where the 42nd Division had its headquarters--a spot to the
+south of the 29th, and, roughly, in the left centre of the short line of
+the Allies. The narrowness and shallowness of the area of our occupation
+struck all observers at once. The great ridge of Achi Baba, some six
+hundred feet above sea-level, barring our advance upon Turkey,
+confronted us the very moment that we climbed to the top of the cliffs
+that enclosed every landing-place. We were shelled as we struck across
+the moorland, and then I found myself once more in East Lancashire.
+
+A long wait at Divisional Headquarters was followed by a delightful
+welcome at the Quartermaster's dump of the Battalion, where, in blazing
+sunshine, I enjoyed my first food and shave on enemy soil, and abundant
+news of the unit. A friendly sergeant then led me up to the fire
+trenches some two miles forward, where the Manchesters held both sides
+of Krithia nullah, a ravine running up into a sloping heath, where the
+Turks had lain dug in for the last two months. Our way, after passing
+"Clapham Junction," was fringed with the graves of the fallen. I noticed
+Staveacre's.
+
+It was pleasant to reach the cool burrow, which served as our Battalion
+Headquarters. Here I found Colonel Canning, P.H. Creagh and Fawcus
+sitting on the yellow, dusty ground beneath a tarpaulin. It was
+thrilling once again to walk among our Manchester men, now very thin and
+sunburnt, in shirt-sleeves and shorts, making the best of life in narrow
+trenches, and watching day after day the serried Turkish lines and
+broad, brown mass of Achi Baba. Next day (1st August), in mid-afternoon,
+we moved into the most advanced fire trenches, and I became O.C. of our
+Battalion's firing line, with a small dug-out of my own in the centre of
+our sector. This sector was within forty or fifty yards of the Turkish
+position, and in the early morning, as the sun rose over Asia, we heard
+the _muezzin_ calling the faithful to prayer. There was a lull at this
+time in warfare. Casualties were few, and the periscope disclosed little
+beyond the vista (soon too familiar) of arid heath, broken only by
+patches of wild thyme, and of the intricate lacework of sandbagged
+trenches stretching from the tip of Cape Helles behind us to the top of
+Achi Baba. But for the constant booming of the guns and the plague of
+flies, these first days on Gallipoli were days of peace and happiness
+under a quiet, blue sky. Our men were hopeful, and a stray memorandum of
+mine of the 3rd August records that "P.H. Creagh bets Fawcus L1 that the
+Turks will be driven out of the Peninsula within a month." Our faith was
+great in those days.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE AUGUST BATTLES AT CAPE HELLES
+
+
+In the history of the expedition to the Dardanelles, the August battles
+in the area of Cape Helles figure as a pinning or holding attack by the
+British Army, designed to occupy the enemy while the Suvla Bay landing
+was effected. The line of communications that linked the Achi Baba
+position with Maidos and Gallipoli was to be cut by our forces operating
+from Suvla and Anzac, and the Narrows were to be opened to our fleet by
+the capture of Sari-Bair. The epic of the actual Suvla effort has been
+nobly told in both Sir Ian Hamilton's dispatches and Mr Masefield's
+_Gallipoli_.
+
+The Regimental officer at Cape Helles naturally knew very little of the
+strategy underlying these operations, and nothing of events at Suvla or
+Anzac, though Suvla was but thirteen miles and Anzac but five from
+Fusilier Bluff. His could only be the impressions of an eyewitness in an
+orbit limited to his Brigade. During the whole of our Gallipoli
+experiences, we were only conscious of Divisional organisation and
+personnel through the literature and correspondence of the orderly-room,
+or from mere glimpses on the occasion of our rare visits to the base on
+Gully Beach. I am glad to have once seen the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Ian
+Hamilton. He passed our Headquarters on the Western Mule Sap, walking
+briskly towards the trenches. The fine appreciation of the Manchester
+Territorial Brigade's work on the 4th June, which he wrote in his
+dispatches, made his name a name always to conjure with, but to the man
+in the trenches, an Army Commander can at most be but a shining name.
+Consequently, the story of the fighting in August, as we saw it, must
+needs be silent on all vexed questions of high policy, and also on the
+more famous struggle to the north of Achi Baba. Its limitations are true
+to life.
+
+On the 5th August we learnt that our Army was to assault the enemy's
+position simultaneously with the enterprise at Suvla.
+
+Three points were emphasised in our instructions. First, the frontage
+and depth of the sector to be carried by each unit was carefully and
+personally explained to us by General the Hon. H.A. Lawrence, who was at
+that time our Brigadier. Secondly, we had to tell our men that the
+Turkish lines would have been rendered almost untenable before their
+advance, in consequence of the heavy bombardment, which was to precede
+the attack. Thirdly, we were to emphasise to the men that Turkish morale
+was on the wane. Prisoners, whose only words were "English good; Turkey
+finish," were, I fancy, responsible for this last venture in optimism.
+
+We had every reason to anticipate that the attempt was to be a thorough
+onslaught, not a mere demonstration, and would probably lead to success.
+The discovery that the Turks had in reality been massing for an attack
+on our lines within a few hours of our own assault was only made
+afterwards.
+
+At 2.20 P.M. on the 6th August, the British guns opened on the Turkish
+positions in front of the 29th Division, and at 3.50 P.M. we could see
+our infantry advance under a hail of musketry and machine-gun fire. Our
+guns lengthened range, and we saw shells fired by our warships in the
+Gulf of Saros bursting along the crest of Achi Baba. Through the
+periscope we watched the tin back-plates, worn by our men for the
+enlightenment of artillery observers, twinkling under the dust and
+smoke. Some other Manchesters were lending a hand in the battle already,
+and were struggling under heavy shrapnel fire to gain a footing in the
+trenches immediately to the north of the sector to be assaulted by the
+Brigade on the morrow. Then gradually the firing sank. By 4.45 P.M.
+there was a distinct lull. One of our Companies (C Company) under
+Captain G. Chadwick, was sent as reinforcements. A stream of wounded
+(Manchesters, Worcesters, Munsters) began to file past our lines into
+the winding nullah. We knew little as to what had happened. The sky
+above the shell-riddled ridge of Achi Baba was serene and purple in the
+glow of evening, but the fog of war was upon us.
+
+Suddenly, at 6.40 P.M., a message came that two of our Companies were
+required at once to help the Worcester Regiment, who had taken part in
+the assault about a mile to the north of where we were. A Company
+(Captain A.E.F. Fawcus) and D Company (Captain H. Smedley) were ordered
+to comply. The men were resting for the work planned for the next day.
+They got ready hurriedly, and moved in fast-gathering darkness along a
+labyrinth of unfamiliar trenches to a position from which the Worcesters
+had advanced in the afternoon.
+
+Our information was most vague. The Worcesters had gone "over the top"
+many hours earlier and had disappeared. They were believed to be holding
+trenches somewhere beyond, but they were out of touch with our line, and
+it was intended to reinforce them. The night was dark, and the direction
+to be taken after leaving our trenches could only be roughly indicated.
+A Company lined up first, and went over the top like one man. D Company,
+which was to move to the right of A, then lined up along the fire step
+and followed.
+
+Our men passed into a tornado of fire, and drifted forward on a broken
+moor, already littered with dead and wounded. Both Companies eventually
+lined up in shallow depressions of ground, but there was no trench to
+receive them.
+
+Meanwhile, many of our wounded had straggled back to the trench from
+which they started, and numbers of wounded Regulars of the 29th
+Division who had lain out for many hours were brought in by our men
+during the long night. This was the one bright touch in its story. We
+laid down these brave men on the narrow fire-step, and our
+stretcher-bearers worked nobly. Several men went out with stretchers
+under heavy fire, and fetched in as many survivors as they could find.
+One, I remember, was called Corris. At midnight the Colonel and Captain
+P.H. Creagh, our Adjutant, left for Headquarters, where the morrow's
+plan of operations was being partially recast. The hours passed. At last
+two messengers clambered back with reports from Fawcus and Smedley.
+Lance-Corporal H.L. MacCartney brought the former's.
+
+The only sensible course was for our parties to come in. I noticed that
+MacCartney's hand was broken and bleeding, and suggested to him that
+someone else should go back with my message of recall. He insisted on
+his ability to go, and with a companion he climbed over the parapet. A
+few moments later he was shot through the heart. Smedley's messenger was
+Lance-Corporal G.W.F. Franklin, whose services on the field won him a
+commission, and who played a splendid part in the subsequent annals of
+the Battalion. He was given a like message of recall for Captain
+Smedley, and with it he too clambered back over the parapet and passed
+out into the night.
+
+At 3.30 A.M. on the 7th August the two Companies toiled homewards,
+having lost heavily. Davidson, a plucky Australian officer attached to
+us, was among the killed. He had been in charge of a working party which
+wandered in the darkness into the Turkish lines, and was there
+destroyed.
+
+After a couple of hours' sleep, we rose to take our part in the renewed
+offensive. A heavy bombardment was to precede a general advance. As the
+front-line trenches lay within a few yards of the Turks, they were now
+practically cleared of men in order to avoid casualties from our own
+gunfire. The scheme laid down for our Battalion required a north-east
+advance by C and B Companies out of the narrow defile known as Krithia
+nullah. A gap was therefore made overnight in the barrier that had
+hitherto crossed the mouth of the defile and linked our fire trenches
+with those neighbouring. A machine gun was placed at the north-west
+corner of this gap under cover of the end of our fire trench. On the
+south-east side of the gap, a barricade ran up a steep slope to the
+trenches of other Manchesters, whose assault was to be simultaneous with
+ours. Owing to the clearance of the fire trenches, the assaulting
+parties had, unfortunately, to move across the open. The nullah was
+twisted and partly covered by curving banks on either flank; so that it
+was hoped that our men might nevertheless avoid complete exposure. The
+great hope, however, was that the British guns would succeed in wrecking
+the redoubt that commanded the outlet of the nullah before the infantry
+moved.
+
+We waited at the spot where the support line ran down to the nullah and
+from which C Company was to emerge, while our artillery thundered
+against the enemy's position. Then the hour came, and C Company, under
+Chadwick (bravest of the brave), moved in single file into the nullah
+and onward towards the gap in the front-line barricade and the Turkish
+redoubt beyond.
+
+B Company, under Captain J.R. Creagh, followed in their wake.
+
+At the same time a battalion of the Manchesters, commanded by
+Lieut.-Col. Darlington, was launched against the Turkish line on the
+left of the redoubt, and another, under Lieut.-Col. Pilkington, against
+the line on its right. The redoubt itself was at the apex of a broad
+angle of trenches.
+
+It was at once obvious that our guns had been unable to affect the
+strength and resisting power of the enemy's front line. Each advancing
+wave of the Manchesters was swept away by machine-gun fire. A few of
+them gallantly reached the Turkish trenches and fell there. Long
+afterwards, during the last flicker of a British offensive in December,
+some Lowland Scots soldiers of the 52nd Division found in trenches on
+the west of the nullah the bodies of some of the Manchester men, who had
+also this day fought a way to their objective and perished.
+
+We saw shrapnel bursting along the nullah, through which C Company was
+passing, and progress seemed stopped. I ran along the deserted saps
+that connected our support line with the front firing trench, and came
+to the gap. Some twenty yards ahead, a group of about thirty men were
+lying together in the shallow water-course, mostly dead. Another group
+was gathered under cover by the gap. The rest of C and B Companies were
+still running up to the gap from the support line through the long grass
+of the nullah, and dropping in their tracks under the constant fire of
+the redoubt. Chadwick and J.R. Creagh were both in the forefront of the
+advance, and Chadwick signalled back its hopelessness. His subaltern,
+Bacon, had been the first to pass the gap, and had been killed on
+emerging. The whole battle in this sector was really over, and I stopped
+the men under cover from moving out into the open. In the late afternoon
+the survivors of the little group in front crawled back to safety. The
+dead were gathered in by the devoted stretcher-bearers under Sergeant
+Mort, during the evening. One party, under Corporal F. White, had alone
+penetrated to within a few yards of the redoubt. He held his men
+together through the afternoon and brought them in under cover of
+darkness, for which the D.C.M. was his reward. Mort had won the D.C.M.
+earlier in the campaign.
+
+All through that hot afternoon the wounded Manchesters trailed back to
+the busy dressing-stations, pictures of suffering and patience. The
+attack still further reduced the numbers of the original Territorial
+units, already greatly diminished by casualties.
+
+[Illustration: In Khartum Station.
+
+Col. Gresham. General Wingate.]
+
+[Illustration: In the Turkish trench captured on 4th June.]
+
+We wondered to what extent the effort at Cape Helles had eased the great
+task of the armies operating from Anzac and Suvla Bay. The guns used to
+boom all day long from the hidden north until the 22nd August, when the
+attempt was given up. Several weeks passed before we realised that the
+valiant armies there had laboured in vain, and that Sari-Bair had
+remained unconquered.
+
+We were far more conscious of the limited results of the battle on the
+Cape Helles side of Achi Baba.
+
+To the right of the line attacked by the Manchester Brigade and some 200
+yards east of Krithia nullah, the Lancashire Fusiliers succeeded, with
+great gallantry, in capturing a small plot known as the Vineyard, which
+the Turks in six days' hard fighting were unable to regain.
+
+Regarded purely as a holding attack during the main enterprise from
+Suvla, the offensive fully achieved its purpose. It was, however,
+difficult to look upon it in this somewhat narrow light from the point
+of view of a Regiment which took part in the actual adventure.
+
+Of the many personalities that struck one's imagination during this
+August battle, the majority were simply of the rank and file, whose
+pluck and unselfishness were incomparable. Of most I have forgotten the
+very names. There was a postman from Bradford, who was forty-seven years
+old and had thirteen children. I remember his telling me of South
+African experiences. He fell. Most of our men were far younger. Many
+were mere boys, whose days in the Camel Corps at Khartum had been their
+first taste of manhood. Their Company Sergeant-Major, Leigh, was
+mortally wounded by shrapnel while running up the nullah.
+
+Of our officers, Captains Smedley and Chadwick survived to be pillars of
+strength during the whole campaign. About the time when I finally left
+the unit Captain Smedley joined the Egyptian Army as a Bimbashi, and
+Chadwick the Royal Flying Corps. Chadwick received a Serbian decoration.
+
+Fawcus, who distinguished himself by his cool leadership on the night of
+the 6th August, left the Battalion very soon afterwards to conduct a
+newly formed Bombing School on the Peninsula. He was the recipient of
+many well-earned honours, and ultimately, as a battalion commander, won
+wider fame in another theatre of war.
+
+A number of the men received cards from Divisional Headquarters,
+expressing appreciation of their gallantry: Sergeants W. Harrison and
+M'Hugh; Corporal (afterwards Company Sergeant-Major) J. Joyce;
+Lance-Corporal (afterwards Lieutenant) G.W.F. Franklin; Lance-Corporal
+(afterwards Lieutenant) W.T. Thorp; Corporals Hulme and Cherry; Privates
+Anderson, Beckett, Bradbury, Fletcher, Hayes, Hamilton, Maher, Murphy
+and Walsh. Joyce was afterwards awarded the Russian Order of St George.
+
+On the 15th August 1915 we were relieved by a Lowland Scots Brigade of
+the 52nd Division, and moved to what were then called the Scotch
+dug-outs, a bivouac about two and a half miles behind the fire trenches
+upon the central plateau of the Peninsula. It was hot and dusty, but
+five minutes' walk led the weary to the cliff. We used to go down its
+steep side on to the coast road, full of soldiers of the Allied Armies,
+of carts and mules with long tassel fly protectors, and of Indian or
+Zionist muleteers. Across the road a lighter was moored, from which we
+bathed happily in a peaceful sea, with the pale blue contours of Imbros
+and Samothrace cut clearly against the sky, and our trawlers and
+cruisers moving up and down on their ceaseless watch between Cape Helles
+and Anzac. Here and here alone was it possible to forget the brown
+wilderness above the cliff, and all the toil and bloodshed between
+ourselves and the summit of Achi Baba.
+
+Casualties are soon forgotten in war. In the dusty and exposed dug-outs,
+which were now our refuge, men revived. After the recent losses, it was
+good to see our clever Territorials transforming what looked like dog
+biscuits into a palatable porridge, cooking rice and raisins, picking
+lice from their grey woollen shirts, reading papers (all very light and
+very old), grumbling, but ever cheerful. It was in the Scotch dug-outs
+that we heard of the loss of the _Royal Edward_ and of the German entry
+into Warsaw; but already mails and food held the first place in our
+minds. Man readjusts his sense of proportion as he enters a theatre of
+war.
+
+On the 19th August, Colonel Canning became temporary Brigadier. I thus
+became Commanding Officer in his absence. The same day we left our
+bivouac, and after a long, hot, march, through the dusty gorge called
+Gully Ravine, we relieved another unit in the firing line on the
+northerly side of that great artery of British life and traffic.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+TRENCH WARFARE ON GALLIPOLI
+
+
+The routine upon which the Battalion entered at this stage remained
+almost unchanged until the evacuation. Our Headquarters, where I slept
+when in command of the Battalion during Colonel Canning's various short
+spells as acting Brigadier, were usually in some heather-covered gorge,
+opening upon a deep blue sea. Essex Ravine was a frequent site. The side
+of this ravine which faced the north-east protruded beyond the side
+sheltered from the Turkish fire, and was thus forbidden ground. All down
+the slope were spread the dismembered remains of hundreds of Turks, who
+must have been slaughtered in retreat by guns from our warships in the
+AEgean Sea. It was impossible to bury them, owing to the enemy's fire.
+The other side, where we slept on a rocky ledge high above the sea, was
+still a beautiful glen.
+
+An hour before dawn we went round the lines, while the men "stood to."
+We returned for a bathe and breakfast in the open, while the destroyers
+used to pass to and fro between Cape Helles and the Gulf of Saros, and a
+pearly haze brooded over Imbros. Then back to the trenches, which were
+always dusty and fly-pestered, to visit men always under fire, but full
+of bravery and patience. Diarrhoea and dysentery were already sending
+many of them from the Peninsula. The trenches were often noisome. Only
+in the evening, with Imbros growing fainter in the fading day and
+Samothrace rising huge and cloudy behind, while the red and green lights
+of the hospital ships off Helles shone brightly across the water, was
+physical vigour possible. When I acted as Second in Command, as was more
+usual, my nights were spent in the centre of the firing line, with
+excellent telephonists like Hoyle or Clavering close to me, but the
+nights were usually quiet, and indeed it was not until the middle of
+September that the Turks showed any symptoms of the offensive spirit.
+Our casualties were mainly caused by random shots at night, which
+chanced to hit our sentries as they peered into the gloom over the
+parapet.
+
+After a fortnight's spell in the trenches, rest bivouacs were welcome as
+a change, though the name was a mere mockery. Mining and loading
+fatigues were incessant. I admired the humour of a Wigan sergeant, whom
+I heard encouraging a gang of perspiring soldiers, while carrying heavy
+ammunition boxes up a hill-side one sweltering afternoon, with the
+incitement that they must "Remember Belgium."
+
+For a Field Officer one of the most trying experiences of such breaks in
+the common routine was the task of presiding over field general
+courts-martial. Courts-martial under peace conditions are not without
+interest to a lawyer, but these in the field dealt wholly with grave
+charges, such as falling asleep while on sentry duty and other offences
+almost as dangerous and considerably more heinous morally. It was hard
+in many cases to reconcile the exigencies of war with the call of
+humanity, and the sense of responsibility was only partially relieved by
+the knowledge that a higher authority would give due weight to the
+extenuating circumstances that appealed so often to one's compassion.
+The introduction of "suspended sentences" by the Army (Suspension of
+Sentences) Act 1915, with a view to keep a man's rifle in the firing
+line, and to give an offender the chance of retrieving his liberty by
+subsequent devotion to duty, was probably the War's best addition to
+British Military Law. Nevertheless, the duty of acting as President on
+these occasions is found universally distasteful.
+
+There were, however, two great charms in these short intervals in trench
+warfare. First, it was delightful to escape to places where you could
+move erect and see something besides the brown wilderness of saps and
+cuts. A walk to Lancashire Landing along the coast road, between great
+rugged cliffs on one side and the rippling sea on the other, took us
+past the little colony of the Greek Labour Corps, and past terraces of
+new stone huts and sandbag dug-outs, which indicated the presence of
+Staff Officers. Looking seaward, we saw the hull of the sunken
+_Majestic_, a perpetual sign of the limitations of "sea power." We could
+then strike up from the beach and see the A.S.C. stores, admirably
+managed by Major (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) A. England, and pushing
+on to the top of the plateau, the whole area of warfare between
+Lancashire Landing and Achi Baba was at our feet.
+
+Even more delightful was the long series of entertainments which we
+organised in the Battalion, and which eventually drew large numbers from
+the rest of the 42nd Division. These entertainments were opened by
+lectures on history. Our men became familiar with the history and
+conditions of all the belligerent Powers, and were kept well acquainted
+with the developments of the actual military situation in Europe. They
+enjoyed these lectures. Education has its uses, after all. Then followed
+concerts, which were splendidly arranged by Regimental Sergeant-Major M.
+Hartnett, a veteran of Ladysmith and East Africa and a pillar of the
+Battalion, now, alas, dead, and by Quartermaster-Sergeant Mort, himself
+an adept as an entertainer. These "shows" used to start about 6.45 in
+the evening, and the vision of our tired boys scattered in the fast
+fading twilight on the slope of some narrow ravine beneath the serene,
+starry sky of Turkey will be among our most lasting memories of
+Gallipoli. The sentimental song was typical of the Territorial's taste.
+Even now I can hear the refrain sung by Company Sergeant-Major J.W.
+Woods:
+
+   "My heart's far away with the Colleen I adore;
+       Eileen alannah; Angus asthor."
+
+At the finish, before singing the National Anthem and the no less
+popular anthem of the Machine Gun Section, our men always sang: _Keep
+the Home Fires Burning_. The soldiers could have no better vesper hymn.
+
+On the 8th September 1915 we went into a new sector of trenches on
+either side of what was called Border Barricade. The name was, like
+Border Ravine, a relic of the Border Regiment, just as Skinner's Lane,
+Watling Street, Essex Ravine and Inniskilling Inch recalled the
+activities of other units.
+
+I can claim personal responsibility for placing Burlington Street and
+Greenheys Lane upon the map of Gallipoli. They are reminders of our
+Headquarters in Manchester.
+
+Border Barricade barred a moorland track which led upwards to higher
+ground where the Turks were strongly entrenched. Below it were little
+graveyards of Turkish and British dead, and below them the moors
+contracted into the narrow defile of Gully Ravine. Here on the 15th
+September we lost some casualties in a mine explosion, which the Turks
+had carefully timed for our evening's "Stand to." Dense columns of smoke
+and earth shot up high into the air, and the rapidly increasing darkness
+of the evening added greatly to our difficulties. Most gallant work was
+done in digging out buried men, a task of great danger, as the front
+trench was completely destroyed, and the Turks, whose trenches at this
+point were within ten yards of ours, were bombing heavily. Thirteen men
+lost their lives through the explosion. For some days afterwards this
+spot and an open space behind it were constantly sniped, and, as an
+addition to our troubles, one of our own trench mortars, fired by a
+neighbouring unit, landed in error in our lines, killing 3 men and
+wounding 4, including Captain Smedley. Later the Turks exploded further
+mines in the same area when it was occupied by other units.
+
+Our chief losses, however, were through illness. Captain P.H. Creagh,
+whose splendid work was rewarded by a D.S.O., left us at the end of
+August for good, and joined his own regiment in Mesopotamia. Before the
+end of September, Captain C.H. Williamson, the Brigade's excellent
+Signalling Officer (afterwards killed in action); Captain A.H. Tinker,
+at that time Machine Gun Officer, but afterwards most admirable of
+Company Commanders; Captains H.H. Nidd and J.R. Creagh, most careful of
+Company Officers; D. Norbury of the Machine Guns; Pain and Pilgrim,
+invaluable Somerset officers attached to us, all left the Battalion with
+jaundice. Burn and Bryan left it with dysentery; Morten with a poisoned
+hand.
+
+There was little indeed to cheer the men in the trenches. News
+percolated through to us of the failure at Suvla and of the hardships
+endured in that enterprise. Mails from home arrived all too slowly and
+precariously. Death was always present. We regretted the loss of Captain
+H.T. Cawley on the night of the 23rd September. He had given up a soft
+billet as A.D.C. to a Major General in order to share the lot of his
+old regiment, a battalion of the Manchesters, and was killed in a mine
+crater near Border Barricade.
+
+The spell in the trenches admitted of few variations. The journey to
+them was always burdensome. It is easy to recall the trek, on the 1st
+October 1915, of weary, dust-stained, overloaded men some three miles up
+the nullah, inches deep in dirty dust and under a broiling sun, to
+occupy narrow fire trenches, unprotected as ever by head cover, and
+pestilential with smells and flies. Yet once established in the
+trenches, life was tolerable enough. As a Field Officer I was fortunate
+to be able to escape at times to enjoy the intense luxury of
+sea-bathing. Sometimes the evenings were misty, and the fog-horns of our
+destroyers and trawlers carried faintly across the AEgean Sea. More often
+the sunsets were gorgeous. The day always seemed long. Firing was
+frequent but targets were rare. Some men curled themselves up between
+the narrow red walls of the trenches, read, dozed, smoked, talked, one
+or two in each traverse observing in turns through the periscope across
+the arid belt of No Man's Land, where groups of grey-clad Turks, killed
+long ago, still lay bleaching and reeking under the torrid sky. Others
+foraged behind for fuel, which could only be found with great
+difficulty. A little later dozens of fires would be crackling in the
+trenches, with dixies upon them full of stew or tea. Flies hovered in
+myriads over jam-pots. The sky was cloudless. Heat brooded over all. No
+one ever visited the trench except the Battalion Headquarters Staff and
+fatigue parties with water-bottles. Many soldiers stripped to the waist,
+and wore simply their sun helmets and shorts. Sickness alone drew men
+away. The soil was dark red, caked and crumbling. Here and there the
+dead were buried into the parados, with such inscriptions as "Sacred to
+the Memory of an Unknown Comrade. _R.I.P._"
+
+The Mule Sap connected the trenches with Headquarters. We gathered
+curios, Turkish and German, from among its debris. At Headquarters the
+telephone, orderly-room and dressing-station alone denoted the presence
+of war. They were fixed in a beautiful ravine, looking upon a smooth
+sea, warm in the sunlight, with Imbros ten miles across the water. The
+meals were of first importance, but sandbags are uncomfortable seats,
+and the heat was trying. Pleasant it was in the cool of the evening to
+go to sleep with one's Burberry as a pillow. The stars shone kindly
+down, as they had shone long ago upon the heroes of the Iliad on the
+Plains of Troy, seven miles away across the Dardanelles, upon the
+Crusaders and Byzantines. You were asleep in a moment, and hardly
+stirred until 5 A.M., when it was time for "Stand to." Daylight moved
+quickly across the desolate waste, and by six o'clock another day of war
+and waiting had dawned.
+
+The Territorial's thoughts turn to home far more often than do those of
+the Regular, for to him the family has always been more important than
+the regiment. H.C. Franklin, who took P.H. Creagh's place as our
+Adjutant at the end of August, and was an old Regular soldier of the
+Manchester Regiment, often said that the week's mail of a Territorial
+battalion is as large as six months' mails for a unit of the old Army.
+He told, too, a good story, which shows the perceptiveness of Indians.
+He was standing near to some Indian muleteers when the Manchester
+Territorial Brigade disembarked on Gallipoli. He heard them say in
+Hindustani: "Here is another of the regiments of shopkeepers." One
+pointed to Captain P.H. Creagh, our Adjutant and only Regular officer.
+He said: "But he is a soldier." Another said of Staveacre: "A fine, big
+man, but he also is of the shopkeepers."
+
+The story of trench warfare during these months on Gallipoli is
+undramatic. A record of their little episodes is almost trivial. Yet
+this want of movement and initiative is true to life, and was the common
+lot of the three or four British Divisions then responsible for
+operations at Cape Helles. The campaign, in fact, came to a standstill
+on the failure of the great offensive in August. The objects of the Army
+were simply to hold the ground so hardly won in the first two months of
+the expedition, and to contain as large as possible a Turkish force on
+Gallipoli for the benefit of our Russian Allies in the Caucasus and
+elsewhere. The first of these objects was attained in spite of the
+thinness of our line, the universal inferiority of our positions to
+those of the enemy, and the gradual improvement of their guns and
+aircraft. The Nizam--_i.e._ the Regular first-line Turkish troops--had
+been practically destroyed. The remainder lacked the offensive spirit
+after their heavy losses in August, and perhaps their hearts were not
+sufficiently in the struggle to welcome further sacrifice of life, with
+time already running in their favour. We heard of one British officer
+who had acted as a hostage during a short armistice at Anzac. The Turks
+loaded him with presents of fruit, and, pointing to their dead on the
+battle-field, said: "So much for your diplomatists and diplomacy!"
+
+Our second object, also, is believed to have been gained, so far as was
+possible, having regard to our inadequate numbers and to the limitations
+of our technique of the period. Bombing used at this time to be
+practised by small sections in each battalion, who occupied dangerous
+salients called "bird-cages" in the fire trenches. Here in our
+Battalion, G. Ross-Bain and W.H. Barratt among the officers, S. Clough
+and T. Hulme among the N.C.O.'s--all valiant men--won a modest measure
+of fame. On one occasion Hulme picked up a live bomb thrown by the enemy
+and saved his comrades' lives by throwing it over the parapet with
+splendid self-devotion. Our British sappers became more proficient in
+mining, special corps being formed from among the Wigan colliers of the
+Manchesters and the Lowland Scots. The guns were always active, and
+their co-operation with the infantry was perfected. Those who remember
+passing by night along the winding length of Inniskilling Inch will
+recall the red lamp that marked the artillery forward observation
+officer's post at the corner of Burlington Street, and the well-hidden
+gun emplacement, where Greenheys Lane ran out of the Mule Sap. The
+familiar street signs carried men's minds back to Manchester.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE STRAIN
+
+
+In the second week of October, 1915, the Army at Cape Helles was
+reinforced by dismounted Yeomanry from East and West Kent, Surrey and
+Sussex, and by some Royal Fusilier Territorial units from Malta, who
+were lent to the Royal Naval Division. Many West Kent officers and
+N.C.O.'s were for a time attached to the Battalion, and proved admirable
+comrades. The 42nd Division received some scanty drafts on the 23rd
+October. These came from the 3rd line units at Codford on Salisbury
+Plain, and were of excellent quality. Our draft was under Lieutenant
+C.S. Wood, a very able signaller.
+
+I noted on the 21st October that of the 300 men of the Battalion then in
+the field, nearly 100 were on detached jobs--signallers, machine gunners
+and details attached to various headquarters.
+
+The result of the shrinkage in strength was a great strain upon the
+survivors. "We never sleep," the Battalion's motto, was adopted
+grudgingly as a rule of life. The necessities of the firing line
+required vigilance by day and night, and the long frontages allotted to
+the various units of the 42nd Division entailed broken nights and
+laborious days for all. The men's physique became lowered. Septic sores
+were general; bad eyes, not infrequent; jaundice of a type indicating
+para-typhoid was common; amoebic dysentery very prevalent. Loss of
+health meant loss of vigour. Limited to one bottle of water a day for
+all purposes, and perpetually a prey to flies, heat, diarrhoea and
+want of rest, the soldier had a trying time. Rations of a type welcome
+in a northern climate were unpalatable in Turkey. In July and August we
+were liberally supplied with vegetables and raisins, and with
+much-prized golden syrup for our porridge; but the latter luxury then
+disappeared, while for several months our only vegetables were onions,
+which do not appeal to every palate. Jams, even when the pots were
+adorned with pictures of one Sir Joseph Paxton, had very diminishing
+attractions. The only strawberry jam we ever had on the Peninsula came
+to us in tins, from which the labels had been stripped by some kindly
+act of Providence. In the expedition's early days our men had been able
+to exchange English jams for dainties procurable by the French and
+Senegalese, but the monotonous and indefinable "plum and apple" of the
+later summer killed the trade and extinguished all foreign admiration of
+British jam-making. Only the flies were fascinated.
+
+Our East Lancashire Territorials did all that was possible to relieve
+the strain. We had a most able medical officer in Captain J.J. Hummel,
+of Glasgow, who had temporarily succeeded Captain J.F. Farrow (our own
+veteran M.O.) in July, but indeed all the units were happy in their
+doctors, and _emetine_ in dysentery cases was a gift of gold. Nor could
+a Brigade have had a more gallant and untiring padre than Captain E.T.
+Kerby. He and Captain Farrow both won the Military Cross. Kerby must
+have said the burial service over the graves of nearly a thousand
+Manchesters on Gallipoli.
+
+The food difficulty we met by encouraging unofficial imports. The
+kindness of all at home was beyond praise. Consignments of comforts were
+well regulated by Major H.G. Davies, who had charge of the Manchester
+depot, but many came direct from innumerable friends and national and
+local organisations. One mother of two boys of the Battalion who had
+lost their lives wrote to me, while sending parcels for their surviving
+comrades: "I dare say that life is dreary for them, poor lads. God in
+His mercy has been so very merciful in that my Darlings have been spared
+so much. My prayers will follow you throughout, praying for the success
+of the whole of Our Battalion, and that you may all be spared to come
+safely home to the fond hearts waiting."
+
+England need never despair while she has such mothers.
+
+The great glory of the East Lancashire Division during the long-drawn
+days of October and November was, however, the temper of its men. The
+spiritual exaltation, that all races feel at the outbreak of war and in
+the hour of battle, disappears under the pressure of the daily grind.
+Then, in his divine good-nature, the British Tommy comes into his own.
+Nothing dims his cheerfulness and humour. A chorus starting with: "We
+are the M.G." proclaimed the jollity of our Machine Gun Section and the
+ingenuity of Sergeant W. Harrison. A Machine Gun Corps of the larger
+type, organised under the energetic command of Captain Hayes, was a
+thing of the future. A long list of singers and performers--Hartnett,
+Mort, Addison (of ragtime celebrity), Wheelton, Holbrook, Hoyle,
+Clavering, Shields--adorned the programmes of our concerts. Other men
+like Tabbron and F.E.H. Barratt were notably cheery souls in the lines.
+The handful of surviving officers--Higham, Chadwick, Whitley,
+Douglas--with a few excellent attached officers--J. Baker and J.W.
+Barrett of the Somersets, and F.W. Woodward of the Sherwood
+Foresters--were untiring promoters of the men's well-being.
+
+Their wants were so modest. Old magazines and football editions of
+Saturday evening papers, published a month or two earlier in England,
+sufficed for their literary appetites. Lancashire boys are not brought
+up to read; the _Sentry_ writers were exceptional. When I once came upon
+a man reading the _Golden Treasury_, in Hardship Avenue, I knew he could
+not be a Manchester man. He was not. He came from the Isle of Man, and
+had joined our reserves at Southport. I found about half-a-dozen men
+who could enjoy _The Times_ broadsheets. I am afraid _John Bull_ was
+much more popular.
+
+It was pleasant indeed to stroll along the narrow trenches and see how
+staunchly the men forgot their privations. Towards evening little
+parties would go, heavy-laden, into long forward saps that the engineers
+had thrown forward from Inniskilling Inch, to pass the night in cuttings
+called "T-heads," which were ultimately to be connected together and
+form a new trench closer to the enemy. They looked out from these lonely
+places in the midst of No Man's Land upon scattered heaps of corpses,
+and in their front upon the well-built Turkish trenches, substantially
+wired in and full of cleverly disguised loopholes. Two sentries were
+placed in each "T-head." The man on watch was exposed to oblique fire
+from all directions, as both British and Turkish lines curved to right
+and left, while the constant sound of Turkish picks at work suggested
+the proximity of mines. The sap that ran back to the fire trench was
+very narrow, and ended in a low tunnel under our parapet. It was
+therefore hard to bring wounded in from the "T-head." I remember one
+poor fellow in A Company called Renshaw being badly wounded in the head
+one night, and being dragged back through the tunnel with infinite
+difficulty.
+
+The Turks were quick to pick up targets. One morning at our bivouac on
+Geoghegan's Bluff, we noticed half-a-dozen mules stray from Gully Ravine
+to the moor on the summit of its southerly side, perhaps a thousand
+yards from the enemy's front line. We saw them shot, one by one, within
+a minute. As the Turks enjoyed the possession of higher ground
+everywhere from first to last, their power of observation was
+necessarily greater than ours, and no corner of Cape Helles was exempt
+from shell fire. It pursued us even in our bathing places.
+
+The course of life on Gallipoli was, however, so monotonous that men
+became callous to all dangers. They carried on the long day's routine
+and the numberless little jobs included in the term "trench duties," as
+if nothing else mattered. Such tasks are familiar to-day to so many
+millions of Europeans that they need no description. Gas masks,
+sprinklers and gongs were ready for use in every trench, but were
+happily not needed.
+
+Our men represented every Lancashire type, from the master builder to
+the barrister's clerk, from the wheelwright to the calico printer, from
+the railway carter to the commercial traveller. You would find together
+in one traverse Sergeant J.V.H. Hogan, a well-read ex-Socialist devotee
+of Union Chapel debates and old political opponent of my own, and
+another sergeant, whose name I cannot now recall, but who had been the
+petty officer of a South American liner sunk by the _Karlsruhe_ in the
+early days of the War. Then we had famous footballers in Sergeants
+Pearson and Bamber. The Territorial origin of the Battalion was, indeed,
+a never-failing source of strength. Officers and men came from the same
+place, enjoyed the same interests and possessed the same outlook. It
+was pleasant to see in the trenches, faces familiar in my own suburb of
+Fallowfield, and to chat with hundreds of men whose lives had touched
+mine in days of peace.
+
+The worth and capacity of these men were not peculiar to our unit, but
+were common to the Manchester Brigade and the whole Division. One
+battalion contained expert miners. Another battalion, at this time
+commanded by Major (afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel) C.L. Worthington, had
+lost enormously in their valiant battles. One of their captains--R.H.
+Bedford--helped in our history lectures. Another battalion, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel MacCarthy Morrogh, with Major H.C.F. Mandley as
+Second in Command and Captain E. Horsfall as Adjutant, were our constant
+neighbours and allies. With the Lancashire Fusiliers and East
+Lancashires, and with the admirably run A.S.C. and R.A.M.C. we enjoyed a
+slighter but no less hearty friendship.
+
+The best relief from the long strain of the trenches was a bathe in the
+sea, but any diversion while in rear of the firing line was
+exhilarating. We used to gather on the moors that lay between
+Geoghegan's Bluff and Bruce's Ravine, Turkish cartridge boxes made by
+the Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken at Karlsruhe and labelled with
+inscriptions in German and Turkish, innumerable spent Turkish
+cartridges, abandoned Maeuser rifles, Turkish bandoliers (stamped with
+the English name "Warner's") and all the usual fascinating debris of
+battle.
+
+[Illustration: C COMPANY, THE BRITISH CAMEL COMPANY, KHARTUM.]
+
+On the 19th October I made a special expedition, with Captain C.E.
+Higham, to the southern sector of the area, where the French had held
+the line ever since their move from Kum Kale to the Peninsula. We walked
+to beautiful Morto Bay, with its graceful curve from the headland called
+De Tott's Battery. The ruins on this point, carried by the South Wales
+Borderers on the 25th April, stood out clear-cut against the bright blue
+of the Dardanelles and the fainter grey of the Asiatic coast beyond. We
+went on past French and Senegalese dug-outs to Sedd-el-Bahr, a village
+and fort wrecked by our naval guns in the first days of the campaign.
+The country was open and dotted with the remains of vineyards. North of
+Sedd-el-Bahr was the well-tended French graveyard, more prettily kept
+than our own cemetery above Lancashire Landing. Here sleep many hundred
+soldiers, "morts sur le champs d'honneur," their _kepis_ on the crosses,
+and their graves adorned by flowers. The Jews and Senegalese had their
+own separate plots.
+
+Sedd-el-Bahr appeared to be but a collection of outer walls and broken
+pillars, posts and fountains, some of archaic design. On the beach
+below, the _River Clyde_ recalled the glory of the landing of the
+Dublins, Hampshires and Munsters. We struggled back to our bivouac in
+the teeth of a dusty, warm wind, to be inoculated with _emetine_ and to
+rest by the white coast road, while we watched our monitors riding
+between Cape Helles and Imbros, and landing shells in the Turkish
+trenches on the slopes of Achi Baba. On such an occasion Ross Bain would
+arrive from marketing among the Greeks on Tenedos with some greatly
+valued potatoes, and then all our troubles would be forgotten.
+
+When rain came, the joy of living was hard to attain. During all our
+time on Gallipoli I remember but one or two occasions when we were
+fortunate enough to secure timber or some corrugated iron to roof our
+dug-outs. Normally we had only our mackintosh sheets. Rain turned the
+thick dust to a brown morass, and the little mule carts struggling past
+the swampy curve of Geoghegan's Bluff could hardly clamber up the Gully
+Ravine. It was choked with mud.
+
+Then the sun would come out and the flies returned in their myriads to
+plague us. They blackened every jam-pot and clustered thickly round the
+mouths and eyes of sleeping soldiers. The trenches became dry and dusty.
+Detached legs or feet or arms of the dead would protrude from the
+parapet, as the soil around them fell away. Smells became all-pervading.
+We would seek refuge in the dug-outs, that looked out upon a crowded
+graveyard from the sloping incline by Border Barricade. Then would come
+the time for another inoculation with _emetine_, and we would join the
+long line of men waiting, stripped to the waist, for Captain Hummel's
+needle. We prayed that it might be effective, and that we should be
+spared the curse of dysentery and long nights of misery in and about the
+fly-infested latrines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE LIMIT
+
+
+In the balmy days of late October it was still possible to enjoy life on
+Gallipoli. The ceaseless vigil of the trenches was cheered by contact
+with the bravest men I have known. The dirt and drudgery of rest
+bivouacs were assuaged by bathing, and by jolly "missing word
+competitions" and "sing-songs," as well as our courses of lectures and
+discussions on history, politics, the War, and the England to arise
+after the War.
+
+Talk gravitated again and again to the tragedy of the 4th June. I have a
+record of one such symposium, that illuminates the infinite variety of
+human nature. "Franklin says that he and Staveacre could see in the far
+forefront of the battle Sergeant Marvin engage four Turks simultaneously
+with his bayonet till shot dead. But X. boggled at going over the
+parapet. He was told: 'You are a disgrace to the Manchester Regiment.'
+He replied: 'I shall never let that be said of me,' rose to climb over,
+and was blown to bits by a shell. Whitley carried a badly wounded man a
+long way under fire. Creery did splendidly." It may be added that
+Whitley's act was afterwards recognised by an award of the Military
+Cross. He became Staff Captain at Ismailia. W.F. Creery joined the
+Connaught Rangers and was mentioned in dispatches.
+
+Another hero of the men's reminiscences was Captain A.H. Tinker. One
+night during the first month of the campaign a working party had lost
+itself on the moor. It was so dark that they ran great risk of straying
+into the enemy's lines--a fate that befell a number of our men at this
+period in that broken country. In spite of the proximity of the Turks,
+Tinker left the trenches and boldly sought the men himself, calling out
+loudly for them. They heard him and made their way back.
+
+The days of initiative and enterprise had, however, passed. The wind and
+grit gave the strongest of us sore throats and high temperatures, and I
+gradually joined the crowded ranks of sick men "on light duty only." At
+the beginning of November we moved to the northern extremity of the
+Allies' line across the Peninsula, and here I saw the last phase of our
+warfare on Gallipoli. Sir Ian Hamilton had gone. All ideas of a renewed
+offensive had disappeared. After the 24th October the Turks enjoyed
+direct communication with Germany, and at Cape Helles there was no sign
+of revived strategy or rejuvenated tactics. Our work was simply to carry
+on and hold out. Some of the other Divisions took steps to guard their
+men against the menace of a "Crimean winter" by preparing sheltered
+quarters. Great flights of geese used to fly in V-shaped formations high
+over our heads on their way from Russia to Egypt. They were augurs of
+our own eventual migration.
+
+The new position of the Battalion was on Fusilier Bluff, a mile to the
+west of the ruins of Krithia. The left ran straight down to the sea,
+where monitors used to shell the enemy's positions, while destroyers
+watched the flank, and at night played flashlights on the ravine that
+divided us from the next bluff, where the Turks were entrenched. This
+ground had been won in the brilliant British advance of the 28th June.
+The Turkish line was close to ours, and our men were always on the
+strain. Incidents were common. On the 2nd November a Turk crawled along
+the beach with a white flag, and surrendered. At night the Turks built
+up in front of their parapet, and two were shot by Sergeant Stanton. One
+of our men was killed and two were wounded. On the 3rd, another man was
+killed by a bomb, while the daily drain of sickness went on unabated.
+General Elliott, at this period our Brigadier, was an energetic pioneer
+of new methods and more vigorous tactics. He had the Mule Saps improved.
+
+Even, however, in the secluded Headquarters at Bruce's Ravine I could
+not keep my health, and Hummel's art was unavailing.
+
+The average soldier on Gallipoli broke down after a month or two.
+Comparatively few endured more than three months. Of our officers only
+Scott (the Quartermaster) and Fawcus were on the Peninsula from start to
+finish, though Colonel Canning, Higham and Chadwick had almost as fine
+a record. Few of the sick came back to Turkey.
+
+Some, like my first batman Dinsdale, died in hospital at Alexandria or
+in Malta. Many went to England and passed into other units. Others
+rejoined later in Egypt. Somehow, in peace times we had never imagined
+that the Battalion could be so dispersed and broken.
+
+My departure from Gallipoli is perhaps worth a description. Would that
+the wounded heroes of the landing could have received a hundredth part
+of the same care!
+
+I left Border Ravine at six in the evening of the 5th November 1915,
+with a high temperature, and feeling very ill. I walked down to the 1st
+Field Ambulance Dressing Station in "Y" Ravine, where Captain
+Fitzgerald, R.A.M.C., directed me on to the base of that Ambulance in
+Gully Ravine. Here my servant, Hawkins, left me, and two medical
+orderlies carried my traps. Alas, I left behind me a much-prized Turkish
+copper basin and bayonet, spoils of war, which I never saw again. We
+walked two miles along the rough and dusky beach, a full tide washing
+over our feet and throwing many dead mules high upon the pebbles. At the
+station I got a cup of hot milk, and spent the night on a stretcher.
+Next morning my case was diagnosed as one of fever and swollen glands,
+by Captain John Morley, R.A.M.C., most brilliant of surgeons, and at ten
+o'clock (cherishing a label marked "Base") I was swirled off in a motor
+ambulance to No. 17 Stationary Hospital above the beach known as
+Lancashire Landing since its glorious capture by the Lancashire
+Fusiliers on the 25th April. At 4.15 in the afternoon we motored off
+once more and boarded a steam launch, whence we transshipped to an
+uncomfortable lighter. At 6.30, in the dark, we were lifted by a crane
+into the P. & O. hospital ship _Delta_, where 500 sick and wounded were
+being collected. Dinner consisted of bread and milk only for many of us,
+but we revelled in the luxury of bed and bath. Next morning I sat on the
+sunny side of the deck. The shady side, chilly in the November air,
+looked out upon Cape Helles, with Achi Baba rising straight behind it,
+and to the left upon the grey succession of landing-places, enshrined in
+so many English hearts.
+
+We sailed the next morning, and thus avoided the misery of the great
+November blizzard on the Peninsula.
+
+The Division remained on the Peninsula until the 29th December.
+Dysentery abated and the flies vanished, but gale and storm carried on
+the strain, and frostbite was added to the men's trials. The Turks seem
+to have much increased their supply of munitions, and the loss of life
+continued day by day. "Asiatic Annie" and other guns across the straits
+showed renewed activity. A mine explosion on the 4th December killed one
+of our men and injured eight. Two popular privates, Hancock and Lee,
+were killed on Christmas Day. One singular innovation was the Turkish
+practice of shooting steel-headed darts from their aeroplanes. Their
+chance of striking any man was, luckily, very small.
+
+Nothing daunted the spirit of East Lancashire. Our men held concerts to
+the very last, and the football eleven survived three rounds of an Army
+Corps competition, losing their tie in the fourth round on a field in
+which shells burst repeatedly to the discomfort of the players. Captains
+J.F. Farrow, F. Hayes and E. Townson returned to strengthen the small
+band of officers, while R.J.R. Baker, who had been intercepted on his
+way out and sent to Suvla Bay, was released for service with us.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+LAST WORDS ON GALLIPOLI
+
+
+The last I saw of the trenches was the tangled line on Fusilier Bluff.
+The last I saw of Gallipoli was the fading contour of its cliffs as we
+sailed in the _Delta_ for Mudros and Alexandria. When we touched at
+Mudros we heard the first whisper of Lord Kitchener's fateful visit to
+the Eastern Mediterranean.
+
+All questions relating to the initiation and conduct of the expedition
+are fitly left to the judgment of the Dardanelles Commission. Here have
+only been expressed ideas that occurred to a Regimental Officer, whose
+range of vision is always restricted, and whose generalisations are
+inevitably based on a narrow, personal experience. Yet such ideas may
+still have a bearing upon the history of the campaign, as the whole
+theatre of operations at Cape Helles was extraordinarily congested. In a
+tiny area, barely three miles by four, strategy had no elbow-room when
+once the Army was committed to the plan of operations that had been
+adopted. The war with the Turks on the Peninsula became purely a war of
+tactics. If Inkermann was "the soldier's battle," Gallipoli was the
+soldier's campaign.
+
+It is easy to criticise in the light of a later standard. Gallipoli was
+invaded early in 1915, not in 1916 or 1917, when the whole technique of
+assault had been revolutionised. We landed with the methods practised in
+England since the Boer War, methods as out of date in France in 1917 as
+Wellington's methods were in 1815. On later knowledge no one can doubt
+that a vast concentration of gun power, infinitely equipped and
+munitioned, a scientific use of barrage fire, nicely adjusted to the
+movements of a great infantry force, itself organised to develop the
+fullest use of machine guns, Lewis guns, and grenades, would have broken
+the defences of Achi Baba. Our Army knew none of these advantages. The
+artillery was inadequate and was inadequately supplied with high
+explosives to prepare for an attack in the style afterwards perfected on
+the Western Front. It was realised nowhere at this period that the role
+of infantry in attack is quite secondary to that of the guns. The
+bombardment that preceded the infantry assaults at Cape Helles in August
+did not last over two hours, and certainly never hit the trenches
+actually in front of the Manchester Territorial Brigade. The gunners
+could do no more than they did. The resources at their disposal were
+quite insufficient to atone for the Army's difficulties in point of
+numbers and in point of ground. It would appear as if we enjoyed no real
+ascendancy over the enemy either in aircraft or mining. Bombing was most
+unfamiliar to us on arrival. It appeals to the English sportsman
+greatly and came to be brilliantly practised, but it was rarely a
+determining element. The Battalion bombers on Gallipoli were officially
+known as Grenadiers. Steel hats were, of course, unknown. They would
+have saved many lives. Visual signalling, on which pains had been
+lavished during training, proved of little use. The telephone, however,
+was a godsend, and in our Battalion was admirably worked by Sergeant
+Stanton.
+
+The one handicap that was above all others a constant and pervading
+thought in the minds of our men was the shortage in numbers. It was a
+common belief that more reinforcements would have carried the great
+advances of June and July over every obstacle. Our drafts were always
+too small and too few, and the want of men infinitely aggravated the
+exhaustion of the survivors. With but a part of its old strength, and
+with no supports whatever between itself and the beaches, a battalion
+was still expected to hold the same length of line as when it was up to
+strength. Some two hundred men, for instance, occupied the long stretch
+of trenches from Skinner's Lane corner to the eastern bird-cage and its
+numerous forward saps, upon which men had once been employed. The task
+involved weeks of scanty and broken sleep, and caused our support and
+reserve lines to be utterly untenanted. Fatigue work was necessary the
+very hour that a unit had straggled down to a bivouac from the fire
+trenches. So precious was man power that the doctors were forced to
+keep unfit men at duty until they dropped. It is impossible to imagine
+men more worn by sleeplessness and sickness than the jaded Manchester
+Territorials at the end of a fortnight in the front line. On a moving
+day Gully Ravine was littered with men who had fallen out of the ranks
+of a dozen regiments as they trudged, heavily laden, along the winding
+and dust-swept track.
+
+Sir Ian Hamilton wrote of our men early in August: "The ---- Manchesters
+are a really good Battalion. Indeed, the whole of that Brigade have
+proved themselves equal to veteran Regulars. The great misfortune has
+been that there are no drafts ready to fill them up quickly. Had they
+been at once filled up, as is the case in France, they would be finer
+than ever. As it is, I fear lest the remnants may form too narrow a
+basis for proper reconstruction when ultimately the drafts do make their
+appearance."
+
+The drafts we received on Gallipoli were the cream of the 2nd and 3rd
+reserve lines, which had been organised at home under Colonels Pollitt
+and Hawkins. They gave up their ease and often their ranks in order to
+serve England better, but their numbers were small. The work of
+reconstruction, to which Sir Ian Hamilton looked forward, came
+afterwards in Egypt.
+
+Sometimes the infantryman wondered whether, even if the essential
+reinforcements arrived, they would ensure victory. On this point it is
+difficult to judge. The home Government had committed itself to the
+project of an offensive on the Western Front in the autumn of 1915, in
+spite of the huge obstacles that confronted the Allies in that theatre
+of war. The tactics of the period did not even organise trench raids.
+
+The memory that dominates all recollections of Gallipoli is that of the
+grandeur of the British soldier. Though he took no part in the miracle
+of the landings, the East Lancashire Territorial proved himself worthy
+of comradeship with even "the incomparable 29th Division." He ranked
+with the Anzac and the Lowland Scot in the great adventure. The original
+1st-line of our Battalion were really destroyed in Turkey with their
+comrades of the same Brigade, but their gallantry in the early assaults
+and their inflexible fortitude in the trenches--pestered by flies,
+enfeebled by dysentery, stinted of water, and worn out by hardships--are
+a lasting title to honour.
+
+Their story, as told in the pages of the _Sentry_, was read by General
+Wingate a few months later "with mixed feelings of joy and
+sorrow--sorrow for the many good friends who have laid down their lives
+for their King and Country, and joy that it has fallen to the lot of the
+gallant Battalion, of which I have the honour to be Colonel, to have
+behaved so gloriously in one of the hardest and most deadly campaigns in
+which British troops have ever been engaged."
+
+It is a source of pride to have known and lived with such men.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+REVIVAL IN EGYPT
+
+
+A large proportion of the sick and wounded invalided from Gallipoli
+became familiar with one or other of the Alexandria hospitals. I spent a
+week at Victoria College, which had become No. 17 General Hospital, with
+Sister Neville, whose devotion to duty the Battalion had learnt when at
+Khartum, as Matron. Thence I went to No. 10 Convalescent Hospital at
+Ibra-himieh, once the stately house of an interned German called
+Lindemann but now converted into a comfortable home under the care of Mr
+and Mrs Scott. British leniency still reserved its tempting orangery for
+the use of local Huns. It is the English way.
+
+When the evacuation of Gallipoli was contemplated, every hospital was
+cleared as far as possible of inmates, and I was one of the many
+officers who in early December were turned adrift either to the hotels
+of Alexandria or the great waiting camps of Mustapha and Sidi Bish.
+
+The mere narrative of a holiday period at Alexandria has no public
+interest. We learnt to know Levantine and Egyptian mentality better than
+ever. When at Khartum an Egyptian _dobey_ (washerman) had amused us by
+soliciting Regimental custom in preference to his competitors, not on
+the ground that he washed clothes better or charged less, but solely, he
+said, because the other _dobeys_ were "terribly wicked men." So at
+Alexandria, every pedlar was the one honest follower of his craft. Yet
+its population is more European than Egyptian. The shops were full of
+the picture post cards of Italy and France, and portraits of Venezelos
+were to be seen everywhere, adorned with the pale blue and white
+national colours of Greece. Probably Mr Lloyd George's fame enjoys even
+wider bounds. I have seen his likeness enshrined in wattle huts at
+Omdurman and Wadi Halfa.
+
+I touched unfamiliar minor issues of the War on the two occasions when I
+sat as a member of the military court, which sits for the purpose of
+enforcing proclamations issued by the supreme British military authority
+in Egypt, and thus tides over the time that has to pass before the
+Capitulations are abolished and a regular system of uniform justice
+established. A day thus spent at the Carracol Attarine gives a fine
+insight into the blessings of British occupation.
+
+Most of the cases that I heard turned on the adulteration and
+falsification of liquors. Egypt has had no licensing laws; and no effort
+to apply elementary principles of fair dealing to the drink trade had
+apparently been made until initiated under military law for the
+protection of the troops. Foreign wine dealers at Alexandria
+consequently flooded the market with spurious liquor, concocted from
+the weirdest raw materials. The only genuine claim they could set up for
+their merchandise was that it was at all events alcoholic. Owing to the
+utilisation of refuse beet and potatoes, alcohol is cheap in Egypt. By
+blending pure alcohol to the extent of anything up to ninety per cent.
+of the whole concoction with any particular paste or colouring matter,
+it is open to wine dealers to pass off any liquid as the most popular of
+wines or spirits. Case after case came before the court, of beer made of
+alcohol and powder; wine of colouring matter, alcohol and paste; brandy
+of "essences"; and bitters of "Chinese elixirs." The falsifying
+appliances came from Europe, but the bogus labels, which described those
+poisons as "specially adapted for invalids and bottled in Glasgow,
+Scotland," or even offered 25,000 francs to any who could prove that
+so-called Greek "Koniak" was not "the pure juice of the grape," were
+amusingly Levantine. British justice is sweeping away these pitfalls for
+the soldier and sailor.
+
+Egypt was at this time a centre of Anzac relaxation. To have explored
+the tombs of the kings with a New Zealander, paced the roof of the Cairo
+Citadel with Australians, and watched the colonial celebrations of
+Christmas in the Alexandria streets is a political education. No
+Englishman after the War will be ignorant of that golden New World,
+where all the labour is well paid, all hours of work are limited, and
+all shops close at noon on Saturdays. In any competition for the glory
+of being God's own country
+
+   "Australia will be there."
+
+We were, however, at war. As a field officer, I had the duty of
+attending the burial of British soldiers in the Christian cemetery at
+Alexandria on Christmas Eve, 1915. Since the outbreak of the War the
+graveyard had extended from its original site, prettily shaded by
+foliage, over an adjacent waste of sand and rubble, where over 2500 of
+our men who died of wounds or disease at this base had already at this
+date been laid to rest. Here sleep many Manchester Territorials. In the
+midst of many graves, identified only by numbers, a black cross recalls
+the memory of Mundy, one of our gallant Company Sergeant-Majors.
+
+On the 30th December 1915 I left Alexandria for the Dardanelles on the
+_Arcadian_, Sir Ian Hamilton's old ship, once most luxurious of steam
+yachts but destined to be torpedoed on the 15th April 1917 in these same
+waters. It carried some details for the various Divisions still believed
+to be holding Cape Helles. We sailed in long zigzags through a rough sea
+to within a few hours' distance from Lemnos. We were then ordered back
+by wireless to Alexandria, landing there, much to our chagrin, on the
+6th January 1916. Two days later Cape Helles was evacuated. It was never
+known whether our departure from Egypt had been a piece of bluff
+designed to cloak the impending move from Gallipoli, or a sheer
+accident arising from ignorance at Alexandria of the true intentions of
+the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Headquarters.
+
+From the date of the _Arcadian's_ return down to the end of January, the
+large waiting drafts at Alexandria remained in tantalising inactivity,
+in spite of the passage of the Gallipoli survivors southward through
+Alexandria. The East Lancashire details forgathered at Mustapha on the
+site of the famous victory of 1801, and near the pretty white obelisk
+that commemorates Sir Ralph Abercromby. The time was filled as best
+could be by route marches, history lectures and various competitions,
+until at last we had orders to rejoin the Division. We moved from Sidi
+Gaber station to Cairo, and thence by trams to Mena, where, with "forty
+centuries" looking down upon us, we found what was left of the
+Manchester Territorial Brigade, then under General Elliott's command.
+The Battalion numbered close on 300 men.
+
+Our stay at Mena was short, for infinite labour was now urgently needed
+on the Sinai Peninsula. In the early stages of the War, the Suez Canal
+had been treated as itself the main obstacle to an attack on Egypt.
+Outlying posts like El Arish had been abandoned, and Sinai left almost
+bare of defences. This policy accounts for the ease with which the Turks
+had actually gained the Canal bank in February, 1915. It was now
+recognised that defensive lines should run on the Asiatic side of the
+Canal in order to make it impossible for any invader to come within
+gunshot of the waterway. Three possible routes were open to the enemy.
+The northerly coast road by El Arish and Katia was the best, and enjoyed
+a Napoleonic tradition, but naval co-operation made its defence easy. A
+central track ran from El Audjo at the end of the main Palestine railway
+embankment to Bir Hassana, and might be used against Ismailia. A
+southerly approach was possible through Akaba and Nekl, and thence by
+the main pilgrims' road, the Darb El Haj, to Suez.
+
+The Division was now to be employed in creating some of the new posts of
+defence, by which all such dreams of attack were to be dispelled. The
+strategy was passive, but it paved the way for the offensive undertaken
+in the ensuing summer.
+
+On the bitterly cold night of the 1st February 1916 we left Mena. Before
+noon on the 2nd we reached Shallufa sidings. In the evening we crossed
+the Canal, and bivouacked in gathering darkness on a desert site known
+later as Shallufa Camp. The days of rest were over.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+ON THE SUEZ CANAL
+
+
+During February of this year the Battalion was engaged upon an inner
+line of works within easy walking distance of the Canal. A semicircular
+outpost line, which covered these works and the Brigade camp, was
+occupied nightly, but there was no real danger of attack. Beyond the
+outpost line a distant screen of posts, whose names recalled Lancashire,
+were in course of construction.
+
+Life under such conditions gave no scope for ideas. The men did set
+tasks as fatigue work. There was no tactical training. Gangs drew a
+chain ferry to and fro across the Canal, while Lieutenant A.N. Kay acted
+as wharfmaster. Several days were given to moving camp a few hundred
+yards north or south within a small area. Two detached posts were held
+at this period. One far out among the rolling sandhills, skilfully laid
+out by Captain A.H. Tinker, was known for a week or two as Ardwick, and
+then abandoned. Another, very ably commanded by Captain C. Norbury, was
+the far more fascinating blockhouse known as Gurkha Post, noted for its
+bathing, fishing and agreeable remoteness from staff officers. It was
+delightful to ride out from Shallufa camp along a track called "the
+pilgrims' way" to so charming a spot for a swim in the Canal and
+pleasures impossible on the dust-swept desert. A few hundred yards to
+the north, a little white tower called Lonesome Post long flaunted in
+red paint the Battalion's name and motto for the edification of passing
+liners. What have become of like devices that were once deep cut on the
+scarped cliff of Bruce's Ravine on Gallipoli?
+
+One amusing experience of this period was to bathe in the Canal while
+the transports were passing with newly trained drafts for Mesopotamia or
+India. "Who are you?" was the invariable cry from the banks. Our
+war-worn men received usually the answering taunt: "Garrison duty only!
+When are you going to do your bit?" To the call: "Who are you?" from a
+transport, a witty diver replied: "A submarine."
+
+The whole Canal zone from Port Said to Suez was in reality a hive of
+workers. A visit to the School and Headquarters of the Royal Flying
+Corps threw a flood of light on that brilliant service. Its observers
+commanded every track and camping ground of the Sinai desert.
+
+While the Canal was being girdled by defence works the Manchester
+Territorial Brigade was regaining the physical vitality lost in Turkey.
+Apart from sandstorms, the climate was good. Sports, football, concerts,
+buried-treasure hunts, competitions "for the singing championship of
+Asia" and other sounding honours, and much bathing helped us to recover
+health and joy. Our numbers remained much below strength. Perhaps 130 of
+the original unit remained, with some 250 who had come to Turkey in
+drafts. To these hardly 100 were added at this period.
+
+Such officers and men, however, as did reach us from the two reserve
+units at home were of the best. They lost temporary rank on re-posting,
+and knew that weaker vessels had succeeded to their place on English
+camping grounds. Those who came from another battalion had been
+specially fortunate in their training, and in having the inspiring
+influence in their midst of Captain J.H. Thorpe, but all alike were
+keen. Their anxiety to learn was palpable whenever we went the round of
+the chilly desert outposts under the starry sky.
+
+Battalion patriotism was kindled anew by the adoption as a flash of the
+old Lincoln green fleur-de-lis of the Manchesters, a cap badge worn by
+us since 1889, and a relic of the conquest of Guadaloupe by the 63rd
+Regiment in 1759. No less inspiring was the revival of the _Sentry_ on
+the 1st March 1917. Of its staff of fifteen when published at Khartum,
+nine had died on Gallipoli. Their places were filled by new enthusiasts,
+and one genuine poet was discovered in T.G. King.
+
+Our one lasting loss while at Shallufa was the departure of nearly all
+the time-expired Territorials to England. Those under forty-one years of
+age were retaken later by the Government under its new powers of
+conscription, but the Battalion saw few of them more. These men--W.
+Jones, Mort, Woods, Stanton, Fielding, Lyth, Bracken, Houghton, Dermody,
+Parkinson, Barber--were the salt of the Regiment. During the long years
+when Territorial service had been irksome and unfashionable, they made
+it succeed. With a few old hands like Regimental Quartermaster-Sergeant
+Ogden, who elected to remain with the unit, they had borne the burden of
+the trenches manfully, and never grumbled as to their status while
+commissions were showered on men at home whose claims, compared with
+theirs, were modest.
+
+[Illustration: _Back Row_--Lieut. T.F. Brown, Lieut. N.H.P. Whitley,
+Lieut. J.H. Thorpe, Lieut. G.S. Lockwood.
+
+_Front Row_--Capt. R.V. Rylands, Capt. H. Smedley.]
+
+On the 24th March 1916 the Brigade left Shallufa, and on the morning of
+the 25th marched into Suez New Camp to undergo training. The move was
+welcome, as it was imagined to lead to a departure for a more active
+theatre of war.
+
+The type of training adopted at Suez derived its inspiration from the
+French Army, whose text-books of 1916 taught that close order drill and
+punctilious discipline, tempered by games and sports, were ideal means
+of reviving the all-important offensive spirit in units.
+
+The four and a half weeks spent by the Battalion at Suez were therefore
+crowded with field days and ceremonial drill. On the 21th May there was
+a striking review of the whole Division, followed by a march past in
+blinding dust. Days of this type, however, even if they mean rising at
+four in the morning and include Brigade bathes in the warm, blue Gulf of
+Suez, followed by breakfast on a sun-baked shore, are the same all the
+world over. They are not worth discussing in writing of the fateful time
+which witnessed the great German attack upon Verdun and Fort Douaumont.
+
+At all events, Suez saw the reconstruction of the Manchester Territorial
+units completed. The sense of vitality, without which no army can take
+the offensive, was fully restored. We had spirited sham fights with
+another battalion of the Manchesters for the possession of "Tower 16," a
+solitary landmark on the caravan track to Cairo, after the manner of the
+pre-War era. The _Sentry_ blossomed as the first English paper of the
+country. Two thousand copies used to be sold at Suez alone. Our men
+competed for Colonel Canning's football cup and played a great match
+with the crew of the _Ben-my-Chree_, the famous seaplane carrier, sunk
+by gunfire, alas, some eight months later in Kastelorizo Harbour. The
+"Flashes" gave notable concerts.
+
+From the 21st April I again enjoyed the command of the Battalion.
+Colonel Canning went on leave to England, and his distinguished services
+were recognised soon afterwards by a C.M.G.
+
+Towards the end of May, 1916, the Division was unexpectedly ordered to
+move from Suez, and broken up in order to supply battalions for digging
+work at various spots on the eastern side of the Canal--mainly on the
+then most advanced screen of detached infantry posts--where the existing
+defence scheme had not progressed with sufficient speed. A more
+combative strategy was obviously contemplated, no doubt provoked by the
+recent action at Katia. In the late afternoon of the 25th May the
+Battalion started on their march into the Sinai Peninsula. The transport
+was left at Suez under Lieutenant M. Norbury and Sergeant A.B. Wells,
+and with Captain A.T. Ward Jones as Brigade Transport Officer.
+
+Among the posts thrown out into the Peninsula, none at that time was
+more desolate or remote than the sandy ridge called Ashton-in-Sinai,
+apparently in honour of Ashton-under-Lyne. It lies many miles to the
+east of the Little Bitter Lake. The trek to this spot by way of Kubri
+and Shallufa was an ordeal even for our seasoned troops in the blazing
+heat of an African summer. At 3 A.M. on the 27th May the Battalion set
+out from their chilly bivouac by the Y.M.C.A. hut at Shallufa along a
+road made by the Egyptian Labour Corps to a site called Railhead, about
+ten miles off, where we rested during the broiling day. At four in the
+afternoon we started on the worst lap of the trek, a final two hours'
+ascent across the softest and heaviest sand imaginable to the high
+rolling dunes of Ashton.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+SINAI
+
+
+The view at Ashton is superb. Looking back on Africa, we saw on the
+horizon the pale contour of the Gebel Ataki beyond the silvery line of
+the Bitter Lakes and the Canal. On its Asiatic side, the detached posts
+of Oldham, Railhead, and Salford, held by other battalions of the
+Manchesters, glittered under a torrid sky amid the great waste of
+desert. Facing our front, the wilderness stretched towards Palestine in
+endless undulation.
+
+The sultry days spent by the Battalion at Ashton were, however, spoiled
+by excessive heat and repeated sandstorms. Double-lined tents were only
+supplied after much delay, and promised wooden dining huts only
+approached completion by the time we left.
+
+This arid outpost of Empire was linked to civilisation by a camel trail
+to Railhead. Its garrison duties were performed by some Essex
+Territorials, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson, afterwards killed
+before Gaza. Yeomanry passed by frequently, scouting far into the waste.
+The Manchesters were occupied exclusively in digging trenches and in
+laying entanglements in the deep soft sand, "according to plan" and on
+a scale sufficient to daunt any invader who could have surmounted the
+huge physical obstacles that already barred all approach to this spot
+from the Wadi Muksheib and the East.
+
+The arms of Britain have by now made these particular defences of the
+Canal of most trifling importance. Her foot is in Palestine. Work done
+at Ashton may well be gradually obliterated. Yet a few words can be said
+of the men who lived and laboured here in June, 1916, in a temperature
+rising often to 120 deg. F. in the shade and rarely falling under 100 deg. F. at
+night. No digging was practicable between 7.30 A.M. and 4.30 P.M. The
+men rose before four in the morning for the day's work. Progress was
+necessarily slow, partly owing to constant silting, partly to the common
+weakness of the authorities for varying the sites and types of the
+trenches. Materials were often wanting. Nevertheless the Manchesters won
+unqualified praise. Their civil life had fitted many for the task of
+reveting trenches with hurdles. The defences of Ashton-in-Sinai were
+improved in a few weeks beyond recognition.
+
+One incident that occurred here illustrates amusingly the contrast
+between the outlooks of the new soldier and the old. Our Manchester
+Territorials were distressed to find that thousands of yards of hurdles
+were being lined with the best tent cloth at 1s. 4d. a yard, instead of
+with cheap cotton at a quarter the price. I repeated their plaint to a
+Regular officer of the old school, expecting sympathetic indignation.
+"Magnificent," was his reply. "It shows the world in what spirit England
+goes to war."
+
+It was at Ashton that we first heard the news of the Jutland Battle from
+Colonel Fremantle, R.A.M.C., who could only give us the version spread
+by German wireless. A few days later we learnt of Lord Kitchener's
+death.
+
+It is clear that this particular phase of soldiering has in itself no
+place in the annals of the Great War. Ashton is already nothing but a
+desert site. The tide of victorious warfare has left it high and dry. It
+always was high and dry. At probably no other period, however, did the
+personality of the Manchester Territorial show to greater advantage, as
+the life was one of peculiar privation. Water was carried up daily by
+camels from Railhead, but was most scanty, and always warm. The sand was
+too soft for any game to be played--too soft even to permit of trotting
+horses. The heat was constant and intense. The men were as cheerful and
+uncomplaining as ever.
+
+To have developed such a spirit in men entirely civilian in habits and
+traditions was the glory of the Territorial system.
+
+All ranks toiled together to make life in this corner of Sinai liveable.
+History hardly looks beyond the Army Corps at the smaller unit. Still
+less does she concern herself with the humble pawn in some unimportant
+corner of the great game. In reality, however, his lot is of moment to
+the race. The tone of an army is the tone of its individual men. An
+unhappy soldiery cannot win wars. "An army moves on its stomach," said
+Napoleon; and the recognition of the soldier's hunger and thirst, his
+desire for rest, amusement and sympathy helps, almost as much as skill
+and self-confidence help, to make the successful leader of men.
+
+It was, therefore, a soldier's job to keep up the hearts of our colony
+at Ashton-in-Sinai. Captain C. Norbury, as acting President of
+Regimental Institutes, and Captain H. Smedley, as stage-manager and
+singer, worked on the only sound lines.
+
+Journalism, theatrical performances, lecture courses, concerts and
+canteen business, as initiated and practised by the officers and men of
+the Battalion at Ashton, were true factors towards efficiency and
+discipline.
+
+After three hours' work and their breakfast, the men would gather in our
+recreation tent with its flaps rolled up, and listen to a lecture on
+some historical or military subject which bore upon the topic of the
+hour. They then slept and smoked and played cards or sang through the
+long midday heat until the time came again for digging. In the evening,
+on a stage cleverly made by Sergeant Taylor, the dramatic company would
+act some play that appealed to their emotions, or a concert party would
+indulge them with a medley of ragtime and sentimental songs, Addison's
+_Stammering Sam_ alternating with Sergeant Shields' _When Irish Eyes
+are Smiling_. The taste of Lancashire is catholic.
+
+On Sundays we often merged "Church and Chapel" in a common service.
+Davey, the Methodist padre, was an ex-gunner of the Royal Navy and a
+great athlete--attributes that enhanced his influence as preacher.
+"Crime," however, did not exist at Ashton-in-Sinai. Nor did temptations.
+The real danger was mental and physical deterioration under the
+depressing influence of the country and the climate, for the intense
+heat sapped every man's vitality. We set ourselves to combat these
+risks, and to give the men the food and recreation without which
+soldiering becomes a burden, and discipline degenerates to servitude.
+
+Towards evening I would ride into the desert and watch from the east our
+men labouring on the great sand ridge in a haze of heat. On this side of
+Ashton there were no tracks at all. The eye could see nothing but
+endless sand hills, broken only by patches of dry scrub and shimmering
+yellow under the burning sun. If nature has changed little in the desert
+since Israel came out of captivity, it is easy to sympathise with their
+regret for the fleshpots of Egypt. So penetrating was the sun that the
+colour of the men's khaki breeches faded into purple.
+
+There was, indeed, a certain charm in our remoteness from the outer
+world. Camping out in the wilderness had more than a touch of the desert
+island of boyish imagination. There was glamour in the extraordinary
+simplicity of a life where the higher command was but a distant name,
+and where men dressed themselves and spent the long, hot day as they
+pleased. The fret and competition of Europe were felt no more. I
+remember our arguing about Irish Home Rule one night till the stars
+paled in the eastern sky, but the episode was unique. In spite of its
+hardships, no manner of life was ever more calculated to banish ancient
+feuds, to strip human nature of envy and uncharitableness, or to mould
+that most perfect of all democracies--a brotherhood in arms.
+
+On the afternoon of the 22nd June 1916 we left the wilderness under
+orders for Kantara. We spent several days near Shallufa sidings, and
+then, having obtained leave for England, I left for Suez with W.H.
+Barratt and W.T. Thorp, two subalterns who had made their mark while in
+the ranks by distinguished service in the field. Early in July we sailed
+from Port Tewfik to Marseilles and watched from its deck the distant
+camp of the Turkish prisoners from Arabia twinkling in the sunlight
+across the most southerly reaches of the Canal.
+
+I need say no word more in praise of the men of our Battalion, whom I
+saw for the last time in my eighteen years of service resting in a dusty
+gorge near Shallufa. Knit together by common ideals and experiences,
+they were, in Nelson's phrase, "a band of brothers."
+
+We crossed France from Marseilles to Boulogne in an atmosphere of war.
+We had glimpses of Lyons and Paris, talked with _poilus_ on leave, heard
+from a French officer (who professed to know) that the War would be over
+in March, 1917, and bought from vivacious street hawkers pretty metal
+souvenirs of Verdun. We saw our own wounded coming back in Red Cross
+trains from the first days of the great push on the Somme. Then, after
+exactly a year's absence, I was once more at home.
+
+Within the ensuing month all but three of the original combatant
+officers still on the strength of the Battalion were seconded for
+service elsewhere. "The old order changeth, giving place to new." ...
+
+A Regiment in war rises like the phoenix from its own ashes and renews
+its immortal youth. The vicissitudes here recorded fill but a few
+shining chapters in what will no doubt prove a long history. They by no
+means necessarily contain its most distinguished pages. The close of the
+second year of the Battalion's active service is, however, a fitting
+point to end this volume. It marked the stage at which the distinctively
+"1st line" unit, composed of officers and men enlisted and trained
+voluntarily in time of peace, had passed into the normal type of British
+Battalion of 1916--a unit born of the War, with its personnel mainly
+recruited and trained after its outbreak.
+
+It is to the memory of the original volunteers of August, 1914, that
+this book is dedicated.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE TERRITORIAL IDEA
+
+
+The experiences of a typical unit of the Territorial Force must throw
+light on the vexed questions that have gathered round it.
+
+Three criticisms of the Territorial system have been made ever since its
+adoption in 1907. First, its establishment of 310,000 men has been
+regarded as totally inadequate, and before the War the country even
+failed to recruit numbers within sixty thousand of this modest standard.
+Secondly, its yearly training, which provided but a fortnight's life in
+camp, has been deemed so paltry as to be almost negligible. Thirdly, the
+Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 provided a legal loophole by
+which the less patriotic could evade service overseas in however great
+an emergency. Section 13 specifically lays down that, apart from purely
+spontaneous offers by officers or men to serve abroad, "no part of the
+Territorial Force shall be carried or ordered to go out of the United
+Kingdom."
+
+In reality, none of the defects which attracted these criticisms was
+inherent in the Territorial idea. They rather belonged to the whole
+military policy of the country before the War. Public opinion held that
+a European War was practically impossible, and that the British Army
+must of necessity be small in numbers and voluntary in character.
+
+On these assumptions the limitations of the Territorial Force were
+simply inevitable. Having regard to the prevailing views on national
+defence and to the general resistance to Lord Roberts' propaganda, the
+Territorial scheme reduced the evils of voluntaryism to the minimum.
+
+The difficulty as to its shortage in men was met as soon as War was
+declared. The Territorial Force was, in fact, capable of infinite
+expansion, and of being the basis of the entire New Army, had the
+Government so willed. Its training, again, was far better than no
+training at all. Later events have proved with what speed wholly
+untrained British conscripts can be moulded into efficient soldiers, and
+that willing men can learn discipline and the use of the rifle within a
+very few months. Territorial training sufficed, at any rate, to enable
+Territorial units to relieve the Regular Army of all garrison duties
+abroad immediately on the outbreak of war, and in many cases themselves
+to take the field on active service before Christmas, 1914. Even with
+regard to the constitutional obstacle to using the Force overseas, fully
+nine-tenths of its men never dreamed of claiming immunity. The small
+margin, which were left for employment in home defence, mainly
+represented the physically unfit or boys under age.
+
+As events turned out, two unexpected disadvantages of the system were
+generally experienced. In times of peace the Territorial Force had been
+able to influence public policy through the County Associations and the
+House of Commons. After embodiment, the Force itself became necessarily
+inarticulate under the conditions that govern all military service. Far
+less influential than the Regulars and far less numerous than the New
+Army, it went abroad early in the War, and was thus not actively in
+touch with Parliament, while the semi-civilian County Associations,
+whose personal and local knowledge might have been invaluable, ceased to
+have any powers over its organisation, and had no means of safeguarding
+its interests on questions of promotion, appointments, commands and pay.
+
+An even more serious flaw arose from the dispersion of the Territorials
+all over the world from Gibraltar to Burmah in the first months of the
+War. An enormous volume of skilled labour was thereby lost to the
+country, and exemption from service, which might well have kept these
+men at home in the national interest, fell later to the lot of many
+younger and less expert workers in their stead. Moreover, a great number
+of men ideally fitted for commissions were killed fighting in the ranks
+or were allowed to serve obscurely in remote corners of the globe. Both
+among Territorial officers and men, a large proportion were qualified,
+by gifts of leadership, technical knowledge or familiarity with foreign
+languages, for special employment in Western Europe. There was indeed a
+demobilisation in this respect of a considerable proportion of the
+country's brain power.
+
+Happily, the East Lancashire Territorials found an outlet for their
+qualities on Gallipoli.
+
+Against all the defects that have no doubt affected the application of
+the Territorial idea, the historian should set its signal virtues. It is
+an asset beyond price in soldiering to have all ranks welded together by
+community of feeling and opinion. Joined by ties of neighbourhood,
+occupation, sport and common interests, men are particularly apt to
+cultivate that intense patriotism of the small unit which is termed
+_esprit de corps_. The history of the War--like the history of all past
+wars--will illustrate its constant military value. It would be idiotic
+to reassert the old fallacy, belied by the experience of centuries, that
+one volunteer is worth ten pressed men. Nevertheless the morale of a
+unit can only be enriched when it is recruited wholly from willing
+applicants familiar with its traditions and with the badges that
+symbolise its past, rather than from conscripts drafted from anywhere in
+Great Britain by the chance action of a Government department. Indeed
+the Territorial idea has counted for much wherever British man power has
+been successfully organised during the War.
+
+Those who have believed in the Territorial Force during its struggles
+against popular apathy and professional distrust have been justified by
+its deeds in the field.
+
+The true greatness, however, of the simple and unambitious Territorial
+soldiers, whose life and work are described in these pages, lies more in
+their spirit than in any actual achievements. All of them came from the
+industrial North, where the business of life is fiercely competitive,
+and where each man is wont to seek his own fortune without much outward
+consideration for his fellows. Yet in the field it would be impossible
+to imagine minds less touched by selfishness or less influenced by any
+notion of personal distinction or reward. They did their best for
+Britain. Honours are but gifts of the capricious gods.
+
+Thus "to put the cause above renown" is a principle of conduct often
+identified with what is called the Public School spirit. Fortunately the
+temper which it expresses extends far beyond the governing class in
+England, and it animated the typical Territorial of the Great War. Like
+all good soldiers, he was far too inarticulate and reserved to think of
+putting it into words. His deeds spoke for him. _The Whitewash on the
+Wall_ and _Hold your Hand out, Naughty Boy_ are not beautiful songs, but
+the lads who have sung them in English lanes and Turkish gullies could
+have shown no greater self-devotion had their songs been as solemn as
+the Russian National Hymn, or as thrilling as the _Marseillaise_.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+_The following is an extract from a letter on the work of the Battalion
+sent by General Sir F.R. Wingate, G.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.S.O., High
+Commissioner for Egypt, to the General-Officer-in-Chief of the Division,
+when the Battalion left the Sudan._
+
+    GOVERNOR-GENERAL'S OFFICE,
+            KHARTUM.
+   _10th April 1915._
+
+... during the few months they [the Battalion] have been in the Sudan
+they have become thoroughly efficient soldiers in the strictest sense of
+the term. Route marches, night operations, field days, hard drilling in
+the Barrack square, digging trenches, gun and maxim drill, and last but
+not least, constant practice on the ranges in addition to ordinary
+garrison duties have transformed them into an alert body of trained
+soldiers capable of taking their place anywhere. You can safely rely on
+them to do--and do well--whatever duty they may be called upon to
+perform against the enemy, and I am confident that they will yield to no
+Battalion in the Division in regard either to training or fighting
+efficiency. Should, by any chance, the Division be sent to the Near
+East, you will find in the Battalion upwards of one hundred men fully
+trained in camel riding and camel management, and this knowledge may
+prove useful under certain conditions, but of course I have no idea
+where the Division is to be sent and whether a knowledge of the numerous
+promiscuous duties required by Battalions garrisoning the Sudan will
+find an outlet.
+
+A sound system of Interior Economy prevails in the Battalion, and the
+good organisation of the Regimental Institutes reflects much credit on
+all concerned with their management. During the time the Battalion has
+been in my Command the behaviour of all ranks has been exemplary--the
+men have made themselves liked by all in Khartum and are very popular
+with the natives.
+
+I have the highest opinion of Colonel Gresham--he has an excellent lot
+of Officers, and both the Adjutant, Captain Creagh, and the
+Quarter-Master, Major Scott, have done particularly well. I am proud to
+be Honorary Colonel of such a fine Territorial Battalion.
+
+We all are heartily sorry to bid them good-bye, and we wish them and the
+gallant Division which you Command every success and good luck wherever
+you may be.
+
+   Yours sincerely,
+           (_Signed_) R. WINGATE.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES
+
+(_Italics signify that the person mentioned has been killed or has died
+of wounds_)
+
+
+_Abercromby, Gen. Sir R._, 80
+Addison, J., 59, 91
+Anderson, C., 42
+_Arnott, M._, 27
+
+
+_Bacon, A.H._, 40
+Baker, J., 59
+Baker, R.J.R., 70
+_Balfe, W._, 27
+Bamber, Sgt., 61
+Barber, W., 85
+Barratt, F.E.H., 59
+Barratt, W.H., 54, 93
+Barrett, J.W., 59
+Basnett, J., 26
+Bateman, M., 27
+Beaumont, T., 7
+_Beckett, J._, 42
+Bedford, R.H., 62
+Bedson, Capt., 27
+Boyle, Major, 10
+Bracken, W., 85
+Bradbury, C.S., 42
+Brown, J.N., 9
+_Brown, T.F._, 24
+Bryan, C.J., 50
+Burn, F.G., 50
+
+
+Canning, Lt.-Col. A., 28, 31, 37, 43, 68, 86
+_Cawley, H.T._, 50
+Chadwick, G., 35, 39, 40, 42, 59, 68
+Cherry, W., 26, 42
+Clavering, H., 46, 59
+Clough, S., 54
+_Cookson, C._, 27
+Corris, J., 37
+Creagh, J.R., 39, 40, 50
+Creagh, P.H., 4, 26, 28, 31, 32, 37, 50, 58, 101
+Creery, W.F., 65, 66
+
+
+Darlington, Lt.-Col., 39
+Davey, Lt.-Col., 92
+Davidson, Judge, 17
+Davidson, J., 38
+Davies, H.G., 58
+Dermody, W., 8
+_Dinsdale, T._, 68
+Douglas, C.B., 59
+_Dudley, C.L._, 12, 26
+
+
+Elliott, Brig. Gen. W., 67, 80
+England, Lt.-Col. A., 48
+Enver Pasha, 16
+
+
+Farrow, J.F., 58, 70
+Fawcus, A.E.F., 25, 31, 32, 36, 37, 42, 67
+Fielding, W., 85
+Fletcher, J., 42
+Franklin, G.W.F., 37, 42
+Franklin, H.C., 26, 53, 65
+_Freemantle, W.G._, 25, 26
+Fremantle, Lt.-Col. F.E. 90
+
+
+George, D. Lloyd, 14
+_Gordon, Gen. G.C._, 14
+Granger, T.S., 27
+Gresham, Lt.-Col. H.E., 3, 12, 23, 101
+
+
+Haldane, Viscount, 3
+Hamilton, A., 42
+Hamilton, G. Hans, 8, 26
+Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian, 28, 33, 34, 66, 79
+_Hancock, L._, 69
+Harrison, W., 42, 59
+Hartnett, M., 48, 59
+Hawkins, Lt.-Col. H., 74
+Hawkins, I., 68
+Hayes, F., 27, 59, 70
+Hayes, Pte., 42
+Heys, Lt.-Col., 27
+Higham, C.E., 25, 59, 63, 68
+Hogan, J.V.H., 61
+Holbrook, J., 59
+Horsfall, E., 62
+Houghton, Pte., 85
+Hoyle, H., 46, 59
+Hulme, T., 42, 54
+Hummel, J.J., 57, 64, 67
+
+
+_James, Capt._, 27
+Jones, J.C., 7
+Jones, W., 85
+Joyce, J., 42
+
+
+Kay, A.N., 82
+Kerby, E.T., 58
+King, T.G., 84
+_Kitchener, Earl_, 14, 71, 90
+
+
+Lawrence, Maj.-Gen. H.A., 34
+_Lee, Brig.-Gen. N._, 5, 27
+_Lee, B._, 69
+_Leigh, A._, 42
+Lindsay, W., 27
+Lingard, J.R., 30
+Lockwood, G.S., 23
+_Lyons, J.P._, 20
+Lyth, J., 85
+
+
+_MacCartney, H.L._, 37
+M'Hugh, S., 26, 42
+Maher, T., 42
+Mandley, H.C.F., 62
+_Marvin, W._, 27, 65
+Masefield, J., 33
+Morley, J., 19, 68
+Morrogh, Lt.-Col. M., 62
+Mort, W., 40, 48, 59, 85
+Morten, J. C, 50
+_Mundy, A._, 27, 79
+Murphy, Pte., 42
+
+
+Nelson, D., 9
+Neville, Sister M., 76
+Newbigging, Col. W.P.E., 2
+Nidd, H.H., 50
+Norbury, B., 12
+Norbury, C., 12, 26, 82, 91
+Norbury, D., 50
+Norbury, G., 27
+Norbury, M., 87
+
+
+Ogden, T., 85
+
+
+Pain, R., 50
+Palmer, F.C., 25
+Parkinson, W., 85
+Pearson, Sgt., 61
+Pilgrim, H., 50
+Pilkington, Lt.-Col. C.R., 39
+Pollitt, Col. J.B., 74
+_Powell, A._, 6
+
+
+Renshaw, C., 60
+Richardson, Pte., 26
+_Roberts, Earl_, 3, 96
+Ross Bain, G., 54, 64
+_Rylands, R.V._, 12, 24
+
+
+_Savatard, T.W._, 10, 24
+Scott, J., 4, 67, 101
+Shields, J., 59, 92
+Smedley, H., 36, 37, 42, 50, 91
+Smyth, Col., 21
+Stanton, J., 67, 85
+_Stanton, W._, 73
+_Staveacre, J.H._, 3, 14, 20, 24, 26, 31, 50, 65
+Sutherland, J.W., 26
+
+
+Tabbron, W., 59
+Taylor, J., 91
+_Thewlis, H.D._, 25, 26
+Thorp, W.T., 42, 93
+Thorpe, J.H., 8, 12, 84
+Tinker, A.H., 50, 66, 82
+Townson, E., 9, 70
+
+
+Venezelos, 77
+
+
+Walsh, Pte., 42
+_Ward, Lt._, 27
+Ward Jones, A.T., 87
+_Webster, Sgt._, 27
+Wells, A.B., 87
+Wheelton, S., 59
+White, F., 40
+Whitley, N.H.P., 8, 59, 65
+_Williamson, C.H._, 50
+Wilson, Col., 17, 20
+Wingate, Gen. Sir F.R., 10, 13, 14, 21, 75, 101
+Wingate, Lady, 14, 21
+Wood, C.S., 56
+Wood, J.W., 48, 85
+Woodward, F.W., 59
+Worthington, Lt.-Col. C.R., 62
+
+
+
+
+
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